TY - CONF TI - On clustering of JP-8 chemicals AU - Basak, S.C. AU - Gute, B.D. AU - Grumald, G.D. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Joint Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Society of Toxicology C2 - 2002/4// C3 - Joint Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Society of Toxicology CY - Duluth, MN DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Dermal absorption and toxicity of jet fuel and its components AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monetiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Chou, C.C. T2 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2002/// C3 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/5// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of U.S. Public Health Laboratories: Microbial Pathogens of the Contaminant Candidate List AU - Hilborn, E.D. AU - Royster, M.O. AU - Drabkowski, D.J. T2 - Journal of the American Water Works Association DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// VL - 94 IS - 6 SP - 88–96 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/41298366 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A pilot study of global positioning system/geographical information system measurement of residential proximity to agricultural fields and urinary organophosphate metabolite concentrations in toddlers. T2 - Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology DA - 2002/11/1/ PY - 2002/11/1/ DO - 10.1038/sj.jea.7500247 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500247 KW - agriculture KW - children KW - environment KW - GPS/GIS KW - organophosphates KW - pesticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phthalate monoesters levels in the urine of young children. T2 - Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology DA - 2002/3/1/ PY - 2002/3/1/ DO - 10.1007/s001280255 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s001280255 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Percutaneous absorption of chemical mixtures relevant to the Gulf War AU - Riviere, J.E. A3 - Department of Veterans Affairs DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// SP - 169–170 M1 - DAMD17-99-C-9047 M3 - Report PB - Department of Veterans Affairs SN - DAMD17-99-C-9047 UR - https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA409100.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Percutaneous absorption of chemical mixtures relevant to the Gulf War. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Baynes, R.E. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - DAMD17-99-C-9047 M3 - Technical Report SN - DAMD17-99-C-9047 UR - https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA409100.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Chemical Food Safety: a scientist's perspective. AU - Riviere, J.E. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 213 PB - Iowa State Press SN - 0813802547 ER - TY - CONF TI - Pyridostigmine bromide suppresses IL-8 in human epidermal keratinocytes and in isolated perfused porcine skin exposed to DEET and permethrin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 41st Annual Meeting & ToxExpo C2 - 2002/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Nashville, TN DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/3/17/ VL - 66 SP - 162 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2002Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Lack of effects of sulfur mustard and JP-8 jet fuel on percutaneous absorption of simultaneously administered topical permethrin and DEET AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 41st Annual Meeting & ToxExpo C2 - 2002/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - Nashville, TN DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/3/17/ VL - 66 SP - 162–163 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - A novel technique to study percutaneous absorption by using a silastic membrane coated fiber AU - Xia, X.R. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Leidy, R.B. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 41st Annual Meeting & ToxExpo C2 - 2002/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Nashville, TN DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/3/17/ VL - 66 SP - 164 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Cutting fluid formulations influence the dermal disposition of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Barlow, B. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 41st Annual Meeting & ToxExpo C2 - 2002/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Nashville, TN DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/3/17/ VL - 66 SP - 164 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - The Immunomodulatory Effects Of Triamcinolone On Peripheral Blood Phagocytosis And Tgf-b Mrna Expression In Hybrid Striped Bass AU - Johnson, AK AU - Choi, K AU - Harms, Ca AU - Levine, Jf AU - Law, M T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Baseline Landcover Analysis To Evaluate Risk Of Mycobacterium Bovis Transmission In White-Tailed Deer And Cattle In Northeastern Michigan AU - Porter-Spalding, Keneene J. AU - Kennedy-Stokopf, S. AU - Levine, J. T2 - NCSU CVM Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Furosemide Continuous Rate Infusion in the Horse AU - Johansson, A.M. AU - Gardner, S.Y. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Papich, M.G. AU - LaFevers, D.H. AU - Goldman, R.B. AU - Sheets, M.K. AU - Atkins, C.E. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Blood substitutes: Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers AU - Nelson, D.J. T2 - Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology A2 - Swarbrick, J A2 - Boylan, J.C. PY - 2002/// VL - 20 SP - 236–262 PB - Marcel Dekker, Inc ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of microbial growth inhibition assays with high-pressure liquid chromatography for detection of experimentally incurred pencillin G residues in calves AU - Musser, J.M.B. AU - Anderson, K.L. AU - Boison, J.O. T2 - Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 136–143 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microstructure and mineral content of femora in male turkeys with and without fractures AU - Crespo, R. AU - Stover, S. AU - Shivaprasad, H. AU - Chin, R. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Microscopic and radiographic observations, as well as ash, calcium, phosphorus, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations, were evaluated from femora of 32- to 35-wk-old male turkeys from two different farms (A and B). Turkeys from Farm A were divided into birds with femoral fracture (AF) and without femoral fracture (ANF). Turkeys from Farm B did not have femoral fractures (BNF). In the mid-diaphyseal cortex of turkeys without femoral fractures, collagen fibers were evenly distributed parallel to the transverse plane of bone surface. In contrast, collagen fibers were disorganized and the cortex was osteoporotic in turkeys with femoral fractures. Each turkey with femoral fractures also had callus on the mediocaudal region of the femoral middiaphysis. The periosteal callus was interrupted at the insertion of the puboischiofemoralis muscle. Muscle attachment to the bone might have interfered with the formation of periosteal callus. The concentration of calcium was lower in the cortex of turkeys in group AF compared to turkeys in groups ANF and BNF. The focal nature of the callus, along with the low levels of calcium, is indicative of a local repair response with alteration in cortical structure and altered concentrations of minerals in the cortex. These changes in the bone and the routine handling of the birds might have predisposed the turkeys to complete fractures of the femur. DA - 2002/8/1/ PY - 2002/8/1/ DO - 10.1093/ps/81.8.1184 VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 1184-1190 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 1525-3171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.8.1184 DB - Crossref KW - femoral fracture KW - collagen KW - microstructure KW - mineral density KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avulsion of the Common Retinaculum in Meat Turkeys AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Ghazikhanian, G. Yan AU - Hall, Cheryl I. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - An increase in leg condemnations was experienced in several commercial meat flocks of male and female turkeys. Affected legs had hematomas around and above the tibiotarsus-tarsometatarsus (hock) joint. Avulsion of the common retinaculum from the external condyle was observed when the skin and muscular fascia were removed. A farm investigation was performed and similar changes were observed in turkeys between 10 and 19 wk of age. Interestingly, birds with avulsion of this fibrinous bridge were not lame. Body weights were normal, no infectious agent was detected, and mineral contents of bones and tendons were within normal limits. Avulsion of the retinaculum might not have been diagnosed in the past because the birds are not lame and the lesion is tightly covered by the skin and muscular fascia. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0245:aotcri]2.0.co;2 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 245-248 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0245:aotcri]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - avulsion KW - condemnation KW - common retinaculum KW - downgrading KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myopathy in brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis) associated with rancid feed AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. AU - Crespo, R. AU - Puschner, B. AU - Lynch, S. AU - Wright, L. T2 - Veterinary Record AB - Three adult brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis) were observed to be weak, anorexic and unresponsive to antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamins including vitamin E, and steroids. Blood chemistry revealed high activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Radiographs of the birds' leg muscles revealed multiple opacities suggestive of calcification; the gross lesions included white streaks in the leg, wing, and heart muscles, and the microscopical lesions consisted of various degrees of degeneration and necrosis characterised by eosinophilia, variations in fibre size, loss of striations, myolysis, mineralisation, and proliferation of mononuclear cells in the skeletal muscles and the myocardium. The levels of heavy metals, selenium and vitamin E in the birds' livers were not abnormal. The level of peroxide in their diet of capelin fish was high, 69 meq/kg, (normal <20 meq/kg) consistent with rancid feed, and the level of vitamin E was very low, 0.5 iu/kg (normal 20 to 30 iu/kg). It was concluded that the myopathy was probably caused by vitamin E deficiency due to feeding the pelicans a rancid diet. DA - 2002/3/9/ PY - 2002/3/9/ DO - 10.1136/vr.150.10.307 VL - 150 IS - 10 SP - 307-311 J2 - Veterinary Record LA - en OP - SN - 0042-4900 2042-7670 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.150.10.307 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of T-cell lymphomas associated with an outbreak of reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Woolcock, Peter R. AU - Fadly, Aly M. AU - Hall, Cheryl AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. T2 - Avian Pathology AB - Increased mortality and decreased egg production associated with disseminated lymphoma were observed in a turkey breeding flock for more than 20 weeks. A few unrelated meat turkey flocks, from the same integrator, experienced increased condemnation due to neoplasia in a few organs. Lymphoma was characterized by a uniform population of large lymphocytes with large vesicular nuclei containing one or two nucleoli and with little, faintly staining, basophilic cytoplasm. Neoplastic cells replaced normal tissue and were consistent with lesions seen with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection. Immunoperoxidase and fluorescent antibody staining characterized the neoplastic cells as CD3+, CD4+ and CD8- lymphocytes. Infection with REV was confirmed by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, serology and indirect fluorescent antibody. Poults hatched from these breeders tested positive for REV antibodies at hatch, but the performance of these flocks was normal and lymphoma was not observed. The origin of REV infection in this outbreak could not be determined. This is the first documented report of T-cell lymphomas associated with REV in commercial flocks. Furthermore, this is the first time that lymphomas have been characterized as T helper cells (CD3+ CD4+ and CD8-) in an outbreak of REV in turkeys. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1080/03079450220141624 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 355-361 J2 - Avian Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 0307-9457 1465-3338 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450220141624 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atypical Parapoxvirus Infection in Sheep AU - Smith, Geoffrey W. AU - Scherba, Gail AU - Constable, Peter D. AU - Hsiao, Vincent AU - Behr, Melissa J. AU - Morin, Dawn E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - This report describes the clinical and laboratory findings for 5 sheep from 3 different flocks with extensive proliferative skin lesions grossly resembling warts on the distal limbs. The lesions affected the front and rear extremities in all sheep, and 2 sheep also had lesions around the head. The sheep exhibited signs of pain when the lesions were touched, and most sheep were reluctant to move. Various empirical treatments, including systemic antibiotics, topical antibiotics, and antifungal ointments, were administered without clinical improvement. Diagnostic tests including skin biopsy and histopathology, examination of skin scrapings, bacteriology, mycology, electron microscopy of lesions, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the lesions were the result of parapoxvirus infection. All 5 animals were euthanized either because of the lack of resolution of clinical signs or a decision by the owner. These animals illustrate an atypical presentation of parapoxvirus infection in sheep (orf, contagious ecthyma, and scabby mouth). The infection appeared to be minimally contagious; however, the lesions did not spontaneously resolve. This appears to be the 1st report of such lesions in multiple sheep in North America, although similar lesions have been reported in Israel and the United Kingdom. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0287:apiis>2.3.co;2 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 287-292 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02371.x DB - Crossref KW - contagious ecthyma KW - dermatology KW - orf KW - ovine KW - warts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outbreak of Avian Tuberculosis in 48-Week-Old Commercial Layer Hen Flock AU - González, Marta AU - Rodriguez-Bertos, Antonio AU - Gimeno, Isabel AU - Flores, Juana Ma AU - Pizarro, Manuel T2 - Avian Diseases AB - This report describes an outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of 38,500 48-wk-old layer hens. Clinical characteristics of the process included a gradual drop in egg production and feed intake, as well as an increased mortality rate. Two well-defined clinical features were observed. On the one hand, a number of birds displayed good body condition and continued to lay but presented granulomatous nodular lesions, particularly in the infraorbital sinus, liver, and intestine. In contrast, other hens were emaciated and presented granulomatous lesions of various sizes throughout the internal organs. The lesions observed in the various organs of all the affected birds consisted of granulomas containing acid/alcohol-fast bacilli. The presence of Mycobacterium avium was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction techniques. This report describes the epidemiologic and histopathologic characteristics of the outbreak. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[1055:ooatiw]2.0.co;2 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1055-1061 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[1055:ooatiw]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - mycobacteriosis KW - Mycobacterium avium KW - tuberculosis KW - poultry KW - hen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cardiovascular changes associated with intravenous administration of fumonisin B1 in horses AU - Smith, Geoffrey W. AU - Constable, Peter D. AU - Foreman, Jonathan H. AU - Eppley, Robert M. AU - Waggoner, Amy L. AU - Tumbleson, Mike E. AU - Haschek, Wanda M. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - To determine whether cardiovascular dysfunction is evident in horses with leukoencephalomalacia experimentally induced by administration of fumonisin B1.11 healthy horses of various breeds (body weight, 252 to 367 kg).Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups and administered fumonisin B1 daily. Horses received IV injections of 0 (control horses; n = 4), 0.01 (3), or 0.20 mg (4) of fumonisin B1/kg for 7 to 28 days. Horses were examined daily for evidence of neurologic disease. When neurologic signs consistent with leukoencephalomalacia were evident, horses were anesthetized, and catheters were inserted for evaluation of the cardiovascular system. After recovery from anesthesia, hemodynamic measurements were obtained.Fumonisin-treated horses with clinical signs of neurologic disease had evidence of cardiovascular dysfunction manifested as decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, right ventricular contractility (assessed by measuring the maximal rate of change of right ventricular pressure), coccygeal artery pulse pressure, and pH and base excess in venous blood as well as increases in systemic vascular resistance, compared with values for control horses. Fumonisin-treated horses with and without clinical signs of neurologic disease also had higher serum and right ventricular sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations than control horses.An association was detected among fumonisin-induced neurologic disease, increased serum and myocardial sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations, and decreased cardiovascular function in horses. Fumonisin-induced decreases in cardiovascular function may contribute to the pathophysiologic development of leukoencephalomalacia in horses. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.538 VL - 63 IS - 4 SP - 538-545 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.538 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neuropathotyping: A New System to Classify Marek's Disease Virus AU - Gimeno, I.M. AU - Witter, R.L. AU - Neumann, U. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - A statistical approach was used to establish a new classification system of Marek's disease virus (MDV) on the basis of neurologic responses. To develop the system, neurologic response data from 15x7 chickens inoculated with 30 strains of serotype 1 MDV were statistically analyzed by a cluster analysis. The goal was to identify a statistical system that would verify if three neurovirulence groups correlated with the three pathotypes previously described. The system was also validated in two additional strains of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, SPAFAS and line SC (Hy-Vac). The proposed system is based on analysis of three variables: 1) frequency of birds showing transient paralysis between 9 and 11 days postinoculation (dpi), (2) mortality before 15 dpi, and (3) frequency of birds showing persistent neurologic disease between 21 and 23 dpi. By use of this system, a MDV may be classified in one of three groups, designated neuropathotypes A, B, and C, which roughly correspond to the virulent, very virulent, and very virulent plus pathotypes, respectively. However, correlation between neuropathotype and pathotype was not absolute, and neuropathotyping is more a complement to the current pathotyping system than a replacement for it. Our results showed that neuropathotyping studies can be conducted in two types of commercial SPF chickens by the use of the same variables, although the system would first have to be standardized by the use of prototype viruses. Neuropathotypes can also be estimated with our statistical analysis with reasonable accuracy. By use of this analysis, we established that MDV strains within the very virulent pathotype may be subdivided into neuropathotypes B and C, thus establishing a previously unrecognized pathotypic classification. This finding illustrates how neuropathotyping may extend important information not identified by conventional pathotyping. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0909:NANSTC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 909–918 UR - https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0909:NANSTC]2.0.CO;2 KW - Marek's disease virus KW - pathotype KW - virulence KW - neuropathotype ER - TY - JOUR TI - Programs for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Englen, Mark D. AU - Gray, Jeffrey T. AU - Hudson, Charlene AU - Headrick, Marcia L. T2 - Animal Biotechnology AB - Use of antimicrobials has increased in both human and veterinary medicine and the emergence of resistance to antimicrobials has become a global problem. This is due, in part, to the widespread availability of antimicrobials and the efficacy they impart in control of certain infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance (AR) can diminish the effectiveness or render an antimicrobic ineffective as a therapeutic. Although use may result in bacteria (both food borne and commensal) that are resistant, the exact fate of these populations in terms of persistence and transmission has been difficult to determine. Use patterns in veterinary medicine (therapeutic vs. subtherapeutic use) and agriculture further complicates the picture. Additionally, while transmission of resistant bacteria from animals to humans occurs, it has been difficult to assess the extent to which this occurs and the impact transmission has on actually disseminating resistant populations among humans. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1081/abio-120005769 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 43-54 SN - 1049-5398 1532-2378 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/abio-120005769 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neutrophil phagocytosis following inoculation of Salmonella choleraesuis into swine AU - Stabel, T.J. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Gray, J.T. T2 - Veterinary Research Communications DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/a:1014091517217 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 103-109 SN - 0165-7380 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1014091517217 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serotyping and Ribotyping of Salmonella Using Restriction Enzyme PvuII AU - Bailey, J. S. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. AU - Stern, N. J. AU - Craven, S. E. AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Cosby, D. E. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - The subtyping and identification of bacterial pathogens throughout food processing and production chains is useful to the new hazard analysis critical control point-based food safety plans. Traditional manual serotyping remains the primary means of subtyping Salmonella isolates. Molecular biology techniques, however, offer the promise of more rapid and sensitive subtyping of Salmonella. This study evaluates the potential of restriction enzyme PvuII, followed by probing with the rRNA operon from Escherichia coli, to generate serotype-specific DNA fingerprints. A total of 32 identified serotypes were found with an overall agreement in 208 of the 259 (80%) isolates tested between U.S. Department of Agriculture serotype identification and riboprint serotype identification. Many of the isolates that did not correlate were serotype identified as Salmonella Montevideo, which indicates that for this serotype, there are multiple ribotypes. When Salmonella Montevideo isolates were not included, the ribotype identification agreed with serotyping in 207 of the 231 (90%) isolates. The primary outcome of any ribotyping procedure is to give distinct ribotype patterns. This extensive poultry epidemiological study demonstrates that, in addition to ribotype patterns, the identification of isolates to known serotypes provides the investigator with additional information that can be more useful than traditional epidemiology and isolate identification studies. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-65.6.1005 VL - 65 IS - 6 SP - 1005-1007 SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.6.1005 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104A in Retail Ground Beef AU - Zhao, Tong AU - Doyle, Michael P. AU - Fedorka Cray, Paula J. AU - Zhao, Ping AU - Ladely, Scott T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - Surveillance data of cattle and human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 indicate that this pathogen emerged worldwide in the 1980s, particularly in cattle. Studies were conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in ground beef. Samples were also tested for the presence of generic Escherichia coli. A total of 404 fresh ground beef samples obtained at retail stores from New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Denver, Atlanta, Houston, and Chicago were shipped overnight to Georgia for processing. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 14 (3.5%) samples. Eight different serotypes were identified among the isolates, including Salmonella Typhimurium (5), Salmonella Lille (3), Salmonella Montevideo (1), Salmonella Hadar (1), Salmonella Meleagridis (1), Salmonella Cerro (1), Salmonella Kentucky (1), and Salmonella Muenster (1). Antibiotic resistance profiles indicated that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin, and tetracycline but that they were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Phage typing revealed that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were DT104A, a subtype of DT104. All five Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A isolates were obtained from ground beef sampled from retail outlets in San Francisco. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genomic DNA profiles of the five Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A isolates from ground beef were indistinguishable from those of four control Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 penta-resistant isolates from cattle that were used for comparison. A total of 102 generic E. coli isolates were obtained, only three of which were multiresistant to antibiotics. In addition, three E. coli isolates were recovered from samples that were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A. No correlation of antibiotic resistance profiles was observed between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and generic E. coli, as two of the three E. coli isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics tested, and the third isolate was resistant only to cephalothin. These data indicate that Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A can be isolated from retail ground beef, and because there was little overlap in antibiotic resistance patterns between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and E. coli isolates from the same ground beef samples, these limited data suggest that the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among enteric bacteria in ground beef may not be common. This latter observation is further supported by the limited isolation of multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli from retail ground beef. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.403 VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 403-407 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.403 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals AU - McEwen, Scott A. AU - Fedorka‐Cray, Paula J. T2 - Clinical Infectious Diseases AB - Food animals in the United States are often exposed to antimicrobials to treat and prevent infectious disease or to promote growth. Many of these antimicrobials are identical to or closely resemble drugs used in humans. Precise figures for the quantity of antimicrobials used in animals are not publicly available in the United States, and estimates vary widely. Antimicrobial resistance has emerged in zoonotic enteropathogens (e.g., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp.), commensal bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, enterococci), and bacterial pathogens of animals (e.g., Pasteurella, Actinobacillus spp.), but the prevalence of resistance varies. Antimicrobial resistance emerges from the use of antimicrobials in animals and the subsequent transfer of resistance genes and bacteria among animals and animal products and the environment. To slow the development of resistance, some countries have restricted antimicrobial use in feed, and some groups advocate similar measures in the United States. Alternatives to growth-promoting and prophylactic uses of antimicrobials in agriculture include improved management practices, wider use of vaccines, and introduction of probiotics. Monitoring programs, prudent use guidelines, and educational campaigns provide approaches to minimize the further development of antimicrobial resistance. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1086/340246 VL - 34 IS - s3 SP - S93-S106 J2 - CLIN INFECT DIS LA - en OP - SN - 1058-4838 1537-6591 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340246 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from cattle in feedlots AU - Dargatz, David A. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Ladely, Scott R. AU - Ferris, Kathleen E. AU - Green, Alice L. AU - Headrick, Marcia L. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from feedlot cattle.Cross-sectional study.263 Salmonella isolates.Fecal samples were collected from the floor of 2 pens in each of 100 feedlots. Two hundred eighty Salmonella isolates were recovered after bacteriologic culture from 38 pens. Of these, 263 isolates were available for antimicrobial susceptibility testing to 16 antimicrobials, using microbroth dilution breakpoint plates.Less than 5% of isolates were resistant to any of the antimicrobials tested, with the exception of sulfamethoxazole (15; 5.7%) and tetracycline (61; 23.2%). Most isolates (197; 74.9%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, whereas 18 (6.8%) were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobials. The percentage of isolates with resistance to any antimicrobial varied by serotype. The percentage of isolates resistant to various antimicrobials was not related to concurrent use of antimicrobials in the feed.With the exception of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole, resistance of Salmonella isolates to any of the antimicrobials was uncommon. Most isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Antimicrobial resistance was not related to the presence of antimicrobials in the ration being fed at the time of sample collection. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.268 VL - 221 IS - 2 SP - 268-272 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.221.268 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence and Level of Campylobacter in Commercial Broiler Breeders (Parents) and Broilers AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Stern, N. J. AU - Musgrove, M. T. AU - Bailey, J. S. AU - Craven, S. E. AU - Cray, P. F. AU - Buhr, R. J. AU - Hiett, K. L. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacteria-induced diarrheal disease, and the major vehicle for transmitting this microorganism to humans is poultry. Recent research has shown that Campylobacter can pass from the breeder hen to her progeny through the fertile egg, which is now considered to be a significant source of entry into the broiler flocks. Because of the importance of the organism in parent flocks, this work was carried out to determine the prevalence and level of Campylobacter in the parents (breeders) and offspring (broilers) of commercially reared birds. DA - 2002/6/1/ PY - 2002/6/1/ DO - 10.1093/japr/11.2.187 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 187-190 J2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/11.2.187 DB - Crossref KW - breeder KW - broiler breeder KW - Campylobacter KW - feces KW - flock ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors associated with fecal-shedding of Salmonella spp by horses on US operations AU - Losinger, W.C. AU - Traub-Dargatz, J.L. AU - Garber, L.P. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Ladely, S. AU - Ferris, K.E. AU - Morgan, K. T2 - Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia AB - In a cross-sectional national study that included 972 operations with > 3 horses on 1/1/98 in 28 states in the USA, 8,417 fecal specimens were collected from horses and cultured to test for the presence of Salmonella spp. Operations were characterized as Salmonella spp-positive if at least one fecal specimen tested positive for Salmonella spp. Percentages of Salmonella spp-positive operations were computed by management and other factors (collected from operation-level questionnaires) that were hypothesized to be related to fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. A logistic-regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with horses’ shedding Salmonella spp in feces on an operation. The odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive increased as the number of resident horses increased. In addition, the following factors were found to be associated with increased odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive: horses were used primarily for breeding; operation cleanliness was characterized as poor by the data collector; and new resident equids had been added to the operation without routine quarantine. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1590/s0102-09352002000200001 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 109-116 J2 - Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. OP - SN - 0102-0935 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352002000200001 DB - Crossref KW - equine operations KW - national survey KW - risk factor analysis KW - logistic regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a commercial diagnostic PCR for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli AU - Englen, M.D. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. T2 - Letters in Applied Microbiology AB - Journal Article Evaluation of a commercial diagnostic PCR for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Get access M.D. Englen, M.D. Englen Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens, GA, USA Correspondence to: M.D. Englen, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Box 5677, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30604–5677, USA (e‐mail: menglen@saa.ars.usda.gov). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.J. Fedorka‐Cray P.J. Fedorka‐Cray Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens, GA, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Letters in Applied Microbiology, Volume 35, Issue 4, 1 October 2002, Pages 353–356, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01193.x Published: 01 October 2002 Article history Received: 23 April 2002 Revision received: 05 June 2002 Accepted: 26 June 2002 Published: 01 October 2002 DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01193.x VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 353-356 J2 - Lett Appl Microbiol LA - en OP - SN - 0266-8254 1365-2673 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01193.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Subtype Analyses of Campylobacter spp. from Arkansas and California Poultry Operations AU - Hiett, K. L AU - Stern, N. J. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Musgrove, M. T. AU - Ladely, S. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT Campylobacter isolates from diverse samples within broiler production and processing environments were typed by using flaA short variable region DNA sequence analysis. Sixteen flocks from four different farms representing two broiler producers in Arkansas and California were analyzed. Fourteen of the flocks (87.5%) were Campylobacter -positive; two remained negative throughout the 6-week rearing period. In general, multiple clones were present within a flock. Additionally, clones found within a flock were also present on the final product, although the diversity of Campylobacter spp. on the final product appeared to be reduced relative to that observed within the flock. Comparison of clones between flocks on the same farm revealed that some clones of Campylobacter persisted in multiple flocks. Furthermore, some clones were identified across the two farms that were under the same management. In two sampling periods, environmental isolates were positive for Campylobacter prior to flock shedding. Environmental samples associated with five additional flocks were positive for Campylobacter concomitantly with recovery of Campylobacter from the birds. Analysis of the environmental isolates that were positive prior to flock shedding demonstrated that in some instances the environmental isolates possessed genotypes identical to those of isolates originating from the flock, while in other cases the environmental isolates possessed genotypes that were distantly related to isolates obtained from the flock. Analyses of environmental isolates that tested positive concurrently with the positive isolates from the flocks demonstrated varied results; in some instances the environmental isolates possessed genotypes identical to those of isolates originating from the flock, while in other cases the environmental isolates possessed genotypes that were distantly related to isolates obtained from the flock. These data suggest that the external environment may contribute to Campylobacter contamination during poultry production and processing. However, environmental contamination with Campylobacter does not appear to be the sole contributing factor. DA - 2002/12/1/ PY - 2002/12/1/ DO - 10.1128/aem.68.12.6220-6236.2002 VL - 68 IS - 12 SP - 6220-6236 J2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0099-2240 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.12.6220-6236.2002 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rescue of a pathogenic Marek's disease virus with overlapping cosmid DNAs: Use of a pp38 mutant to validate the technology for the study of gene function AU - Reddy, S. M. AU - Lupiani, B. AU - Gimeno, I. M. AU - Silva, R. F. AU - Lee, L. F. AU - Witter, R. L. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Marek's disease virus (MDV) genetics has lagged behind that of other herpesviruses because of the lack of tools for the introduction of site-specific mutations into the genome of highly cell-associated oncogenic strains. Overlapping cosmid clones have been successfully used for the introduction of mutations in other highly cell-associated herpesviruses. Here we describe the development of overlapping cosmid DNA clones from a very virulent oncogenic strain of MDV. Transfection of these cosmid clones into MDV-susceptible cells resulted in the generation of a recombinant MDV (rMd5) with biological properties similar to the parental strain. To demonstrate the applicability of this technology for elucidation of gene function of MDV, we have generated a mutant virus lacking an MDV unique phosphoprotein, pp38, which has previously been associated with the maintenance of transformation in MDV-induced tumor cell lines. Inoculation of Marek's disease-susceptible birds with the pp38 deletion mutant virus (rMd5 Delta pp38) revealed that pp38 is involved in early cytolytic infection in lymphocytes but not in the induction of tumors. This powerful technology will speed the characterization of MDV gene function, leading to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MDV pathogenesis. In addition, because Marek's disease is a major oncogenic system, the knowledge obtained from these studies may shed light on the oncogenic mechanisms of other herpesviruses. DA - 2002/5/7/ PY - 2002/5/7/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.092152699 VL - 99 IS - 10 SP - 7054-7059 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092152699 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal Models for Skin Blistering Conditions: Absence of Laminin 5 Causes Hereditary Junctional Mechanobullous Disease in the Belgian Horse AU - Spirito, Flavia AU - Charlesworth, Alexandra AU - Ortonne, Jean-Paul AU - Meneguzzi, Guerrino AU - Linder, Keith AU - Baird, John T2 - Journal of Investigative Dermatology AB - Recent achievements in the genetic correction of keratinocytes isolated from patients with junctional epidermolysis bullosa have paved the way to a gene therapy approach for the disease. Because gene therapy protocols require preclinical validation in animals, we have characterized spontaneous animal models of junctional epidermolysis bullosa. In this study we have elucidated the genetic basis of the hereditary junctional mechanobullous disease in the Belgian horse, a condition characterized by blistering of the skin and mouth epithelia, and exungulation (loss of the hoof). Immunofluorescence analysis associated the condition to the absent expression of the gamma2 chain of laminin 5 and designated Lamc2 as the candidate gene. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the full-length gamma2 cDNA isolated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification of total RNA purified from the epithelium of a junctional epidermolysis bullosa foal and a healthy control disclosed a homozygous basepair insertion (1368insC) in the affected animal. Mutation 1368insC results in a downstream premature termination codon and is predicted to cause absent expression of the laminin gamma2 polypeptide. Our results also show that: (i) the horse junctional epidermolysis bullosa genetically corresponds to the severe Herlitz form of junctional epidermolysis bullosa in man; (ii) the amino acid sequence and structure of the horse laminin gamma2 chain are virtually identical to the human counterpart; (iii) the moderate eruption of skin blisters in the affected animals with respect to the human Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa patients correlates with the protection provided by hair. Our observations suggest that the affected foals are a convenient source of epithelial cells from tissues that cannot be obtained from human junctional epidermolysis bullosa patients, and imply that hairless strains of animals with recessive skin disorders would be the best models for in vivo gene therapy approaches to skin blistering diseases. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01852.x VL - 119 IS - 3 SP - 684-691 J2 - Journal of Investigative Dermatology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-202X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01852.x DB - Crossref KW - epitheliogenesis imperfecta KW - genodermatosis KW - Lamc2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a spontaneous canine model of IgE mediated food hypersensitivity: dynamic changes in serum, faecal and allergen-specific IgE relative to dietary change AU - Jackson, H.A. AU - Smith, C. AU - Hammerberg, B. T2 - Comparative Medicine DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 52 SP - 316–321 ER - TY - CONF TI - Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, August 1-3, 2002 AU - Swanson, C. AU - Lewbart, G. AU - Harms, G. AU - Blasiola, G. AU - Juopperi, T. AU - Gratzek, J. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PB - Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surgical removal of a coelomic mass in a gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola AU - Bonifant, C. AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Rotstein, D. S. AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - ABSTRACT A coelomic mass attached by a thin stalk to the gastroduodenal junction was removed from the extralumenal serosa of a male gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola. The histologic characteristic of the mass is consistent with either a diverticulosis with subsequent stricturing or a healed gastrointestinal perforation. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.12.3.27 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 27-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of allergic airways disease on influenza virus infection in brown Norway rats. AU - Singh, P. AU - Winsett, D. W. AU - Daniels, M. J. AU - Dick, C. A. J. AU - Adler, K. B. AU - Gilmour, M. I. T2 - American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 165 SP - A183 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diesel exhaust particles increase lung injury and inflammation during early sensitization in brown Norway rats. AU - Singh, P. AU - Daniels, M. J. AU - Winsett, D. AU - Richards, J. AU - Bishop, L. AU - Dick, C. A. J. AU - Madden, M. AU - Adler, K. B. AU - Gilmour, M. I. T2 - Toxicological Sciences DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 66 IS - 1-S SP - 147 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inflammatory process (IP) causes and control strategies AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. AU - Martinez, A. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// IS - 6 SP - 48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PEC: What is it and what is the economic significance? AU - Barnes, H. J. T2 - World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 18 SP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Salmonella shedding in cattle fed recycled poultry bedding AU - Capucille, D. J. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Altier, C. AU - Rogers, G. M. T2 - Bovine Practitioner DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 15 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Class Mycetozoa De Bary, 1859 AU - Dykstra, M. J. AU - Keller, H. W. T2 - An illustrated guide to the protozoa, organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups (2nd ed.) A2 - Lee, J. J. A2 - G. F. Leedale, A2 - Bradbury, P. C. PY - 2002/// VL - 2 SP - 952-981 PB - Lawrence, Kan., U.S.A.: Society of Protozoologists SN - 1891276239 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physicochemical determinants of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) disposition in skin exposed to aqueous cutting fluid mixtures AU - Baynes, RE AU - Brooks, JD AU - Barlow, BM AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AB - Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is added to cutting fluid formulations to enhance the performance of metal machining operations, but this surfactant can cause contact dermatitis in workers involved in these operations. The purpose of this study was to determine how cutting fluid additives influence dermal disposition of 14C-LAS in mineral oil- or polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG)-based mixtures when topically applied to silastic membranes and porcine skin in an in vitro flow-through diffusion cell system. 14C-LAS mixtures were formulated with three commonly used cutting fluid additives; 0 or 2% triazine (TRI), 0 or 5% triethanolamine (TEA), and 0 or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). LAS absorption was limited to less than a 0.5% dose and the additives in various combinations influenced the physicochemical characteristics of the dosing mixture. LAS was more likely to partition into the stratum corneum (SC) in mineral oil mixtures, and LAS absorption was significantly greater in the complete mixture. TRI enhanced LAS transport, and the presence of SRA decreased LAS critical micelle concentration (CMC) which reduced LAS monomers available for transport. TEA increased mixture viscosity, and this may have negated the apparent enhancing properties of TRI in several mixtures. In summary, physicochemical interactions in these mixtures influenced availability of LAS for absorption and distribution in skin, and could ultimately influence toxicological responses in skin. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1191/0748233702th147oa VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 237-248 SN - 1477-0393 KW - cutting fluids KW - LAS KW - mixtures KW - physicochemical interactions KW - skin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphologic, pathologic, and genetic investigations of Bolbophorus species affecting cultured channel catfish in the Mississippi delta AU - Levy, MG AU - Flowers, , JR AU - Poore, MF AU - Mullen, JE AU - Khoo, LH AU - Pote, LM AU - Paperna, I AU - Dzikowski, R AU - Litaker, RW T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - Trematodes belonging to the genus Bolbophorus have recently been reported as the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in cultured channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi and Louisiana. Previous investigators identified only a single species, B. confusus. In this investigation, genetic techniques were used to identify all stages of the parasite in all of its hosts. The 18s rRNA genes from specimens collected in Mississippi were sequenced and compared; this analysis revealed that there are two distinct species, B. damnificus (previously identified as B. confusus) and another, undescribed species. (Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a third species, B. levantinus, is also closely related to the Mississippi species.) Species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays capable of identifying and differentiating between these two parasites were developed. Both species were found to infect the first intermediate host (the ram's horn snail Planorbella trivolvis) in commercial channel catfish ponds, but only B. damnificus was recovered from the fish themselves. The new, unidentified Bolbophorus species was determined to be highly pathogenic to a number of fish species. The contribution of B. damnificus to disease in cultured channel catfish remains undetermined. Future investigations of these parasites must now take into account the presence of two distinct species. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0235:MPAGIO>2.0.CO;2 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 235-246 SN - 0899-7659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intestinal short-chain fatty acids alter Salmonella typhimurium invasion gene expression and virulence through BarA/SirA AU - Lawhon, SD AU - Maurer, R AU - Suyemoto, M AU - Altier, C T2 - MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY AB - Summary Salmonella typhimurium causes enteric and systemic disease by invading the intestinal epithelium of the distal ileum, a process requiring the invasion genes of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI‐1). BarA, a sensor kinase postulated to interact with the response regulator SirA, is required for the expression of SPI‐1 invasion genes. We found, however, that a barA null mutation had little effect on virulence using the mouse model for septicaemia. This confounding result led us to seek environmental signals present in the distal ileum that might supplant the need for BarA. We found that acetate restored the expression of invasion genes in the barA mutant, but had no effect on a sirA mutant. Acetate had its effect only at a pH that allowed its accumulation within the bacterial cytoplasm and not with the deletion of ackA and pta , the two genes required to produce acetyl‐phosphate. These results suggest that the rising concentration of acetate in the distal ileum provides a signal for invasion gene expression by the production of acetyl‐phosphate in the bacterial cytoplasm, a pathway that bypasses barA . We also found that a Δ( ackA–pta ) mutation alone had no effect on virulence but, in combination with Δ( barA ), it increased the oral LD 50 24‐fold. Thus, the combined loss of the BarA‐ and acetate‐dependent pathways is required to reduce virulence. Two other short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), propionate and butyrate, present in high concentrations in the caecum and colon, had effects opposite to those of acetate: neither restored invasion gene expression in the barA mutant, and both, in fact, reduced expression in the wild‐type strain. Further, a combination of SCFAs found in the distal ileum restored invasion gene expression in the barA mutant, whereas colonic conditions failed to do so and also reduced expression in the wild‐type strain. These results suggest that the concentration and composition of SCFAs in the distal ileum provide a signal for productive infection by Salmonella , whereas those of the large intestine inhibit invasion. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03268.x VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1451-1464 SN - 1365-2958 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicokinetics and physiologically based toxicokinetics in toxicology and risk assessment AU - Dixit, R. AU - Riviere, J. AU - Krishnan, K. AU - Andersen, M. E. T2 - Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/10937400390155490 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 1-40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suggested Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the preparation of electron microscopy samples for toxicology/pathology studies in a GLP environment AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Mann, PC AU - Elwell, MR AU - Ching, SV T2 - TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY AB - We provide a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for preparing samples for electron microscopic evaluation that allow storage of samples in the primary fixative for at least 17 years without noticeable degradation, do not compromise the ability to prepare the same samples for standard light microscopic evaluation, and provide tips for orientation of samples that may be necessary for evaluation. Guidelines for proper sample size, buffer composition, and fluid concentrations during processing are given. The impact of these procedures on specimen quality, ability to produce truly comparable samples for drug development studies, and ways to minimize time spent by technicians preparing these samples during necropsies is evaluated. Although many laboratories routinely employ most of these techniques, this compilation will facilitate the simultaneous light and electron microscopic preparation by the pathologist of comparable specimens that can be stored long-term at 4 degrees C in McDowell's and Trump's 4F:1G fixative (4F:1G). DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/01926230290166823 VL - 30 IS - 6 SP - 735-743 SN - 0192-6233 KW - sample preparation KW - TEM KW - SEM KW - SOPs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome-positive turkey flocks AU - Carver, DK AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Stringham, M T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) has been an economically devastating disease in North Carolina since the early 1990s. Though much is known about the disease, many questions remain unanswered about the syndrome, including its cause, transmission of causative agent(s), and control methods. This study was designed to investigate the association between PEMS and farm management factors. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted by collecting farm data and monitoring weekly mortality in 54 commercial turkey flocks raised in PEMS-affected regions. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed that enhancing rodent control methods was negatively associated (P = 0.0228) with PEMS. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[1021:RFAWPE]2.0.CO;2 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1021-1024 SN - 0005-2086 KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome KW - risk factors KW - turkey KW - farm management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hen age relationship with embryonic mortality and fertility in commercial turkeys AU - Fairchild, BD AU - Christensen, VL AU - Grimes, JL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Bagley, LG T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The purpose of this study was to examine embryonic mortality in turkey eggs from hens of two ages and to report values that minimize the error of wrongly distinguishing between early embryonic mortality (EEM, Days 1 to 7 of incubation) and unfertilized eggs. Three hatch residue breakouts were performed at each of two commercial turkey hatcheries for a total of six hatches. Nicholas Large White turkey eggs from two hen age groups (32 to 35 and 44 to 50 wk of age) were set in the same incubator that operated under the incubation profile of each hatchery. The EEM was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.0001) in younger hens when compared to older hens. This was true for mortality prior to blood formation and mortality following blood formation. Hatchability, percentage internal pips, and live pips were not different between the two hen ages. Prepip mortality and percentage dead pips were significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) greater in older flocks. Fertility and EEM occurring after blood formation were negatively correlated in younger hens, whereas mortality occurring before blood formation did not correlate with fertility in eggs from either hen age. Eggs from young hens tended to experience embryonic mortality earlier in incubation than eggs from older hens. The results suggest that hen age influences embryonic mortality in modern commercial turkeys and could be used as an experimental model for further study of embryonic mortality. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1093/japr/11.3.260 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 260-265 SN - 1056-6171 KW - embryo mortality KW - fertility KW - hatchability KW - hen age KW - turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Granulomatous dermatitis spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus holbrooki) AU - Juopperi, T AU - Karli, K AU - De Voe, R AU - Grindem, CB T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 31, Issue 3 p. 137-139 Granulomatous Dermatitis in a Spadefoot Toad (Scaphiopus holbrooki) Tarja Juopperi, Corresponding Author Tarja Juopperi Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Corresponding author: Tarja Juopperi, DVM, MS, Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 (tarja_juopperi@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorKristie Karli, Kristie Karli Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorRyan De Voe, Ryan De Voe Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author Tarja Juopperi, Corresponding Author Tarja Juopperi Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Corresponding author: Tarja Juopperi, DVM, MS, Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 (tarja_juopperi@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorKristie Karli, Kristie Karli Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorRyan De Voe, Ryan De Voe Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Departments of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00294.xCitations: 11Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume31, Issue3September 2002Pages 137-139 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00294.x VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 137-139 SN - 0275-6382 KW - chromoblastomycosis KW - chromomycosis KW - cytology KW - dermatitis KW - skin KW - toad ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the tissue reactions in the skin and body wall of koi (Cyprinus carpio) to five suture materials AU - Hurty, CA AU - Brazik, DC AU - Law, JM AU - Sakamoto, K AU - Lewbart, GA T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Five different suture materials (silk, monofilament nylon, polyglyconate, polyglactin 910, and chromic gut) were placed in the skin and body wall of 10 Doitsu (scaleless) koi (Cyprinus carpio). After seven days the sutures were retrieved from five of the fish in 5 mm and 6 mm punch biopsies, and after 14 days they were retrieved in the same way from the other five. The tissue reactions were evaluated by gross visual inspection and by histological examination. The total inflammatory reaction was graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammation) to 5 (severe inflammation). The synthetic suture materials generally induced a moderate inflammatory reaction that decreased after seven days. After 14 days the superficial reaction to monofilament nylon was substantial, and the tissue reactions to the organic suture materials were slightly greater than the reactions to the synthetics. The inflammatory response to silk was greater after 14 days than after seven, and chromic gut induced a moderately severe inflammatory response after seven days; the chromic gut sutures fell out before the biopsies were taken after 14 days. The organic materials induced intense inflammatory reactions which did not subside if the suture remained in the tissue. DA - 2002/9/14/ PY - 2002/9/14/ DO - 10.1136/vr.151.11.324 VL - 151 IS - 11 SP - 324-+ SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of FIV protein-expressing VEE-replicon vaccine vectors in cats AU - Burkhard, MJ AU - Valenski, L AU - Leavell, S AU - Dean, GA AU - Tompkins, WAF T2 - VACCINE AB - Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus-replicon particles (VRP) were used to generate feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Gag- and ENV-expressing vaccine vectors. Serum and mucosal FIV-specific antibody was detected in cats immunized subcutaneously, once monthly for 5 months, with FIV-expressing VRP. Expansion of the CD8+ L-selectin negative phenotype and transient CD8+ noncytolytic suppressor activity were seen in cats immunized with FIV-expressing or control VRP. Despite induction of FIV-specific immune responses and nonspecific suppressor responses, all cats became infected following vaginal challenge with high dose, pathogenic cell-associated FIV-NCSU(1) although relative early maintenance of CD4+ cells was seen in FIV-immunized cats. DA - 2002/12/13/ PY - 2002/12/13/ DO - 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00455-3 VL - 21 IS - 3-4 SP - 258-268 SN - 0264-410X KW - Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus KW - VEE-replicon particles KW - feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Egg storage alters weight of supply and demand organs of broiler chicken embryos AU - Christensen, VL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Fasenko, GM AU - Donaldson, WE T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Storage of fertilized eggs for more than 10 d prior to incubation decreases embryonic viability. The hypothesis was tested that embryos may grow differently following egg storage. Eggs from which embryos survived following storage (ST) were compared to eggs from a second line that did not (NOST). Three identical, independent trials were conducted using fertile eggs from both lines at two ages (peak lay and > 53 wk). Eggs were stored for 1 or 14 d prior to setting in the incubator. At 3-d intervals during development, embryos were carefully removed from the eggs, the yolks were excised and carcasses were weighed. Beginning at 12 d of incubation whole body, heart, liver and thigh tissues were weighed to assess allometric growth of supply (heart and liver) and demand (thigh muscle) tissues. Storage of eggs from both lines and from hens of both ages decreased BW differently throughout incubation. Line, Age and Storage interacted to affect embryonic BW and organ weights. Embryo weights were consistently heavier in NOST line eggs from older breeder flocks stored for 14 d than those from ST line eggs. It was concluded that extended storage of fertile eggs prior to setting affects embryonic growth to enhance survival. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1093/ps/81.11.1738 VL - 81 IS - 11 SP - 1738-1743 SN - 1525-3171 KW - hatchability KW - egg storage KW - embryo growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytology of bone marrow AU - Grindem, CB AU - Neel, JA AU - Juopperi, TA T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Cytologic examination of bone marrow aspirates can provide a wealth of diagnostic information. Practitioners should not hesitate to perform bone marrow aspirates when indicated. This article is designed to assist the practitioner in the evaluation of bone marrow aspiration biopsies. The indications for marrow evaluation, methods of sample collection, sample preparation, and cytologic examination of bone marrow are discussed. Cases are provided to demonstrate accurate interpretation of bone marrow aspirates. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00052-9 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 1313-+ SN - 1878-1306 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036855473&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical analyzer AU - Larsen, RS AU - Haulena, M AU - Grindem, CB AU - Gulland, FMD T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Sick, injured, or orphaned juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustisrostris) treated at rehabilitation centers frequently present with abnormalities in blood sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and glucose concentrations, and HCT. These abnormalities could be detected rapidly using a portable blood analyzer, but results with this analysis method do not necessarily equate with those obtained using other techniques.The objective of this study was to better assess the clinical relevance of values obtained from a portable analyzer and to compare the results with values obtained using more common methods of analysis.Heparinized whole blood samples were collected from 20 rehabilitated juvenile northern elephant seals. A portable clinical analyzer (i-STAT, i-STAT Corp, East Windsor, NJ, USA) was used to establish baseline values. Serum biochemical values were obtained using an automated chemical analyzer (Olympus AU5200, Olympus America, Melville, NY, USA). HCT was determined using EDTA whole blood and a cell counter.Using the portable analyzer, mean (minimum-maximum) values were obtained for sodium, 143 (132-146) mmol/L; potassium, 4.4 (3.9-5.8) mmol/L; chloride, 106 (101-109) mmol/L; BUN, 1.8 (1.1-2.4) mmol/L; glucose, 7.55 (5.99-8.49) mmol/L; and HCT, 0.55 (0.52-0.61) L/L. Average differences between methods were small for potassium (-0.45 mmol/L), BUN (0.1 mmol/L), and HCT (0.037 L/L) but were large for sodium (-6.8 mmol/L), chloride (-6.4 mmol/L), and glucose (-0.56 mmol/L).These results suggest that the i-STAT portable analyzer could be useful for clinically assessing juvenile elephant seals. However, when making medical decisions, the clinician should be aware of differences associated with various analyzers and sample types. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00288.x VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 106-110 SN - 0275-6382 KW - electrolytes KW - elephant seal KW - glucose KW - hematocrit KW - i-STAT KW - Mirounga angustirostris KW - point-of-care KW - portable analyzer ER - TY - JOUR TI - BhuR, a virulence-associated outer membrane protein of Bordetella avium, is required for the acquisition of iron from heme and hemoproteins AU - Murphy, ER AU - Sacco, RE AU - Dickenson, A AU - Metzger, DJ AU - Hu, Y AU - Orndorff, PE AU - Connell, TD T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - ABSTRACT Iron (Fe) is an essential element for most organisms which must be obtained from the local environment. In the case of pathogenic bacteria, this fundamental element must be acquired from the fluids and tissues of the infected host. A variety of systems have evolved in bacteria for efficient acquisition of host-bound Fe. The gram-negative bacterium Bordetella avium , upon colonization of the avian upper respiratory tract, produces a disease in birds that has striking similarity to whooping cough, a disease caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis . We describe a B. avium Fe utilization locus comprised of bhuR and six accessory genes ( rhuIR and bhuSTUV ). Genetic manipulations of B. avium confirmed that bhuR , which encodes a putative outer membrane heme receptor, mediates efficient acquisition of Fe from hemin and hemoproteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, and catalase). BhuR contains motifs which are common to bacterial heme receptors, including a consensus FRAP domain, an NPNL domain, and two TonB boxes. An N-terminal 32-amino-acid segment, putatively required for rhuIR -dependent regulated expression of bhuR , is present in BhuR but not in other bacterial heme receptors. Two forms of BhuR were observed in the outer membrane of B. avium : a 91-kDa polypeptide consistent in size with the predicted mature protein and a smaller 82-kDa polypeptide which lacks the 104 amino acids found at the N terminus of the 91-kDa form. A mutation in hemA was engineered in B. avium to demonstrate that the bacterium transports heme into the cytoplasm in a BhuR-dependent manner. The role of BhuR in virulence was established in turkey poults by use of a competitive-infection model. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1128/IAI.70.10.5390-5403.2002 VL - 70 IS - 10 SP - 5390-5403 SN - 0019-9567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nutritional value of degermed, dehulled corn for pigs and its impact on the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient excretion AU - Moeser, A. J. AU - Kim, I. B. AU - Van Heugten, E. AU - Van Kempen, T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Three experiments were designed to assess the feeding value and potential environmental benefits of feeding degermed, dehulled corn, a low fiber by-product originating from the corn dry milling process, to pigs. Twelve 27-kg (SE = 0.8) barrows were used in Exp. 1 to measure the apparent fecal digestibility of DM, GE and N of degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain. Two diets were formulated to contain either 96.4% of degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain plus supplemental vitamins and minerals. Digestibilities of DM, GE, and N were greater in degermed, dehulled corn (96.2, 96.0, and 93.6%, respectively) compared with corn grain (89.0, 89.0, and 78.4%, respectively) (P < 0.01). Overall, a 67 and 29% reduction in DM and N excretion, respectively, was observed. In Exp. 2, eight 70-kg (SE =1.8) barrows were surgically fitted with ileal cannulae and fed the same diets as in Exp. 1, to measure the ileal digestibility of nutrients in degermed, dehulled corn. Ileal digestibility of DM, energy, and N was 13, 15, and 7% greater in degermed, dehulled corn (P < 0.05). Apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine were greater in degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain (P < 0.05) while a trend for a lower tryptophan digestibility in degermed, dehulled corn was observed (P = 0.067). In Experiment 3, 96 nursery pigs with an initial average BW of 8.8 kg (SE = 0.08), fed a starter diet formulated with degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain as the major grain source, were used in a 28-d growth performance study. At the end of the study, 24 pigs (1 pig per pen) were sacrificed and gastrointestinal tract measurements were taken. Daily growth rates of pigs were the same between diets (0.64 kg/d). A trend for reduced feed intake (P = 0.073) in pigs fed degermed, dehulled corn led to a 4% improvement in gain to feed (P < 0.05). Feeding degermed, dehulled corn had no effect on gut fill, gastrointestinal tract weight, or liver weight (P > 0.05). Ileal villus lengths and crypt depths were not affected by feeding degermed, dehulled corn although ileal villus widths were greater in pigs fed corn grain. Results from these trials suggest that corn processed to remove poorly digestible fiber fractions provides more digestible nutrients than corn grain. As a result, degermed, dehulled corn reduces fecal and N excretion, thus providing a means to reduce nutrient excretion. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.80102629x VL - 80 IS - 10 SP - 2629-2638 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recycled poultry bedding as cattle feed AU - Rankins, D. L. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Capucille, D. J. AU - Rogers, G. M. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice AB - Since the 1950s, recycled poultry bedding has been used as an economical feedstuff for beef cattle. It has been extensively studied at several experiment stations around the world with regard to its safety and nutritional aspects. It will continue to be closely scrutinized as the public increases its awareness of agricultural issues. As this study was being prepared, the news media was "spotlighting" bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Currently, in the United States there is a ban on incorporation of mammalian-derived protein feeds into ruminant diets. This has led to a requirement of beef cattle producers signing affidavits indicating that they had met this obligation. Some poultry companies use ruminant meat and bone meal in broiler diets when least-cost formulation indicates that it is economically desirable. This then poses the question of whether feeding RPB to beef cattle should be permitted if the birds had been fed ruminant meat and bone meal. It also raises the question of whether cattle grazing pastures fertilized with RPB are exposed to ruminant meat and bone meal. Because of the importance of pasture fertilization as a waste disposal solution for the poultry industry, it seems that the issue will be quickly resolved by omitting the ruminant meat and bone meal from poultry diets should concerns increase. Use of RPB, like many byproduct feeds, requires a higher level of management expertise than traditional feeds. Despite the potential problems discussed in this study, an informed beef cattle producer can gain a financially competitive edge by using RPB. A simple processing method, deep-stacking under polyethylene sheeting, can produce a safe product that will provide a complete diet when blended with an energy source and supplemented with some long-stem fiber. The diets can be used for both brood cows and stocker calves for extended periods of time, and the practice of feeding RPB is safe for both cattle and consumers [45]. Economic parameters will influence the future use of RPB; however, the general public's perception and acceptance will ultimately determine its long-term use. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00015-4 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 253- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistence of Borna disease virus in naturally infected sheep AU - Vahlenkamp, TW AU - Konrath, A AU - Weber, M AU - Muller, H T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT To get an insight into Borna disease virus (BDV) epidemiology, an isolated flock of approximately 25 sheep within the region of Southeast Germany to which the disease is endemic was investigated over a 3-year observation period. BDV-specific antibodies and RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected in 12.5 (year 1), 11.5 (year 2), and 19.4% (year 3) and 1.6 (year 1), 0 (year 2), and 14.9% (year 3) of the animals, respectively. BDV persisted in asymptomatic sheep for up to 2 years. Significantly higher numbers of antibody-positive animals were detected seasonally in spring and early summer, the times when usually most of the clinical cases of Borna disease occur. In spring of the third year, numbers of antibody-positive and viral-RNA-positive animals increased significantly despite their having no obvious clinical symptoms. The removal of all antibody- and RNA-positive animals from the flock did not reduce the prevalence of BDV infections in the following year. During a 3-month observation period of three antibody-positive animals, viral RNA was repeatedly detected by reverse transcription-PCR in nasal secretions, saliva, and conjunctival fluids. Sequence analysis revealed clustered nucleotide exchanges among sheep BDV p24 genomes, which differed at five positions from the clustered nucleotide exchanges seen in horse BDV p24 genomes. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1128/JVI.76.19.9735-9743.2002 VL - 76 IS - 19 SP - 9735-9743 SN - 0022-538X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibitory activity of synthetic peptide antibiotics on feline immunodeficiency virus infectivity in vitro AU - Ma, J AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S AU - Jaynes, JM AU - Thurmond, LM AU - Tompkins, WA T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - Natural peptide antibiotics are part of host innate immunity against a wide range of microbes, including some viruses. Synthetic peptides modeled after natural peptide antibiotics interfere with microbial membranes and are termed peptidyl membrane-interactive molecules (peptidyl-MIM [Demegen Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa.]). Sixteen peptidyl-MIM candidates were tested for activity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) on infected CrFK cells. Three of them (D4E1, DC1, and D1D6) showed potent anti-FIV activity in chronically infected CrFK cells as measured by decreased reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, having 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.46, 0.75, and 0.94 micro M, respectively, which were approximately 10 times lower than their direct cytotoxic concentrations. Treatment of chronically infected CrFK cells with 2 micro M D4E1 for 3 days completely reversed virus-induced cytopathic effect. Immunofluorescence revealed reduced p26 staining in these cells. Treatment of chronically infected CrFK cells with 2 micro M D4E1 suppressed virus production ( approximately 50%) for up to 7 days, The virions from the D4E1-treated culture had impaired infectivity, as measured by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose and nested PCR analysis of proviral DNA. However, these noninfectious virions were able to bind and internalize, suggesting a defect at some postentry step. After chronically infected CrFK cells were treated with D4E1 for 24 h, increased cell-associated mature p26 Gag and decreased extracellular virus-associated p26 Gag were observed by Western blot analysis, suggesting that virus assembly and/or release may be blocked by D4E1 treatment, whereas virus binding, penetration, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis appear to be unaffected. Synthetic peptide antibiotics may be useful tools in the search for antiviral drugs having a wide therapeutic window for host cells. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1128/JVI.76.19.9952-9961.2002 VL - 76 IS - 19 SP - 9952-9961 SN - 1098-5514 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health and production aspects of feeding sweetpotato to cattle AU - Thibodeau, MS AU - Poore, MH AU - Rogers, GM T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - If certain guidelines are followed when feeding sweetpotatoes to livestock it is possible to minimize health hazards. Careful herd management and the recognition of specific biomarkers such as excessive dental deterioration could aid in the early identification of feed problems. Where these tubers are produced locally in abundance there can be an economic and environmental incentive to divert waste sweetpotato by-products toward livestock feed. The feeding of culled sweetpotatoes and processed sweetpotato waste by-products can have three major benefits. First, expensive disposal costs are reduced. Second, negative environmental impacts from landfill dumping and crop spreading are limited. Third, the culled sweetpotatoes and SPCW offer an inexpensive and nutritious alternative feed ration for livestock that may increase economic returns. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00022-1 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 349-+ SN - 1558-4240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gulf War related exposure factors influencing topical absorption of 14C-permethrin AU - Riviere, Jim E AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A AU - Baynes, Ronald E T2 - Toxicology Letters AB - Topical exposure to permethrin has often been implicated as a mitigating factor in the illnesses reported in Gulf War veterans. These studies were designed to assess the effect of co-exposure to low level sulfur mustard, JP-8 jet fuel, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and fabric occlusion on the percutaneous absorption and skin disposition of topically applied 14C-permethrin (40 μg/cm2) in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) model. Extent of dermal absorption in vehicle controls in the IPPSF was comparable to literature values for humans. These studies demonstrated a two-fold increased 14C-permethrin percutaneous absorption and almost three-fold increased penetration when JP-8 was present, compared to a one-third decreased permethrin flux in the presence of sulfur mustard. Complete occlusion slightly increased 14C-permethrin absorption, while occlusion with fabric showed no significant effect. A previously noted effect of DEET to inhibit permethrin absorption was still seen in the presence of sulfur mustard exposure. These studies suggest that co-exposure to JP-8 or sulfur mustard may modulate transdermal flux of 14C-permethrin. However, the JP-8 increase in absorption and penetration was less than the five-fold increase previously seen with arterial infusion of pyridostigmine bromide and diisopropylfluorophosphate in the IPPSF. The toxicologic significance of this moderate increase in permethrin absorption remains unclear. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00239-4 VL - 135 IS - 1-2 SP - 61-71 J2 - Toxicology Letters LA - en OP - SN - 0378-4274 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00239-4 DB - Crossref KW - permethrin KW - Gulf War KW - JP-8 KW - jet fuel KW - sulfur mustard KW - skin KW - absorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding cotton products to cattle AU - Rogers, GM AU - Poore, MH AU - Paschal, JC T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Despite the potential for gossypol toxicosis (particularly in pre-ruminants) and risk factors associated with impaired fertility in bulls, cottonseed products offer a safe alternative feed for cattle producers when fed at recommended levels. Beef producers seeking to lower production costs should consider using cotton byproducts in their feeding programs. If carefully incorporated, cotton byproduct feeds can reduce feed costs while maintaining or increasing the level of cattle performance. Cottonseed meal will remain a standard protein supplement for beef cattle throughout the country. Whole cottonseed has much potential for Southern producers near cotton gins if it is purchased in a timely fashion and fed according to recommendations. Cotton gin trash, cottonseed hulls, and cotton textile mill waste also have potential economic benefits, especially to producers located near cotton and cottonseed processing facilities. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00020-8 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 267-+ SN - 1558-4240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extrapolated withdrawal-interval estimator (EWE) algorithm: A quantitative approach to establishing extralabel withdrawal times AU - Martin-Jimenez, T AU - Baynes, RE AU - Craigmill, A AU - Riviere, JE T2 - REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY AB - The extralabel use of drugs can be defined as the use of drugs in a manner inconsistent with their FDA-approved labeling. The passage of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) in 1994 and its implementation by the FDA—Center for Veterinary Medicine in 1996 has allowed food animal veterinarians to use drugs legally in an extralabel manner, as long as an appropriate withdrawal period is established. The present study introduces and validates with simulated and experimental data the Extrapolated Withdrawal-Period Estimator (EWE) Algorithm, a procedure aimed at predicting extralabel withdrawal intervals (WDIs) based on the label and pharmacokinetic literature data contained in the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). This is the initial and first attempt at consistently obtaining WDI estimates that encompass a reasonable degree of statistical soundness. Data on the determination of withdrawal times after the extralabel use of the antibiotic oxytetracycline were obtained both with simulated disposition data and from the literature. A withdrawal interval was computed using the EWE Algorithm for an extralabel dose of 25 mg/kg (simulation study) and for a dose of 40 mg/kg (literature data). These estimates were compared with the withdrawal times computed with the simulated data and with the literature data, respectively. The EWE estimates of WDP for a simulated extralabel dose of 25 mg/kg was 39 days. The withdrawal time (WDT) obtained for this dose on a tissue depletion study was 39 days. The EWE estimate of WDP for an extralabel intramuscular dose of 40 mg/kg in cattle, based on the kinetic data contained in the FARAD database, was 48 days. The withdrawal time experimentally obtained for similar use of this drug was 49 days. The EWE Algorithm can obtain WDI estimates that encompass the same degree of statistical soundness as the WDT estimates, provided that the assumptions of the approved dosage regimen hold for the extralabel dosage regimen. Population models could be fitted to fragmentary data to predict residue concentrations in tissues, validate the EWE estimates, and obtain WDI estimates. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1006/rtph.2002.1544 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 131-137 SN - 0273-2300 KW - extralabel KW - withdrawal interval KW - Extrapolated Withdrawal-Interval Estimator Algorithm KW - residues KW - population pharmacokinetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental and farm management factors associated with tuberculosis on cattle farms in northeastern Michigan AU - Kaneene, JB AU - Bruning-Fann, CS AU - Granger, LM AU - Miller, RA AU - Porter-Spalding, BA T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To identify major environmental and farm management factors associated with the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) on cattle farms in northeastern Michigan.Case-control study.17 cattle farms with infected cattle and 51 control farms.Each case farm (laboratory confirmed diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection) was matched with 2 to 4 control farms (negative whole-herd test results within previous 12 months) on the basis of type of farm (dairy or beef) and location. Cattle farm data were collected from in-person interviews and mailed questionnaires. Wildlife TB data were gathered through state wildlife surveillance. Environmental data were gathered from a satellite image-based geographic information system. Multivariable conditional logistic regression for matched analysis was performed.Major factors associated with increased farm risk of TB were higher TB prevalence among wild deer and cattle farms in the area, herd size, and ponds or creeks in cattle housing areas. Factors associated with reduced farm risk of TB were greater amounts of natural open lands in the surrounding area and reducing deer access to cattle housing areas by housing cattle in barns, barnyards, or feedlots and use of electrified wire or barbed wire for livestock fencing.Results suggest that certain environmental and management factors may be associated with risk of TB on cattle farms. DA - 2002/9/15/ PY - 2002/9/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.837 VL - 221 IS - 6 SP - 837-842 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential relationship between the carbon chain length of jet fuel aliphatic hydrocarbons and their ability to induce cytotoxicity vs. interleukin-8 release in human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Chou, CC AU - Riviere, JE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Jet fuels are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons known to cause dermal toxicity and to increase the release of proinflammatory cytokines by human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). However, the dermatotoxic effects of individual hydrocarbons remain unclear. Since aliphatic hydrocarbons make up more than 80% of the hydrocarbons formulated in jet fuels, the objective of this study was to assess acute cytotoxicity and IL-8 release induced by individual aliphatic hydrocarbons without a vehicle. Ten aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon (C) chain lengths ranging from 6 to 16 were dosed neat on HEK grown on 96-well plates. Acute exposure (1, 5, and 15 min) to aliphatic hydrocarbons significantly increased HEK mortality such that the increase in cytotoxicity corresponded with the decrease in carbon chain length. Extended exposure time did not increase cytotoxicity significantly until 15 min of exposure by short-chain hydrocarbons (C ≤ 11). There were differences between the aliphatic hydrocarbons with respect to their effects on IL-8 release. IL-8 concentration was increased significantly by 3- to 10-fold, with the highest increase found after exposure to hydrocarbons in the C9–C13 range. These studies indicated that individual aliphatic hydrocarbons are toxic to HEK cells and are capable of inducing proinflammatory cytokines. Higher cytotoxicity by shorter-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons did not correlate to increased ability to stimulate IL-8 release, which peaked at mid-chain lengths, suggesting a different structure-activity relationship for these two toxicological endpoints in keratinocyte cell cultures. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/69.1.226 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 226-233 SN - 1096-0929 KW - keratinocytes KW - aliphatic hydrocarbons KW - cytotoxicity KW - interleukin-8 KW - jet fuels ER - TY - JOUR TI - Delivery of glucose-6-phosphatase in a canine model for glycogen storage disease, type Ia, with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors AU - Beaty, RM AU - Jackson, M AU - Peterson, D AU - Bird, A AU - Brown, T AU - Benjamin, DK AU - Juopperi, T AU - Kishnani, P AU - Boney, A AU - Chen, YT AU - Koeberl, DD T2 - GENE THERAPY DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1038/sj.gt.3301728 VL - 9 IS - 15 SP - 1015-1022 SN - 0969-7128 KW - gene therapy KW - adeno-associated virus vectors KW - glycogen storage disease KW - disorders of metabolism KW - genetic disease KW - animal model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella henselae and Bartonella elizabethae as potential canine pathogens AU - Mexas, AM AU - Hancock, SI AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Bartonella henselae or Bartonella elizabethae DNA from EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples obtained from four dogs was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that B. elizabethae should be added to the list of Bartonella species (i.e., B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii , B. henselae , and B. clarridgeiae ) that are currently recognized as infectious agents in dogs. Furthermore, these results may have potential zoonotic implications, particularly if dogs can serve as a previously unrecognized reservoir for B. henselae . Although the clinical relevance of these observations remains to be determined, it is possible that molecular diagnostic techniques such as PCR may help to implicate a spectrum of Bartonella spp. as a cause of or a cofactor in chronic canine and human diseases of poorly defined causation. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1128/JCM.40.12.4670-4674.2002 VL - 40 IS - 12 SP - 4670-4674 SN - 1098-660X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of the distomedial-proximolateral oblique radiographic view of the elbow joint for examination of the medial coronoid process in dogs AU - Haudiquet, PR AU - Marcellin-Little, DJ AU - Stebbins, ME T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Objective —To describe and evaluate a new radiographic view of the elbow joint in dogs that would potentially enhance observation of the medial coronoid process (MCP). Sample Population —20 cadaver limbs from 10 dogs and clinical examination of 100 elbow joints of 53 dogs. Procedure —Twenty elbow joints from 10 cadavers were imaged by use of mediolateral, flexed mediolateral, craniocaudal, craniolateral-caudomedial oblique (Cr15L-CdMO), and distomedial-proximolateral oblique (Di35M-PrLO) radiographic views before and after placement of 3 lead pellets placed on the cranial, medial, and craniodistal aspect of the MCP. Three examiners independently reviewed these radiographs. One hundred elbow joints of 53 dogs with forelimb lameness and signs of pain elicited on palpation of the elbow joint were examined. These joints were radiographed and treated by use of arthroscopy. Three examiners independently graded the radiographs. Results —The MCP was identified on all Di35M-PrLO views made during the anatomic study. The Di35M-PrLO view had the largest area under the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve for detection of abnormalities of the MCP. Fractured and nonfractured MCP could only be significantly differentiated on Di35M-PrLO and mediolateral views. The Di35M-PrLO view had a higher agreement between examiners than other radiographic views for detection of fractures of the MCP. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance —The Di35M-PrLO view enhances the identification of anomalies and fragmentation of the MCP in dogs, compared with other radiographic views. The Di35M-PrLO view may be of benefit for early screening of dogs potentially affected with elbow dysplasia. ( Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1000–1005) DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1000 VL - 63 IS - 7 SP - 1000-1005 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypercalcemia and high parathyroid hormone-related protein concentration associated with malignant melanoma in a dog AU - Pressler, BM AU - Rotstein, DS AU - Law, JM AU - Rosol, TJ AU - LeRoy, B AU - Keene, BW AU - Jackson, MW T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - A 12-year-old Cocker Spaniel with an oral malignant melanoma was evaluated for progressive lethargy and anorexia. No metastases were identified during antemortem evaluation, but severe hypercalcemia was evident. Antemortem diagnostic testing failed to identify a cause for the hypercalcemia. No neoplasms other than the melanoma were identified on postmortem examination. Serum parathyroid hormone-related protein concentration was markedly high, and the melanoma had moderate to marked immunostaining for this protein. Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare in dogs with malignant melanoma. DA - 2002/7/15/ PY - 2002/7/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.263 VL - 221 IS - 2 SP - 263-+ SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health survey of wild and captive bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii) in North Carolina and Virginia AU - Brenner, D. AU - Lewbart, G. AU - Stebbins, M. AU - Herman, D. W. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Blood samples, fecal samples, and cloacal swabs were collected from 42 bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii). including 14 wild males, 22 wild females, three captive males, and three captive females, in Virginia and North Carolina, USA. Samples were analyzed for hematologic and plasma chemistry values, Mycoplasma sp. antibodies, intestinal parasites, and normal cloacal flora. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0311:hsowac]2.0.co;2 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 311-316 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary zinc effects on growth performance and immune response of endotoxemic growing pigs AU - Roberts, ES AU - Heugten, E AU - Lloyd, K AU - Almond, GW AU - Spears, JW T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - A 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of dietary Zn on performance and immune response of acutely endotoxemic growing pigs (n=96, mean BW=24.9 kg). Factors included 1) intramuscular injection of 10 µg/kg BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or control and 2) supplemental Zn at 10, 50, or 150 ppm. Diets were fed beginning after weaning (initial body weight=7.6 kg) in the nursery and continued for 16 d into the grower phase. The basal corn-soybean meal grower diet contained 1% lysine and 34.3 ppm Zn. Pigs were acclimated for 12 d in the grower- finishing facility before LPS treatment on d 13. Gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were unaffected by dietary Zn. Feed intake decreased (p<0.10) and gain/feed was greater (p<0.10) from d 13 to d 16 for pigs injected with LPS. Serum Zn and alkaline phosphatase activity increased (p<0.05) with increasing Zn levels. The febrile response to LPS peaked at 6 h post exposure and pigs were afebrile within 12 h. Rectal temperature was greater (p<0.05) in pigs receiving 50 and 150 ppm Zn than in pigs supplemented with 10 ppm Zn. In vivo cellular immune response, measured on d 13 by skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), was greater after 6 h (p< 0.05) in pigs fed 10 ppm Zn and exposed to LPS compared to all other treatments, but was not affected at 12, 24 or 48 h. Zinc did not affect mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation. Zinc supplemented at 50 or 150 ppm resulted in an enhanced febrile response in pigs subjected to iatrogenic endotoxemia, but did not affect pig performance or immune response measurements. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 10 : 1496-1501) DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2002.1496 VL - 15 IS - 10 SP - 1496-1501 SN - 1976-5517 KW - pigs KW - zinc KW - immune response ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antibody levels to hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine workers, non-swine workers, swine, and murids AU - Withers, MR AU - Correa, MT AU - Morrow, M AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Seriwatana, J AU - Webster, WD AU - Boak, MB AU - Vaughn, DW T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AB - In a cross-sectional serosurvey, eastern North Carolina swine workers (n = 165) were compared with non-swine workers (127) for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus as measured by a quantitative immunoglobulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using a cutoff of 20 Walter Reed U/ml, swine-exposed subjects had a 4.5-fold higher antibody prevalence (10.9%) than unexposed subjects (2.4%). No evidence of past clinical hepatitis E or unexplained jaundice could be elicited. Swine (84) and mice (61), from farm sites in the same region as exposed subjects, were also tested. Antibody prevalence in swine (overall = 34.5%) varied widely (10.0-91.7%) according to site, but no antibody was detected in mice. Our data contribute to the accumulating evidence that hepatitis E may be a zoonosis and specifically to the concept of it as an occupational infection of livestock workers. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.384 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 384-388 SN - 0002-9637 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphic expression in the CD8 alpha chain surface receptor of African lions (Panthera leo) AU - Bull, ME AU - Gebhard, DG AU - Tompkins, WAF AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Free-ranging African lion (Panthera leo) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined using flow cytometry and antibodies developed for use in the domestic cat to determine if phenotypic changes occurred in lion lymphocytes as a result of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. The percentage of CD8 cells from lion peripheral blood was considerably lower than in the domestic cat. Lions with elevated levels of CD8+ cells were typically infected with FIV, similar to observations in the domestic cat. Antibodies against the alpha chain of the CD8 receptor (monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3.357) did not react consistently in all lions examined. Flow cytometric analysis determined that approximately 82 and 80% of the animals from Kruger and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi National Parks in South Africa reacted with the monoclonal antibody against the alpha chain of CD8 receptor, while only 17% of the lions in Etosha National Park in Namibia cross-reacted with the CD8alpha chain. There was no apparent correlation between FIV status and CD8alpha chain reactivity. The relative isolation of Etosha from the other two parks could explain the marked difference in CD8alpha chain expression and suggests that lions similar to other mammalian species demonstrate polymorphic expression of the CD8alpha chain (197). DA - 2002/1/15/ PY - 2002/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00401-9 VL - 84 IS - 3-4 SP - 181-189 SN - 1873-2534 KW - African lion (Panthera leo) KW - monoclonal antibody KW - cross-reactivity KW - CD8 alpha polymorphism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in the treatment and prevention of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice AU - Schultz, M AU - Veltkamp, C AU - Dieleman, LA AU - Grenther, WB AU - Wyrick, PB AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - Sartor, RB T2 - INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AB - Interleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice develop colitis under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions and remain disease free if kept sterile (germ free [GF]). We used four different protocols that varied the time-points of oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (L. plantarum) relative to colonization with SPF bacteria to determine whether L. plantarum could prevent and treat colitis induced by SPF bacteria in IL-10−/− mice and evaluated the effect of this probiotic organism on mucosal immune activation. Assessment of colitis included blinded histologic scores, measurements of secreted colonic immunoglobulin isotypes, IL-12 (p40 subunit), and interferon (IFN)-γ production by anti-CD3-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells. Treating SPF IL-10−/− mice with L. plantarum attenuated previously established colonic inflammation as manifested by decreased mucosal IL-12, IFN-γ, and immunoglobulin G2a levels. Colonizing GF animals with L. plantarum and SPF flora simultaneously had no protective effects. Gnotobiotic IL-10−/− mice monoassociated with L. plantarum exhibited mild immune system activation but no colitis. Pretreatment of GF mice by colonization with L. plantarum, then exposure to SPF flora and continued probiotic therapy significantly decreased histologic colitis scores. These results demonstrate that L. plantarum can attenuate immune-mediated colitis and suggest a potential therapeutic role for this agent in clinical inflammatory bowel diseases. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1097/00054725-200203000-00001 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 71-80 SN - 1536-4844 KW - probiotics KW - experimental colitis KW - interleukin-10 knockout mice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hatchery and transportation factors associated with early poult mortality in commercial turkey flocks AU - Carver, DK AU - Fetrow, J AU - Gerig, T AU - Krueger, KK AU - Barnes, HJ T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A prospective ecologic study, using routinely collected data from commercial turkey companies, was done of 312 turkey flocks placed over a 1-yr period. The objective was to identify hatchery- and transportation-associated risk factors for poult mortality in the first 14 d after placement using statistical models. Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of hatchery-and transportation-related factors on odds of mortality for hen and tom flocks separately. Hatchery and transportation-related risk factors for hen flock mortality included truck, truck temperature, and number of poults dead on arrival at the farm. Hatchery and transportation-related risk factors for tom flock mortality included desnooding, truck, truck temperature, shipping time, and weather conditions at placement. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/81.12.1818 VL - 81 IS - 12 SP - 1818-1825 SN - 0032-5791 KW - poult KW - turkey KW - mortality KW - hatchery KW - transportation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The hepatic endothelial carcinogen riddelliine induces endothelial apoptosis, mitosis, S phase, and p53 and hepatocytic vascular endothelial growth factor expression after short-term exposure AU - Nyska, A AU - Moomaw, CR AU - Foley, JF AU - Maronpot, RR AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Cummings, CA AU - Peddada, S AU - Moyer, CF AU - Allen, DG AU - Travlos, G AU - Chan, PC T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - Riddelliineis a naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in certain poisonous rangeland plants of the western United States. In National Toxicology Program 2-year studies, riddelliine induced high incidences of hemangiosarcoma in the liver of F344/N rats (both sexes) and B6C3F1 mice (males). To understand this pathogenesis, we tested short-term effects of riddelliine. Three groups (control; 1.0 mg/kg/day, high dose used in the 2-year study; and 2.5 mg/kg/day) of seven male F344/N rats per group were terminated after 8 consecutive doses and 30 doses (6 weeks, excluding weekends). Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), histological, immunohistochemical [factor VIII-related antigen/von Willebrand factor (fVIII-ra/vWf)], VEGF, VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2), glutathione S-transferase-π, S-phase (BrdU), p53, apoptosis, and ultrastructural evaluations were performed on the liver. Following 8 doses of 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg/day, increased numbers of apoptotic and S-phase nuclei appeared in hepatocytes and endothelial cells. Following 30 doses of 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg/day, hepatocytes exhibited reduced mitosis, fewer S-phase nuclei, increased hypertrophy, and fatty degeneration, while endothelial cells showed karyomegaly, cytomegaly, decreased apoptosis, more S-phase nuclei, and p53 positivity. Hepatocytes of treated animals expressed higher VEGF immunopositivity. That altered endothelial cells were fVIII-ra/vWf and VEGFR2 positive confirmed their identity. These changes may have promoted hemangiosarcoma development upon long-term exposure through endothelial adduct formation, apoptosis, proliferation of endothelial cells having undamaged and/or damaged DNA, and mutation. Endothelial proliferation may also have been promoted through endothelial arrest at S phase, which was associated with endothelial karyo- and cytomegaly, resulting in hepatocytic hypoxia, triggering VEGF induction. DA - 2002/11/1/ PY - 2002/11/1/ DO - 10.1006/taap.2002.9485 VL - 184 IS - 3 SP - 153-164 SN - 1096-0333 KW - pyrrolizidine alkaloid KW - endothelium KW - hemangiosarcoma KW - cytotoxicity KW - vascular endothelial growth factor KW - VEGFR2 KW - BrdU KW - factor VIII-related antigen KW - von Willebrand factor KW - p53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces AU - Gookin, JL AU - Birkenheuer, AJ AU - Breitschwerdt, EB AU - Levy, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Tritrichomonas foetus , a venereal pathogen of cattle, was recently identified as an inhabitant of the large intestine in young domestic cats with chronic diarrhea. Recognition of the infection in cats has been mired by unfamiliarity with T . foetus in cats as well as misdiagnosis of the organisms as Pentatrichomonas hominis or Giardia sp. when visualized by light microscopy. The diagnosis of T . foetus presently depends on the demonstration of live organisms by direct microscopic examination of fresh feces or by fecal culturing. As T . foetus organisms are fastidious and fragile, routine flotation techniques and delayed examination and refrigeration of feces are anticipated to preclude the diagnosis in numerous cases. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific PCR test for the diagnosis of feline T . foetus infection. A single-tube nested PCR was designed and optimized for the detection of T . foetus in feline feces by using a combination of novel (TFITS-F and TFITS-R) and previously described (TFR3 and TFR4) primers. The PCR is based on the amplification of a conserved portion of the T . foetus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The absolute detection limit of the single-tube nested PCR was 1 organism, while the practical detection limit was 10 organisms per 200 mg of feces. Specificity was examined by using P . hominis , Giardia lamblia, and feline genomic DNA. Our results demonstrate that the single-tube nested PCR is ideally suited for (i) diagnostic testing of feline fecal samples that are found negative by direct microscopy and culturing and (ii) definitive identification of microscopically observable or cultivated organisms. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1128/JCM.40.11.4126-4130.2002 VL - 40 IS - 11 SP - 4126-4130 SN - 0095-1137 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin after i.v. administration of enrofloxacin to mares AU - Papich, MG AU - Van Camp, SD AU - Cole, JA AU - Whitacre, MD T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Enrofloxacin was administered i.v. to five adult mares at a dose of 5 mg/kg. After administration, blood and endometrial biopsy samples were collected at regular intervals for 24 h. The plasma and tissue samples were analyzed for enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. In plasma, enrofloxacin had a terminal half‐life ( t ½ ), volume of distribution (area method), and systemic clearance of 6.7 ± 2.9 h, 1.9 ± 0.4 L/kg, and 3.7 ± 1.4 mL/kg/min, respectively. Ciprofloxacin had a maximum plasma concentration ( C max ) of 0.28 ± 0.09 μg/mL. In endometrial tissue, the enrofloxacin C max was 1.7 ± 0.5 μg/g, and the t ½ was 7.8 ± 3.7 h. Ciprofloxacin C max in tissues was 0.15 ± 0.04 μg/g and the t ½ was 5.2 ± 2.0 h. The tissue:plasma enrofloxacin concentration ratios (w/w:w/v) were 0.175 ± 0.08 and 0.47 ± 0.06 for C max and AUC , respectively. For ciprofloxacin, these values were 0.55 ± 0.13 and 0.58 ± 0.31, respectively. We concluded that plasma concentrations achieved after 5 mg/kg i.v. are high enough to meet surrogate markers for antibacterial activity ( C max :MIC ratio, and AUC:MIC ratio) considered effective for most susceptible gram‐negative bacteria. Endometrial tissue concentrations taken from the mares after dosing showed that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin both penetrate this tissue adequately after systemic administration and would attain concentrations high enough in the tissue fluids to treat infections of the endometrium caused by susceptible bacteria. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00434.x VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 343-350 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nasal adenocarcinoma with diffuse metastases involving the orbit, cerebrum, and multiple cranial nerves in a horse AU - Davis, JL AU - Gilger, BC AU - Spaulding, K AU - Robertson, ID AU - Jones, SL T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - A 9-year-old Trakehner gelding was examined because of right exophthalmus. Clinical findings included a lack of menace response in the right eye, reduced direct and consensual right pupillary light reflexes, ventrolateral strabismus of the right eye, mild right-sided facial asymmetry, a head tilt to the left, and increased extensor tone in the right limbs. Findings were suggestive of a multifocal lesion affecting the right forebrain; right optic, oculomotor, and facial nerves; and left vestibulocochlear nerve. Ultrasonographic examination of the right eye revealed a vascular retrobulbar mass. Computed tomographic imaging revealed a mass that filled the nasal cavity and invaded the forebrain. Necropsy revealed an undifferentiated nasal adenocarcinoma affecting the orbit with metastases to the right parotid gland, cranial cervical lymph nodes, fascial planes of the neck, and lungs. No evidence of direct involvement of the right facial and left vestibulocochlear nerves was found, suggesting the possibility of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy. DA - 2002/11/15/ PY - 2002/11/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1460 VL - 221 IS - 10 SP - 1460-1463 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog AU - Flowers, , JR AU - Hammerberg, B AU - Wood, SL AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Dam, GJ AU - Levy, MG AU - McLawhorn, LD T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - A 7-year-old castrated male Golden Retriever cross was evaluated because of intermittent blood-tinged diarrhea, severe weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy of 2 months' duration; the dog was unresponsive to antimicrobial and standard anthelmintic treatment. Results of fecal flotations for parasite ova were negative. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities and total protein and globulin conentrations were greater than reference ranges. Biopsy specimens were obtained during laparotomy and examination revealed multiple granulomatous lesions with helminth ova nidi in the intestine, pancreas, liver, and mesenteric lymph node. Saline solution direct smear and saline solution sedimentation of feces yielded trematode ova that were morphologically consistent with Heterobilharzia americana. Identification was confirmed when miracidia were hatched from these ova and produced characteristic cercariae from infected snails. An antigen capture ELISA, typically used for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in humans, was performed, and schistosome circulating anodic antigen was detected. Treatment with 30 mg of praziquantel/kg (14 mg/lb) of body weight stopped ova shedding, removed detectable circulating antigens, and caused the dog's body weight and attitude to return to normal. Although this is the first report of canine heterobilharziasis in North Carolina, it suggests that heterobilharziasis is underdiagnosed in dogs that have contact with water frequented by raccoons. Inappropriate diagnostic procedures can foil accurate detection of this parasitic disease. DA - 2002/1/15/ PY - 2002/1/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.193 VL - 220 IS - 2 SP - 193-196 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of chemical interactions in pentachlorophenol mixtures on skin and membrane transport AU - Baynes, RE AU - Brooks, JD AU - Mumtaz, M AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used as a pesticide, and topical exposure to a chemical mixture can alter its dermal absorption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of single and binary solvent systems (ethanol, EtOH, and water), a surfactant (6% sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS), and a rubifacient/vasodilator (1.28% methyl nicotinate, MNA) on PCP membrane transport, and to correlate these effects with physiochemical characteristics of the PCP mixtures. Partitioning, diffusion, and absorption parameters of (14)C-PCP at low (4 microg/cm(2)) and high (40 microg/cm(2)) doses were assessed in porcine skin and silastic membranes in vitro. In these 8-h, flow-through diffusion studies, PCP was dosed with the following vehicles: 100% EtOH, 100% water, 40% EtOH + 60% water, 40% EtOH + 60% water + SLS, 40% EtOH + 60% water + MNA, and 40% EtOH + 60% water + SLS + MNA. PCP absorption ranged from 1.55-15.62% for the high dose and 0.43-7.20% for the low dose. PCP absorption, flux, and apparent permeability were influenced by PCP solubility, and PCP apparent permeability was correlated with log PC (r2 = 0.66). Although PCP was very soluble in pure ethanol (100%), this vehicle evaporated very rapidly, and PCP absorption in ethanol was the lowest with this vehicle when compared to pure water (100%) or aqueous ethanol mixtures in general. MNA had no significant effect on membrane absorption or relative permeability R(P) in aqueous ethanol solutions, but the presence of the surfactant, SLS, significantly reduced PCP absorption and R(P) in both membrane systems. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that modification in mixture composition with either a solvent and/or a surfactant can influence PCP diffusion in skin. Physicochemical interactions between these mixture components on the skin surface and stratum corneum contributed significantly to PCP transport, and these interactions were identified by simultaneously assessing chemical diffusion in biological and inert membrane systems. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/69.2.295 VL - 69 IS - 2 SP - 295-305 SN - 1096-6080 KW - pentachorophenol KW - mixtures KW - interactions KW - skin KW - absorption KW - surfactants KW - vehicle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying the biopharmaceutics classification system to veterinary pharmaceutical products Part II. Physiological considerations AU - Martinez, M AU - Amidon, G AU - Clarke, L AU - Jones, WW AU - Mitra, A AU - Riviere, J T2 - ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS AB - In comparing product bioavailability across animal species, it is not unusual to observe marked interspecies differences. For many compounds, these differences reflect presystemic drug metabolism. However, a host of other variables must also be considered such as in vivo drug solubility, gastric transit time, intestinal permeability, diet, and species-by-formulation interactions. By combining information on drug solubility and intestinal permeability with an understanding of the interrelationship between pH, product dissolution and gastrointestinal physiology, we attempt to define those conditions under which in vitro dissolution data may be used as a surrogate for data on in vivo bioavailability. We consider the likely physiological causes for species-related differences in the absolute and relative bioavailability of orally administered pharmaceuticals, and examine the potential for these normal interspecies differences to reflect bioavailability changes that can occur with various human pathologies. DA - 2002/10/4/ PY - 2002/10/4/ DO - 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00071-6 VL - 54 IS - 6 SP - 825-850 SN - 1872-8294 KW - biopharmaceutics classification system KW - interspecies differences KW - veterinary oral drug absorption KW - animal models KW - food effects KW - lymphatic uptake ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in porcine skin perfusates using solid-phase extraction disks and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Yeatts, J.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Journal of Chromatography B AB - N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is frequently used as an insect repellent by military and civilian populations. Because dermal exposure has resulted in several cases of DEET toxicosis, there is a need to rapidly and reliably determine DEET concentrations in biological matrices. An improved method for the analysis of DEET was developed for determining transdermal diffusion of low levels of DEET following application to an in vitro porcine skin flow-through diffusion cell system. The technical improvement involved the use of disk solid-phase extraction (SPE) instead of packed-bed SPE. The disk SPE method required small volumes of preconditioning, wash, and elution solvent (0.5–1 ml) to extract DEET from perfusate samples containing bovine serum albumin (BSA). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was estimated as 0.08 μg/ml DEET and recoveries from BSA media samples spiked with DEET ranged from 90.1 to 117% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 2.0 to 13.1%. This method was used to analyze perfusate samples from skin (n=4) topically exposed to DEET–ethanol formulations. The data from these analyses determined that DEET permeability in porcine skin was 2.55×10−5±0.54×10−5 cm/h. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00412-9 VL - 780 IS - 1 SP - 45–52 SN - 1570-0232 KW - N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thymocyte and peripheral blood T lymphocyte subpopulation changes in piglets following in utero infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus AU - Feng, WH AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Xu, JS AU - Brown, TT AU - Laster, SM AU - Zhang, HX AU - McCaw, MB T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Piglets infected in utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are born severely immunocompromised. In this article we more closely examine the effects of in utero PRRSV infection on circulating and thymic T cell populations. Numbers of CD4+, CD8+, and dual-positive lymphocytes were quantitated in circulation and in the thymus during the 2 weeks following birth. At birth we found that the number of circulating lymphocytes was suppressed by 60%. Lymphocyte numbers were also suppressed by 42% at day 7, but by day 14 the number of lymphocytes had rebounded and was actually 47% greater than controls. At birth and day 7, a drop in the number of CD4+ cells could partially explain the suppression we observed, while the rebound in total lymphocyte numbers seen at day 14 was due to a nearly fourfold increase in the number of circulating CD8+ cells. As a result, the normal CD4+:CD8+ ratio of between 1.4 and 2.2 for neonatal pigs was reduced to 0.1-0.5. The thymuses of infected piglets were found to be 50% smaller than those of control pigs and were characterized by cortical involution and severe cortical depletion of thymocytes. Analysis of the population of thymocytes revealed that double-positive thymocytes were suppressed to a greater degree than either single positive subpopulation. In addition, we show that the number of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis was increased twofold in piglets infected with PRRSV. Taken together, these results help explain the dramatic immunosuppression observed in neonatal animals infected in utero with PRRSV. DA - 2002/10/25/ PY - 2002/10/25/ DO - 10.1006/viro.2002.1650 VL - 302 IS - 2 SP - 363-372 SN - 0042-6822 KW - PRRSV KW - thymus KW - thymocyte KW - T lymphocyte ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of enzyme histochemistry in detecting cutaneous toxicity of three topically applied jet fuel mixtures AU - Rhyne, B. N. AU - Pirone, J. R. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/10517230252875877 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 17-34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prostaglandin E-2 and reactive oxygen metabolite damage in the cecum in a pony model of acute colitis AU - McConnico, R. S. AU - Argenzio, R. A. AU - Roberts, M. C. T2 - Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 50-54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in foals after i.v. and oral dose and disposition into phagocytes AU - Davis, JL AU - Gardner, SY AU - Jones, SL AU - Schwabenton, BA AU - Papich, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The properties of azithromycin suggest that it may be an alternative to erythromycin for treatment of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. To investigate this possibility, the disposition of azithromycin in plasma, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and alveolar cells was examined after a single administration in foals. Azithromycin suspension was administered orally (p.o.) at a dose of 10 mg/kg to five healthy 2-3-month-old foals. Two weeks later, azithromycin for injection was administered by intravenous (i.v.) infusion at a dose of 5 mg/kg to the same foals. Plasma samples were collected after p.o. and i.v. administration. Peripheral blood PMN and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and alveolar cells were collected after p.o. administration. Azithromycin concentrations were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with coulometric electrochemical detection. Azithromycin p.o. absorption was variable with a mean systemic availability of 39% (+/-20%). The plasma half-life was 16 and 18.3 h after i.v. and p.o. administration, respectively. Azithromycin had a very large volume of distribution (V(d)) of 11.6 L/kg [V(d(ss))] and 12.4 L/kg [V(d(area))]. The large V(d) can be attributed to high tissue and intracellular concentrations, exhibited by the high concentration of azithromycin in PMN and alveolar cells. The PMN half-life was 49.2 h. Dosage of 10 mg/kg of azithromycin p.o. once daily for foals with R. equi pneumonia is recommended for further study. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00387.x VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 99-104 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from swine AU - Gebreyes, WA AU - Altier, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT As part of a longitudinal study of antimicrobial resistance among salmonellae isolated from swine, we studied 484 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (including serovar Typhimurium var. Copenhagen) isolates. We found two common pentaresistant phenotypes. The first was resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (the AmCmStSuTe phenotype; 36.2% of all isolates), mainly of the definitive type 104 (DT104) phage type (180 of 187 isolates). The second was resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (the AmKmStSuTe phenotype; 44.6% of all isolates), most commonly of the DT193 phage type (77 of 165 isolates), which represents an unusual resistance pattern for DT193 isolates. We analyzed 64 representative isolates by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, which revealed DNA fingerprint similarities that correlated with both resistance patterns and phage types. To investigate the genetic basis for resistance among DT193 isolates, we characterized three AmKmStSuTe pentaresistant strains and one hexaresistant strain, which also expressed resistance to gentamicin (Gm phenotype), all of which had similar DNA fingerprints and all of which were collected during the same sampling. We found that the genes encoding the pentaresistance pattern were different from those from isolates of the DT104 phage type. We also found that all strains encoded all of their resistance genes on plasmids, unlike the chromosomally encoded genes of DT104 isolates, which could be transferred to Escherichia coli via conjugation, but that the plasmid compositions varied among the isolates. Two strains (strains UT08 and UT12) had a single, identical plasmid carrying bla TEM (which encodes ampicillin resistance), aphA1-Iab (which encodes kanamycin resistance), strA and strB (which encode streptomycin resistance), class B tetA (which encodes tetracycline resistance), and an unidentified sulfamethoxazole resistance allele. The third pentaresistant strain (strain UT20) was capable of transferring by conjugation two distinct resistance patterns, AmKmStSuTe and KmStSuTe, but the genes were carried on plasmids with slightly different restriction patterns (differing by a single band of 15 kb). The hexaresistant strain (strain UT30) had the same plasmid as strains UT08 and UT12, but it also carried a second plasmid that conferred the AmKmStSuGm phenotype. The second plasmid harbored the gentamicin resistance methylase ( grm ), which has not previously been reported in food-borne pathogenic bacteria. It also carried the sul1 gene for sulfamethoxazole resistance and a 1-kb class I integron bearing aadA for streptomycin resistance. We also characterized isolates of the DT104 phage type. We found a number of isolates that expressed resistance only to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole (the StSu phenotype; 8.3% of serovar Typhimurium var. Copenhagen strains) but that had AFLP DNA fingerprints similar or identical to those of strains with genes encoding the typical AmCmStSuTe pentaresistance phenotype of DT104. These atypical StSu DT104 isolates were predominantly cultured from environmental samples and were found to carry only one class I integron of 1.0 kb, in contrast to the typical two integrons (InC and InD) of 1.0 and 1.2 kb, respectively, of the pentaresistant DT104 isolates. Our findings show the widespread existence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains and the diversity of multidrug resistance among epidemiologically related strains. The presence of resistance genes on conjugative plasmids and duplicate genes on multiple plasmids could have implications for the spread of resistance factors and for the stability of multidrug resistance among Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolates. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1128/JCM.40.8.2813-2822.2002 VL - 40 IS - 8 SP - 2813-2822 SN - 0095-1137 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a spontaneous canine model of immunoglobulin E- mediated food hypersensitivity: Dynamic changes in serum and fecal allergen-specific immunoglobulin E values relative to dietary change AU - Jackson, H. A. AU - Hammerberg, B. T2 - Comparative Medicine DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 316-321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against defined antigens for passive immunotherapy of chronic gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis AU - Riggs, MW AU - Schaefer, DA AU - Kapil, SJ AU - Barley-Maloney, L AU - Perryman, LE T2 - ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY AB - ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium parvum is an important cause of diarrhea in humans and calves and can persistently infect immunocompromised hosts. Presently, there are no consistently effective parasite-specific drugs for cryptosporidiosis. We hypothesized that neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting the apical complex and surface antigens CSL, GP25-200, and P23 could passively immunize against cryptosporidiosis. We recently reported that a formulation of MAbs 3E2 (anti-CSL), 3H2 (anti-GP25-200), and 1E10 (anti-P23) provided significant additive prophylactic efficacy over that of the individual MAbs in neonatal ICR mice. In the present study, these MAbs were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy against persistent infection in adult gamma interferon-depleted SCID mice. 3E2 demonstrated the most significant and consistent therapeutic effect, reducing intestinal infection in two experiments. In one experiment, 3E2 plus 3H2 and 3E2 plus 3H2 plus 1E10 also significantly reduced infection; however, no significant increase in efficacy over 3E2 alone was apparent. The results indicate that anti-CSL MAb 3E2 has highly significant efficacy in reducing, but not eliminating, persistent C. parvum infection. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1128/AAC.46.2.275-282.2002 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 275-282 SN - 1098-6596 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary fibre level and enzyme inclusion affect nutrient digestibility and excreta characteristics in grower pigs AU - Moeser, AJ AU - Kempen, TATG T2 - JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AB - Abstract An experiment was conducted with 12 grower pigs to determine the effects of (1) manipulating dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) level and (2) dietary inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes on nutrient digestibility and excreta characteristics in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain three levels of NDF: 1, 66 g kg −1 NDF (low fibre); 2, 121 g kg −1 NDF (moderate fibre); 3, 222 g kg −1 NDF (high fibre); 4, diet 3 plus 2.0 g kg −1 enzyme. Increasing levels of dietary NDF linearly decreased dry matter and energy digestibilities ( r 2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). Lowering dietary NDF from 222 to 121 g kg −1 improved nitrogen digestibility by 13% ( P < 0.01). Faecal production was decreased by 9% for each 1% decrease in dietary NDF content ( r 2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). Inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes in the high‐fibre diet improved dry matter and energy digestibilities by 2 and 3% respectively, and reduced faecal production by 10% ( P < 0.01). Faecal and manure (faeces plus urine) pH values from pigs fed the high‐fibre diet and the high‐fibre plus enzyme diet were lower than those from pigs fed the other experimental diets ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, lowering the dietary NDF level or inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes in high‐fibre diets may offer relatively practical and easy methods for reducing waste production in pigs. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1002/jsfa.1234 VL - 82 IS - 14 SP - 1606-1613 SN - 0022-5142 KW - fibre KW - digestibility KW - feed enzymes KW - grower pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of skeletal muscle and expression of candidate genes in bovine fetuses from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Crosier, AE AU - Farin, CE AU - Rodriguez, KF AU - Blondin, P AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, PW T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on histological development and gene expression in the skeletal muscle of bovine fetuses during late gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Blastocysts produced in vitro were obtained from oocytes of Holstein cows that were matured and fertilized in vitro. Single blastocysts were transferred into heifers at a synchronized estrous and fetuses were recovered at Day 222 of gestation (n = 12 each for in vivo and in vitro). Samples of semitendinosus muscle were obtained for histological analysis and assessment of gene expression. Individual muscle sections were stained for the assessment of primary muscle fibers, secondary muscle fibers, or total muscle fibers. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays were performed for 5 different candidate genes. The ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber number was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro compared with fetuses from embryos produced in vivo. Similarly, the ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber volume density tended to be greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The proportional volume of tissue present between myofibrils was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The expression of mRNA for myostatin was decreased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro group compared with controls. The expression of mRNA for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tended to be increased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro treatment group. There was no effect of treatment on the expression of mRNAs for myf-5, myoD, or myogenin. In conclusion, in vitro production of embryos resulted in fetuses with altered development of skeletal muscle fibers. Myostatin was identified as the candidate gene whose expression may contribute to the observed changes in muscle development of these fetuses. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod67.2.401 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 401-408 SN - 0006-3363 KW - conceptus KW - developmental biology KW - embryo KW - fetus KW - gene regulation KW - in vitro fertilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cranial coccygeal vertebral fractures in horses: 12 cases AU - Tutko, J. M. AU - Sellon, D. C. AU - Burns, G. A. AU - Vivrette, S. L. AU - Ragle, C. A. AU - Mcconnico, R. S. AU - Gibbons, D. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 197-200 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cerebrospinal fluid centesis at the cerebellomedullary cistern of kittens AU - Hudson, L. C. AU - Vahlenkamp, T. W. AU - Howard, K. E. AU - Colby, B. AU - Tompkins, M. B. AU - Meeker, R. B. T2 - Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 30-32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - C-terminal gp40 peptide analogs inhibit feline immunodeficiency virus: Cell fusion and virus spread AU - Medinas, RJ AU - Lambert, DM AU - Tompkins, WA T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), gp160, is synthesized as a protein precursor that when proteolytically cleaved yields two subunits, gp120 and gp41. gp120 is the surface glycoprotein on HIV-1 responsible for binding to CD4, and gp41 is the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the membrane fusion process. gp41 is divided into the N-terminal fusion peptide, the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and HR2 regions, and the C-terminal transmembrane region, which are collectively responsible for virus fusion and entry into the cell. Synthetic peptides derived from the HR2 and HR1 regions of HIV-1 LAI have been shown to prevent virus-cell fusion and infection in vitro. In phase II clinical trials in HIV patients, data revealed that T20 has antiviral efficacy and is well tolerated. Similar results were obtained in vitro with HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus, supporting the conservation of the gp41 ectodomain among lentiviruses. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in the cat has been used as a model to develop potential antivirals for HIV. To determine if synthetic gp40 analogs capable of inhibiting FIV infection could be identified, 15 overlapping 35-amino-acid peptides derived from the C-terminal HR2 domain of FIV gp40 were synthesized. These peptides were tested for efficacy against FIV in a syncytium-forming assay with FIV-infected CrFK cells and HeLa cells expressing the FIV receptor CXCR4. Several peptides exhibited activity at the nanogram level. Antiviral activity was confirmed by suppression of reverse transcriptase in a FIV feline CD4 + -T-cell (FCD4-E) acute-infection assay. These data demonstrate that synthetic peptides derived from the HR2 domain of the FIV gp41 protein are effective inhibitors of FIV infection. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1128/JVI.76.18.9079-9086.2002 VL - 76 IS - 18 SP - 9079-9086 SN - 0022-538X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systemic uptake and cutaneous disposition of pentachlorophenol in a sequential exposure scenario: Effects of skin preexposure to benzo[a] pyrene AU - Qiao, GL AU - Riviere, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A AB - Characterizing interactions caused by sequential skin exposures to various environmental toxicants can be critical for a meaningful risk assessment. To assess sequential chemical exposure effect on chemical cutaneous disposition and systemic uptake of a toxicant, [(14)C]pentachlorophenol (PCP) was topically administered in three porcine skin models (in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro) at 40 micro g/cm(2) with or without skin preexposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a known human carcinogen and cutaneous cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) inducer. In the mass balance studies, BaP skin preexposure was found to enhance (14)C absorption in all three models with detectable in vivo effect during the first several days. Total 8-h absorption was tripled by skin preexposure to BaP in the ex vivo (1.1 to 3.2%) and in vitro (0.20 to 0.66%) systems. As seen in the extended in vivo studies, total absorption was 50-57% regardless of exposure conditions, suggesting the prolonged observation period may conceal existing impact of potentially modified disposition processes, such as cutaneous metabolism, on systemic absorption. Skin preexposure to the skin CYP450 inducer BaP largely changed label penetration depth and distribution pattern in cutaneous tissues and decreased (14)C concentration in skin and fat. Additionally, BaP preexposure altered (14)C systemic tissue disposition, suggesting that altered cutaneous PCP disposition may eventually change the toxicity profile (cutaneous vs. systemic risk). The preliminary tissue distribution and systemic absorption data suggested that skin preexposure to BaP may considerably modify cutaneous biotransformation rate and thus deserves further investigation. The dermal model-dependent impacts of expected skin biotransformation manipulation by preexposure to chemicals such as BaP on cutaneous disposition and systemic uptake of environmental toxicants such as PCP need to be considered in risk assessment. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1080/00984100290071577 VL - 65 IS - 18 SP - 1307-1331 SN - 1528-7394 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IgE is present on peripheral blood monocytes and B cells in normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis but there is no correlation with serum IgE concentrations AU - Jackson, HA AU - Orton, SM AU - Hammerberg, B T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Blood was collected from 29 dogs, 14 with atopic dermatitis (AD) and 15 controls. Total serum IgE was quantitated. Peripheral blood monocytes were harvested and labeled with leucocyte markers and anti-canine IgE before analysis by flow cytometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the atopic and control groups when the mean number of cells in the monocyte (CD14), antigen presenting cell (CD1c) or B cell (CD21) populations were examined. However, the variation in cell numbers was significant and much greater in the atopic group for CD1c and CD14 labeled cells. The mean percentage of double labeled cells, CD1c/IgE and CD14/IgE was significantly lower in the atopic population compared with the controls. More variation was observed in the numbers of monocytes of atopic dogs (CD14/IgE) and antigen presenting cells (CD1c/IgE) of control dogs. The mean percentage of B cells expressing IgE was 65 and 51% in the atopic and control groups respectively which is greater than that reported in humans. There was no statistically significant difference. Total serum IgE concentrations were similar in each group and did not correlate with cell bound IgE in any of the leucocyte populations studied. Canine AD is associated with more variability in circulating monocyte numbers and lower numbers of monocytes expressing IgE than control dogs. Unlike in humans, there is no correlation between circulating and cell bound IgE. Furthermore, high levels of IgE in the dog may be related to a greater number of B cells in the circulation committed to IgE production. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00003-X VL - 85 IS - 3-4 SP - 225-232 SN - 0165-2427 KW - IgE KW - canine PBMCs KW - canine atopic dermatitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simplified liquid-solid extraction technique for the analyses of pesticide residues in soil samples AU - Xia, XR AU - Leidy, RB T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1023/A:1013017804165 VL - 73 IS - 2 SP - 179-190 SN - 0167-6369 KW - equilibrium KW - GC-ECD KW - liquid-solid extraction KW - organochlorine pesticides KW - soils KW - surface adsorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves AU - Hunt, E AU - Fu, Q AU - Armstrong, MU AU - Rennix, DK AU - Webster, DW AU - Galanko, JA AU - Chen, WN AU - Weaver, EM AU - Argenzio, RA AU - Rhoads, JM T2 - PEDIATRIC RESEARCH AB - Cryptosporidium parvum produces a prolonged watery diarrhea unresponsive to conventional antimicrobials. Because of reported efficacy of antibody-based immunotherapy, we studied the effect of inexpensive, commercially available oral bovine serum concentrate (BSC) in experimental cryptosporidiosis. Twenty-four calves were treated with 57 g/d BSC (n = 12) or soy protein (n = 12) added to their standard whey protein-based milk replacer (227 g/2 L twice daily). Of the 24, 9 were also treated with L-glutamine (GLN), 8 g/L (50 mM) in the milk (5 calves in the BSC group and 4 in the soy group). Animals were inoculated with 10(8) cryptosporidium oocysts per os on d 8 of life and received oral rehydration on d 12-14. Eight uninfected controls were treated with BSC or soy protein. Fecal and urine volume and urinary Cr-EDTA excretion were measured. Animals were killed on d 18 of life. Cryptosporidiosis induced severe watery diarrhea lasting >9 d and produced a 25% increase in intestinal permeability, a 33% decrease in villous surface area, and a 40% reduction in mucosal lactase specific activity. Glutamine treatment had no effect on the diarrhea or any of the intestinal tests; and therefore pooled data were used to compare the 12 calves treated with BSC with the 12 treated with soy. In animals receiving BSC, peak diarrheal volume and intestinal permeability were reduced 33%, fewer oocysts were shed, intestinal crypts were significantly deeper, and villous surface area returned to normal by 9 d after infection (all p 21 days and had signs of clinical recovery. Abnormal physical examination findings appeared to be related to general debilitation. Ataxia (88%), decreased withdrawal reflexes (88%), proprioceptive deficits (81%), decreased vent responses (69%), beak or tongue weakness (42%), and head tremors (31%), as well as absent pupillary light responses (46%), anisocoria (15%), apparent blindness (4%), nystagmus (4%), and strabismus (4%) were detected. Few gross abnormalities were detected at necropsy, but histologically, all AVM-affected coots had severe vacuolation of white matter of the brain. None of the control coots had vacuolation.Although there was considerable variability in form and severity of clinical neurologic abnormalities, clinical signs common in AVM-affected birds were identified. Clinical recovery of some AVM-affected coots can occur when supportive care is administered. Until the etiology is identified, caution should be exercised when rehabilitating and releasing coots thought to be affected by AVM. DA - 2002/7/1/ PY - 2002/7/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.80 VL - 221 IS - 1 SP - 80-85 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visceral leishmaniasis in a New York foxhound kennel AU - Gaskin, AA AU - Schantz, P AU - Jackson, J AU - Birkenheuer, A AU - Tomlinson, L AU - Gramiccia, M AU - Levy, M AU - Steurer, F AU - Kollmar, E AU - Hegarty, BC AU - Ahn, A AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Although endemic throughout much of the world, autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis has been reported on only 3 previous occasions in North America. After diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in 4 foxhounds from a kennel in Dutchess County, New York (index kennel), serum and ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-anticoagulated blood were collected from the remaining 108 American or cross-bred foxhounds in the index kennel and from 30 Beagles and Basset Hounds that were periodically housed in the index kennel. Samples were analyzed for antibodies to or DNA of tickborne disease pathogens and Leishmania spp. Most dogs had antibodies to Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., or some combination of these pathogens but not to Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffi). However, DNA of rickettsial, ehrlichial, or babesial agents was detected in only 9 dogs. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in 46 of 112 (41%) foxhounds from the index kennel but was not diagnosed in any of the Beagles and Basset Hounds. A positive Leishmania status was defined by 1 or more of the following criteria: a Leishmania antibody titer > or = 1:64, positive Leishmania polymerase chain reaction (PCR), positive Leishmania culture, or identification of Leishmania amastigotes by cytology or histopathology. The species and zymodeme of Leishmania that infected the foxhounds was determined to be Leishmania infantum MON-1 by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Foxhounds that were > 18 months of age or that had traveled to the southeastern United States were more likely to be diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis. Transmission of Leishmania spp. in kennel outbreaks may involve exposure to an insect vector, direct transmission, or vertical transmission. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0034:VLIANY>2.3.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 34-44 SN - 0891-6640 KW - canine KW - dogs KW - Leishmania KW - sand fly ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Naturally Occurring Cases of Poult Enteritis–Mortality Syndrome AU - Pakpinyo, S. AU - Ley, D. H. AU - Barnes, H. J. AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. AU - Guy, J. S. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) previously were identified in poult enteritis–mortality syndrome (PEMS)-affected turkeys and associated as a cause of this disease. In the present study, the prevalence of EPEC in PEMS-affected turkeys was examined retrospectively with archived tissues and intestinal contents collected from 12 PEMS-affected turkey flocks in 1998. Formalin-fixed intestinal tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy for attaching and effacing (AE) lesions characteristic of EPEC, and frozen (−75 C) intestinal contents were examined for presence of EPEC. Escherichia coli isolates were characterized on the basis of epithelial cell attachment, fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test, and presence of E. coli attaching/effacing (EAE), shigalike toxin (SLT) type I, SLT II, and bundle-forming pilus (BFP) genes by polymerase chain reaction procedures. EPEC isolates were examined for pathogenicity and ability to induce AE lesions in experimentally inoculated young turkeys.AE lesions were identified by light microscopy in Giemsa-stained intestines from 7 of 12 PEMS-affected turkey flocks. Lesions consisted of bacterial microcolonies attached to epithelial surfaces with epithelial degeneration at sites of attachment and inflammatory infiltration of the lamina propria. Electron microscopy confirmed the identity of AE lesions in six of seven flocks determined to have AE lesions by light microscopy. EPEC were identified in 4 of 12 flocks on the basis of the presence of EAE genes and absence of SLT I and SLT II genes; all isolates lacked BFP genes. EPEC isolates produced AE lesions and variable mortality in turkeys coinfected with turkey coronavirus. In total, EPEC were associated with 10 of 12 (83%) naturally occurring PEMS cases on the basis of identification of AE lesions and/or EPEC isolates. These findings provide additional evidence suggesting a possible role for EPEC in the pathogenesis of PEMS. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0360:poeeci]2.0.co;2 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 360-369 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0360:poeeci]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - poult enteritis-mortality syndrome KW - enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad AU - Chernoff, N AU - Hunter, ES AU - Hall, LL AU - Rosen, MB AU - Brownie, CF AU - Malarkey, D AU - Marr, M AU - Herkovits, J T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY AB - Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a cyanobacterial toxin generated by the organism Microcystis aeruginosa. Although the hepatotoxicity of this chemical has been characterized, the potential developmental toxicity in vertebrates has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of this toxin on the in vivo and in vitro development of mammals and the development of an Anuran (toad). Initial acute toxicity experiments with female CD-1 mice were accomplished with MC-LR administered i.p. in saline. Lethality occurred at 128 and 160 microg kg (-1) and histopathology revealed massive hepatic necrosis with diffuse hemorrhage. Developmental toxicity studies were done with MC-LR administered i.p. for 2-day periods: gestation days 7-8, 9-10 or 11-12. Doses used ranged from 2 to 128 microg kg(-1). On gestation day 17, fetuses were weighed and analyzed for gross morphological and skeletal defects. No treatment-related differences were seen in litter size, viability, weight or the incidence of anomalies. Groups of dams dosed with 32-128 microg kg(-1) on gestation days 7-8, 9-10 or 11-12 were allowed to give birth and the growth and development of their pups were followed postnatally. There were no significant effects noted in the offspring of the treated dams. Neurulation-staged CD-1 mouse conceptuses were exposed to 50-1000 nM MC-LR in whole embryo culture for 24 h. No significant increase in abnormalities or developmental delays was observed. Finally, exposure of the developing toad. Bufo arenarum was done from stage 17 (tail bud) for 10 days at concentrations of 1-20 mg l(-1). No effect on morphological development or survival was noted in any exposed groups. These data indicate that microcystin does not appear to affect development adversely in the mouse (in vivo or in vitro) or the toad at the doses and exposure parameters used. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1002/jat.800 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 13-17 SN - 0260-437X KW - microcystin KW - developmental toxicology KW - mouse KW - frog KW - embryo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection of the choroid plexus by feline immunodeficiency virus AU - Bragg, DC AU - Childers, TA AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Tompkins, WA AU - Meeker, RB T2 - JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1080/13550280290049688 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 211-224 SN - 1355-0284 KW - human immunodeficiency virus KW - macrophages KW - brain KW - AIDS KW - neural culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Helicobacter marmotae sp nov isolated from livers of woodchucks and intestines of cats AU - Fox, JG AU - Shen, ZL AU - Xu, SL AU - Feng, Y AU - Dangler, CA AU - Dewhirst, FE AU - Paster, BJ AU - Cullen, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) have a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and serve as a model of hepatitis B virus-associated HCC in humans. Helicobacter hepaticus , an enterohepatic helicobacter in mice, is known to cause hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in susceptible mouse strains. In long-term chemical bioassays conducted with B6C3F 1 mice, H . hepaticus has been regarded as a confounding factor because of its tumor-promoting activity. In order to determine if woodchucks harbor a Helicobacter sp. that might play a role in potentiating hepatic inflammation or neoplasia, a study was undertaken to determine whether woodchucks' livers were infected with a Helicobacter sp. Frozen liver samples from 20 (17 WHV-infected and 3 noninfected) woodchucks, 10 with WHV-associated hepatic tumors and 10 without tumors, were cultured by microaerobic techniques and analyzed by using genus- and species-specific helicobacter PCR primers. A 1,200-bp Helicobacter sp.-specific sequence was amplified from 14 liver samples. Southern hybridization confirmed the specific identity of the PCR products. Nine of the 10 livers with tumors had positive Helicobacter sp. identified by PCR, whereas 5 of the 10 livers without tumors were positive. By use of 16S rRNA species-specific primers for H . marmotae , two additional liver samples from the nontumor group had positive PCR amplicons confirmed by Southern hybridization. A urease-, catalase-, and oxidase-positive bacterium was isolated from one liver sample from a liver tumor-positive woodchuck. By 16S rRNA analysis and biochemical and phenotypic characteristics, the organism was classified as a novel Helicobacter sp. Subsequently, four additional bacterial strains isolated from feces of cats and characterized by biochemical, phenotypic, and 16S rRNA analysis were determined to be identical to the woodchuck isolate. We propose the name Helicobacter marmotae sp. nov. for these organisms. Further studies are required to ascertain if this novel Helicobacter sp. plays a tumor promotion role in hepadnavirus-associated tumors in woodchucks or causes enterohepatic disease in cats. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1128/JCM.40.7.2513-2519.2002 VL - 40 IS - 7 SP - 2513-2519 SN - 0095-1137 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Egg storage effects on plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos (vol 80, pg 1729, 2001) AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Fasenko, G. M. AU - Donaldson, W. E. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1093/ps/81.4.595 VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 595 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of feed withdrawal prior to slaughter on prevalence of gastric ulcers in pigs AU - Eisemann, JH AU - Morrow, WEM AU - See, MT AU - Davies, PR AU - Zering, K T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To determine whether withdrawing feed from pigs prior to slaughter had any effects on prevalence or severity of gastric ulcers. Design —Split-plot design. Animals —873 pigs. Procedures —At the finishing barn, pigs were assigned to 30 pens. Feed withdrawal times (0, 12, or 24 hours) were assigned to pens at random, and pigs in each pen were marketed in 3 groups over a period of 4 weeks. The first marketing group consisted of the 10 heaviest pigs in each pen, the second consisted of the next 10 heaviest, and the third consisted of all remaining pigs. Feed was withheld from all pigs in each pen prior to removal of each marketing group. Thus, feed was withheld once, twice, or 3 times for pigs in the first, second, and third marketing groups, respectively. Results —Feed withdrawal time was not significantly associated with ulcer score at the time of slaughter. Ulcer scores and prevalence of chronic damage were higher in the third marketing group, regardless of feed withdrawal time. Prevalence of severe damage, prevalence of chronic damage, and prevalence of esophageal constriction increased as carcass weight decreased. No pigs died of gastric ulceration. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance —Results suggest that withdrawal of feed from pigs prior to slaughter does not increase damage to the stomach and that repeated feed withdrawal does not result in fatal gastric ulceration. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:503–506) DA - 2002/2/15/ PY - 2002/2/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.503 VL - 220 IS - 4 SP - 503-506 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of turkey coronavirus antibodies AU - Guy, JS AU - Smith, LG AU - Breslin, JJ AU - Pakpinyo, S T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed for detection of turkey coronavirus (TCV) antibodies. The cELISA utilized a recombinant baculovirus (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus)-expressed TCV nucleocapsid (N) protein and biotin-labeled TCV N protein-specific monoclonal antibody. Sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA for detection of TCV antibodies were determined by comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with 1269 reference, experimentally derived, and field-origin sera. Sera with discordant cELISA and IFAT results were further evaluated by western immunoblot analyses.The cELISA detected antibodies specific for TCV and infectious bronchitis virus, a closely related coronavirus, but did not detect antibodies specific for other avian viruses. A high degree of concordance was observed between the cELISA and IFAT; sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA relative to IFAT were 92.9% and 96.2%, respectively. Western immunoblot analyses provided additional evidence of cELISA specificity. The findings indicate that the cELISA is a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test for detection of TCV antibodies in turkeys. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0334:DOACEL]2.0.CO;2 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 334-341 SN - 0005-2086 KW - turkey coronavirus KW - baculovirus KW - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Choroid plexus macrophages proliferate and release toxic factors in response to feline immunodeficiency virus AU - Bragg, DC AU - Hudson, LC AU - Liang, YH AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Fernandes, A AU - Meeker, RB T2 - JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1080/13550280290049679 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 225-239 SN - 1355-0284 KW - human immunodeficiency virus KW - brain KW - AIDS KW - neural culture KW - neurotoxicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of bacteriophage Ba1 to identify properties associated with Bordetella avium virulence AU - Shelton, C. B. AU - Temple, L. M. AU - Orndorff, P. E. T2 - Infection and Immunity DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1128/IAI.70.3.121901224.2002 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 1219-1224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyridostigmine bromide modulates the dermal disposition of [C-14]permethrin AU - Baynes, RE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - The cause of the Gulf War Syndrome may be related to soldiers being exposed to insecticides (e.g., permethrin (P)), insect repellents (e.g., N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)), an organophosphate nerve agent simulant (e.g., diisopropyl fluorpohosphate (DFP)), and/or prophylactic treatment (e.g., pyridostigmine bromide (PB)) against potential nerve gas attacks. The purpose of this study was to assess the dermal disposition of [14C]permethrin in ethanol or ethanol:water (3:2) in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) model with simultaneous dermal exposure to DEET or DFP. These IPPSFs were also simultaneously perfused arterially with or without PB, DFP, or DFP + PB. The results indicated that DFP + PB significantly increased [14C]permethrin absorption compared to controls (1.06% dose vs 0.14% dose). PB significantly increased [14C]permethrin disposition in the stratum corneum (SC) in aqueous mixtures only (9.40 vs 3.35% dose), while topical DEET or topical DFP reduced [14C]permethrin levels in the SC especially in nonaqueous mixtures. PB also significantly enhanced [14C]permethrin penetration into all skin tissues and perfusate in aqueous mixtures, while DEET reversed this effect. PB appeared to influence [14C]permethrin disposition in flowthrough diffusion cells, suggesting that the mechanism of this interaction may be associated predominantly with epidermal permeability, although muscarinic effects in the vasculature in IPPSFs should not be ruled out and requires further investigation. These experiments suggest that intraarterial perfusion of PB and/or DFP and topical application of DFP or DEET can alter the disposition of [14C]permethrin in skin and possibly its bioavailability in soldiers simultaneously exposed to these chemicals. DA - 2002/6/15/ PY - 2002/6/15/ DO - 10.1006/taap.2002.9412 VL - 181 IS - 3 SP - 164-173 SN - 1096-0333 KW - permethrin KW - pyridostigmine bromide KW - skin KW - absorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of withdrawing feed from swine on meat quality and prevalence of Salmonella colonization at slaughter AU - Morrow, WEM AU - See, MT AU - Eisemann, JH AU - Davies, PR AU - Zering, K T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine whether withholding feed from pigs prior to slaughter had any effects on meat quality, percentage of pigs with Salmonella spp in cecal contents during slaughter, or percentage of pigs with lacerations of the gastrointestinal tract during slaughter.Split-plot design.873 pigs.At the finishing barn, pigs were assigned to 30 pens. Feed withdrawal times were assigned to pens at random, and pigs in each pen were marketed in 3 groups. The first marketing group consisted of the 10 heaviest pigs in each pen, the second consisted of the next 10 heaviest pigs, and the third consisted of all remaining pigs.Withdrawing feed improved the redness score assigned to the meat but did not have any other significant effects on carcass composition or meat quality. The percentage of pigs with Salmonella spp in the cecal contents decreased from the first (73%) to the second (64%) to the third (52%) marketing group. However, isolation of Salmonella spp from cecal contents was not associated with feed withdrawal time or with pen prevalence of Salmonella shedding during the 2 months prior to slaughter. Feed withdrawal time and marketing group did not have any significant effects on overall prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lacerations.Results suggest that withdrawal of feed from pigs prior to slaughter does not increase the prevalence of Salmonella colonization or the risk of carcass contamination associated with gastrointestinal tract lacerations during slaughter but only slightly enhances meat quality. DA - 2002/2/15/ PY - 2002/2/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.497 VL - 220 IS - 4 SP - 497-502 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suspected pokeweed toxicity in a boer goat AU - Smith, G. W. AU - Constable, P. D. T2 - Veterinary and Human Toxicology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 351-353 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prostatic pythiosis in a dog AU - Jaeger, GH AU - Rotstein, DS AU - Law, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 16, Issue 5 p. 598-602 Open Access Prostatic Pythiosis in a Dog Gayle H. Jaeger, Corresponding Author Gayle H. Jaeger Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606; e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorJ. McHugh Law, J. McHugh Law Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author Gayle H. Jaeger, Corresponding Author Gayle H. Jaeger Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606; e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorJ. McHugh Law, J. McHugh Law Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02394.xCitations: 14AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Laflamme DP. Body condition scoring and weight maintenance. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, FL, January 16–21, 1993. 2 Grooters AM, Lopez MK, Brown AK, et al. Production of poly-clonal antibodies for the immunohistochemical identification of Pyth-ium insidiosum. 19th Annual Veterinary Forum, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Denver, CO, 2001. 3 Grooters AM, Gee MK. Development of a nested PCR assay for the detection and identification of Pythium insidiosum. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16: 147– 152. 4 Miller RI. Gastrointestinal phycomycosis in 63 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 186: 473– 478. 5 Thomas RC, Lewis DT. Pythiosis in dogs and cats. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 1998; i: 63– 72. 6 Dykstra MJ, Sharp NJ, Olivry T., et al. A description of cutaneous-subcutaneous pythiosis in fifteen dogs. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 427– 433. 7 Fisher JR, Pace LW, Turk JR, et al. Gastrointestinal pythiosis in Missouri dogs: Eleven cases. J Vet Diagn Invest 1994; 6: 380– 382. 8 Helman RG, Oliver J. Pythiosis of the digestive tract in dogs from Oklahoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1999; 35: 111– 114. 9 Foil CS. Miscellaneous fungal diseases. In: CE Green, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 2nd ed. Philadelphia , PA : WB Saunders; 1998: 420– 430. 10 Cooper RC, Allison N., Boring JG. Apparent successful surgical treatment of intestinal pythiosis with vascular invasion in a dog. Canine Pract 1991; 16: 9– 12. 11 Patton CS, Hake R., Newton, et al. Esophagitis due to Pythium insidiosum infection in two dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1996; 10: 139– 142. 12 Ader PL. Phycomycosis in fifteen dogs and two cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979; 174: 1216– 1223. 13 Pavletic MM, Miller RI, Turnwald GH. Intestinal infarction associated with canine phycomycosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1983; 19: 1227– 1229. 14 Bissonnette KW, Sharp NJ, Dykstra MH, et al. Nasal and ret-robulbar mass in a cat caused by Pythium insidiosum. J Med Vet Mycol 1991; 29: 39– 44. 15 Chaffin MK, Schumaker J., McMullan WC. Cutaneous pythiosis in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1995; 11: 91– 103. Citing Literature Volume16, Issue5September 2002Pages 598-602 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0598:PPIAD>2.3.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 598-602 SN - 0891-6640 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixed-effects modeling of the interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of oxytetracycline AU - Martin-Jimenez, T AU - Riviere, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AB - Differences in the disposition of certain drugs across mammalian species often arise because of their diverse physiology and anatomical characteristics. Factors such as body mass, brain weight, and maximum lifespan are related to the way that different species of mammals handle drugs. Drug disposition data can be scaled across species when chronological time is substituted by the appropriate measure of pharmacokinetic time. In this study, we developed allometric scaling models for oxytetracycline, using serum disposition data obtained from the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank. The data were modeled using the mixed-effects modeling approach. The models obtained were validated using disposition data on swine. Oxytetracycline scaled across species based on body weight and the best interspecies model adequately predicted the value of the pharmacokinetic parameters across species. The population approach allows one to estimate the allometric coefficients and exponents of the pharmacokinetic parameters to obtain a model that best fits the multi-species pooled concentration-time data. Furthermore, this approach allows decisions to be made based on the statistical significance of the parameter estimates and the adequacy of the models that are not possible with traditional approaches. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1002/jps.10001 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 331-341 SN - 0022-3549 KW - NONMEM KW - oxytetracycline KW - allometry KW - population pharmacokinetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Congestive heart failure in horses: 14 cases (1984-2001) AU - Davis, JL AU - Gardner, SY AU - Schwabenton, B AU - Breuhaus, BA T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To identify clinical signs, underlying cardiac conditions, echocardiographic findings, and prognosis for horses with congestive heart failure.Retrospective study.14 horses.Signalment; history; clinical signs; clinicopathologic, echocardiographic, and radiographic findings; treatment; and outcome were determined by reviewing medical records.All 14 horses were examined because of a heart murmur; tachycardia was identified in all 14. Twelve horses had echocardiographic evidence of enlargement of 1 or more chambers of the heart. Other common clinical findings included jugular distention or pulsation, crackles, cough, tachypnea, and ventral edema. Nine horses had signs consistent with heart failure for > 6 days. Underlying causes for heart failure included congenital defects, traumatic vascular rupture, pericarditis, pulmonary hypertension secondary to heaves, and valvular dysplasia. Seven horses were euthanatized after diagnosis of heart failure; 5 were discharged but were euthanatized or died of complications of heart disease within 1 year after discharge. The remaining 2 horses were discharged but lost to follow-up.Results suggest that congestive heart failure is rare in horses. A loud heart murmur accompanied by either jugular distention or pulsation, tachycardia, respiratory abnormalities (crackles, cough, tachypnea), and ventral edema were the most common clinical signs. Echocardiography was useful in determining the underlying cause in affected horses. The long-term prognosis for horses with congestive heart failure was grave. DA - 2002/5/15/ PY - 2002/5/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.1512 VL - 220 IS - 10 SP - 1512-1515 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Chemical food safety: A scientist's perspective AU - Riviere, J. E. CN - TX531 .R56 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press SN - 0813802547 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative feeds for beef cattle AU - Rogers, GM AU - Poore, MH T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00024-5 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - XI-XII SN - 0749-0720 ER -