TY - CONF TI - Milk and meat withholding times for drugs used extra label: Is it possible to make predictions? AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 132 Annual Meeting American Veterinary Medicine Association C2 - 1995/// C3 - Proceedings of the 132 Annual Meeting American Veterinary Medicine Association DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// SP - 102 ER - TY - CONF TI - Pharmacology of drug compounding in poultry AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Martin-Jimenez, T. T2 - 132nd Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medicine Association C2 - 1995/// C3 - Proceedings of the 132nd Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medicine Association DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// SP - 110–111 ER - TY - CONF TI - The pig as a model for cutaneous pharmacology and toxicology research AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - International Symposium of Swine Biomedical Research C2 - 1995/10// C3 - Proceedings of the International Symposium of Swine Biomedical Research CY - College Park, MD DA - 1995/10// PY - 1995/10// SP - 77 ER - TY - CONF TI - The use of mechanistically-defined chemical mixtures to assess component-effects on the percutaneous absorption of parathion in isolated perfused porcine skin AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Baynes, J.D. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - International Symposium of Swine Biomedical Research C2 - 1995/10// C3 - Proceedings of the International Symposium of Swine Biomedical Research CY - College Park, MD DA - 1995/10// PY - 1995/10// SP - 97 ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue residue of enrofloxacin in weanling swine: Intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection studies AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Tyczkowska, K.L. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Papich, M.G. T2 - International Symposium of Swine Biomedical Research C2 - 1995/10// C3 - Proceedings of the International Symposium of Swine Biomedical Research CY - College Park, MD DA - 1995/10// PY - 1995/10// SP - 98 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mechanism of cutaneous vesication AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Zhang, Z. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Riviere, J.E. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// SP - 1–161 M1 - 17-92C-2071 M3 - DAMD SN - 17-92C-2071 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Penicillins and related -Lactam antibiotics. AU - Vaden, S.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Adams, H.R. PY - 1995/// ET - 7th SP - 774-783 PB - Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Letter: Proper use of the term model AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 207 SP - 847 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An experimental design for assessing ercutaneous absorption of chemical mixtures in isolated perfused porcine skin AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Qiao, J.D. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Toxicologist DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 15 SP - 324 ER - TY - CONF TI - Mechanistically defined chemical mixtures (MDCM): A new experimental paradigm for risk assessment applied to skin. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Williams, P.L. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 34th Annual Meeting Society of Toxicology C2 - 1995/3/5/ C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 1995/3/5/ PY - 1995/3/5/ VL - 15 SP - 323–324 ER - TY - CONF TI - Percutaneous absorption of parathion applied in mechanistically defined chemical mixtures on isolated perfused porcine skin AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 34th Annual Meeting Society of Toxicology C2 - 1995/3/5/ C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 1995/3/5/ PY - 1995/3/5/ VL - 15 SP - 324 ER - TY - CONF TI - Quantitative percutaneous absorption and distribution of binary mixtures of two phenols in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap AU - Williams, P.L. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 34th Annual Meeting Society of Toxicology C2 - 1995/3/5/ C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 1995/3/5/ PY - 1995/3/5/ VL - 15 SP - 324 ER - TY - CONF TI - Protective effects of sodium thiosulfate, cysteine, niacinamide and indomethacin on sulfur mustard-treated isolated perfused porcine skin AU - Zhang, Z. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 34th Annual Meeting Society of Toxicology C2 - 1995/3/5/ C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 1995/3/5/ PY - 1995/3/5/ VL - 15 SP - 324 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Absence of whole body hyperthermia effect on cisplatin distribution in spontaneous canine tumors AU - Page, R.L. AU - Lee, J. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Dodge, R.K. AU - Thrall, D.E. AU - Dewhirst, M.W. T2 - International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics AB - This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of whole body hyperthermia (WBH) on cisplatin (CDDP)-derived platinum (Pt) disposition in tumor and normal tissue in dogs with spontaneously arising neoplasia undergoing conventional pretreatment diuresis.Cisplatin was administered to 12 dogs with terminal stage, metastatic neoplasia. Cisplatin (50 mg/M2 over 1 h) was administered following 4 h of forced fluid diuresis (0.9% saline at 10 ml/kg/h). Six of the 12 dogs underwent a WBH procedure (42 degrees C rectal temperature x 90 min) simultaneously with CDDP infusion. Dogs were euthanized following the CDDP infusion, and samples from critical organs, tumor, and normal tissue adjacent to the tumor were immediately collected.No significant differences existed between groups in serum or normal tissue Pt content. Thirty-eight tumor samples were obtained from 27 tumors in the six dogs included in the normothermic group and 43 tumor samples were obtained from 29 tumors in the six dogs undergoing WBH. Tumor volume varied from 0.08 cm3 to 2270 cm3 and multiple samples were obtained from tumors greater than 3 cm in diameter. Twenty-five paired tissue samples of tumor and adjacent normal tissue were collected from dogs in the normothermic group and 31 paired samples were obtained from the hyperthermic group. No differences were observed between groups in tumor Pt content or in the tumor/normal tissue Pt ratios.Pt disposition was unaffected by WBH under conditions reported in this study. A forced diuresis is necessary to clinically administer CDDP at maximally tolerable doses. This maneuver results in increased blood flow to critical normal tissue that seemingly obviates any hyperthermia-induced alterations in drug disposition. DA - 1995/7// PY - 1995/7// DO - 10.1016/0360-3016(94)00483-2 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 1097-1102 J2 - International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics LA - en OP - SN - 0360-3016 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(94)00483-2 DB - Crossref KW - HYPERTHERMIA KW - CISPLATIN KW - PHARMACOKINETICS KW - DOGS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Significant Effects of Application Site and Occlusion on the Pharmacokinetics of Cutaneous Penetration and Biotransformation of Parathion in Vivo in Swine AU - Qiao, G.