TY - JOUR TI - Histological evaluation of transdermal electroporation and iontophoresis of LHRH delivery in porcine skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Tamada, J. AU - Potts, R.O. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Pharmaceutical Research DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 11 SP - S191 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased transdermal delivery of LHRH in perfused porcine skin by electroporation AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Rogers, R.A. AU - Tamada, J. AU - Bommannan, B. AU - Potts, R.O. T2 - Pharmaceutical Research DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 11 SP - S190 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cutaneous metabolism of isosorbide dinitrate after transdermal administration AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Williams, P.L. AU - McGowan, E. AU - Francoeur, M.L. T2 - Pharmaceutical Research DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 11 SP - S190 ER - TY - CONF TI - An experimental design for assessing percutaneous absorption of chemical mixtures in isolated perfused porcine skin flaps AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL) /Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Symposium Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment C2 - 1994/11// C3 - Proceedings of the Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL) /Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Symposium Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment CY - Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 1994/11// PY - 1994/11// SP - 24 ER - TY - CONF TI - Interactions in the percutaneous absorption and cutaneous disposition of parathion applied as a chemical mixture in isolated perfused porcine skin flaps AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Baynes, R. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL) /Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Symposium Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment C2 - 1994/11// C3 - Proceedings of the Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL) /Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Symposium Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment CY - Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 1994/11// PY - 1994/11// SP - 26 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mechanism of cutaneous vesication AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Zhang, J.Z. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Riviere, J.E. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 1–114 M1 - DAMD 17-92-C-2071 M3 - NTIS Report SN - DAMD 17-92-C-2071 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Pharmaceutical Skin penetration Enhancement by KA Walters and J Hadgraft AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Walters, K.A. AU - Hadgraft, J. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 13 SE - 14 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Stop worrying and eat your salad AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Newsweek DA - 1994/8/8/ PY - 1994/8/8/ SP - 8 ER - TY - CONF TI - Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of parathion in vitro and in vivo in swine after topical and intravenous administration AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Chang, S.K. T2 - 6th International Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 26–27 PB - Blackwell Press ER - TY - CONF TI - FARAD (The food animal residue avoidance databank) in the 1990's. AU - Craigmill, A. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Sundlof, S. T2 - International Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 72 PB - Pharmacol.Toxicol., Blackwell Press ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of an in vitro perfused skin model for cutaneous phototoxicity AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Validation Conference C2 - 1994/// C3 - Vitro Toxicology: Correlations to In Vivo Models / Validation Conference Proceedings CY - Bethesda, MD DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/4/28/ PB - IBC, Inc ER - TY - CONF TI - Toxicokinetics of sulfur mustard cutaneous disposition and percutaneous absorption in isolated perfused porcine skin AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Williams, P.L. AU - Zhang, Z. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 1994/3/13/ C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Dallas, Tx DA - 1994/3/13/ PY - 1994/3/13/ VL - 14 SP - 184 ER - TY - CONF TI - Sulfur mustard causes vascular and inflammatory changes in isolated perfused porcine skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Zhang, Z. AU - Williams, P.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology C2 - 1994/3/13/ C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Dallas, Tx DA - 1994/3/13/ PY - 1994/3/13/ VL - 14 SP - 104, ER - TY - RPRT TI - Water-soluble nonimmunogenic polyamide crosslinking agents AU - Hai, T.T. AU - Nelson, D.J. DA - 1994/6/9/ PY - 1994/6/9/ M1 - WO1994012220A2 M3 - Patent SN - WO1994012220A2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous Absorption of Parathion and Its Metabolites, Paraoxon and p-Nitrophenol, Administered Alone or in Combination: In Vitro Flow-Through Diffusion Cell Studies AU - Chang, S.K. AU - Dauterman, W.C. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology AB - The percutaneous absorption of individual pesticides has been well studied. However, the absorption of a mixture of pesticides and decomposition products or metabolites has not received attention. The percutaneous absorption of parathion (PA) relative to its two metabolites, paraoxon (PO) and p-nitrophenol (PNP), was studied in vitro using weanling pig skin in a flow-through diffusion cell system. Concentrations of 4, 40, or 400 μg/cm2 of PA, PO, PNP, PA + PO (1:1), PA + PNP (1:1), and PO + PNP (1:1) in ethanol were applied topically. Environmental conditions such as air and perfusate temperature (37°C), relative humidity (60%), and flow rate (4 ml/hr) were controlled, and Kreb′s-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 4.5% bovine serum albumin media was used. The total absorption of PA, PO, and the mixed compounds increased as the dose increased, whereas the absorption efficiency (percentage of applied dose absorbed) decreased as the doses increased. For the most water-soluble metabolite, PNP, both total absorption and absorption efficiency increased as the dose increased. Except for the 4 μg/cm2 dose, the individual compounds followed the absorption order of PNP > PO > PA. For