TY - CONF TI - FARAD: The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank AU - Baynes, R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Gnotobiotics C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Gnotobiotics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - CONF TI - The impacts of dermal exposure variables on percutaneous penetration and tissue disposition of 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl in an ex vivo swine model AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Perspectives in Percutaneous Penetration C2 - 2000/// C3 - Perspectives in Percutaneous Penetration DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7A SP - 114 ER - TY - CONF TI - Skin cytochrome P450 status and percutaneous penetration: Enhanced dermal absorption and altered local disposition of 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Perspectives in Percutaneous Penetration C2 - 2000/// C3 - Perspectives in Percutaneous Penetration DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7A SP - 115 ER - TY - CONF TI - Percutaneous absorption and cutaneous toxicity of topically applied Jet A, JP-8, and JP-8 (100) AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Allen, D.G. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2000/// C3 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Clustering of JP-8 chemicals using structure spaces and property spaces. A computational approach AU - Basak, S.C. AU - Gute, B.D. AU - Grunwald, G. AU - Mills, D. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2000/// C3 - AFOSR JP-8 Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Clustering of JP-8 chemicals using property spaces and structural spaces: A novel tool for hazard assessment AU - Basak, S.C. AU - Grunwald, G.D. AU - Gute, B.D. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Mills, D. T2 - 2nd Indo-US Workshop on Mathematical Chemistry C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2nd Indo-US Workshop on Mathematical Chemistry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections and haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with consumption of unpasteurized apple cider AU - HILBORN, E. D. AU - MSHAR, P. A. AU - FIORENTINO, T. R. AU - DEMBEK, Z. F. AU - BARRETT, T. J. AU - HOWARD, R. T. AU - CARTTER, M. L. T2 - Epidemiology and infection AB - During October 1996, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among Connecticut residents occurred. An epidemiologic investigation included enhanced surveillance and a case-control study. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Implicated cider samples were analysed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Consumption of implicated cider was associated with illness; (matched odds ratio = undefined, 95 % confidence interval = 3.5-infinity). Ultimately, a total of 14 outbreak-associated patients were identified. All isolates analysed by PFGE yielded the outbreak-associated subtype. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not cultured from three cider samples; PCR analysis detected DNA fragments consistent with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in one. This outbreak was associated with drinking one brand of unpasteurized apple cider. PFGE subtyping supported the epidemiologic association. PCR analysis detected microbial contaminants in the absence of live organisms. Washing and brushing apples did not prevent cider contamination. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1017/s0950268899003258 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003258 ER - TY - CONF TI - Extralabel drug use in the USA and the role of FARAD AU - Webb, A.I. AU - Craigmill, A.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 7th World Congress of Veterinary Anaesthesiology C2 - 2000/9/20/ C3 - 7th World Congress of Veterinary Anaesthesiology CY - Berne, Switzerland DA - 2000/9/20/ PY - 2000/9/20/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Mixture component effects on the percutaneous absorption of TCB, PCB and PCP AU - Pirone, J.R. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Mumtaz, M. AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 150 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Influence of jet fuel mixtures on dermal absorption of aromatic and aliphatic components AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Abdullahi, A.R. AU - Wilkes, R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 151 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effects of benzo(a)pyrene-induced skin cytochrome P450 elevation on 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl percutaneous absorption and tissue disposition AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition C2 - 2000/// C3 - American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/5/20/ SP - 56 ER - TY - CONF TI - Veterinary Pharmacokinetics in the 21st Century AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology (EAVPT) C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/7/30/ SP - 55 ER - TY - CONF TI - Food Safety, FARAD, and Residue Avoidance in the 6th Millenium AU - Craigmill, A.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Webb, A.L. T2 - 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology (EAVPT) C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/7/30/ SP - 70 ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of the pig as a model to assess cutaneous toxicity and inflammation of jet fuels AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Allen, D.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology (EAVPT) C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/7/30/ SP - 50 ER - TY - CONF TI - Mixed effect modeling applied to the interspecies scaling of gentamicin and oxytetracycline AU - Martin-Jimenez, T. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology (EAVPT) C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/7/30/ SP - 59 ER - TY - CONF TI - Cutaneous enzyme histochemistry of topically applied jet fuels in the pig AU - Rhyne, B.N. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 151 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Cutaneous irritation of topically applied jet fuels in the pig AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Rhyne, B.N. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 151 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Cytokine release from keratinocytes exposed to Jet A, JP8, JP8-100 jet fuels AU - Allen, D.G. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 151 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Smith, C.E. AU - Budsaba, K. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Olajos, E.J. AU - Salem, H. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 151–152 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparative in vitro percutaneous absorption of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE-4 and NPE-9) through human, porcine and rat skin AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Simon, G. AU - Joiner, R.L. AU - van Miller, J.P. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 149–150 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of a human skin tissue culture model in dermal absorption studies of 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 2000/3// C3 - Toxicological Sciences CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3/19/ VL - 54 SP - 150 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2000Tox.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Halicephalobus gingivalis encephalomyelitis in a horse AU - Bröjer, J AU - Parsons, D AU - Linder, K AU - Peregrine, A AU - Dobson, H T2 - Canadian Veterinary Journal C2 - PMC1476181 DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// VL - 41 IS - 7 SP - 559–561 ER - TY - CONF TI - Complicated Urinary Tract Infections In 100 Dogs: A Retrospective Study AU - Seguin, A. AU - Vaden, S. AU - Levine, J. AU - Stone, E. T2 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine C2 - 2000/5// CY - Seattle, Washington DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Adult and Kitten Survival Time of Feral Cats in Managed Colonies in Randolph County AU - Nutter, F.B. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Stoskopf, M.K. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// ER - TY - CONF TI - Prevalence of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens in Shellfish AU - Tlamka, B AU - Pitts, T AU - Levine, Jf AU - French, Je AU - Mare, Cj AU - Joens, La T2 - Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD) C2 - 2000/12// CY - Chicago, IL DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reagents for isotropic size enhancement of a peptide, protein, nucleotide or other substrate AU - Hai, T.T. AU - Pereira, D.E. AU - Nelson, D.J. DA - 2000/1/25/ PY - 2000/1/25/ M1 - 6018035 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 6018035 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Blood substitutes: Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers AU - Nelson, D.J. T2 - Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology A2 - Swarbrick, J A2 - Boylan, J.C. PY - 2000/// VL - 19 SP - 1–33 PB - Marcel Dekker, Inc ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface Modification of Diaspirin Cross-linked Hemoglobin (DCLHb) with Chondroitin-4-sulfate Derivatives. Part 1 AU - Hai, Ton T. AU - Pereira, David E. AU - Nelson, Deanna J. AU - Catarello, Jim AU - Srnak, Ana T2 - Bioconjugate Chemistry AB - Synthetic methodology was developed for the preparation of chondrotin-4-sulfate reagents that could be specifically attached to the surface of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), a chemically stabilized human hemoglobin. The surface-modified hemoglobin solutions had a significantly higher colloidal osmotic pressures (COP) than DCLHb. The P(50) of the modified DCLHb was dependent upon the reactive end group of the chondrotin-4-sulfate reagents that was used for the protein modification. Modification of DCLHb with the chondroitin-4-sulfate derivatives containing the maleimide end group 23 provided a hemoglobin with a P(50) value of 23 mmHg, while the P(50) of hemoglobins prepared from chondroitin-4-sulfate derivatives containing the aldehyde end group 13 and 18 remained unchanged from that of DCLHb. DA - 2000/8/25/ PY - 2000/8/25/ DO - 10.1021/bc000021i VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 705-713 J2 - Bioconjugate Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 1043-1802 1520-4812 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc000021i DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphometric and mechanical properties of femora in young adult male turkeys with and without femoral fractures AU - Crespo, R. AU - Stover, S. M. AU - Taylor, K. T. AU - Chin, R. P. AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Morphologic and torsional mechanical properties of femora were evaluated in three groups of turkeys to determine whether turkeys that incurred femoral fracture have different radiographic, morphologic, and torsional mechanical properties than do turkeys without femoral fracture, and if body weight was a factor differentiating affected and nonaffected turkeys. Nine turkeys with unilateral femoral fractures and nine turkeys without fractures from Farm A were compared with a group of nine age and genetically matched turkeys from Farm B. Turkeys from Farm A were 10 to 25% heavier (26.2+/-0.9 kg) and turkeys from Farm B were 10% lighter (18.2+/-0.9 kg) than expected breed standards. Femoral length, cortical thickness, medullary diameter, and diaphyseal curvature were measured from craniocaudal and lateromedial radiographs. One intact femur from each of five turkeys with a contralateral femoral fracture (Farm A), nine unaffected turkeys from Farm A, and nine turkeys from Farm B were subjected to failure in a torsion test. Geometric and mechanical results were compared. Turkeys from Farm A had a thicker cortex and a smaller medullary diameter than turkeys from Farm B. Turkeys from Farm A had significantly lower torsional stiffness and failure torque values compared with turkeys from Farm B, when differences in body weight were accounted for (analysis of covariance, P < 0.05). Mechanical failure torque calculated from geometric values suggests that organic or inorganic material arrangement and composition may be responsible, in part, for differences between groups. Femoral fractures may be associated with insufficient skeletal adaptation to heavy body weight. DA - 2000/4/1/ PY - 2000/4/1/ DO - 10.1093/ps/79.4.602 VL - 79 IS - 4 SP - 602-608 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 1525-3171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.4.602 DB - Crossref KW - femur KW - turkey KW - femoral fracture KW - morphometry KW - biomechanics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ingestion of Fumonisin B1-Containing Culture Material Decreases Cardiac Contractility and Mechanical Efficiency in Swine AU - Constable, Peter D. AU - Smith, Geoffrey W. AU - Rottinghaus, George E. AU - Haschek, Wanda M. T2 - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology AB - Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced primarily by Fusarium verticillioides, a fungus that commonly contaminates corn. Fumonisin ingestion increases plasma and tissue sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations and causes porcine pulmonary edema, which has been attributed to acute left-sided heart failure or increased vascular permeability. We investigated the effect of short-term ingestion of fumonisin B1-containing culture material on cardiac function in pigs. Treated male pigs (n = 7) received fumonisin-containing culture material which was mixed into the grower diet at 20 mg fumonisin B1/kg body weight each day, while control pigs (n = 7) were fed only the grower diet on the same schedule as the treated pigs. Pigs were anesthetized after 3 days of receiving either diet and instrumented to accurately characterize the cardiovascular effects of fumonisin ingestion. Fumonisin-treated pigs had lower cardiac outputs and heart rates than control pigs. Fumonisin-treated pigs also had a marked reduction in cardiac contractility, as indicated by decreased values for end-systolic elastance (the gold standard in vivo measure of cardiac contractility), V(0) (the intercept value for the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship), and mechanical efficiency. These data indicate that in pigs, short-term ingestion of fumonisin B1-containing culture material produces negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and decreases mechanical efficiency of the left ventricle. Theses cardiovascular effects are consistent with fumonisin-induced, sphingosine-mediated l-type Ca(2+) channel blockade and suggest that pulmonary edema in pigs fed fumonisin is primarily due to acute left-sided heart failure instead of increased vascular permeability. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1006/taap.1999.8831 VL - 162 IS - 3 SP - 151-160 J2 - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology LA - en OP - SN - 0041-008X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8831 DB - Crossref KW - end-systolic elastance KW - stroke work KW - pressure-volume area KW - mechanical energetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purified Fumonisin B1 Decreases Cardiovascular Function but Does Not Alter Pulmonary Capillary Permeability in Swine AU - Smith, G. W. T2 - Toxicological Sciences AB - Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides, which induce acute pulmonary edema in swine. We previously reported that ingestion of fumonisin-containing culture material decreases cardiovascular function in swine (1996,a,b; Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 169-172; 33, 140-148; 1999, Am. J Vet. Res. 60, 1291-1300). The main purpose of this study was to confirm that fumonisin B(1) was responsible for the observed cardiovascular changes. Treated pigs (n = 6) were given daily intravenous injections of purified fumonisin B(1) at 1 mg/kg for 4 days, while controls (n = 6) were injected with equal volumes of saline. On day 5, pigs were anesthetized with butorphanol-chloralose and instrumented for hemodynamic studies. Terminally, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on each pig to determine the relative permeability index of the pulmonary endothelium. Fumonisin B(1)-treated pigs had marked decreases in the maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt(max)), mean aortic pressure, cardiac output, and arterial pO(2), accompanied by increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure, oxygen extraction ratio, and blood hemoglobin concentration. Plasma and left ventricular sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations were markedly increased in treated pigs at day 5; however, there was no difference in the relative permeability index between groups. Serum cholesterol concentrations and activities of hepatic-derived enzymes were increased, and hepatocyte apoptosis and mitoses were present in the livers of fumonisin-treated pigs. In the lungs of treated pigs, there was proteinaceous edema and membranous accumulations in capillary endothelial cells. These results indicate that cardiovascular function is altered by fumonisin B(1), and that fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema is caused by left-sided heart failure and not by altered endothelial permeability. Because of the potential for contamination of human foodstuffs by fumonisins, the cardiovascular toxicity of these compounds must be taken into consideration. DA - 2000/7/1/ PY - 2000/7/1/ DO - 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.240 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 240-249 OP - SN - 1096-0929 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/56.1.240 DB - Crossref KW - fumonisin KW - cardiovascular KW - heart failure KW - pulmonary edema KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome size of Eperythrozoon suis and hybridization with 16S rRNA gene AU - Messick, Joanne B AU - Smith, Geoffrey AU - Berent, Linda AU - Cooper, Sandra T2 - Canadian Journal of Microbiology AB - The genome size of Eperythrozoon suis, an unculturable haemotropic mycoplasma, was estimated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Gamma irradiation was used to introduce one (on the average) double-strand break in the E. suis Illinois chromosome. Restriction enzymes that cut infrequently were also used to analyze genome size. The size estimate for the full-length genome was 745 kilobases (kb), whereas the size estimates based on the summation of restriction fragments ranged from 730 to 770 kb. The 16S rRNA gene was located on the 120-kb MluI fragment, 128-kb NruI fragment, 25-kb SacII fragment, and 217-kb SalI fragment by Southern blotting. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1139/w00-088 VL - 46 IS - 11 SP - 1082-1086 J2 - Can. J. Microbiol. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-4166 1480-3275 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-088 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Parvovirus Infection of Keratinocytes as a Cause of Canine Erythema Multiforme AU - Favrot, C. AU - Olivry, T. AU - Dunston, S. M. AU - Degorce-Rubiales, F. AU - Guy, J. S. T2 - Veterinary Pathology AB - Erythema multiforme major was diagnosed in a dog with necrotizing parvoviral enteritis. Skin lesions consisted of ulceration of the footpads, pressure points, mouth, and vaginal mucosa; vesicles in the oral cavity; and erythematous patches on the abdomen and perivulvar skin. Microscopic examination of mucosal and haired skin specimens revealed lymphocyte-associated keratinocyte apoptosis at various levels of the epidermis. Basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. Immunohistochemical staining, performed with canine parvovirus-2-specific monoclonal antibodies, confirmed the parvovirus nature of the inclusions in the nucleus and cytoplasm of oral and skin epithelial cells. This is the first case of canine erythema multiforme reported to be caused by a viral infection of keratinocytes. This case study indicates that the search for epitheliotropic viruses should be attempted in cases of erythema multiforme in which a drug cause cannot be identified. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1354/vp.37-6-647 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 647-649 J2 - Vet Pathol LA - en OP - SN - 0300-9858 1544-2217 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.37-6-647 DB - Crossref KW - canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) KW - dog KW - immunology KW - infection KW - skin KW - virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of Salmonella Serotypes Shed in Feces of Beef Cows and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns AU - Dargatz, D. A. AU - Fedorka Cray, P. J. AU - Ladely, S. R. AU - Ferris, K. E. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - Salmonella prevalence on cow-calf operations was studied as a part of a national study of health and management of the U.S. beef cow-calf industry and was conducted as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System. Within this study, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. shed in feces was determined. A total of 5,049 fecal samples were collected from 187 beef cow-calf operations each visited on a single occasion. The number of fecal samples collected per operation was predetermined based on herd size. Salmonellae were recovered from 1 or more fecal samples collected on 11.2% (21 of 187) of the operations. Overall 78 salmonellae representing 22 serotypes were recovered from 1.4% (70 of 5,049) of samples. Multiple serotypes were recovered from eight samples from a single operation. The five most common serotypes were Salmonella Oranienburg (21.8% of isolates), and Salmonella Cerro (21.8%), followed by Salmonella Anatum (10.3%), Salmonella Bredeney (9.0%), and Salmonella Mbandaka (5.1%). The most common serogroups identified were C1 (33.3%), K (21.8%), B (16.7%), and E (15.4%). Even though the recovery rate of salmonellae from fecal samples was very low, 43.6% (34 of 78) and 38.5% (30 of 78) of the isolates were among the 10 most common serotypes from cattle with clinical signs of disease or isolated from humans, respectively. The majority of the isolates (50 of 78; 64.1%) were recovered from fecal samples from two operations. All isolates were screened for resistance to a panel of 17 antimicrobics, and 87.2% (68 of 78) were susceptible to all of the antimicrobics. The resistant isolates were most commonly resistant to streptomycin (n = 9) and/or sulfamethoxazole (n = 9). Nine isolates showed multiple (> or =2 antimicrobics) resistance most commonly to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole (n = 6). DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1648 VL - 63 IS - 12 SP - 1648-1653 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1648 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synergism between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Salmonella choleraesuis in swine AU - Wills, Robert W. AU - Gray, Jeffery T. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Yoon, K.-J. AU - Ladely, Scott AU - Zimmerman, J.J. T2 - Veterinary Microbiology AB - Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Salmonella choleraesuis are two leading causes of economic loss in the swine industry. While respiratory disease is common in both S. choleraesuis and PRRSV infections, the factors that contribute to its development remain largely undefined. We investigated the interaction of PRRSV, S. choleraesuis, and stress in 5-week-old swine. All combinations of three factors (inoculation with S. choleraesuis on Day 0, PRRSV on Day 3, and treatment with dexamethasone on Days 3–7) were used to produce eight treatment groups in two independent trials. Fecal samples, tonsil and nasal swabs, serum samples and postmortem tissues were collected for bacteriologic and virologic examinations. No clinical signs were observed in pigs inoculated with only PRRSV or only S. choleraesuis. In contrast, pigs which were dually infected with S. choleraesuis and PRRSV exhibited unthriftiness, rough hair coats, dyspnea, and diarrhea. The pigs which received all three treatment factors were the most severely affected and 43% (three of seven) of the animals in this group died. Individuals in this group shed significantly higher quantities of S. choleraesuis in feces and had significantly higher serum PRRSV titers compared to other treatments (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, S. choleraesuis and PRRSV were shed longer and by more pigs in this group than other groups and S. choleraesuis was recovered from more tissues in this group on Day 21 post inoculation. These results suggested that PRRSV, S. choleraesuis, and dexamethasone acted synergistically to produce a syndrome similar to that observed in the field. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00175-3 VL - 71 IS - 3-4 SP - 177-192 J2 - Veterinary Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00175-3 DB - Crossref KW - porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) KW - Salmonella choleraesuis KW - interaction KW - pig-bacteria KW - pig-viruses ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors for fecal shedding of Salmonella in 91 US dairy herds in 1996 AU - Kabagambe, E.K. AU - Wells, S.J. AU - Garber, L.P. AU - Salman, M.D. AU - Wagner, B. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine AB - In 1996, data on management practices used on US dairy operations were collected and analyzed for association with fecal shedding of Salmonella by dairy cows. A total of 4299 fecal samples from 91 herds was cultured for Salmonella isolation. Herd-size (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 5.8, 95% CI 1.1, 31.3), region (OR = 5.7, CI 1.4, 23.5), use of flush water systems (OR = 3.5, CI 0.9, 14.7), and feeding brewers' products to lactating cows (OR = 3.4, CI 0.9, 12.9) were identified as the most important predictive risk factors. The population attributable risks (PARs) for herd-size, region, flush water system, and feeding brewers' products to lactating cows were 0.76, 0.46, 0.37, and 0.42, respectively. The estimated PAR for all four risk factors combined was 0.95. The effects of these factors need to be more-closely evaluated in more-controlled studies, in order to develop intervention programs that reduce Salmonella shedding. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1016/s0167-5877(99)00094-x VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 177-194 J2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 0167-5877 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(99)00094-x DB - Crossref KW - Salmonella KW - shedding KW - herd level KW - cattle KW - risk factors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp by horses in the United States during 1998 and 1999 and detection of Salmonella spp in grain and concentrate sources on equine operations AU - Traub-Dargatz, Josie L. AU - Garber, Lindsey P. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Ladely, Scott AU - Ferris, Kathy E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To estimate prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp among horses in the US horse population and prevalence of Salmonella spp in grain or other concentrate used as horse feed on equine operations in the United States.Cross-sectional survey.Horses on 972 operations in 28 states.Fecal samples were collected from horses resident at each operation. Only a single sample was collected from any individual horse; number of horses from which samples were collected on each operation was determined on the basis of number of horses on the operation. A single sample of grain or concentrate was also collected from each operation. All samples were tested for Salmonella spp by means of bacterial culture.Overall, 0.8% (SE, 0.5) of resident horses shed Salmonella spp in their feces. The overall prevalence of operations positive for fecal shedding of Salmonella spp (i.e., operations with > or = 1 horse shedding Salmonella spp in its feces) was 1.8% (SE, 0.7). Prevalence of grain or other concentrate samples positive for Salmonella spp was 0.4%. Serotypes of Salmonella spp that were identified in grain or other concentrate were not those typically associated with clinical disease in horses.Results suggest that the national prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp by horses in the United States was 0.8%, and that prevalence of Salmonella spp in grain or other concentrate used for horse feed was 0.4%. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.2460/javma.2000.217.226 VL - 217 IS - 2 SP - 226-230 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.226 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of the Incidence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium perfringens in Wild Birds near Broiler Chicken Houses by Sampling Intestinal Droppings AU - Craven, S. E. AU - Stern, N. J. AU - Line, E. AU - Bailey, J. S. AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Several methods were evaluated for collecting fecal and intestinal samples from wild birds found near broiler chicken houses. A few intestinal samples and cloacal swabs were obtained from European starlings and house sparrows. Most of the samples collected consisted of wild bird droppings found on or near the houses. Samples were collected from each of four farms of a broiler integrator during a grow-out cycle: a cycle in the summer for farm A, fall for farm B, and spring, summer, fall, and winter for farms C and D. Of the 25 wild bird intestinal and fecal samples collected from a broiler house on farm A during a grow-out cycle in July-August 1997, 24% were positive for Salmonella spp., 4% for Campylobacter jejuni, and 28% for Clostridium perfringens. Of the nine fecal samples collected from broiler house B in a grow-out cycle in September-November 1997, 33% were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 22% for C. perfringens. For farms C and D, of the 23 samples collected in March-April 1998, 0 were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 52% for C. perfringens; of 27 samples collected in June-July 1998, 4% were positive for Salmonella spp., 0 for C. jejuni, and 13% for C. perfringens; of 24 samples collected in August-October 1998, 14% were positive for Salmonella spp., 5% for C. jejuni, and 4% for C. perfringens; of 14 samples collected December 1998-January 1999, 0 were positive for Salmonella, 50% for C. jejuni, and 14% for C. perfringens. The incidence of these bacterial enteropathogens in wild birds near the broiler chicken houses suggests that wild birds that gain entry to poultry grow-out houses have the potential to transmit these pathogens to poultry. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.2307/1593118 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 715 J2 - Avian Diseases OP - SN - 0005-2086 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1593118 DB - Crossref KW - wild birds KW - broilers KW - intestinal tract KW - Salmonella spp. KW - Campylobacter jejuni KW - Clostridium perfringens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a Quantitative-Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Serotype 1 Marek's Disease Virus AU - Reddy, Sanjay M. AU - Witter, Richard L. AU - Gimeno, Isabel T2 - Avian Diseases AB - We have developed a quantitative-competitive (QC) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Marek's disease virus (MDV) DNA. The assay utilizes a competitor DNA that differs from the viral DNA of interest by having a small insertion. The competitor DNA acts as an internal standard for the estimation of viral DNA in an unknown sample. The amount of viral DNA in a sample is quantitated by coamplification in the presence of a known amount of competitor DNA. The same PCR primers that amplify the viral DNA also amplify the competitor DNA. When the amount of competitor is equal to the amount of viral DNA in a sample, there is equal amplification of the competitor and the virus. Thus, we are able to quantitate the viral DNA in an unknown sample. To establish the utility of this assay, in vivo correlations between virulence and virus replication were studied. Our data demonstrated that a more virulent strain of MDV (648A) replicated better in thymus during cytolytic infection than did a less virulent strain (GA). However, no differences in virus titer were observed when these two viruses were propagated in tissue culture. Our data are consistent with the generally held idea that "hot" strains of MDV replicate earlier and better in birds. Thus, QC-PCR is extremely specific and sensitive to measure MDV DNA over a wide range and can be applied to in vivo studies of viral pathogenesis. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.2307/1593048 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 770 J2 - Avian Diseases OP - SN - 0005-2086 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1593048 DB - Crossref KW - herpesvirus KW - Marek's disease KW - MDV KW - quantitative-competitive PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sebaceous adenitis in four domestic rabbits (Oryctatagus cuniculus) AU - White, Stephen D. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Schultheiss, Patricia AU - Scott, Kathryn V. AU - Garnett, Page AU - Taylor AU - Best AU - Walder, Emily J. AU - Rosenkrantz, Wayne AU - Yaeger, Julie A. T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - Four domestic rabbits were presented with a history of nonpruritic scale. Multiple skin biopsies revealed findings compatible with sebaceous adenitis as reported in other species: inflammation directed at the sebaceous gland, and/or an absence of sebaceous glands, a perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrate at the level of the absent sebaceous glands, hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis, follicular dystrophy, perifollicular fibrosis, and a mural infiltrative lymphocytic folliculitis. Histological changes not consistent with sebaceous adenitis in other species were interface dermatitis and interface folliculitis with single cell necrosis and basal cell hydropic degeneration. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2000.00144.x VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 53-60 J2 - Vet Dermatol LA - en OP - SN - 0959-4493 1365-3164 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3164.2000.00144.x DB - Crossref KW - rabbit KW - retinoids KW - sebaceous adenitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food safety, FARAD, and Residue Avoidance in the 6th millenium AU - Craigmill, A.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Webb, A.L. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 23 IS - S1 SP - Q2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinary pharmacokinetics in the 21st century AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 23 IS - S1 SP - B4 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Use of antimicrobial agents in the presence of renal impairment AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine (3rd ed.) PY - 2000/// SP - 453-458 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813807794 ER - TY - CONF TI - Basic toxicokinetic principles and methodology AU - Riviere, J. E. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Toxicokinetics and Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetics in Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Continuing Education Course Syllabus, 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology DA - 2000/// VL - 39 SP - 2-18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixed effect modelling applied to the interspecies scaling of gentamicin and oxytetracycline AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Martin-Jimenez, T. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 23 IS - S1 SP - B26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dermal absorption and tissue disposition of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) in an ex vivo pig model: Assessing the impact of dermal exposure variables AU - Qiao, G. L. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health AB - TCB is one of the dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This research was designed to help assess the risk of occupational and environmental TCB exposure. To evaluate exposure variables' effects on dermal absorption and cutaneous disposition, 14C-TCB (40 microg/cm(2)) in acetone, methylene chloride, a water-acetone mixture, and a soil-based mixture were applied in an ex-vivo pig-skin-flap model (n = 4-5/treatment). Dermal absorption (0.11-0.66%, 8 hr) and penetration (1.14-2.48%) varied according to exposure conditions. Acetone and methylene chloride vehicles differed in absorption profiles and skin penetration patterns but were similar in absorption amounts. Adding water to the acetone did not change absorption but did alter the penetration pattern. The non-occluded soil-based mixture showed more absorption than did the liquid vehicles (p<0.05), but occlusion significantly (p<0.05) decreased that absorption (0.66-->0.29%, 8 hr) and penetration (2.48-->1.11%). In conclusion, dermal absorption data from liquid-organic or aqueousorganic mixtures may underestimate the risk of exposure to TCB-contaminated soil. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1179/oeh.2000.6.2.127 VL - 6 SP - 127-137 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Revisiting dose-response models of foodborne pathogens AU - Vicari, A. S. AU - Morales, R. A. AU - Jaykus, L. A. AU - Cowen, P. T2 - Proceedings of the 9th symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, August 6-11 2000 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 438 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal patterns of Salmonella enterica prevalence and serotypes in breeding and growing swine populations AU - Funk, J. A. AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Nichols, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the 9th symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, August 6-11 2000 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 203 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Infectious and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia AU - Grindem, C. B. T2 - Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.) PY - 2000/// SP - 438 PB - Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders SN - 0721655238 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Equine infectious anaemia AU - Coggins, L. T2 - Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines : lists A and B diseases of mammals, birds and bees PY - 2000/// SP - 542 PB - Paris : Office International des Epizooties (4th Ed.) SN - 9290445106 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of the pig as a model to assess cutaneous toxicity and inflammation of jet fuels AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Allen, D.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 23 IS - S1 SP - F12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in uterine leiomyoma research: Conference overview, summary, and future research recommendations AU - Newbold, RR AU - DiAugustine, RP AU - Risinger, JI AU - Everitt, JI AU - Walmer, DK AU - Parrott, EC AU - Dixon, D T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.2307/3454304 VL - 108 SP - 769-773 SN - 0091-6765 KW - conference summary KW - overview KW - research recommendations KW - uterine leiomyoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in transgenic line TgN3261Rpw AU - Colitz, CMH AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Woychik, RP AU - Wilkinson, JE T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous are congenital ocular anomalies that can lead to cataract formation. A line of insertional mutant mice, TgN3261Rpw, generated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in a large-scale insertional mutagenesis program was found to have a low incidence (8/243; 3.29%) of multiple developmental ocular abnormalities. The ocular abnormalities include persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis, failure of cleavage of the anterior segment, retrolental fibrovascular membrane, posterior polar cataract, and detached retina. This transgenic mouse line provides an ontogenetic model because of the high degree of similarity of this entity in humans, dogs, and mice. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1354/vp.37-5-422 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 422-427 SN - 0300-9858 KW - embryology KW - eye KW - mice KW - persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous KW - persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural killer cell-dependent immunoglobulin G2a anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) response elicited by high molecular weight dextran-BSA conjugates associated with dextran-mediated macrophage-natural killer cell interaction AU - Ediriwickrema, CP AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - Hammerberg, B T2 - IMMUNOLOGY AB - The roles of the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) produced during natural killer (NK) cell interaction with macrophages (M phi) were investigated as the basis for the induction of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) responses by high molecular weight dextran conjugated to BSA (HMW-DEX-BSA). BALB/c mice immunized with HMW-DEX-BSA produced significantly higher levels of both IgG1 and IgG2a anti-BSA than did mice immunized with BSA alone. Both IgG1 and IgG2a anti-BSA levels were higher in mice immunized with BSA conjugated to dextran of molecular weight (MW) 5 000 000-40 000 000 compared with dextran of MW 10,000-60,000. The enhancement of anti-BSA IgG2a levels but not of anti-BSA IgG1 levels was inhibited when free BSA was added to the HMW-DEX-BSA conjugate. NK cell depletion during HMW-DEX-BSA immunization of mice resulted in significantly lower anti-BSA IgG2a levels without affecting anti-BSA IgG1 levels. Naive splenocytes or M phi + NK cell co-cultures incubated with HMW-DEX or HMW-DEX-BSA produced higher IFN-gamma levels than splenocytes or co-cultures incubated with BSA alone. HMW-DEX stimulated both IFN-gamma and IL-12 production by M phi + NK cell co-cultures in a dose-dependent manner. DEX-induced IFN-gamma production by NK cells was dependent upon the presence of IL-12, and IL-12 production by M phi was dependent upon the presence of IFN-gamma in these co-cultures. Both M phi and NK cells bound DEX to their surfaces. These data demonstrate that BSA linked to HMW-DEX enhanced both T-helper-1- and T-helper-2-associated antibody responses to BSA. The results also indicate an IL-12-dependent positive feedback interaction between NK cells and M phi that supports a NK cell/IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism for enhancement of anti-BSA IgG2a antibody responses in mice immunized with HMW-DEX-BSA protein conjugates. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00135.x VL - 101 IS - 4 SP - 474-483 SN - 1365-2567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discovery, purification, and characterization of a temperate transducing bacteriophage for Bordetella avium AU - Shelton, CB AU - Crosslin, DR AU - Casey, JL AU - Ng, S AU - Temple, LM AU - Orndorff, PE T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT We discovered and characterized a temperate transducing bacteriophage (Ba1) for the avian respiratory pathogen Bordetella avium . Ba1 was initially identified along with one other phage (Ba2) following screening of four strains of B. avium for lysogeny. Of the two phage, only Ba1 showed the ability to transduce via an allelic replacement mechanism and was studied further. With regard to host range, Ba1 grew on six of nine clinical isolates of B. avium but failed to grow on any tested strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica , Bordetella hinzii , Bordetella pertussis , or Bordetella parapertussis . Ba1 was purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation and was found to have an icosahedral head that contained a linear genome of approximately 46.5 kb (contour length) of double-stranded DNA and a contractile, sheathed tail. Ba1 readily lysogenized our laboratory B. avium strain (197N), and the prophage state was stable for at least 25 generations in the absence of external infection. DNA hybridization studies indicated the prophage was integrated at a preferred site on both the host and phage replicons. Ba1 transduced five distinctly different insertion mutations, suggesting that transduction was generalized. Transduction frequencies ranged from approximately 2 × 10 −7 to 1 × 10 −8 transductants/PFU depending upon the marker being transduced. UV irradiation of transducing lysates markedly improved transduction frequency and reduced the number of transductants that were lysogenized during the transduction process. Ba1 may prove to be a useful genetic tool for studying B. avium virulence factors. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1128/JB.182.21.6130-6136.2000 VL - 182 IS - 21 SP - 6130-6136 SN - 1098-5530 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viral agents associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome: The role of a small round virus and a turkey coronavirus AU - Yu, M AU - Ismail, MM AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Dearth, RN AU - Barnes, HJ AU - Saif, YM T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Intestinal samples from turkey poults affected with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) were examined for viruses by immune electron microscopy and double-stranded RNA virus genome electropherotyping. Turkey coronavirus (TCV), avian rotaviruses, reovirus, and a yet undefined small round virus (SRV) were detected. The SRV and TCV were isolated and propagated in turkey embryos. Challenge of specific-pathogen-free turkey poults with SRV, TCV, or both resulted in mortality and clinical responses similar to those of natural PEMS. Our experiments indicate that SRV and TCV are possibly important agents in the etiology of PEMS and the combination of these infections might result in outbreaks with high mortality. The severity of clinical signs and mortality of PEMS are postulated to be partly related to the virus agents involved in individual outbreaks. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/1592543 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 297-304 SN - 0005-2086 KW - poult enteritis and mortality syndrome KW - small round virus KW - turkey coronavirus ER - TY - JOUR TI - The toxicity of purified fumonisin B-1 in broiler chicks AU - Henry, MH AU - Wyatt, RD AU - Fletcher, OJ T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - An investigation of the toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a toxic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme, in broiler chicks was conducted. Purified FB1 (98.1% pure) was incorporated into the diets of broiler chicks at 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, and fed to chicks from 0 to 21 d of age. Dietary FB1, at concentrations of 80 mg/kg or less, did not adversely affect body weight, feed efficiency, or water consumption of broiler chicks. The relative weights of the liver, spleen, kidney, proventriculus, and bursa of Fabricius were also unaffected (P < 0.05) by any dietary concentration of FB1 compared with the control (0 mg/kg) group. Total liver lipids of chicks fed 40 or 80 mg FB1/kg were significantly lower than those of the chicks fed either 0 or 20 mg FB1/kg of feed. Liver sphinganine concentration and the sphinganine:sphingosine ratio were increased significantly in all treated groups. Chicks fed dietary FB1 at 80 mg/kg had significantly higher serum glutamate oxaloacetate aminotransaminase:aspartate aminotransferase ratios and levels of free sphinganine in the serum. The results of this investigation agree with the results previously described, in which FB1 was supplied to diets from the use of F. moniliforme-contaminated grain; therefore, the use of such material as the source of the mycotoxin in animal feeding studies is appropriate. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1093/ps/79.10.1378 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - 1378-1384 SN - 0032-5791 KW - fumonisin B-1 KW - sphinganine KW - sphingosine KW - Fusarium moniliforme KW - mycotoxin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathogenesis of Ascaris suum in repeated infection of lambs AU - Dubinsky, P AU - Svicky, E AU - Kovac, G AU - Lenhardt, L AU - Krupicer, I AU - Vasilkova, Z AU - Dvoroznakova, E AU - Levkut, M AU - Papajova, I AU - Moncol, DJ T2 - ACTA VETERINARIA BRNO AB - home Acta Veterinaria Brno Journal of the University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic Search: DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.2754/avb200069030201 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 201-+ SN - 1801-7576 KW - lambs KW - non-specific hosts KW - Ascaris suum KW - pathogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naturally occurring lesions of the uterine tube in sheep and serologic evidence of exposure to Chlamydophila abortus AU - Tomlinson, L. AU - Barker, I. K. AU - Foster, R. A. AU - McEwen, S. A. AU - Menzies, P. I. AU - Shewen, P. E. T2 - Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 64 IS - 4 SP - 229-231 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying agent(s) associated. with poult enteritis mortality syndrome: Importance of the thymus AU - Schultz-Cherry, S AU - Kapczynski, DR AU - Simmons, VM AU - Koci, MD AU - Brown, C AU - Barnes, HJ T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS), a highly infectious disease of young turkeys, causes serious financial losses to the turkey industry. Clinically, PEMS is defined by mortality profiles, diarrhea, growth depression, and immunosuppression. Although many viruses, bacteria, and parasites are found in PEMS-infected birds, the inciting agent remains unknown. Experimentally, PEMS can be reproduced by exposing naïve poults to the intestinal contents from infected birds. Previous reports suggest that extraintestinal tissues fail to reproduce the disease. Histopathologic examination of tissues from PEMS-infected poults suggested that the thymus exhibited the earliest signs of pathology. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that the thymus harbors an agent(s) involved in PEMS. In these studies, naïve turkey poults were orally inoculated with a bacteria-free filtrate composed of either the intestines and feces or the thymus from PEMS-infected birds and were monitored for clinical signs of PEMS. Poults exposed to a filtrate composed solely of the thymus from PEMS-infected birds exhibited diarrhea, growth depression, mortality, pathology, and, most importantly, immunosuppression similar to poults exposed to the intestinal filtrate. The results of this study suggest that the thymus of infected birds harbors the agent(s) that can reproduce a PEMS-like disease in turkey poults. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/1592538 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 256-265 SN - 0005-2086 KW - immunity KW - immunosuppression KW - lymphocytes KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome KW - PEMS KW - T cells KW - thymus KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of early biomarkers of inflammation produced by keratinocytes exposed to jet fuels Jet A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) AU - Allen, DG AU - Riviere, JE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY AB - The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers of inflammation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) exposed to three jet fuel mixtures, Jet A, JP8, and JP8(100). NHEK were treated over 24 hours with 0.1% jet fuels, and mRNA production and protein release of two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-alpha, were determined. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), NHEK were found to release both TNF-alpha and IL-8 in response to exposure to all three jet fuels. IL-8 release was noted within 8 hours and continued to rise through 24 hours compared to controls. Maximal levels of TNF-alpha release were seen at 4 hours and decreased in a time-dependent manner, although these levels remained above control levels at all time points assayed. mRNA for IL-8 was elevated 4 hours following exposure to the fuels, which was detected via a quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). mRNA for TNF-alpha was detected at all time points assayed but was not quantified. These results demonstrate that jet fuels induce the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines in NHEK and thus create the potential for chronic inflammation, which may contribute to the development or progression of disease states in the skin. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1002/1099-0461(2000)14:5<231::AID-JBT1>3.0.CO;2-K VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 231-237 SN - 1099-0461 KW - epidermal keratinocyte KW - cytokine KW - jet fuel KW - biomarkers KW - inflammation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Helicobacter hepaticus does not induce or potentiate colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice AU - Dieleman, LA AU - Arends, A AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - Goerres, MS AU - Craft, DW AU - Grenther, W AU - Sellon, RK AU - Balish, E AU - Sartor, RB T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - ABSTRACT Helicobacter hepaticus has been reported to induce colitis, hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in several different murine models. The aim of this study was to determine if H. hepaticus will cause colitis in monoassociated mice lacking the interleukin-10 gene (IL-10 −/− mice) and potentiate colitis in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) IL-10 −/− mice. Germfree IL-10 −/− mice on either a mixed (C57BL/6 × 129/Ola) or inbred (129/SvEv) genetic background were monoassociated with H. hepaticus ATCC 51448 by oral feeding and rectal enemas. In a second experiment, germfree IL-10 −/− mice were colonized with stool from SPF mice that harbored or did not harbor endogenous H. hepaticus . After 7 to 9 weeks of colonization, weight loss and mortality were assessed, the colon was isolated for histology and IL-12 secretion, and mesenteric lymph node cells were assessed for T-cell activation markers. It was found that IL-10 −/− mice monoassociated with H. hepaticus for up to 16 weeks showed almost no histologic colitis or increased IL-12 production. SPF IL-10-knockout mice had no significant difference in weight loss, mortality rate, histologic scores, colonic IL-12 secretion, or T-cell activation with or without H. hepaticus . We conclude that H. hepaticus does not induce or potentiate disease in our IL-10 −/− mice and therefore is not required to induce colitis in genetically susceptible hosts. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1128/IAI.68.9.5107-5113.2000 VL - 68 IS - 9 SP - 5107-5113 SN - 1098-5522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic CT measurement of contrast medium washin kinetics in canine nasal tumors AU - Van Camp, S. AU - Fisher, P. AU - Thrall, D. E. T2 - Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound AB - Tumor oxygenation affects the biologic behavior of a tumor and also its radiation response. Decreased tumor oxygenation has been associated with an aggressive phenotype and with decreased local tumor control following irradiation. Thus, measurement of oxygenation may be useful for pretreatment evaluation of a tumor. Many methods for assessing tumor oxygenation are available but most are invasive. There is a need for a non‐invasive measure of oxygenation, or a surrogate for oxygenation. Measurement of perfusion has been suggested as a substitute for measurement of oxygenation. The use of washin kinetics of iodinated contrast medium to estimate perfusion has been shown to be related to radiation response of human carcinomas. We quantified the washin kinetics of iodinated contrast medium using dynamic CT in 9 dogs. All dogs had a malignant nasal tumor and perfusion was quantified at two sites in each tumor to evaluate intratumoral variation in perfusion. Dogs were given an intravenous bolus injection of contrast medium and arterial and tumor washin kinetics quantified using a helical CT scanner. Perfusion was estimated from these data using previously validated methods. Eight of the 9 dogs received definitive radiation therapy and perfusion was quantified a second time in these 8 dogs midway through irradiation. Pretreatment perfusion varied between dogs by a factor of 16.9. Between dog variation in perfusion was subjectively greater than within tumor variation based on comparison of two intratumoral regions. Changes in perfusion in individual dogs during irradiation were observed, but no identifiable pattern of perfusion alteration was detected. Measurement of perfusion in canine nasal tumors using dynamic CT is possible and further study of this parameter as it relates to radiation response is reasonable. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01861.x VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 403-408 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of methods for isolating Salmonella bacteria from faeces of naturally infected pigs AU - Davies, P.R. AU - Turkson, P.K. AU - Funk, J.A. AU - Nichols, M.A. AU - Ladely, S.R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. T2 - Journal of Applied Microbiology AB - A series of experiments was conducted using faecal samples collected from commercial swine farms to evaluate the effects of variation in methods used for the detection of Salmonella bacteria. The primary objective of the studies was to compare the protocols routinely used in two laboratories in the USA. The studies included five experiments comparing the enrichment protocols used routinely in the respective laboratories (Method 1: 10 g faeces--buffered peptone water (BPW) pre-enrichment--selective enrichment in Rappaport/Vassiliadis (RV) broth; Method 2: approximately 1g faeces--primary enrichments in tetrathionate and Hajna GN broths--secondary enrichment in RV broth). The effects of enrichment temperatures (37 vs 42 degrees C) using RV broth (two experiments) and delayed secondary enrichment (four experiments) were also evaluated. Direct comparison of Method 1 and Method 2 indicated comparable results. However, when compared using faecal samples of equal weight, the Method 2 enrichment protocol was more sensitive for detecting Salmonella bacteria than the Method 1 protocol. Enrichment in RV at 42 degrees C was superior to 37 degrees C, particularly for samples that were pre-enriched in BPW. Delayed secondary enrichment increased detection of Salmonella bacteria in swine faeces. These results highlight the imperfect sensitivity of culture methods, and the need for researchers to consider the sensitivity of bacteriological methods in the design and interpretation of the results of epidemiologic studies based on faecal culture. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01101.x VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 169-177 J2 - J Appl Microbiol LA - en OP - SN - 1364-5072 1365-2672 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01101.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal AU - Guy, J. S. AU - Breslin, J. J. AU - Breuhaus, B. AU - Vivrette, S. AU - Smith, L. G. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 38 IS - 12 SP - 4523-4526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administration: implications for interspecific dose sealing AU - Gulland, FM AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Johnson, SP AU - Riviere, J AU - Papich, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin after a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg were determined in ten harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and ten northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). The seals ranged in age from 1 to 6 months and the mean weights were 11.7 kg (range, 9.5-18.5 kg) for harbor seals and 47.1 kg (range, 39.5-61.4 kg) for elephant seals. The median half-life of amoxicillin (quartiles) in harbor seals, 1.5 (1.0-3.1) h. was not statistically different from that of elephant seals, 2.0 (1.4-3.8) h, nor were the differences between the terminal elimination rate constants between the two species. The only statistically significant differences between species were for area-under-the-curve (AUC), and total systemic clearance. The lack of statistical significance for differences in the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) may have been due to minor differences in the time frame of data collection and dose administered between the two groups. A true physiologic difference in drug handling, possibly related to renal perfusion or tubal secretory efficiency could affect amoxicillin kinetics in these species, and longer administration intervals may be appropriate for elephant seals as compared to harbor seals when administering multiple dose amoxicillin therapy at 20 mg/kg. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2000.00263.x VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 223-228 SN - 0140-7783 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Administration of ticarcillin in combination with clavulanic acid intravenously and intrauterinely to clinically normal oestrous mares AU - Van Camp, SD AU - Papich, MG AU - Whitacre, MD T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Ticarcillin and clavulanic acid (potassium clavulanate) were administered to normal oestrous mares intravenously (i.v.) at a dose of 50 and 1.67 mg/kg for ticarcillin and clavulanate, respectively. In a crossover design, the same drugs were administered intrauterine (i.u.) at a dose of 12.4 and 0.4 mg/kg for ticarcillin and clavulanate, respectively. The i.u. dose was administered in 100 mL of saline solution. Endometrial tissue biopsies and plasma samples were collected after drug administration for the determination of ticarcillin and clavulanate concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic calculations. After i.u. administration both drugs were poorly absorbed into the plasma. The ticarcillin half-life from tissue and plasma was short after i.v. administration. Although concentrations in tissue were higher after i.u. administration than i.v., concentrations of ticarcillin declined rapidly, which would necessitate frequent treatment in order to maintain drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) throughout the treatment period. Clavulanate concentrations in tissue were either low or persisted for only a short time after administration via either route. It appears that addition of clavulanate to the formulation for treatment of i.u. infections in mares is of questionable value based on these concentrations. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2000.00297.x VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - 373-378 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of hen age on antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from turkey poults AU - Fairchild, AS AU - Grimes, JL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Jones, FT T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effect of turkey breeder hen age on the efficacy of different antibiotics commonly used in the turkey industry against poult Escherichia coli isolates. Intestinal isolates demonstrated more incidences of resistance to chlortetracycline (CTC), gentamicin (GEN), enrofloxacin (ENO), neomycin (NEO), and sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim (SDM-ORM) when cultured from poults from young hens (YHP, <6 weeks of lay) compared with poults from old hens (OHP, >15 weeks of lay) (p ≤ 0.05). Liver isolates demonstrated varied hen age differences to GEN (p ≤ 0.05). However, liver isolates cultured from YHP showed higher levels of resistance to NEO and SDM-ORM and lower levels of resistance to ENO (p ≤ 0.05). All isolates cultured were resistant to clindamycin (CLD) and bacitracin (BAC), and no less than 96.6% of the isolates cultured were resistant to penicillin (PEN). Isolates from Hatchery 1 and 2 exhibited strong susceptibility to ENO, but, in Hatchery 3, results to ENO varied. The results were more variable when breeder flocks were followed from young to old, which may be due to pronounced seasonal effects. In conclusion, E. coli isolates from YHP have a higher incidence of resistance to antibiotics than E. coli isolates from OHP. These data suggest that age of breeder flock and hatchery-related environmental differences might influence the effectiveness of antibiotics against avian E. coli isolates from turkey poults. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1093/japr/9.4.487 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 487-495 SN - 1537-0437 KW - antibiotics KW - Escherichia coli KW - hen age KW - microbial profile KW - poults ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methods of assessing the percutaneous absorption of volatile chemicals in isolated perfused skin: Studies with chloropentafluorobenzene and dichlorobenzene AU - Riviere, JE AU - Brooks, JD AU - Qiao, GL T2 - TOXICOLOGY METHODS AB - The experimental determination of dermal absorption of volatile chemicals is fraught with difficulties. The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) is a biologically intact, perfused skin preparation that has been employed to predict dermal absorption of chemicals in humans. The purpose of this work was to explore various experimental dosing strategies for volatile chemicals using dichlorobenzene (DCB) and chloropentafluorobenzene (CPFB) as model compounds. Effects of complete occlusion and various strategies of vapor trapping, vapor dosing, and solvent effects were explored. The results suggest that dosing methodology is a major determinant of dermal absorption and could easily skew results obtained from different systems. A biologically sensitive system such as the IPPSF is particularly sensitive to the manipulations required to ensure precise dosing of these compounds. An interesting finding was that the effects of solvents on compound absorption that are routinely described in liquid dosing scenarios were also detected when both the compound and solvent were exposed during the vapor phase. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/105172300750048746 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 265-281 SN - 1051-7235 KW - chloropentafluorobenzene KW - dermal absorption KW - dichlorobenzene KW - volatile chemicals ER - TY - JOUR TI - Etiologies, observations and reporting of estuarine finfish lesions AU - Kane, AS AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Noga, EJ AU - Reimschuessel, R AU - Baya, A AU - Driscoll, C AU - Paerl, HW AU - Landsberg, J T2 - MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AB - Lesions in estuarine finfish are associated with a variety of organisms including parasites and bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious agents. In addition, trauma, suboptimal water quality, and other abiotic stress factors may result in the loss of homeostasis. We have observed solitary ulcerative lesions on menhaden sampled from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, the Pamlico River, North Carolina, and the St. Johns River, Florida. Histologically, the lesions demonstrated a marked chronic inflammatory infiltrate and granulomas in response to fungal hyphae throughout large areas of exposed necrotic muscle. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria were also observed in the lesions, a common finding in ulcers of aquatic organisms. Similar observations in menhaden and other species have been described previously in the literature as ulcerative mycosis, mycotic granulomatosis, red spot disease, and epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Despite the many different known causes of fish lesions, the popular press and the scientific literature have recently emphasized Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates (and their bioactive compounds) as the primary causative agent for finfish lesions, particularly mycotic granulomatous ulcers in Atlantic menhaden. While some laboratory data suggest that Pfiesteria may play a role in field-observed lesions, much more cause-and-effect evidence is needed to determine the importance of other risk factors, both alone or and in combination with Pfiesteria. In order to better understand the etiology of lesion initiation and progression in estuarine finfish, accurate assessments of environmental conditions collected on appropriate temporal and spatial scales, and fish morphological indicators consistent with gross and histological pathologic terminology, should be used for reporting fish lesion observations and kills. Further, this outlook will help to avoid bias and may foster a broader perspective for examining the health of estuarine systems in general. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00117-3 VL - 50 IS - 1-5 SP - 473-477 SN - 0141-1136 KW - fish pathology KW - ulcers KW - lesions KW - Pfiesteria KW - HABs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compass plots: A combination of star plot and analysis of means to visualize significant interactions in complex toxicology studies AU - Budsaba, K AU - Smith, CE AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY METHODS AB - The Compass Plot, a new graphical methodthat combines the advantages of the star plot andthe analysis of means (ANOM), has beenintroducedfordisplaying the results of experiments. Incontrast to the star plot, this plot allows statistical inferences to be made for treatment and for factor effects. In contrast to ANOM, this plot is good for comparison in multiresponse experiments, a scenario becoming more commonplace in toxicology with the advent of increasing numbers of chemical mixture studies. An example of a 2 3 factorial chemical exposure experiment is considered here. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/105172300750048764 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 313-332 SN - 1051-7235 KW - analysis of means KW - Bonferroni method KW - chemical mixtures KW - 2(p) factorial experiments KW - Kimball inequality KW - parathion KW - star plot KW - Yates algorithm ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the microbiological profile of poults from young versus old turkey breeder hens AU - Fairchild, AS AU - Grimes, JL AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Jones, ET T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - This study was performed to determine whether poults from young turkey breeder hens (YHP, <6 wk of lay) have a different bacterial profile than poults from older turkey breeder hens (OHP, >15 wk of lay) and whether poult bacterial profiles change over the life of a breeder hen flock. Within two hatcheries, YHP had higher numbers of coliforms present in intestines than OHP (p ≤ 0.05). Isolated incidences of significantly different bacteria counts by hen age existed in poults from a third hatchery for all bacteria groups examined. However, within each hatchery, there were more differences due to farm than due to breeder hen age. Seasonal variation had as much influence as hen age when evaluating poult bacterial profiles. It was concluded that factors such as individual farm management, poult environment, biosecurity and traffic control, breeder flock bacterial profiles, and weekly conditions in the hatchery probably have a greater effect on poult bacterial profile than age of breeder hen. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1093/japr/9.4.476 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 476-486 SN - 1056-6171 KW - bacteria KW - hen age KW - microbial profile KW - poults KW - turkey breeder hen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of statistical modeling to assess risk for early poult mortality in commercial turkey flocks AU - Carver, D. K. AU - Fetrow, J. AU - Gerig, T. AU - Correa, M. T. AU - Krueger, K. K. AU - Barnes, H. J. T2 - Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Statistical models were used to identify and quantify risk factors associated with early poult mortality. Mortality patterns were not different for hen and tom flocks, although toms experienced greater mortality. Season of placement, breeder flock age, strain, hatchery, and company had significant effects on risk of poult mortality in the first 14 days after placement. Hen flocks hatched in Virginia or placed in summer had higher risks of mortality. Tom flocks from young breeder hens, hatched in Virginia, or placed in winter had higher risks of mortality. There were strain effects on risk for poult mortality, and effect of breeder flock age on poult mortality was strain specific for hen poults. Median mortality differences among companies ranged from 0.98 to 2.11% at Day 14 for hens, and from 1.27 to 5.76% at Day 14 for toms. There were wide-ranging company effects on risks of mortality. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1093/japr/9.3.303 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 303-318 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The computed tomographic enhancement pattern of the normal canine pituitary gland AU - Love, NE AU - Fisher, P AU - Hudson, L T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Dynamic computed tomography (CT) of the pituitary gland was performed on four healthy male dogs of similar size, weight and age. The pituitary gland region was first identified on lateral scout and transverse non-contrast images. After localization, water soluble iodinated contrast medium was administered intravenously as a bolus at a dose of 1 ml/lb using a pressure injector at an injection rate of 10 ml/sec and a total of 40 post contrast images of the pitutary gland were acquired. No images were made after 400 seconds. The same pituitary region was imaged in each slice. The slice thickness was 1.5 mm, with a two second scan time and an eight second delay between images (resulting in images every ten seconds). The contrast medium injection and initial image were acquired simultaneously, resulting in a non-contrast enhanced initial image. At the completion of the CT scan, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the pituitary gland and time density data were obtained. The mean pituitary Hounsfield number was plotted as a function of time. A bi-exponential least squares model was used to derive the best fitting line through the data. The mean relative peak increase in pituitary Hounsfield Units (HU) was 65.9% +/- 2.1%. After the initial increase there was a decrease in pituitary Hounsfield number with a half-time of 16.1 seconds, followed by a slower phase with a half-time of 16.5 minutes. The mean pituitary gland HU value during the period of gradual opacity decline was 35.0% +/- 4.4% above that of the pre-contrast image. Establishing the enhancement pattern in the canine pituitary gland is the precursor to the clinical application of dynamic CT of the pituitary gland to diagnose pituitary microadenomas and/or small macroadenomas before they become exceptionally large. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01878.x VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 507-510 SN - 1058-8183 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic characterization of Escherichia coli type 1 pilus adhesin mutants and identification of a novel binding phenotype AU - Hamrick, TS AU - Harris, SL AU - Spears, PA AU - Havell, EA AU - Horton, , JR AU - Russell, PW AU - Orndorff, PE T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Five Escherichia coli type 1 pilus mutants that had point mutations in fimH , the gene encoding the type 1 pilus adhesin FimH, were characterized. FimH is a minor component of type 1 pili that is required for the pili to bind and agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes in a mannose-inhibitable manner. Point mutations were located by DNA sequencing and deletion mapping. All mutations mapped within the signal sequence or in the first 28% of the predicted mature protein. All mutations were missense mutations except for one, a frameshift lesion that was predicted to cause the loss of approximately 60% of the mature FimH protein. Bacterial agglutination tests with polyclonal antiserum raised to a LacZ-FimH fusion protein failed to confirm that parental amounts of FimH cross-reacting material were expressed in four of the five mutants. The remaining mutant, a temperature-sensitive (ts) fimH mutant that agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes after growth at 31°C but not at 42°C, reacted with antiserum at both temperatures in a manner similar to the parent. Consequently, this mutant was chosen for further study. Temperature shift experiments revealed that new FimH biosynthesis was required for the phenotypic change. Guinea pig erythrocyte and mouse macrophage binding experiments using the ts mutant grown at the restrictive and permissive temperatures revealed that whereas erythrocyte binding was reduced to a level comparable to that of a fimH insertion mutant at the restrictive temperature, mouse peritoneal macrophages were bound with parental efficiency at both the permissive and restrictive temperatures. Also, macrophage binding by the ts mutant was insensitive to mannose inhibition after growth at 42°C but sensitive after growth at 31°C. The ts mutant thus binds macrophages with one receptor specificity at 31°C and another at 42°C. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1128/JB.182.14.4012-4021.2000 VL - 182 IS - 14 SP - 4012-4021 SN - 0021-9193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedures for detection of turkey coronavirus AU - Breslin, JJ AU - Smith, LG AU - Barnes, HJ AU - Guy, JS T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure and two monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based immunohistochemical procedures were developed for detection of turkey coronavirus (TCV) in tissues and intestinal contents/dropping samples. The RT-PCR, MAb-based fluorescent antibody (FA), and MAb-based immunoperoxidase (IP) procedures were compared with virus isolation (VI) for detection of TCV in experimentally infected turkeys. TCV was detected in experimentally infected turkeys as early as day 1 postexposure (PE) by each of the four detection procedures. TCV was detected as late as day 35 PE by FA or IP and days 42 and 49 PE by VI and RT-PCR, respectively. With VI as a reference, sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR were 93% and 92%, respectively; specificity of both FA and IP was 96%, and sensitivities were 69% and 61%, respectively. Each of the examined procedures was highly specific, but the RT-PCR procedure was also highly sensitive. These findings demonstrate the utility of both immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for detection of TCV. In addition, the findings indicate that RT-PCR is a highly sensitive and specific alternative to conventional diagnostic procedures. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/1593102 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 624-631 SN - 1938-4351 KW - turkey coronavirus KW - reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a two-step Percoll (R) gradient for separation of loggerhead sea turtle peripheral blood mononuclear cells AU - Harms, CA AU - Keller, JM AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - In order to determine a suitable procedure for isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), blood was collected using three different anticoagulants (sodium heparin, sodium citrate or potassium EDTA) and separated using a single step commercially-prepared arabinogalactan gradient of 1.077 g/ml density or multiple step Percoll gradients between 1.053 and 1.076 g/ml density (40-60% stock isotonic Percoll suspension). Heparinized blood centrifuged over a two-step 45/55% (1.059/1.070 g/ml) Percoll gradient yielded 99 to 100% mononuclear cells at the 45/55% interface. Mononuclear cell viability ranged from 85 to 97% with cell yields up to 9.2 x 10(6) cells/mL. An unexpected finding was a population of low density granulocytes migrating to 40% (1.053 g/ml) and 45% Percoll layers in the multiple step gradients. These granulocytes could be eliminated from the PBMC preparation by use of the two-step 45/55% Percoll gradient. Isolated PBMCs can be used for cellular immunology and toxicology studies on these threatened marine organisms for which other tissues can usually be obtained only sporadically from post-mortem specimens. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-36.3.535 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 535-540 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Caretta caretta KW - density gradient centrifugation KW - loggerhead turtle KW - peripheral blood mononuclear cells ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of fecal sample weight on detection of Salmonella enterica in swine feces AU - Funk, JA AU - Davies, PR AU - Nichols, MA T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - The effect of different fecal sample weights on the detection of Salmonella enterica in swine feces was examined. Sample weights evaluated were rectal swabs and fecal samples weighing 1 g, 10 g, and 25 g. Comparisons were made on matched fecal samples obtained from individual pigs housed on 2 commercial swine farms in North Carolina. Relative sensitivity (number of positive pigs per fecal weight category/number positive in all weight categories) increased (P < 0.001) with fecal sample weight, and ranged from 9% for rectal swabs to 78% for 25-g samples. Stomaching of fecal samples did not affect detection of S. enterica. These observations demonstrate that fecal sample weight can markedly influence estimates of prevalence of S. enterica in epidemiologic studies. Failure to consider the imperfect sensitivity of bacterial culture in the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies will lead to underestimation of prevalence and reduced power to detect the presence of S. enterica-infected herds. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1177/104063870001200504 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 412-418 SN - 1943-4936 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-beta applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries AU - Harms, CA AU - Ottinger, CA AU - Blazer, VS AU - Densmore, CL AU - Pieper, LH AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.2307/3454386 VL - 108 IS - 5 SP - 447-452 SN - 1552-9924 KW - Chesapeake Bay KW - field study KW - macrophage bactericidal activity KW - Morone americana KW - quantitative PCR KW - transforming growth factor-beta KW - white perch ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nucleotide sequence and vaccinia expression of the nucleoprotein of a highly virulent, neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus AU - Ward, MDW AU - Fuller, FJ AU - Mehrotra, Y AU - De Buysscher, EV T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - The nucleoprotein (NP) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was selected to study the relative importance of an internal structural protein in the avian immune response. The NP gene of the virulent, neurotropic NDV Texas GB (TGB) strain was cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence data for the NP gene allowed comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences for the NP genes of NDV-TGB and the avirulent duck isolate NDV-D26. These comparisons demonstrated an 89% nucleotide sequence homology and a 97% homology between the deduced amino acid sequences. The NDV-TGB NP expressed in recombinant vaccinia virus (rVAC) was electrophoretically and immunologically identical to the wild-type NDV-TGB. Although inoculation of chickens with the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the NDV NP gene elicited anti-NDV antibodies in higher titers than in birds inoculated with live LaSota NDV, this strong anti-NDV response did not protect against lethal challenge with NDV-TGB. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/1592505 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 34-44 SN - 0005-2086 KW - Newcastle disease virus KW - nucleoprotein KW - NP sequence KW - recombinant vaccinia virus expression of NDV NP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limited transmission of turkey coronavirus in young turkeys by adult Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) AU - Watson, DW AU - Guy, JS AU - Stringham, SH T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0480:LTOTCI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 480-483 SN - 0022-2585 KW - litter beetle KW - darkling beetle KW - lesser mealworm KW - turkey disease KW - coronavirus KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome ER - TY - JOUR TI - High mortality and growth depression experimentally produced in young turkeys by dual infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and turkey coronavirus AU - Guy, JS AU - Smith, LG AU - Breslin, JJ AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Barnes, HJ T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Six-day-old turkeys were inoculated with turkey coronavirus (TCV) and an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (isolate R98/5) that were isolated from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS)-affected turkeys. Turkeys inoculated with only R98/5 did not develop clinically apparent disease, and only mild disease and moderate growth depression were observed in turkeys inoculated with only TCV. Turkeys dually inoculated with TCV and R98/5 developed severe enteritis with high mortality (38/48, 79%) and marked growth depression. R98/5 infection resulted in attaching/effacing (AE) intestinal lesions characteristic of EPEC: adherence of bacterial microcolonies to intestinal epithelium with degeneration and necrosis of epithelium at sites of bacterial attachment. AE lesions were more extensive and were detected for a prolonged duration in dually inoculated turkeys compared with turkeys inoculated with only R98/5. An apparent synergistic effect in dually inoculated turkeys was indicated by increased mortality, enhanced growth depression, and enhanced AE lesion development. The results suggest that TCV promoted intestinal colonization by R98/5; however, R98/5 did not appear to alter TCV infection. The present study provides a possible etiologic explanation for PEMS. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/1592513 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 105-113 SN - 0005-2086 KW - turkey coronavirus KW - Escherichia coli KW - enteritis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced green fluorescent protein as a marker for localizing murine cytomegalovirus in acute and latent infection AU - Henry, SC AU - Schmader, K AU - Brown, TT AU - Miller, SE AU - Howell, DN AU - Daley, GG AU - Hamilton, JD T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS AB - A recombinant murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of the native immediate-early 1/3 promoter was constructed to detect directly sites of viral activity in latent and reactivated infections. The recombinant virus had acute and latent infection characteristics similar to those of wild-type mCMV. Rare green-fluorescing foci were observed in paraffin sections from lungs and spleens infected latently. Positive immunoperoxidase staining for EGFP in sections of the same lung tissues suggests that these cells may be sites of restricted viral gene expression. EGFP was detected easily in tissue explants reactivating from latent infection in vitro. Morphology and adhesion characteristics of fluorescing cells suggest that viral reactivation occurs in tissue macrophages in explant cultures. The observations presented in this study demonstrate the usefulness of EGFP-expressing recombinants as tools for direct tracking of mCMV activity in vivo and in vitro. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00202-0 VL - 89 IS - 1-2 SP - 61-73 SN - 0166-0934 KW - recombinant cytomegalovirus KW - green fluorescent protein KW - cytomegalovirus infection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary copper level on performance and copper status of growing meat goats AU - Luginbuhl, J. M. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Brown, T. T. T2 - Sheep & Goat Research Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 16 IS - 2000 SP - 65-71 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative in vitro percutaneous absorption of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE-4 and NPE-9) through human, porcine and rat skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Van Miller, J. P. AU - Simon, G. AU - Joiner, R. L. AU - Brooks, J. D. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Toxicology and Industrial Health DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1191/074823300678827654 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 49-57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning and sequencing hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M-chrysops) transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and development of a reverse transcription quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-qcPCR) assay to measure TGF-beta mRNA of teleost fish AU - Harms, CA AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S AU - Horne, WA AU - Fuller, FJ AU - Tompkins, WAF T2 - FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY AB - A transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta was isolated and cloned from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) anterior kidney mononuclear cells. This isolate (Genbank accession number AF140363) contains an open reading frame of 1146 bases coding for a 382 amino acid protein most similar to rainbow trout TGF-beta (57.3 and 78.6% identity with precursor and active protein, respectively) and rat TGF-beta 1 (41.1 and 68.8% identity with precursor and active protein, respectively). Consensus primers were demonstrated to amplify specifically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a TGF-beta segment from 14 species of teleost fish comprising 10 taxonomic families in 7 orders. A reverse transcription quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-qcPCR) assay was devised to measure TGF-beta mRNA expression in teleost fish. Higher levels of TGF-beta mRNA expression were detected in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood than from spleen or anterior kidney. DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1006/fsim.1999.0230 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 61-85 SN - 1095-9947 KW - transforming growth factor-beta KW - TGF-beta KW - sequence KW - hybrid striped bass KW - Morone saxatilis X M-chrysops KW - quantitative PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alterations in macrophage-produced cytokines and nitrite associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome AU - Heggen, CL AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Edens, FW AU - Barnes, HJ T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an acute, transmissible, infectious intestinal disease associated with high mortality and morbidity in turkey poults. Earlier studies demonstrated immune dysfunction, involving both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, associated with PEMS. The current study examined cytokines and metabolites produced by macrophages from poults exposed to PEMS agent(s). Six trials were conducted with six separate hatches of poults. Poults in the PEMS group were exposed to PEMS agent(s) via contact exposure at 7 days of age whereas uninfected poults served as control poults. Abdominal macrophages were harvested from control (uninfected) and PEMS poults at various times postexposure and cultured for 18-24 hr in the presence of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) bioactivities and nitrite levels in macrophage culture supernatants were quantified. Macrophage supernatants from PEMS poults had greater IL-1-mediated stimulation index compared with the macrophage supernatants from uninfected control poults in both trials. However, this increase was significant only in trial 1. IL-6 activity tested in three separate trials was significantly higher in PEMS macrophage supernatants over the controls. On the contrary, TNF-alpha production by macrophages was decreased in PEMS macrophage culture supernatants. Nitrite levels in PEMS macrophage culture supernatants were significantly higher in two out of three trials. These findings suggest that the enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokine/metabolites by activated macrophages in PEMS poults may be responsible, at least in part, for the physiological intestinal inflammation, gut motility, and anorexia that characterize this disease. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2307/1592508 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 59-65 SN - 0005-2086 KW - poult enteritis and mortality syndrome KW - macrophage KW - turkey KW - cytokine KW - nitrite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woodchuck lymphotoxin-alpha, -beta and tumor necrosis factor genes: structure, characterization and biological activity AU - Li, DH AU - Havell, EA AU - Brown, CL AU - Cullen, JM T2 - GENE AB - We cloned and characterized the woodchuck tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin-alpha, -beta (LT-alpha, -beta) cDNAs, genes and proteins to facilitate study of the functions of these cytokines during the course of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection. Woodchuck cDNA and genomic DNA libraries were screened with woodchuck-specific DNA probes to isolate the cDNA and gene clones for TNF, LT-alpha and LT-beta. The cDNAs for woodchuck TNF, LT-alpha and LT-beta code for proteins of 233, 205 and 310 amino acids respectively. The polypeptide encoded by each gene among woodchucks, humans and mice can differ: the human TNF, LT-alpha and LT-beta genes encode polypeptides of 233, 205 and 244 amino acids respectively, whereas the mouse TNF, LT-alpha and LT-beta genes encode polypeptides of 235, 202 and 306 amino acids respectively. In the woodchuck, there are four exons for TNF, four exons for LT-alpha and three exons for LT-beta. The RNA splicing patterns for TNF, LT-alpha and LT-beta genes are identical among woodchucks, humans and mice, except that the human LT-beta gene contains four exons. The woodchuck TNF gene promoter contains consensus sequences for binding of AP-1, AP-2, C/EBPbeta, CRE, Egr-1, Ets, NF-AT, NF-kappaB and SP-1 transcription factors. LT-alpha has AP-2, Ets, NF-kappaB, SP-1 and STAT binding sites, and LT-beta has Egr-1/SP-1, Ets and NF-kappaB binding sites. The bacterially expressed woodchuck TNF and LT-alpha proteins exhibited cytotoxic activities on both mouse L929B and woodchuck A2 cells in the presence of actinomycin D. The specific activities of TNF and LT-alpha were 2.62x10(8) units/mg and 2.22x10(3) units/mg respectively for L929B cells, and 1.05x10(9) units/mg and 3.56x10(4) units/mg respectively for A2 cells. However, only woodchuck TNF showed cytotoxic activity on human HepG2 cells, with a specific activity of 6.55x10(7) units/mg in the presence of actinomycin D. The data obtained from this study will be useful to future investigations of the TNF and LT antitumor and anti-viral activities, and their therapeutic potential in the woodchuck model for human hepatitis B virus (HBV). DA - 2000/1/25/ PY - 2000/1/25/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00494-1 VL - 242 IS - 1-2 SP - 295-305 SN - 0378-1119 KW - cDNA KW - cytotoxicity KW - gene KW - LT KW - TNF KW - transcription factor binding site ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vaccination with feline immunodeficiency virus induces CD4 epitope masking by soluble factors AU - Leutenegger, CM AU - Holznagel, E AU - Hofmann-Lehmann, R AU - Aubert, A AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Lutz, H T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Soluble factors are important effector mechanisms to control for lentiviral replication. Vaccination of cats with recombinant outer surface proteins (SU) of the FIV envelope protein in combination with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) and rabies nucleocapsid (NC) protein led to significantly reduced viral loads [Leutenegger, C.M., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Holznagel, E., Cuisinier, A.M., Wolfensberger, C., Duquesne, V., Cronier, J., Allenspach, K., Aubert, A., Ossent, P. , Lutz, H., 1998. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14(3) 275-283]. Lymphocytes from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cats were stained with two monoclonal antibodies, Fel7 and CAT30A, directed against the feline CD4 antigen. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from cats vaccinated with the SU glycoprotein, CFA and rabies NC protein showed a significantly reduced number of cells after staining with CAT30A, while the number in Fel7 positive lymphocytes remained unchanged. This decreased CAT30A fluorescent staining could be reproduced in vitro by pre-incubating FIV-negative lymphocytes with immune sera from cats in which reduced CAT30A staining was detected. Neither experimental infection nor vaccination with the unglycosylated SU protein alone resulted in this epitope masking. Furthermore, this masking phenomenon was negatively correlated with a decreased susceptibility to activation-induced cell death (AICD). These findings will be discussed based on the current knowledge of CD8(+) T-cell antiviral factors and their involvement in lentiviral infection and/or replication. DA - 2000/3/15/ PY - 2000/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00147-1 VL - 73 IS - 3-4 SP - 343-352 SN - 0165-2427 KW - soluble factors KW - feline immunodeficiency virus KW - CD4 receptor KW - IL-16 KW - vaccination KW - masking ER - TY - JOUR TI - T cells overexpressing interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 are found in both the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats AU - Liang, YH AU - Hudson, LC AU - Levy, JK AU - Ritchey, JW AU - Tompkins, WAF AU - Tompkins, MB T2 - JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB - Similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replicates in the thymus of infected animals, causing marked alteration in thymic lymphocyte subpopulations. The immune phenotype and cytokine patterns in the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of FIV-infected cats were investigated. FIV infection caused an acute-stage transient reduction in CD4CD8 double-positive thymocytes, a marked increase in CD8 single-positive thymocytes, and formation of thymic B cell lymphoid follicles. Interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA were up-regulated in both the thymus and lymph nodes of FIV-infected cats. Analysis of purified CD4 and CD8 cells revealed that CD4 cells produced most of the IL-10, whereas IFN-gamma was produced by both subsets. Quantitative-competitive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that thymocytes, especially CD4CD8 thymocytes, had much greater levels of gag mRNA than did lymph node T cells. Thus, overexpression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 is a feature of the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues of FIV-infected cats. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1086/315226 VL - 181 IS - 2 SP - 564-575 SN - 0022-1899 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interpreting electrolyte, anion gap, and total carbon dioxide data AU - Andrews, J. M. AU - Grindem, C. B. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 95 IS - 7 SP - 548-553 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection of a canine macrophage cell line with Leishmania infantum: determination of nitric oxide production and anti-leishmanial activity AU - Pinelli, E AU - Gebhard, D AU - Mommaas, AM AU - Hoeij, M AU - Langermans, JAM AU - Ruitenberg, EJ AU - Rutten, VPMG T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - We have previously shown that resistance to Leishmania infantum in dogs is associated with a Th1 type of immune response. In this study, we use a canine macrophage cell line (030-D) that can readily be infected with this protozoan parasite. Our aim is to further characterize the effector mechanisms involved in killing of Leishmania parasite in dogs. We observed that activation of 030-D cells by incubation with a supernatant derived from a Leishmania-specific T cell line containing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and interleukin-2 (IL-2) resulted in enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production by these cells. In addition, we observed enhanced anti-leishmanial activity of infected 030-cells after activation. Both, NO production and anti-leishmanial activity were abrogated by addition of L-N(G)-nitroargininemethyl ester (L-NAME), an analogue of L-arginine. Thus, NO play an important role in the anti-leishmanial activity of these canine macrophages. We propose the infection of the 030-D cell line as a good in vitro model to further investigate parasite-host cell interactions in dogs, a natural host of Leishmania parasites. DA - 2000/10/1/ PY - 2000/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00312-5 VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - 181-189 SN - 0304-4017 KW - Leishmania infantum KW - macrophage cell line KW - NO KW - dog ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) AU - Nutter, FB AU - Lee, DD AU - Stamper, MA AU - Lewbart, GA AU - Stoskopf, MK T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 146, Issue 3 p. 78-80 Short Communication Hemiovanosalpingecomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) F. B. Nutter DVM, F. B. Nutter DVM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. D. Lee DVM, D. D. Lee DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM, M. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM, M. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author F. B. Nutter DVM, F. B. Nutter DVM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. D. Lee DVM, D. D. Lee DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM, M. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM, M. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 January 2000 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.146.3.78Citations: 25Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References FRAZER, N. B. (1995) Loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. In National Marine Fisheries Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service Status Reviews for Sea Turtles Listed Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Ed P. T. Plotkin. Maryland, Silver Spring, National Marine Fisheries Service. pp 1– 13 LEGLER, J. M. (1958) Extra-uterine migration of ova in turtles. Herpetologica 14, 49– 52 LUTZ, P. L. & DUNBAR-COOPER, A. (1987) Variations in the blood chemistry of the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. Fishery Bulletin 85, 37– 43 MAHMOUD, I. Y. & KLICKA, J. (1975) Extra-uterine egg migration in snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina serpentina. Journal of Herpetology 9, 242– 243 MILLER, J. D. (1997) Reproductive in sea turtles. In The Biology of Sea Turtles. Eds P. L. Lutz, J. A. Musick. CRC Press, New York. pp 51– 81 RAITI, P. (1995) Reproductive problems of reptiles. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians. pp 101– 105 TINKLE, D. W. (1959) Additional remarks on extra-uterine egg migration in turtles. Herpetologica 15, 161– 162 United States Department Of Commerce (1997) Endangered Species Act biennial report to Congress on the status of recovery programs, July 1994 – September 1996. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. p 45 Citing Literature Volume146, Issue3January 2000Pages 78-80 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2000/1/15/ PY - 2000/1/15/ DO - 10.1136/vr.146.3.78 VL - 146 IS - 3 SP - 78-80 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extralabel use of ivermectin and moxidectin in food animals AU - Baynes, RE AU - Payne, M AU - Martin-Jimenez, T AU - Abdullah, AR AU - Anderson, KL AU - Webb, AI AU - Craigmill, A AU - Riviere, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2000/9/1/ PY - 2000/9/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2000.217.668 VL - 217 IS - 5 SP - 668-671 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dermatotoxicokinetic modeling of p-nitrophenol and its conjugation metabolite in swine following topical and intravenous administration AU - Qiao, GL AU - Chang, SK AU - Brooks, JD AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - The development of a dermatotoxicokinetic (dTK) model for p-nitrophenol (PNP), a common metabolite from a variety of compounds and a biomarker of organophosphate (OP) insecticide exposure, may facilitate the kinetic modeling and risk assessment strategy for its parent compounds. In order to quantify and then clarify in vivo-in vitro correlation of PNP disposition, multicompartment kinetic models were formulated. Female weanling pigs were dosed with [14C]PNP intravenously (150 μg in ethanol, n = 4) or topically onto non-occluded abdominal skin (300 μg/7.5cm2 in ethanol, n = 4). PNP and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNP-G) profiles were determined in plasma and urine in addition to total 14C quantitation in many other samples. Disposition parameters (rate constants, Ftop, T1/2, T1/2Ka, AUC, Vss, Clp, MAT, and MRT) and the simulated chemical mass-time profiles on the dosed skin surface and in the local, systemic, and excretory compartments were also determined. Total recoveries of 97.17 ± 4.18% and 99.80 ± 2.41% were obtained from topical and intravenous experiments, respectively. Ninety-six hours after topical and intravenous application, 70.92 ± 9.72% and 98.65 ± 2.43% of the dose were excreted via urine, and 0.55 ± 0.16% and 0.51 ± 0.10% via the fecal route, respectively. Peak excretion rate and time were also determined. It was suggested by experimental observation and modeling that urinary 14C excretion correlates with the systemic tissue depletion profile well and may be used as a biomarker of PNP exposure. This study also supports the strategy of using urinary PNP as a biomonitoring tool for OP pesticide exposure, although some precautions have to be taken. The strategy used in this study will be useful in comprehensive dTK modeling in dermal risk assessment and transdermal drug delivery. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/54.2.284 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 284-294 SN - 1096-0929 KW - p-nitrophenol (PNP) KW - toxicokinetics KW - skin absorption KW - metabolism KW - pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyzing the results of a complete blood cell count AU - Barger, A. M. AU - Grindem, C. B. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 95 IS - 7 SP - 534 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitation of thymic and bursal lymphocytes populations in normal and PEMS affected turkeys AU - De Buysscher, E.V. AU - Tonkonogy, S. AU - Vaillancourt, J.P. AU - Barnes, H.J. T2 - Proceedings of the ... Western Poultry Disease Conference DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 49 IS - 2000 SP - 95-97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hyperthermia increases accumulation of technetium-99m-labeled liposomes in feline sarcomas AU - Matteucci, M. L. AU - Anyarambhatla, G. AU - Rosner, G. AU - Azuma, C. AU - Fisher, P. E. AU - Dewhirst, M. W. AU - Needham, D. AU - Thrall, D. E. T2 - Clinical Cancer Research DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 6 IS - 9 SP - 3748-3755 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genistein augments prostaglandin-induced recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured porcine ileum AU - Blikslager, AT AU - Roberts, MC AU - Young, KM AU - Rhoads, JM AU - Argenzio, RA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - We have previously shown that PGE(2) enhances recovery of transmucosal resistance (R) in ischemia-injured porcine ileum via a mechanism involving chloride secretion. Because the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein amplifies cAMP-induced Cl(-) secretion, we postulated that genistein would augment PGE(2)-induced recovery of R. Porcine ileum subjected to 45 min of ischemia was mounted in Ussing chambers, and R and mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of [(3)H]N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP) and [(3)H]mannitol were monitored as indicators of recovery of barrier function. Treatment with genistein (10(-4) M) and PGE(2) (10(-6) M) resulted in synergistic elevations in R and additive reductions in mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of [(3)H]FMLP and [(3)H]mannitol, whereas treatment with genistein alone had no effect. Treatment of injured tissues with genistein and either 8-bromo-cAMP (10(-4) M) or cGMP (10(-4) M) resulted in synergistic increases in R. However, treatment of tissues with genistein and the protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol myristate acetate (10(-5)-10(-6) M) had no effect on R. Genistein augments recovery of R in the presence of cAMP or cGMP but not in the presence of PKC agonists. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.2.g207 VL - 278 IS - 2 SP - G207-G216 SN - 0193-1857 KW - mucosa KW - chloride secretion KW - transmucosal resistance KW - tyrosine kinase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feed physical form and buffering solutes on water disappearance and proximal stomach pH in swine AU - Ange, K. D. AU - Eisemann, J. H. AU - Argenzio, R. A. AU - Almond, Glen AU - Blikslager, Anthony T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The effects of the physical form of feed on water disappearance and the effects of buffered water on proximal stomach pH in swine were determined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 32 barrows were used to evaluate the water disappearance in pigs fed a finely ground and pelleted diet vs those fed a coarsely ground and mashed diet for ad libitum consumption over a 2-wk interval. There were four replicates with eight pigs per replicate. Average daily water and feed disappearance did not differ (P = 0.06 and P = 0.10, respectively). However, average daily water to feed ratio was higher for pigs on the pelleted diet (4.21+/-0.31 L/kg vs 3.04+/-0.33 L/kg; P = 0.02). The higher ratio for the pelleted diet indicated that this may be the cause of a more fluid digesta allowing reflux of irritants from the distal stomach to damage the pars esophageal region of the proximal stomach. In Exp. 2, four barrows (25+/-2 kg) had gastric cannulas surgically implanted into the proximal region of the stomach. Pigs were given ad libitum access to a finely ground and pelleted diet. The experimental design was a Latin square. Water treatments included water (control), 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Pigs were given a 4-d adjustment period, and pH measurements began on the morning of the 5th d and continued for 24 h under normal feeding conditions. Feed was removed and measurements were continued for 16 h. Buffered water raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach compared to the control (P < 0.001). Average pH while consuming the water treatments was 3.65+/-0.11 (n = 4) for water control, 4.86+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 4.63+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 4.59+/-0.14 (n = 3) for the 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Buffers also raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach for the fed (P < 0.001) and the feed restriction (P < 0.01) phases of the trial. Water disappearance rates in pigs given NaHCO3 were higher than in the control (P < 0.01). Average daily water disappearance for the treatments was 9.13+/-0.74 L for the control, 13.56+/-0.74 L for 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 13.77+/-0.74 L for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 10.33+/-0.95 L for the phosphate buffer. The proximal pH of the stomach was increased by adding buffers to the water supply. Addition of NaHCO3 buffers also caused increased water disappearance. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7892344x VL - 78 IS - 9 SP - 2344–2352 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclic CD8+lymphopenia in dogs experimentally infected with Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii AU - Pappalardo, BL AU - Brown, T AU - Gebhardt, D AU - Sontakke, S AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Until recently, it was presumed that Bartonella vinsonii only infected voles, a species of North American rodents. In April of 1993, however, our laboratory isolated a novel subspecies of B. vinsonii (B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii) from the blood of a dog diagnosed with vegetative valvular endocarditis. Subsequently, based on a seroepidemiologic survey of dogs from North Carolina and Virginia presenting for a variety of medical problems, we found evidence supporting a potentially important association between B. vinsonii and Ehrlichia canis co-infection in dogs. In the following study, eight dogs were infected with B. vinsonii: four specific pathogen free dogs and four dogs that had previously been infected with E. canis. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed a cyclic elevation of the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio that correlated with cyclic CD8+ lymphopenia in all dogs infected with B. vinsonii, regardless of prior exposure to E. canis. DA - 2000/6/30/ PY - 2000/6/30/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00182-3 VL - 75 IS - 1-2 SP - 43-57 SN - 0165-2427 KW - mAb, monoclonal antibody KW - FBS, fetal bovine serum KW - PID, post-inoculation day KW - PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes KW - LN, lymph node ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical application of a polymerase chain reaction assay in the diagnosis of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in a horse AU - Vivrette, SL AU - Sellon, DC AU - Gibbons, DS T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Diagnosis of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi can be made more rapidly by use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay than by use of conventional bacteriologic culture techniques. Use of a PCR assay aids in the differentiation between virulent and avirulent strains of R equi, and the assay may be used to identify R equi in feces and soil of breeding farms. DA - 2000/11/1/ PY - 2000/11/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1348 VL - 217 IS - 9 SP - 1348-+ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian infectious laryngotracheitis AU - Bagust, TJ AU - Jones, RC AU - Guy, JS T2 - REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES AB - Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) herpesvirus continues to cause sporadic cases of respiratory disease in chickens world-wide. Sources of transmission of ILT infection are three-fold, namely: chickens with acute upper respiratory tract disease, latently infected 'carrier' fowls which excrete infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) when stressed, and all fomites (inanimate articles as well as the personnel in contact with infected chickens). Infectious laryngotracheitis virus infectivity can persist for weeks to months in tracheal mucus or carcasses. Rigorous site biosecurity is therefore critical in ILT disease control. Furthermore, while current (modified live) ILT vaccines can offer good protection, the strains of ILTV used in vaccines can also produce latent infections, as well as ILT disease following bird-to-bird spread. The regional nature of reservoirs of ILTV-infected flocks will tend to interact unfavourably with widely varying ILT control practices in the poultry industry, so as to periodically result in sporadic and unexpected outbreaks of ILT in intensive poultry industry populations. Precautions for trade-related movements of chickens of all ages must therefore include an accurate knowledge of the ILT infection status, both of the donor and recipient flocks. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.20506/rst.19.2.1229 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 483-492 SN - 0253-1933 KW - avian diseases KW - avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus KW - biosecurity KW - epidemiology KW - gallid herpesvirus 1 KW - international trade KW - quarantine KW - regional distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - A dark, firm dry-like condition in turkeys condemned for cyanosis AU - Mallia, JG AU - Barbut, S AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Martin, SW AU - McEwen, SA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - A case-control study (n = 130) was conducted on toms condemned for cyanosis. Color (CIE L*a*b*), pH, and physical characteristics were measured on the Pectoralis major at slaughter and after 24 h. Meat from carcasses condemned for cyanosis had dark, firm, dry-like traits. It was darker and redder and showed higher water-holding capacity, lower cooking loss, and higher gel strength than did controls. Perimortem pH was negatively correlated with the lightness (L*) of meat at the time of slaughter (r = -0.58) and at 24 h postmortem (r = -0.64), positively correlated with water-holding capacity (r = 0.73) and gel strength (r = 0.43) and negatively correlated with cooking loss (r = -0.50). Ultimate pH was negatively correlated with lightness (L*) of meat at slaughter time (r = -0.62) and at 24 h postmortem (r = 0.79) was positively correlated with water-holding capacity (r = 0.87) and gel strength (r = 0.61) and negatively correlated with cooking loss (r = -0.52). Tests based on pH and L* of the P. major were also assessed; tests based on pH had a sensitivity in the range of 0.79 to 0.89 and specificity (Sp) of 0.60 to 0.94. Tests based on L* showed sensitivity of 0.75 to 0.92, and specificity of 0.79 to 0.97. The repeatability of measurements varied from good (L*: rho = 0.6) to excellent (pH: rho = 0.92). Overall, turkey breast condemned for cyanosis showed dark, firm, dry-like traits. Tests based on color and pH are described as a means of identifying turkeys condemned for cyanosis. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/79.2.281 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - 281-285 SN - 1525-3171 KW - turkey KW - dark firm dry KW - cyanosis KW - color KW - physical properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Turkey coronavirus is more closely related to avian infectious bronchitis virus than to mammalian coronaviruses: a review AU - Guy, JS T2 - AVIAN PATHOLOGY AB - Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) is the cause of an acute highly contagious enteric disease of turkeys. In recent years, TCoV has been increasingly recognized in North America as an important pathogen of young turkeys, resulting in economic loss due to impaired growth and poor feed conversion. While the epidemiology and pathogenesis of TCoV have been extensively studied, TCoV remains one of the least characterized of the known coronaviruses. Avian and mammalian coronaviruses have been subdivided into distinct antigenic/genotypic groups; however, classification of TCoV has been controversial. Previous studies indicated that TCoV was closely related to bovine coronavirus and other group 2 mammalian coronaviruses, but more recent antigenic and genome sequence analyses contradict these findings and, instead, provide evidence that TCoV is closely related to avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Additionally, experimental studies have indicated that the host range of TCoV, once thought to be restricted to turkeys, includes chickens. These studies have raised additional questions regarding the classification of TCoV; particularly, whether IBV and TCoV are taxonomically distinct viruses, or whether TCoV is merely a variant of IBV. Sequence analyses of TCoV have given credence to the idea that TCoV is a variant of IBV, as these studies have shown that TCoV and IBV are very closely related. However, these studies have been limited to only three TCoV strains and relatively small portions of the TCoV genome. TCoV is readily distinguished from IBV based on antigenic and biological differences, and these differences suggest that TCoV should be considered a distinct virus species. Additional studies will be needed to better define the relationship between TCoV and IBV, and to resolve this taxonomic question. Based on our current understanding, it seems prudent to consider TCoV and IBV as distinct virus species that share a close phylogenetic relationship and together comprise group 3 of the coronavirus major antigenic groups. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1080/03079450050045459 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 207-212 SN - 1465-3338 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors for abattoir condemnation of turkey carcasses due to cyanosis in southern Ontario AU - Mallia, J. G. AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. AU - Martin, S. W. AU - McEwen, S. A. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 79 IS - 6 SP - 831-837 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rhabdomyolysis in two foals with polysaccharide storage myopathy AU - Byrne, E. AU - Cohen, N. AU - Jones, S. L. AU - Zimmel, D. N. AU - Valberg, S. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 503 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-beta applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Ottinger, C. A. AU - Blazer, V. S. AU - Densmore, C. L. AU - Pieper, L. H. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's [Tau] b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-beta as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1289/ehp.00108447 VL - 108 IS - 5 SP - 447-452 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of intestinal permeability and gluten sensitivity in Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers with familial protein-losing enteropathy, protein-losing nephropathy, or both AU - Vaden, SL AU - Sellon, RK AU - Melgarejo, LT AU - Williams, DA AU - Trogdon, MM AU - VanCamp, SD AU - Argenzio, RA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To evaluate intestinal permeability and gluten sensitivity in a family of Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWT) affected with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), protein-losing nephropathy (PLN), or both.6 affected adult dogs.Intestinal biopsy specimens, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, serum concentrations of albumin and globulin, and concentration of alpha1-protease inhibitor in feces were evaluated before, during, and 13 weeks after daily administration of 10 g of gluten for 7 weeks. Eosinophils and lymphocytes-plasmacytes were enumerated in intestinal biopsy specimens. Intestinal permeability was evaluated before and during the sixth week of gluten administration via cellobiose-mannitol and chromium-EDTA absorption tests.Serum globulin concentration decreased significantly after prolonged administration of gluten. Although not significant, there was an increase in lymphocytes-plasmacytes and a decrease in eosinophils in intestinal biopsy specimens. Furthermore, these counts were greater than those reported for clinically normal dogs. Gluten administration did not increase intestinal permeability.Daily administration of gluten was associated with a significant decrease in serum globulin concentration in SCWT affected with PLE or PLN, but other variables remained unchanged. Although enhanced wheat-gluten sensitivity may be one factor involved in the pathogenesis of PLE or PLN in SCWT, this syndrome does not appear to be the result of a specific sensitivity to gluten. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.518 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 518-524 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A role for lipopolysaccharide in turkey tracheal colonization by Bordetella avium as demonstrated in vivo and in vitro AU - Spears, PA AU - Temple, LM AU - Orndorff, PE T2 - MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY AB - We isolated two insertion mutants of Bordetella avium that exhibited a peculiar clumped-growth phenotype and found them to be attenuated in turkey tracheal colonization. The mutants contained transposon insertions in homologues of the wlbA and wlbL genes of Bordetella pertussis. The wlb genetic locus of B. pertussis has been previously described as containing 12 genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of LPS from B. avium wlbA and wlbL insertion mutants confirmed an alteration in the LPS profile. Subsequent cloning and complementation of the wlbA and wlbL mutants in trans with a recombinant plasmid containing the homologous wlb locus from B. avium eliminated the clumped-growth phenotype and restored the LPS profile to that of wild-type B. avium. Also, a parental level of tracheal colonization was restored to both mutants by the recombinant plasmid. Interestingly, complementation of the wlbA and wlbL mutants with a recombinant plasmid containing the heterologous wlb locus from B. pertussis, B. bronchiseptica, or Bordetella parapertussis eliminated the clumped-growth phenotype and resulted in a change in the LPS profile, although not to that of wild-type B. avium. The mutants also acquired resistance to a newly identified B. avium-specific bacteriophage, Ba1. Complementation of both wlbA and wlbL mutants with the homologous wlb locus of B. avium, but not the heterologous B. pertussis locus, restored sensitivity to Ba1. Complementation of the wlbL mutant, but not the wlbA mutant, with the heterologous wlb locus of Bordetella bronchiseptica or B. parapertussis restored partial sensitivity to Ba1. Comparisons of the LPS profile and phage sensitivity of the mutants upon complementation by wlb loci from the heterologous species and by B. avium suggested that phage sensitivity required the presence of O-antigen. At the mechanistic level, both mutants showed a dramatic decrease in serum resistance and a decrease in binding to turkey tracheal rings in vitro. In the case of serum resistance, complementation of both mutants with the homologous wlb locus of B. avium restored serum resistance to wild-type levels. However, in the case of epithelial cell binding, only complementation of the wlbA mutant completely restored binding to wild-type levels (binding was only partially restored in the wlbL mutant). This is the first characterization of LPS mutants of B. avium at the genetic level and the first report of virulence changes by both in vivo and in vitro measurements. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01963.x VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 1425-1435 SN - 0950-382X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial distribution of cannibalism mortalities in commercial laying hens AU - Tablante, NL AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Martin, SW AU - Shoukri, M AU - Estevez, I T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The distribution of cannibalism cases in a flock of 19,776 Babcock White Leghorns was monitored from 21 to 54 wk of age. The hens were kept in a single-floor house consisting of four banks of two-deck stair-step cages. Each of the 4,944 cages held four hens at a density of 152 cm2 (60 inches2) per hen. Each cage was assigned a number from 1 to 4,944, and each dead bird was tagged according to its cage of origin. Dead birds were collected daily, kept in a freezer, and necropsied weekly. Farm personnel routinely transferred a live hen from an end cage to a cage where a mortality had occurred. The cause of death, age, cage number, and cage location were recorded for each dead hen. Of the 1,173 hens that died during the study period, 253 (21.6%) died from egg peritonitis, 184 (15.7%) from hypocalcemia, 167 (14.1%) from cannibalism, 164 (14%) from neoplastic disease, and the rest from various other causes. Cannibalism cases were analyzed statistically for clustering. Cannibalism was defined as death from tissue trauma and hemorrhage inflicted by cage mates. A spatial analysis showed that cannibalism is not a random event but one that occurs in clusters. The incidence of cannibalism was also found to be significantly higher on the top rows of cages as compared with the bottom rows. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1093/ps/79.5.705 VL - 79 IS - 5 SP - 705-708 SN - 1525-3171 KW - spatial distribution KW - cannibalism KW - commercial laying hens KW - mortality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pfiesteria piscicida and ulcerative mycosis of Atlantic menhaden - Current status of understanding AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Kane, AS T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - Ulcerative lesions in estuarine finfish are associated with a variety of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infectious agents as well as water quality and other abiotic stress factors. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus are a severely affected species typically exhibiting solitary, perianal, focal, deep, granulomatous lesions containing oomycete hyphae. Intense recent emphasis in the scientific literature and in the popular press has been placed on Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates and their toxins as the causative agents for ulcerative finfish lesions in east coast estuaries of the United States. Dramatic descriptive terms for Pfiesteria, including "phantom," "ambush-predator" and "the cell from hell," capable of affecting humans, have appeared in scientific journals and the news media. However, there is no scientific evidence to date that supports a single, causal relationship between the presence of toxic Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates and fish kills or the associated ulcerative lesions. This is due, at least in part, to the difficulty of maintaining toxic Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates in clonal culture and, in part, to the presence of other microorganisms in laboratory culture systems. Further, there is at present no toxin-specific probe to identify Pfiesteria toxins in estuarine environments during fish kills, nor has Pfiesteria been isolated from fish lesions. Yet, based on the limited published scientific evidence and the popular press coverage, there have been river closures, notable economic losses, and public alarm due to Pfiesteria. Future research into agents infectious to menhaden, such as Aphanomyces (Oomycetes) and toxin-producing estuarine inhabitants like Pfiesteria, is needed. These organisms and the disease processes in which they are implicated may also serve as markers for overall estuarine condition. Control of microorganisms, including Pfiesteria, to improve finfish health in estuaries is unlikely. However, using the presence of these microorganisms and their Atlantic menhaden hosts as sentinels to help monitor water quality may be a viable approach to assist future estuarine management. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0018:PPAUMO>2.0.CO;2 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 18-25 SN - 1548-8667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal shedding of Salmonella by gilts before and after introduction to a swine breeding farm AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Funk, J. A. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. T2 - Swine Health and Production DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 25-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of ciprofloxacin as a representative of veterinary fluoroquinolones in susceptibility testing AU - Riddle, C. AU - Lemons, C. L. AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Altier, C. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1636-1637 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of reducing crossfostering at birth on piglet mortality and performance during an acute outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome AU - McCaw, M. B. T2 - Swine Health and Production DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 15-21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation of transforming growth factor-beta messenger RNA (TGF-beta mRNA) expression with cellular immunoassays in triamcinolone-treated captive hybrid striped bass AU - Harms, CA AU - Ottinger, CA AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - Assessing fish immune status with molecular markers has been hampered by a lack of specific reagents. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (reverse transcription quantitative-competitive PCR, RT-qcPCR) for measuring transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) transcription from a broad range of teleost fish has recently been developed. The quantitative PCR now permits monitoring production of this important immunosuppressive cytokine in response to immunomodulating agents and conditions. We examined anterior kidney and spleen mononuclear cells from hybrid striped bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis × male white bass M. chrysops) for production of TGF-β messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone. We also compared TGF-β transcription with anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity and splenic lymphocyte blastogenesis. Anterior kidney mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels decreased, whereas bactericidal activity increased. Spleen TGF-β mRNA levels did not change significantly, and splenic lymphocyte pokeweed mitogen stimulation index increased in triamcinolone-treated fish. Since triamcinolone is used therapeutically as a suppressive immunomodulator, the enhanced immune functions indicated by the cellular immunoassays were unexpected; however, the inverse response of TGF-β production and macrophage bactericidal activity was consistent with the known relationship between TGF-β and macrophage activation in mammals. Induced immunomodulation in hybrid striped bass was detectable by both traditional cellular immunoassays and the new RT-qcPCR for TGF-β. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0009:COTGFM>2.0.CO;2 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 9-17 SN - 0899-7659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an ornithischian dinosaur AU - Fisher, PE AU - Russell, DA AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Barrick, RE AU - Hammer, M AU - Kuzmitz, AA T2 - SCIENCE AB - Computerized tomography scans of a ferruginous concretion within the chest region of an ornithischian dinosaur reveal structures that are suggestive of a four-chambered heart and a single systemic aorta. The apparently derived condition of the cardiovascular system in turn suggests the existence of intermediate-to-high metabolic rates among dinosaurs. DA - 2000/4/21/ PY - 2000/4/21/ DO - 10.1126/science.288.5465.503 VL - 288 IS - 5465 SP - 503-505 SN - 0036-8075 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of two novel regulatory genes affecting Salmonella invasion gene expression AU - Altier, C AU - Suyemoto, M AU - Ruiz, AI AU - Burnham, KD AU - Maurer, R T2 - MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY AB - A Salmonella typhimurium chromosomal deletion removing ≈19 kb of DNA at centisome 65 reduces invasion of cultured epithelial cells as well as the expression of lacZY operon fusions to several genes required for the invasive phenotype. As the deleted region contains no genes previously known to affect Salmonella invasion, we investigated the roles of individual genes in the deleted region using a combination of cloning, complementation and directed mutation. We find that the deletion includes two unrelated regulatory genes. One is the Salmonella homologue of Escherichia coli barA ( airS ), which encodes a member of the multistep phosphorelay subgroup of two‐component sensor kinases. The action of BarA is coupled to that of SirA, a member of the phosphorylated response regulator family of proteins, and includes both HilA‐dependent and HilA‐independent components. The other regulatory gene removed by the deletion is the Salmonella homologue of E. coli csrB , which specifies a regulatory RNA implicated in controlling specific message turnover in E. coli . These results identify a protein that is likely to play a key role in the environmental control of Salmonella invasion gene expression, and they also suggest that transcriptional control of invasion genes could be subject to refinement at the level of message turnover. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01734.x VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 635-646 SN - 1365-2958 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustained survival of human hepatocytes in mice: A model for in vivo infection with human hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses AU - Ohashi, K. AU - Marion, P. L. AU - Nakai, H. AU - Meuse, L. AU - Cullen, J. M. AU - Bordier, B. B. AU - Schwall, R. AU - Greenberg, H. B. AU - Glenn, J. S. AU - Kay, M. A. T2 - Nature Medicine DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1038/73187 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 327-331 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a collectin-like protein in pig serum that binds a component in perienteric fluid from Ascaris suum AU - Watson, BI AU - Hammerberg, B T2 - COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB - A collectin-like protein (CLP) of the acute phase protein family that binds the polysaccharides mannan and alpha-1-6 dextran was isolated from the serum of pigs infected with Ascaris suum. A monoclonal antibody generated against this protein and used to characterize the CLP revealed on SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis that the protein had a molecular weight of approximately 48 kDa under reducing conditions and greater than 100 kDa under nonreducing conditions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the CLP bound to substances in the perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum (APF). Molecular weight fractionation of APF demonstrated that CLP binds primarily to APF substances of greater than 100 kDa. Binding of CLP to APF was partially blocked by phosphatidylinositol. This is the first report of a porcine CLP and the binding of a CLP to components of the common nematode Ascaris suum. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00067-3 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 113-124 SN - 0147-9571 KW - collectin KW - Ascaris suum KW - pig KW - serum KW - polysaccharide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human breast cancer specimens: Diffraction-enhance imaging with histologic correlation - Improved conspicuity of lesion detail compared with digital radiography AU - Pisano, ED AU - Johnston, RE AU - Chapman, D AU - Geradts, J AU - Iacocca, MV AU - Livasy, CA AU - Washburn, DB AU - Sayers, DE AU - Zhong, Z AU - Kiss, MZ AU - Thomlinson, WC T2 - RADIOLOGY AB - Seven breast cancer specimens were examined with diffraction-enhanced imaging at 18 keV with a silicon crystal with use of the silicon 333 reflection in Bragg mode. Images were compared with digital radiographs of the specimen, and regions of increased detail were identified. Six of the seven cases (86%) showed enhanced visibility of surface spiculation that correlated with histopathologic information, including extension of tumor into surrounding tissue. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1148/radiology.214.3.r00mr26895 VL - 214 IS - 3 SP - 895-901 SN - 0033-8419 KW - breast radiography, technology KW - synchrotron ER - TY - JOUR TI - A dark, firm, dry-like condition in breast meat of roaster chickens condemned for ascites, valgus-varus deformity and emaciation AU - Mallia, JG AU - Barbut, S AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Martin, SW AU - McEwen, SA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Chicken carcasses with dark, firm, dry traits (DFD) are currently condemned in Canada for cyanosis. Reconsideration of the current policy requires tests for distinguishing DFD carcasses from those that are inadequately bled. Birds in other categories such as ascites (AS), emaciation (EM), and valgus-varus deformity (VVD) may also present a dark carcass color. Chickens condemned for DFD and inadequate bleeding (IB), and also for AS, EM and VVD were collected, and visually separated into "light" or "dark" groups. Color (Commission Intern. de l'Eclairage L*a*b*) and pH were measured at slaughter, on four fixed sites of the pectoralis major. pH was highly and negatively correlated with L* for AS (r = –0.57), EM (r = –0.64), and VVD (r = –0.66). The dark classes of EM and VVD were not significantly different (P > 0.05) for pH, L*, and a* from DFD carcasses, but the dark AS class was redder and less acidic than DFD carcasses. Color and pH were not correlated in the inadequately-bled group, which was lighter, less red, and more acidic than the DFD group. Tests based on pH and a*, used to distinguish DFD from inadequately bled carcasses, showed good sensitivity and specificity. The agreement beyond chance between the pH and a* tests was good (Kappa = 0.65). We conclude (1) that a DFD-like condition was present in the dark classes of AS, EM and VVD, and (2) that inadequately bled chickens can be distinguished from those with DFD traits by the use of tests based on pH and a*. Key words: Poultry color, rapid tests, chicken, dark firm dry meat, cyanosis DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.4141/A99-015 VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 45-49 SN - 0008-3984 KW - poultry color KW - rapid tests KW - chicken KW - dark firm dry meat KW - cyanosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host and bacterial factors involved in the innate ability of mouse macrophages to eliminate internalized unopsonized Escherichia coli AU - Hamrick, TS AU - Havell, EA AU - Horton, , JR AU - Orndorff, PE T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - ABSTRACT In an effort to better understand genetic and cellular factors that influence innate immunity, we examined host and bacterial factors involved in the nonopsonic phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli K-12 by mouse macrophages. Unelicited (resident) peritoneal macrophages from five different mouse strains, BALB/c, C57BL/6, CD-1, C3H/HeJ, and C3H/HeN, were employed. Additional macrophage populations were obtained from CD-1 mice (bone marrow-derived macrophages). Also, for BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, peritoneal macrophages elicited with either thioglycolate or proteose peptone, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and macrophage-like cell lines derived from the two strains were employed. Two E. coli K-12 strains that differed specifically in their abilities to produce type 1 pili containing the adhesive protein FimH were examined. The parameters used to assess macrophage bacteriocidal activity were (i) the killing of internalized (gentamicin-protected) E. coli during the approximately 4-h assay and (ii) the initial rate at which internalized E. coli were eliminated. Data on these parameters allowed the following conclusions: (i) unelicited or proteose peptone-elicited peritoneal macrophages were significantly better at eliminating internalized bacteria than thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, bone marrow-derived macrophages, or macrophage cell lines; (ii) the host genetic background had no significant effect upon the ability of unelicited peritoneal macrophages to kill E. coli (even though the mouse strains differ widely in their in vivo susceptibilities to bacterial infection); and (iii) the FimH phenotype had no significant effect upon E. coli survival once the bacterium was inside a macrophage. Additionally, there was no correlation between the bacteriocidal effectiveness of a macrophage population and the number of bacteria bound per macrophage. However, macrophage populations that were the least bacteriocidal tended to bind higher ratios of FimH + to FimH − E. coli . The effect of gamma interferon, fetal calf serum, and the recombination proficiency of E. coli were examined as factors predicted to influence intracellular bacterial killing. These had no effect upon the rate of E. coli elimination by unelicited peritoneal macrophages. DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1128/IAI.68.1.125-132.2000 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 125-132 SN - 0019-9567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of lens capsular plaques in dogs with cataracts AU - Colitz, CMH AU - Malarkey, D AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - McGahan, MC AU - Davidson, MG T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To determine histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the multifocal adherent plaques that commonly develop on the internal surfaces of the anterior and posterior lens capsules in dogs with cataracts.31 anterior and 4 posterior capsular specimens collected during lens extraction surgery in dogs with cataracts.Specimens were evaluated, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to localize cytokeratin, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle-specific actin, fibronectin, tenascin, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) within plaques.Histologically, plaques comprised elongated spindle-shaped cells that formed a placoid mass. Cells were embedded in an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibrils, often with duplicated or split basement membranes. Immunohistochemically, normal lens epithelial cells and cells within plaques stained for vimentin. Most cells and some areas of the extracellular matrix within plaques stained for TGF-beta and alpha-smooth muscle-specific actin. Fibronectin and tenascin were also detected in the extracellular matrix.Canine lens capsular plaques are histologically and immunohistochemically similar to posterior capsule opacification and subcapsular cataracts in humans, which suggests that the canine condition, like the human conditions, is associated with fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelial cells. Transforming growth factor-beta may play a role in the genesis of capsular plaques. Because severity of plaques was correlated with stage of cataract development, earlier surgical removal of cataracts may be useful to avoid complications associated with plaque formation. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.139 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 139-143 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Granulomatous disease associated with Bartonella infection in 2 dogs AU - Pappalardo, BL AU - Brown, T AU - Gookin, JL AU - Morrill, CL AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Shortly after removal of an engorged tick from the left ear, a 4-year-old Greyhound was referred for evaluation of fever and a rapidly enlarging mass in the region of the left submandibular lymph node. Histopathologic evaluation of the lymph node resulted in a diagnosis of severe granulomatous lymphadenitis. An 11-year-old mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of a 6-week history of serous nasal discharge. Histologic examination of a surgical biopsy from a nasal mass indicated multifocal granulomatous inflammation with fibrosis. Serum samples obtained from both dogs were reactive by immunofluorescent assay to Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii antigens (reciprocal titers of 128). Although Bartonella organisms were not isolated by lysis centrifugation blood culture, Bartonella DNA was amplified from tissue samples obtained from each dog (lymph node biopsy from dog 1 and nasal biopsy from dog 2) using primers that amplify a portion of the 16S rRNA gene followed by Southern blot hybridization using a genus-specific probe. Additionally, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a Bartonella-specific citrate synthase gene product obtained from dog 2 resulted in a restriction pattern identical to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. This is the 1st report of granulomatous disease in dogs associated with Bartonella infection. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0037:GDAWII>2.3.CO;2 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 37-42 SN - 0891-6640 KW - canine KW - infectious KW - lymphadenopathy KW - pathology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food hypersensitivity reactions in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers with protein-losing enteropathy or protein-losing nephropathy or both: Gastroscopic food sensitivity testing, dietary provocation, and fecal immunoglobulin E AU - Vaden, SL AU - Hammerberg, B AU - Davenport, DJ AU - Orton, SM AU - Trogdon, MM AU - Melgarejo, LT AU - VanCamp, SD AU - Williams, DA T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) affected with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) or both for allergy to food. We performed gastroscopic food-sensitivity testing, a provocative dietary trial, and measurement of fecal immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 6 SCWTs affected with PLE or PLN or both. Positive gastroscopic food-sensitivity test reactions were noted in 5 of 6 dogs. Positive reactions were found to milk in 4 dogs, to lamb in 2 dogs, and to wheat and chicken each in 1 dog. Adverse reactions to food (diarrhea, vomiting, or pruritus) were detected in all 6 dogs during the provocative dietary trial. Adverse reactions were found to corn in 5 dogs, to tofu in 3 dogs, to cottage cheese in 2 dogs, to milk in 2 dogs, to farina cream of wheat in 2 dogs, and to lamb in 2 dogs. Serum albumin concentrations significantly decreased and fecal alpha1-protease inhibitor concentration significantly increased 4 days after the provocative trial when compared with baseline values. Antigen-specific fecal IgE varied throughout the provocative trial, with peak levels following ingestion of test meals. We conclude that food hypersensitivities are present in SCWTs affected with the syndrome of PLE/PLN. Mild inflammatory bowel disease was already established in the 6 SCWTs of this report at the time of study, making it impossible to determine if food allergies were the cause or result of the enteric disease. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0060:FHRISC>2.3.CO;2 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 60-67 SN - 0891-6640 KW - food allergy KW - glomerulonephritis KW - inflammatory bowel disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Lyme disease spirochetes isolated from ticks and vertebrates in North Carolina AU - Ryan, , JR AU - Apperson, CS AU - Orndorff, PE AU - Levine, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Borrelia burgdorferi isolates obtained from numerous locations and from different hosts in North Carolina, were compared to previously characterized strains of the Lyme disease spirochete and other Borrelia spp. The spirochete isolates were confirmed to be B. burgdorferi sensu stricto based on immunofluorescence (IFA) using a monoclonal antibody to outer surface protein A (Osp A [H5332]) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a species-specific nested primer for a conserved region of the gene that encodes for flagellin. In addition, the isolates tested positive in Western blots with species-specific monoclonal antibodies for outer surface protein A and OspB (84c), and the genus-specific, monoclonal antibody to flagellin (H9724). Infectivity studies with several of these isolates were conducted using Mus musculus and Oryzomys palustris and the isolates exhibited markedly different levels of infectivity. This study demonstrates that B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is present and naturally transmitted on the Outer Banks and in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina. DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-36.1.48 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 48-55 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Borrelia burgdorferi KW - isolate characterization KW - Lyme disease KW - ticks KW - vertebrates ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro production of embryos alters levels of insulin-like growth factor-II messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine fetuses 63 days after transfer AU - Blondin, P AU - Farin, PW AU - Crosier, AE AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, CE T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effect of embryo production systems on the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II mRNA in fetal bovine tissues at Day 70 of gestation (63 days after transfer). Oocytes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows were matured and fertilized in vitro. Zygotes were cultured in either tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS; in vitro-produced with serum [IVPS]) or TCM-199 + 1% BSA (in vitro-produced with serum restriction [IVPSR]). At 72 h postinsemination, IVPSR embryos were transferred into fresh TCM-199 + 10% ECS whereas IVPS embryos had fresh medium replaced. All embryos were cultured for an additional 96 h. In vivo-produced embryos were harvested from superovulated Holstein cows (multiple ovulations [MO]). Grade 1 blastocysts from all groups were transferred singly into Angus heifers. At Day 70 of gestation, fetuses (n = 14, 13, and 11 for MO, IVPS, and IVPSR, respectively) were collected; liver and skeletal muscle samples were snap frozen, and whole-cell RNA (wcRNA) was extracted. Levels of IGF-II mRNA were determined by RNase protection assay and quantified relative to 18S rRNA (mean arbitrary units +/- SEM). WcRNA from adult and Day 90 fetal bovine liver were used as controls. Adult liver contained 9-fold less IGF-II mRNA than liver from Day 90 fetuses (P < 0.05). Fetal livers of males originating from IVPS and IVPSR groups possessed approximately 2-fold greater levels of mRNA for IGF-II than those from MO males (0.25 +/- 0.07, 0.33 +/- 0.04, and 0.14 +/- 0.03, respectively; P < 0.05). Levels of mRNA for IGF-II tended to be lower (P = 0.07) in skeletal muscle of fetuses originating from the IVPSR group (0.043 +/- 0.005) compared to MO controls (0.070 +/- 0.008). In conclusion, at Day 70 of gestation, fetuses originating from in vitro production systems possessed altered levels of IGF-II mRNA in both liver and skeletal muscle. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod62.2.384 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 384-389 SN - 0006-3363 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colostrum management: Keeping beef calves alive and performing AU - Rogers, G. M. AU - Capucille, D. J. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - S6-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from swine AU - Gebreyes, W. A. AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Funk, J. A. AU - Altier, C. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 38 IS - 12 SP - 4633-4636 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A mass in the spinal column of a dog AU - Neel, J AU - Dean, GA T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 29, Issue 3 p. 87-89 A Mass in the Spinal Column of a Dog Jennifer Neel DVM, Corresponding Author Jennifer Neel DVM Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Corresponding author: Jennifer Neel, DVM, Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorGregg A. Dean DVM, PhD, Gregg A. Dean DVM, PhD Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author Jennifer Neel DVM, Corresponding Author Jennifer Neel DVM Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Corresponding author: Jennifer Neel, DVM, Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorGregg A. Dean DVM, PhD, Gregg A. Dean DVM, PhD Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2000.tb00409.xCitations: 11Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Clark DM, Picut CA. Neuroepithelioma in a middle-aged dog. JAVMA. 1986; 189: 1330–1331. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2 Summers BA, de Lahunta A, McEntee M, Kuhajda FP. A novel intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor in young dogs. Acta Neuropathol. 1988; 75: 402–410. 10.1007/BF00687794 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Moissonnier P, Abbott D. Canine neuroepithelioma: case report and literature review. JAAHA. 1993; 29: 397–401. Web of Science®Google Scholar 4 Ferretti A, Scanziani E, Colombo S. Surgical treatment of a spinal cord tumor resembling nephroblastoma in a young dog. Prog Vet Neurol. 1993; 4: 84–87. Web of Science®Google Scholar 5 Terrell SF, Platt SR, Chrisman CL. Possible intraspinal metastasis of a canine spinal cord nephroblastoma. Vet Pathol. 2000; 37: 94–97. 10.1354/vp.37-1-94 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6 Macri NP, Van Alstine W, Coolman RA. Canine spinal nephroblastoma. JAAHA. 1997; 33: 302–306. 10.5326/15473317-33-4-302 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7 Pearson GR, Gregory SP, Charles AK. Immunohistochemical demonstration of Wilms' tumor gene product WT1 in a canine “neuroepithelioma” providing evidence for its classification as an extrarenal nephroblastoma. J Comp Pathol. 1997; 116: 321–327. 10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80006-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8 Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. 5th ed. Philadelphia , Pa : WB Saunders; 1994: 464–456. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume29, Issue3September 2000Pages 87-89 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2000.tb00409.x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 87-89 SN - 0275-6382 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034391028&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cytology KW - dog KW - nephroblastoma KW - spinal cord ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding and evaluating renal function AU - Grindem, CB AU - Neel, JA T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 96 IS - 7 SP - 555–561 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0040794293&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Small intestinal malabsorption in horses AU - Roberts, M. C. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education AB - Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 12, Issue 4 p. 214-219 Small intestinal malabsorption in horses M. C. Roberts, M. C. Roberts North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health and Resource Management, 4700 Hillsborough Street at William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606–1499, USA.Search for more papers by this author M. C. Roberts, M. C. Roberts North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health and Resource Management, 4700 Hillsborough Street at William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606–1499, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00043.xCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Brown, C.M. (1992) The diagnostic value of the D-xylose absorption test in horses with unexplained chronic weight loss. Br. vet. J. 148, 41–44. 