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences AB - Increasing attention has been paid to the variables of application site and dosing method in quantitation of chemical percutaneous absorption. Following topical and intravenous application of [ring-U-14C]parathion (PA) in weanling pigs, we have determined, in a previous publication, the profiles of 14C and HPLC-separated paraoxon (PO), p-nitrophenol (PNP), and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide (PNP-G) in plasma, urine, tissues, and dosing device. The purpose of the present paper was to analyze these data further, focusing on a quantitation of the effects of application site (back versus abdomen) and dosing method (occluded versus nonoccluded) on in vivo disposition of both the parent PA and its sequential metabolites PO, PNP, and PNP-G. Cutaneous and systemic disposition parameters were determined using a numerical simulation modeling approach and moments analysis. Mean systemic bioavailability values of 8.9-9.2% for abdomen and 14.7-19.7% for back were determined. Under different dosing conditions, 1-35% of the topical dose was metabolized dermally, and 9-19% systemically. Radioactivity in plasma and urine was predominantly contributed by PNP-G and PNP. Site differences in 14C percutaneous absorption were governed by the differences in transport of PA, PO, and PNP from epidermis into blood, by local tissue distribution, and by the cutaneous metabolism to PNP. Systemic bioavailability of PA was higher from the back than from the abdomen. Occlusion not only increased the amount of 14C absorption and shortened the mean residence time in most compartments but also altered the systemic versus cutaneous biotransformation pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) DA - 1995/4// PY - 1995/4// DO - 10.1002/jps.2600840408 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 425-432 J2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600840408 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in woodchucks and Pekin ducks AU - Vaden, S. L. AU - Cullen, J. M. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (Cy) in woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) and Pekin ducks. These data are needed to design rational dosing regimens. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from blood concentration‐time data obtained following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 10 mg/kg body weight to woodchucks and Pekin ducks. Whole blood samples were collected in EDTA and assayed using a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit that employs a monoclonal antibody specific for Cy. The blood concentration‐time profile best Dtted an open, two‐compartmental model in Pekin ducks. Compartmental analysis of data in woodchucks did not adequately describe the data. When non‐compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of the data was performed, the resulting mean (± SD) pharmacokinetic parameters in woodchucks and Pekin ducks, respectively, were as follows: volume of distribution at steady‐state, 2.9 (± 0.8) and 2.7 (± 0.2) L/kg; systemic clearance, 10.2 (± 2.8) and 28.6 (± 6.1) mL/kg/min; mean residence time, 4.8 (± 1.1) and 1.6 (± 0.3). These data suggest that Pekin ducks clear Cy at a faster rate than do woodchucks and that a greater dose of Cy should be administered to Pekin ducks in order to achieve adequate immunosuppression. DA - 1995/2// PY - 1995/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00547.x VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 30-33 J2 - J Vet Pharmacol Ther LA - en OP - SN - 0140-7783 1365-2885 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00547.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mammals, other than man, do not have follicular bulges: implications for the bulge-activation hypothesis AU - Dunstan, R AU - Linder, K T2 - Dermatopathology, practical & conceptual : dermatology, pathology DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 1 SP - 155–162 SN - 1078-4454 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of peptidyl membrane interactive molecules on Crassostrea virginica hemocyte function and Perkinsus marinus viability AU - Weeks-Perkins, B.A. AU - Tompkins, W.A. AU - Jaynes, J.M. AU - Kennedy Stoskopf, S. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Perkins, FO T2 - Conference on Modulators of the Immune Responses C2 - 1995/7// CY - Brekenridge Colorado DA - 1995/7// PY - 1995/7// ER - TY - CONF TI - Experimental Infection of Mice with a Canine-origin Borrelia isolate AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. AU - Geoli, F. AU - Meuten, D.J. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - American Society for Microbiology 95th General Meeting C2 - 1995/5// CY - Washington, DC DA - 1995/5// PY - 1995/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Risk Factors Associated with Thrombocytopenia in Horses AU - Sellon, D.C. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Millikin, E. AU - Palmer, K. AU - Covington, P. AU - Grindem, C. T2 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13th Annual Veterinary Medicine Forum C2 - 1995/5// DA - 1995/5// PY - 1995/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Retrospective analysis of 106 dogs with acute renal failure AU - Vaden, S.L. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Correa, M.T. AU - Jameson, P.H. AU - Williams, L. AU - Stumpf, N. AU - Breitschwerdt T2 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13th Annual Veterinary Medicine Forum C2 - 1995/5// DA - 1995/5// PY - 1995/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Hemoglobin Based Blood Substitutes AU - Nelson, D.J. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Oxygen Society C2 - 1995/// DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// ER - TY - CONF TI - The role of cryptosporidia in spiking mortality of turkeys AU - Woo-Ming, B. AU - Hawk, M. AU - Guy, J. AU - Barnes, H.J. T2 - Western Poultry Disease Conference C2 - 1995/// C3 - Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 44 SP - 64–68 ER - TY - CONF TI - Spiking mortality of turkeys and related disorders AU - Barnes, H.J. AU - Guy, J.S. T2 - 19th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days Conference C2 - 1995/// C3 - Proceedings of the 19th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days Conference CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// SP - 1–4 ER - TY - CONF TI - Spiking Mortality of Turkeys and Related Disorders--An Update AU - Barnes, H.J. AU - Guy, J.S. T2 - 19th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days Conference C2 - 1995/// C3 - Proceedings of the 19th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days Conference CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// SP - 16–21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunologic, histologic, and virologic features of herpesvirus-induced stromal keratitis in cats AU - Nasisse, M.P. AU - English, R.V. AU - Tompkins, M.B. AU - Guy, J.S. AU - Sussman, W.S. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 51–55 ER - TY - MGZN TI - The dilemma of laryngotracheitis control: Are modified-live virus vaccines the answer or part of the problem? AU - Guy, James S. T2 - Broiler Industry Magazine DA - 1995/11// PY - 1995/11// SP - 28–34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incorporation of Uracil into Viral DNA Correlates with Reduced Replication of EIAV in Macrophages AU - Steagall, Wendy K. AU - Robek, Michael D. AU - Perry, Stephanie T. AU - Fuller, Frederick J. AU - Payne, Susan L. T2 - Virology AB - The retrovirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) encodes a dUTPase situated between reverse transcriptase and integrase. We have described the inability of EIAV with a 270-bp dUTPase deletion, delta DU EIAV, to replicate to wild-type (WT) levels in equine macrophages (D. S. Threadgill, W. K. Steagall, M. T. Flaherty, F. J. Fuller, S. T. Perry, K. E. Rushlow, S. F. J. LeGrice, and S. L. Payne, J. Virol. 