the mixed compounds, the rate of absorption followed the order PO + PNP > PA + PNP > PA + PO for all three dose combinations. However, after HPLC analysis of the perfusate, the amount of absorption of each component (PA, PO, and PNP) in mixed compounds was significantly different (p < 0.05). PNP dramatically enhanced PA absorption, while PA slightly decreased both PO and PNP absorption. This study demonstrated that the absorption data from a single-parent compound or metabolite alone were not adequate to determine the rate of PA absorption from a mixture. Chemical impurities in PA may significantly affect the interpretation of transdermal absorption, metabolism, and risk estimation studies. DA - 1994/1// PY - 1994/1// DO - 10.1006/pest.1994.1007 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 56-62 J2 - Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology LA - en OP - SN - 0048-3575 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1994.1007 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous absorption of topical parathion through porcine skin: in vitro studies on the effect of environmental perturbations AU - Chang, S. K. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - Topical use of pesticides in domestic animals such as swine is a common practice; however, the effect of environmental factors on the extent of absorption has not received attention. Since no single factor can exert its effects alone in the natural environment, the interaction of environmental factors on the percutaneous absorption of pesticides must be understood before potential toxicity of dermal absorption of pesticides can be effectively estimated. In the present studies, the effects of air temperature (Ta), perfusate temperature (Tp), perfusate flow (F) and relative humidity (%RH) on absorption of parathion were studied in vitro in porcine skin. Parathion absorption was determined by measuring radiolabel appearing in the perfusate over time. Three main environmental parameters were found to have a significant effect on parathion penetration. Increasing Ta from 37 degrees C to 42 degrees C, %RH from 60% to 90% or F from 4 ml/h to 8 ml/h each produced a significant increase in penetration. The following significantly positive two-way interactions among test parameters were seen: Ta x F and %RH x F at the 4 micrograms dose, %RH x F at the 40 micrograms dose and Ta x %RH, Ta x F and %RH x F at the 400 micrograms dose. There were no three-way interactions at any of the three doses tested. These results suggest that the factors tested are not independent variables and must be considered interactive when used in assessing pesticide percutaneous absorption. DA - 1994/12// PY - 1994/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00274.x VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 434-439 J2 - J Vet Pharmacol Ther LA - en OP - SN - 0140-7783 1365-2885 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00274.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Factors Associated with Postoperative Ileus in Horses: 31 cases AU - Blikslager, A.T. AU - Bowman, K.F. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Bristol, D.G. AU - Roberts, M.C. T2 - Fifth Equine Colic Research Symposium C2 - 1994/9// CY - Athens, GA DA - 1994/9// PY - 1994/9// ER - TY - CONF TI - Risk Factors Associated with Wound Complications in Horses AU - Mahon, M. AU - Bowman, K. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Fifth Equine Colic Research Symposium C2 - 1994/9// CY - Athens, GA DA - 1994/9// PY - 1994/9// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Dynamics of tick-borne Borrelia burgdorferi transmission in North Carolina AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Apperson, C.S. A3 - Virginia Department of Health/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Virginia Department of Health/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ER - TY - RPRT TI - Epidemiology of Lyme disease on Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina AU - Apperson, C.S. AU - Levine, J.F. A3 - U.S. Marine Corps DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - U.S. Marine Corps ER - TY - RPRT TI - Method and Composition for Iontophoresis AU - Sage, B., Jr. AU - Riviere, J. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M1 - 634867 M3 - Australian Patent SN - 634867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diaspirin Crosslinked Hemoglobin (DCLHbTM)Polymerization AU - Hai, T. T. AU - Nelson, D. AU - Pereira, D. AU - Srnak, A. T2 - Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology AB - By employing proprietary polymerization agents possessing specific binding groups and by completing diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) polymerization under specific conditions, we have selectively achieved the following objectives: (1) the P50 was adjusted to the physiologic range or left- or right-shifted; (2) the surface of DCLHb was modified ("decorated"); (3) DCLHb was polymerized but not decorated; (4) DCLHb was polymerized and decorated; or (5) DCLHb was site-specifically modified and polymerized. DA - 1994/1// PY - 1994/1// DO - 10.3109/10731199409117931 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 923-931 J2 - Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology LA - en OP - SN - 1073-1199 1532-4184 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199409117931 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diaspirin Crosslinked Hemoglobin (DCLHbTM): Bioanalytical Studies in Swine AU - Bush, S. AU - Marshall, T. AU - Spicuzza, J. AU - Nelson, D. T2 - Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology AB - These studies were a part of preclinical safety and efficacy studies of DCLHb. Their purpose was to analyze the characteristics of DCLHb during circulation, and the distribution of iron following the administration of DCLHb to swine. Swine were dosed (2 g/kg) with 10 g/dL DCLHb, infused intravenously at a rate of 1 mL/kg/min. Blood samples were collected up to 48 hours post-infusion for analysis. Tissue samples were obtained for iron determination. The data collected showed that the concentration of DCLHb in the plasma gradually decreased, while the concentration of methemoglobin remained low and essentially constant. The oxygen binding characteristics and stability of the crosslink were preserved following infusion, indicating that the DCLHb continued to function as an effective oxygen carrier. Iron concentrations in the liver and kidneys increased as expected, but plasma levels of iron did not saturate the iron binding capacity of transferrin, inferring a controlled process for the release of iron. DA - 1994/1// PY - 1994/1// DO - 10.3109/10731199409117930 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 917-922 J2 - Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology LA - en OP - SN - 1073-1199 1532-4184 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199409117930 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Current understanding of the laryngotracheitis problem AU - Guy, J.S. T2 - Symposium on Respiratory Diseases of Chickens and Turkeys A2 - Hoerr, F.J. A2 - Gelb, J. A2 - Naqi, S.A. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Symposium on Respiratory Diseases of Chickens and Turkeys DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 22–25 PB - American Association of Avian Pathologists ER - TY - JOUR TI - The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus AU - Sellon, Debra C. AU - Fuller, Frederick J. AU - McGuire, Travis C. T2 - Virus Research DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90038-8 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 111-138 J2 - Virus Research LA - en OP - SN - 0168-1702 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(94)90038-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of serum responses in swine after vaccination and challenge exposure with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 AU - Stine, D.L. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Huether, M.J. AU - Gentry, M.J. AU - Anderson, G.A. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 55 IS - 9 SP - 1238-1243 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Actinobacillus(Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae Part 2: Control, virulence factors, vaccines, adjuvant and immunity AU - Fedorka-Cray, PJ AU - Cray, WC, Jr. AU - Breisch, SA AU - Gray, JT AU - Anderson, GA T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 16 SP - 117–125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transmission of Salmonella typhimurium to swine AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Whipp, Shannon C. AU - Isaacson, Richard E. AU - Nord, Nels AU - Lager, Kris T2 - Veterinary Microbiology AB - These studies were designed to determine the rate of transmission and the colonization pattern of Salmonella typhimurium in swine. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, swine challenged per os with either S. typhimurium strain 798T + or strain 798N + were exposed to heterologous feces. Following exposure to heterologous strains, heterologous Salmonella were recovered from the feces of infected swine within 3 days and from the tonsil and ileum at necropsy. Bacterial populations in swine initially challenged with Salmonella remained constant. In experiment 2, Salmonella-free swine were commingled with a population of pigs that were shedding 2.69 log10 CFU Salmonella/ gram feces. Salmonella was recovered from pooled fecal samples from the commingled swine on day 2 post-exposure to the infected group. Low numbers of Salmonella were detected in the ileocolic lymph node, ileum, cecum or spleen of all commingled swine throughout the necropsy period. These data provide a means for evaluating transmission of Salmonella to a population of swine which may be used to study the mechanisms involved in transmission and maintenance of the disease. DA - 1994/8// PY - 1994/8// DO - 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90029-9 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 333-344 J2 - Veterinary Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(94)90029-9 DB - Crossref KW - SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM KW - PIG KW - TRANSMISSION KW - CARRIER KW - ZOONOSES ER - TY - JOUR TI - A silver-impregnation and immunocytochemical study of innervation of the distal sesamoid bone and its suspensory ligaments in the horse AU - Bowker, R. M. AU - Rockershouser, Sara J. AU - Linder, K. AU - Vex, Kelly B. AU - Sonea, Ioana M. AU - Caron, J. P. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - The innervation of the navicular bone (os sesamoideum distale) and its suspensory ligaments (ligamenta sesamoidea collateralia) (CSL) or proximal suspensory ligament and the ligamentum sesamoideum distale impar or the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DS-impar ligament) was examined using combined anatomical techniques of silver impregnation and immunocytochemistry. Silver impregnation studies revealed an abundance of nerve fibres present in both the CSL and DS-impar ligament with the latter having relatively more nerve fibres. These silver-impregnated nerves coursed parallel to and were associated with the vasculature rather than appearing to innervate the vessels. Immunocytochemistry identified several sensory-related neuropeptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA)) in the nerves of the navicular bone and suspensory ligaments. More peptidergic nerves were evident within the synovial membrane and loose connective tissue in the dorsal part than in the palmar aspect of the CSL. In the CSL along the synovial membrane bordering the distal interphalangeal joint, the CGRP, SP and NKA were present in the nerves of vessels as well as the intimal layer of the distal interphalangeal joint. In the DS-impar ligament, there were many more nerves innervating vessels and the synovial membrane between the navicular bone and the third phalanx than were present in these structures in the CSL. Nerves with all 3 peptides entered the navicular bone via the proximal border and the distal groove to innervate the perichondrium, trabeculae and osteons. SP-like nerves also innervated the cortical bone underlying the articular cartilage. We suggest that these sensory nerve peptides contribute to the pathology of the navicular syndrome. The distribution of the nerves in the CSL and the DS-impar ligament could explain the clinical effects of local anaesthetics injected into the distal interphalangeal joint. DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04372.x VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 212-219 LA - en OP - SN - 0425-1644 2042-3306 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04372.x DB - Crossref KW - HORSE KW - SENSORY NERVES KW - NAVICULAR SYNDROME KW - SESAMOIDEAN-IMPAR LIGAMENT KW - DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of infectious molecular clones of equine infectious anaemia virus AU - Payne, S. L. AU - Rausch, J. AU - Rushlow, K. AU - Montelaro, R. C. AU - Issel, C. AU - Flaherty, M. AU - Perry, S. AU - Sellon, D. AU - Fuller, F. T2 - Journal of General Virology AB - We have recovered five infectious