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90065-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Church, S. and Middleton, D.J. (1997) Transient glucose malabsorption in two horses - fact or artifact? Aust. vet. J. 75, 716–718. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb12251.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Freeman, D.E., Ferrante, P.L., Kronfield, D.S. and Chalupa, W. (1989) Effect of food deprivation on D-xylose absorption test results in mares. Am. J. vet. Res. 50, 1609–1612. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gibson, K.T. and Alders, R.G. (1987) Eosinophilic enterocolitis and dermatitis in two horses. Equine vet. J. 19, 247–252. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01397.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Haven, M.L. (1994) Effects of Extensive Small Intestinal Resection in the Pony. PhD thesis, North Carolina State University. Google Scholar Lindberg, R., Persson, S.G.B., Jones, B., Thoren-Tolling, K. and Ederoth, M. (1985) Clinical and pathophysiological features of granulomatous enteritis and eosinophilic granulomatosis in the horse. Zbl. vet. Med. A. 32, 526–539. 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1985.tb01973.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lindberg, R., Nygren, A. and Persson, S.G.B. (1996) Rectal biopsy diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of intestinal disorders: a retrospective study of 116 cases. Equine vet. J. 28, 275–284. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03091.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Love, S., Mair, T.S. and Hillyer, M.H. (1992) Chronic diarrhea in adult horses: a review of 51 referred cases. Vet. Rec. 130, 217–219. 10.1136/vr.130.11.217 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mair, T.S., Hillyer, M.H., Taylor, F.G.R. and Pearson, G.R. (1991) Small intestinal malabsorption in the horse: an assessment of the specificity of the oral glucose tolerance test. Equine vet. J. 23, 344–346. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03735.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Murphy, D., Reid, S.W.J. and Love, S. (1998) Breath hydrogen measurement in ponies: a preliminary study. Res. vet. Sci. 65, 47–51. 10.1016/S0034-5288(98)90026-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nimmo Wilkie, J.S., Yager, J.A., Nation, P.N., Clark, E.G., Townsend, H.G.G. and Baird, J.D. (1985) Chronic eosinophilic dermatitis: a manifestation of a multisystemic, eosinophilic, epitheliotropic disease in five horses. Vet. Path. 22, 297–305. 10.1177/030098588502200401 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pass, D.A. and Bolton, J.R. (1982) Chronic eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the horse. Vet. Path. 19, 486–496. 10.1177/030098588201900504 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Roberts, M.C. (1985) Malabsorption syndromes in the horse. Comp. cont. Educ. pract. Vet. 7, S637–S646. Web of Science®Google Scholar Tate, L.P., Ralston, S.L., Koch, C.M. and Everitt, J.E. (1983) Effects of extensive resection of the small intestine in the pony. Am. J. vet. Res. 44, 1187–1191. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume12, Issue4June 2000Pages 214-219 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00043.x VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 214-219 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion genes by csrA AU - Altier, C AU - Suyemoto, M AU - Lawhon, SD T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - ABSTRACT Penetration of intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium requires the expression of invasion genes, found in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), that encode components of a type III secretion apparatus. These genes are controlled in a complex manner by regulators within SPI1, including HilA and InvF, and those outside SPI1, such as the two-component regulators PhoP/PhoQ and BarA/SirA. We report here that epithelial cell invasion requires the serovar Typhimurium homologue of Escherichia coli csrA , which encodes a regulator that alters the stability of specific mRNA targets. A deletion mutant of csrA was unable to efficiently invade cultured epithelial cells and showed reduced expression of four tested SPI1 genes, hilA, invF, sipC , and prgH . Overexpression of csrA from an induced araBAD promoter also negatively affected the expression of these genes, indicating that CsrA can act as both a positive and a negative regulator of SPI1 genes and suggesting that the bacterium must tightly control the level or activity of CsrA to achieve maximal invasion. We found that CsrA affected hilA , a regulator of the other three genes we tested, probably by controlling one or more genetic elements that regulate hilA . We also found that both the loss and the overexpression of csrA reduced the expression of two regulators of hilA, hilC and hilD , suggesting that csrA exerts its control of hilA through one or both of these regulators. We further found, however, that CsrA could affect the expression of both invF and sipC independent of its effects on hilA . One additional striking phenotype of the csrA mutant, not observed in a comparable E. coli mutant, was its slow growth. Phenotypic revertants that had normal growth rates, while maintaining the csrA mutation, were common. These suppressed strains, however, did not recover the ability to invade cultured cells, indicating that the csrA -mediated loss of invasion cannot be attributed simply to poor growth and that the growth and invasion deficits of the csrA mutant arise from effects of CsrA on different targets. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1128/IAI.68.12.6790-6797.2000 VL - 68 IS - 12 SP - 6790-6797 SN - 1098-5522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Membrane transport of naphthalene and dodecane in jet fuel mixtures AU - Baynes, R. E. AU - Brooks, J. D. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Toxicology and Industrial Health DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1191/074823300678839264 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 225-238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Roaster breast meat condemned for cyanosis: A dark firm dry- like condition? AU - Mallia, J. G. AU - Barbut, S. AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. AU - Martin, S. W. AU - McEwen, S. A. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 79 IS - 6 SP - 908-912 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Poult enteritis complex AU - Barnes, HJ AU - Guy, JS AU - Vaillancourt, JP T2 - REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE-OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES AB - Poult enteritis complex (PEC) is a general term that encompasses the infectious intestinal diseases of young turkeys. Some diseases, such as coronaviral enteritis and stunting syndrome, are relatively well characterised, while others, such as transmissible viral enteritis, poult growth depression and poult enteritis mortality syndrome, remain ill-defined. All forms of PEC are multifactorial, transmissible and infectious. Salient clinical features include stunting and poor feed utilisation that result from enteritis. In the more severe forms, runting, immune dysfunction and mortality are reported. Gross and microscopic lesions of enteritis are present in all forms but tend to be non-specific. Other lesions may be present, depending on the agents involved. The basic pathogenesis involves the following: a) alteration of the intestinal mucosa, generally by one or more viruses infecting enterocytes; b) inflammation; c) proliferation of secondary agents, usually bacteria. Non-infectious factors interplay with infectious agents to modulate the course and severity of disease. Diarrhoea is believed to be primarily osmotic because of maldigestion and malabsorption, but may also have a secretory component. Transmission is primarily faecal-oral. No public health significance is recognised or suspected. Prevention is based on eliminating the infectious agents from contaminated premises and preventing introduction into flocks. This is accomplished by an effective cleaning, disinfection and biosecurity programme. All-in/all-out production or separate brooding and finishing units are helpful. Control may require regional co-ordination among all companies producing turkeys, especially if the production is highly concentrated, and a quarantine programme for more severe forms of PEC. No vaccines or specific measures for controlling the organisms involved in PEC are available. Treatment is supportive for the viral component, while antibiotics, especially those with efficacy against Gram positive bacteria, may help to reduce the impact to bacterial infections. Evidence suggests that PEC occurs wherever turkeys are raised commercially, but this is not well documented and distribution of the various organisms that have been associated with PEC is largely unknown. The disease causes enormous economic loss, mostly from failure of the turkey to reach its genetic potential. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.20506/rst.19.2.1234 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 565-588 SN - 0253-1933 KW - avian diseases KW - astroviruses KW - coronaviruses KW - digestive diseases KW - enteroviruses KW - Escherichia coli KW - intestinal diseases KW - mixed infections KW - poultry diseases KW - production diseases KW - rotaviruses KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycoplasmosis: somethings old and somethings new AU - Ley, D. H. T2 - Proceedings of the ... Western Poultry Disease Conference DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 49 IS - 2000 SP - 42-47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in songbirds from New York AU - Hartup, BK AU - Kollias, GV AU - Ley, DH T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - A field study was conducted to determine the prevalence of conjunctivitis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) and other songbirds common to bird feeders in Tompkins County (New York, USA). Eight hundred two individuals of 23 species and nine families of birds were captured and given physical examinations during the 14 mo study beginning in February 1998. Clinical conjunctivitis (eyelid or conjunctival swelling, erythema, and discharge) was observed in 10% (19/196) of house finches examined, and only in the winter months from November to March. Unilateral conjunctivitis was observed in 79% (15/19) of affected house finches; one case developed bilateral disease between 8 and 18 days following initial examination. Conjunctivitis was observed in a similar proportion of males and females sampled, and body condition scores and wing chord lengths were not significantly different between diseased and non-diseased house finches. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from 76% (13/17) of finches with conjunctivitis and 2% (3/168) of clinically normal house finches sampled during the study. DNA fingerprints of 11 MG isolates using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques showed no apparent differences in banding patterns over the course of the study, suggesting persistence of a single MG strain in the study population. The prevalence of conjunctivitis and MG infections declined in house finches between February/March 1998 and February/March 1999 (23% to 6%, and 20% to 5%, respectively), but only the former was significant (P < 0.05). Conjunctivitis was also observed in four American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) and one purple finch (Carpodacus purpureus). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection was confirmed in the purple finch, the first documented case of MG-associated conjunctivitis in this species. The purple finch isolate was similar to house finch isolates from the study site by RAPD analysis. Positive plate agglutination (PA) tests were recorded in one other goldfinch and two purple finches, suggesting exposure of these individuals to MG. Positive PA tests were also obtained from two brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and four tufted titmice (Parus bicolor), but MG infection could not be confirmed in these cases due to lack of samples. Based on these findings, the prevalence of MG infections in hosts other than house finches appear to be low in the population sampled. There is growing evidence, however, that songbird species other than house finches are susceptible to MG infection and disease. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.257 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 257-264 SN - 0090-3558 KW - Carpodacus mexicanus KW - Carpodacus purpureus KW - conjunctivitis KW - host range KW - house finch KW - Mycoplasma gallisepticum KW - mycoplasmosis KW - purple finch ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hepatic abscesses in three horses AU - Sellon, DC AU - Spaulding, K AU - Breuhaus, BA AU - Katz, L AU - Mealey, R T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Hepatic abscesses were diagnosed in 3 adult horses. Two were < 4 years old and had evidence of concurrent immune-mediated conditions, including aseptic arthritis, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, and immune-mediated anemia. Predisposing factors for hepatic abscess formation in these horses included prior abdominal surgery, proximal duodenitis/jejunitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and a penetrating foreign body in the large colon. Serum hepatic enzyme activities were within or slightly greater then reference limits in all 3 horses. The most pronounced and consistent abnormalities on CBC and serum biochemical analyses were hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, and a decreased albumin-to-globulin concentration ratio. Hepatic ultrasonography identified hepatic abscesses in all 3 horses. A variety of bacteria were isolated from these abscesses, including Staphylococus aureus and Bacteroides fragilis. One horse developed septic tibiotarsal arthritis, presumably as a result of intermittent bacteremia. Despite aggressive medical treatment, all horses were euthanatized because of a worsening condition and poor prognosis. DA - 2000/3/15/ PY - 2000/3/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2000.216.882 VL - 216 IS - 6 SP - 882-+ SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Salmonella typhi infection in the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica AU - Metcalf, ES AU - Almond, GW AU - Routh, PA AU - Horton, , JR AU - Dillman, RC AU - Orndorff, PE T2 - MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AB - The domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica, was examined as a model for typhoid fever, a severe and systemic disease of humans caused by Salmonella typhi. Six pigs were inoculated 1 week post-weaning with approximately 10(10)colony forming units (cfu) of wild type Salmonella typhi strain ISP1820 intranasally and observed for 3 weeks. S. typhi was cultured from the tonsils of 50% of the pigs at necropsy. Cultures from all other organs analysed (ileum, colon, spleen and liver) were negative. No clinical or histopathological signs of disease were observed. Pigs inoculated in parallel with swine-virulent S. choleraesuis all exhibited signs of systemic salmonellosis indicating that the parameters of the experimental infection with S. typhi (e.g. route) were appropriate. Whereas the pig has a gastrointestinal tract that is very similar to humans, our results indicated that the unique features of host and microbe interaction needed to produce typhoid fever were not mimicked in swine. Nevertheless, our observation of tonsillar involvement was consistent with former observations of S. choleraesuis and S. typhimurium infections in swine and supports a role for the tonsil in all porcine salmonella infections. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1006/mpat.2000.0367 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 121-126 SN - 0882-4010 KW - Salmonella KW - typhi KW - choleraesuis KW - pig KW - tonsil KW - typhoid fever ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decision analysis: dealing with uncertainty in diagnostic testing AU - Smith, RD AU - Slenning, BD T2 - PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE AB - Decision analysis is a process for systematically analyzing complex choices by considering all pertinent information. In this paper, we discuss how uncertainty associated with diagnostic testing can be included in a decision analysis using pay-off tables and decision trees (decision-flow diagrams). Variables associated with diagnostic test interpretation (such as pre-test and post-test probability of disease; test sensitivity, specificity and predictive values; fixed cut-offs versus continuous measurement scales; test dependence associated with the use of multiple tests) are considered. Several decision criteria and output measures are discussed (including MAXIMIN and MAXIMAX criteria, opportunity costs, expected monetary values, expected utility, sensitivity and risk-profile analysis, and threshold analysis). The application of decision analysis to diagnostic testing for Johne's disease and traumatic reticuloperitonitis of cattle, and for canine heartworm disease are used to illustrate both population- and patient-oriented applications and criteria for ranking the desirability of different outcomes. DA - 2000/5/30/ PY - 2000/5/30/ DO - 10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00121-5 VL - 45 IS - 1-2 SP - 139-162 SN - 0167-5877 KW - decision analysis KW - pay-off table KW - decision tree KW - sensitivity analysis KW - modeling KW - veterinary KW - multiple testing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conversion of cephapirin to deacetylcephapirin in milk and tissues of treated animals AU - Moats, WA AU - Anderson, KL AU - Rushing, JE AU - Buckley, S T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Cephapirin is one of six beta-lactam antibiotics approved for use in the treatment of food-producing animals in the United States. When used for treatment of mastitis by intramammary infusion, it is partially converted to a microbiologically active metabolite identified as deacetylcephapirin (DACEP). The degradation was followed in four cows with naturally acquired mastitis which were treated with cephapirin. DACEP persisted longer than the parent compound in the milk. When a calf was treated with cephapirin by intramuscular injection, the compound was almost completely converted to DACEP in tissues. The deacetyl form must be considered in the determination of residues in treated animals. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1021/jf990638y VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 498-502 SN - 0021-8561 KW - cephapirin KW - deacetylcephapirin KW - determination KW - liquid chromatography KW - beta-lactam screening tests KW - milk tissues ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacteriological and histological profile of turkeys condemned for cyanosis AU - Mallia, JG AU - Hunter, B AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Irwin, R AU - Muckle, CA AU - Martin, SW AU - McEwen, SA T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has adopted the term cyanosis to describe a category of condemnation for poultry that is dark but has no other condemnable lesions. Two case-control studies (n = 30 pairs; n = 65 pairs) of 18-wk-old tom turkeys were conducted. A case was defined as a carcass condemned by the veterinary inspector for cyanosis, and a control carcass was one that passed inspection. Microbiological tests were conducted on samples of Pectoralis major and Gastrocnemius lacteralis. A modified Rappaport Vassiliadis medium was used for Salmonella, and a Petrifilm method was used to assess aerobic counts, coliform counts, and Escherichia coli. The Salmonella (qualitative) test was negative for all cases and controls, and there were no significant differences between the aerobic counts, coliform counts, and E. coli counts of case and control carcasses. Two pathologists conducted a blind histopathological study: there were no lesions compatible with those of septicemia-toxemia, as defined by CFIA and the USDA, nor any significant histopathological differences between the skin, P. major, G. lateralis, kidney, liver, spleen, small intestine, pancreas, lung, and heart of cases and controls. The inter-rater agreement between pathologists ranged from good to excellent (Kappa = 0.7 to 1.0). In the absence of important lesions and microbial contamination, carcasses with this color change alone should be suitable for human consumption. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1093/ps/79.8.1194 VL - 79 IS - 8 SP - 1194-1199 SN - 0032-5791 KW - histology KW - bacteriology KW - condemnations KW - cyanosis KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultrastructural morphometry of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Crosier, AE AU - Farin, PW AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, CE T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro using morphometric analysis. Compact morulae produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Compact morulae produced in vitro were obtained from cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows. The complexes were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into 1 of 3 culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 144 hpi; 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): SOF + 0.6% BSA. At 144 hpi, five grade 1 compact morulae from each of the four treatments were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. The volume density occupied by cellular components was determined by the point-count method using a sampling of seven to nine random micrographs from each compact morula. The volume density of lipid was greater (P < 0.05) in compact morulae from IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF treatments compared with those produced in vivo. There was a reduced proportional volume of total mitochondria in compact morulae from the IVPS treatment compared with those produced in vivo (P < 0.05). For compact morulae from the IVPS culture treatment, the volume density of vacuoles was greater than that for compact morulae produced in vivo (P < 0.05). The cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio for compact morulae from the IVPS treatment was increased (P < 0.05) compared with the ratio for those produced in vivo. In conclusion, compact morulae produced in vitro differed ultrastructurally from those produced in vivo. Compact morulae produced in IVPS culture medium possessed the greatest deviations in cellular ultrastructure. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1459 VL - 62 IS - 5 SP - 1459-1465 SN - 1529-7268 ER -