TY - CONF TI - Dermal absorption and toxicity of topically applied jet fuels: In vitro and in vivo studies AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Monetiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Allen, D.G. AU - Budsaba, K. AU - Smith, C.E. T2 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2001/// C3 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/1// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving waterborne disease outbreak investigations. T2 - International journal of environmental health research AB - This article is a summary of discussions held and recommendations made at a workshop for the investigation of waterborne disease outbreaks in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, December 7‐8, 1998. Suspected waterborne outbreaks in the United States are primarily investigated by state and local public health officials who may infrequently conduct enteric disease outbreak investigations. Thus, it is important that officials have a formal plan to ensure that epidemiological studies are methodologically sound and that effective collaboration occurs among the epidemiologists, scientists, and engineers who will conduct the investigations. Laboratory support to analyze water samples and clinical specimens should be arranged well in advance of when services may be needed. Enhanced surveillance activities can help officials recognize additional outbreaks and initiate investigations in a timely manner. Epidemiologists should pay more attention early in the investigation to study design, questionnaire development, and sources of bias, especially recall bias, that may affect the interpretation of observed associations. Improved investigations can increase our knowledge about important etiological agents, water systems deficiencies, and sources of water contamination so that waterborne outbreaks can be more effectively prevented. DA - 2001/9/1/ PY - 2001/9/1/ DO - 10.1080/09603120120070847 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120120070847 KW - waterborne outbreaks KW - recall bias KW - misclassification bias ER - TY - CONF TI - Stereochemistry of dermal absorption of permethrin AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Yeates, J.L. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Baynes, R.E. T2 - Illness Among Gulf War Veterans: A Decade of Scientific Research C2 - 2001/1/24/ C3 - Proceedings of Illness Among Gulf War Veterans: A Decade of Scientific Research CY - Alexandra, VA DA - 2001/1/24/ PY - 2001/1/24/ ER - TY - CONF TI - DEET and pyridostigmine bromide effects on dermal disposition of permethrin AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Conference on Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Decade of Scientific Research C2 - 2001/1// C3 - Proceedings of the Conference on Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Decade of Scientific Research CY - Alexandra, VA DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// SP - 152 ER - TY - CONF TI - Systemic pyridostiogmine suppresses inflamatory cytokine release after topical permethrin and DEET exposure AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Conference on Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Decade of Scientific Research C2 - 2001/1// C3 - Proceedings of the Conference on Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Decade of Scientific Research CY - Alexandra, VA DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// SP - 149 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Quantitating the percutaneous absorption of mechanistically-defined chemical mixtures. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Smith, C.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. A3 - NTIS DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// SP - 1–109 M1 - AFOSR GF 49620-98-1-0105 M3 - Final Report PB - NTIS SN - AFOSR GF 49620-98-1-0105 UR - https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA422081.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Dermal exposure assessment and comparative penetration studies of pentachlorophenol using in vitro human skin, tissue culture, and porcine skin models AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition C2 - 2001/6/2/ C3 - American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 2001/6/2/ PY - 2001/6/2/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Stereoselective absorption of permethrin through silastic membrane and excised porcine skin in vitro flow through diffusion system AU - Yeattes, J.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Baynes, R.E. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/3/25/ VL - 60 SP - 129 M1 - 1S ER - TY - CONF TI - Influence of DEET and pyridostigmine bromide on dermal disposition of permethrin AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Abdullahi, A.R. AU - Wilkes, R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/2/25/ VL - 60 SP - 128–129, M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2001Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling percutaneous absorption from complex chemical mixtures AU - Pirone, J.R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/// C3 - The Toxicologist DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/3/25/ VL - 60 SP - 60 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Morphological assessment of short term dermal application of Jet-A, JP-8, and JP-8+100 in the pig AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2001/// VL - 60 SP - 57 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2001Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - JP-8 additives can influence the dermal absorption of jet fuel components AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Abdullahi, A.R. AU - Wilkes, R. AU - Baynes, R.E. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/3/25/ VL - 60 SP - 57–58 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2001Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in primary and immortalized porcine keratinocytes exposed to jet fuels: A comparison to normal human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Allen, D.G. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/2/25/ VL - 60 SP - 179 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2001Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - In vitro percutaneous absorption of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates NPE-4 and NPE-9 in isolated perfused skin AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Joiner, R.L. AU - Simon, G.S. AU - VanMiller, J.P. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/3// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3/25/ VL - 60 SP - 60 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2001Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Significant effects of application vehicle, skin occlusion, cutaneous CYP450 induction, and ambient temperature on dermal absorption and cutaneous disposition of pentachlorophenol (PCP AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology C2 - 2001/// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/3/25/ VL - 60 SP - 60 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2001Tox.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Penicillins and Related -Lactam Antibiotics AU - Vaden, S. AU - Riviere, James T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Adams, H.R. PY - 2001/// ET - 8th SP - 818–827 PB - Iowa State University Press SN - 9780813817439 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Highway runoff effects on Freshwater Mussel Health AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Centerline: Environmental Quarterly Newsletter DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// SP - 7 PB - NC Department of Transportation ER - TY - CONF TI - Hemolymph Collection in Elliptio complanata AU - Gustafson, L. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Bogan, A. AU - Showers, W. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Stoskopf, M. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2001/3// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Population Dynamics in Neutered and Intact Feral Cat Colonies AU - Nutter, F. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Stoskopf, M. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2001/3// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Determination of Host Fish Species for the Propagation of Endangered Freshwater Mussels AU - Tuttle, A. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2001/3// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Prevalence of Bacterial Food-borne Pathogens in Shellfish AU - Tlamka, B. AU - Pitts, T. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - French, J.B. AU - Mare, CI AU - Joens, L.A. T2 - Eighty-Second Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases C2 - 2001/// CY - St. Louis, Missouri DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/11// ER - TY - CONF TI - A Method For Measuring Growth In Living Freshwater Mussels AU - Molina, R. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Savidge, T. AU - Bogan, A. AU - Johnson, J. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Symposium C2 - 2001/3// DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Freshwater mussels of North Carolina AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// M3 - poster ER - TY - CONF TI - Affects Of Flow On Juveniles Of Lampsilis Radiata Radiata Reared In An Indoor Recirculating Culture System AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Savidge, T. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Symposium C2 - 2001/3// CY - Pittsburgh, PA DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Freshwater mussels: A learning resource and activity book AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// PB - N.C. Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership ER - TY - CONF TI - Nonlethal Hemolymph Collection for Assessing Freshwater Mollusk Health AU - Gustafson, L. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Bogan, A. AU - Showers, W. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Stoskopf, M. T2 - Freshwater Mussel Conservation Society Symposium C2 - 2001/3// CY - Pittsburgh, PA DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Life Cycle of Freshwater Mussels AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S AU - Bogan, A DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// M3 - poster ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of a Multitiered Approach to Assess Health Status of Coastal North Carolina Fish AU - Law, J.M. AU - Choi, K.J. AU - Johnson, A.K. AU - Lehmann, D.W. AU - Pettengill, M. AU - Levine, J. AU - Harms, C T2 - 22nd Annual Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Meeting C2 - 2001/11// CY - Baltimore, Maryland DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Primer for non-immunologists on immune-deficient mice and their applications in research AU - Croy, B. AU - Linder, K. AU - Yager, J. T2 - Comparative Medicine DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 300–313 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biocompatible surfaces and a method for their preparation AU - Nelson, D.J. AU - Hai, T.T. AU - Pereira, D.E. AU - Estep, T.N. DA - 2001/9/12/ PY - 2001/9/12/ M1 - US6204254B1 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - US6204254B1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salpingitis in Pekin Ducks Associated with Concurrent Infection with Tetratrichomonas sp. and Escherichia Coli AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Walker, Richard L. AU - Nordhausen, Robert AU - Sawyer, Sherilyn J. AU - Manalac, Rosa B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation AB - Increased mortality (1.5% per week) and low egg production (5–10% lower than normal) were observed in a flock of domestic breeding Pekin ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos). At necropsy, salpingitis and peritonitis were the most significant findings. Histologically, there was accumulation of necrotic debris in the lumen of the oviduct. Numerous bacteria and trichomonads were observed histologically in the lumen of the vagina and occasionally in the shell gland. Escherichia coli and a trichomonad were isolated from the oviduct. The trichomonads were oval (6–8 μm long, 4.5–6 μm wide) and had 4 anterior flagella and an undulating membrane extending over the entire length of the body, finishing in a long posterior flagellum. Morphology was consistent with trichomonads of the genus Tetratrichomonas. Comparative sequence analysis of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and the flanking internal transcribed space regions of the trichomonad isolate did not closely match with available sequences of the same region of other trichomonadid protozoa. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1177/104063870101300309 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 240-245 J2 - J VET Diagn Invest LA - en OP - SN - 1040-6387 1943-4936 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870101300309 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ability of Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Variables to Differentiate Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Mastitis in Dairy Cows AU - Smith, Geoffrey W. AU - Constable, Peter D. AU - Morin, Dawn E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0394:aohasb>2.3.co;2 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 394-400 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02335.x DB - Crossref KW - bovine KW - coliform KW - neutrophil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marek's Disease Virus Infection in the Brain: Virus Replication, Cellular Infiltration, and Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Expression AU - Gimeno, I. M. AU - Witter, R. L. AU - Hunt, H. D. AU - Lee, L. F. AU - Reddy, S. M. AU - Neumann, U. T2 - Veterinary Pathology AB - Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection in the brain was studied chronologically after inoculating 3-week-old chickens of two genetic lines with two strains of serotype I MDV representing two pathotypes (v and vv+). Viral replication in the brain was strongly associated with the development of lesions. Three viral antigens (pp38, gB, and meq) were detected in the brain of infected chickens. Marked differences between v and vv+ pathotypes of MDV were identified for level of virus replication, time course of brain lesions, and expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Two pathologic phenomena (inflammatory and proliferative) were detected in the brain of chickens inoculated with vv+MDV, but only inflammatory lesions were observed in those inoculated with vMDV. Inflammatory lesions, mainly composed of macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, started at 6-10 days postinoculation (dpi) and were transient. Proliferative lesions, characterized by severe infiltrates of CD4+CD8- T cells (blasts), started at 19-26 dpi and persisted. Expression of MHC antigens in endothelial cells and infiltrating cells within the brain was influenced by MDV infection. Upregulation of MHC class II antigen occurred in all treatment groups, although it was more severe in those inoculated with vv+MDV. MHC class I antigen was downregulated only in those groups inoculated with vv+MDV. These results enhance our understanding of the nature and pattern of MDV infection in the brain and help to explain the neurovirulence associated with highly virulent MDV. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1354/vp.38-5-491 VL - 38 IS - 5 SP - 491-503 J2 - Vet Pathol LA - en OP - SN - 0300-9858 1544-2217 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.38-5-491 DB - Crossref KW - central nervous system KW - chickens KW - immunohistochemistry KW - lesions KW - major histocompatibility complex KW - Marek's disease virus KW - pathogenesis KW - polymerase chain reaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species and organ specificity of fumonisin-induced endothelial alterations: Potential role in porcine pulmonary edema AU - Gumprecht, Laura A. AU - Smith, Geoffrey W. AU - Constable, Peter C. AU - Haschek, Wanda M. T2 - Toxicology AB - Fumonisins, mycotoxins that commonly contaminate corn, induce cardiovascular toxicity and pulmonary edema in pigs, leukoencephalomalacia in horses, and nephropathy in rats, rabbits, and lambs. The mechanisms of these species-specific target organ toxicoses are poorly understood. We have previously reported perinuclear accumulation of membranous material in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells of pigs fed fumonisin-containing culture material. We hypothesized that these endothelial accumulations may be important in the pathogenesis of fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema and target organ toxicity in other species. Both target and non-target tissues from fumonisin-exposed pigs, sheep, rabbits, and rats were examined ultrastructurally. Specifically, lung, liver, heart and kidney were examined. In agreement with our previous work (Gumprecht, L.A., Beasley, V.R., Weigel, R.M., Parker, H.M., Tumbleson, M.E., Bacon, C.W., Meredith, F.I., Haschek, W.M., 1998. Development of fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary edema in orally dosed swine: morphological and biochemical parameters. Tox. Pathol. 26, 777-788), endothelial alterations were present in the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells of pigs fed fumonisin-containing culture material, but at doses that did not induce pulmonary edema, as well as in pigs injected intravenously with purified fumonisin B(1). These alterations were present only in the pulmonary capillary endothelium of pigs and not in other species. In addition, these endothelial alterations were not present in any other organ of pigs or other species examined. Thus, these endothelial alterations are induced by fumonisin B(1), but only in pulmonary capillary endothelium and only in pigs. Although evidence that these alterations play a role in fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema is limited, other endothelial functions may be affected by fumonisin treatment. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00444-3 VL - 160 IS - 1-3 SP - 71-79 J2 - Toxicology LA - en OP - SN - 0300-483X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00444-3 DB - Crossref KW - endothelial cells KW - Fusarium verticillioides KW - fumonisin B-1 KW - fumonisins KW - heart KW - kidney KW - liver KW - lung KW - pig KW - ultrastructure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fumonisin B1 Increases Serum Sphinganine Concentration but Does Not Alter Serum Sphingosine Concentration or Induce Cardiovascular Changes in Milk-Fed Calves AU - Mathur, S. AU - Constable, P.D. AU - Eppley, R.M. AU - Tumbleson, M.E. AU - Smith, G.W. AU - Tranquilli, W.J. AU - Morin, D.E. AU - Haschek, W.M. T2 - Toxicological Sciences AB - Fumonisin B(1) is the most toxic and commonly occurring form of a group of mycotoxins that alter sphingolipid biosynthesis and induce leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary edema in pigs. Purified fumonisin B(1) (1 mg/kg, iv, daily) increased serum sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations and decreased cardiovascular function in pigs within 5 days. We therefore examined whether the same dosage schedule of fumonisin B(1) produced a similar effect in calves. Ten milk-fed male Holstein calves were instrumented to obtain blood and cardiovascular measurements. Treated calves (n = 5) were administered purified fumonisin B(1) at 1 mg/kg, iv, daily for 7 days and controls (n = 5) were administered 10 ml 0.9% NaCl, iv, daily. Each calf was euthanized on day 7. In treated calves, serum sphinganine concentration increased from day 3 onward (day 7, 0.237 +/- 0.388 micromol/l; baseline, 0.010 +/- 0.007 micromol/l; mean +/- SD), whereas, serum sphingosine concentration was unchanged (day 7, 0.044 +/- 0.065 micromol/l; baseline, 0.021 +/- 0.025 micromol/l). Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, central venous pressure, plasma volume, base-apex electrocardiogram, arterial Po(2), and systemic oxygen delivery were unchanged in treated and control calves. Fumonisin-treated calves developed metabolic acidosis (arterial blood pH, 7.27 +/- 0.11; base excess, -9.1 +/- 7.6 mEq/l), but all survived for 7 days. We conclude that calves are more resistant to fumonisin B(1) cardiovascular toxicity than pigs. DA - 2001/4/1/ PY - 2001/4/1/ DO - 10.1093/toxsci/60.2.379 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 379-384 SN - 1096-0929 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/60.2.379 KW - fumonisin KW - sphingosine KW - sphinganine KW - sphingolipid KW - cardiovascular toxicity KW - metabolic acidosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fumonisin toxicosis in swine: an overview of porcine pulmonary edema and current perspectives. AU - Haschek, W M AU - Gumprecht, L A AU - Smith, G AU - Tumbleson, M E AU - Constable, P D T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Fumonisin toxicosis in swine was named porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) after outbreaks of a fatal disease in pigs fed Fusarium verticillioides (F. moniliforme)-contaminated corn screenings from the 1989 corn crop in Iowa, Illinois, and Georgia. Pigs that died had severe pulmonary edema, which has not been identified in other species after exposure to fumonisins. The disease has been reproduced experimentally by feeding of naturally contaminated corn, F. verticillioides culture material, and by intravenous administration of fumonisin B1 (FB1). Hepatic lesions consisting of apoptosis, necrosis, and hepatocyte proliferation also are observed. As in other species, alterations in clinical pathology reflect hepatic injury as well as elevated serum cholesterol concentration. In chronic studies, esophageal plaques, hyperplastic hepatic nodules, and right ventricular hypertrophy were found. In pigs, as in other species, fumonisin alters sphingolipid biosynthesis, with the greatest alterations in sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations in kidney, liver, lung, and heart. Our recent studies on fumonisin toxicosis in pigs have focused on immune effects and the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. The specific immune system was not affected; however, FB1 inhibited phagocytosis and sphingolipid biosynthesis in pulmonary macrophages. Fumonisin induced an accumulation of membranous material in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells; this change appears specific to this cell type and to swine. In short-term cardiovascular studies, fumonisin decreased left ventricular dP/dt(max) (an index of cardiac contractility), mean systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output, and increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure. These changes are compatible with the inhibition of L-type calcium channels by increased sphingosine and/or sphinganine concentration. Therefore, fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema in swine appears to result from acute left-sided heart failure mediated by altered sphingolipid biosynthesis. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1289/ehp.01109s2251 VL - 109 IS - suppl 2 SP - 251-257 J2 - Environmental Health Perspectives LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s2251 DB - Crossref KW - cardiovascular KW - fumonisin KW - immune system KW - liver KW - pulmonary edema KW - sphinganine KW - sphingosine KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ability of hematologic and serum biochemical variables to differentiate gram-negative and gram-positive mastitis in dairy cows. T2 - Journal of veterinary internal medicine AB - Medical records of 142 dairy cows with clinical mastitis were examined to determine whether hematologic or serum biochemical results could be used to distinguish between mastitis episodes caused by gram‐negative bacteria (n = 78) from those caused by gram‐positive bacteria (n = 64). Signalment, historic information, hematologic and serum biochemical results, milk culture results, and outcome (discharged from hospital or died) were obtained from the medical records. Cows with gram‐negative mastitis had significantly ( P < .01) lower blood leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts and had higher blood hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrits than did cows with gram‐positive mastitis. Serum urea nitrogen was the only serum biochemical result associated with pathogen type, and it was higher in cows with gram‐negative mastitis than in those with gram‐positive mastitis. Mortality rate (25% overall) did not differ between groups. Logistic regression indicated that routine hematologic analysis (segmented neutrophil count, monocyte count, and hemoglobin concentration) was an accurate predictor of gram‐negative mastitis, with a sensitivity of .93, a specificity of .89, and an overall accuracy of 91%. The values for sensitivity and specificity were higher than those previously reported for clinical tests differentiating mastitis episodes caused by gram‐negative bacteria from those caused by gram‐positive bacteria. Our results indicate that routine hematologic analysis is useful for predicting pathogen type in dairy cows with clinical mastitis, thereby facilitating treatment decisions. DA - 2001/7/1/ PY - 2001/7/1/ DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02335.x UR - https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0394:AOHASB>2.3.CO;2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long term survival and infectivity of Salmonella choleraesuis AU - Gray, J.T. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. T2 - Berliner und MunchenerTierarztlche Wochenschrift DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 114 IS - 9-10 SP - 370-374 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Surveillance resistance in animals and man: current programmes and possibilities AU - Fedorka‐Cray, P.J. T2 - Antimicrobial Resistance A2 - Wilbur, R. A2 - Soulsby, E. J. L. PY - 2001/// SP - 177–181 PB - Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studies on survival of pseudorabies virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis in composted swine carcasses AU - Garcia-Sierra, J. AU - Rozeboom, D.W. AU - Straw, B.E. AU - Thacker, B.J. AU - Granger, L.M. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Gray, J.T. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 225-231 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sources and Movement of Salmonella through Integrated Poultry Operations: A Multistate Epidemiological Investigation AU - Bailey, J. S. AU - Stern, N. J. AU - Fedorka Cray, P. AU - Craven, S. E. AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Cosby, D. E. AU - Ladely, S. AU - Musgrove, M. T. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - The prevalence of Salmonella from numerous sources in 32 integrated broiler operations of high- and low-performing broiler houses was characterized from four states across four seasons. Previous studies of Salmonella in broilers have been limited in scope, offering only a snapshot of pathogen prevalence as seen on a small number of individual farms. Twenty-six different sample types were collected from the hatchery to the end of processing, and Salmonella was found in all sample types. A total of 10,740 samples were analyzed for Salmonella, and 973 (9.1%) of these samples, including 49 of 798 (6.1%) carcass rinse samples, were Salmonella positive. Hatchery transport pads (389 of 765, 50.8%), flies (28 of 150, 18.7%), drag swabs (57 of 402, 14.2%), and boot swabs (20 of 167, 12%) were samples from which Salmonella was most frequently isolated. Thirty-six different serotypes were identified, and the most frequently encountered serotypes were Salmonella Senftenberg, Salmonella Thompson, and Salmonella Montevideo. Determining critical contaminating sources and following the movement of Salmonella through integrated poultry operations will help researchers and the industry develop practical intervention strategies. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1690 VL - 64 IS - 11 SP - 1690-1697 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1690 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colonization of Broiler Chicks by Salmonella Typhimurium Definitive Phage Type 104 AU - Fedorka Cray, Paula J. AU - Ladely, Scott R. AU - Bailey, J. Stan AU - Stern, Norman J. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - The prevalence of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has increased dramatically in recent years resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. Colonization and shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was studied in broiler chickens in two trials. In trial 1, 180 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 60 per group, n = 30 per replicate) were challenged with 10(6) CFU DT104 (wild-type isolate from poultry) or were commingled with a seeder chick challenged with 10(6) CFU DT104. In trial 2, 360 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 120 per treatment, n = 30 per rep) were divided into three groups. Chicks in the susceptible group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 10(7) CFU/bird of a pan-sensitive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Chicks in the resistant group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 10(7) CFU/bird DT104 used in trial 1. For both trials, a control group was not exposed to DT104, composite fecal samples were evaluated twice weekly for levels of Salmonella shedding and 20 chicks per group were necropsied weekly and their cecal contents were cultured. At hatch all groups were colonized with naturally occurring Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Mbandaka (trial 1) or Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Ohio (trial 2) prior to exposure to DT104. Throughout the study, the level of Salmonella spp. shedding in feces (trial 1 means 3.1, 2.9, and 3.0 log10 CFU per g feces for challenged, seeder, and control groups, respectively) or ceca (trial 2 means 2.9. 2.9. and 2.5 log10 CFU per g ceca for resistant, susceptible, and control groups, respectively) did not differ among groups. In trial 1, colonization of DT104 remained constant at higher levels in the challenged group (mean 87%, P < 0.01), increased over time in the seeder group (10 to 50%, P < 0.02) and was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Mbandaka colonization remained steady within each group with challenge and seeder groups maintaining higher levels of colonization than the control group. Salmonella Senftenberg colonization levels tended to decline (P = .058) over time in the challenged group (20 to 0%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.01) over time for both the seeder (80 to 0%) and control chicks (85 to 10%). In trial 2, the percentage of chicks colonized with susceptible DT104 declined (r = 0.90, P < 0.05) over the course of the trial from 45 to 0%, while recovery of the resistant DT104 persisted at a mean percentage of 27%. DT104 was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Ohio colonization levels tended to decline (r = 0.79, P > 0.05) over time in the control group (75 to 20%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) over time in both susceptible and resistant groups (40 to 10%, r = 0.82 and 55 to 5%, r = 0.85, respectively). Salmonella Senftenberg was recovered from the control group at low frequency throughout the trial and was not recovered from the other groups. For either trial, no apparent affect on morbidity or mortality was observed. Introduction of DT104 by commingling may induce colonization resulting in persistent high levels of shedding in flocks simultaneously with other Salmonella species. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1698 VL - 64 IS - 11 SP - 1698-1704 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1698 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of Campylobacter spp. in Selected U.S. Poultry Production and Processing Operations AU - Stern, N. J. AU - Fedorka Cray, P. AU - Bailey, J. S. AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Craven, S. E. AU - Hiett, K. L. AU - Musgrove, M. T. AU - Ladely, S. AU - Cosby, D. AU - Mead, G. C. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - A study was conducted of 32 broiler flocks on eight different farms, belonging to four major U.S. producers. The farms were studied over I complete calendar year. Overall, 28 (87.5%) of the flocks became Campylobacter positive, and only four (12.5%) remained negative throughout the 6- to 8-week rearing period. In the majority of flocks, sampled every 2 weeks throughout production, Campylobacter-positive fecal and cecal samples were not detected until 4 to 8 weeks of age. In only six of the flocks were environmental samples found to be positive before shedding of Campylobacter was detected in the birds. Even in some of the Campylobacter-negative flocks, contamination of the rearing environment was positive for Campylobacter but did not result in the birds subsequently excreting the organism. These findings are discussed in relation to U.S. husbandry practices and present uncertainty about sources of Campylobacter infection for poultry flocks. Birds were often transported to the processing plant in coops that were already contaminated with Campylobacter, and the organisms were sometimes found in samples of scald water and chill water. After chilling, the proportions of Campylobacter-positive carcasses from different producers ranged from 21.0 to 40.9%, which is lower than in other studies, and possible reasons are considered. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1705 VL - 64 IS - 11 SP - 1705-1710 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1705 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal Shedding of Salmonella spp. by Dairy Cows on Farm and at Cull Cow Markets AU - Wells, S. J. AU - Fedorka Cray, P. J. AU - Dargatz, D. A. AU - Ferris, K. AU - Green, A. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - As part of a national study of the U.S. dairy cow population, fecal samples were collected from representative cows on 91 dairies and 97 cull dairy cow markets in 19 states. Salmonella spp. were recovered from 5.4% of milk cows, 18.1% of milk cows expected to be culled within 7 days, and 14.9% of culled dairy cows at markets. On a premise basis, Salmonella shedding in milk cows was detected on 21.1% of dairies and 66% of cull dairy cow markets. The percentage of herds with at least one cow with detectable Salmonella fecal shedding was higher during the sampling period from May through July, in herds with at least 100 milk cows, and in herds in the South region. The most common Salmonella serogroups isolated were E (30.8% of isolates) and C1 (28.6%); the most common serotypes isolated were Salmonella Montevideo (21.5% of isolates), Salmonella Cerro (13.3%), and Salmonella Kentucky (8.5%). Fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Typhimurium var. copenhagen was infrequent (2.8% of isolates). Most isolates (88.9%) were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials evaluated; multiple resistance was an infrequent occurrence. This study provides information describing the distribution of Salmonella fecal shedding from dairy cows on farm and at markets and will serve as a baseline for future studies. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-64.1.3 VL - 64 IS - 1 SP - 3-11 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.1.3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival and Infectivity of Salmonella Choleraesuis in Swine Feces AU - Gray, Jeffrey T. AU - Fedorka Cray, Paula J. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - Many serotypes of Salmonella survive well in the environment. Conversely, it is believed that Salmonella Choleraesuis, the host-adapted serotype of swine, does not survive well outside the host. We examined the survival capability of Salmonella Choleraesuis in swine feces. Six pigs were infected with Salmonella Choleraesuis and feces were collected and pooled on days 2, 4, 7, and 10 postinoculation (PI). Feces were stored in a wet and a dry form, and survival was measured over 13 months. Salmonella Choleraesuis was recovered from wet feces through 3 months of storage. In a desiccated (dry) form, Salmonella Choleraesuis was recovered from at least 13 months. Salmonella Choleraesuis shed from swine prior to 4 days PI did not survive as well as that shed 4 days PI or later. We also examined the infectivity of Salmonella Choleraesuis resident in dry feces. Six- or 13-week-old pigs were inoculated with dry feces that had been stored either 2 months or 4 months, respectively. Pigs were inoculated either intranasally or by mixing dry feces with the swine ration. Although clinical signs were mild, Salmonella Choleraesuis was widely disseminated among the tissues of all the pigs inoculated. This study demonstrates that Salmonella Choleraesuis remains viable and infective in the environment. Therefore, contaminated fecal matter can serve as a reservoir for Salmonella Choleraesuis as well as other Salmonella spp. Control measures must consider this environmental reservoir as a source of new infections. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-64.7.945 VL - 64 IS - 7 SP - 945-949 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.7.945 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marek's Disease Virus Down-Regulates Surface Expression of MHC (B Complex) Class I (BF) Glycoproteins during Active but not Latent Infection of Chicken Cells AU - Hunt, H.D. AU - Lupiani, B. AU - Miller, M.M. AU - Gimeno, I. AU - Lee, L.F. AU - Parcells, M.S. T2 - Virology AB - Infection of chicken cells with three Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotypes interferes with expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC or B complex) class I (BF) glycoproteins. BF surface expression is blocked after infection of OU2 cells with MDV serotypes 1, 2, and 3. MDV-induced T-cell tumors suffer a nearly complete loss of cell surface BF upon virus reactivation with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR). The recombinant virus (RB1BUS2gfpDelta) transforming the MDCC-UA04 cell line expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) during the immediate early phase of viral gene expression. Of the UA04 cells induced to express the immediate early GFP, approximately 60% have reduced levels of BF expression. All of the reactivated UA04 and MSB1 tumor cells expressing the major early viral protein pp38 display reduced levels of BF. Thus, BF down-regulation begins in the immediate early phase and is complete by the early phase of viral gene expression. The intracellular pool of BF is not appreciably affected, indicating that the likely mechanism is a block in BF transport and not the result of transcriptional or translational regulation. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1006/viro.2000.0797 VL - 282 IS - 1 SP - 198-205 J2 - Virology LA - en OP - SN - 0042-6822 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0797 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential attenuation of the induction by Marek's disease virus of transient paralysis and persistent neurological disease: A model for pathogenesis studies AU - Gimeno, Isabel M. AU - Witter, Richard L. AU - Hunt, Henry D. AU - Reddy, Sanjay M. AU - Neumann, Ulrich T2 - Avian Pathology AB - Since different biological characteristics of Marek's disease virus (MDV) are attenuated at different passage levels in cell culture, an analysis of attenuation times provides, in theory, a model for establishing the presence or absence of relationships between characteristics, thus providing a basis to link them to genetic changes in the causative virus. We have used this model to better understand the pathogenesis of the central nervous system infection as well as to evaluate the relationship of clinical neurological disease to various other parameters of MDV infection. Inoculation of 15 x7 crossbred chickens with strain 648A of very virulent plus MDV at different passage levels (between 10 and 100) showed that two neurological syndromes (transient paralysis (TP) and persistent neurological disease), were attenuated at different passage levels. While strain 648A lost the ability to induce TP between 30 and 40 passages in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures, an event closely related with all parameters of MDV infection involving viral replication (early cytolytic infection in lymphoid organs and viral replication in the feather follicle epithelium), the ability to induce persistent neurological disease was lost between 80 and 90 passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts, coincident with the loss of neoplastic lesions in peripheral nerves and other visceral organs. These data strongly suggest that transient paralysis and persistent neurological disease are unrelated and differently regulated. Moreover, comparison of brain changes induced by strain 648A at passage level 30 (TP) and at passage level 40 (no TP) also contributed to a better understanding of which brain alterations are associated with the onset of TP. The use of viruses at different passage levels with varying degrees of attenuation is presented as a useful tool for studying pathogenesis of MDV infection. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1080/03079450120066403 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 397-409 J2 - Avian Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 0307-9457 1465-3338 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450120066403 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Tetracyclines AU - Spoo, W. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Adams, H.R. PY - 2001/// ET - 8th SP - 828-840 PB - Iowa State University Press SN - 9780813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sulfonamides AU - Spoo, W AU - Riviere, James T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Adams, H.R. PY - 2001/// ET - 8th SP - 796-817 PB - Iowa State University Press SN - 9780813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Penicillins and related beta-Lactam antibiotics AU - Vaden, S. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (8th ed.) PY - 2001/// SP - 818-827 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Dermatopharmacology: drugs acting locally on the skin AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Spoo, W. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (8th ed.) PY - 2001/// VL - 53 SP - 1084-1104 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chemical residues in tissues of food animals AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Sundlof, S. F. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (8th ed.) PY - 2001/// SP - 1166-1174 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Aminoglycoside Antibiotics AU - Spoo, W. AU - Riviere, James T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Adams, H.R. PY - 2001/// ET - 8th SP - 841–867 PB - Iowa State University Press SN - 9780813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pesticide disposition: dermal absorption AU - Baynes, R. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (2nd ed.) AB - Percutaneous absorption is reported as the possible route of entry in 65-85% of all cases of occupational exposure with pesticides. This chapter focuses on mechanisms and pathways of dermal absorption and experimental models used to assess dermal absorption by in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo methods. The effects of biological variability, pesticide chemistry and formulations, and environmental variables that influence dermal absorption are discussed. The skin is relatively impermeable to aqueous solutions and ions, but it may be permeable in varying degrees to a large number of drugs or xenobiotics. Drug or xenobiotic delivery pathways can hypothetically involve intercellular and intracellular passive diffusion across the epidermis and dermis and/or transappendageal routes via hair follicles and sweat pores. Regional variation in skin permeability in different body sites may be related to skin thickness, number of cell layers, cell size of the epidermis and stratum corneum, and distribution of hair follicles and sweat pores. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012426260-7.50025-2 SP - 515-530 PB - San Diego: Academic Press SN - 9780124262614 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fluoroquinolones antimicrobial drugs AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (8th ed.) PY - 2001/// VL - 45 SP - 898-917 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chloramphenicol and derivatives, macrolides, lincosamides, and miscellaneous antibiotics AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (8th ed.) PY - 2001/// SP - 868-897 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Antiseptics/disinfectants AU - Heit, M. C. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology: Therapeutics (8th ed.) PY - 2001/// SP - 783-795 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817439 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Antifungal and antiviral drugs AU - Heit, M. C. AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology: Therapeutics (8th ed.) PY - 2001/// SP - 918-946 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817439 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How do you determine the cost-benefit of a biosecurity system? AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 6 SP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biosecurity for turkey breeders AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 7 SP - 30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors associated with Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome AU - Carver, D. K. AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. AU - Stringham, M. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 9 SP - 48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of potential health risks to Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae) and implications for sympatric endangered freshwater mussel species AU - Chittick, B. AU - Stoskopf, M. AU - Law, M. AU - Overstreet, R. AU - Levine, J. T2 - Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of avian mycoplasma strains by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) AU - Ley, D. H. T2 - Zootecnica International DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 6 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - p-nitrobenzoic acid alpha(2u) nephropathy in 13-week studies is not associated with renal carcinogenesis in 2-year feed studies AU - Williams, K. D. AU - Dunnick, J. AU - Horton, J. AU - Greenwell, A. AU - Eldridge, S. R. AU - Elwell, M. AU - Sills, R. C. T2 - Toxicologic Pathology AB - The objective of this study was to characterize the renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of p-nitrobenzoic acid in F344 rats. Dose levels in 13-week and 2-year studies ranged from 630-10,000 ppm and 1,250-5,000 ppm, respectively. At 13 weeks, renal lesions included minimal to mild hyaline droplet accumulation in male rats and karyomegaly in male and female rats. At 2 years, renal lesions included proximal tubule epithelial cell hyperplasia in male rats and oncocytic hyperplasia in high-dose male and female rats, and a decreased severity of nephropathy in males and females. The hvaline droplets in renal tubular epithelial cells of male rats at 13 weeks were morphologically similar to those described in alpha2u-globulin nephropathy. Using immunohistochemical methods, alpha2u-globulin accumulation was associated with the hyaline droplets. In addition, at 13 weeks, cell proliferation as detected by PCNA immunohistochemistry was significantly increased in males exposed to 5,000 and 10,000 ppm when compared to controls. Cytotoxicity associated with alpha2U-globulin nephropathy such as single-cell necrosis of the P2 segment epithelium or accumulation of granular casts in the outer medulla did not occur in the 13-week study. In addition, chronic treatment related nephrotoxic lesions attributed to accumulation of alpha2u-globulin such as linear foci of mineralization within the renal papilla, hyperplasia of the renal pelvis urothelium and kidney tumors were not observed. Although there was histologic evidence of alpha2u-globulin accumulation in male rats at 13 weeks, the minimal severity of nephropathy suggests that the degree of cytotoxicity was below the threshold, which would contribute to the development of renal tumors at 2 years. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1080/019262301317226302 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 507-513 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mortality patterns associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) and coronaviral enteritis in turkey flocks raised in PEMS-affected regions AU - Carver, DK AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Stringham, M AU - Guy, JS AU - Barnes, HJ T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an economically devastating disease. To date, many questions about the syndrome remain unanswered, including its cause, transmission of causative agent(s), and control methods. Turkey coronavirus (TCV) infection has been associated with some outbreaks of PEMS, with areas having a higher prevalence of TCV infection also experiencing an increased incidence of PEMS. This study was designed to establish mortality patterns for flocks experiencing excess mortality and TCV infection in PEMS-affected regions and to delineate the possible role of TCV in PEMS-affected flocks. Fifty-four commercial turkey flocks on farms in areas with and without a history of TCV infection were monitored for weekly mortality and for antibodies to TCV. Flocks were chosen on the basis of placement dates and were monitored from day of placement until processing. All flocks were tested for TCV by an indirect fluorescent antibody assay. PEMS status was determined with the use of the clinical definition of mortality greater than 2% during any 3-wk period from 2 wk of age through the end of brooding due to unknown cause. Of the 54 flocks, 24 remained healthy, 23 experienced PEMS, and 7 tested positive for TCV but did not experience PEMS. Ten flocks experienced PEMS and tested positive for TCV, whereas 13 flocks experienced PEMS and did not test positive for TCV. Four health status groups were evident: healthy, PEMS positive, TCV positive, and PEMS + TCV positive. Distinct mortality patterns were seen for each of the four health status groups. Whereas TCV was associated with PEMS in 43% of PEMS cases, 13 cases (57%) of PEMS did not involve TCV. Additionally, 7 out of 17 cases of TCV (41%) did not experience excess mortality (PEMS) at any time during brooding of the flock. The results of this study indicate that TCV can be associated with PEMS but is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause PEMS. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.2307/1592878 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 985-991 SN - 0005-2086 KW - mortality KW - turkey KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome KW - coronavirus KW - avian KW - disease KW - enteric ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential diagnosis of ulcerative lesions in fish AU - Law, M T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.2307/3454913 VL - 109 SP - 681-686 SN - 1552-9924 KW - Atlantic menhaden KW - Brevoortia tyrannus KW - epizootic ulcerative syndrome KW - fish KW - muscle necrosis KW - skin ulcers KW - ulcerative mycosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute and chronic mineral oil pneumonitis in two horses AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Ramirez, S. AU - Campbell, N. AU - Jones, S. L. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education AB - Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 13, Issue 5 p. 230-234 Acute and chronic mineral oil pneumonitis in two horses J. L. Davis, J. L. Davis Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. Ramirez, S. Ramirez Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorN. Campbell, N. Campbell Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Corresponding Author S. L. Jones Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.†Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author J. L. Davis, J. L. Davis Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. Ramirez, S. Ramirez Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorN. Campbell, N. Campbell Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Corresponding Author S. L. Jones Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.†Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00099.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Blinkhorn, R.J. (1998) Embolic infections of the lung and lipoid pneumonia. In: Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases, Vol. I, 6th edn., Eds: G.L. Baum, J.D. Crapo, B.R. Celli and J.B. Karlinsky, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. pp 639–644. Google Scholar Cassiere, H.A. and Niederman, M.S. (1998) Aspiration pneumonia, lipoid pneumonia and lung abscesses. In: Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases, Vol. I, 6th edn., Eds: G.L. Baum, J.D. Crapo, B.R. Celli and J.B. Karlinsky, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. pp 645–654. Google Scholar Corcoran, B.M., Martin, M., Danke, P.G.G., Anderson, A., Head, K.W., Clutton, R.E., Else, R.W. and Fuentes, V.L. (1992) Lipoid pneumonia in a rough collie dog. J. small Anim. Pract. 33, 544–548. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1992.tb01050.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Scarratt, W.K., Moon, M.L., Sponenberg, D.P. and Feldman, B. (1998) Inappropriate administration of mineral oil resulting in lipoid pneumonia in three horses. Equine vet. J. 30, 85–88. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04094.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Stauffer, B.D. (1982) Stomach intubation accidents. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 181, 448. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sweeney, C.R. and Baker, J.C. (1996) Diseases of the respiratory system. In: Large Animal Internal Medicine, 2nd edn., Ed: B.P. Smith, Mosby, St. Louis. pp 650–651. Google Scholar Wright, J.L. (1995) Consequences of aspiration and bronchial obstruction. In: Pathology of the Lung, 2nd edn., Ed: W.M. Thurlbeck and A.M. Churg, Thieme Medical Publishing, New York. pp 1111–1129. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume13, Issue5October 2001Pages 230-234 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00099.x VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 230-234 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Targeted disruption of CSL ligand-host cell receptor interaction in treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum infection AU - Riggs, M. W. AU - Schaefer, D. A. AU - Kapil, S. J. AU - Barley-Maloney, L. AU - Perryman, L. E. AU - McNeil, M. R. T2 - Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 2001 SP - 44S-46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous development of vocal and physical object combinations by a grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Bottle caps, lids, and labels AU - Pepperberg, I. M. AU - Shive, H. R. T2 - Journal of Comparative Pathology AB - On the basis of primarily behavioral data, researchers (e.g., P. M. Greenfield, 1991) have argued (a) that parallel development of communicative and physical object (manual) combinatorial abilities exists in young children; (b) that these abilities initially have a common neural substrate; (c) that a homologous substrate in great apes allows for similar, if limited, parallel development of these 2 abilities; and (d) that such abilities thus may indicate a shared evolutionary history for both communicative and physical behavior (J. Johnson-Pynn, D. M. Fragaszy, E. M. Hirsh, K. E. Brakke, & P. M. Greenfield, 1999). The authors of the present study found a comparable, if limited, parallel combinatorial development in a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Given the evolutionary distance between parrots and primates, the authors suggest that the search for and arguments concerning responsible substrates and common behavior should be approached with care and should not be restricted to the primate line. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1037//0735-7036.115.4.376-384 VL - 115 IS - 4 SP - 376-384 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyometra and uterine adenocarcinoma in a melengestrol acetate- implanted captive coati (Nasua nasua) AU - Chittick, E. AU - Rotstein, D. AU - Brown, T. AU - Wolfe, B. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - A 9-yr and 3-mo-old captive female coati (Nasua nasua) was implanted with melengestrol acetate for contraception for 4.5 yr prior to presentation. During her annual examination, purulent vaginal discharge and a palpably prominent uterus were identified. Ancillary diagnostic tests including hematology, cystocentesis, radiographs, and abdominal ultrasound were consistent with pyometra. An ovariohysterectomy was performed and histologic examination revealed pyometra and uterine adenocarcinoma, similar to pathology that has been associated with melengestrol acetate contraception in felids, canids, and primates. Given the potential association between melengestrol acetate and uterine pathology in this case, we recommend caution with melengestrol acetate use in procyonids. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032[0245:pauaia]2.0.co;2 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 245-251 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic thromboembolism in a family of domestic shorthair cats AU - Baty, CJ AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Atkins, CE AU - DeFrancesco, TC AU - Sidley, J AU - Keene, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A feline domestic shorthair queen and her 3 offspring were all diagnosed with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The family has been followed for 13 years, and 3 cats have died of aortic thromboembolism (ATE). This communication documents the long-term progression of HCM in these cats that presented with mild left ventricular hypertrophy and hyperdynamic systolic ventricular function, developed progressive left atrial enlargement, and eventually resulted in hypodynamic left ventricular systolic function with relative left ventricular chamber dilation at the time of ATE. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0595:NHOHCA>2.3.CO;2 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 595-599 SN - 0891-6640 KW - cardiac myocyte disarray KW - end stage KW - spontaneous echo contrast KW - systolic function KW - ventricular remodeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec AU - Mikaelian, I AU - Ley, DH AU - Claveau, R AU - Lemieux, M AU - Berube, JP T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - An outbreak of conjunctivitis affected evening grosbeaks (Coccothraustes vespertinus) and pine grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator) in Quebec (Canada) during the winter 1998-99. One to 30% of the individuals from these two species were sick at 13 feeding stations. Sick birds were thin and had unilateral or bilateral catarrhal and lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis and rhinitis, and mucopurulent infra-orbital sinusitis. Mycoplasmal organisms were isolated in cultures in an affected evening grosbeak and identified as Mycoplasma gallisepticum by direct immunofluorescence. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting of this isolate resulted in a banding pattern that was identical to patterns of M. gallisepticum isolates made from similar lesions in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) and American gold finches (Carduelis tristis) throughout eastern North America. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was identified by polymerase chain reaction in another evening grosbeak and a pine grosbeak. These observations suggest that the same strain of M. gallisepticum is the likely etiology for the observed disease in evening and pine grosbeaks in Canada and represent an extension of the host-species range for the ongoing epidemic of M. gallisepticum conjunctivitis in eastern North America. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-37.4.826 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 826-830 SN - 0090-3558 KW - case report KW - Coccothraustes vespertinus KW - conjunctivitis KW - evening grosbeak KW - mycoplasmosis KW - Mycoplasma gallisepticum KW - pine grosbeak KW - Pinicola enucleator ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixed effects modeling of the disposition of gentamicin across domestic animal species AU - Martin-Jimenez, T AU - Riviere, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - An interspecies pharmacokinetic model for gentamicin was developed using the mixed effects modeling approach and serum disposition data obtained from the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). Data that met a priori quality criteria was obtained from the database and analysed using the traditional double logarithmic analysis and the mixed effects modeling approach. Body weight, brain weight and fever were the covariates of interest in our study. Population pharmacokinetic models across species were developed and validated with swine data. The parameter volume of distribution was modeled as a function of body weight. The total clearance was initially modeled as a function of body weight. The predictability performance of the model improved dramatically when the parameter brain weight was included in the covariate model for clearance. This was a surprising finding worthy of further study. The covariate fever seemed to influence the magnitude of the volume of distribution, although the scarcity of data pertaining to diseased animals makes this finding uncertain. We conclude that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs such as gentamicin, can be predicted across species using a population pharmacokinetics modeling approach, and that clinical features that affect species in a similar manner can be also explored in this fashion. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2001.00346.x VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 321-332 SN - 0140-7783 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes of the organotypic retinal organization in Borna virus-infected Lewis rats AU - Kacza, J AU - Mohr, C AU - Pannicke, T AU - Kuhrt, H AU - Dietzel, J AU - Fluss, M AU - Richt, JA AU - Vahlenkamp, TW AU - Stahl, T AU - Reichenbach, A AU - Seeger, J T2 - JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1023/A:1019641404940 VL - 30 IS - 9-10 SP - 801-820 SN - 0300-4864 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunopathology of Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii) in experimentally infected dogs AU - Pappalardo, BL AU - Brown, TT AU - Tompkins, M AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Following natural infection with Bartonella, dogs and humans develop comparable disease manifestations including endocarditis, peliosis hepatis, and granulomatous disease. As the immunologic response to infection in these hosts has not been clearly established, data presented here was derived from the experimental infection of six specific pathogen free (SPF) beagles with a known pathogenic strain of Bartonella. Six dogs were inoculated intravenously with 10(9)cfu of B. vinsonii ssp. berkhoffii and six control dogs were injected intravenously with an equivalent volume of sterile saline. Despite production of substantial levels of specific antibody, blood culture and molecular analyses indicated that Bartonella established chronic infection in these dogs. Flow cytometric analysis of monocytes indicated impaired bacterial phagocytosis during chronic Bartonella infection. There was also a sustained decrease in the percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Moreover, modulation of adhesion molecule expression (downregulation of L-selectin, VLA-4, and LFA-1) on CD8+ lymphocytes suggested quantitative and qualitative impairment of this cell subset in Bartonella-infected dogs. When compared with control dogs, flow cytometric analysis of lymph node (LN) cells from B. vinsonii infected dogs revealed an expanded population of CD4+ T cells with an apparent naïve phenotype (CD45RA+/CD62L+/CD49D(dim)). However, fewer B cells from infected dogs expressed cell-surface MHC II, implicating impaired antigen presentation to helper T cells within LN. Taken together, results from this study indicate that B. vinsonii establishes chronic infection in dogs which may result in immune suppression characterized by defects in monocytic phagocytosis, an impaired subset of CD8+ T lymphocytes, and impaired antigen presentation within LN. DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00372-5 VL - 83 IS - 3-4 SP - 125-147 SN - 1873-2534 KW - dog KW - Bartonella KW - immunosuppression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced Systemic Tissue Distribution after Dermal versus Intravenous 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl Exposure: Limited Utility of Radiolabel Blood Area under the Curve and Excretion Data in Dermal Absorption Calculations and Tissue Exposure Assessment AU - Qiao, Gui L. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology AB - As a dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) is receiving increasing research and regulatory interest due to its high toxicity and persistence in the environment. (14)C-TCB was administered at an identical dose of 300 microg via the intravenous (iv) or dermal route to swine to examine the exposure route dependency of the relationship between tissue exposure and blood area under the curve (AUC) and the relationship between dermal absorption and excretion of radiolabel. After iv and dermal exposure, blood, urine, and feces samples were collected during the 11-day in vivo studies. At the end of the experiments, full mass balance studies were conducted to characterize tissue distribution of label. On average, over 70% of the applied dermal and iv doses were recovered. As expected, more than a 10-fold increase in blood AUC (0.49 vs 0.031, h x % dose/ml), plasma AUC (0.40 vs 0.038, h x % dose/ml), urine excretion (29 vs 2.3% of the applied dose), and fecal (30 vs 3.0% of the applied dose) excretion was determined after iv exposure compared to dermal exposure. However, we unexpectedly found that the tissue residue following iv exposure (8.0% of the applied dose) was only half that following dermal exposure (16% of the applied dose). Significantly larger (20- to 30-fold) ratios of blood AUC:tissue residue and excretion:tissue residue were observed after iv exposure compared to dermal exposure. This may indicate a route-related concentration-dependent blood-to-tissue partition process of pooled label, unique skin metabolism, or saturable hepatic metabolism of TCB. Thus, a long-term, low-input exposure pattern similar to this dermal exposure could be more harmful to systemic tissues than a short-term, high-dose exposure similar to this iv exposure. One should be aware that greater absorption, higher blood concentrations, greater blood and plasma AUCs, and greater excretion of label do not necessarily result in a greater overall tissue exposure and that some conventional approaches using label determination in blood and excreta without full mass balance studies may underestimate dermal absorption of chemicals similar to TCB. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1006/taap.2001.9284 VL - 177 IS - 1 SP - 26-37 J2 - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology LA - en OP - SN - 0041-008X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9284 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioavailability and disposition of sodium and procaine penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) administered orally with milk to calves AU - Musser, JMB AU - Anderson, KL T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Eighteen 1‐week‐old Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) sodium penicillin G administered intravenously, (b) sodium penicillin G administered orally, or (c) procaine penicillin G administered orally. All calves were dosed with penicillin G at 4.0 mg/kg BW. At 5 weeks of age, the calves were dosed again. Blood samples were taken serially for 24 h after both dosings. Plasma was assayed for penicillin G by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For i.v. administration, the area under the concentration–time curve ( AUC ), 7456 and 5508 ng/mL h, and systemic clearance, 0.54 and 0.73 L/kg h, were significantly different ( P < 0.05) at 1 and 5 weeks of age, respectively. There were no significant differences between orally administered sodium and procaine penicillin G within the same age groups. Following oral (p.o.) administration, there were significant differences ( P < 0.01) at 1 and 5 weeks of age in the AUC , 760 and 409 ng/mL h, terminal half‐life, 2.1 and 1.6 h, time of maximum concentration ( T MAX ), 3.0 and 2.3 h, and maximum plasma concentration ( C MAX ), 85 and 58 ng/mL, respectively. Bioavailability was 10.2 and 7.4% at 1 and 5 weeks, respectively. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2001.00325.x VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 161-169 SN - 0140-7783 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of interleukin-8 release from normal human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to aliphatic hydrocarbons: delivery of hydrocarbons to cell cultures via complexation with alpha-cyclodextrin AU - Allen, DG AU - Riviere, JE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA T2 - TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO AB - While inhalation exposures represent the predominant route for jet fuel toxicity, increased concern has been placed on topical exposures due to reports of severe contact dermatitis among military personnel. All three of the predominant aviation fuels currently used by the commercial and military sectors have been demonstrated experimentally to induce the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a proinflammatory cytokine, in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). The objective of this study was to examine the effects of individual hydrocarbon components found in these fuels on IL-8 production by NHEK. In order to circumvent the extreme hydrophobicity of these compounds, inclusion complexes were formed between alpha-cyclodextrin/aliphatic hydrocarbons by adding 2 mM hydrocarbons to 4 mM alpha-cyclodextrin. NHEK were exposed to four aliphatic hydrocarbons (undecane, dodecane, tridecane, hexadecane) for 24 h at concentrations of 7.8-500 microM. These hydrocarbons caused a peak in IL-8 release at a concentration of 31.2 microM, with the exception of dodecane which peaked at 62.5 microM. Subtoxic concentrations of the aliphatic hydrocarbons were those < 62.5 microM. These studies demonstrate that the etiology of proinflammatory cytokine expression due to jet fuel exposure may be due in large part to the aliphatic hydrocarbon components. Furthermore, these studies provide additional evidence that hydrocarbons can be successfully delivered to cells in culture by encapsulating them in cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1016/S0887-2333(01)00075-3 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 663-669 SN - 0887-2333 KW - keratinocyte KW - cytokine KW - jet fuel KW - hydrocarbon KW - cyclodextrin ER - TY - JOUR TI - T-helper cell response to woodchuck hepatitis virus antigens after therapeutic vaccination of chronically-infected animals treated with lamivudine AU - Hervas-Stubbs, S AU - Lasarte, JJ AU - Sarobe, P AU - Vivas, I AU - Condreay, L AU - Cullen, JM AU - Prieto, J AU - Borras-Cuesta, F T2 - JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY AB - Immunotherapy of patients chronically-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may have the risk of fulminant hepatitis. This risk might be diminished if immunotherapy was carried out under conditions of low viremia.Five woodchucks chronically-infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a virus closely related to HBV, were treated with lamivudine for 23 weeks. At week 10, when viremia had decreased by 3-5 logs, three woodchucks were vaccinated with woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen (WHsAg) plus the T-helper determinant FISEAIIHVLHSR.It was found that the administration of lamivudine only, had no effect on the T-helper response against WHV antigens. By contrast, vaccination induced T-helper responses against WHV antigens, shifting the cytokine profile from Th2 to Th0/Th1, but was without effect on viremia, WHsAg levels, or anti-WHs antibodies. Analysis of liver biopsies showed that lamivudine administration may have reduced hepatic inflammation. By contrast, vaccination clearly enhanced hepatic inflammation. After lamivudine withdrawal, viremia returned to high levels.These results suggest that therapeutic vaccination of chronically-infected woodchucks under conditions of low viremia shifts the cytokine profile against viral antigens towards Th0/Th1. This shift may prevent the efficient induction of anti-WHs antibodies. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00063-0 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 105-111 SN - 0168-8278 KW - woodchuck hepatitis virus KW - lamivudine KW - Th1/Th2 KW - therapeutic vaccination ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential and problems of developing transdermal patches for veterinary applications AU - Riviere, JE AU - Papich, MG T2 - ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS AB - A new frontier in the administration of therapeutic drugs to veterinary species is transdermal drug delivery. The primary challenge in developing these systems is rooted in the wide differences in skin structure and function seen in species ranging from cats to cows. The efficacy of a transdermal system is primarily dependent upon the barrier properties of the targeted species skin, as well as the ratio of the area of the transdermal patch to the species total body mass needed to achieve effective systemic drug concentrations. A drug must have sufficient lipid solubility to traverse the epidermal barrier to be considered for delivery for this route. A number of insecticides have been developed in liquid "pour-on" formulations that illustrate the efficacy of this route of administration for veterinary species. The human transdermal fentanyl patch has been successfully used in cats and dogs for post-operative analgesia. The future development of transdermal drug delivery systems for veterinary species will be drug and species specific. With efficient experimental designs and available transdermal patch technology, there are no obvious hurdles to the development of effective systems in many veterinary species. DA - 2001/9/1/ PY - 2001/9/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00157-0 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 175-203 SN - 1872-8294 KW - veterinary drug delivery KW - transdermal drug delivery KW - fentanyl KW - iontophoresis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pet dogs as sentinels for environmental contamination AU - Backer, LC AU - Grindem, CB AU - Corbett, WT AU - Cullins, L AU - Hunter, JL T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - The presence of environmental contaminants in air, water and food may pose significant health risks to the exposed human population. However, problems associated with assessing chronic exposure to low doses of environmental chemicals, multiple exposure routes, diseases with long latency periods, and non-specific health outcomes make it difficult to conduct the appropriate human epidemiologic studies. It may be useful to complement human epidemiology with animal studies. Animals monitored or evaluated in situ for the appropriate suite of endpoints can provide information about both exposure levels and potential adverse health effects. Animals have served as sentinel indicators for health effects associated with a number of environmental exposures, including pesticides and asbestos. Pet dogs may be particularly valuable sentinels because they share the human environment. In addition, dogs respond to many toxic insults in ways analogous to humans, they have physiologically compressed life spans, and they are free from some important lifestyle risk factors for disease. An example of how pet dogs may be used as sentinels for potential human health hazards involves a study of the genotoxic effects resulting from exposure to a mixture of chemicals from nearby Superfund sites. We conducted a cross-sectional study of exposed dogs (living in the community with the Superfund sites) and controls (living in a nearby community). The pet owners completed a questionnaire, and we collected a blood sample from each dog. The blood samples were analyzed for standard clinical parameters and assays for possible genotoxic effects (peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus frequency and lymphocyte subtyping). Pet dogs living near the Superfund sites had a higher micronucleus frequency than control animals, suggesting that the dogs may have been exposed to environmental contaminants from these sites. DA - 2001/7/2/ PY - 2001/7/2/ DO - 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00740-9 VL - 274 IS - 1-3 SP - 161-169 SN - 0048-9697 KW - bioassays KW - environmental contamination KW - biomarkers KW - sentinel animals KW - dogs KW - peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus KW - lymphocyte subtyping ER - TY - PAT TI - Nucleic acids obtained from the envelope coding region of feline immunodeficiency virus molecular clone designated JSY3 AU - Tompkins, W. A. AU - Tompkins, M. AU - Yang, J.-S. C2 - 2001/// DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Longitudinal study of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs reared in multiple-site swine production systems AU - Funk, JA AU - Davies, PR AU - Nichols, MA T2 - VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY AB - Intensive longitudinal investigations of breeding and growing pig populations in two multiple-site swine production systems were conducted in NC, USA. Five cohorts of sows and individually identified growing pigs from their litters were serially sampled in order to determine the prevalence and serotypes of Salmonella enterica in each stage of production based on fecal culture. In addition to fecal samples, feed and environmental samples were obtained. Fifteen different serotypes were isolated from the two systems, the most frequently isolated serotypes were S. typhimurium var Mbandaka and S. typhimurium var Copenhagen. Pig prevalence estimates ranged from 0 to 48.1%. Environmental contamination was frequently encountered despite cleaning and disinfection. Feed was rarely (2/800, 0.25%) identified as S. enterica positive. We observed highly variable patterns of S. enterica prevalence and serotype profiles within cohorts over time and among cohorts within systems. These observations indicate that point estimates of S. enterica prevalence and serotypes cannot be considered as reliable indicators of the S. enterica status of farms, and that uncontrolled studies of interventions to control S. enterica may yield misleading results. These findings are critical to the design of epidemiological studies of S. enterica on swine farms and may suggest that cohort level, as opposed to farm or company level events or management practices, may be important as potential risk factors for S. enterica fecal shedding in market age pigs. DA - 2001/10/22/ PY - 2001/10/22/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00404-7 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 45-60 SN - 1873-2542 KW - Salmonella enterica KW - pig-bacteria KW - food safety ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamics of conjunctivitis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in house finches AU - Hartup, BK AU - Bickal, JM AU - Dhondt, AA AU - Ley, DH AU - Kollias, GV T2 - AUK AB - Conjunctivitis, an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), has produced a significant decline in eastern House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) of North America. In this paper, we present findings from two complementary studies designed to clarify annual and seasonal trends of MG infections in House Finches from the northeastern United States. The first was a field study of House Finches common to urban and residential habitat from Mercer County, New Jersey. We documented conjunctivitis in 11% (188/1,651) of the birds examined. Conjunctivitis prevalence in House Finches ranged from 0 to 43% per month, and exhibited marked seasonal fluctuation (elevations during fall and winter months and lower disease prevalence during the breeding season). There was excellent intermethod agreement on disease prevalence when measured by either presence of physical signs (conjunctivitis) or MG infection (kappa = 0.75). During the peak of the breeding season (April through June), conjunctivitis was present in a greater proportion of males lacking a cloacal protuberance than males with a cloacal protuberance (P < 0.01), but was similar between breeding and nonbreeding females. The second study, a volunteer survey, revealed the proportion of northeastern U.S. monitoring sites with at least one diseased House Finch each month ranged from a peak of 59% (August 1995) to a minimum of 12% (July 1999). Subsequent to the epidemic peak of disease in 1995, a series of recurring cycles occurred, with elevations in those proportions noted in late fall and winter and minima during the breeding season. Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis now appears endemic among House Finches of that region and demonstrates dynamics consistent with annual variation in host density. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0327:DOCAMG]2.0.CO;2 VL - 118 IS - 2 SP - 327-333 SN - 0004-8038 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultrastructural morphometry of bovine blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Crosier, AE AU - Farin, PW AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, CE T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro by using morphometric analysis. Blastocysts produced in vivo (multiple ovulations, MO) were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. For blastocysts produced in vitro, cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into one of three culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi, followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 168 hpi; and 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): mSOF + 0.6% BSA. At 168 hpi, six or seven grade 1 blastocysts from each of the four treatments (MO, IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF) were fixed and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Random micrographs of each blastocyst were used to determine the volume density of cellular components. Overall, as blastocysts progressed in development, the volume densities of cytoplasm and intercellular space decreased (P < 0.05) and the volume densities of mature mitochondria, nuclei, blastocoele, and apoptotic bodies increased (P < 0.05). Across treatments, the proportional volumes of nuclei and inclusion bodies were increased in inner cell mass cells compared with trophectoderm cells for mid- and expanded blastocysts. For blastocysts produced in vitro, the volume density of mitochondria was decreased (P < 0.05) as compared with that of blastocycts produced in vivo. The proportional volume of vacuoles was increased (P < 0.05) in blastocysts from the mSOF treatment as compared with blastocysts produced in vivo. For mid- and expanded blastocysts from all three in vitro treatments, the volume density of lipid increased (P < 0.05) and the volume density of nuclei decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those of blastocysts produced in vivo. In conclusion, blastocysts produced in vitro possessed deviations in volume densities of organelles associated with cellular metabolism as well as deviations associated with altered embryonic differentiation. However, the specific nature of these deviations varied with the type of culture conditions used for in vitro embryo production. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod64.5.1375 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 1375-1385 SN - 0006-3363 KW - early development KW - IVF/ART ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of sandbar shiner as a surrogate for assessing health risks to the endangered Cape Fear shiner AU - Chittick, B AU - Stoskopf, M AU - Heil, N AU - Levine, J AU - Law, M T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - The health status of the endangered Cape Fear shiner Notropis mekistocholas and the suitability of using the sympatric sandbar shiner N. scepticus as an investigative surrogate were evaluated. Forty Cape Fear shiners from three sites and 50 sandbar shiners from five sites were examined. Findings on gill biopsies, fin biopsies, and skin scrapings were limited to low levels of parasitism and gill aneurysms. Eighty-three bacterial isolates representing 13 aerobic species were cultured from the gastrointestinal tracts. A picornavirus was isolated from one pooled sample of sandbar shiners at one site. Forty-three percent of shiners (12 Cape Fear shiners, 27 sandbar shiners) had granulomas in various tissues of the body, 26% (6 Cape Fear, 17 sandbar) had encysted trematodes, 16% (2 Cape Fear, 12 sandbar) had protozoal aggregates in muscle or connective tissue, and 26% (22 Cape Fear shiners, 1 sandbar shiner) had mild, moderate, or moderately severe hepatic vacuolization. Other microscopic lesions included mild parasitism and degrees of inflammation in various tissues. Sandbar shiners appeared to be suitable surrogates for the Cape Fear shiner in bacteriological sampling; however, parasitic, viral, and nonhepatic histological lesions were more common in sandbar shiners. Findings from this study warrant further investigation of sandbar shiners as a conservative bioindicator species for the presence of potential health risks to Cape Fear shiners. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0086:EOSSAA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 86-95 SN - 1548-8667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of hen age, Bio-Mos,(R) and Flavomycin (R) on poult susceptibility to oral Escherichia coli challenge AU - Fairchild, AS AU - Grimes, JL AU - Jones, FT AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Edens, FW AU - Sefton, AE T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The effects of hen age, Escherichia coli, and dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin on poult performance from 1 to 21 d were studied. Day-of-hatch BUTA (BIG-6) male poults were gavaged orally (1 mL) with approximately 10(8) cfu/mL E. coli composed of four serotypes or sterile carrier broth. A mixture of the same E. coli cultures was added to the poults' water troughs to attain a concentration of approximately 10(6) cfu/mL on a weekly basis to ensure a continuous bacterial challenge. Within each E. coli split plot treatment group, poults from hens of different ages (33 and 58 wk of age) were fed diets containing Bio-Mos (1 g/kg feed), Flavomycin (2.2 mg active ingredient/kg feed), Bio-Mos plus Flavomycin, or a control diet, in a randomized complete block design. This experiment yielded eight treatments per challenge group. At Weeks 1 and 3, eight birds from each treatment from the E. coli challenged and unchallenged groups were randomly chosen for bacterial sampling of liver and intestinal tissue for coliforms, aerobic bacteria, and Lactobacillus spp. E. coli isolates from tissue samples were O serotyped. During E. coli challenge, dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin improved poult BW and BW gains (P < or = 0.05). When poults were not challenged with E. coli, poults from old hens had improved BW and cumulative BW gains over poults from young hens (P < or = 0.05). Cumulative 3-wk BW gains for unchallenged poults from young hens were improved by Bio-Mos and Flavomycin (P < or = 0.05) alone and in combination when compared to the control diet. Two of the four E. coli serotypes administered were recovered. Several serotypes were recovered that were not administered. It may be concluded that dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin can improve the overall performance of poults, especially when they are faced with an E. coli challenge. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1093/ps/80.5.562 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 562-571 SN - 1525-3171 KW - Escherichia coli KW - hen age KW - mannanoligosaccharide KW - antibiotic KW - performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of selective lipid extraction from different body regions on epidermal barrier function AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Inman, AO AU - Mak, V AU - Wertz, P AU - Riviere, JE T2 - PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1023/A:1010944529387 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 992-998 SN - 0724-8741 KW - epidermal lipids KW - ceramides KW - lipid extraction KW - tape stripping KW - transepidermal water loss (TEWL) KW - electron microscopy KW - membrane lipids ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multicenter, matched case-control study of risk factors for equine laminitis AU - Alford, P AU - Geller, S AU - Richardson, B AU - Slater, M AU - Honnas, C AU - Foreman, J AU - Robinson, J AU - Messer, M AU - Roberts, M AU - Goble, D AU - Hood, D AU - Chaffin, M T2 - PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE AB - Risk factors for equine laminitis were examined in a prospective case-control study of the 258 cases seen at six collaborating veterinary teaching hospitals over a 32-month period. Case-control pairs were matched on institution, clinician, and season of diagnosis. The 90% of case-control pairs (78 acute, 155 chronic) that had complete data for age, gender, and breed were used in separate conditional logistic-regression models for acute and chronic laminitis. There was an increase in risk for horses with acute laminitis from 5 to 7 years of age (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.3–16) and from 13 to 31 years of age (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.3–12) (both compared to <5 years); risk was increased for chronic laminitis from 10 to 14 years (OR 3, 95% CI 1.4–6.8) and from 15 to 38 years (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4–6.1) (both compared to <6 years). Mares — but not stallions — were more likely than geldings to develop acute laminitis (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–6.2) and chronic laminitis (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.6). In the small acute-laminitis data set, the breed variable was collapsed into three categories: Thoroughbred (THB, reference), the Quarter Horse (QH), and other (non-QH-THB). The non-QH-THB group was at increased risk of acute laminitis (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.2–11.8). For the seven breed-group categories used in the chronic-laminitis model, however, all non-THB breed groups appeared significantly at risk as compared to the THB, with odds ratios ranging from 3.3 (95% CI 1.3–8.30) for the QH to 9.1 (95% CI 2.1–39.3) for ponies. DA - 2001/5/1/ PY - 2001/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0167-5877(01)00188-X VL - 49 IS - 3-4 SP - 209-222 SN - 0167-5877 KW - laminitis KW - horse KW - age influence KW - breed influence KW - gender ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrospective analysis of axial skeleton osteosarcoma in 22 large-breed dogs AU - Dickerson, ME AU - Page, RL AU - LaDue, TA AU - Hauck, ML AU - Thrall, DE AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Price, GS T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Medical-records of 22 large-breed dogs (>15 kg) with osteosarcoma (OSA) of the axial skeleton were reviewed to determine prevalence of metastasis and survival associated with this neoplasm. All dogs were treated with more than 1 mode of therapy including palliative radiation (n = 12), definitive radiation (n = 8), surgery (n = 7), chemotherapy (n = 12), or some combination of these therapies. Metastasis was documented in 10 of 22 dogs (46%), and the median survival for all dogs was 137 days. Primary cause of death was local tumor recurrence (54%). Breed (retriever versus purebred versus mixed-breed survival was 100, 182, and 264 days, respectively) and radiation therapy protocol (survival in dogs treated with palliative radiation therapy versus those treated with definitive radiation therapy was 79 and 265 days, respectively) were significantly related to survival (P < .05). Prevalence of metastasis and median survival for large-breed dogs with axial skeleton OSA seems to be similar to that reported for large-breed dogs with appendicular skeleton OSA. Definitive radiation therapy may have a role in the treatment of axial skeleton osteosarcoma. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0120:RAOASO>2.3.CO;2 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 120-124 SN - 0891-6640 KW - canine KW - metastasis KW - radiation therapy KW - retriever ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection with Bartonella weissii and detection of Nanobacterium antigens in a North Carolina beef herd AU - Breitschwerdt, EB AU - Sontakke, S AU - Cannedy, A AU - Hancock, SI AU - Bradley, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Very recently, Bartonella organisms have been isolated from large ruminants (deer, elk, and dairy and beef cattle) located in the United States and in France. In this study, we report the serologic, microbiologic, and molecular findings related to the isolation of a Bartonella species in North Carolina beef cattle and the detection of nanobacterial antigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Between August 1998 and September 1999, blood was collected from 38 cattle ranging in age from 1 month to 6.5 years. After a 1-month incubation period, a Bartonella sp. was isolated on a 5% rabbit blood agar plate from three of six EDTA blood samples. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from all three isolates resulted in a DNA sequence that was 100% identical to that of B. weissii 16S rRNA (GenBank no. AF199502). By IFA testing, 36 of 38 cattle had antibodies (> or =1:64) to Bartonella weissii (bovine origin) antigens. Nanobacterial antigen was detected in 22 of 22 serum samples. We conclude that infection with an organism similar or closely related to B. weissii can occur in North Carolina cattle and that although their actual existence is still controversial Nanobacterium antigens were detected with a commercially available test kit. The epidemiology, vector biology, and potential pathogenicity of these organisms in cattle deserve future consideration. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1128/JCM.39.3.879-882.2001 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 879-882 SN - 0095-1137 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In utero infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is sufficient to increase susceptibility of piglets to challenge by Streptococcus suis type II AU - Feng, WH AU - Laster, SM AU - Tompkins, M AU - Brown, T AU - Xu, JS AU - Altier, C AU - Gomez, W AU - Benfield, D AU - McCaw, MB T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) consistently elevates the frequency of disease and mortality in young pigs. Many different secondary bacterial diseases occur in PRRS virus (PRRSV)-infected pigs. However, to date, establishing a reproducible experimental model of PRRSV infection in weaned pigs, with subsequent clinical disease following secondary bacterial challenge, has been difficult. PRRSV is frequently isolated during outbreaks from weak-born piglets affected by secondary bacterial diseases. This study was performed to investigate the potential role of intrauterine PRRSV infection on piglet susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection. PRRSV-free pregnant sows were intranasally infected at 98 days of gestation with PRRSV strain SD 23983. All piglets born to the PRRSV-infected sows were viremic. Piglets were removed from the sows at birth and deprived of colostrum. Piglets from PRRSV-infected and noninfected sows were randomly assigned to Streptococcus suis challenge or control subgroups. At 5 days of age, piglets were challenged intranasally with strain MN 87555 of S. suis type II. Total and differential leukocyte counts were performed on blood samples collected at 3 days of age. The numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes were significantly reduced in the PRRSV-infected piglets. Lesions were observed in bone marrow, brain, lung, heart, spleen, lymph node, tonsil, and thymus of PRRSV-infected piglets. Thymus/body weight ratios of in utero PRRSV-infected piglets were significantly reduced compared to those of non-PRRSV-infected piglets, and thymic lesions were characterized by severe cortical depletion of thymocytes. Lesions were not observed in piglets born to PRRSV-free sows. Overall, 20 out of 22 piglets in the PRRSV- S. suis dual-infection group died within 1 week after challenge with S. suis (10 of 11 in each of two trials). This contrasts with 1 of 18 piglets in the PRRSV-infection-only group and 5 of 23 piglets in the S. suis -challenge-only group (1 of 12 in trial 1 and 4 of 11 in trial 2). No piglets died in the uninfected control groups. Most of the piglets in the PRRSV- S. suis dual-infection group developed suppurative meningitis. S. suis type II was recovered from their brains and joints. These results indicate that in utero infection by PRRSV makes piglets more susceptible to infection and disease following challenge by S. suis type II. In utero infection by PRRSV may provide a useful model to study the interaction between PRRSV and bacterial coinfections in piglets. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1128/JVI.75.10.4889-4895.2001 VL - 75 IS - 10 SP - 4889-4895 SN - 1098-5514 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High mortality in a large-scale zebrafish colony (Brachydanio rerio Hamilton & Buchanan, 1822) associated with Lecythophora mutabilis (van Beyma) W. Gam's & McGinnis AU - Dykstra, M. J. AU - Astrofsky, K. M. AU - Schrenzel, M. D. AU - Fox, J. G. AU - Bullis, R. A. AU - Farrington, S. AU - Sigler, L. AU - Rinaldi, M. G. AU - McGinnis, M. R. T2 - Comparative Medicine DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 361-368 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of turkey breeder hen age, strain, and length of the incubation period on survival of embryos and hatchlings AU - Christensen, VL AU - Grimes, JL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Bagley, LG T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Embryonic growth relationships exist for egg weight, eggshell conductance, and length of the incubation period. These relationships have been well established for comparisons of embryonic development across species; however, very little is known about these relationships within a species. The hypothesis was tested that survival of embryos in turkey eggs could be changed by manipulating incubation periods. Fertile eggs were obtained three times from the same breeder flocks (two strains). Two incubator temperature treatments were used to create two different incubation periods for the eggs. Eggs produced at 33 weeks of age hatched better at shorter incubation periods, eggs produced at 43 weeks of age hatched equally well at both incubation temperatures, and eggs produced at 54 weeks of age hatched better at longer incubation periods. Livability for 5 days in brooder houses was highly variable but indicated survival differences between strains. Additionally, longer incubation periods produced poults that lived better than did controls. The results suggest that the conductance constant principle, which describes the relationship among egg weight, length of incubation, and eggshell conductance, can be used in commercial hatcheries to improve embryo survival and poult quality. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1093/japr/10.1.5 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 5-15 SN - 1056-6171 KW - commercial hatchery KW - conductance KW - turkey KW - hatchability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bunyavirus infections in North Carolina white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) AU - Nagayama, J. N. AU - Komar, N. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Biggerstaff, B. AU - Apperson, C. S. T2 - Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 169-172 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the progressive decontamination of farrowing crate floors by measuring the decrease in aerobic bacteria AU - Kihlstrom, S. L. AU - Morrow, M. AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Luginbuhl, G. H. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 65-69 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antiviral efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral adefovir dipivoxil in chronically woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks AU - Cullen, JM AU - Ll, DH AU - Brown, C AU - Eisenberg, EJ AU - Cundy, KC AU - Wolfe, J AU - Toole, J AU - Gibbs, C T2 - ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY AB - The antiviral efficacy of orally administered adefovir dipivoxil was evaluated in an 18-week study (12 weeks of treatment and 6 weeks of recovery) conducted with woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Adefovir dipivoxil is a prodrug of adefovir designed to enhance its oral bioavailability. Following administration of 15 mg of adefovir dipivoxil per kg of body weight in four WHV-infected animals, the mean maximum concentration of adefovir in serum was 0.462 microg/ml, with an elimination half-life of 10.2 h, and the oral bioavailability of adefovir was estimated to be 22.9% (+/-11.2%). To study antiviral efficacy, the animals were divided into three groups. There were six animals each in a high-dose group (15 mg/kg/day) and a low-dose group (5 mg/kg/day). A vehicle control group consisted of five animals because WHV DNA was detectable only by PCR at the time of the study in one of the original six animals. Efficacy was evaluated by determining the levels of WHV DNA in serum. The geometric mean WHV DNA level for the high-dose group diminished by >40-fold (>1.6 log(10)) after 2 weeks of treatment and >300-fold (>2.5 log(10)) at 12 weeks. There was a >10-fold reduction in five of six low-dose animals by 2 weeks, but levels were unchanged in one animal. By 12 weeks of treatment there was a >45-fold (>1.6 log(10)) reduction of WHV DNA levels, and serum WHV DNA levels were below the limit of quantification in three of six animals. Viral DNA levels returned to pretreatment levels during the 6-week recovery period. There were no clinically significant changes in body weight, hematology, or serum chemistry values, including bicarbonate or lactate, in any of the treated animals. No histologic evidence of liver injury was apparent in the biopsies. Under the conditions of this study, adefovir dipivoxil was an effective antihepadnaviral agent. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1128/AAC.45.10.2740-2745.2001 VL - 45 IS - 10 SP - 2740-2745 SN - 1098-6596 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue disposition and depletion of penicillin G after oral administration with milk in unweaned dairy calves AU - Musser, JMB AU - Anderson, KL AU - Boison, JO T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine tissue depletion of penicillin G in calves after oral ingestion with milk replacer and estimate a withdrawal period.Longitudinal controlled trial.26 Holstein calves.Once daily, 24 calves were fed milk replacer containing procaine penicillin G (0.68 mg/kg [0.31 mg/lb] of body weight); 2 calves served as controls. After 1 feeding, 12 calves were euthanatized in groups of 3 each 4, 6.5, 9.5, and 13 hours after feeding. After 14 days, 12 calves were euthanatized in groups of 3 each 4, 6.5, 9.5, and 13 hours after the final feeding. Concentrations of penicillin G were determined in tissues, blood, and urine by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.Penicillin G was not detected in muscle samples of treated calves. The highest concentrations of penicillin G in plasma, kidney, and liver were 13 ng/ml, 92 ng/g, and 142 ng/g, respectively. Thirteen carcasses had violative drug residues; 12 had violative residues in the liver only, and 1 had violative residues in the liver and kidney. A 21-hour withdrawal period was estimated.Liver had the highest concentration of penicillin G and was most likely to have violative residues. Feeding calves milk containing penicillin G has the potential to cause violative drug residues in tissues. It is recommended to observe an appropriate withdrawal time prior to slaughter if calves are fed milk from cows treated with penicillin G. DA - 2001/8/1/ PY - 2001/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.219.346 VL - 219 IS - 3 SP - 346-350 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - CONF TI - T cell apoptosis in FIV-infected cats is blocked by the addition of antibodies to B7.1 and B7.2 AU - Bull, M. E. AU - Vahlenkamp, T. W. AU - Tompkins, M. B. AU - Tompkins, W. A. F. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Journal of Leukocyte Biology DA - 2001/// SP - 256 M1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Skin mast cell histamine release following stem cell factor and high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor cross-linking in dogs with atopic dermatitis AU - Hammerberg, B AU - Olivry, T AU - Orton, SM T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Stem cell factor (SCF) influences mast cell activation and inflammatory mediator release, and is elevated in tissues undergoing allergic inflammation. Wheal formation in response to the injection of SCF or anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibody injection was compared between normal (n = 10) and nonlesional atopic (n = 10) canine skin. In situ SCF secretion was compared between lesional and nonlesional skin using immunohistochemistry. Histamine release by skin cell suspensions after stimulation with SCF, concanavalin A (ConA) or rabbit anticanine IgE antibodies was compared between normal and atopic dogs. All dogs exhibited strong responses to intradermal SCF injection at 10 and 50 ng mL(-1). Atopic dogs had significantly (P = 0.002) larger wheal responses to anti-IgE than normal dogs; but there was no difference in numbers of skin mast cells bearing IgE as detected by immunohistochemistry. Only atopic dogs exhibited interstitial deposition of SCF in both lesional and nonlesional skin specimens. Median histamine release stimulated by SCF in the absence of IgE from lesional skin cells was higher in atopic than normal dogs (P = 0.04). These experiments suggest that dermal SCF secretion could potentiate histamine release following IgE receptor cross-linking and thus, could be one of the explanations for the inherent mast cell hyperexcitability observed in canine atopic dermatitis. DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00273.x VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 339-346 SN - 0959-4493 KW - atopic dermatitis KW - histamine KW - mast cell KW - stem cell factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Skin biopsy site selection in small animal dermatology with an introduction to histologic pattern-analysis of inflammatory skin lesions AU - Linder, KE T2 - CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - The skin biopsy is an invaluable diagnostic tool in veterinary dermatology. Biopsy site selection and interpretation of the biopsy report significantly influence the value of this procedure for diagnosing inflammatory skin diseases and are discussed in this article. Skin diseases often present with several different recognizable lesions that change significantly during their evolution. Individual lesions are typically heterogenous--some areas are diagnostic and some are not. Understanding which skin lesions to biopsy, and when and where to sample them, can significantly improve the value of information collected. To increase the information returned to clinicians for a biopsy, veterinary dermatopathologists have adopted the pattern-analysis method of classifying inflammatory skin lesions. This approach is based on recognizing morphologically distinct inflammatory patterns in skin biopsies and their association with particular sets of diseases. A basic knowledge of the pattern-analysis method is essential for maximizing the interpretation of skin biopsy reports. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1053/svms.2001.27595 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 207-213 SN - 1096-2867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixture component effects on the in vitro dermal absorption of pentachlorophenol AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Qiao, G. L. AU - Baynes, R. E. AU - Brooks, J. D. AU - Mumtaz, M. T2 - Archives of Toxicology DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/s002040100242 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - 329-334 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feline retrovirus testing and management AU - Levy, J. AU - Richards, J. AU - Edwards, D. AU - Elston, T. AU - Hartmann, K. AU - Rodan, I. AU - Thayer, V. AU - Tompkins, M. AU - Wolf, A. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - 652- ER - TY - CONF TI - Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection induces B7(+)CTLA4(+) T cell apoptosis: A model for T cell depletion and immunodeficiency AU - Tompkins, M. B. AU - Bull, M. E. AU - Dow, J. L. AU - Tompkins, W. A. F. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Journal of Leukocyte Biology DA - 2001/// SP - 254 M1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Examining the effects of prestorage incubation of turkey breeder eggs on embryonic development and hatchability of eggs stored for four or fourteen days AU - Fasenko, GM AU - Christensen, VL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Petitte, JN T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Thirty-six hundred British United Turkey hatching eggs were used in two separate trials to test whether prestorage incubation (PRESI) treatments of 0, 6, and 12 h (Trial 1) or 0, 7, and 14 h (Trial 2) could improve the hatchability of eggs stored (17 C) for 14 versus 4 d. The development of the embryos (n = 30) was staged before and after exposing eggs to the various PRESI treatments. Embryonic development was also established after storage to ascertain whether embryonic development was occurring during storage. The remaining eggs in each trial were split into three groups (n = 500) and incubated for 28 d to examine embryonic mortality and hatchability. No changes were observed in embryonic development due to egg storage. Embryos were significantly more developed as the number of PRESI h increased; therefore, embryos from different PRESI treatments were placed in storage at different stages of development. Early mortality (1 to 7 d of incubation), mortality at internal and external pipping, and hatchability of fertile eggs were significantly reduced in eggs stored for 14 versus 4 d. The various PRESI treatments did not significantly affect the mortality or hatchability of eggs stored for 4 d. However, the hatchability of eggs incubated prior to storage for 12 h and then stored for 14 d was restored to the levels reported for eggs subjected to the treatment that represents the industry norm (0 h of PRESI and 4 d storage). These results indicate that embryos of eggs stored for 14 d, which have developmentally advanced to the stage of complete hypoblast formation (PRESI for 12 h), have a survival advantage over eggs stored for 14 d that have not been subjected to any PRESI. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/80.2.132 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 132-138 SN - 0032-5791 KW - egg storage KW - embryonic development KW - hatchability KW - prestorage incubation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Egg storage effects on plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos AU - Christensen, VL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Fasenko, GM AU - Donaldson, WE T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The hypothesis was tested that enhanced embryonic carbohydrate metabolism may enable embryos to survive egg storage effects. As lines of broiler breeders age, some lines resist detrimental effects of egg storage on embryonic survival, whereas others do not. Fertile eggs were obtained from two lines differing in storage ability. Eggs from each line by age group were stored for 1 or 14 d prior to setting. Eggs were distributed randomly into a single machine and incubated under standard conditions. Beginning at 17 d of incubation, immediately prior to the plateau stage in oxygen consumption, embryos from each of the treatment groups were sampled for BW, organ growth, glycogen concentration, and plasma glucose concentrations. Sampling continued through hatching. Plasma glucose concentrations increased significantly, and hepatic glycogen concentrations declined as embryos approached hatching. The rate at which glycogen was accrued into muscle and heart tissue displayed a significant three-way interaction among line, age, and storage. Embryos from the line that resisted storage mortality maintained greater glycogen concentrations in muscle and heart tissues than those from the line and age with diminished survival rates. It was concluded that embryonic survival rates differ following egg storage because of the ability of the embryo to accrue and maintain adequate carbohydrate for growth and function of vital demand tissues. DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/80.12.1729 VL - 80 IS - 12 SP - 1729-1735 SN - 1525-3171 KW - hatchability KW - egg storage KW - embryo growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of short-term high-dose and low-dose dermal exposure to Jet A, JP-8 and JP-8 + 100 jet fuels AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy AU - Inman, Alfred AU - Riviere, Jim T2 - Journal of Applied Toxicology AB - Abstract Occupational and environmental exposures to jet fuel recently have become a source of public and regulatory concern. This study investigates the cutaneous toxicity of three fuels used in both civilian and military aircraft. Pigs, an accepted animal model for human skin, were exposed to low‐dose (25 µl or 7.96 µl cm −2 ) or high‐dose (335 µl or 67 µl cm −2 ) Jet A, JP‐8 and JP‐8 + 100 under occluded (Hill Top ® chamber or cotton fabric) and non‐occluded conditions for 5 h, 24 h and 5 days. To mimic occupational exposure, fuel‐soaked fabric (high dose) was used. Erythema, edema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and epidermal thickness were quantified. High‐dose fabric occluded sites had slight erythema at 5 h with increased erythema at 5 days. No erythema was noted in any of the occluded (Hill Top) or non‐occluded sites at any of the time points. Morphological assessments depicted slight intracellular epidermal edema at all time points. An increase in change in TEWL (ΔTEWL) was observed at the 5‐h and 24‐h fabric and Hill Top occluded treatments and a decrease at the 5‐day fabric and Hill Top occluded sites. In all 5‐day JP‐8 + 100 fabric sites, intracorneal microabscesses filled with inflammatory cells were observed. Epidermal thickening was significant ( P < 0.05) in all three jet fuels at the high‐dose fabric sites, with JP‐8 + 100 being the thickest. The epidermal rete peg depth increased significantly ( P < 0.05) at 24 h and 5 days with Jet A, JP‐8, and JP‐8 + 100 in the fabric sites. No significant differences were noted in the 5‐day non‐occluded fabric and Hill Top occluded and non‐occluded sites. Jet fuel JP‐8 + 100 tended to have the greatest proliferative response. In conclusion, the high‐dose fabric‐soaked exposure at 5 days to Jet A, JP‐8 and JP‐8 + 100 fuels caused the greatest increase in cutaneous erythema, edema, epidermal thickness and rete peg depth compared with high‐dose non‐occluded or low‐dose exposure under Hill Top occluded and non‐occluded conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/jat.785 VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - 485-494 J2 - J. Appl. Toxicol. LA - en OP - SN - 0260-437X 1099-1263 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.785 DB - Crossref KW - skin KW - jet fuels KW - Jet A KW - JP-8 KW - JP-8+100 KW - dermatopathology KW - dermatotoxicity KW - pig KW - hydrocarbon fuels ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continuous stimulation by normal luminal bacteria is essential for the development and perpetuation of colitis in Tg is an element of 26 mice AU - Veltkamp, C AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - De Jong, YP AU - Albright, C AU - Grenther, WB AU - Balish, E AU - Terhorst, C AU - Sartor, RB T2 - GASTROENTEROLOGY AB - Normal resident bacteria are required for development of colitis in several rodent models. We determined whether bacterial stimulation is necessary for both induction and perpetuation of mucosal inflammation and T-cell activation in Tg(epsilon26) mice, in which transplantation of wild-type bone marrow (BM-->Tg(epsilon26)) causes colitis under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions.BM from (C57BL/6 X CBA/J) F1 mice was transplanted into germfree (GF) or SPF Tg(epsilon26) mice. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from these mice were then transferred into SPF or GF recipients. Colitis and activation of MLN cells were measured by histologic scores, membrane marker analysis, and intracellular cytokine staining. Cytokine secretion by MLN cells stimulated by anti-CD3 or by luminal or epithelial antigens was measured by ELISA.Colitis did not develop when BM was transferred into GF recipient mice (BM-->GF Tg(epsilon26)). T lymphocytes that secreted interferon gamma upon activation were present in the MLN of BM-->GF Tg(epsilon26) mice, albeit in lower frequency than in control BM-->SPF Tg(epsilon26) mice. Furthermore, transfer of MLN cells from BM-->SPF Tg(epsilon26) mice into SPF Tg(epsilon26) recipients induced active colitis, but not if the same cells were transferred into GF Tg(epsilon26) recipients. Although CD4 T cells were detected in the colonic mucosa of GF recipients, no inflammation was observed for at least 31 weeks. In a reciprocal experiment, MLN cells from BM-->GF Tg(epsilon26) mice without colitis transferred disease to SPF Tg(epsilon26) recipients within 2-4 weeks.Activated T cells are present in the mucosa of BM-->GF Tg(epsilon26) mice but are incapable of inducing disease unless colonic bacteria are present. Moreover, pathogenic T cells require the continuous presence of colonic bacteria to sustain colitis. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1053/gast.2001.22547 VL - 120 IS - 4 SP - 900-913 SN - 1528-0012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case presentation - Dysphagia caused by squamous cell carcinoma in two horses AU - Jones, S. L. AU - Zimmel, D. AU - Tate, L. P. AU - Campbell, N. AU - Redding, W. R. AU - Carlson, G. P. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - 1020-1024 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular epidemiologic features and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of various ribotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from humans and ruminants AU - Rivas, AL AU - Bodis, M AU - Bruce, JL AU - Anderson, KL AU - Klein, RF AU - Gonzalez, RN AU - Quimby, FW AU - Batt, CA AU - Lein, DH T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Objectives —To assess automated ribotyping for characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and to identify their type prevalence and geographic distribution. Sample Population —39 human and 56 ruminant P aeruginosa isolates. Procedures —Isolates were identified by use of bacteriologic techniques and automated PvuII -based ribotyping. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was tested in vitro. Data were analyzed for index of discrimination; prevalence ratio; geographic distribution of ribotypes found only in humans, only in cows, or only in goats (single-host ribotypes); and geographic distribution of ribotypes found in humans and ruminants (multihost ribotypes). Results —All isolates were typeable (45 ribotypes, 35 single-host ribotypes). Ribotyping index of discrimination was 0.976. More isolates (45.3%) than expected yielded multihost ribotypes (22% of all ribotypes). Although 8.6% of single-host ribotypes were found in 4 or more isolates, 60% of multihost ribotypes were found in 4 or more isolates. Ninety percent of multihost ribotypes were isolated from different geographic areas, whereas 3.0% of singlehost ribotypes were isolated from different geographic areas. All ruminant isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and polymyxin B. In contrast, antibiogram profiles differed for human isolates from different geographic areas. Susceptibility to antimicrobials differentiated 6 isolates not distinguished by ribotyping. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Automated ribotyping with Pvu II discriminated more isolates than in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. In combination, both tests provided more information than either test alone. Given the greater prevalence and geographic distribution of multihost ribotypes, immunocompromised humans and lactating ruminants may have a greater risk for disease if exposed to multihost P aeruginosa ribotypes, compared with single-host ribotypes. ( Am J Vet Res 2001;62:864–870) DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.864 VL - 62 IS - 6 SP - 864-870 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deep digital flexor tenotomy for treatment of severe laminitis in a cow AU - Gayle, JM AU - Burrell, GA AU - Anderson, KL AU - Redding, WR AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - A first-calf Guernsey cow was referred for evaluation of severe udder edema, mastitis, metritis, and ketosis. During the course of treatment, the cow became recumbent and was unable to rise. Intensive treatment resulted in the cow being able to stand for short periods with the aid of a sling. However, severe pressure necrosis of the udder and ongoing mastitis made performance of a complete mastectomy necessary. After surgery, the cow's condition improved, although assistance in standing was still required. Radiography of the distal phalanges revealed severe rotation in the right lateral and left medial digits of the hind limbs. The laminitis was nonresponsive to medical management; therefore, a deep digital flexor tenotomy was performed in the affected claws. The procedure provided almost immediate relief of signs of foot pain and resulted in ability to stand without assistance. Deep digital flexor tenotomy should be considered when treating cows with severe laminitis. DA - 2001/9/1/ PY - 2001/9/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.219.644 VL - 219 IS - 5 SP - 644-646 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Constitutive expression of types 1 and 2 cytokines by alveolar macrophages from feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats AU - Ritchey, JW AU - Levy, JK AU - Bliss, SK AU - Tompkins, WAF AU - Tompkins, MB T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Evidence suggests that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), causes pulmonary immunodeficiency. The overall objective of this study was to explore FIV-induced alterations in cell counts and cytokine gene expression in the pulmonary compartment during the acute stage infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were collected from FIV-infected and control cats at 0, 4, 10, and 16 weeks post-FIV infection for phenotype and cytokine analysis. The major change in BAL cellular populations following FIV-infection was the development of a neutrophilia. Total BAL cell counts and relative numbers of alveolar macrophages (AM), eosinophils, and lymphocytes remained similar in both groups. The RT-qcPCR analyses of AM purified from BAL showed constitutive expression of TNFα, IL6 and IL10 mRNAs that peaked during the acute stage of infection then declined. The TNFα and IL6 bioactive protein secretion showed a similar response. In contrast, IFNγ expression increased progressively with time after infection and paralleled a progressive increase in FIV-gag mRNA in AM. The IL12 p40 expression also differed from the other cytokines in that there was a progressive decrease in the number of cats with AM IL12 expression following FIV infection. Infection of AM in vitro with FIV also caused an increase in TNFα and IL6 mRNA and bioactive protein suggesting that the increased cytokine response by AM following infection of cats with FIV is an intrinsic characteristic of FIV-infected AM. In summary, pulmonary immune changes seen in FIV-infected cats are similar to those seen in HIV-infected human patients. DA - 2001/5/10/ PY - 2001/5/10/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00250-1 VL - 79 IS - 1-2 SP - 83-100 SN - 0165-2427 KW - FIV KW - macrophages KW - interleukins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Escherichia coli type 1 pilus mutants with altered binding specificities AU - Harris, SL AU - Spears, PA AU - Havell, EA AU - Hamrick, TS AU - Horton, , JR AU - Orndorff, PE T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT PCR mutagenesis and a unique enrichment scheme were used to obtain two mutants, each with a single lesion in fimH , the chromosomal gene that encodes the adhesin protein (FimH) of Escherichia coli type 1 pili. These mutants were noteworthy in part because both were altered in the normal range of cell types bound by FimH. One mutation altered an amino acid at a site previously shown to be involved in temperature-dependent binding, and the other altered an amino acid lining the predicted FimH binding pocket. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1128/JB.183.13.4099-4102.2001 VL - 183 IS - 13 SP - 4099-4102 SN - 0021-9193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard AU - Riviere, JE AU - Smith, CE AU - Budsaba, K AU - Brooks, JD AU - Olajos, EJ AU - Salem, H AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY AB - Abstract Exposure to chemical vesicants such as sulfur mustard (HD) continues to be a threat to military forces requiring protectant strategies to exposure to be evaluated. Methyl salicylate (MS) has historically been the simulant of choice to assess HD exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare the percutaneous absorption and skin deposition of MS to HD in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). The HD data were obtained from a previously published study in this model wherein 400 μg cm −2 of ] 14 C[‐MS or ] 14 C[‐HD in ethanol were topically applied to 16 IPPSFs and experiments were terminated at 2, 4 or 8 h. Perfusate was collected at increasing time intervals throughout perfusion. Radioactivity was determined in perfusate and skin samples. Perfusate flux profiles were fitted to a bi‐exponential model Y ( t ) = A (e− − e−) and the area under the curve (AUC), peak flux and time to peak flux were determined. Sulfur mustard had more pronounced and rapid initial flux parameters ( P < 0.05). The AUCs determined from observed and model‐predicted parameters were not statistically different, although the mean HD AUC was 40–50% greater than MS. The HD skin and fat levels were up to twice those seen with MS, but had lower stratum corneum and residual skin surface concentrations ( P < 0.05). Compared with other chemicals studied in this model, HD and MS cutaneous disposition were very similar, supporting the use of MS as a dermal simulant for HD exposure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/jat.718 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 91-99 SN - 1099-1263 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening method for identification of beta-lactams in bovine urine by use of liquid chromatography and a microbial inhibition test AU - Musser, JMB AU - Anderson, KL AU - Moats, WA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Objective —To develop a multiple-residue screening method for the detection of β-lactams in bovine urine. Animals —6 clinically normal Holstein cows and 6 calves. Procedure —Pooled urine obtained from cows was used as a negative-control sample or spiked with varying concentrations of 6 β-lactam antibiotics. Urine samples were prepared for liquid chromatography by diluting 1 ml of urine with 9 ml of 0.01 M KH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 M Na 2 PO 4 , and filtering. Filtrate (2,000 ml) was eluted with a mobile phase in a gradient program. A fraction corresponding to each β-lactam of interest was collected and evaporated to < 1 ml, and water then was added to achieve a 1ml volume. The collected fraction was tested, using a microbial inhibition test. Then, calves were fed milk spiked with a mixture of 5 β-lactam antibiotics at a concentration 40X the FDA tolerance in milk. Three hours following the feeding, urine samples were obtained from the calves and tested, as described for the urine samples for the cows. Results —The lowest concentrations of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, desfuroylceftiofurcysteine, and penicillin G that were consistently detected in urine were 100, 10, 100, 250, 1,000, and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, desacetylcephapirin, and penicillin G were detected in urine samples of 6/6, 5/6, 0/6, 6/6, 2/6, and 3/6 calves respectively, fed antibiotic- spiked milk. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —The integrated method described can be used to detect or identify β-lactam antibiotics in bovine urine. This method can be used to test cattle for β-lactam residues. ( Am J Vet Res 2001;62:326–330) DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.326 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - 326-330 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevention of lameness in cow-calf operations AU - Anderson, DE AU - Rogers, GM T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Lameness is a significant cause of economic loss, premature culling, and loss of genetics in cow-calf operations. In recent years, attention to treatment and prevention of lameness has increased. Veterinarians must be aware of factors associated with lameness such as genetics, environment, and nutrition so that preventive measures can be instituted in consultation with ranchers. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30063-3 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 209-+ SN - 0749-0720 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ovarian follicular development following administration of progesterone or aspiration of ovarian follicles in Holstein cows AU - Cavalieri, J AU - Farin, PW AU - Kinder, JE AU - Van Camp, SD AU - Whitacre, MD AU - Washburn, SP AU - Britt, JH T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - The objective of this study was to compare the effects of administration of a single injection of progesterone (P4) and follicle aspiration on Day 7 of the estrous cycle on the timing and synchrony of follicular wave emergence, time of ovulation, and concentrations of P4, estradiol and FSH in Holstein cows. Twenty cows were assigned to 4 groups (n=5 cows per group) in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement. Cows were treated on Day 7 (Day 0 = estrus) of the estrous cycle with either sham follicular aspiration and an oil vehicle administered intramuscularly (control), aspiration of ovarian follicles (aspiration), 200 mg of P4 im, or aspiration and 200 mg of P4 im (aspiration + P4). On Day 11, PGF(2alpha)(25mg) was administered to all groups. Synchrony of ovulation was less variable in each of the treatment groups compared with the control group (P<0.05), whereas ovulation was delayed in cows in the P4 group (P<0.05). Day of follicular wave emergence was delayed in the cows of the P4 group compared with cows in the aspiration and aspiration + P4 groups (P<0.01), whereas variability in wave emergence was less among both groups of aspirated cows compared with the cows in the control group (P<0.01). More follicles 4 to 7 mm in diameter were detected in the 2 aspiration groups compared with the cows in the control and P4 group (P<0.05). No difference was detected among groups in the maximum concentration of FSH associated with follicular wave emergence. We conclude that both the administration of P4 and the aspiration of follicles on Day 7 of the estrous cycle improves the synchrony of ovulation when luteolysis is induced on Day 11 and results in similar concentrations of FSH at the time of follicular wave emergence, but the timing of wave emergence and the number of follicles post-emergence differ. DA - 2001/2/1/ PY - 2001/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00445-9 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 805-821 SN - 1879-3231 KW - ovarian follicle aspiration KW - FSH KW - progesterone KW - synchronization KW - ultrasonography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytokine induction as a measure of cutaneous toxicity in primary and immortalized porcine keratinocytes exposed to jet fuels, and their relationship to normal human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Allen, DG AU - Riviere, JE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA T2 - TOXICOLOGY LETTERS AB - The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers of toxicity in primary porcine keratinocytes (PKC) and an immortalized porcine keratinocyte cell line (MSK3877) exposed to jet fuels Jet A, JP-8, and JP-8+100. Cells were exposed to 0.1% jet fuels and assayed for interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA using the TaqMan real time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay. IL-8 and TNF-alpha protein release was measured using an ELISA. PKC exposed to jet fuels caused a slight upregulation of TNF-alpha mRNA at early time points, but no significant differences in TNF-alpha protein production were detected. IL-8 mRNA was increased at 4 h following exposure, and IL-8 protein was increased at 8 h. In MSK 3877 cells, jet fuels were shown to increase the production and expression of TNF-alpha mRNA and protein at 30 min and 1 h following exposure, respectively. IL-8 mRNA was only slightly induced compared to control. IL-8 protein release was suppressed by jet fuel exposure. These results were compared with those of a previous study in our laboratory to evaluate the utility of using porcine cells in lieu of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Similarities exist between PKC and NHEK with respect to both TNF-alpha and IL-8 production. The expression profile of TNF-alpha in MSK3877 cells mimics that of NHEK. In contrast, the profile of IL-8 expression opposes that of PKC and NHEK. These results suggest that porcine keratinocytes are susceptible to jet fuel toxicity. However, the responses of immortalized cells may vary from those of PKC and NHEK necessitating cautious interpretation of such data. DA - 2001/3/8/ PY - 2001/3/8/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-4274(00)00316-7 VL - 119 IS - 3 SP - 209-217 SN - 1879-3169 KW - immortalized keratinocyte KW - cytokine KW - jet fuel KW - toxicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory effects of endophyte-infected fescue in exercising horses AU - Vivrette, S AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Martin, O AU - Dooley, K AU - Cross, D T2 - JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Prolactin is a hormone with diverse biological effects in various species. The secretion of prolactin in horses is affected by season, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopaminergic and antidopaminergic agents, exercise and stressful stimuli, meal feeding, estrogen treatment, and antiopioidergic agents. The need of prolactin for mammary growth and lactation in mares has been elucidated from research on endophyte-infected fescue grazing and its associated problems in late gestation. This has led to the development of treatments for fescue toxicity and protocols for inducing lactation in nonpregnant mares. Treatment with prolactin has demonstrated that it is involved with the shedding of the winter coat in spring (increasing concentrations) and likely with the growth of the winter coat in the fall (decreasing concentrations). Prolactin secretion is highly correlated with the photoperiod and is low in winter and high in summer. The coincidence of rising prolactin concentrations in blood with the onset of ovarian activity during the spring transition period in mares led to research showing that prolactin treatment, or inducement of high prolactin secretion by means of antidopaminergic agents, in winter can induce ovarian activity and ovulation in seasonally anovulatory mares. The combination of a small amount of estrogen in addition to an antidopaminergic agent has been shown to produce a synergy resulting in very high prolactin concentrations in blood. The results of 39 years of research on equine prolactin illustrate nicely how the gradual accumulation of knowledge derived from basic research questions can generate applied solutions to real-world problems. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1016/S0737-0806(01)70094-9 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 65-67 SN - 1542-7412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Baculovirus expression of turkey coronavirus nucleocapsid protein AU - Breslin, JJ AU - Smith, LG AU - Guy, JS T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - The nucleocapsid (N) gene of turkey coronavirus (TCV) was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and expressed in the baculovirus expression system. A recombinant baculovirus containing the TCV N gene (rBTCV/N) was identified by polymerase chain reaction and expression of TCV N protein as determined by western immunoblot analysis. Two TCV-specific proteins, 52 and 43 kDa, were expressed by rBTCV/N; one of these proteins, p52, was comparable in size to native TCV N protein. Baculovirus-expressed N proteins were used as antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of TCV-specific antibodies. The ELISA detected antibodies specific for TCV and infectious bronchitis virus, a closely related avian coronavirus, but did not detect antibodies specific for other avian viruses (avian influenza, avian reovirus, avian paramyxovirus 3, avian adenovirus 1, or Newcastle disease virus). These findings indicate that baculovirus-expressed TCV N protein is a suitable source of antigen for ELISA-based detection of TCV-specific antibodies in turkeys. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.2307/1593020 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 136-143 SN - 0005-2086 KW - turkey coronavirus KW - baculovirus KW - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetics of hepadnavirus loss from the liver during inhibition of viral DNA synthesis AU - Zhu, Y AU - Yamamoto, T AU - Cullen, J AU - Saputelli, J AU - Aldrich, CE AU - Miller, DS AU - Litwin, S AU - Furman, PA AU - Jilbert, AR AU - Mason, WS T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Hepadnaviruses replicate by reverse transcription, which takes place in the cytoplasm of the infected hepatocyte. Viral RNAs, including the pregenome, are transcribed from a covalently closed circular (ccc) viral DNA that is found in the nucleus. Inhibitors of the viral reverse transcriptase can block new DNA synthesis but have no direct effect on the up to 50 or more copies of cccDNA that maintain the infected state. Thus, during antiviral therapy, the rates of loss of cccDNA, infected hepatocytes (1 or more molecules of cccDNA), and replicating DNAs may be quite different. In the present study, we asked how these losses compared when woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus were treated with L-FMAU [1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-β- l -arabinofuranosyl) uracil], an inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis. Viremia was suppressed for at least 8 months, after which drug-resistant virus began replicating to high titers. In addition, replicating viral DNAs were virtually absent from the liver after 6 weeks of treatment. In contrast, cccDNA declined more slowly, consistent with a half-life of ∼33 to 50 days. The loss of cccDNA was comparable to that expected from the estimated death rate of hepatocytes in these woodchucks, suggesting that death of infected cells was one of the major routes for elimination of cccDNA. However, the decline in the actual number of infected hepatocytes lagged behind the decline in cccDNA, so that the average cccDNA copy number in infected cells dropped during the early phase of therapy. This observation was consistent with the possibility that some fraction of cccDNA was distributed to daughter cells in those infected hepatocytes that passed through mitosis. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.1128/JVI.75.1.311-322.2001 VL - 75 IS - 1 SP - 311-322 SN - 0022-538X ER - TY - JOUR TI - In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Virulence AU - Allen, C. A. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. AU - Vazquez-Torres, A. AU - Suyemoto, M. AU - Altier, C. AU - Ryder, L. R. AU - Fang, F. C. AU - Libby, S. J. T2 - Infection and Immunity AB - Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT104 has become a widespread cause of human and other animal infection worldwide. The severity of clinical illness in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 outbreaks has led to the suggestion that this strain possesses enhanced virulence. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo virulence-associated phenotypes of several clinical isolates of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 were examined and compared to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s. The ability of these DT104 isolates to survive within murine peritoneal macrophages, invade cultured epithelial cells, resist antimicrobial actions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen compounds, and cause lethal infection in mice were assessed. Our results failed to demonstrate that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 isolates are more virulent than S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s. DA - 2001/7/1/ PY - 2001/7/1/ DO - 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4673-4677.2001 VL - 69 IS - 7 SP - 4673-4677 J2 - Infection and Immunity LA - en OP - SN - 0019-9567 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.7.4673-4677.2001 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Formation of antibiotic, biodegradable polymers by processing with Irgasan DP300R (Triclosan) and its inclusion compound with beta-cyclodextrin AU - Lu, J. AU - Hill, M. A. AU - Hood, M. AU - Greeson, D. F. AU - Horton, J. R. AU - Orndorff, P. E. AU - Herndon, A. S. AU - Tonelli, A. E. T2 - Journal of Applied Polymer Science AB - The inclusion compound (IC) between the FDA-approved antibacterial Irgasan DP300 (Trichlosan), and β-cyclodextrin (CD) has been formed. When the Irgasan–β-CD–IC is embedded in biodegradeable/bioabsorbable films of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) at low levels (a few wt %), they are rendered resistant to the growth of E. coli bacteria. When these same PCL films embedded with Irgasan–β-CD–IC are used as the adhesive for laminating cotton fabrics, we observe the resulting cotton laminates to also be resistant to the growth of E. coli bacteria. These results hold promise for the fabrication of bacteria-resistant polymer films and fibers, as well as antibacterial fabrics, by means of simple melt processing with Irgasan–β-CD–IC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 300–309, 2001 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/app.1852.abs VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 300-309 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disrupted B-lymphocyte development and survival in interleukin-2-deficient mice AU - Schultz, M AU - Clarke, SH AU - Arnold, LW AU - Sartor, RB AU - Tonkonogy, SL T2 - IMMUNOLOGY AB - Interleukin-2-deficient (IL-2-/-) mice develop a spontaneous, progressive, CD4+ T-cell-mediated colitis with an age-related decrease in the number of B lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of B-cell loss in IL-2-/- mice. Serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) levels in 8-week-old IL-2-/- mice were above normal but then decreased dramatically with advancing age. Between 8 and 11 weeks of age, the number of B-cell progenitors (B220+ IgM-) in the bone marrow of IL-2-/- mice was less than half of those in IL-2+/+ littermates. By 22 weeks of age, very few progenitor cells remained in the bone marrow of most mice, and spleens were almost devoid of B cells. Likewise, B1 cells were not present in the peritoneal cavity of aged IL-2-/- mice. Flow cytometry analysis of B-cell differentiation in the bone marrow suggested a progressive loss of B cells from the most mature to the least mature stages, which was not dependent on IL-2 receptor-alpha (IL-2Ralpha) expression. B cells transferred from normal animals had similar survival rates in IL-2-/- and wild-type mice. We conclude that conventional B cells in older IL-2-/- mice are lost by attrition owing to a derangement in B-cell development. Because B1 cells are less dependent on the bone marrow, a separate mechanism for their loss is suggested. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01308.x VL - 104 IS - 2 SP - 127-134 SN - 0019-2805 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin to cause residues in calves AU - Musser, JMB AU - Anderson, KL AU - Rushing, JE AU - Moats, WA T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The potential for antibiotic residues in calves from consuming milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin was investigated. Six calves were fed milk replacer, 6% body weight twice daily, containing 0.293, 2.92, or 5.85 microg of penicillin/ml (ppm) G or 0.25, 1.0, or 2.0 microg of amoxicillin/ml for three consecutive feedings. Urine and blood samples were collected after each feeding. Serum and urine samples were tested with a microbial receptor assay and a microbial growth inhibition assay to indicate potential drug residues. Penicillin G and amoxicillin were detected in the serum and urine of several calves 3 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Possible violative drug residues in the calves were detected by the microbial growth inhibition assay up to 15 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Penicillin G, but not amoxicillin, could be detected in urine 24 h after the final feeding of spiked milk replacer. Subsequently, six calves were fed milk replacer containing 11.7 microg of penicillin G/ml (ppm) twice daily, 6% body weight per feeding. Calves were slaughtered 3 h after the final feeding. Mean (+/-SD) concentrations of penicillin G measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in liver, kidney, muscle, and serum were 0.409 (+/-0.167) microg/g, 0.031 (+/-0.012) microg/g 0.008 (+/-0.002) microg/g, and 0.013 (+/-0.006) mg/ml, respectively. This study indicates that calves fed milk with amoxicillin or penicillin G could possibly have violative residues if slaughtered within 24 h after feeding. Violative drug residues in liver tissue were found in calves slaughtered 3 h after consuming milk replacer containing 11.7 microg of penicillin G/ml (ppm). DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74460-8 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - 126-133 SN - 0022-0302 KW - penicillin KW - amoxicillin KW - residues KW - calves ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine model and genomic structural organization of glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) AU - Kishnani, PS AU - Faulkner, E AU - VanCamp, S AU - Jackson, M AU - Brown, T AU - Boney, A AU - Koeberl, D AU - Chen, YT T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - A canine model of glycogen storage disease Ia (GSD Ia), similar clinically, biochemically, and pathologically to the human disease, was established by crossbreeding Maltese and Beagle dogs carrying a mutated, defective glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) gene. Ten puppies were born in three litters from these crossbreedings. Six were homozygous for the previously described M121I GSD Ia mutation. Of these six affecteds, two were stillborn, and one died at 2, 32, and 60 days of life, respectively (puppies A, B, C, D, E), while one is alive at age 15 months (puppy F). Affected puppies exhibited tremors, weakness, and neurologic signs when hypoglycemic. They had postnatal growth retardation and progressive hepatomegaly. Biochemical abnormalities included fasting hypoglycemia, hyperlactacidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperuricemia. Microscopic examination of tissues from affected puppies showed diffuse, marked hepatocellular vacuolation, with distended clear hepatocytes and central to marginally located rounded nuclei. In the kidneys of puppies D and E, there was segmental glomerular sclerosis and vacuolation of proximal convoluted tubular epithelium. Biochemical analysis revealed increased liver glycogen content and isolated markedly reduced G-6-Pase enzyme activity in liver and kidney. The canine G-6-Pase gene was characterized by screening a canine genomic library. It spans approximately 11.8 kb and consists of five exons with >90% amino acid sequence homology to the derived human sequence. The first 1.5 kb of the 5' region was sequenced and contains several putative response element motifs homologous to the human 5' region. Establishment of this canine colony of GSD Ia that closely resembles human disease and isolation of the canine genomic gene provides an excellent model for studying pathophysiology and long-term complications and an opportunity to develop novel therapeutic approaches such as drug and gene therapy. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.1354/vp.38-1-83 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 83-91 SN - 0300-9858 KW - animal model KW - canine KW - genomic structure KW - glomerular sclerosis KW - glycogen KW - GSD Ia KW - hepatomegaly KW - hypoglycemia KW - lactic acidosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Age-related quantitative alterations in lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin isotypes in healthy horses AU - McFarlane, D AU - Sellon, DC AU - Gibbs, SA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To characterize age-associated changes in lymphocyte population subsets and immunoglobulin isotypes.30 healthy young light-breed horses (5 to 12 years old) and 30 healthy aged light-breed horses (> 20 years old).Lymphocyte subset populations were identified, using monoclonal antibodies to cell surface markers CD5, CD4, CD8, and IgG. Subset populations were quantitated by use of flow cytometric analysis of antibody-stained cells. Serum immunoglobulin concentration was determined using single radial immunodiffusion.Absolute cell counts of total lymphocytes, T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells were decreased in aged horses, compared with young horses. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of CD8+ cells and an increase in the CD4+-to-CD8+ cell ratio in the aged population, compared with young horses. However, serum concentration of IgG, IgG(T), IgM, or IgA did not differ with age.In horses, total lymphocyte count and lymphocyte subset cell counts decrease with age. Age-matched control values are necessary for optimal evaluation of hematologic variables in aged horses. The decrease in lymphocyte subset cell counts in healthy aged horses mimics that seen in other species and may contribute to an age-associated decrease in immunocompetency. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1413 VL - 62 IS - 9 SP - 1413-1417 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of butorphanol administered by single intravenous injection or continuous intravenous infusion in horses AU - Sellon, DC AU - Monroe, VL AU - Roberts, MC AU - Papich, MG T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To determine an infusion rate of butorphanol tartrate in horses that would maintain therapeutic plasma drug concentrations while minimizing development of adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects.10 healthy adult horses.Plasma butorphanol concentrations were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography following administration of butorphanol by single IV injection (0.1 to 0.13 mg/kg of body weight) or continuous IV infusion (loading dose, 17.8 microg/kg; infusion dosage, 23.7 microg/kg/h for 24 hours). Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated, and changes in physical examination data, gastrointestinal tract transit time, and behavior were determined over time.A single IV injection of butorphanol was associated with adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects including ataxia, decreased borborygmi, and decreased defecation. Elimination half-life of butorphanol was brief (44.37 minutes). Adverse gastrointestinal tract effects were less apparent during continuous 24-hour infusion of butorphanol at a dosage that resulted in a mean plasma concentration of 29 ng/ml, compared with effects after a single IV injection. No adverse behavioral effects were observed during or after continuous infusion.Continuous IV infusion of butorphanol for 24 hours maintained plasma butorphanol concentrations within a range associated with analgesia. Adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects were minimized during infusion, compared with a single injection of butorphanol. Continuous infusion of butorphanol may be a useful treatment to induce analgesia in horses. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.183 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 183-189 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension in dogs: 33 cases (1982-1998) AU - Bunch, SE AU - Johnson, SE AU - Cullen, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To describe clinical signs, diagnostic findings, and outcome in dogs with idiopathic intrahepatic portal hypertension. Design —Retrospective study. Animals —33 dogs. Procedure —Medical records of dogs with portal hypertension of intra-abdominal origin were reviewed. Dogs with intra-abdominal portal hypertension of vascular causes or with hepatic histopathologic changes consistent with severe diffuse hepatobiliary disease were excluded. History and results of physical examination, clinicopathologic tests, diagnostic imaging studies, histologic examination, and treatment were summarized. Outcome was determined in 26 dogs. Results —Dogs were referred most often because of ascites, intermittent vomiting or diarrhea, and polydipsia of several months' duration. Microcytosis, high serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase activities, hepatic dysfunction, urine specific gravity ≤ 1.021, and abdominal transudate were the predominant clinicopathologic features. Microhepatia, abdominal effusion, and multiple anomalous venous anastomoses were the major findings of diagnostic imaging. Hepatic histopathologic changes were consistent with idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension and were indistinguishable from those of dogs with surgically created portocaval anastomosis. Outcome was determined for 19 dogs released from hospital; 13 dogs remained healthy with mostly palliative treatment for periods of 5 months to 9 years. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —The clinical signs, clinicopathologic test results, portal pressure, and gross appearance of the liver of dogs with idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension may be identical to those of dogs with cirrhosis; therefore liver biopsy is crucial. Because the prognosis for idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension is generally favorable, owners of affected dogs should be discouraged from choosing euthanasia. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 218:392–399) DA - 2001/2/1/ PY - 2001/2/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.218.392 VL - 218 IS - 3 SP - 392-399 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica prevalence in three-site swine production systems in North Carolina, USA AU - Funk, J. A. AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Gebreyes, W. T2 - Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift (Berlin, Germany : 1949) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 114 IS - 9-10 SP - 335-338 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of in vitro systems on embryo survival and fetal development in cattle AU - Farin, PW AU - Crosier, AE AU - Farin, CE T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - In vitro systems are commonly used for the production of bovine embryos. Comparisons between in vivo and in vitro produced embryos illustrate that the morphology of preimplantation-stage embryos differ significantly, the survival of embryos and fetuses is decreased, the size distributions of the populations of conceptuses and fetuses are altered throughout gestation, and placental development is significantly changed. Taken together these findings indicate that exposure to some in vitro environments during the first 7 days of life can profoundly influence fetal and placental development in cattle. An understanding of how in vitro oocyte maturation, in vitro fertilization, and embryo culture systems influence both fetal and placental development should result in systems that consistently produce normal embryos, fetuses, and calves. DA - 2001/1/1/ PY - 2001/1/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00452-0 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 151-170 SN - 1879-3231 KW - bovine KW - embryo KW - fetus KW - in vitro production KW - gene expression KW - large offspring syndrome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chylous abdominal effusion in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis AU - Savary, KCM AU - Sellon, RK AU - Law, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - A 10-year-old cat was diagnosed with chyloperitoneum based on the effusion characteristics. Feline coronavirus serology was positive. The owner declined further evaluation and elected euthanasia. Necropsy revealed vasculitis with multifocal areas of necrosis and lymphocytic-plasmacytic inflammation in multiple solid organs, most likely due to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Immunohistochemistry was negative for FIP antigen. Notwithstanding, the final diagnosis of FIP was based on the characteristic histopathological lesions. Underlying causes of chyloperitoneum in cats and humans are discussed, and possible pathogenesis of the chyloperitoneum in association with a vasculitis such as FIP is discussed. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.5326/15473317-37-1-35 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 35-40 SN - 0587-2871 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixture effects of JP-8 additives on the dermal disposition of jet fuel components AU - Baynes, RE AU - Brooks, JD AU - Budsaba, K AU - Smith, CE AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - Aliphatic and aromatic components in formulated jet fuels can cause occupational dermatitis. However, the influence of JP-8 performance additives (DIEGME, 8Q21, and Stadis450) on the dermal disposition of fuel components is not well understood. These additives are formulated with commercial Jet-A to form military JP-8 fuel. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of these additives on the dermal disposition of marker aromatic and aliphatic components, naphthalene and dodecane, respectively. Porcine skin sections in an in vitro system were used to characterize chemical-biological interactions that modulate diffusion of jet fuel components and isolated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSFs) were used to evaluate diffusion in a viable skin model with an intact microvasculature. In these 5-h studies, Jet-A, Jet-A + DIEGME, Jet-A + 8Q21, and Jet-A + Stadis450, Jet-A + DIEGME + 8Q21, Jet-A + DIEGME + Stadis450, Jet-A + 8Q21 + Stadis450, and JP-8 mixtures were tested. In general, naphthalene absorption (0.76-2.39% dose) was greater than dodecane absorption (0.10-0.84% dose), while the IPPSFs alone demonstrated that dodecane absorption was significantly greater in JP-8 than in Jet-A. Synergistic interactions with 8Q21 + Stadis450 appear to enhance systemic absorption of either naphthalene or dodecane, while DIEGME + Stadis450 increased naphthalene (1.88% dose) and dodecane (2.02% dose) penetration into the skin and fat tissues of IPPSFs. These findings were supported by the fact that 8Q21 + Stadis450 significantly increased dodecane flux and permeability in porcine skin sections, but 8Q21 alone reduced marker diffusion in both membrane systems. Furthermore, dodecane is more likely than naphthalene to remain in the stratum corneum and skin surface at 5 h, and DIEGME mixtures played a significant role in skin and surface retention of both markers. In summary, the data suggest that various combinations of these three performance additives in JP-8 can potentially alter the dermal disposition of aromatic and aliphatic fuel components in skin. More importantly, products of two-factor interactions were not predictable from single-factor exposures and, by extension, cannot be extrapolated to three-factor interactions. DA - 2001/9/15/ PY - 2001/9/15/ DO - 10.1006/taap.2001.9259 VL - 175 IS - 3 SP - 269-281 SN - 1096-0333 KW - jet fuels KW - mixtures KW - skin KW - interactions KW - absorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental infection of cats with Tritrichomonas foetus AU - Gookin, JL AU - Levy, MG AU - Mac Law, J AU - Papich, MG AU - Poore, MF AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To determine whether infection with Tritrichomonas foetus causes diarrhea in specific-pathogen-free or Cryptosporidium coinfected cats.4 cats with subclinical cryptosporidiosis (group 1) and 4 specific-pathogen-free cats (group 2).Cats were infected orogastrically with an axenic culture of T. foetus isolated from a kitten with diarrhea. Direct microscopy and protozoal culture of feces, fecal character, serial colonic mucosal biopsy specimens, and response to treatment with nitazoxanide (NTZ; group 1) or prednisolone (groups 1 and 2) were assessed.Infection with T. foetus persisted in all cats for the entire 203-day study and resulted in diarrhea that resolved after 7 weeks. Group-1 cats had an earlier onset, more severe diarrhea, and increased number of trichomonads on direct fecal examination, compared with group-2 cats. Use of NTZ eliminated shedding of T. foetus and Cryptosporidium oocysts, but diarrhea consisting of trichomonad-containing feces recurred when treatment was discontinued. Prednisolone did not have an effect on infection with T. foetus but resulted in reappearance of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the feces of 2 of 4 cats. During necropsy, T. foetus was isolated from contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon. Tritrichomonas foetus organisms and antigen were detected on surface epithelia and within superficial detritus of the cecal and colonic mucosa.After experimental inoculation in cats, T. foetus organisms colonize the ileum, cecum, and colon, reside in close contact with the epithelium, and are associated with transient diarrhea that is exacerbated by coexisting cryptosporidiosis but not treatment with prednisolone. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1690 VL - 62 IS - 11 SP - 1690-1697 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of immune cells in the female reproductive tract in uninfected and FIV infected cats AU - Butterworth, JL AU - English, RV AU - Jordan, HL AU - Tompkins, MB T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Cell-free and cell-associated FIV effectively cross the mucosa of the feline female reproductive tract. To identify possible cellular targets of FIV and to characterize changes in mucosal immunity after infection, we examined the types and numbers of immune cells residing in the reproductive tracts of control and intravaginally FIV-infected cats. Sections of the vestibule, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries, were examined by immunohistochemistry for CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD22+ B lymphocytes, CD1a+ dendritic cells, and CD14+ macrophages. The reproductive tract of uninfected cats contained substantial numbers of CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as moderate numbers of CD1a+ dendritic cells, and few B lymphocytes. The most prominent change between FIV- and FIV+ cats was a marked decrease in the concentration of CD4+ T lymphocytes resulting in inverted CD4+:CD8+ ratios throughout the reproductive tract of infected cats. There was also a trend towards increasing numbers of CD1a+ dendritic cells in the intravaginally-infected FIV+ cats, and decreasing numbers of macrophages and CD22+ B lymphocytes. This study indicates that similar to the peripheral immune system, FIV infection is associated with CD4+ cell loss and reduced CD4+:CD8+ ratios in the female reproductive mucosal tissue. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00371-3 VL - 83 IS - 1-2 SP - 37-51 SN - 0165-2427 KW - feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) KW - immunohistochemistry KW - mucosal immunity ER - TY - CONF TI - B7.1/B7.2 and CTLA4 expression on feline T cells in vitro correlates with apoptosis AU - Vahlenkamp, T. W. AU - Bull, M. E. AU - Dow, J. AU - Anderson, J. AU - Tompkins, M. B. AU - Tompkins, W. A. F. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Journal of Leukocyte Biology DA - 2001/// SP - 255 M1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preparation and characterization of porous silica coated multifibers for solid-phase microextraction AU - Xia, XR AU - Leidy, RB T2 - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AB - C18-bonded silica-coated multifibers were prepared and studied as a stationary phase for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The porous multifiber SPME provided larger absorption capacity and higher absorption rate compared to a polymer-coated single fiber. Its absorption rate was 10 times higher than that of a commercial 100-microm poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-coated fiber. Its high extraction efficiency enabled the positive identification of unknown compounds at sub-part-per-billion level in full-scan mode with a benchtop quadruple GC/MS. The desorption temperature indicated that the analyte interactions with the C18-bonded silica were stronger than those with the PDMS polymer. The dependence of the equilibration time on the molecular weight was not observed for the porous multifiber SPME. The boundary layer between the fiber coating and the sample matrix could be the absorption control step in SPME under mild agitation. The special experimental conditions in the porous multifiber SPME, such as air interference and polar organic solvent wetting, were investigated. DA - 2001/5/1/ PY - 2001/5/1/ DO - 10.1021/ac001273f VL - 73 IS - 9 SP - 2041-2047 SN - 0003-2700 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - NCCLS quality control values for veterinary- use fluoroquinolones - Author's reply AU - Altier, C. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// SP - 1681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycoplasmosis in captive crows and robins from Minnesota AU - Wellehan, JFX AU - Calsamiglia, M AU - Ley, DH AU - Zens, MS AU - Amonsin, A AU - Kapur, V T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Mycoplasma sturni is a recently described organism previously associated with conjunctivitis in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) and blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata). Herein we describe the isolation of M. sturni from an American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) presenting with conjunctivitis. A nested-PCR was designed for identification of M. sturni in clinical specimens and the sensitivity of the reaction was found to be 10 colony-changing units. The organism was found in asymptomatic American crows caged with a nestmate of the crow with conjunctivitis. Mycoplasma sturni also was found in asymptomatic American robins (Turdus migratorius) and in a European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) housed at the same facility as the crows. Heterogenity of M. sturni isolates from different host species was found by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. Heterogeneity also was found among M. sturni isolates recovered from American crows. We suggest that M. sturni can successfully infect American crows and American robins with or without the presence of clinical disease. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nested-PCR is an effective method for the detection of M. sturni and that substantial genetic heterogeneity exists among natural isolates of this bacterial pathogen. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.547 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 547-555 SN - 0090-3558 KW - American robin KW - American crow KW - Corvus brachyrhynchos KW - Mycoplasma sturni KW - mycoplasmosis KW - nested polymerase chain reaction KW - Turdus migratorius ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glutamine transporter in crypts compensates for loss of villus absorption in bovine cryptosporidiosis AU - Blikslager, A AU - Hunt, E AU - Guerrant, R AU - Rhoads, M AU - Argenzio, R T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Cryptosporidium parvum infection represents a significant cause of diarrhea in humans and animals. We studied the effect of luminally applied glutamine and the PG synthesis inhibitor indomethacin on NaCl absorption from infected calf ileum in Ussing chambers. Infected ileum displayed a decrease in both mucosal surface area and NaCl absorption. Indomethacin and glutamine or its stable derivative alanyl-glutamine increased the net absorption of Na(+) in infected tissue in an additive manner and to a greater degree than in controls. Immunohistochemical and Western blot studies showed that in control animals neutral amino acid transport system ASC was present in villus and crypts, whereas in infected animals, ASC was strongly present only on the apical border of crypts. These results are consistent with PGs mediating the altered NaCl and water absorption in this infection. Our findings further illustrate that the combined use of a PG synthesis inhibitor and glutamine can fully stimulate Na(+) and Cl(-) absorption despite the severe villous atrophy, an effect associated with increased expression of a Na(+)-dependent amino acid transporter in infected crypts. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.g645 VL - 281 IS - 3 SP - G645-G653 SN - 0193-1857 KW - sodium absorption KW - sodium/hydrogen exchanger KW - villous atrophy KW - crypt hyperplasia KW - prostaglandin E-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An HPLC method for the determination of penicillin G residues in veal calf liver tissues AU - Boison, JO AU - Souster, K AU - Drury, C AU - Musser, JB AU - Anderson, KL T2 - JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES AB - A method developed in our laboratory and used for several years for the routine determination of penicillin G residues in animal tissues by liquid chromatography failed when it was used in a recent study for the determination of penicillin G residues in liver tissues of 2- to 5-week-old veal calves. The method was, therefore, modified as follows to permit the determination of penicillin G residues in liver tissues from very young calves. Penicillin G was extracted from calf liver tissue with acetonitrile instead of water. The acetonitrile extract was evaporated to near dryness, and the resulting residue was dissolved in 30 mL of 2% sodium chloride and cleaned up on a t-C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. The retained penicillin was then eluted with 1 mL of 60% acetonitrile/35% water/5% 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution, derivatized with 1 mL of 1,2,4-triazole/mercuric chloride solution at 65°C for 30 min, and analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 325 nm. The limits of detection and quantitation for this method are 1.5 and 5 ng/g, respectively, for penicillin G. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1081/JLC-100103417 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 881-892 SN - 1082-6076 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis AU - Latimer, HK AU - Jaykus, LA AU - Morales, RA AU - Cowen, P AU - Crawford-Brown, D T2 - RISK ANALYSIS AB - This article describes the development of a weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis. Data from previously reported human challenge studies were categorized into two different groups representing low and moderately virulent/pathogenic Salmonella strains based on a disease end point. Because epidemiological data indicate that some Salmonella strains are particularly pathogenic, and in the absence of human feeding study data for such strains, Shigella dysenteriae was used as a proxy for highly virulent strains. Three single-hit dose-response models were applied to the human feeding study data and evaluated for best fit using maximum likelihood estimation: (1) the exponential (E-1pop), (2) the two-subpopulation exponential (E-2pop), and (3) the Beta-Poisson (BP). Based on the goodness-of-fit test, the E-1pop and BP were the best-fit models for low and moderately virulent/pathogenic Salmonella strains, and the E-2pop and BP models were better for highly virulent/pathogenic strains. Epistemic analysis was conducted by determining the degree of confidence associated with the selected models, which was found to be 50%/50% (E-1pop/BP) for low and moderately pathogenic Salmonella strains, and 9.8%/90.2% (E-2pop/BP) for highly virulent strains. The degree of confidence for each component model and variations in the proportion of strains within each virulence/pathogenicity category were incorporated into the overall composite model. This study describes the influence of variation in strain virulence and host susceptibility on the shape of the population dose-response relationship. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1111/0272-4332.212112 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 295-305 SN - 0272-4332 KW - Salmonella enteritidis KW - weighted composite dose-response relationships KW - maximum-likelihood estimation KW - degree of model confidence KW - likelihood ratios ER -