molecular clones of the lentivirus equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV). The clones were recovered from fetal equine kidney (FEK) cells infected with a virulent, cell culture-adapted virus stock (designated PV) and have been characterized at a molecular level. Each clone has unique envelope and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences. We further investigated LTR sequence variation in the PV stock using PCR amplification to obtain additional LTR clones from infected FEK cells and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from animals experimentally infected with PV. Sequence analysis of resulting clones indicates a selection for different LTR populations in pony PBMCs compared to FEK cells. Finally, we observed that the cloned EIAV proviruses did not remain infectious when maintained in a derivative of pBR322. However, two proviruses have been stably maintained in a low copy number vector (PLG338-SPORT). DA - 1994/2/1/ PY - 1994/2/1/ DO - 10.1099/0022-1317-75-2-425 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 425-429 J2 - Journal of General Virology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1317 1465-2099 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-2-425 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF THE CUTANEOUS VASCULATURE IN THE ISOLATED-PERFUSED PORCINE SKIN FLAP AU - ROGERS, RA AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AB - The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF), an ex vivo model system used in cutaneous toxicology and pharmacology, is capable of assessing the percutaneous absorption of vasoactive compounds. However, the vascular responses of the IPPSF to classical pharmacologic agents have not been calibrated. The ability of acetylcholine, nitroglycerin, tolazoline, and norepinephrine to affect vasculature resistance and glucose utilization was investigated in the IPPSF. Norepinephrine infusions between 10(-7) and 10(-5) M increased vascular resistance in a dose-dependent manner; half-maximal (EC50) and maximal responses occurred at 3.18 x 10(-6) and 10(-5) M, respectively. In non-preconstricted flaps, neither acetylcholine, nitroglycerin, nor tolazoline vasodilated the IPPSF; however, acetylcholine, nitroglycerin, and tolazoline each lowered vascular resistance in a dose-dependent manner in norepinephrine-preconstricted flaps. Maximal relaxation was induced at 10(-4), 10(-6), and 5 x 10(-5) M, by tolazoline, acetylcholine, and nitroglycerin, respectively, whereas the EC50 values were 2.88 x 10(-7), 1.35 x 10(-8), and 1.72 x 10(-7) M, respectively. In flaps pretreated with norepinephrine and methylene blue (a potential blocker of edothelium-derived relaxing factor), no concentration of acetylcholine, and only the highest concentration of nitroglycerin, lowered vascular resistance. In non-preconstricted flaps, glucose utilization decreased in norepinephrine-infused flaps, increased in nitroglycerin- and tolazoline-infused flaps, and was biphasic in acetylcholine-infused flaps. These results indicate that the IPPSF responds to pharmacologic agents in a manner similar to classic in vitro and in vivo models. Thus, the IPPSF would be a relevant model for investigating the delivery and/or toxicity of pharmacologically active compounds. DA - 1994/12// PY - 1994/12// DO - 10.1002/jps.2600831208 VL - 83 IS - 12 SP - 1682-1689 SN - 1520-6017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION, DERMATOPHARMACOKINETICS AND RELATED BIO-TRANSFORMATION STUDIES OF CARBARYL, LINDANE, MALATHION, AND PARATHION IN ISOLATED-PERFUSED PORCINE SKIN AU - CHANG, SK AU - WILLIAMS, PL AU - DAUTERMAN, WC AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY AB - The percutaneous absorption of topically applied pesticides is a primary route for systemic exposure and potential toxicity. The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) is an in vitro model for studying percutaneous absorption of xenobiotics as well as cutaneous metabolism and toxicity in an anatomically intact viable skin preparation. In the present studies, percutaneous absorption of four different pesticides, carbaryl (C), lindane (L), malathion (M), and parathion (P), was assessed topically in an ethanol vehicle. A 4-compartment pharmacokinetic model was utilized to model their absorption profile. The order of absorption was C > P > L > M for the 8-h experimental period, but C > L > P > M for a model-extrapolated 6-day prediction. Metabolism of C and P was also assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC results indicate a significant first-pass effect for both pesticides after topical application, with parathion being metabolized to paraoxon and para-nitrophenol and carbaryl to naphthol. In addition, comparison of the metabolic data of P with previous results underscores the difference between non-recirculating and recirculating IPPSF systems in xenobiotic metabolism studies. DA - 1994/8/12/ PY - 1994/8/12/ DO - 10.1016/0300-483x(94)90014-0 VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 269-280 SN - 0300-483X KW - PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION KW - PESTICIDE KW - SKIN FLAP ER - TY - BOOK TI - Handbook of Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Residues of Veterinary Therapeutic Drugs AU - Craigmill, A.L. AU - Sundlof, S.F. AU - Riviere, J.E. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 665 PB - CRC Press, Inc SN - 0849332125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF HYPERTHERMIA ON CISPLATIN AND CARBOPLATIN DISPOSITION IN THE ISOLATED, PERFUSED TUMOR AND SKIN FLAP AU - VADEN, SL AU - PAGE, RL AU - WILLIAMS, PL AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA AB - AbstractThe effect of hyperthermia on the disposition of platinum (Pt) from cisplatin (CDDP) and carboplatin (CBDCA) in the isolated, perfused tumour and skin flap (IPTSF) was evaluated. Flaps (n=4/treatment) were perfused with 3·0 µg CDDP or 15 µg CBDCA/ml perfusion medium at a rate of 1 ml/min for 3 h. Two-hour (CDDP experiments) or 3 h (CBDCA experiments) washout phases were then performed. The disposition kinetics of free Pt were characterized using a four-compartment, physiologically relevant, pharmacokinetic model. Hyperthermia (HT) may have enhanced the mobility of Pt but it did not increase total Pt mass in the tissue compartments in CDDP experiments. Conversely, HT significantly increased Pt mass in the fixed, non-tumour tissue compartment (p<0·05) in CBDCA experiments. While a similar trend was noted in the fixed, tumour tissue compartment of CBDCA-treated flaps, the difference was not significant (p=0·17). Total