TY - JOUR TI - Transdermal delivery of testosterone in pigs AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Mak, V. AU - Grayson, S. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Inman, A.L. AU - Abbdullahi, R. AU - Wilkes, R. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - AAPS Pharm. Sci DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 1 SP - S8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in pigs. Regional differences and effects of selective lipid extractions AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Mak, V. AU - Wertz, P. AU - Inman, A.L. AU - Wilkes, R. AU - Abdullahi, R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - AAPS Pharm. Sci DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 1 SP - S228 ER - TY - CONF TI - Clustering of JP-8 chemicals using structure spaces and property spaces. A computational approach AU - Basak, S.C. AU - Gute, B.D. AU - Grunwald, G. AU - Mills, D. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Opitz, D. T2 - International Conference on Medicinal Chemistry C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Medicinal Chemistry CY - Biostatistics, New Delhi, India DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce. T2 - Archives of internal medicine AB -

Background

An outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 infections in Connecticut and Illinois during May 28 to June 27, 1996, was investigated to determine the source of infections.

Methods

Independent case-control studies were performed in both states. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed onE coliO157:H7 isolates. Acase-patientwas defined as a Connecticut or northern Illinois resident with diarrhea whose stool culture yieldedE coliO157:H7 of the outbreak-associated PFGE subtype. Controls were town-, age-, and sex-matched to case-patients. We traced implicated lettuce to the farm level and performed environmental investigations to identify unsafe lettuce production practices.

Results

In Connecticut and Illinois, infection was associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce (Connecticut matched odds ratio [MOR], undefined; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to ∞; and Illinois MOR, undefined; 95% CI, 1.4 to ∞). We traced implicated lettuce to a single grower–processor. Cattle, a knownE coliO157:H7 reservoir, were found near the lettuce fields.Escherichia coli(an indicator of fecal contamination) was cultured from wash water and finished lettuce. A trace-forward investigation identified 3 additional states that received implicated lettuce;E coliO157:H7 isolates from patients in 1 of these states matched the outbreak-associated PFGE subtype.

Conclusions

This multistate outbreak ofE coliO157:H7 infections was associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce from a single producer. Molecular subtyping facilitated the epidemiological investigation. This investigation increased the knowledge about current production practices that may contribute to the contamination of lettuce by microbial pathogens. Lettuce production practices should be monitored for microbiological safety. DA - 1999/8/1/ PY - 1999/8/1/ DO - 10.1001/archinte.159.15.1758 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.15.1758 ER - TY - CONF TI - Compass plots: A joint graphical representation of the factorial design and treatment means AU - Budsaba, K. AU - Smith, C.R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 22nd Annual Midwest Biopharmaceutical Statistics Workshop and Summer Research Conference in Statistics C2 - 1999/5/24/ C3 - 22nd Annual Midwest Biopharmaceutical Statistics Workshop and Summer Research Conference in Statistics CY - L. A. Pittenger Student Center, Ball State University, Muncie, IN DA - 1999/5/24/ PY - 1999/5/24/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Dermal absorption and toxicity of jet fuels AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Budsaba, K. AU - Smith, C. T2 - 38th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 1999/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/3/14/ VL - 48 SP - 71 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Strategies for estimating provisional acceptable residues (PAR) after extralabel drug use in food animals AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Martin-Jiminez, T. AU - Craigmill, A.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 38th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 1999/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/3/14/ VL - 48 SP - 58. M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Dermal absorption and cutaneous disposition of 3,3’,4,4’ tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) in swine model AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 38th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 1999/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/3/14/ VL - 48 SP - 73–74 M1 - S1 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Comparative Pharmacokinetics: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. AU - Riviere, J.E. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Blackwell Publishing SN - 0-8138-2931-3 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Skin AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - Toxicology A2 - Schafer, S. A2 - Marquardt, H. A2 - McClellan, R. A2 - Welsch, R. PY - 1999/// SP - 439–457 PB - Academic Press ER - TY - CONF TI - Preliminary Report on Adult and Kitten Survival Time or Feral Cats in Managed Colonies in Randolph County AU - Nutter, F.B. AU - Levine, JF AU - Stoskopf, M T2 - Wildlife Disease Association C2 - 1999/8// CY - Athens, GA DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Wilson Bay Water Quality Initiative AU - Hargett, G. AU - Levine, J.F. A3 - NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund ER - TY - RPRT TI - Covalently modified hemoglobin composition having low temperature-dependent oxygen-binding function AU - Nelson, D.J. DA - 1999/10/7/ PY - 1999/10/7/ M1 - 6180598 M3 - U.S. Patent Application SN - 6180598 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Therapeutic hemoglobin composition having isotropically increased size AU - Hai, T.T. AU - Nelson, D.J. AU - Pereira, D.E. AU - Estep, T.N. DA - 1999/11/9/ PY - 1999/11/9/ M1 - 5981710 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 5981710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymerization of Diaspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin (DCLHb) with Water-Soluble, Nonimmunogenic Polyamide Cross-Linking Agents AU - Hai, Ton T. AU - Pereira, David E. AU - Nelson, Deanna J. AU - Srnak, Ana AU - Catarello, James T2 - Bioconjugate Chemistry AB - Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), a human hemoglobin that is intramolecularly cross-linked between the alpha chains (lysine 99(alpha)(1)-lysine 99(alpha)(2)), was polymerized with a number of water-soluble, nonimmunogenic polyamide cross-linking agents. The degree of polymerization and the oxygen-carrying capacity depended upon the polyamide reagent, the starting concentration of DCLHb, the molar ratio of the polyamide reagent to DCLHb used, the reaction pH, and whether oxy- or deoxy-DCLHb was used in the polymerization reaction. DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// DO - 10.1021/bc9900486 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 1013-1020 J2 - Bioconjugate Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 1043-1802 1520-4812 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc9900486 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymerization of diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) with PEG activated with benzenesulfonate bearing electron-withdrawing groups AU - Hai, Ton T. AU - Pereira, David E. AU - Nelson, Deanna J. AU - Srnak, Ana T2 - Tetrahedron AB - The hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier solution, DCLHb, was polymerized with novel polyethylene glycol polymerization reagents to provide a solution of monomers to tetramers of hemoglobin molecules. The polyethylene glycol reagents 4 and 5 were designed to be selective toward nucleophilic displacement of the substituted benzenesulfonates by the sulfhydryl groups of β93 Cys of DCLHb. DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)01230-7 VL - 55 IS - 8 SP - 2147-2156 J2 - Tetrahedron LA - en OP - SN - 0040-4020 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(98)01230-7 DB - Crossref KW - proteins KW - polymerisation ER - TY - MGZN TI - Lighting Program Does Not Improve the Response of Poults to PEMS Infection AU - Siopes, T. AU - Davis, J. AU - Barnes, J. AU - Donaldson, W. AU - Scott, R. AU - Guy, J. T2 - Turkey World DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// SP - 24–25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence of cardiovascular changes leading to pulmonary edema in swine fed culture material containing fumonisin AU - Smith, G.W. AU - Constable, P.D. AU - Tumbleson, M.E. AU - Rottinghaus, G.A. AU - Haschek, W.M. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 60 IS - 10 SP - 1292–1300 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a precocious strain of Eimeria tenella: Preliminary observations AU - Rao, J.R. AU - Mishra, A.K. AU - Kulkarni, R.R. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Parasitology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 107–110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eimeria tenella: Isolation, purification and protein profile of merozoite and oocysts wall proteins of a strain of Eimeria tenella selected for precociousness AU - Kulkarni, R.R. AU - Rao, J.R. AU - Omanwar, S. AU - Singh, R.K. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Parasitology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 119–123 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Femoral Fractures in a Young Male Turkey Breeder Flock AU - Crespo, R. AU - Stover, S. M. AU - Droual, R. AU - Chin, R. P. AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Twenty-two 32-to-35-wk-old male turkeys from a commercial breeding flock were presented to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Fresno Branch, with a clinical complaint of lameness and increased mortality. Necropsy findings included a unilateral, closed oblique fracture involving the femur in 12 birds. Ten complete femoral fractures had periosteal new bone adjacent to and bridging the fracture. Periosteal callus formation, in this case, suggested that preexisting lesions preceded complete fracture of the femur. Factors such as selection for heavy body weight, lack of exercise, and handling might have contributed to the development and promotion of complete fractures. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.2307/1592775 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 150-154 SN - 0005-2086 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592775 KW - endosteal callus KW - femur fracture KW - periosteal callus KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exotic Newcastle Disease in a Game Chicken Flock AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. AU - Woolcock, Peter R. AU - Chin, R. P. AU - Davidson-York, Dorothy AU - Tarbell, Robert T2 - Avian Diseases AB - A sudden increase in mortality, preceded by a short history of respiratory signs and diarrhea, occurred in a backyard flock of 48 game chickens in the Central Valley of California. Necropsy findings included severe generalized linear hemorrhages and/or ulcers in the digestive tract, larynx, and trachea. Histology revealed severe multifocal hemorrhages and necrosis in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts, vasculitis, and necrosis of lymphoid tissue. The birds were serologically negative to Newcastle disease virus; this was consistent with an acute infection. The avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolated was characterized as velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. A thorough epidemiologic investigation was carried out, and no other premises were found to have birds with clinical signs or evidence of exposure. The entire outbreak was limited to the original backyard flock and resolved within 14 days of the onset of clinical signs. DA - 1999/4// PY - 1999/4// DO - 10.2307/1592629 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 349 J2 - Avian Diseases OP - SN - 0005-2086 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592629 DB - Crossref KW - game chickens KW - avian paramyxovirus type 1 KW - pathology KW - exotic Newcastle disease KW - virus isolation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ozone in dairy chilling water systems: effect on metal materials AU - Greene, Annel K AU - Smith, Geoffrey W AU - Knight, Charles S T2 - International Journal of Dairy Technology AB - The use of pulsed ozone as a disinfecting agent in chilling water systems will be feasible only if components of the systems are not adversely affected. Pulsing ozone into water at room temperature for 20 minutes per day for 7 days caused greater weight loss of aluminium, carbon steel, copper, 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel samples than control samples; however, only weight loss for carbon steel was significantly greater (α= .05). Severe pitting was noted on ozone treated copper samples when observed by scanning electron microscopy. Black striations were observed on ozone treated carbon steel surfaces. DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1471-0307.1999.tb02853.x VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 126-128 J2 - Int J Dairy Tech LA - en OP - SN - 1364-727X 1471-0307 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1999.tb02853.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence of cardiovascular changes leading to pulmonary edema in swine fed culture material containing fumonisin. T2 - American journal of veterinary research DA - 1999/10/1/ PY - 1999/10/1/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for Marek's disease in turkeys in Germany: Detection of MDVH serotype 1 using the polymerase chain reaction AU - Voelckel, K. AU - Bertram, E. AU - Gimeno, I.M. AU - Neumann, U. AU - Kaleta, E.F. T2 - Acta Virologica DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 43 SP - 143–147 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 based on a gene which confers cross-resistance to florfenicol and chloramphenicol AU - Bolton, LF AU - Kelley, LC AU - Lee, MD AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Maurer, J.J. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1348-1351 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemiologic aspects, control, and importance of multiple-drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in the United States AU - Akkina, J.E. AU - Hogue, A.T. AU - Angulo, F.J. AU - Johnson, R. AU - Petersen, K.E. AU - Saini, P.K. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Schlosser, W.D. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 214 IS - 6 SP - 790-798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Public health aspects of antibiotic resistance monitoring in the USA AU - Tollefson, L. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Angulo, FJ T2 - Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Supplementum DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 92 SP - 67–75 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 using multiplex and fluorogenic PCR AU - Carlson, S.A. AU - Bolton, L.F. AU - Briggs, C.E. AU - Hurd, H.S. AU - Sharma, V.K. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Jones, B.D. T2 - Molecular and Cellular Probes AB - Salmonellainfections continue to cause gastrointestinal and systemic disease throughout the world.Salmonella typhimuriumDT104 further poses a major health concern due to its acquisition of resistance to multiple antibiotics. The rapid detection of multiresistantS. typhimuriumDT104 would facilitate strategies aimed at controlling this pathogen. We developed a specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that amplifies a segment of DNA that is conserved in multiresistantS. typhimuriumDT104. To provide further specificity for this PCR-based diagnostic test, we amplified two other gene fragments that are present inS. typhimuriumDT104. A multiplex PCR containing primers for targeted sequences resulted in the amplification of predicted size fragments fromS. typhimuriumDT104 exhibiting the ACSSuT (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline) or ASSuT resistance phenotypes. A minor modification of the multiplex PCR enabled the detection of other related multiresistantSalmonellasuch asS. typhimuriumU302. To augment the detection process, we also designed a fluorogenic PCR assay that can detect the DNA of multiresistantS. typhimuriumDT104 in the presence of excess contaminating bacterial DNA. These results provide a method by which multiresistantS. typhimuriumDT104, or potentially the next emerging multiresistantSalmonella, can be accurately detected in only 3–4 h. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1006/mcpr.1999.0240 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 213-222 SN - 0890-8508 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcpr.1999.0240 KW - PCR KW - Salmonella typhimurium DT104 KW - multiplex KW - antibiotic resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mucosal Competitive Exclusion to Reduce Salmonella in Swine AU - Fedorka Cray, Paula J. AU - Bailey, J. Stan AU - Stern, Norman J. AU - Cox, Nelson A. AU - Ladely, Scott R. AU - Musgrove, Michael T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - A mucosal competitive exclusion culture has been shown to reduce or eliminate Salmonella spp. in poultry. Using similar techniques, a mucosal competitive exclusion culture from swine (MCES) was produced from the cecum of a 6-week-old pig. Suckling pigs were inoculated with 5 ml of MCES by oral gavage within 6 h postfarrowing (PF) and again at 24 h PE All pigs were challenged with 10(3) CFU of Salmonella Choleraesuis at 48 h PF by intranasal instillation, including pigs from two sows that had not been given MCES. Clinical signs and rectal swabs were monitored daily, and pigs were allowed to suckle throughout the experiment. All pigs underwent necropsy on day 7 PF, and presence of Salmonella was determined in both qualitative (10 tissues) and quantitative (two tissues) samples. Clinical signs were inapparent in all pigs throughout the experiment. Recovery of Salmonella from rectal swabs was variable. However, 28% of the gut tissues were positive from the MCES-treated pigs versus 79% from the control pigs. A 2- to 5-log10 reduction of Salmonella in the cecal contents or ileocolic junction was observed in the MCES-treated pigs when compared with the controls. These data indicate that use of MCES may be a useful approach for control of Salmonella. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-62.12.1376 VL - 62 IS - 12 SP - 1376-1380 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.12.1376 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Acute Form of Transient Paralysis Induced by Highly Virulent Strains of Marek's Disease Virus AU - Witter, R. L. AU - Gimeno, I. M. AU - Reed, W. M. AU - Bacon, L. D. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - A novel syndrome was observed after inoculation of 3-wk-old chickens with highly virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains. This syndrome was characterized by the acute onset of neurologic signs including flaccid paralysis of neck and limbs 9-10 days postinoculation, typically resulting in death 1-3 days after the onset of clinical signs. Most affected birds died, and spontaneous recovery was rare. Few if any gross tissue changes were found. Histologic brain lesions included acute vasculitis with vasogenic edema and perivascular cuffing. The syndrome was influenced by the virus strain and dose and by chicken strain and B haplotype and was prevented by vaccination with turkey herpesvirus. Chickens up to 18 wk of age were susceptible. On the basis of clinical signs and histopathology, the syndrome was determined to be an acute form of transient paralysis (TP); its more acute nature and virtual lack of spontaneous recovery differentiated this syndrome from classical TP. Affected birds were viremic, and brains were positive for viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction assays, but these tests were also positive in inoculated chickens without clinical signs and may have limited value for diagnosis. Although acute TP should occur only rarely in Marek's disease-vaccinated commercial flocks, this syndrome may be important in laboratory studies, where it could interfere with pathogenesis trials. Finally, acute TP appears to be one component in the pathogenesis of the early mortality syndrome, a previously described immunodepressive disease induced by inoculation of 1-day-old chicks with highly virulent MDV. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.2307/1592740 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 704 J2 - Avian Diseases OP - SN - 0005-2086 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592740 DB - Crossref KW - Marek's disease KW - transient paralysis KW - chicken KW - central nervous system KW - pathotype ER - TY - JOUR TI - Four Distinct Neurologic Syndromes in Marek's Disease: Effect of Viral Strain and Pathotype AU - Gimeno, I. M. AU - Witter, R. L. AU - Reed, W. M. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - A chronological study of central nervous system disorders induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV) has been conducted. Neurologic clinical signs were recorded daily for individual chickens of two genetic lines after inoculation of 13 serotype 1 MDV strains representing all three pathotypes. In addition to classical transient paralysis (TP) previously described by many workers, and acute TP, described in the companion paper, we have identified for the first time two other neurologic syndromes, persistent neurologic disease (PND) and late paralysis (LP). PND designates birds that showed a variety of neurologic signs (ataxia, torticollis, and nervous tics) after recovery from paralysis (12-15 days postin-oculation [DPI]) that either persisted through the observation period or presented a cyclic pattern. LP was a rare syndrome characterized by the late onset of the paralytic stage (about 20 DPI), perhaps indicating occasional failure of the initial intraabdominal inoculation to induce infection. Clinical signs and histopathologic alterations of the brain were also evaluated sequentially in chickens of two genetic lines after inoculation with two MDV strains (virulent MDV and very virulent plus MDV). Although clinical response differed greatly among treatment groups, types of lesions (endotheliosis, mononuclear perivascular cuffing, vasculitis, vacuolization, and increase in cellularity of the neuropil) were similar. However, early onset of lesions (by 6 days) appeared to be associated with a greater severity of clinical signs. We also found that neurologic response was greatly influenced by viral pathotype (virulence). This study thus confirms that the central nervous system is an important target organ for MDV resulting in several distinct clinical manifestations and suggests that neurologic responses in antibody-free chickens might be a useful criterion for virus pathotyping. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.2307/1592741 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 721 J2 - Avian Diseases OP - SN - 0005-2086 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592741 DB - Crossref KW - Marek's disease KW - transient paralysis KW - pathotype KW - pathogenesis KW - chicken KW - central nervous system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long terminal repeat sequences of equine infectious anaemia virus are a major determinant of cell tropism. AU - Payne, S L AU - Qi, X M AU - Fuller, F AU - Shao, H AU - La Celle, K AU - Steagall, W K AU - Pei, X F AU - Perry, S T2 - Journal of General Virology AB - The Wyoming strain of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) is a highly virulent field strain that replicates to high titre in vitro only in primary equine monocyte-derived macrophages. In contrast, Wyoming-derived fibroblast-adapted EIAV strains (Malmquist virus) replicate in primary foetal equine kidney and equine dermis cells as well as in the cell lines FEA and Cf2Th. Wyoming and Malmquist viruses differ extensively both in long terminal repeat (LTR) and envelope region sequences. We have compared the promoter activities of the Wyoming LTR with those of LTRs derived from fibroblast-adapted viruses by examining their abilities to drive a luciferase reporter gene as well as by construction of infectious molecular clones differing only in LTR sequence. Our results indicate that LTR sequences are a major restriction for growth of the Wyoming strain of EIAV in fibroblasts. DA - 1999/3/1/ PY - 1999/3/1/ DO - 10.1099/0022-1317-80-3-755 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 755-759 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1317 1465-2099 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-3-755 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Zur taxonomischen zuordnung von Barney; anzeichen fur konvergenz in der hominidenevolution AU - Theriot, E. C. AU - Bogan, A. E. AU - Spamer, E. E. T2 - Der Einfluss von Erdnussbutter auf die Erdrotation; forschungen, die die Welt nicht braucht Best of Annals of Improbable Research A2 - M. Abrahams, A2 - Herbst, G. AB - Die Evolution der Hominiden ist umstritten. Der Schwindel mit dem „Piltdown-Menschen“ hat dafür gesorgt, daß man diesem Forschungsgebiet Argwohn entgegenbringt, und der tragische Verlust der Exemplare des Peking-Menschen hat politische Verwicklungen ausgelöst. Natürlich sollte man die leidenschaftlich geführten Auseinandersetzungen um die Ansichten der Anhänger der Schöpfungslehre über den Aufstieg des Menschen6 nicht übergehen, doch wir sehen uns außerstande, deren Daten mit den unsrigen in Beziehung zu setzen, weshalb wir nur unsere Daten vorstellen. PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-0348-6244-8_29 SP - 103-109 PB - Basel: Birkhauser Verlag SN - 3764359412 ER - TY - CONF TI - Gastrointestinal scintigraphy in Psittacines AU - Degernes, L. A. AU - Fisher, P. E. AU - Trogdon, M. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians DA - 1999/// SP - 93-94 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A topical formulation containing L tyrosine does not intensify pigmentation in human skin AU - Ho, J. AU - Omar, M. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Pinnel, S. R. T2 - Journal of Applied Cosmetology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 SP - 82-85 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moisture loss in hatching eggs AU - Wineland, M. T2 - Poultry Digest DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 22 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Skin toxicology AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Toxicology A2 - H. Marquardt, et al. AB - Publisher Summary This chapter depicts how anatomical structures within the skin can contribute and influence barrier function by providing an overview of the structure and function of the skin, viewed from a multifaceted perspective. The primary function of the skin is to act as a barrier to the external environment. There has also been a surge of interest in the skin as a target organ due in part to the fact that it is experimentally accessible, directly interfaces with the environment, and is an important route of entry for a myriad of environmental toxins. Recent developments in percutaneous absorption and dermal toxicology have considered how anatomical factors may affect the barrier function, thereby altering the rate of absorption. It is the purpose of this chapter to provide an overview of the general principles of percutaneous penetration, metabolism, and cutaneous responses to specific chemicals. In addition, the mechanisms of direct irritation and sensitization are discussed to provide a basis for selecting appropriate biomarkers for evaluating dermal toxicity. PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012473270-4/50077-8 SP - 439-457 PB - San Diego: Academic Press SN - 0124732704 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Lung, pleura and mediastinum AU - Dixon, D. AU - Herbert, R. A. AU - Sills, R. C. AU - Boorman, G. A. T2 - Pathology of the mouse: reference and atlas (1st ed.) CN - SF997.5.M4 P38 1999 PY - 1999/// PB - Vienna, IL: Cache River Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gathering data on culture and health to develop educational materials on zoonoses for subsistence dairy farmers in Costa Rica AU - Correa-Prisant, M. T2 - Journal of Agromedicine AB - ABSTRACT Socially and culturally sensitive educational materials on the transmission and prevention of zoonoses for subsistence dairy farmers in Costa Rica are being designed based on information gathered through a series of personal interviews. Women were targeted in the study since they make nutritional and health-related decisions for the family and in particular for children. The women in the study were able to actually describe the symptoms of many zoonotic diseases but were not necessarily able to identify those diseases by their medical name or knew of a vernacular name. All women preferred alternative medicine including herbal treatments and homeopathy for any disease or ailment over western medicine. The radio was identified as the media of choice for health education dissemination for adults while children preferred story or coloring books. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1300/j096v06n01_04 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 33-41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The phylogenetic relationship of Pfiesteria piscicida, Cryptoperidiniopsoid sp Amyloodinoum ocellatum and a Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate to other dinoflagellates and apicomplexans AU - Litaker, RW AU - Tester, PA AU - Colorni, A AU - Levy, MG AU - Noga, EJ T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - The taxonomic relationship between heterotrophic and parasitic dinoflagellates has not been studied extensively at the molecular level. In order to investigate these taxonomic relationships, we sequenced the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene of Pfiesteria piscicida (Steidinger et Burkholder), a Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate, Cryptoperidiniopsoid sp., and Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown) and submitted those sequences to GenBank. Pfiesteria piscicida and Cryptoperidiniopsoid sp. are heterotrophic dinoflagellates, purportedly pathogenic to fish, and A. ocellatum, a major fish pathogen, has caused extensive economic losses in both the aquarium and aquaculture industries. The pathogenicity of the Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate is unknown at this time, but its growth characteristics and in vitro food preferences are similar to those of P. piscicda. The SSU sequences of these species were aligned with the other full-length dinoflagellate sequences, as well as those of representative apicomplexans and Perkinsus species, the groups most closely related to dinoflagellates. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Cryptoperidiniopsoid sp., P. piscicida, and the Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate are closely related and group into the class Blastodiniphyceae, as does A. ocellatum. None of the species examined were closely related to the apicomplexans or to Perkinsus marinus, the parasite that causes “Dermo disease” in oysters. The overall phylogenetic analyses largely supported the current class and subclass groupings within the dinoflagellates. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561379.x VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1379-1389 SN - 1529-8817 KW - Amyloodinium ocellatum KW - Cryptoperidiniopsoid sp. KW - dinoflagellate KW - evolution KW - parasite KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA KW - 18S ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perceived constraints to privatization of delivery of veterinary services in Ghana AU - Turkson, PK AU - Brownie, CF T2 - TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION DA - 1999/4// PY - 1999/4// DO - 10.1023/a:1005167724020 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 103-114 SN - 0049-4747 KW - animal health KW - finance KW - Ghana KW - privatization KW - resources KW - veterinary services ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neutropenia restores virulence to an attenuated Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase-deficient Haemophilus ducreyi strain in the swine model of chancroid AU - San Mateo, L. R. AU - Toffer, K. L. AU - Orndorff, P. E. AU - Kawula, T. H. T2 - Infection and Immunity DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 67 IS - 10 SP - 5345-5351 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Financing the delivery of animal health services in developing countries: A case study of Ghana AU - Turkson, PK AU - Brownie, CF T2 - TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1023/a:1005129417183 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 33-44 SN - 0049-4747 KW - animal health KW - finance KW - Ghana KW - resources KW - veterinary services ER - TY - CHAP TI - Evaluating immunodeficiency disorders in captive wild animals AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.) A2 - M. E. Fowler, A2 - Miller, R. E. CN - SF996 .Z66 1999 PY - 1999/// SP - 58-62 PB - Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders ER - TY - CHAP TI - Emerging viral infections in large cats AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.) A2 - M. E. Fowler, A2 - Miller, R. E. CN - SF996 .Z66 1999 PY - 1999/// SP - 401-410 PB - Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of breed (Angus Vs Simmental) on immune function and response to a disease challenge in stressed steers and preweaned calves AU - Engle, T. E. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Brown, T. T. AU - Lloyd, K. E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two experiments were conducted with feeder steer calves and preweaned calves to determine the effects of breed on immune response. In Exp. 1, newly weaned Angus (n = 24) and Simmental (n = 24) steer calves were blocked by weight within breed and randomly assigned to 12 pens with four calves per pen. The basal diet consisted of 87% corn silage (DM basis) and 13% of a soybean meal-mineral-vitamin supplement. Steers were allowed ad libitum access to feed throughout the study. On d 2 following weaning, calves received an intranasal inoculation of infectious bovine rhinotraecheitis virus (IBRV; 2.7 × 108 CCID50). Rectal temperatures in response to the IBRV were higher (P < .05) in Angus calves. On d 9, calves were injected i.m. with 10 mL of a 25% pig red blood cell (PRBC) suspension. Total immunoglobulin (Ig) and IgM titers against PRBC were higher (P < .05) for the Angus calves. Breed did affect cell-mediated immune response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). In Exp. 2, preweaned (16 Angus and 16 Simmental) calves were selected based on breed, body weight, and sex. On 0 d, all selected calves were injected i.m. with 10 mL of a 25% PRBC suspension. Total Ig and IgG titers against PRBC were higher (P < .05) for Angus calves. On d 28, lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood obtained from eight calves per breed. Peripheral lymphocytes from the Angus calves had a greater (P < .07) blastogenic response to 6.25 µ/mL of PHA than lymphocytes from Simmental calves. Results indicate that the immune response of Angus and Simmental calves may differ. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.2527/1999.773516x VL - 77 IS - 3 SP - 516-521 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The characteristics of intestinal injury peripheral to strangulating obstruction lesions in the equine small intestine AU - Gerard, MP AU - Blikslager, AT AU - Roberts, MC AU - Tate, LP AU - Argenzio, RA T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Summary Recent studies suggest that horses requiring surgical correction of strangulating intestinal obstruction may develop post operative complications as a result of ischaemia/ reperfusion injury. Therefore, the mucosal and serosal margins of resected small intestine from 9 horses with small intestinal strangulating lesions were examined for evidence of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Severe mucosal injury and marked elevations in myeloperoxidase activity were detected at ileal resection margins (n = 4), whereas the mucosa from proximal jejunal (n = 9) and distal jejunal (n = 5) resection margins was normal. However, the serosa from jejunal resection margins had evidence of haemorrhage and oedema, and the proximal jejunal serosa had significantly increased numbers of neutrophils. Histological injury in ileal stumps is indicative of the inability fully to resect the ileum in horses with distal small intestinal strangulations. One of 4 horses subjected to ileal resection was subjected to euthanasia and found to have a necrotic ileal stump. Evidence of serosal injury and neutrophil infiltration in the proximal jejunal resection margins may predispose horses to post operative adhesions. Four of 8 horses discharged from the hospital suffered from recurrent colic in the post operative period. DA - 1999/7// PY - 1999/7// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03826.x VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 331-335 SN - 0425-1644 KW - horse KW - intestine KW - ischaemia KW - myeloperoxidase KW - lipid peroxidation ER - TY - CONF TI - Testing of a watershed scale hydrologic/water quality model for poorly drained soils AU - Amatya, D. M. AU - Chescheir, G. M. AU - Fernandez, G. P. AU - Skaggs, R. W. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the Mini-Conference, Advances in Water Quality Modeling DA - 1999/// SP - 33-39 M1 - 1999 PB - St. Joseph, MI: ASAE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Palliative radiotherapy of appendicular osteosarcoma in 95 dogs AU - Ramirez, O AU - Dodge, RK AU - Page, RL AU - Price, GS AU - Hauck, ML AU - LaDue, TA AU - Nutter, F AU - Thrall, DE T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Ninety-five dogs with either a presumptive (n = 24) or biopsy confirmed diagnosis (n = 71) of osteosarcoma received palliative radiotherapy using 60Co photons. Parallel opposed beams were used with each dog receiving either 10 Gy on days 0, 7 and 21 (n = 58) or 8 Gy on days 0 and 7 (n = 37). The 8 Gy fractionation scheme was given with the intent of retreating upon relapse from pain relief. Only 9 of 37 (24%) dogs in the 8 Gy group returned for retreatment. Forty-seven of the 95 dogs (49%) received concurrent or sequential chemotherapy. Seventy of the 95 dogs (74%) experienced pain relief following treatment. In dogs experiencing pain relief the median duration of response was 73 days. Numerous clinical variables were evaluated as predictors of response. The only variable significantly related to achieving a response was the use of chemotherapy. The following variables were significantly related to the duration of response: extent of bone lysis, chemotherapy use, length of bone involved and tumor site (humerus). In a multivariate analysis (n = 73 dogs), after adjusting for chemotherapy use, extent of bone involvement (p = 0.01) and tumor site (p = 0.02) retained statistical significance, while degree of bone lysis did not (p = 0.11). No difference in response incidence or duration was found between 3 fractions of 10 Gy vs. 2 fractions of 8 Gy. Administration of a low initial dose with the intent of retreatment was not a successful strategy. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00385.x VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 517-522 SN - 1740-8261 KW - canine KW - osteosarcoma KW - palliative radiotherapy ER - TY - JOUR TI - PGE receptor characteristics on porcine luteal cells during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy AU - Feng, SM AU - Almond, GW T2 - PROSTAGLANDINS & OTHER LIPID MEDIATORS AB - This study examined the affinities and concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE) receptors on porcine luteal cells during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Corpora lutea (CL) were obtained from nonpregnant gilts at days 9 (n = 4), 12 (n = 3), and 14 (n = 6); three gilts possessed red, vascular CL and three gilts had white nonvascular CL) of the estrous cycle, and days 9 (n = 4), 12 (n = 3), 14 (n = 5), and 30 (n = 5) of pregnancy. The CL were dissociated enzymatically to disperse single cells and the red blood cells were removed by elutriation. The luteal cells were assayed for specific PGE binding by displacement analysis with use of [3H] PGE2 and varying concentrations of unlabeled PGE2. The specific binding of [3H] PGE2 to luteal cells decreased (p < 0.05) from days 9 to 14 of the estrous cycle, but only decreased (p < 0.05) from days 9 to 12 of pregnancy. Specific binding was higher (p < 0.05) on day 14 of pregnancy than the comparable stage of the estrous cycle. The affinities of PGE receptors decreased (p < 0.05) only on the luteal cells dissociated from red, vascular CL of day 14 nonpregnant gilts compared with those of other days of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. The number of PGE receptors on porcine luteal cells was similar (p > 0.05) in pregnant and nonpregnant gilts, but decreased (p < 0.05) on days 12–14 postestrus. During early pregnancy, it was evident that high affinity PGE receptors are sustained on porcine luteal cells; however, the role of the PGE receptors in maternal recognition of pregnancy remains speculative. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1016/S0090-6980(98)00067-7 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 13-22 SN - 0090-6980 KW - pig KW - corpus luteum KW - prostaglandin E KW - receptors KW - luteal cells ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in two kittens attributed to intrauterine parvovirus infection AU - Sharp, NJH AU - Davis, BJ AU - Guy, JS AU - Cullen, JM AU - Steingold, SF AU - Kornegay, JN T2 - JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AB - Six weeks after vaccination with modified live feline parvovirus vaccine, a cat gave birth to five kittens, three of which died soon afterwards. The remaining two kittens (A and B) survived, but at 8 weeks of age were unable to walk and showed abnormal behaviour, with lack of menace and oculovestibular responses, and severe dysmetria. These signs suggested multifocal disease associated with the cerebrum and cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated severe bilateral (kitten A) or unilateral (kitten B) hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly, combined with cerebellar agenesis (kitten A) or severe hypoplasia (kitten B). Hydranencephaly was confirmed histopathologically in both kittens. Parvovirus was isolated from the kidney of one kitten. Parvoviral DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from paraffin wax-embedded brain of both kittens. The severe malformations observed in these kittens presumably resulted from an in-utero parvovirus infection, possibly due to vaccination, that occurred late in the first, or early in the second, trimester of pregnancy. DA - 1999/7// PY - 1999/7// DO - 10.1053/jcpa.1998.0298 VL - 121 IS - 1 SP - 39-53 SN - 0021-9975 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Financing the delivery of animal health services in developing countries: A case study of Ghana: Erratum AU - Turkson, P. K. AU - Brownie, C. F. T2 - Tropical Animal Health and Production DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1023/a:1017286824928 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 74 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimates of pregnancy outcomes based on selection of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Farin, PW AU - Slenning, BD AU - Britt, JH T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - The objective of this study was to estimate the degree of variation among experienced evaluators selecting in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos for transfer and to determine how this affects both the proportion of recipients becoming pregnant after transfer, and the number of embryo transfers required per pregnancy. Data from 6 experienced evaluators who graded Day 7 embryos produced either in vivo (n = 15) or in vitro (n = 15) were used to estimate these effects. The evaluators viewed video recorded images of the embryos and classified each embryo for stage of development and quality grade (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = degenerated and nontransferable). The statistical model considered transfer of embryos of the following individual or combined grades: Grade 1 only, Grade 2 only, Grade 3 only, Grades 1 and 2, Grades 2 and 3, and Grades 1, 2 and 3. Probabilities of pregnancy after embryo transfer were based on pregnancy rates of recipients at the facility of 1 of the 6 evaluators where the percentages of heifers pregnant after the transfer of Grade 1, 2 and 3 embryos, by embryo source, were 76, 65 and 54% (in vivo), and 59, 45 and 30% (in vitro). Within most grades, the proportion of embryos selected for transfer differed (P < 0.05) among the 6 evaluators. Although no significant differences (P > 0.10) were found among evaluators in the proportion of recipients pregnant after transfer within any embryo grade, there was substantial variation among evaluators in the proportion of recipients becoming pregnant, especially for embryos produced in vitro. Estimated percentages of heifers becoming pregnant for embryos classified as Grade 1, 2 or 3 were 66 to 76, 62 to 69, and 54 to 60%, respectively, for in vivo-produced embryos; and, 39 to 59, 15 to 45, and 24 to 32%, respectively, for in vitro-produced embryos. Approximately twice as many transfers were needed per pregnancy for embryos produced in vitro as for those produced in vivo regardless of the grade. DA - 1999/9// PY - 1999/9// DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00160-0 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 659-670 SN - 0093-691X KW - cattle KW - embryo quality KW - evaluators KW - pregnancy rates KW - model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dermal Absorption and Distribution of Topically Dosed Jet Fuels Jet-A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Brooks, James D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Budsaba, Kamon AU - Smith, Charles E. T2 - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology AB - Dermal exposure to jet fuels has received increased attention with the recent release of newer fuels with novel performance additives. The purpose of these studies was to assess the percutaneous absorption and cutaneous disposition of topically applied (25 μl/5 cm2) neat Jet-A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) jet fuels by monitoring the absorptive flux of the marker components 14C naphthalene and 3H dodecane simultaneously applied nonoccluded to isolated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSF) (n = 4). Absorption of 14C hexadecane was estimated from JP-8 fuel. Absorption and disposition of naphthalene and dodecane were also monitored using a nonvolatile JP-8 fraction reflecting exposure to residual fuel that might occur 24 h after a jet fuel spill. In all studies, perfusate, stratum corneum, and skin concentrations were measured over 5 h. Naphthalene absorption had a clear peak absorptive flux at less than 1 h, while dodecane and hexadecane had prolonged, albeit significantly lower, absorption flux profiles. Within JP-8, the rank order of absorption for all marker components was (mean ± SEM % dose) naphthalene (1.17 ± 0.07) > dodecane (0.63 ± 0.04) > hexadecane (0.18 ± 0.08). In contrast, deposition within dosed skin showed the reverse pattern. Naphthalene absorption into perfusate was similar across all fuel types, however total penetration into and through skin was highest with JP-8(100). Dodecane absorption and total penetration was greatest from JP-8. Absorption of both markers from aged JP-8 was lower than other fuels, yet the ratio of skin deposition to absorption was greatest for this treatment group. In most exposure scenarios, absorption into perfusate did not directly correlate to residual skin concentrations. These studies demonstrated different absorption profiles for the three marker compounds, differential effects of jet fuel types on naphthalene and dodecane absorption, and uncoupling of perfusate absorption from skin disposition. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.1006/taap.1999.8744 VL - 160 IS - 1 SP - 60-75 J2 - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology LA - en OP - SN - 0041-008X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8744 DB - Crossref KW - jet fuel KW - naphthalene KW - dodecane KW - hexadecane KW - percutaneous/dermal absorption KW - skin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a Walker Hound kennel in North Carolina AU - Kordick, S. K. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Hegarty, B. C. AU - Southwick, K. L. AU - Colitz, C. M. AU - Hancock, S. I. AU - Bradley, J. M. AU - Rumbough, R. AU - McPherson, J. T. AU - MacCormack, J. N. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - 2631-2638 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffi and related members of the alpha subdivision of the Proteobacteria in dogs with cardiac arrhythmias, endocarditis, or myocarditis AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Atkins, C. E. AU - Brown, T. T. AU - Kordick, D. L. AU - Snyder, P. S. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 37 IS - 11 SP - 3618-3626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A recombinase-based selection of differentially expressed bacterial genes AU - Altier, C AU - Suyemoto, M T2 - GENE AB - Bacterial genes are often differentially expressed in response to specific environmental conditions. We have devised a method to identify regulated bacterial promoters, such that transient promoter expression leads to a permanent and selectable change in bacterial phenotype. This system consists of a promoterless derivative of cre, the phage P1 recombinase, carried on a plasmid, and two chromosomal loxP sites, the targets of the Cre recombinase. The loxP sites flank npt, conferring kanamycin resistance, and sacB, which confers sensitivity to sucrose, allowing positive selection for both the presence and absence of this chromosomal cassette. Fusion of active promoters to cre induces recombination of the loxP sites and deletion of intervening DNA, allowing selection on media containing sucrose, while inactive promoters fail to induce recombination and so remain resistant to kanamycin. We tested the system in Salmonella typhimurium using a known regulated promoter, that from the araBAD operon, and found it to be a sensitive indicator of gene expression over a wide range of promoter induction. We then used this system to identify S. typhimurium genes that are specifically expressed when bacteria interact with cultured epithelial cells and identified a novel DNA fragment, not found in E. coli, which might represent part of a new pathogenicity island. DA - 1999/11/15/ PY - 1999/11/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00427-8 VL - 240 IS - 1 SP - 99-106 SN - 1879-0038 KW - Cre KW - invasion KW - loxP KW - sacB KW - Salmonella ER - TY - PCOMM TI - What's in an name? Comments on proposed standardized nomenclature AU - Davies, P. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 197-198 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technical note: Use of slow-release estradiol and prostaglandin F-2 alpha to induce pseudopregnancy and control estrus in gilts AU - Cushman, R. A. AU - Davis, P. E. AU - Boonyaprakob, U. AU - Hedgpeth, V. S. AU - Burns, P. J. AU - Britt, J. H. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - We determined whether a single injection of slow-release estradiol-17β (SRE2) would induce pseudopregnancy in gilts and whether PGF2α would regress the corpora lutea (CL) of pseudopregnancy. Crossbred gilts (n = 40) were induced to ovulate by treatment with 400 IU of hCG + 200 IU of eCG (PG600, Intervet, Millsboro, DE) given at 180 d of age (d = 0). On d 14, gilts were injected i.m. with one of five doses (n = 8 gilts/dose) of SRE2 (0, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg). Blood samples were collected before SRE2 and twice weekly until d 73 to monitor serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). On d 59, gilts received (i.m.) 10 mg of PGF2α (Lutalyse, Pharmacia Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) and were checked for estrus for 7 d. On d 62, mammary development was scored (0 = no development; 1 = some development; 2 = teat and gland development) by a neutral observer. Treatment with SRE2 increased (P < .05) peak E2 concentrations, duration of luteal function, and mammary gland score. There were no differences (chi-square, P > .05) among doses of SRE2 in the percentage of pseudopregnant gilts that showed luteolysis after PGF2α. We conclude that a single injection of SRE2 can induce pseudopregnancy and that the CL can be regressed with PGF2α, providing a simple method for controlling estrus in gilts. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.2527/1999.77112883x VL - 77 IS - 11 SP - 2883-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species, interindividual, and tissue specificity in endocrine signaling AU - Walker, C. AU - Ahmed, S. A. AU - Brown, T. AU - Ho, S. M. AU - Hodges, L. AU - Lucier, G. AU - Russo, J. AU - Weigel, N. AU - Weise, T. AU - Vandenbergh, J. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - The activity of endocrine-active agents exhibits specificity at many levels. Differential responsiveness to these agents has been observed between different species and extends to interindividual differences within a species and between different tissues as well. In cases where they have been identified, the biologic and molecular mechanisms underlying this specificity are quite diverse. Determinants of species specificity include differences that exist in receptor binding, gene transcription, and cellular responses to endocrine-active compounds between species. Interindividual differences in responsiveness may be determined at the level of genetic polymorphisms in hormone-metabolizing enzymes, hormone receptors, and in those genes that are transactivated by these receptors, as well as during changing windows of susceptibility that occur as a function of age, such as prenatal and postmenopausal exposures. Extrinsic factors such as diet can also impact individual susceptibility to endocrine-active agents. Tissue-specific determinants of susceptibility are well documented, but little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying these different responses. Differences in the expression of accessory proteins for steroid hormone receptors and different patterns of receptor expression, estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta; for example, may contribute to tissue specificity, as may differences in the pattern of expression of other genes such as hormone-metabolizing enzymes. The use of animal model systems and development of appropriate mathematical models has the potential to yield additional valuable information for elucidating the role of these determinants of specificity at low-dose exposures and for improved risk assessments for the adverse health effects of endocrine-active compounds. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1289/ehp.99107s4619 VL - 107 IS - 1999 Aug. SP - 619-624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sicklepod toxicity: Erratum AU - Kirby, C. J. AU - Rogers, G. M. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 21 IS - 3, suppl. SP - S97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence analysis of the turkey coronavirus nucleocapsid protein gene and 3 ' untranslated region identifies the virus as a close relative of infectious bronchitis virus AU - Breslin, JJ AU - Smith, LG AU - Fuller, FJ AU - Guy, JS T2 - VIRUS RESEARCH AB - The 3' end of the turkey coronavirus (TCV) genome (1740 bases) including the nucleocapsid (N) gene and 3' untranslated region (UTR) were sequenced and compared with published sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. The deduced sequence of the TCV N protein was determined to be 409 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa. The TCV N protein was identical in size and had greater than 90% amino acid identity with published N protein sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); less than 21% identity was observed with N proteins of bovine coronavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. The 3' UTR showed some variation among the three TCV strains examined, with two TCV strains, Minnesota and Indiana, containing 153 base segments which are not present in the NC95 strain. Nucleotide sequence identity between the 3' UTRs of TCV and IBV was greater than 78%. Similarities in both size and sequence of TCV and IBV N proteins and 3' UTRs provide additional evidence that these avian coronaviruses are closely related. DA - 1999/12/15/ PY - 1999/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00117-3 VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 187-193 SN - 0168-1702 KW - turkey coronavirus KW - infectious bronchitis virus KW - nucleocapsid gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Progressive expansion of an L-selectin-negative CD8 cell with anti-feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) suppressor function in the circulation of FIV-infected cats AU - Gebhard, DH AU - Dow, JL AU - Childers, TA AU - Alvelo, JI AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Tompkins, WAF T2 - JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB - The acute stage of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is characterized by the appearance of a major CD8 subpopulation with reduced expression of the CD8 beta chain (CD8alpha+betalo). CD8 antiviral activity was subsequently shown to be mediated by the CD8alpha+betalo phenotype, which is the dominant CD8 phenotype in long-term infected cats. Two- and three-color flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the CD8alpha+betalo subset is L-selectin negative (CD62L-) and has increased expression of CD44, CD49d, and CD18, consistent with an activation phenotype. The CD8alpha+betaloCD62L- cells but not the CD8alpha+betahiCD62L+ cells demonstrated strong antiviral activity in the FIV acute-infection assay. The progressive expansion of the CD8alpha+betaloCD62L- effector subset cells in FIV-infected cats parallels that seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, suggesting that failure in homeostatic mechanisms regulating lymphocyte activation or trafficking (or both) may be a consequence of both HIV and FIV infections. DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// DO - 10.1086/315089 VL - 180 IS - 5 SP - 1503-1513 SN - 0022-1899 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interleukin 2, but not other common gamma chain-binding cytokines, can reverse the defect in generation of CD4 effector T cells from naive T cells of aged mice AU - Haynes, L AU - Linton, PJ AU - Eaton, SM AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - Swain, SL T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AB - Development of effectors from naive CD4 cells occurs in two stages. The early stage involves activation and limited proliferation in response to T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation by antigen and costimulatory antigen presenting cells, whereas the later stage involves proliferation and differentiation in response to growth factors. Using a TCR-transgenic (Tg(+)) model, we have examined the effect of aging on effector generation and studied the ability of gamma(c) signaling cytokines to reverse this effect. Our results indicate that responding naive CD4 cells from aged mice, compared with cells from young mice, make less interleukin (IL)-2, expand poorly between days 3 to 5, and give rise to fewer effectors with a less activated phenotype and reduced ability to produce cytokines. When exogenous IL-2 or other gamma(c) signaling cytokines are added during effector generation, the Tg(+) cells from both young and aged mice proliferate vigorously. However, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15 all fail to restore efficient effector production. Only effectors from aged mice generated in the presence of IL-2 are able to produce IL-2 in amounts equivalent to those produced by effectors generated from young mice, suggesting that the effect of aging on IL-2 production is reversible only in the presence of exogenous IL-2. DA - 1999/10/4/ PY - 1999/10/4/ DO - 10.1084/jem.190.7.1013 VL - 190 IS - 7 SP - 1013-1023 SN - 0022-1007 KW - T cell receptor transgenic KW - CD4 cells KW - aging KW - IL-2 KW - gamma c-binding cytokines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal shedding of Salmonella by a cohort of finishing pigs in North Carolina AU - Davies, P. AU - Funk, J. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. T2 - Swine Health and Production DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 231-234 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dysregulation of apoptosis by c-myc in transgenic hepatocytes and effects of growth factors and nongenotoxic carcinogens AU - Christensen, J. G. AU - Goldsworthy, T. L. AU - Cattley, R. C. T2 - Molecular Carcinogenesis DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 273-284 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative clinicopathological responses of striped bass and palmetto bass to acute stress AU - Noga, EJ AU - Wang, CJ AU - Grindem, CB AU - Avtalion, R T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Selected clinicopathological features were compared between resting striped bass Morone saxatilis and palmetto bass (striped bass female × white bass M. chrysops male) and fish subjected to an acute (2-h-long) confinement stress. The taxa differed significantly in resting plasma lysozyme activities and leukocyte responses to mitogen stimulation. Confined fish of both taxa showed similar elevations in plasma osmolality, potassium, anion gap, creatinine, and glucose, suggesting a shock response. However, striped bass displayed slightly more severe perturbations, including elevated albumin and total protein, that indicated hemoconcentration. At least some of the intertaxon differences may have been associated with the greater ability of palmetto bass to adapt to culture conditions. DA - 1999/7// PY - 1999/7// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0680:CCROSB>2.0.CO;2 VL - 128 IS - 4 SP - 680-686 SN - 0002-8487 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altered bcl-2 family expression during non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis in mice AU - Christensen, JG AU - Romach, EH AU - Healy, LN AU - Gonzales, AJ AU - Anderson, SP AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Corton, JC AU - Fox, TR AU - Cattley, RC AU - Goldsworthy, TL T2 - CARCINOGENESIS AB - Dysregulation of apoptosis is an important component of multistage hepatocarcinogenesis. Members of the bcl-2 protein family are important in the regulation of apoptosis and their expression is altered in several cancers. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the expression of members of the bcl-2 protein family are altered in mouse liver during acute treatment with non-genotoxic carcinogens and throughout non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. Acute treatment of B6C3F1 mice with phenobarbital resulted in increased levels of bcl-2 and decreased levels of bax protein, while acute treatment with WY-14,643 resulted in increased bcl-2 and BAG-1 protein in the liver. Following chronic treatment, altered hepatic foci and adenomas were classified as: small-cell, heterogeneous basophilic lesions (spontaneous or tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced); large-cell, homogeneous basophilic lesions (WY-14,643-induced); acidophilic lesions (phenobarbital- or chlordane-induced). Of the small-cell heterogeneous basophilic lesions, 86% of foci (31/36) and 85% of adenomas (35/41) exhibited increased bcl-2 protein levels compared with surrounding normal hepatocytes, whereas only 12.5% of foci (4/36) and 12% of adenomas (5/41) exhibited increased bcl-X(L) levels. Of the large-cell, homogenous, basophilic lesions, 100% of foci (3/3) and 90% of adenomas (9/10) expressed bcl-2 protein, whereas 100% of foci (3/3) and 80% of adenomas (8/10) exhibited increased bcl-X(L) protein levels compared with surrounding normal hepatocytes. Of the acidophilic lesions, the majority of foci (28/32, 88%) and adenomas (47/50, 94%) expressed increased bcl-X(L), whereas increased bcl-2 was observed in only 12.5% of acidophilic preneoplastic foci (4/32) and 14% of acidophilic adenomas (7/50). Of the carcinomas analyzed, 81% expressed increased bcl-2 (54/67), 78% expressed increased bcl-X(L) (52/67) and 69% expressed increased levels of both bcl-2 and bcl-X(L) (46/67). Collectively, only 8% of preneoplastic foci, 3% of adenomas and 1.5% of carcinomas did not express either bcl-2 or bcl-X(L). These results suggest that regulation of apoptotic proteins is altered during non-genotoxic carcinogenesis in mouse liver. Furthermore, there were both chemical- and lesion-specific aspects of expression of apoptotic proteins during hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1093/carcin/20.8.1583 VL - 20 IS - 8 SP - 1583-1590 SN - 1460-2180 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A description of cutaneous-subcutaneous pythiosis in fifteen dogs AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Sharp, NJH AU - Olivry, T AU - Hillier, A AU - Murphy, KM AU - Kaufman, L AU - Kunkle, GA AU - Pucheu-Haston, C T2 - MEDICAL MYCOLOGY AB - Information regarding signalment, duration of clinical signs, history of swimming, results of CBC and serum biochemical analyses, biopsy findings and mycological results, together with treatments and outcome, was retrieved from the medical records of 15 dogs with a diagnosis of pythiosis made between 1985 and 1995 at the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University and the University of Florida. Most of the dogs were young (median age 22 months) and represented larger breeds (> 20 kg). Lesions were characteristically chronic, ulcerated, and nodular with multiple draining tracts on the limbs, thoracic wall or perineal regions. The median duration of these lesions was 3 months with a range of 2 weeks-6 months. Seven dogs had a history of swimming. Peripheral eosinophilia was observed in 14 of the dogs. Cytological evaluation of discharge, aspirates, or impression smears made from biopsy specimens revealed hyphae in five of 11 dogs (45%). Histopathological evaluation using the Gomori Methenamine-Silver (GMS) stain was the most useful test for providing presumptive evidence of cutaneous pythiosis. Immunotherapy or antifungal therapy using either amphotericin B, liposomal nystatin, itraconazole, or ketoconazole were all unsuccessful. The only dog to survive underwent amputation of the affected limb; thus, the prognosis for cutaneous pythiosis in the dog is poor. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-280X.1999.00248.x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 427-433 SN - 1369-3786 KW - canine KW - diagnosis KW - pythiosis KW - therapy ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (Farad): Past, Present and Future AU - Payne, Michael A. AU - Craigmill, Arthur L. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Webb, Alistair I. AU - Sundlof, Stephen F. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice AB - The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) was created in 1982 as a cooperative state and federal educational outreach program. FARAD's mission has remained unchanged in the last fifteen years: to assist producers, veterinarians, and allied professionals in the production of animal foods free of illegal chemical contaminants. At its core, FARAD is a collection of databases that users can efficiently access with the assistance of program experts. In order to meet emerging challenges related to technical and trade issues in food safety, current FARAD projects include inter-species data extrapolation, novel kinetic modeling, and international information exchange. DA - 1999/3// PY - 1999/3// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30208-5 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 75-88 J2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice LA - en OP - SN - 0749-0720 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30208-5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors for abomasal displacement in dairy cows AU - Rohrbach, B. W. AU - Cannedy, A. L. AU - Freeman, K. AU - Slenning, B. D. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 214 IS - 11 SP - 1660-1663 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown), a pathogen of Mercenaria mercenaria AU - Maas, P. A. Y. AU - Kleinschuster, S. J. AU - Dykstra, M. J. AU - Smolowitz, R. AU - Parent, J. T2 - Journal of Shellfish Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 561-567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microglial proliferation in cortical neural cultures exposed to feline immunodeficiency virus AU - Meeker, RB AU - Azuma, Y AU - Bragg, DC AU - English, RV AU - Tompkins, M T2 - JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AB - Microglia are thought to play an important role in neurodegenerative changes due to infection with human or animal immunodeficiency viruses. Using feline immunodeficiency virus and cat neural cultures, we observed a dramatic increase in the accumulation of microglia from a basal rate of 5-7% day(-1) to 25-126% day(-1). Both live virus and heat-inactivated virus induced proliferation. Negligible proliferation was seen in purified microglial cultures. Conditioned medium from astrocytes or mixed neural cultures treated with feline immunodeficiency virus stimulated the proliferation of purified microglia. Disease progression may be facilitated by early non-infectious interactions of lentiviruses with neural tissue that promote the activation and proliferation of microglia. DA - 1999/11/1/ PY - 1999/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00126-5 VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 15-26 SN - 0165-5728 KW - feline immunodeficiency virus KW - microglia KW - astrocytes KW - AIDS KW - dementia KW - HIV ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of immune challenge on concentrations of serum insulin- like growth factor-I and growth performance in pigs AU - Hevener, W. AU - Routh, P. A. AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Canadian Veterinary Journal DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 40 IS - 11 SP - 782-786 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developmental arrest and pregnancy-induced transmammary transmission of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the murine model AU - Arasu, P AU - Kwak, D T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - Pregnancy is associated with reactivation of latent infections of many protozoal and helminthic parasites. To facilitate in vivo studies on the process of transmammary transmission of hookworm infection to nursing newborns, we established an experimental model of infection of BALB/c mice with infective larvae of the canine nematode Ancylostoma caninum. To establish latency with a significant reservoir of tissue larvae and achieve acceptable pregnancy success rates, mice were subcutaneously infected at day 5 postimpregnation; similar larval distribution profiles were observed at the end of the gestational period for bred compared to correspondingly infected unbred animals. No larvae were detected in fetuses or neonatal pups. Significant numbers of larvae were not detected in mammary tissue during the periparturient or postpartum lactational periods although about 8% of a dam's reservoir of tissue larvae was transferred to her nursing pups; this suggests that larvae reaching the mammary glands are rapidly transmitted through the milk sinuses, as was documented by histopathological analyses. Comparison of BALB/c with C57BL/6 mice that typically display divergent immune responses to infection showed no difference in tissue larval burden or in numbers transferred to pups. A hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of larval reactivation and transmission is discussed. DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.2307/3285811 VL - 85 IS - 5 SP - 779-784 SN - 1937-2345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of perioperative versus postoperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas in horses AU - Theon, A. P. AU - Pascoe, J. R. AU - Galuppo, L. D. AU - Fisher, P. E. AU - Griffey, S. M. AU - Madigan, J. E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 215 IS - 11 SP - 1655-1660 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Birth of a Holstein freemartin calf co-twinned to a schistosomus reflexus fetus AU - Cavalieri, J AU - Farin, PW T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - An unusual case of a live Holstein freemartin calf co-twinned with schistosomus reflexus fetus is presented here. Delivery of the schistosomus reflexus was achieved by fetotomy 24 h after manual delivery of a live heifer calf. The dam subsequently experienced concurrent metritis and left displacement of the abomasum; however, she conceived following insemination 85 d post partum. Cytogenetic examination of the live heifer using lymphocyte culture and cutaneous fibroblast cell culture failed to demonstrate chromosomal chimerism, whereas polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the presence of the bovine Y-chromosome marker BRY-1. Low concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone at 3, 6, 24 and 48 h after administration of hCG were detected in the serum of the freemartin heifer. Genetic, hormonal, histological and clinical findings established the live female co-twin calf was a freemartin, an abnormality of phenotypic sex. Failure to detect any significant peripheral concentrations of androgen supports the hypothesis that masculinization of the freemartin reproductive tract arises from diffusion of androgen and possibly other substances from the male co-twin rather than from endogenous production of androgen within the freemartin. This report documents that the freemartin condition can be induced by a male fetus with severe developmental abnormalities. DA - 1999/10/1/ PY - 1999/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00174-0 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - 815-826 SN - 0093-691X KW - freemartinism KW - schistosomus reflexus KW - cytogenetic testing KW - hCG ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trichinellosis in the United States, 1991-1996: Declining but not gone AU - Moorhead, A AU - Grunenwald, PE AU - Dietz, VJ AU - Schantz, PM T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AB - Since the U.S. Public Health Service began recording statistics on trichinellosis in 1947, the number of cases reported by state health departments has decreased steadily. In the late 1940s, health departments reported an average of 400 cases and 10-15 deaths each year. From 1991 to 1996, the period covered in this report, three deaths in 230 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (an average of 38 cases per year), including 14 multiple case outbreaks from 31 states and Washington, DC. Information on the suspected food item was available for 134 (58%) of the 230 reported cases. Pork was implicated in 80 (60%) cases, bear meat in 31 (23%), walrus meat in 13 (10%), and cougar meat in 10 (7%). Sausage was the most frequently implicated pork product (i.e., 57 of the 64 cases for which the form of the pork product was identified). The proportion of trichinellosis cases attributable to consumption of commercial pork continued to decrease; this decrease was probably due to a combination of factors, including the continued reduction in the prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in domestic swine, the increased use of home freezers, and the practice of thoroughly cooking pork. As a proportion of all cases reported, those associated with wild game meat products has increased; however, the absolute numbers of such cases have remained similar at approximately 9-12 per year. The continued multiple case outbreaks and the identification of nonpork sources of infection indicate the need for further education and control measures. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.66 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 66-69 SN - 0002-9637 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protection of calves against cryptosporidiosis with immune bovine colostrum induced by a Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant protein AU - Perryman, LE AU - Kapil, SJ AU - Jones, ML AU - Hunt, EL T2 - VACCINE AB - The purpose of the study was to determine if immunization with a recombinant protein (rC7) of Cryptosporidium parvum would induce immune bovine colostrum that protected calves against cryptosporidiosis following oral challenge with C. parvum oocysts. Late gestation Holstein cows with low titers of antibody to the p23 antigen of C. parvum were immunized three times with 300 μg affinity purified rC7 C. parvum recombinant protein (immune cows), or left nonimmunized (control cows). Colostrum was obtained from each cow in both groups and partitioned into identical aliquots of pooled immune colostrum or pooled control colostrum. Twelve calves obtained at birth received either immune or control colostrum within the first 2 h, and again at 12 and 24 h of age. Each calf was challenged orally with 107 C. parvum oocysts at 12 h of age and monitored for signs of cryptosporidiosis. All six calves administered pooled control colostrum developed severe diarrhea (mean total fecal volume=8447±5600 ml) and shed an average of 1.87±1.66×1012 C. parvum oocysts. None of the six calves administered pooled immune colostrum developed diarrhea (mean total fecal volume=740±750 ml, p<0.05), and shed significantly fewer oocysts (3.05±2.26×109, p<0.05). The absence of diarrhea and 2.79 log10 (99.8%) reduction in oocyst excretion indicates that immune bovine colostrum induced by immunization with C. parvum recombinant protein rC7 provided substantial protection against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves. DA - 1999/4/23/ PY - 1999/4/23/ DO - 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00477-0 VL - 17 IS - 17 SP - 2142-2149 SN - 0264-410X KW - cryptosporidiosis KW - Cryptosporidium parvum KW - recombinant protein KW - colostrum KW - protection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myeloperoxidase activity of the large intestine in an equine model of acute colitis AU - McConnico, R. S. AU - Weinstock, D. AU - Poston, M. E. AU - Roberts, M. C. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 60 IS - 7 SP - 807-813 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs from North Carolina AU - Birkenheuer, AJ AU - Levy, MG AU - Savary, KCM AU - Gager, RB AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - The recognition of canine babesiosis in North Carolina caused by Babesia gibsoni documents the expansion of the previously reported endemic area of this disease. Clinical signs ranged from severe hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia to subclinical infections. No infected dogs had traveled to endemic areas. Antibabesial treatment failed to eradicate the organism from infected dogs. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.5326/15473317-35-2-125 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 125-128 SN - 0587-2871 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A preliminary survey of antibiotic residues and viable bacteria in milk from three Caribbean basin countries AU - Baynes, RE AU - Lyman, R AU - Anderson, KL AU - Brownie, CF T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - There is widespread concern about the presence of antimicrobial drugs in milk. The presence of drug residues in milk may have public health implications. Milk samples (n = 25 to 65/country) were collected from bulk tanks and commercial vendors in Barbados, Costa Rica, and Jamaica between February 1996 and August 1997. Bulk tank samples were collected from high milk-producing regions of Jamaica and Costa Rica and from 26 dairy farms in Barbados. Milk pH, bacterial growth (total CFU/ml and the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus), and the presence of antimicrobials were determined. Milk samples were tested by a microbial inhibition test (Delvotest-P, Gist-Brocades Food Ingredients, Inc.) to screen for antimicrobial drugs. All positives were retested for the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics after incubating with penicillinase and some positives were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography-UV. Mean pH values ranged from 6.5 to 6.7. S. aureus was identified in bulk tank samples from Costa Rica (52%), Barbados (44%), and Jamaica (46%). S. agalactiae was identified in bulk tank samples from Costa Rica (28%), Barbados (8 and 16%), and Jamaica (18%). Antimicrobial residues were detected in some bulk tank samples from Barbados (8%) and Jamaica (10%) but not in samples from Costa Rica. All positives in milk from Jamaica and Barbados were determined to be beta-lactams. No residues were detected in pasteurized milk samples from Barbados or ultrahigh-temperature milk from Jamaica. The presence of beta-lactam residues in some of these samples suggests the appropriateness of testing milk prior to processing for consumption. DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-62.2.177 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 177-180 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of three Salmonella rapid detection kits using fresh and frozen poultry environmental samples versus those of standard plating AU - Peplow, M. O. AU - Correa-Prisant, M. AU - Stebbins, M. E. AU - Jones, F. AU - Davies, P. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 1055-1060 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Platelet-associated immunoglobulin (antiplatelet antibody) in canine Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis AU - Grindem, CB AU - Breitschwerdt, EB AU - Perkins, PC AU - Cullins, LD AU - Thomas, TJ AU - Hegarty, BC T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - Antiplatelet antibodies were detected in the sera of dogs with naturally occurring and experimentally induced Rickettsia rickettsii and Ehrlichia canis infections. This is the first known report documenting elevated platelet-associated immunoglobulin (PAIg) titers in Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) infections. In the naturally occurring RMSF infections and ehrlichiosis, the antibodies persisted for weeks or months, even when the platelet counts had normalized. Results of this study indicate an immunological component for rickettsial thrombocytopenia. Therefore, current therapeutic recommendations, especially regarding avoiding the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with rickettsial diseases, need to be critically reviewed. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.5326/15473317-35-1-56 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 56-61 SN - 0587-2871 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glutamine and transforming growth factor-alpha stimulate extracellular regulated kinases and enhance recovery of villous surface area in porcine ischemic-injured intestine AU - Blikslager, A. T. AU - Rhoads, J. M. AU - Bristol, D. G. AU - Roberts, M. C. AU - Argenzio, R. A. T2 - Surgery AB - Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signals enterocyte proliferation via extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs). Because glutamine is required for EGF-stimulated proliferation and stimulates ERKs in intestinal cell culture, we hypothesized that glutamine and the EGF-related peptide transforming growth factor–alpha (TGF-α) would synergistically enhance repair associated with stimulation of ERKs. Methods: Thiry-Vella loops were created in juvenile pigs. One half of the loop was subjected to 2 hours of ischemia, and the other half served as control. Loops were infused daily with Ringer's solution containing 140 mmol/L glucose, 140 mmol/L glutamine, 140 mmol/L glucose plus 60 μg/L TGF-α, or 140 mmol/L glutamine plus 60 μg/L TGF-α. Results: After 2 hours of ischemia, complete villous epithelial sloughing was present. By 18 hours, villous epithelium had fully restituted, but villi remained stunted until 144 hours after injury. Glutamine + TGF-α triggered sustained increases in ERK activity compared with glucose-treated tissues (maximal at 18 hours), whereas glutamine alone or glucose + TGF-α caused only transient elevations in ERK activity. By 72 hours, villous surface area had increased to normal values with glutamine plus TGF-α treatment, whereas villi remained stunted with glucose alone, glutamine alone, or glucose plus TGF-α. Conclusions: Glutamine plus TGF-α treatment restored mucosal architecture within 72 hours of severe ischemic injury associated with sustained elevations in ERK activity. (Surgery 1999;125:186-94.) DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1016/S0039-6060(99)70264-3 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 186-194 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating provisional acceptable residues for extralabel drug use in livestock AU - Baynes, RE AU - Martin-Jimenez, T AU - Craigmill, AL AU - Riviere, JE T2 - REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY AB - In 1996, the United States Congress passed legislation (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, AMDUCA), which allows some veterinary or human drugs to be used off label in food-producing animals. In order to implement this Act and protect the U.S. consumer, tolerances or safe concentrations are required before a withdrawal time can be estimated for extralabel drug use. Use of foreign MRLs to satisfy these data needs may not be applicable because of differences in safety standards between the U.S. and other countries. This paper presents strategies that can be used to derive equivalent safe concentrations, referred to as provisional acceptable residues (PARs), that may then be used to estimate drug withdrawal times. Health-based methods are proposed for calculating a PAR for a tissue. Procedure A partitions 50% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) to edible tissues and reserves the remainder for milk. Procedure B equally partitions the ADI into all edible tissues. Procedure C partitions 50% of the ADI to milk and equally partitions the remaining 50% ADI into edible tissues. Simulations were performed for florfenicol, tetracycline, dexamethasone, azaperone, ivermectin, eprinomectin, and doramectin. In general, these simulations resulted in derivation of conservative PARs, which did not result in daily intakes of residues greater than the health-based ADI. These simulations demonstrated that provided the safe concentrations or equivalent PARs are based on rigorous toxicology safety data (e.g., NOELs, ADIs), the safety of food animal products will not be compromised. It is proposed that these PARs can be used for estimating withdrawal times after extralabel drug use or inadvertent exposure to an environmental contaminant where no approved withdrawal time exists. Finally, implementing similar transparent methods could have a positive impact on international harmonization and trade. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1006/rtph.1999.1302 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 287-299 SN - 1096-0295 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Ascaris suum reinfection on immunoreactivity in lambs AU - Levkut, M. AU - Revajova, V. AU - Dvoroznakova, E. AU - Reiterova, K. AU - Dubinsky, P. AU - Krupicer, I. AU - Moncol, D. J. T2 - Helminthologia DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 69-74 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Botulism in chickens associated with elevated iron levels AU - Pecelunas, KS AU - Wages, DP AU - Helm, JD T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Clostridium botulinum type C toxicosis was diagnosed by the mouse inoculation test in two outbreaks of botulism in commercial broiler and roaster chickens. One case involved 7-wk-old commercial roaster chickens, and the other involved 15-day-old commercial broiler chickens. A definitive point source for preformed C. botulinum exotoxin was not identified in either case investigation. Elevated iron concentrations in the drinking water and/or feed may have presented a significant risk factor that may have resulted in intestinal proliferation of C. botulinum and subsequent botulism. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.2307/1592749 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 783-787 SN - 0005-2086 KW - chickens KW - botulism KW - iron levels ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute renal failure in four cats treated with paromomycin AU - Gookin, J. L. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Gilger, B. C. AU - Papich, M. G. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 215 IS - 12 SP - 1821-1823 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using drug residue screening tests to investigate antibiotic contamination of milk AU - Musser, J. M. B. AU - Anderson, K. L. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 94 IS - 5 SP - 474-479 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrospective study of factors associated with eliminating circulating pseudorabies virus in sow herds AU - Deen, J. AU - Erickson, G. A. AU - Scherba, G. T2 - Swine Health and Production DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 147-150 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prostaglandin-induced recovery of barrier function in porcine ileum is triggered by chloride secretion AU - Blikslager, AT AU - Roberts, MC AU - Argenzio, RA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - We have previously shown that PGI2 and PGE2 have a synergistic role in restoring electrical transepithelial resistance (R) in ischemia-injured porcine ileum via the second messengers Ca2+ and cAMP. Because Ca2+ and cAMP stimulate Cl- secretion, we assessed the role of PG-induced Cl- secretion in recovery of R. Mucosa from porcine ileum subjected to ischemia for 45 min was mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed in indomethacin and Ringer solution. Addition of PGs stimulated a twofold increase in R, which was preceded by elevations in short-circuit current (increase of 25 microA/cm2). The PG-induced effect on R was partially inhibited with bumetanide, an inhibitor of Cl- secretion. The remaining elevations in R were similar in magnitude to those induced in ischemic tissues by amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+ absorption. Treatment with 10(-4) M 8-bromo-cGMP or 300 mosM mucosal urea resulted in elevations in R similar to those attained with PG treatment. PGs signal recovery of R via induction of Cl- secretion and inhibition of Na+ absorption, possibly by establishing a transmucosal osmotic gradient. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.1.g28 VL - 276 IS - 1 SP - G28-G36 SN - 0193-1857 KW - tight junction KW - ischemia KW - mucosa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perceptions of veterinarians regarding privatization of veterinary services delivery in Ghana and Jamaica AU - Turkson, PK AU - Slenning, BD AU - Brownie, CF T2 - PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE AB - There are on-going reforms in the delivery of veterinary services in many developing countries, with privatization of certain veterinary activities as one of the approaches. In Jamaica, with the support of veterinarians, clinical aspects of veterinary services were privatized in 1992. In contrast, Ghanaian veterinarians are generally wary of the government's on-going privatization process. The objective of this study was to find out if perceptions of the veterinarians from these two countries on certain issues of privatization were sufficiently different to explain the willingness or reluctance to go into private practice. The response proportions for predominantly self-administered questionnaires were 83% (121/145) and 92% (35/38) for Ghana and Jamaica, respectively. There was a very good (92%) agreement in the perceptions of veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica on a battery of 24 responses pertaining to privatization of veterinary services. Generally, the perceptions of the veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica were similar even though the predominant delivery systems for animal health services were different. Therefore, reasons other than those examined in this study may explain the differences in willingness to go into private practice. The need to account for these other reasons is discussed. DA - 1999/6/11/ PY - 1999/6/11/ DO - 10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00023-9 VL - 40 IS - 3-4 SP - 221-232 SN - 0167-5877 KW - privatization KW - veterinary services KW - delivery system KW - Ghana KW - Jamaica KW - information systems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neurotoxicity of FIV and FIV envelope protein in feline cortical cultures AU - Bragg, DC AU - Meeker, RB AU - Duff, BA AU - English, RV AU - Tompkins, MB T2 - BRAIN RESEARCH AB - The neurotoxic effects of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and FIV envelope proteins were measured in primary cultures of feline cortical neurons. Envelope protein from the FIV-PPR strain promoted neuronal swelling and death, whereas envelope protein from the FIV-34TF10 isolate produced intermediate or negligible toxicity. No effect was observed in control cultures treated with envelope protein from the Epstein–Barr virus. A concentration–effect curve showed that FIV-PPR protein produced maximal toxicity at 200 pM protein and decreased toxicity at higher concentrations, which is consistent with previous reports of the HIV-1 surface glycoprotein, gp120. These effects required the presence of low concentrations of glutamate. Using the natural host cells as targets, the effects of envelope protein and infectious virions were directly compared. All of the toxic activity could be attributed to non-infectious interactions between the viral envelope and target cells. Addition of 1 μM tetrodotoxin failed to block the effects of FIV-PPR in the presence of 20 μM glutamate. Toxicity would appear to involve two steps in which the envelope protein first sensitizes neurons through non-synaptic interactions (TTX insensitive) thereby setting the stage for enhanced synaptic activation via glutamate receptors (TTX sensitive). DA - 1999/1/23/ PY - 1999/1/23/ DO - 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01177-9 VL - 816 IS - 2 SP - 431-437 SN - 0006-8993 KW - feline immunodeficiency virus KW - gp120 KW - neurotoxicity KW - glutamate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunomodulation and therapeutic effects of the oral use of interferon-alpha: Mechanism of action AU - Tompkins, WA T2 - JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH AB - It is now well accepted that type 1 interferons (IFNs), IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, in addition to being molecules with powerful antiviral activity, play a critical role in modulating immune responses to foreign and self-antigens. This review of the literature documents the immunomodulatory effects of IFN-alpha and discusses its position and importance in the cytokine cascade. In addition, this review attempts to organize the literature describing local and systemic immunomodulatory effects of orally administered low doses of IFN-alpha, and provide a physiological explanation for the mechanism of action. Evidence suggests that, early in the process of antigen presentation to T helper (Th) cells, IFN-alpha derived principally from the antigen-presenting cells (APC) provides an important signal for Th precursor differentiation in favor of a Th1 immune response. IFN-alpha, perhaps via upregulation of the high-alphaffinity interleukin-12beta1/beta2 (IL-12beta1/beta2) receptor, renders Th1 cells responsive to IL-12 resulting in production of high levels of IFN-gamma crucial to the development of Th1 immune responses. In addition to being instrumental in the development of Th1 immune responses, IFN-alpha appears to be the major cytokine responsible for the amplification of the CD8+ T cell response and resistance to viral infections. Orally administered IFN-alpha induces similar Th1 cytokine responses in buccal mucosal lymph nodes (LN), including upregulation of IFN-gamma expression and downregulation of IL-4. Moreover, reports of systemic immune effects such as decreased autoimmune responses, increased antiviral and antibacterial responses, and generalized immune function changes after oral IFN-alpha administration are consistent with the known immunomodulatory role of IFN-alpha in a physiological setting. Responses to orally administered low doses of IFN-alpha also adhere to the principle of low-dose priming and high-dose anergy that dictates the cellular and cytokine responses to exogenously added cytokines both in vivo and in vitro. These observations collectively suggest that IFN-alpha administered to mucosal-associated immune tissue replicates the known physiological role of IFN-alpha, including regulation of CD4+ Th1 immunomodulatory cells and activation of CD8+ effector cells, which are both crucial to development of protective immune responses. What remains to be determined is how local mucosal immune responses to IFN-alpha given orally are translated into systemic immune responses and resistance to disease. This important question, the answer to which will have profound implications for new immunotherapies for immune-based diseases, is the focus of current research. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1089/107999099313325 VL - 19 IS - 8 SP - 817-828 SN - 1079-9907 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Formation of antibiotic, biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers by processing with neomycin sulfate and its inclusion compound with beta-cyclodextrin AU - Huang, L AU - Taylor, H AU - Gerber, M AU - Orndorff, PE AU - Horton, , JR AU - Tonelli, A T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Samples of pure neomycin sulfate and its inclusion compound (IC) with β-cyclodextrin were implanted into films of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Both polymers have been widely used commercially to make sutures. The antibacterial activity of these films against Escherichia coli was tested. Films made by either solution casting or melt pressing were divided into the following three groups: (1) plain polymer films, (2) those embedded with pure neomycin sulfate, and (3) those embedded with neomycin sulfate-β-cyclodextrin IC. Filter paper treated with 1.5 μL of 10 mg/μL Kanamycin and neomycin were used as controls and resulted in 11- and 8-mm zones of inhibition/or antibacterial activity, respectively. Small discs (ca. 2% of total area) cut from solution-cast films of PLLA and PCL containing 50 wt % neomycin sulfate IC had 17- and 16-mm zones of inhibition, and PLLA and PCL containing 50 wt % pure neomycin sulfate deterred bacterial growth, resulting in 19-mm zones of inhibition. Melt-pressed films containing 10 wt % pure neomycin sulfate or its IC, showed 17- and 11-mm zones of inhibition for PLLA films, respectively, while PCL films showed 13- and 9-mm zones of inhibition, respectively. For melt-pressed films that contain 0.01 wt % pure neomycin sulfate or its IC, PLLA films showed 11- and 9.5-mm zones of inhibition, respectively, while PCL films showed 11- and 10-mm zones of inhibition, respectively. Since an antibiotic, bioabsorbable suture does not require surgical removal, implanting an inclusion compound in the suture might allow the slow release of antibiotic, thereby guarding against postsurgical infection and also protecting the antibiotic from degradation during the melt-spinning process used to make the suture. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 937–947, 1999 DA - 1999/10/24/ PY - 1999/10/24/ DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991024)74:4<937::AID-APP20>3.0.CO;2-K VL - 74 IS - 4 SP - 937-947 SN - 0021-8995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does in vitro culture affect the expression of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) messenger RNA in fetal bovine liver? AU - Blondin, P. AU - Farin, P. W. AU - Crosier, A. E. AU - Alexander, J. E. AU - Farin, C. E. T2 - Biology of Reproduction DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 60 IS - 1999 SP - 248-249 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control of gastrointestinal parasite larvae of ruminant using nitrogen fertilizer, limestone and sodium hypochlorite solutions AU - Howell, JM AU - Luginbuhl, JM AU - Grice, MJ AU - Anderson, KL AU - Arasu, P AU - Flowers, , JR T2 - SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH AB - Gastrointestinal parasites are considered to be one of the most prominent health problems of small ruminants. Additional concerns are associated with parasite resistance to traditional anthelmintics and drug withdrawal times. Solutions of commercial fertilizers, bleach and limestone were used to examine their effect on the motility of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae (L3) in vitro. Infective larvae were cultured from feces of one Suffolk ram lamb infected with 5000 L3. Infective larvae (500 L3/100 μl) were then pipetted into individual petri dishes with 400 μl of a known concentration of either urea (U), ammonium nitrate (AN), liquid nitrogen fertilizer (LNF), a mixture of ammonium nitrate + urea (ANU), dolomitic limestone (DLM), limestone (LM) and sodium hypochlorite (SH). Percent non-motile L3 increased (p < 0.05) as they were exposed to increasing concentrations of nitrogen (N) sources and SH. However, DLM and LM were not effective. Another trial compared the highest concentrations of the four N sources (18 g N/100 ml) and SH (10%). Percent non-motile L3 were: U, 81.3; AN, 96.8; LNF, 93.3; ANU, 89.2; SH, 99.8. Larvicidal properties of N sources and SH could decrease gastrointestinal parasite loads, may reduce producers dependency on traditional anthelmintics to control infective larvae and may reduce the potential of anthelmintic resistance when used strategically with pasture fertilization and other agricultural practices. Field studies are needed to corroborate results presented herein. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00186-2 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 197-204 SN - 1879-0941 KW - gastrointestinal parasites KW - nitrogen fertilizers KW - bleach KW - limestone ER - TY - JOUR TI - A three-year study of viable airborne fungi in the North Carolina Zoological Park RJR Nabisco Rocky Coast Alcid Exhibit AU - Faucette, T. G. AU - Loomis, M. AU - Reininger, K. AU - Zombeck, D. AU - Stout, H. AU - Porter, C. AU - Dykstra, M. J. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 44-53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toward a canine model of atopic dermatitis: amplification of cytokine-gene transcripts in the skin of atopic dogs AU - Olivry, T AU - Dean, GA AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Dow, JL AU - Moore, PF T2 - EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract: The objectives of the present study were to characterize and compare the repertoire of cytokine‐genes transcribed in skin homogenates obtained from normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) using a reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and canine‐specific cytokine‐gene primers. Whereas IL‐4 and IL‐5 cytokine‐gene transcripts were detected more commonly in atopic skin biopsy homogenates, IL‐2 mRNA was amplified more often from normal control specimens. IFN‐γ mRNA was detected in 5/29 atopic specimens, 4 of them obtained from the only dog with chronic skin lesions. One‐fourth of atopic samples exhibited clear type‐2 cytokine profiles; the remainder did not demonstrate polarized repertoires. Conversely, type‐1 cytokine profiles were characterized in one‐fourth of normal control specimens. The present study establishes, for the first time, the transcription of type‐2 cytokine‐genes in the skin of dogs with AD. Future experiments investigating the cellular origin and dynamics of allergic cytokine‐gene transcription are needed to confirm whether or not canine AD could be considered an immunological model for a human disease. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00372.x VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 204-211 SN - 0906-6705 KW - skin KW - atopic dermatitis KW - dogs KW - canine KW - cytokine KW - interleukin KW - interferon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Theileria sp infections associated with bovine fatalities in the United States confirmed by small-subunit rRNA gene analyses of blood and tick samples AU - Chae, J. S. AU - Levy, M. AU - Hunt, J. AU - Schlater, J. AU - Snider, G. AU - Waghela, S. D. AU - Holman, P. J. AU - Wagner, G. G. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 37 IS - 9 SP - 3037-3040 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiographic diagnosis: Multicentric schwannoma in an adult Holstein-Freisian cow AU - Ramirez, O AU - McDorman, K AU - Dennis, P AU - Hunt, E T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Veterinary Radiology & UltrasoundVolume 40, Issue 2 p. 148-150 RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS: MULTICENTRIC SCHWANNOMA IN AN ADULT HOLSTEIN-FREISIAN COW Oscar Ramirez III DVM, Corresponding Author Oscar Ramirez III DVM Departments of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Oscar Ramirez, Gulf Coast Veterinary Imaging, 1111 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77027.Search for more papers by this authorKevin McDorman DVM, Kevin McDorman DVM Departments of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorPamela Dennis DVM, Pamela Dennis DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorElaine Hunt DVM, Elaine Hunt DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this author Oscar Ramirez III DVM, Corresponding Author Oscar Ramirez III DVM Departments of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Oscar Ramirez, Gulf Coast Veterinary Imaging, 1111 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77027.Search for more papers by this authorKevin McDorman DVM, Kevin McDorman DVM Departments of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorPamela Dennis DVM, Pamela Dennis DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorElaine Hunt DVM, Elaine Hunt DVM Departments of Food Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 May 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01900.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume40, Issue2March 1999Pages 148-150 RelatedInformation DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01900.x VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 148-150 SN - 1058-8183 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IL-2-deficient mice raised under germfree conditions develop delayed mild focal intestinal inflammation AU - Schultz, M AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - Sellon, RK AU - Veltkamp, C AU - Godfrey, VL AU - Kwon, J AU - Grenther, WB AU - Balish, E AU - Horak, I AU - Sartor, RB T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Interleukin-2 (IL-2) amplifies immune stimuli and influences B cell differentiation. IL-2-deficient mice spontaneously develop intestinal inflammation if raised under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. We quantitatively determined the aggressiveness and kinetics of gastrointestinal and hepatic inflammation in the presence or absence of viable bacteria in IL-2-deficient mice. Breeding colonies were maintained under SPF and germfree (GF) conditions. Intestinal tissues, serum, and mesenteric lymph nodes were obtained from mice at different ages for blind histological scoring, immunoglobulin measurements, mucosal T cell infiltration, and cytokine secretion. GF IL-2 −/− mice developed mild, focal, and nonlethal intestinal inflammation with delayed onset, whereas the more aggressive inflammation in SPF IL-2 −/− mice led to their death between 28 and 32 wk. Periportal hepatic inflammation was equal in the presence or absence of bacterial colonization. Intestinal immunoglobulin secretion decreased significantly by 13 wk of age in IL-2 −/− mice in both GF and SPF environments. In contrast to other genetically engineered rodents, IL-2 −/− mice develop mild focal gastrointestinal and active portal tract inflammation in the absence of viable bacteria. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.6.g1461 VL - 276 IS - 6 SP - G1461-G1472 SN - 1522-1547 KW - interleukin-2-deficient mice KW - luminal flora KW - colitis KW - animal models ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dental wear and growth performance in steers fed sweetpotato cannery waste AU - Rogers, G. M. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Ferko, B. L. AU - Brown, T. T. AU - Deaton, T. G. AU - Bawden, J. W. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 214 IS - 5 SP - 681-687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Platelets from thrombocytopenic ponies acutely infected with equine infectious anemia virus are activated in vivo and hypofunctional AU - Russell, KE AU - Perkins, PC AU - Hoffman, MR AU - Miller, RT AU - Walker, KM AU - Fuller, FJ AU - Sellon, DC T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Thrombocytopenia is a consistent finding and one of the earliest hematological abnormalities in horses acutely infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus. Multifactorial mechanisms, including immune-mediated platelet destruction and impaired platelet production, are implicated in the pathogenesis of EIAV-associated thrombocytopenia. This study was undertaken to investigate whether regenerative thrombopoiesis and platelet destruction occurred in ponies acutely infected with EIAV. Circulating large, immature platelets were increased in ponies acutely infected with EIAV late in the infection when platelet count was at a nadir. Morphometric analysis of bone marrow from acutely infected ponies revealed significant increased in megakaryocyte area and megakaryocyte nuclear area. A trend toward increased numbers of megakaryocytes was also observed. Platelets from acutely infected ponies had increased surface-bound fibrinogen and ultrastructural changes consistent with in vivo platelet activation. Platelets also had hypofunctional aggregation responses to three agonists in vitro. We conclude that thrombocytopenia in ponies acutely infected with EIAV is regenerative and suggest that bone marrow platelet production is not severely compromised in these ponies. Our findings reveal that in vivo platelet activation occurs in ponies acutely infected with EIAV, and as a result platelets are hypofunctional in vitro. Activation of platelets in vivo may cause platelet degranulation or formation of platelet aggregates, which would result in removal of these damages platelets from circulation. This may represent a form of nonimmune-mediated platelet destruction in ponies acutely infected with EIAV. DA - 1999/6/20/ PY - 1999/6/20/ DO - 10.1006/viro.1999.9737 VL - 259 IS - 1 SP - 7-19 SN - 0042-6822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased interleukin-6 activity in the serum of ponies acutely infected with equine infectious anaemia virus AU - Sellon, DC AU - Russell, KE AU - Monroe, VL AU - Walker, KM T2 - RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Seven ponies were infected with the virulent wild-type Wyoming strain of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV). Infection status was monitored by serum reverse transcriptase activity, rectal temperature, and complete blood count. Preinfection serum and serum obtained during the initial febrile episode following infection were assayed for interleukin 6 (IL-6) activity. Postinfection IL-6 activity was significantly increased as compared to preinfection values. The magnitude of increase in IL-6 was positively correlated with reverse transcriptase activity (an indirect measure of viraemia) but was not correlated with rectal temperature. IL-6 production in response to EIAV infection may play a role in pathogenesis of disease, especially the hyperglobulinaemia and apparent polyclonal B cell activation in these horses. DA - 1999/2// PY - 1999/2// DO - 10.1053/rvsc.1998.0245 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 77-80 SN - 0034-5288 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical and pathologic evaluation of chronic Bartonella henselae or Bartonella clarridgeiae infection in cats AU - Kordick, D. L. AU - Brown, T. T. AU - Shin, K. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1536-1547 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Safety and efficacy of the Environmental Products Group Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield (TM) AU - Lewbart, GA AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Losordo, T AU - Geyer, J AU - Owen, J AU - Smith, DW AU - Law, M AU - Altier, C T2 - AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING AB - This study investigated the safety and efficacy of the EPG Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield™ (EPG-MAMS). Four different species of fish were used in the study. Ten fish of each species were placed in 75 l aquariums containing the EPG filter media, a commercially available filter media (Whisper®) and an aquarium with no filter material. At the end of the 45 day trial three fish from each tank were sacrificed and preserved in formalin for histopathology. Water quality parameters were routinely monitored. The EPG filter media was compared with the Whisper® filter media for efficacy against Aeromonas salmonicida using a shaker flask microbiological assay. The EPG filter proved to be clinically and histopathologically safe and reduced to some degree the number of A. salmonicida suspended in water in an in vitro study. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00043-0 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 93-98 SN - 0144-8609 KW - Environmental Products Group KW - Masterflow Aquarium Management System KW - Aegis Microbe Shield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shedding of feline immunodeficiency virus in semen of domestic cats during acute infection AU - Jordan, H. L. AU - Liang, Y. H. AU - Hudson, L. C. AU - Tompkins, W. A. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 211-215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of sample storage and delayed secondary enrichment on detection of Salmonella spp in swine feces AU - O'Carroll, J. M. AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Correa, M. T. AU - Slenning, B. D. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 359-362 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence analysis of the matrix nucleocapsid gene region of turkey coronavirus AU - Breslin, JJ AU - Smith, LG AU - Fuller, FJ AU - Guy, JS T2 - INTERVIROLOGY AB - A reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure was used to amplify a segment of the genome of turkey coronavirus (TCV) spanning portions of the matrix and nucleocapsid (MN) protein genes (approximately 1.1 kb). The MN gene region of three epidemiologically distinct TCV strains (Minnesota, NC95, Indiana) was amplified, cloned into pUC19, and sequenced. TCV MN gene sequences were compared with published sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. A high degree of similarity (>90%) was observed between the nucleotide, matrix protein, and nucleocapsid protein sequences of TCV strains and published sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The matrix and nucleocapsid protein sequences of TCV had limited homology (<30%) with MN sequences of mammalian coronaviruses. These results demonstrate a close genetic relationship between the avian coronaviruses, IBV and TCV. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1159/000024956 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 22-29 SN - 0300-5526 KW - coronavirus KW - infectious bronchitis virus KW - turkey coronavirus KW - polymerase chain reaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - The mucosal phase of Listeria infection AU - Havell, EA AU - Beretich, GR AU - Carter, PB T2 - IMMUNOBIOLOGY AB - Listeria monocytogenes is an enteroinvasive bacterial pathogen of man and animals. Listeriae have been shown capable of infecting the host by translocating from the intestinal lumen through Peyer's Patches (PP), however, results of experiments now indicate that these facultative intracellular parasites may also translocate through PP-independent routes. With regards to this, on occasion we observed that listeriae were absent from the PP of mice inoculated intragastrically with L. monocytogenes, but were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes of these same mice. These observations suggested that PP were not necessary for listerial translocation from the intestinal lumen. Two experimental approaches were used to determine whether luminal listeriae could indeed infect the host through PP-independent routes. First, since it is known that: 1) following the intragastric inoculation of L. monocytogenes, listeriae rapidly transit the length of the gastrointestinal tract and reside in the colonic lumen for up to a week, 2) the colon lacks PP, and 3) the descending colon and rectum are drained exclusively by the caudal lymph node (CLN), it was determined whether colonic listeriae could access the CLN. Inoculation of listeriae into the rectum of mice resulted in the infection of the CLN which indicated that PP were not required for listerial translocation. Second, since germfree SCID mice lack PP, it was determined whether listeriae could translocate from the intestinal lumen and infect these immunoincompetent mice. Shortly after the intragastric inoculation of L. monocytogenes into germfree SCID mice, listeriae were found in the mesenteries, livers and spleens. These results also indicate that PP are not required for listerial translocation from the intestinal lumen. One possible route of translocation from the intestinal lumen might occur by listeriae entering enterocytes. Results were obtained showing that listeriae were capable of entering cultured mouse small intestine enterocytes. Internalized listeriae were observed to multiply and spread intracellularly between enterocytes. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1016/S0171-2985(99)80056-4 VL - 201 IS - 2 SP - 164-177 SN - 0171-2985 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of blood and blood products AU - Hunt, E AU - Wood, B T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Guidelines for blood and plasma transfusion are different in the ruminant when compared to other species. The ruminant recipient rarely requires donor cross matching prior to administration of blood or plasma. Transfused donor erythrocytes have extremely short half-lives in the recipient so blood transfusion only briefly provides relief from signs of anemic anoxia. Ruminant plasma does not separate on standing (as in the equine) so it is not possible to harvest plasma without access to a large centrifuge or equipment for plasmapheresis. Administration of whole blood is the easiest means through which the practitioner can provide a plasma transfusion. DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30168-7 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 641-+ SN - 1558-4240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune cells are required for cutaneous ulceration in a swine model of chancroid AU - San Mateo, L. R. AU - Toffer, K. L. AU - Orndorff, P. E. AU - Kawula, T. H. T2 - Infection and Immunity DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 4963-4967 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hetastarch: A synthetic colloid with potential in equine patients AU - McFarlane, D. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atypical limbal melanoma in a cat AU - Betton, A AU - Healy, LN AU - English, RV AU - Bunch, SE T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(1999)013<0379:ALMIAC>2.3.CO;2 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 379-381 SN - 0891-6640 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sicklepod toxicity AU - Kirby, C. J. AU - Rogers, G. M. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 21 IS - 2, suppl. SP - S66-6979 ER -