67, 2592-2600, 1993). Here we describe the construction of a second dUTPase-deficient virus (DUD71E) containing a single amino acid substitution in dUTPase. delta DU and DUD71E replicate to 2% of WT levels in macrophages by 7 days postinfection, when WT EIAV is highly cytopathic. To identify the replication block(s), we analyzed DNA synthesis, integration, and transcription. DNA synthesis was normal in macrophages, with evidence of full-length viral DNA by 24 hr postinfection. The level of integrated delta DU and DUD71E DNA appeared to be decreased 2- to 3-fold compared to WT. Steady-state levels of full-length viral transcripts were decreased over 100-fold, indicating that replication of dUTPase-deficient EIAV is blocked between viral DNA synthesis and transcription. As dUTP hydrolysis normally plays a role in preventing incorporation of uracil into newly synthesized DNA, we investigated the possibility that dUTPase-deficient EIAV DNA contains uracil. In vitro assays showed that while WT virions do not utilize dUTP, dUTPase-deficient virus and recombinant RT synthesize uracil-containing DNA. The presence of uracil in viral DNA recovered from delta DU- and DUD71E-infected macrophages was also demonstrated. In macrophages, a virally encoded dUTPase may be necessary to prevent the incorporation of uracil into viral DNA. DA - 1995/7// PY - 1995/7// DO - 10.1006/viro.1995.1347 VL - 210 IS - 2 SP - 302-313 J2 - Virology LA - en OP - SN - 0042-6822 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1995.1347 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tumor necrosis factor-α production in swine after oral or respiratory challenge exposure with live Salmonella typhimurium or Salmonella choleraesuis AU - Stabel, T.J. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Gray, J.T. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 56 IS - 8 SP - 1012-1018 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternate routes of invasion may affect pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium in swine AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Collins Kelly, L. AU - Stabel, T.J. AU - Gray, J.T. AU - Laufer, J.A. T2 - Infection and Immunity DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 63 IS - 7 SP - 2658-2664 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partial characterization of a Moraxella bovis cytolysin AU - Gray, J.T. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. AU - Rogers, D.G. T2 - Veterinary Microbiology AB - Moraxella bovis (M. bovis) is the etiologic agent infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and M. bovis hemolysin is believed to be an important virulence factor. Two strains of M. bovis were compared, Epp 63(300) (Epp), a known virulent and hemolytic strain, and IBH 63 (IBH), a known avirulent and nonhemolytic strain. Sterile 10-fold (10 ×) supernatant concentrates were obtained from cultures grown in TSB broth with 10 mM CaCl2. Supernatant hemolysin titers for Epp, were 1:1024 and 1:8192 for unconcentrated (1 ×) and 10 ×, respectively. Supernatant cytotoxin titers to bovine mononuclear cells were 1:32 and 1:128 for 1 × and 10 ×, respectively, for Epp. Cytolytic (hemolytic and cytotoxic) activities declined 10-fold but were still measurable for > 1 wk at 4°C. Both activities were inactivated by trypsin and by heating at 56°C for 20 min. A cytotoxic effect was observed on cultured bovine and ovine corneal epithelial cells with Epp. All cytolytic effects were neutralized with antiserum to 10 × Epp. No cytolytic activities were detected for 10 × IBH. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and related immunoblots indicate a high molecular weight protein at 110 kDa for the 10 × Epp preparation when stained with silver or probed with monoclonal antibodies to the E. coli alpha hemolysin. No 110 kDa band is observed for 10 × IBH. These data suggest that hemolytic and cytotoxic activities are important in the pathogenesis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and identify the protein as a possible RTX related toxin of 110 kDa. Stability of the M. bovis cytolysin for > 1 week should allow further characterization and purification of the protein. DA - 1995/2// PY - 1995/2// DO - 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00084-a VL - 43 IS - 2-3 SP - 183-196 SN - 0378-1135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(94)00084-a ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of inoculation route on the carrier state of Salmonella choleraesuis in swine AU - Gray, Jeffrey T. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Stabel, Thomas J. AU - Ackermann, Mark R. T2 - Veterinary Microbiology AB - This study was designed to investigate the carrier state of swine infected with Salmonella choleraesuis. Thirty-five pigs were divided into 3 groups. Groups 1 (n = 15) and 2 (n = 16) were challenged with 10(8) CFU of S. choleraesuis intranasally or by gastric route, respectively. Group 3 (n = 4) served as uninoculated controls. Pigs were necropsied at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks post inoculation. Clinical signs and microscopic lesions were more severe for group 1. Salmonella choleraesuis was recovered from a greater percentage of tissue samples for group 1 versus group 2 at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post inoculation. No differences were observed between groups at 12 weeks post inoculation. Regardless of route of inoculation, S. choleraesuis was most often recovered from the ileocolic junction, ileocolic lymph node, cecal contents, tonsil, lung and colon. Both groups shed S. choleraesuis in the feces sporadically throughout the 12 week period indicating that a carrier state is maintained for at least 12 weeks. However, group 1 shed higher numbers of S. choleraesuis initially. Serum IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody responses to S. choleraesuis lipopolysaccharide and heat extract antigens were observed for both groups. Higher serum IgG antibody titers to S. choleraesuis lipopolysaccharide were observed for group 2. Intestinal antibody responses for both groups included IgG and IgM responses but not an IgA response. Both routes of inoculation stimulated peripheral blood B-cells while the intranasal route (group 1) was more effective at simulating peripheral blood T-cells. The reduction in levels of tissues infection and shedding observed for both groups coincided with the development of the host immune response. These data indicate that route of inoculation affects the development of humoral and cellular immunity, influences levels of Salmonella shed into the environment and the distribution of Salmonella within tissue. DA - 1995/11// PY - 1995/11// DO - 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00060-n VL - 47 IS - 1-2 SP - 43-59 J2 - Veterinary Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(95)00060-n DB - Crossref KW - SALMONELLA CHOLERAESUIS KW - CARRIER STATE KW - SWINE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensory innervation of the navicular bone and bursa in the foal AU - Bowker, R. M. AU - Under, K. AU - Sonea, I. M. AU - Holland, R. E. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - The sensory innervation of the navicular bone (os sesamoideum distale) and its suspensory ligaments [ligamenta sesamoidea collateralia (CSL) and ligamentum sesamoideum distale impar or distal sesamoidean impar (DS-impar) ligament] and the navicular bursa (podotrochlearis) was examined in the neonatal foal using immunocytochemistry. With antisera raised to substance P (SP) and human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), immunoreactive nerves were demonstrated to innervate the CSL and navicular bursa. Within CSL, and SP- and CGRP-like nerves were present in the synovial lining of the navicular bursa, appearing to reach the surface lining. These nerves appeared to enter the CSL and navicular bursa via the abaxial regions of the foot. Both peptides were present in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDf) along the palmar border of the navicular bursa, as well as in the DS-impar ligament. More nerve fibres were present in the dorsal part of CSL bordering the distal interphalangeal joint than was observed palmarly in CSL along the navicular bursa. Both peptides were observed to innervate the cartilage canals within the navicular bone. In terms of relative densities of immunoreactive SP- and CGRP-like peptides, the CSL dorsally and the DS-impar ligament had the highest relative densities of nerve fibres followed by the navicular bone, the palmar aspect of CSL and the DDf tendon bordering the navicular bursa. These results are discussed in relationship to local anaesthetic injections into the navicular bursa. DA - 1995/1// PY - 1995/1// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03034.x VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 60-65 LA - en OP - SN - 0425-1644 2042-3306 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03034.x DB - Crossref KW - HORSE KW - NAVICULAR BURSA KW - EQUINE ANATOMY KW - SUBSTANCE P KW - CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE ER - TY - CHAP TI - Tetracyclines AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Spoo, W. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.) PY - 1995/// SP - 784-796 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sulfonamides AU - Spoo, W. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.) PY - 1995/// SP - 753-773 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Residues AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Spoo, W. J. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.) PY - 1995/// SP - 1148-1157 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Penicillins and related beta-Lactam antibiotics AU - Vaden, S. L. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.) PY - 1995/// SP - 774-783 PB - Ames: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Handbook of comparative veterinary pharmacokinetics and residues of pesticides and environmental contaminants AU - Sundlof, S. F. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Craigmill, A. L. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// PB - Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc. SN - 0-8493-3213-3 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Drug therapy during renal disease and renal failure AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Vaden, S. T2 - Canine and feline nephrology and urology PY - 1995/// SP - 555-572 PB - Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins SN - 0683066668 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Dermatopharmacology: drugs acting locally on the skin AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Spoo, W. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.) PY - 1995/// SP - 1050-1090 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, quinolones and miscellaneous antibiotics AU - Spoo, W. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.) PY - 1995/// SP - 820-854 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Aminoglycoside antibiotics AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Spoo, W. T2 - Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.) PY - 1995/// SP - 797-819 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - CONF TI - A preliminary report on intraosseous total parenteral nutrition in birds. AU - Degernes, L. A. AU - Davidson, G. F. AU - Barnes, H. J. AU - Whitt, D. C2 - 1995/// C3 - Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians DA - 1995/// SP - 25-26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A BIOPHYSICALLY BASED DERMATOPHARMACOKINETIC COMPARTMENT MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION AND ABSORPTION OF TOPICALLY APPLIED AGENTS .1. THEORY AU - WILLIAMS, PL AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AB - We present a general comprehensive mathematical model to stimulate and predict percutaneous absorption and subsequent disposition of chemicals in vivo that is chiefly based on biophysical parameters estimated or measured with in vitro and ex vivo perfused skin preparations. Current physicochemical principles of drug diffusion and partitioning across the skin barrier, solute and solvent concentration dynamics, the influence of solute and solvent on the stratum corneum barrier, and dynamic vascular perfusion effects are integrated in this model. Such a comprehensive approach is necessary to achieve optimal biological relevance in a quantitative model of percutaneous absorption, particularly when a chemical is applied as a binary (solute and solvent) or more complex formulation or chemical mixture. The proposed model should have applications in (a) designing drugs and permeation enhancers for passive or active (e.g., electrically assisted) transdermal drug delivery, (b) assessing the systemic exposure of topical drugs used in dermatology, and (c) integration into other mathematical models being developed to assess the risk after topical exposure to mixtures of environmental pollutants. We also have included experimental data to provide a preliminary illustration of the performance of the model. DA - 1995/5// PY - 1995/5// DO - 10.1002/jps.2600840515 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 599-608 SN - 1520-6017 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Proper use of the term model AU - Riviere, J. E. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// SP - 847 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Professional flexible labeling- an AAVPT perspective: part II AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 207 SP - 876-878 ER - TY - CONF TI - Pharmacology of drug compounding AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Martin-Jimenez, T. C2 - 1995/// C3 - Proc. Am. Assoc. Avain Pathologists Symposium on Drugs and Therapeutics for Poultry DA - 1995/// SP - 39-54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review of the First Interactive Workshop on Professional Flexible Labeling AU - Martinez, M. N. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Koritz, G. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 207 SP - 865-914 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF WHOLE-BODY HYPERTHERMIA ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXICITY OF LONIDAMINE IN DOGS AU - PRICE, GS AU - PAGE, RL AU - RIVIERE, JE AU - CLINE, JM AU - THRALL, DE T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA AB - The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravenous lonidamine were investigated in dogs receiving four cycles of lonidamine (400 or 800 mg/m2) ± whole-body hyperthermia (WBH). Clearance and volume of distribution in dogs receiving lonidamine during WBH increased 1·6–2·3 and 1·9–3·5-fold respectively, relative to dogs receiving lonidamine under euthermic conditions (p < 0·02). In dogs receiving lonidamine under euthermic conditions or 400 mg/m2 + WBH, the area under the lonidamine concentration versus time curve (AUC) measured during the fourth treatment was 21–58% lower than the first treatment AUC. However, in dogs receiving 800 mg/m2 + WBH, the fourth treatment AUC was four-fold higher than the first treatment AUC (p < 0·02). This suggests repeated exposure to 800 mg/m2 lonidamine and WBH impairs lonidamine metabolism. Weakness, hypoglycaemia, and elevations in amylase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin were more severe or occurred exclusively in dogs receiving 800 mg/m2 + WBH. Since these changes were attributable to marked AUC increases, which occurred secondary to repeated exposure to 800 mg/m2 lonidamine during WBH, 400 mg/m2 was identified as the maximum tolerable dose to be administered intravenously to dogs during WBH. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.3109/02656739509022488 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 531-544 SN - 0265-6736 KW - LONIDAMINE KW - WHOLE-BODY HYPERTHERMIA KW - PHARMACOKINETICS KW - TOXICITY KW - DOG ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF WHOLE-BODY HYPERTHERMIA ON LONIDAMINE AND DOXORUBICIN PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXICITY IN DOGS AU - PRICE, GS AU - PAGE, RL AU - RIVIERE, JE AU - CLINE, JM AU - FRAZIER, DL AU - THRALL, DE T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA AB - Six cycles of the maximum tolerable intravenous doses of lonidamine (400 mg/m2) and doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) were administered to three normothermic dogs and three dogs undergoing whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) (42 degrees C X 90 min), at 3-week intervals. Lonidamine pharmacokinetics was unaltered by WBH. WBH increased doxorubicin clearance 1.6-fold, however this trend was not statistically significant. WBH resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in the volume of distribution (Vdss) of doxorubicin relative to dogs treated under euthermic conditions (p < 0.001). This finding suggests tissue extraction of doxorubicin was increased by WBH. The specific tissues in which this occurred is unknown, but myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity were only minimally increased. Therefore, doxorubicin uptake in critical normal tissues was probably unaffected. The biochemical and haematologic toxicities observed 6 h and 1 week after each treatment did not appear to differ in character or severity from that reported in dogs receiving lonidamine +/- WBH or doxorubicin +/- WBH. These results suggest WBH did not decrease the maximum tolerable dose of doxorubicin when given with lonidamine, and that the antitumour activity of this combination should be assessed. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.3109/02656739509022489 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 545-559 SN - 0265-6736 KW - LONIDAMINE KW - DOXORUBICIN KW - WHOLE BODY HYPERTHERMIA KW - PHARMACOKINETICS KW - TOXICITY ER - TY - CHAP TI - Antiseptics/Disinfectants AU - Heit, M.C. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Adams, H.R. PY - 1995/// ET - 7th SP - 741–752 PB - Iowa State University SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antifungal therapy; ketoconazole and other azole derivatives AU - Heit, M. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 17 SP - 21-31 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Antifungal and antiviral drugs AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Heit, M.C. T2 - Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics A2 - Adams, H.R. PY - 1995/// ET - 7th SP - 855–883 PB - Iowa State University Press SN - 0813817412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reservoir Competence of the Rice Rat (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi AU - Levin, Michael AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Norris, Douglas E. AU - Howard, Peter B. T2 - Journal of Medical Entomology AB - Journal Article Reservoir Competence of the Rice Rat (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi Get access Michael Levin, Michael Levin Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jay F. Levine, Jay F. Levine Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Charles S. Apperson, Charles S. Apperson 1 Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 1Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Douglas E. Norris, Douglas E. Norris Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peter B. Howard Peter B. Howard Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 32, Issue 2, 1 March 1995, Pages 138–142, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138 Published: 01 March 1995 Article history Received: 10 January 1994 Accepted: 17 August 1994 Published: 01 March 1995 DA - 1995/3/1/ PY - 1995/3/1/ DO - 10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 138-142 LA - en OP - SN - 1938-2928 0022-2585 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138 DB - Crossref KW - BORRELIA BURGDORFERI KW - RESERVOIR COMPETENCE KW - RICE RAT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ixodes-borne Borrelia spp infections AU - Levine, J. F. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 207 IS - 6 SP - 768 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal feeding management of gossypol-containing diets for beef cattle AU - Rogers, G. M. AU - Poore, M. H. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 90 IS - 10 SP - 994 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of hyperthermia in vitro on stress protein synthesisand accumulation in oyster haemocytes AU - Tirard, C.T. AU - Grossfeld, R.M. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - Fish & Shellfish Immunology AB - Haemocytes comprise a major component of the non-specific defence mechanismsin marine bivalves. Induction of stress protein (SP) synthesis and accumulation of SPs was studied in vitro to define the metabolic response of oyster (C. virginica) haemocytes to acute temperature changes. An acute cold shock to near freezing had no significant effect on protein synthesis. However, a comparable heat shock of 20–28° C above the acclimation temperature of 20° C provoked a robust increase in synthesis of several SPs, especially those of about 70 (SP70), 37, 34 and 32 kDa. This response persisted for at least 24 h, during which time both isoforms of SP70-like immunoreactivity accumulated. Concomitantly, there was a decrease in the synthesis, but not in the level, of an actin-like protein of about 45 kDa. The extent of SP synthesis induction also was directly dependent on the duration of the preceding hyperthermia. Extending the duration of heat shock necessitated a longer recovery period, during which time amino acid incorporation returned towards or beyond the initial control values and cell viability was retained. After a severe heat shock at 46° C for 1 h, the predominant protein made for several days was SP70, which is known to be essential for stress tolerance in other biological systems. The results suggest that oyster haemocytes are remarkably resilient, and that SPs may contribute to their ability to resist or repair heat-evoked damage. This molecular adaptability could permit them to maintain immune surveillance during or immediately following serious threats to survival of these sessile ectotherms. DA - 1995/1// PY - 1995/1// DO - 10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 9-25 J2 - Fish & Shellfish Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 1050-4648 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8 DB - Crossref KW - OYSTERS KW - CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA KW - HEMOCYTES KW - IMMUNE KW - STRESS PROTEINS KW - HYPERTHERMIA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conformance quality in pig production AU - Roberts, J. AU - Deen, J. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 17 IS - 10 SP - 1308 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SURVIVAL OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS ON SWABS MAINTAINED UNDER STANDARD FIELD SAMPLE SHIPPING CONDITIONS AU - MCCAW, MB AU - XU, JS AU - CORREA, MT T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Pseudorabies virus survival was compared using three different types of applicator swabs in Eagle's minimum essential medium held under shipping conditions (packed with frozen gel packs) for up to 96 hours. Virus titer decay rates for dacron-tipped applicators were not statistically different from those of controls. Titer decay rates were statistically different from controls for cotton- and calcium alginate-tipped applicators. With the lowest input virus titer, virus was detectable up to 96, 72, or 24 hours after inoculation for dacron-, cotton-, and calcium alginate-tipped applicators, respectively. Dacron-tipped applicators were chosen to evaluate pseudorabies virus survival on tonsil swabs collected from experimentally challenged or contact control pigs to simulate field sampling and shipping conditions. Virus was still detectable in 20 of 24 swab samples after 72 hours in cell culture medium under shipping conditions. DA - 1995/1// PY - 1995/1// DO - 10.1177/104063879500700108 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 56-59 SN - 1040-6387 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SALT TOXICOSIS IN COMMERCIAL TURKEYS AU - WAGES, DP AU - FICKEN, MD AU - COOK, ME AU - MITCHELL, J T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Salt toxicosis was confirmed in a flock of 20,000 thirteen-week-old tom turkeys experiencing an increase in mortality. Clinical signs included polydipsia, diarrhea, ataxia, incoordination, tremors that progressed to depression, sternal and lateral recumbency accompanied by torticollis, and death. Mortality over a 5-day period was 6.7%. Necropsy lesions included pallor and dehydration of pectoral muscles, hepatic congestion, and fluid-filled small and large intestines. Microscopic lesions consisted of bilaterally symmetrical areas of necrosis within the cerebral hemispheres accompanied by vascular congestion and edema, as well as hyalinization of the glomerular capillary walls of the kidney and eosinophilic granular casts in the renal tubules. Average salt concentration in the feed from affected houses with 8.04%. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.2307/1591997 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 158-161 SN - 0005-2086 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CANINE TRANSFUSION REACTIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT AU - HARRELL, KA AU - KRISTENSEN, AT T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - There is a wide range of mechanisms by which transfusion reactions may occur. These reactions typically are categorized as immune- or nonimmune-mediated and also as to whether they are acute or delayed in nature. The type and severity of clinical signs vary according to the specific reaction present. Many reactions can be prevented with the use of standard and appropriate transfusion medicine procedures. These methods include careful collection and storage of blood products, adequate screening and blood typing of donor dogs, crossmatching donor and recipient blood, use of component therapy, correct administration of blood products, and the use of pretransfusion prophylaxis when appropriate. Because many reactions are dose dependent, careful monitoring of transfusions cannot be overemphasized. Rapid recognition of a transfusion reaction and immediate discontinuation of the transfusion, along with appropriate supportive therapy, is essential for the successful treatment of transfusion reactions. A summary of transfusion reactions including clinical signs, diagnosis, and basic treatment protocols is given in Table 4. When used appropriately, transfusion of blood products can be a highly beneficial, low-risk form of therapy. DA - 1995/11// PY - 1995/11// DO - 10.1016/S0195-5616(95)50158-5 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 1333-+ SN - 1878-1306 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors associated with the use of veterinarians in preventive health management in Ontario swine herds AU - Deen, J. AU - Martin, S. W. AU - Wilson, M. R. T2 - Swine Health and Production DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF EASTERN EQUINE-ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND HIGHLANDS-J VIRUS VIA SEMEN OF INFECTED TOM TURKEYS AU - GUY, JS AU - SIOPES, TD AU - BARNES, HJ AU - SMITH, LG AU - EMORY, WH T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Tom turkeys were experimentally inoculated with eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus or Highlands J (HJ) virus; semen was examined for presence of virus and ability to transmit infection by artificial insemination. Mild depression and inappetence were observed in tom turkeys inoculated with either EEE virus or HJ virus. Toms were viremic on days 1-2 postinoculation (PI), and virus was shed in semen on days 1-5 PI. Semen collected from EEE-virus-inoculated or HJ-virus-inoculated toms on days 1-2 PI and inseminated into turkey breeder hens transmitted the infection. EEE virus was detected in one of 10 hens after insemination with semen from EEE-virus-inoculated toms, and HJ virus was detected in three of 10 hens after insemination with semen from HJ-virus-inoculated toms. These results indicate that semen is a potential vehicle for transmission of EEE virus and HJ virus. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.2307/1591876 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 337-342 SN - 0005-2086 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of pseudorabies viral DNA in tonsillar epithelial cells of latently infected pigs AU - Brown, T.T. AU - Shin, K.O. AU - Fuller, F.J. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 587–594 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urinalysis techniques for swine practitioners AU - Almond, G. W. AU - Stevens, J. B. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TRANSFER OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN-VIVO OR IN-VITRO - SURVIVAL AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT AU - FARIN, PW AU - FARIN, CE T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objectives of the present experiment were to compare survival after transfer of bovine embryos produced in vivo with those produced in vitro and to examine the physical characteristics of fetuses produced from these transfers. Embryos produced in vivo (Holstein x Angus) were recovered from uterine flushings of superovulated heifers 7 days after first artificial insemination, and embryos produced in vitro (Holstein x beef breeds) were collected 7 days after insemination. Embryos were paired by source (in vivo, in vitro), stage (compact morula, blastocyst), and quality grade (excellent = 1, good = 2), and transferred nonsurgically to recipient heifers on Day 7 (+/- 1 day) of the estrous cycle. Pregnancy status was monitored by determination of serum progesterone concentrations, ultrasonography, and palpation through 7 mo of gestation, at which time fetuses were recovered. In comparison with grade 1 embryos produced in vivo, the risk of embryonic death after transfer was similar for grade 2 embryos produced in vivo (p = 0.56) and for grade 1 embryos produced in vitro (p = 0.88). By contrast, grade 2 embryos produced in vitro were at greater (p = 0.04) risk of embryonic death. Embryo loss was associated (p = 0.01) with increased serum concentrations of progesterone in recipients at the time of transfer. At 7 mo of gestation, fetuses from embryos produced in vitro were heavier (p = 0.02) than fetuses from embryos produced in vivo and had skeletal measurements that were disproportionate (p < or = 0.04) to body weight. DA - 1995/3// PY - 1995/3// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod52.3.676 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 676-682 SN - 1529-7268 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for oxytetracycline administration by three routes to cause milk residues in lactating cows, as detected by radioimmunoassay (Charm II) and high-performance liquid chromatography test methods AU - Anderson, K. L. AU - Moats, W. A. AU - Rushing, J. E. AU - Wesen, D. P. AU - Papich, M. G. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 70 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation into sow infertility AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Pig Journal DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 35 SP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine IgE monoclonal antibody specific for a filarial antigen: production by a canine X murine heterohybridoma using B cells from a clinically affected lymph node AU - Gebhard, D. AU - Orton, S. AU - Edmiston, D. AU - Nakagaki, K. AU - DeBoer, D. AU - Hammerberg, B. T2 - Immunology DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 429–434 ER - TY - JOUR TI - AGREEMENT AMONG EVALUATORS OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN-VIVO OR IN-VITRO AU - FARIN, PW AU - BRITT, JH AU - SHAW, DW AU - SLENNING, BD T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - Six experienced individuals evaluated 40 embryos on videotape for stage of development and quality grade. These 40 observations comprised 15 embryos produced in vivo, 15 embryos produced in vitro, and 10 embryos that were repeated throughout the videotape. Embryos produced in vivo were recovered from uterine flushings of superovulated heifers 7 d after estrus, and embryos produced in vitro were harvested 7 d after insemination of in vitromatured oocytes. Embryos of various stages (morulae, blastocysts, or degenerated) and quality grades (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = degenerated) were recorded on videotape for evaluation. After video microscopy, the embryos were stained and the number of nuclei per embryo was counted. Six evaluators reviewed the videotape and the percentage of agreement and kappa (k; agreement beyond chance) among evaluators were determined for classifications of stage and grade. Consistency of each evaluator's responses was estimated using the 10 repeated embryos. Agreement within evaluators was higher for stage of embryo development (89.2%) than quality grade (68.5%). Agreement among evaluators for stage was slightly higher with embryos produced in vivo (85.0%, k = 0.74) than in vitro (72.3%, k = 0.48). Agreement among evaluators for grade was similar with embryos from in vivo (61.0%, k = 0.46) and in vitro (57.7%, k = 0.42) production. For both sources of embryos, agreement was substantially better for Grades 1 and 4 than for Grades 2 and 3. The results of this study suggest that good to excellent agreement exists for classifying Day 7 bovine embryos by stage and by extremes of quality grade (Grades 1 and 4) but not by degree of abnormal morphology (Grades 2 and 3). Simple grading criteria of Grade 1 (highest quality), Grade 2 (morphologic defects), and Grade 3 (degenerated) maximized agreement among evaluators. DA - 1995/8// PY - 1995/8// DO - 10.1016/0093-691X(95)00189-F VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 339-349 SN - 0093-691X KW - CATTLE KW - EMBRYO MORPHOLOGY KW - EMBRYO GRADING KW - AGREEMENT KW - KAPPA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Armatae xiphidiocercariae of North Carolina, with a description of five new cercarial species AU - Flowers, J. R. AU - Miller, G. C. T2 - Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 174 ER - TY - PAT TI - Feline immunodeficiency virus isolate NCSU.sub.1Lb AU - Tompkins, W. A. F. AU - Tompkins, M. B. C2 - 1995/// DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - TOXICOKINETICS OF TOPICAL SULFUR MUSTARD PENETRATION, DISPOSITION, AND VASCULAR TOXICITY IN ISOLATED-PERFUSED PORCINE SKIN AU - RIVIERE, JE AU - BROOKS, JD AU - WILLIAMS, PL AU - MONTEIRORIVIERE, NA T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - Sulfur mustard bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD) is a bifunctional alkylating agent that causes cutaneous vesication. The isolated perfused porcine skin flap is an in vitro model that has been used to study this toxic response. The purpose of this study was to formulate a toxicokinetic model of HD penetration and cutaneous disposition as an aid in correlating critical steps in the pathogenesis of vesication to HD concentrations in different regions of skin. [14C]HD was dosed topically in ethanol at 10.0 mg/ml in a 7.5-cm2 dosing site and venous efflux samples were collected over 2, 4, or 8 hr. At the termination of the experiment, stratum corneum tape strips, core biopsies for serial sections, and the entire skin flap were collected for radioassay. Peak 14C-radiolabel flux occurred within 5 to 60 min in all skin flaps, much earlier than signs of HD-induced toxicity. A toxicokinetic model was used to quantitate the time profile of HD disposition in different skin compartments. Estimates of vascular and extracellular volume changes due to topical HD toxicity were estimated using radiolabeled albumin and inulin infusions. A second toxicokinetic model, with a time-variant distribution rate, was used to simulate volume changes. In order to accurately predict HD disposition, it was necessary to add another compartment as a reservoir for slowly released metabolites of HD. This model provides a quantitative profile of the time course of HD (or metabolites) disposition within skin which would aid in the interpretation of mechanistic studies of vesication as well as in designing interventive antivesicant drug strategies. DA - 1995/11// PY - 1995/11// DO - 10.1006/taap.1995.1205 VL - 135 IS - 1 SP - 25-34 SN - 0041-008X ER - TY - JOUR TI - PULSATILE TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF LHRH USING ELECTROPORATION - DRUG-DELIVERY AND SKIN TOXICOLOGY AU - RIVIERE, JE AU - MONTEIRORIVIERE, NA AU - ROGERS, RA AU - BOMMANNAN, D AU - TAMADA, JA AU - POTTS, RO T2 - JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE AB - Electroporation is an important physical technique to improve drug transdermal delivery, although its mechanism remains unclear. Here, some types of polar drugs, including aspirin, diclofenac sodium, metformin hydrochloride, ibuprofen and zidovudine, were used as the model drugs for the exploration of electroporation mechanisms. Electroporation had great influences on the structure of stratum corneum to improve the cumulative permeability due to the formation of pores maintaining for at least 2 h, depending on the power and time, and then the permeation gradually recovered to the normal value after 12 h. A mathematical model was firstly established to exhibit the relationship between the electroporation-improving cumulative permeation and the physiochemical properties of the model drugs, involving oil-water partition coefficient (logP), dissociation constant (pKa) and solubility (S). Increased cumulative permeation depended on increased S, decreased logP and pKa. Electroporation is an effective physical technique to improve transdermal drug delivery depending on itself and the properties of drugs. DA - 1995/10// PY - 1995/10// DO - 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00036-8 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 229-233 SN - 0168-3659 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mechanisms of cutaneous vesication AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Zhang, J. Z. AU - Inman, A. O. AU - Riviere, J. E. A3 - DAMD 17-92C-2071, NTIS Report, ADA 305800 DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 161 SP - 1-161 PB - DAMD 17-92C-2071, NTIS Report, ADA 305800 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Topical sulfur mustard induces changes in prostaglandins and interleukin-1? in isolated perfused porcine skin AU - Zhang, J. Z. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - In Vitro Toxicology DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 8 SP - 149-158 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Piroxicam: Evidence for local delivery following topical application AU - Francoeur, M. L. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 41 SP - 175-183 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolated perfused porcine skin flap as an in vitro model for predicting transdermal pharmacokinetics AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Williams, P. L. T2 - European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 41 SP - 152-162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SODIUM THIOSULFATE, CYSTEINE, NIACINAMIDE AND INDOMETHACIN ON SULFUR MUSTARD-TREATED ISOLATED-PERFUSED PORCINE SKIN AU - ZHANG, ZL AU - RIVIERE, JE AU - MONTEIRORIVIERE, NA T2 - CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS AB - Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD), a bifunctional alkylating agent, causes severe cutaneous injury, including cell death, edema and vesication. However, the mechanisms underlying HD-induced cutaneous toxicity remain undefined. The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) has been utilized to investigate dermal toxic compounds and pharmacological intervention. In this study, 4 compounds with different pharmacological mechanisms were tested for their ability to prevent the dark basal cell formation, vesication and vascular response charcteristic of exposure to HD in the IPPSF. Reduction of HD-induced dark basal cells was observed in IPPSFs perfused with sodium thiosulfate and cysteine, which are HD scavengers; niacinamide, a possible NAD+ stabilizer and an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; or indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, respectively. Treatments with niacinamide and indomethacin, but not sodium thiosulfate or cysteine, resulted in an inhibition of the vascular response in IPPSF exposed to HD. Microvesicles caused by HD were only partially prevented in the indomethacin-perfused IPPSFs. These data suggest that none of these agents alone would be successful antivesicant agents and different mechanisms are involved in production of HD-induced dark basal cells, microvesicles and the vascular response; unfortunately, blocking of the cellular toxicity as evidenced by dark basal cell formation did not prevent vesication, suggesting that other mechanisms must be operative and that there is a multistep, biochemical process that leads to a final lesion. DA - 1995/6/14/ PY - 1995/6/14/ DO - 10.1016/0009-2797(94)03596-Z VL - 96 IS - 3 SP - 249-262 SN - 0009-2797 KW - SULFUR MUSTARD KW - SODIUM THIOSULFATE KW - CYSTEINE KW - NIACINAMIDE KW - INDOMETHACIN KW - ISOLATED PERFUSED SKIN KW - TOXICOLOGY ER - TY - JOUR TI - ENHANCING OR BLOCKING EFFECT OF FENVALERATE ON THE SUBSEQUENT PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION OF PESTICIDES IN-VITRO AU - CHANG, SK AU - BROOKS, JD AU - MONTEIRORIVIERE, NA AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - The percutaneous absorption of pesticides has been receiving much research attention. However, most work is conducted with single exposures and potential interactions of previous pesticide exposure have received little attention. In the present study, the effect of in vivo pretreatment of the skin with a 3% fenvalerate in ethanol or a 3% parathion in ethanol solution on carbaryl, fenvalerate, lindane, and parathion absorption was studied in vitro using weanling pig skin in a flowthrough diffusion cell system. Concentrations of 40 or 400 μg/cm2 of carbaryl, fenvalerate, lindane, and parathion in ethanol were applied topically. Environmental conditions of air and perfusate temperature (37°C), relative humidity (60%), flow rate (4 ml/hr), and Kreb′s-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 4.5% bovine serum albumin medium were controlled. The total absorption of these pesticides, both ethanol control and fenvalerate or parathion pretreated, increased proportionally with the dose; however, the absorption efficiency (fraction of applied dose absorbed) decreased as the dose increased. At both doses, fenvalerate pretreatment had little or no effect on carbaryl and fenvalerate absorption; however, parathion absorption was significantly decreased in fenvalerate-pretreated skin (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) of parathion absorption between the parathion pretreatment and the fenvalerate pretreatment. Lindane absorption increased at the 40-μg dose and significantly increased at the 400-μg dose (P < 0.05) following fenvalerate pretreatment. Carbaryl absorption was higher than other pesticides at the dose of 40 μg/cm2 Furthermore, comparing ethanol control data with previous results indicates that prolonged skin treatment with ethanol significantly increases parathion absorption (P < 0.05). This study suggests that the absorption data from a single parent compound alone were not adequate to determine the rate of absorption of pesticide under mixture exposure conditions. Pesticide interactions may significantly affect the percutaneous absorption, interpretation, and assessment of risk. DA - 1995/3// PY - 1995/3// DO - 10.1006/pest.1995.1021 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 214-219 SN - 0048-3575 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DETECTION OF SULFUR MUSTARD BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) SULFIDE AND METABOLITES AFTER TOPICAL APPLICATION IN THE ISOLATED-PERFUSED PORCINE SKIN FLAP AU - SPOO, JW AU - MONTEIRORIVIERE, NA AU - RIVIERE, JE T2 - LIFE SCIENCES AB - The purpose of this study was to develop an assay to study the flux of sulfur mustard (HD) through the skin and determine if metabolites are formed due to the epidermal metabolism of HD after topical exposure of the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) to 14C-HD. Four IPPSFs were topically dosed with 2.85 mg of 14C-HD in ethanol. Venous perfusate samples were collected and added to a 34% solution of NaCl and snap-frozen to inhibit the metabolism of HD until time for assay. Perfusate samples were extracted using a solid-phase extraction cartridge with ethyl acetate and then assayed using gas chromatography. Two of the 4 IPPSFs showed detectable levels of HD in the venous perfusate 15 min after dosing, with 1 of these 2 IPPSFs showing detectable levels of HD in the perfusate 2 hours after dosing. All 4 IPPSFS had no more than 3 metabolites of HD appearing in the perfusate throughout the 2 hr experiment, with one of the these metabolites identified as thiodiglycol. These experiments showed that little, if any, HD appears in the venous perfusate intact after percutaneous absorption and that epidermal metabolism of HD does occur to a significant degree in the IPPSF. DA - 1995/3/17/ PY - 1995/3/17/ DO - 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00102-6 VL - 56 IS - 17 SP - 1385-1394 SN - 0024-3205 KW - PIG SKIN KW - IPPSF KW - SULFUR MUSTARD KW - THIODIGLYCOL ER -