tissue Pt mass was significantly greater in CDDP compared with CBDCA experiments (p<0·05). In conclusion, HT alters the disposition of Pt from CDDP and CBDCA under conditions of constant rate infusion. Further characterization of factors influencing drug disposition to non-tumour and tumour tissues can be systematically accomplished using the IPTSF.Key Words: Cisplatincarboplatinhyperthermiaisolated tumour perfusion DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.3109/02656739409009358 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 563-572 SN - 0265-6736 KW - CISPLATIN KW - CARBOPLATIN KW - HYPERTHERMIA KW - ISOLATED TUMOR PERFUSION ER - TY - JOUR TI - A FULL-SPACE METHOD FOR PREDICTING IN-VIVO TRANSDERMAL PLASMA DRUG PROFILES REFLECTING BOTH CUTANEOUS AND SYSTEMIC VARIABILITY AU - WILLIAMS, PL AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES DA - 1994/7// PY - 1994/7// DO - 10.1002/jps.2600830727 VL - 83 IS - 7 SP - 1062-1064 SN - 0022-3549 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stop worrying and eat your salad: science and technology have improved the safety of our food supply AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Newsweek DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PRODUCTION OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D-3 BY PERFUSED PIG SKIN AU - BIKLE, DD AU - HALLORAN, BP AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY AB - Keratinocytes produce large amounts of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in vitro. 1,25(OH)2D3 is detectable in anephric humans and pigs and can be increased to near-normal levels by vitamin D or 250HD, indicating an extrarenal source. To determine whether the skin is one of these extrarenal sources, we perfused isolated flaps of porcine skin for 8 h with 250HD3 in serum-free medium at 1 ml/min, collecting the venous effluent as 15-min samples. The samples were extracted and the vitamin D metabolites purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and assayed by competitive protein-binding techniques. Production of 1,25(OH)2D3 continued for the duration of the perfusion, tending to increase in the last 2 hours. The amount of 1,25(OH)2D3 produced varied both with time in the same pig skin and between pig skins; maximum production of 1,25(OH)2D3 in these experiments was 8 pg/min. 24,25(OH)2D3 production was higher than 1,25(OH)2D3 production, reaching a maximum rate of 180 pg/min. Considering that the production rate of 1,25(OH)2D3 in humans is 1.25 ng/min and that a 48-cm2 skin flap represents 1/350 the surface area of a human, and assuming that human and pig skin make 1,25(OH)2D3 at comparable rates, one can determine that the skin has the potential to maintain near-normal levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the absence of kidneys when provided with adequate substrate. DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12378190 VL - 102 IS - 5 SP - 796-798 SN - 0022-202X KW - 1,25(OH)D-2(3) KW - 24,24(OH)D-2(3) KW - PIG KW - SKIN KW - KERATINOCYTES KW - PERFUSION ER - TY - CONF TI - Maintaining academic creativity in industry related research AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Ninth Biennial Symposium American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Jernigan, A.D. A2 - Sadler, L.M. A2 - Brown, S.A. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial Symposium American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 159–163 M1 - erap. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of compounding on bioavailability AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 205 SP - 226-231 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum disappearance and urinary excretion of sulfamethoxypyridazine in goats AU - Garg, S. K. AU - Uppal, R. P. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Revue d'elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 47 SP - 215-218 ER - TY - JOUR TI - REVIEW OF THE 1993 VETERINARY DRUG BIOEQUIVALENCE WORKSHOP - PREFACE AU - MARTINEZ, MN AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsVolume 17, Issue 2 p. 85-119 Review of the 1993 Veterinary Drug Bioequivalence Workshop M. N. MARTINEZ, M. N. MARTINEZ *The Center for Veterinary Medicine, The Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, Maryland 20855Search for more papers by this authorJ. E. RIVIERE, J. E. RIVIERE †The North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author M. N. MARTINEZ, M. N. MARTINEZ *The Center for Veterinary Medicine, The Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, Maryland 20855Search for more papers by this authorJ. E. RIVIERE, J. E. RIVIERE †The North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00220.xCitations: 14AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume17, Issue2April 1994Pages 85-119 RelatedInformation DA - 1994/4// PY - 1994/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00220.x VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 85-119 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous absorption, biotransformation and systemic disposition of parathion in vivo in swine. I. Comprehensive pharmacokinetic model AU - Qiao, G. L. AU - Williams, P. L. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Drug Metabolism and Disposition DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 22 SP - 459-471 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isoelectric Focusing and Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Studies Using Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone and Its Analog AU - Heit, Mark C. AU - McFarland, Ann AU - Bock, Randy AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences AB - Iontophoresis is the movement of charged compounds into and through the skin under an external electromotive force. A molecule's charge and size, as well as other factors, will determine its ability to be iontophoresed. One can gain insight into certain electrical aspects of a molecule by determining its isoelectric point as well as its electrophoretic mobility. In the present study, isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoretic studies of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, (LHRH) and one of its analogs are performed in order to predict their ability to be iontophoresed. The pI of LHRH is determined to be 9.6 while that of its free acid is 6.9. In addition, it is concluded that although the two compounds are chemically similar, the native compound is more mobile at pH > 2.5. These results suggest that the native compound might be better suited for iontophoretic delivery than is the free-acid analog. DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.1002/jps.2600830512 VL - 83 IS - 5 SP - 654-656 J2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600830512 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immobilization of North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) with metetomidine-ketamine and reversal by atipamezole AU - Spelman, L. H. AU - Sumner, P. W. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 25 SP - 214–223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF WHOLE-BODY HYPERTHERMIA ON CARBOPLATIN DISPOSITION AND TOXICITY IN DOGS AU - PAGE, RL AU - MCENTEE, MC AU - WILLIAMS, PL AU - GEORGE, SL AU - PRICE, GS AU - NOVOTNEY, CA AU - HAUCK, ML AU - RIVIERE, JE AU - DEWHIRST, MW AU - THRALL, DE T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA AB - Fifty dogs with refractory or disseminated spontaneous tumours were evaluated in two independent phase I studies using either carboplatin (CBDCA) alone or CBDCA plus whole body hyperthermia (WBH). CBDCA was administered as a 30 min infusion at the onset of the plateau phase of WBH in dogs receiving combined treatment. Serum samples were collected and drug disposition was determined in both treatment groups. The dose-effect relationship was mathematically described with a logistic regression model developed from categorical toxicity data accumulated throughout the first two treatment courses in all dogs. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as that dose which resulted in a 50% probability of achieving moderate or severe toxicity. The only toxicities observed were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, which were dose-dependent. The nadir occurred between 7 and 14 days following treatment. A significant decrease in the area under the serum CBDCA versus time curve for dogs undergoing WBH was consistent with increased tissue binding of the drug as well as increased urinary eliminations. Serum AUC values determined following the first course of treatment were predictive of subsequent toxicity in both treatment groups. The MTD (95%CI) for CBDCA and CBDCA/WBH were estimated to be 318(44) and 239(51) mg/M2 respectively (p = 0.08). A randomized phase II evaluation should be initiated to determine if a therapeutic gain can be achieved using combined CBDCA and WBH. Further refinement of the CBDCA dose in such a trial should be based on both pharmacokinetic parameters and normal tissue response. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.3109/02656739409012373 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 807-816 SN - 0265-6736 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transmission of enteric pathogens of turkeys by darkling beetle larva (Alphitobius diaperinus) AU - Despins, J. L. AU - Axtell, R. C. AU - Rives, D. V. AU - Guy, James AU - Ficken, M. D. T2 - Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Larvae of the darling beetle (lesser mealworm) were exposed to turkey feces from an enteritis-affected flock and determined to contain turkey enterovirus and rotavirus. Growth depression and increased mortality were observed in turkey poults which fed on the exposed larvae. Exposed larvae which had been surface-sterilized also produced clinical signs of enteritis after consumption by the poults, indicating that pathogens were able to survive within the larvae. This experiment demonstrated the capacity of the larva of the darkling beetle to serve as a mechanical vector for enteric pathogens of turkeys. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1093/japr/3.1.61 VL - 3 SP - 61–65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using the Standardized Performance Analysis Program (SPA) to evaluate beef cow herd performance AU - Rogers, G. M. AU - Langemeier, M. R. AU - Spire, M. F. T2 - Agri-Practice DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF A CLINICAL-TRIAL COMPARING SIMPLE ESTRUS DETECTION WITH ESTRUS DETECTION AFTER PROSTAGLANDIN-BASED APPOINTMENT BREEDING IN A COMMERCIAL DAIRY-HERD IN CALIFORNIA, USA AU - SLENNING, BD T2 - PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE AB - An economic analysis of the outcomes from a clinical trial on dairy cow reproduction was performed. The trial compared two prospective cohorts from a California dairy herd of 670 cows: (1) a cohort of 56 cows initially treated with prostaglandin-F2α and appointment inseminated at 72 and 96 h post-treatment, followed in 7 days by estrus detection based breeding (PT); (2) a cohort of 53 cows that was managed strictly for estrus detection based breeding (HD). There were no significant differences between the cohorts for days in milk at conception, services per conception, or time to events. The economic analysis consisted of three parts: (1) a partial budget analysis of the two breeding strategies; (2) a deterministic decision analysis of the two practices; (3) a stochastic evaluation of the strategies. Both the deterministic and stochastic analyses used time value of money calculattions PT insemination cost the farm approximately $32 compared with an HD cost of approximately $17. However, the costs of getting the average animal pregnant were approximately respectively. Expected monetary values were $588 and $707 for PT and HD strategies, respectively. The stochastic decision analysis evaluated risks and return over 1000 simulations. It suggested that in 73% of cases an HD strategy will produce expected monetary values $170 more than the PT strategy, in 10% of cases the two will be within 4% in yield, and in 17% the PT strategy will yield $95 more than an HD program. Sensitivity analysis suggested that conception rates to estrus detection based breedings are not likely to alter the decision. However, conception rates to the appointment breeding program in conjunction with the elapsed time postpartum when the decision to breed is implemented and estrus detection rates can cause the PT strategy to be optimal. Situations where this might occur are discussed. DA - 1994/3// PY - 1994/3// DO - 10.1016/0167-5877(94)90049-3 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 239-257 SN - 0167-5877 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of conductance catheter to assess the effect of endotoxemia on left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationships in anesthetized swine AU - Hellyer, P. W. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 458 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE ADHESIVE DROPLET OF CAPILLICONIDIA OF BASIDIOBOLUS-RANARUM EXHIBITS UNIQUE ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES AU - DYKSTRA, MJ AU - BRADLEYKERR, B T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - The capilliconidia of Basidiobolus ranarum produce an apical droplet of extracellular material that aids in dispersal by arthropods, such as mites and termites. Electron microscopic examination of the adhesive material comprising the haptor of capilliconidia has shown it to consist of an electron-dense band directly around the capilliconidial beak from which sinuous fibrous filaments extend radially. These filaments are partially digestible with proteinase-K and measure 18–20 nm wide by 3–4 μm long. Interspersed among the filaments are double membrane-bound ovoid organelles that are 0.2-0.3 μm × 0.3-0.4 μm and which contain electron-dense granular contents. Overlying the layer of sinuous filaments is a looser layer of coarsely fibrogranular material that, in turn, is covered with an outermost layer of densely granular material. What are interpreted to be earlier stages of adhesive formation exhibit an almost homogeneous appearance of the haptor material. No clearly defined wall or membrane delimits the droplet surface. A comparison is made between this adhesive material and that reported for other fungi. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2307/3760563 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 336-342 SN - 0027-5514 KW - BASIDIOBOLUS KW - CAPILLICONIDIA KW - ADHESIVES ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of hypertonic saline on myocardial contractility in anaesthetized pigs AU - Hellyer, P. W. AU - Meyer, R. E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - The cardiac effects of hypertonic saline (HS, 7.5% NaCl) were evaluated using a number of indices derived from the left ventricular (LV) pressurevolume relationship. Left ventricular end‐systolic elastance (elastance), the slope of the endsystolic pressure‐volume relationship, end‐systolic elastance normalized for enddiastolic volume (elastance( norm ), the rate of rise of LV pressure (dP/dt max ), and dP/dt max /end‐diastolic volume were used to assess myocardial contractility. Pigs were anaesthetized with isoflurane and instrumented for haemodynamic measurements, LV pressure, and volume (conductance catheter) determinations. Elastance was determined during transient (8–10 s) caudal vena caval balloon occlusion. Following instrumentation, the end‐tidal isoflurane concentration was reduced and maintained at 1 minimum alveolar concentration (1.5%). Pigs were randomly administered either 0.9% NaCl ( n = 7) or HS (n =9) at a dose of 4 ml/kg, over 3 min into the right atrium. There were no significant differences in LV or haemodynamic measurements between isotonic saline and HS treated pigs at any time point. Elastance, elastance( norm ) and dP/dt max /end‐diastolic volume did not change in either treatment group. In contrast, dP/dt max ) increased significantly ( P < 0.015) at 5 min compared to baseline after treatment with HS. End‐diastolic volume increased significantly from 5 to 30 min following treatment with HS. Left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure increased significantly at 5 and 60 min in HS treated pigs. Central venous and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, and cardiac index increased significantly at 5 min after treatment with HS. Total peripheral resistance decreased significantly at 5 min, followed by a return to baseline in the HS group. These results suggest that HS is not a positive inotrope in the anaesthetized pig and that increases in cardiac index are primarily due to an increased preload. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00235.x VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 211 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The benefits of isolation and predicting the cost of disease introduced by purchased pigs AU - Deen, J. AU - Hammonds, R. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 111 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural infections with Borrelia spirochetes in two dogs from Florida AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Nicholson, W. L. AU - Kiehl, A. R. AU - Steers, C. AU - Meuten, D. J. AU - Levine, J. F. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 352-357 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION OF YOUNG BROILER-CHICKENS WITH EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS AND HIGHLANDS J-VIRUS AU - GUY, JS AU - BARNES, HJ AU - SMITH, LG T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Two-week-old broiler chickens were experimentally infected with either eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus or Highland J (HJ) virus. Mortality rates were 24/30 (80%) in EEE-virus-inoculated chickens and 2/30 (7%) in HJ-virus-inoculated chickens. Chickens inoculated with EEE virus exhibited severe depression and somnolence on days 1-6 postexposure (PE), with 17/30 birds dying during this period. After day 6 PE, EEE-virus-inoculated chickens exhibited abdominal distention, depression, and growth retardation, and an additional seven chickens died. Pathologic changes in EE-virus-inoculated chickens dying on days 1-6 PE consisted of multifocal necrosis in the heart and liver, as well as lymphoid depletion and necrosis in the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. Ascites, pericardial effusion, and right ventricular dilatation of the heart were the predominant lesions in chickens dying after day 6 PE. No clinical signs were observed in sham-inoculated controls or in most HJ-virus-inoculated chickens. Ascites, pericardial effusion, and multifocal myocardial necrosis were observed in 2/30 HJ-virus-inoculated chickens that died or were euthanatized after development of clinical signs. These findings indicate that both EEE virus and HJ virus are pathogenic for young chickens. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2307/1592081 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 572-582 SN - 0005-2086 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DECREASED EGG-PRODUCTION IN TURKEYS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS OR HIGHLANDS J-VIRUS AU - GUY, JS AU - BARNES, HJ AU - FICKEN, MD AU - SMITH, LG AU - EMORY, WH AU - WAGES, DP T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Turkey breeder hens were experimentally infected with strains of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus or Highlands J (HJ) virus previously isolated from turkey hens experiencing decreased egg production. Depression and inappetance were observed on day 1 postexposure (PE) in hens inoculated with either EEE virus or HJ virus, and egg production fell in each virus-inoculated group from approximately 75% to less than 20% within 2-3 days PE. Egg production remained depressed (less than 20%) for 15 days in EEE-virus-inoculated hens and for 7 days in HJ-virus-inoculated hens. EEE virus and HJ virus were recovered from various tissues on days 1-5 PE, and virus was detected in eggs laid on days 2-5 PE. The findings of this study confirm that EEE virus and HJ virus are potential causes of decreased egg production in turkey breeder hens. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2307/1592080 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 563-571 SN - 0005-2086 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THROMBOCYTOPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASIA IN DOGS AU - GRINDEM, CB AU - BREITSCHWERDT, EB AU - CORBETT, WT AU - PAGE, RL AU - JANS, HE T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Ten percent (214/2,059) of all dogs with cancer at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital had thrombocytopenia. The thrombocytopenia was associated with infectious/inflammatory etiologies in 4%, miscellaneous disorders (therapy, bone marrow failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation) in 35%, and neoplasia without identifiable secondary factors in 61% of cancer-bearing dogs. Classifying these dogs by tumor groups revealed the following proportionate ratios: lymphoid, 29%; carcinoma, 28%; sarcoma, 20%; hemic neoplasia, 7%; multiple, 5%; unclassified, 3%; benign, 3%; brain, 3%; and endocrine, 3%. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, and melanoma were at increased risk of developing thrombocytopenia. Cytotoxic therapy was the major factor increasing the risk of thrombocytopenia in dogs with melanoma. Golden Retrievers were the only breed recognized with a predisposition to develop thrombocytopenia. If thrombocytopenia is identified in a dog with cancer, we recommend thorough evaluation of the coagulation system before surgery or therapy, and careful consideration of the risks and potential benefits of myelosuppressive or L-asparaginase therapy. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03258.x VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 400-405 SN - 0891-6640 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of factors associated with postoperative ileus in horses: 31 cases (1990-1992) AU - Blikslager, A. T. AU - Bowman, K. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Bristol, D. G. AU - Roberts, M. C. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 205 IS - 12 SP - 1748–1752 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of calving season and milk yield on pregnancy risk and income in North Carolina Holstein cows AU - Farin, P. W. AU - Slenning, B. D. AU - Correa, M. T. AU - Brit, J. H. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Effects of season of calving and milk yield and their potential interaction on days from calving to last breeding were investigated using survival analysis and an economic model in 2000 Holstein cows that calved during 1989 and 1990. The final Cox proportional hazards model included lactation number, calving season, and herdmate deviation FCM. The interval from calving to last breeding ranged from 40 to 570 d. Compared with cows that calved in fall, cows that calved in summer were two-thirds as likely to become pregnant. Conversely, cows calving in winter or spring were more likely to become pregnant. Milk yields beyond approximately 8025 kg lowered the risk of pregnancy. The interaction of season and yield was nonsignificant, suggesting that these factors may act independently to affect reproduction. Lower pregnancy rates associated with high yield were detected earlier postpartum than were lower rates associated with calving in summer. Within each season, higher yield offset the lower income over feed costs associated with poorer reproductive performance. Nevertheless, summer calving lowered income over feed costs per cow per year by $98, $2, $176, and $68 for low, medium to low, medium to high, and high yielding cows, respectively. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77126-5 VL - 77 IS - 7 SP - 1848 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alphavirus infections of turkeys AU - Barnes, H. J. T2 - Turkeys DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 26 ER - TY - PAT TI - Method and composition for iontophoresis AU - Sage, B. H. AU - Riviere, J. E. C2 - 1994/// DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// ER - TY - PAT TI - Method and composition for increased skin concentration of active agents by iontophoresis AU - Sage, B. H. AU - Riviere, J. E. C2 - 1994/// DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH): Effect of repeated administration AU - Heit, M.C. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Jayes, F.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Pharmaceutical Research DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1023/A:1018983303842 VL - 11 IS - 7 SP - 1000–1003 SN - 1573-904X KW - IONTOPHORESIS KW - PEPTIDE KW - LHRH KW - TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mechanisms of cutaneous vesication AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Zhang, J. Z. AU - Inman, A. O. AU - Brooks, J. D. AU - Riviere, J. E. A3 - DAMD 17-92-C-2071, NTIS Report, ADA 283085 DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 114 SP - 1-114 PB - DAMD 17-92-C-2071, NTIS Report, ADA 283085 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and characterization of a novel skin model for cutaneous phototoxicology AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Inman, A. O. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// SP - 235-243 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of physicochemical properties of phenol, p-nitrophenol, acetone and ethanol relevant to quantitating their percutaneous absorption in porcine skin AU - William, P. L. AU - Brooks, J. D. AU - Inman, A. O. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 83 SP - 61-75 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IDENTIFICATION OF THE PATHWAY OF IONTOPHORETIC DRUG-DELIVERY - LIGHT AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES USING MERCURIC-CHLORIDE IN PIGS AU - MONTEIRORIVIERE, NA AU - INMAN, AO AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH DA - 1994/2// PY - 1994/2// DO - 10.1023/A:1018907508501 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 251-256 SN - 0724-8741 KW - PIGS KW - IONTOPHORESIS KW - PATHWAY KW - DRUG DELIVERY KW - MERCURIC CHLORIDE KW - SKIN KW - LIGHT MICROSCOPY KW - ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ER -