TY - CONF TI - A hierarchical QSAR (HiQSAR) approach to predict dermal penetration of JP-8 chemicals AU - Basak, S.C. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Xia, X.R. AU - Gute, B.D. T2 - AFOSR Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2004/// C3 - AFOSR Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/10// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride following intramammary administration in lactating dairy cattle AU - Smith, G. AU - Gehring, R. AU - Riviere, J. AU - Baynes, R. T2 - Le Medecin Veterinaire du Quebec DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 34 SP - 115 ER - TY - CONF TI - Continuing studies on the interaction of JP-8 and its constituent hydrocarbons with the skin AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Xia, X.R. AU - Muhammad, F. T2 - AFOSR Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2004/// C3 - AFOSR Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/10// ER - TY - JOUR TI - A dried blood spot method to evaluate cholinesterase activity in young children. T2 - Archives of environmental health AB - Field methods are needed to detect and monitor the organophosphate pesticide exposure of young children. Twenty children, aged 11 to 18 mo, living in an agricultural community along the United States/Mexico border were enrolled in a pilot study investigating methods to detect pesticide exposure. Healthy children were recruited at pediatric clinics with the informed consent of their parents. Venous blood samples were collected from children twice, 4 wk apart. Cholinesterase activity was compared in whole heparinized venous blood with venous blood samples dried on filter paper. Although the amount of activity in the dried blood was consistently less than in the heparinized blood, the activity was significantly correlated: Spearman r = .6 (p = 0.01). This dried blood method may be used during field studies to evaluate changes in cholinesterase values in children over time. DA - 2004/9/1/ PY - 2004/9/1/ DO - 10.1080/00039890409603427 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00039890409603427 KW - children KW - cholinesterase KW - field study methods KW - pesticide exposure ER - TY - CONF TI - Intracellular localization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human epidermal keratinocytes. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Nemanich, R.J. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Wang, Y.Y. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 2nd Annual National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Conference: C2 - 2004/11/18/ C3 - 2nd Annual National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Conference CY - Irvine, CA DA - 2004/11/18/ PY - 2004/11/18/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Uptake kinetics of jet fuel aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions studied by a membrane-coated fiber technique AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Xia, X.R. T2 - Society of Toxicology 43rd Annual Meeting C2 - 2004/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 2004/// PY - 2005/3/21/ VL - 78 SP - 265 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Influence of cutting fluid contaminants on the dermal disposition of the biocide, triazine AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Barlow, B.M. AU - Wilkes, R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Society of Toxicology 43rd Annual Meeting C2 - 2004/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/3/21/ VL - 78 SP - 326 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - A comparative investigation of the effects of water, ethanol, and water/ethanol mixtures on chemical partitioning into porcine stratum corneum and permeability in porcine skin AU - van der Merwe, D. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Society of Toxicology 43rd Annual Meeting C2 - 2004/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/3/21/ VL - 78 SP - 326 M1 - S1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of software that interfaces with the food animal residue avoidance databank to estimated withdrawal intervals for veterinary drugs AU - Gehring, R. AU - Wang, J. AU - Lou, X. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Society of Toxicology 43rd Annual Meeting C2 - 2004/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/3/21/ VL - 78 SP - 206–207 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2004Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Differentiation of the absorption of kinetics of jet fuel hydrocarbons with an ethanol/water system and a membrane-coated fiber technique AU - Xia, X.R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Society of Toxicology 43rd Annual Meeting C2 - 2004/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/3/21/ VL - 78 SP - 265 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2004Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Topical hydrocarbon absorption in porcine skin previously exposed to JP-8 jet fuel AU - Muhammad, F. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Society of Toxicology 43rd Annual Meeting C2 - 2004/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/3/21/ VL - 78 SP - 327 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2004Tox.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic acids improve phyate phosphorus utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet AU - Rafacz, K.A. AU - Parsons, C.M. AU - Jungk, R.A. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 83 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 149 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of low-energy diets for non-feed withdrawl laying hen molt program AU - Utterback, P.L. AU - Biggs, P.E. AU - Rafacz, K.A. AU - Amezcua, C.M. AU - Koelkebeck, K.W. AU - Parsons, C.M. T2 - Poultry Science DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 83 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 399 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Quantitating the Percutaneous Absorption of Mechanistically-Defined Chemical Mixtures AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Xia, Xin-Rui AU - Smith, Charles A3 - Defense Technical Information Center AB - Abstract : The focus of this research was to assess the dermal absorption and skin toxicity of topically applied jet fuels Jet A, JP-8, JP-8(100) using pigs, in vitro porcine skin and inert membrane models as well as human keratinocyte cell cultures. Our working hypothesis was that jet fuel dermal toxicity was secondary to its hydrocarbon components with differences between fuel types due to additive-modulation of hydrocarbon deposition. Consistent with previous JP-8 additive studies, individual JP-8(lOO) additives modulated hydrocarbon disposition. Combinations of multiple additives were not predictable from simpler mixtures. An in vivo porcine skin dose escalation study demonstrated dose-related dermal absorption of aromatics, but saturation of aliphatic components. Previous exposure to JP-8 constituents resulted in skin depot formation. Cell culture studies demonstrated divergent relations between structure and resulting cytotoxicity and irritation (11-8 release). Across S aliphatic and 6 aromatic hydrocarbons studied in vivo, tridecane, tetradecane and pentadecane produced gross and microscopic lesions similar to JP-8, suggesting they may be responsible for JP-8 irritation. Ultrastructural changes were characterized by alterations in the stratum corneum lipid bilayers. Finally, a novel membrane coated fiber technique was developed that was capable of rapidly determining physical chemical properties of all jet fuel hydrocarbon constituents as well as assessina additive and solvent effects on membrane diffusion and partitioning. DA - 2004/5/3/ PY - 2004/5/3/ DO - 10.21236/ada422081 PB - Defense Technical Information Center UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422081 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - The Current Status Of Veterinary Student Training (Related To Fish Medicine) AU - Lewbart, G.A. AU - Harms, C.A. AU - Noga, E.J. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Law, M. AU - Stoskopf, M.K. T2 - NCSU-CVM International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine C2 - 2004/4// C3 - International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Endocrine characteristics Of female Pallasf Cats Maintenance Under Artificial Lighting AU - Huy, A. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Brown, J. T2 - College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2004/4// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Critical Factors for the Establishment of Biosafety Level-3 Aquaria AU - Shivappa, R.B. AU - Corsin, F. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Eastern Fish Health Workshop C2 - 2004/3// DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - The Margaritiferidae Again Revisited: a Test of Smith (2001) AU - Bogan, A.E. AU - Hoeh, W.R. AU - Araujo, R. AU - Raley, M.E. AU - Curole, J. AU - Wade, D.E. AU - Huang, Y.Y. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Freshwater Mussel Conservation Society Genetics Workshop C2 - 2004/// CY - National Conservation Training Center, Shepardstown, West Virginia DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/6/29/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison Of Individual Animal And Pooled Sampling Strategies For Detecting Bacterial Pathogens In Fish For Inspection Purposes AU - Patterson, C AU - Mumford, S AU - Evered, J AU - Brunson, R AU - Levine, Jf AU - Winton, J T2 - 45th Annual Western Fish Disease Workshop C2 - 2004/6// CY - Juneau, Alaska DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// ER - TY - CONF TI - Hemolymph as an Alternative Source Of DNA For Genetic Investigations In Freshwater Mussels AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Raley, ME AU - Bogan, AE T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Genetics Workshop C2 - 2004/6// CY - Shepherdstown, WA DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viral diseases of ornamental carp in the US AU - Shivappa, R. AU - Kozlowicz, S. AU - Levine, JF T2 - Global Aquaculture Advocate DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 7 SP - 88–89 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Aquatic Animal Epidemiology and Conservation Genomics AU - Levine, J.F. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated 1,2-dithiolanes and their conjugates useful for preparing self-assembled monolayers AU - Nelson, D.J. DA - 2004/6/29/ PY - 2004/6/29/ M1 - 6756354 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 6756354 ER - TY - CONF TI - Oxygen Carriers as Alternatives to Red Blood Cell Transfusions AU - Nelson, D.J. T2 - Annual Meeting, Infusion Nurses Society C2 - 2004/5/1/ CY - Salt Lake City, UT DA - 2004/5/1/ PY - 2004/5/1/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effective attenuation of endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by 2,3-diacetyloxybenzoic acid in two independent animal models AU - Eiznhamer, David A. AU - Flavin, Michael T. AU - Jesmok, Gary J. AU - Borgia, Julian F. AU - Nelson, Deanna J. AU - Burhop, Kenneth E. AU - Xu, Ze-Qi T2 - Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics AB - The pathology of acute lung injury (ALI) is often modeled in animal studies by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which results in an endotoxemia with sequelae similar to that seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here we report the results of two studies designed to examine the efficacy of a novel agent, 2,3-diacetyloxybenzoic acid (2,3-DABA), in the treatment of LPS-induced ALI. In two separate animal models, 2,3-DABA was effective in significantly reducing lung microvascular permeability, a condition commonly seen in ARDS, which results in pulmonary edema and respiratory insufficiency. In each model, it is demonstrated that the mechanism by which 2,3-DABA exerts this effect occurs subsequent to the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Lung permeability was significantly decreased in both models by treatment with 2,3-DABA, suggesting that this agent, either alone or in combination therapy, may be useful in the treatment of ALI associated with ARDS. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1016/j.pupt.2003.11.003 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 105-110 J2 - Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics LA - en OP - SN - 1094-5539 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2003.11.003 DB - Crossref KW - acute lung injury KW - acute respiratory distress syndrome KW - benzoic acids KW - endotoxin KW - microvascular permeability ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fumonisin AU - Smith, G.W. AU - Constable, P.D. T2 - Clinical Veterinary Toxicology A2 - Plumlee, K.H. PY - 2004/// SP - 250-254 PB - Mosby ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kalanchoe species poisoning in pets AU - Smith, G.W. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 99 IS - 11 SP - 933–936 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella arizonae from an Integrated Turkey Operation AU - Crespo, R. AU - Jeffrey, J. S. AU - Chin, R. P. AU - Sentíes-Cué, G. AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Fifty cases submitted between 2000 and 2002 were selected for retrospective analysis to evaluate possible relationships between Salmonella arizonae isolated from breeder flocks, hatching eggs, and meat bird flocks belonging to a single turkey integrator. In all the meat bird cases selected for this study, arizonosis was the primary diagnosis. In birds under 1 month of age, clinical signs and pathologic changes were observed in older birds. The Salmonella arizonae isolates were analyzed by antibiotic resistance pattern and serotype and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Serotyping and PFGE yielded similar results, but the antibiotic resistance patterns did not correspond to either serotyping or PFGE typing. The presence of common pulsed-field patterns in breeder flocks, eggs, and meat bird flocks suggested that S. arizonae was being transmitted vertically from the breeder flock. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1637/7116 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 344-350 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7116 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Retroviridae AU - Donovan, Richard M. AU - Fuller, Frederick T2 - Veterinary Microbiology A2 - Hirsch, Dwight A2 - Maclachlan, Nigel James A2 - Walker, Richard L. PY - 2004/// ET - 2nd SP - 409–426 PB - Blackwell Publishing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neurologic Abnormalities and Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes in Horses Administered Fumonisin B1 Intravenously AU - Foreman, Jonathan H. AU - Constable, Peter D. AU - Waggoner, Amy L. AU - Levy, Michel AU - Eppley, R.M. AU - Smith, Geoffrey W. AU - Tumbleson, Mike E. AU - Haschek, Wanda M. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - The objective of this experiment was to characterize a dose-dependent toxic effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and to document initial neurologic signs, clinical progression, and terminal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes in horses administered FB1 IV. Seventeen healthy horses were administered 0.00 (n = 4), 0.01 (n = 3), 0.05 (n = 3), 0.10 (n = 3), or 0.20 mg (n = 4) of purified FB1 IV q24h. When neurologic abnormalities observed by a masked observer became severe, atlanto-occipital CSF taps were performed and CSF pressure, cell count, cytology, protein, albumin and glucose concentrations, and creatine kinase activity were measured. Changes in CSF and number of days to 1st observation of neurologic abnormalities were compared between doses by ANOVA, with the level of significance set at P < .05. Control horses and low-dose horses (0.01 mg/kg) remained neurologically normal. In higher dose FB1-treated horses (n = 10), initial clinical signs (days 4-10) included hindlimb ataxia, delayed forelimb placing, and decreased tongue tone and movement. Hindlimb and trunkal ataxia, depression, hyperesthesia, and intermittent dementia gradually became apparent. When data from all horses with neurologic abnormalities were pooled (0.05-0.20 mg/kg FB1), mild clinical signs (mean day 6.3) occurred significantly earlier than did more severe (mean day 8.9) clinical signs (P = .009). Neurologic horses had high CSF protein, albumin, and IgG concentrations and increased albumin quotients (P < .05). It was concluded that FB1-induced neurologic and CSF changes in a dose-dependent manner, with a no-observable-limit of 0.01 mg FB1/kg IV q24h for 28 days. The neurologic and CSF changes were consistent with vasogenic cerebral edema. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<223:naacfc>2.0.co;2 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 223 J2 - J Vet Int Med LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<223:naacfc>2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref KW - cerebrospinal fluid KW - equine leukoencephalomalacia KW - Fusarium KW - moldy corn poisoning KW - mycotoxin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality of heart failure care in managed Medicare and Medicaid patients in North Carolina AU - Bertoni, Alain G AU - Duren-Winfield, Vanessa AU - Ambrosius, Walter T AU - McArdle, Jill AU - Sueta, Carla A AU - Massing, Mark W AU - Peacock, Sharon AU - Davis, Jennifer AU - Croft, Janet B AU - Goff, David C, Jr T2 - The American Journal of Cardiology AB -

Abstract

Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and β-adrenergic receptor blockers in patients with heart failure (HF) remains low despite the results of clinical trials and evidence-based guidelines that support their use. The quality of HF care in managed Medicare and Medicaid programs in North Carolina participating in a HF quality improvement program was assessed. Managed care plans identified adult patients with 1 inpatient or 3 outpatient claims for HF during 2000. A stratified random sample of 971 Medicare and 642 Medicaid patients' outpatient medical records from 5 plans were reviewed by trained nurse abstractors to obtain data regarding type of HF, demographics, comorbidities, and therapies. Left ventricular function assessment was performed in 88% of patients. Among 494 patients with systolic dysfunction, 86% were appropriately treated with respect to ACE inhibitors (73% prescribed, 13% had a documented contraindication). In contrast, β-blocker therapy was appropriate in 61% (49% prescribed, 12% contraindication). There were no significant differences in drug use by insurance, gender, race, or age. Ventricular function assessment and ACE inhibitor prescription rates are higher than β-blocker prescription rates among Medicare and Medicaid managed care patients in North Carolina. Opportunities for improvement remain, particularly for β-blocker use. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.11.053 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 714-718 SN - 0002-9149 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.11.053 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myofibrillogenesis Regulator 1 Gene Mutations Cause Paroxysmal Dystonic Choreoathetosis AU - Rainier, S. AU - Thomas, D. AU - Tokarz, D. AU - Ming, L. AU - Bui, M. AU - Plein, E. AU - Zhao, X. AU - Lemons, R. AU - Albin, R. AU - Delaney, C. AU - Alvarado, D. AU - Fink, J.K. T2 - Archives of Neurology AB - Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC) is characterized by attacks of involuntary movements that occur spontaneously while at rest and following caffeine or alcohol consumption. Previously, we and others identified a locus for autosomal dominant PDC on chromosome 2q33-2q35.To identify the PDC gene.Analysis of PDC positional candidate genes by exon sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Outpatient clinical and molecular genetic laboratory at a university hospital. Patients Affected (n = 12) and unaffected (n = 26) subjects from 2 unrelated families with PDC and 105 unrelated control subjects.We identified missense mutations in the myofibrillogenesis regulator gene (MR-1) in affected subjects in 2 unrelated PDC kindreds. These mutations were absent in control subjects and caused substitutions of valine for alanine at amino acid positions 7 and 9. The substitutions disturb interspecies conserved residues and are predicted to alter the MR-1 gene's amino-terminal alpha helix. The MR-1 exon containing these mutations (exon 1) was expressed only in the brain, a finding that explains the brain-specific symptoms of subjects with these mutations.Although MR-1 gene function is unknown, the precedence of ion channel disturbance in other episodic neurologic disorders suggests that the pathophysiologic features of PDC also involve abnormal ion localization. The discovery that MR-1 mutations underlie PDC provides opportunities to explore this condition's pathophysiologic characteristics and may provide insight into the causes of other paroxysmal neurologic disorders as well as the neurophysiologic mechanisms of alcohol and caffeine, which frequently precipitate PDC attacks. DA - 2004/7/1/ PY - 2004/7/1/ DO - 10.1001/archneur.61.7.1025 VL - 61 IS - 7 SP - 1025-1029 SN - 0003-9942 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.7.1025 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pit Viper Envenomation in Dogs AU - Fogle, JE T2 - Standards of Care- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// VL - 6 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histomoniasis in the Bursa of Fabricius of Chickens AU - Cortes, Portia L. AU - Chin, R. P. AU - Bland, Mark C. AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Histomoniasis was diagnosed in a flock of 6-wk-old commercial chickens. Clinical signs included depression, stilted gait, inappetence, and a slight increase in mortality. At necropsy, there were pale-yellow to dark-gray circular and depressed necrotic lesions in the liver. The ceca were enlarged and impacted with caseous cores. Cecal worms were not observed either at necropsy or on histopathology. Histomonads were demonstrated microscopically within the bursa of Fabricius in addition to the liver, ceca, and spleen. This is the first report of the presence of histomonads in the bursa of Fabricius in commercial chickens. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1637/7175-030404r VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 711-715 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7175-030404r DB - Crossref KW - histomoniasis KW - blackhead KW - bursa of Fabricius KW - chicken KW - Heterakis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Feeding Green Onions (Allium Ascalonicum) to White Chinese Geese (Threskiornis Spinicollis) AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Chin, R. P. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation AB - Sudden increase in mortality was observed in 2 different flocks of mature breeder geese fed green onions. At necropsy, birds had pale epicardium with random petechiation, sanguinous fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, and mild swelling of the liver and spleen. Histologically, there was accumulation of hemosiderin in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells of the liver, macrophages, and renal tubules. There was also moderate to severe hepatic necrosis, vacuolation of hepatocytes, splenitis, and renal tubular nephrosis. To assess the effects of green onion ingestion, 2 feeding trials were carried out in 3 mature White Chinese geese. In the first trial, onions were thoroughly mixed with pellet maintenance ration. In the second trial, onions were offered in a separate trough from the pelleted diet. During the 21 days of experiments, the red blood cell count and hematocrit decreased, whereas the polychromasia and reticulocyte estimate increased. The blood changes were more marked in birds from the second feeding trial. Gross and histologic changes were similar in both trials. Mild swelling and severe darkening of the liver were the only significant findings at necropsy. Histologically, the liver looked similar to that seen from the field outbreak. The liver contained moderate amounts of hemosiderin in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, and had centrolobular necrosis and vacuolation of hepatocytes. This experimental study demonstrated that anemia and liver pathology could be caused by ingestion of onions. Furthermore, Heinz bodies are not a consistent finding in the blood of geese fed onions. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1177/104063870401600411 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 321-325 J2 - J VET Diagn Invest LA - en OP - SN - 1040-6387 1943-4936 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870401600411 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coronary artery rupture in male commercial turkeys AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Puschner, Birgit T2 - Avian Pathology AB - Mortalities of 3% in a 1-week period and 2.5% in a 4-week period occurred in two flocks of 13-week-old to 16-week-old male turkeys, respectively. Eleven of 18 birds submitted to the laboratory for necropsy had large amounts of clotted blood in the pericardial sac and transverse bands of haemorrhage at the base of the left heart. Three other birds had clotted blood in the abdominal cavity due to rupture of the aorta. Histopathology of the hearts with haemorrhage at the base of the left heart revealed medial degeneration, necrosis and rupture of the coronary arteries. Special stains revealed decrease in elastic fibres and increase in fibrous connective tissue in the coronary arteries. Fourteen of 16 birds had a low copper concentration (<5 mg/kg wet weight) in the liver; the zinc concentration was high in one bird. Levels of heavy metals including copper and selenium in the feed were within normal ranges for poultry. No mycotoxins were detected in the feed. Tests for bacterial and viral pathogens showed no significant findings. The average weight of these turkeys at market at 16 weeks was 12.5 kg, which was considered 1.4 to 2.3 kg higher than normal. It is well known that male turkeys are prone to hypertensive angiopathy. Therefore, it is probable that higher body weights in the turkeys in conjunction with the hypertensive angiopathy and low levels of copper may have predisposed the birds for coronary artery rupture. Genetic diseases such as connective tissue disorders of the elastin and/or collagen were also considered as possible causes. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1080/0307945042000195777 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 226-232 J2 - Avian Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 0307-9457 1465-3338 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0307945042000195777 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short upstream region drives dynamic expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α during Xenopus development AU - Sipe, Conor W. AU - Gruber, Erika J. AU - Saha, Margaret S. T2 - Developmental Dynamics AB - Abstract Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) plays a central role in regulating oxygen‐dependent gene expression and is involved in a range of pathways implicated in cellular survival, proliferation, and development. While the posttranslational regulation of HIF‐1α is well characterized, the relative importance of its control at the transcriptional level during development remains less clear. Although the mouse and human promoter regions have been analyzed in vitro, to date, there has been no in vivo analysis of any vertebrate HIF‐1α promoter. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of HIF‐1α during development of the amphibian Xenopus laevis , we have described the gene's expression pattern and isolated the xHIF‐1α upstream regulatory regions. We show xHIF‐1α mRNA to be constitutively expressed at low levels throughout embryogenesis, but with significant up‐regulation during gastrula stages, and subsequently, in specific regions of the central nervous system and axial tissues. Our functional analysis using a series of truncated xHIF‐1α promoter constructs demonstrates that a 173‐bp region of the proximal promoter, which is 100% conserved among five allelic variants, is sufficient to drive correct expression in transgenic embryos. Although these results are corroborated by a parallel set of in vitro transfection experiments in a Xenopus cell line, some key differences suggest the importance of using transgenic methods in conjunction with in vitro assays. Developmental Dynamics 230:229–238, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1002/dvdy.20049 VL - 230 IS - 2 SP - 229-238 SN - 1058-8388 1097-0177 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20049 KW - HIF-1 alpha KW - hypoxia KW - Xenopus KW - transgenesis KW - promoter KW - A6 cell line ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Contaminated Feed in the Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella enterica in Pork Production AU - Davies, Peter R. AU - Hurd, H. Scott AU - Funk, Julie A. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Jones, Frank T. T2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease AB - Food animal producers have ethical obligations to reduce the risk of foodborne hazards in animals under their care. Contaminated feed is a recognized source of Salmonella infection of food animals and regulations to control Salmonella contamination of animal feed have existed in some countries for decades. The impact of reducing Salmonella contamination of animal feeds on the risk of human foodborne salmonellosis is difficult to assess, and is likely to vary among food animal industries. In the context of U.S. pork production, factors that may attenuate or negate the impact (on public health) of regulatory interventions to control Salmonella in commercial feed include widespread use of on-farm mixing of swine feed; incomplete decontamination of feed during processing; post-processing contamination of feed at feed mills or in transportation or on-farm storage; the multitude of nonfeed sources of Salmonella infection; an apparently high risk of post-farm infection in lairage; and post-harvest sources of contamination. A structured survey of the extent of Salmonella contamination of animal feed in the United States is necessary to enable more informed debate on the feasibility and likely efficacy of enforcing a Salmonella-negative standard for animal feeds to reduce the incidence of human salmonellosis. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2004.1.202 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - 202-215 SN - 1535-3141 1556-7125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2004.1.202 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extended-Spectrum-Cephalosporin Resistance in Salmonella enterica Isolates of Animal Origin AU - Gray, J. T. AU - Hungerford, L. L. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. AU - Headrick, M. L. T2 - Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy AB - ABSTRACT A total of 112 out of 5,709 Salmonella enterica isolates from domestic animal species exhibited decreased susceptibilities to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, and each possessed the bla CMY gene. Ten Salmonella serotypes were significantly more likely to include resistant isolates. Isolates from turkeys, horses, cats, and dogs were significantly more likely to include resistant isolates. DA - 2004/7/23/ PY - 2004/7/23/ DO - 10.1128/aac.48.8.3179-3181.2004 VL - 48 IS - 8 SP - 3179-3181 J2 - Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy LA - en OP - SN - 0066-4804 1098-6596 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.8.3179-3181.2004 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a Genus- and Species-Specific Multiplex PCR for Identification of Enterococci AU - Jackson, C. R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. AU - Barrett, J. B. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology AB - The 16S rRNA gene has previously been used to develop genus-specific PCR primers for identification of enterococci. In addition, the superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) has been identified as a potential target for species differentiation of enterococci. In this study, Enterococcus genus-specific primers developed by Deasy et al. (E1/E2) were incorporated with species-specific primers based upon the superoxide dismutase (sodA) gene for development of a multiplex PCR. This assay provides simultaneous genus and species identification of 23 species of enterococci using seven different reaction mixtures. Accuracy of identification of the multiplex PCR was determined by comparisons to standard biochemical testing, the BBL Crystal kit, VITEK, and API Rapid ID 32 Strep. Isolates from swine feces, poultry carcasses, environmental sources, and retail food were evaluated and, overall, results for 90% of the isolates tested by PCR agreed with results obtained using standard biochemical testing and VITEK. Eighty-five percent and 82% of PCR results agreed with results from the API Rapid ID 32 Strep and BBL Crystal tests, respectively. With the exception of concurrence between identification using standard biochemical testing and VITEK (85%) and between BBL Crystal and VITEK (83%), the percent agreement for PCR was higher than or equal to any other pairwise comparison. Multiplex PCR for genus and species determination of enterococci provides an improved, rapid method for identification of this group of bacteria. DA - 2004/8/1/ PY - 2004/8/1/ DO - 10.1128/jcm.42.8.3558-3565.2004 VL - 42 IS - 8 SP - 3558-3565 J2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0095-1137 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.8.3558-3565.2004 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a Standardized Susceptibility Test for Campylobacter with Quality-Control Ranges for Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, and Meropenem AU - McDermott, P.F. AU - Bodeis, S.M. AU - Aarestrup, F.M. AU - Brown, S. AU - Traczewski, M. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. AU - Wallace, M. AU - Critchley, I.A. AU - Thornsberry, C. AU - Graff, S. AU - Flamm, R. AU - Beyer, J. AU - Shortridge, D. AU - Piddock, L.J. AU - Ricci, V. AU - Johnson, M.M. AU - Jones, R.N. AU - Reller, B. AU - Mirrett, S. AU - Aldrobi, J. AU - Rennie, R. AU - Brosnikoff, C. AU - Turnbull, L. AU - Stein, G. AU - Schooley, S. AU - Hanson, R.A. AU - Walker, R.D. T2 - Microbial Drug Resistance AB - A standardized agar dilution susceptibility testing method was developed for Campylobacter that consisted of testing on Mueller–Hinton medium supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood in an atmosphere of 10% CO2, 5% O2, and 85% N2. Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560 was identified as a quality-control (QC) strain. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) QC ranges were determined for two incubation time/temperature combinations: 36°C for 48 hr and 42°C for 24 hr. Quality-control ranges were determined for ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and meropenem. For all antimicrobial agents tested at both temperatures, 95–100% of the QC MIC results fell within recommended QC ranges. Twenty-one Campylobacter clinical isolates, encompassing five species of Campylobacter (C. jejuni, C. coli, C. jejuni, subsp. doylei, C. fetus, and C. lari) were tested in conjunction with the C. jejuni QC strain. While C. jejuni and C. coli could be reliably tested under both test conditions, growth of C. jejuni subsp. doylei, C. fetus, and C. lari isolates was inconsistent when incubated at 42°C. Therefore, it is recommended that these species only be tested at 36°C. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1089/1076629041310064 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 124-131 J2 - Microbial Drug Resistance LA - en OP - SN - 1076-6294 1931-8448 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/1076629041310064 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Tylosin Use on Erythromycin Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Swine AU - Jackson, C. R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. AU - Barrett, J. B. AU - Ladely, S. R. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - The effect of tylosin on erythromycin-resistant enterococci was examined on three farms; farm A used tylosin for growth promotion, farm B used tylosin for treatment of disease, and farm C did not use tylosin for either growth promotion or disease treatment. A total of 1,187 enterococci were isolated from gestation, farrowing, suckling, nursery, and finishing swine from the farms. From a subset of those isolates (n = 662), 59% (124 out of 208), 28% (80 out of 281), and 2% (4 out of 170) were resistant to erythromycin (MIC >/= 8 microg/ml) from farms A, B, and C, respectively. PCR analysis and Southern blotting revealed that 95% (65 out of 68) of isolates chosen from all three farms for further study were positive for ermB, but all were negative for ermA and ermC. By using Southern blotting, ermB was localized to the chromosome in 56 of the isolates while 9 isolates from farms A and B contained ermB on two similar-sized plasmid bands (12 to 16 kb). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that the isolates were genetically diverse and represented a heterogeneous population of enterococci. This study suggests that although there was resistance to a greater number of enterococcal isolates on a farm where tylosin was used as a growth promotant, resistant enterococci also existed on a farm where no antimicrobial agents were used. DA - 2004/7/1/ PY - 2004/7/1/ DO - 10.1128/aem.70.7.4205-4210.2004 VL - 70 IS - 7 SP - 4205-4210 J2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0099-2240 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.7.4205-4210.2004 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose induced stress on Salmonella choleraesuis shedding and persistence in swine AU - Stabel, T.J. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. T2 - Research in Veterinary Science AB - A glucose analog, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), previously shown in swine to induce many of the hallmark parameters of stress, was administered to Salmonella choleraesuis carrier-swine and the effects on Salmonella fecal shedding and tissue colonization were evaluated. Initially, pigs were divided into two groups, one that received 1×106 S. choleraesuis and one group that received saline. At 3 or 6 weeks post inoculation (PI), half of each group received an injection of 2DG and the other half received saline. Throughout the study, individual fecal samples were collected and quantitatively cultured for Salmonella, tonsil and nasal swabs were qualitatively cultured, clinical signs were monitored, temperatures were measured and whole blood collected. Pigs were necropsied 8–18 days after 2DG treatment. The experimental stress induced by 2DG was not sufficient to cause recrudescence of Salmonella fecal shedding even when tissues were culture positive for Salmonella. In addition, persistent shedding was not affected by 2DG administration. Although the complex set of parameters that constitute the stress phenomenon is still relatively unknown, it is now apparent that the stressful event(s) sufficient to trigger Salmonella recrudescence involves more than just increased blood glucose, increased cortisol, and inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2003.11.005 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - 187-194 J2 - Research in Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0034-5288 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2003.11.005 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Relatedness of High-Level Aminoglycoside-Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Poultry Carcasses AU - Jackson, Charlene R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Barrett, John B. AU - Ladely, Scott R. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Approximately 46% (75/162) or poultry enterococci collected between 1999 and 2000 exhibited high-level resistance to gentamicin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > or = 500 microg/ml), kanamycin (MIC > or = 500 microg/ml), or streptomycin (MIC > or = 1000 microg/ml). Forty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to kanamycin (n = 67), whereas 23% and 19% were resistant to genramicin (n = 37) and streptomycin (n = 31), respectively. The predominant species identified was Enterococcus faecium (n = 105), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (n = 40) and Enterococcus durans (n = 8). Using polymerase chain reaction, the isolates were examined for the presence of 10 aminoglycoside resistance genes [ant(6)-Ia, ant(9)-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, aph(2")-Ib, aph(2")-Ic, aph(2")-Id, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, and aac(6')-Ii]. Five aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected, most frequently aac(6')-Ii and ant(6)-Ia from E. faecium. Seven E. faecalis isolates resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, or streptomycin were negative for all genes tested, indicating that additional resistance genes may exist. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates were genetically different with little clonality. These data indicate that enterococci from poultry are diverse and contain potentially unidentified aminoglycoside resistance genes. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1637/7071 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 100-107 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7071 DB - Crossref KW - poultry KW - enterococci KW - gentamicin KW - kanamycin KW - streptomycin KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci isolated from swine AU - Jackson, C. R. AU - Fedorka Cray, P. J. AU - Barrett, J. B. AU - Ladely, S. R. T2 - Epidemiology and Infection AB - Approximately 42% (187/444) of swine enterococci collected between the years 1999 and 2000 exhibited high-level resistance to gentamicin (MIC > or =500 microg/ml), kanamycin (MIC > or =500 microg/ml), or streptomycin (MIC > or =1000 microg/ml). Eight aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected using PCR, most frequently ant(6)-Ia and aac(6')-Ii from Enterococcus faecium. Twenty-four per cent (45/187) of total high-level aminoglycoside-resistant isolates and 26% (4/15) of isolates resistant to high levels of all three antimicrobials were negative for all genes tested. These data suggest that enterococci isolated from swine contain diverse and possibly unidentified aminoglycoside resistance genes. DA - 2004/12/9/ PY - 2004/12/9/ DO - 10.1017/s0950268804003395 VL - 133 IS - 2 SP - 367-371 J2 - Epidemiol. Infect. LA - en OP - SN - 0950-2688 1469-4409 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804003395 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Future strategies for controlling Marek's disease AU - Gimeno, Isabel M. T2 - Marek's Disease AB - This chapter discusses future strategies that can be implemented to control Marek's disease (MD). In the future, improved control of MD will require two approaches: better application of the currently available tools and development of improved tools. Better application of the tools that are currently available includes proper measures of biosecurity, adequate vaccination practices, and good control of other immunosuppressive viruses. However, the development of improved tools may prevent the Marek's disease virus (MDV) from evolving to greater virulence, reduce the economic costs associated with MD vaccination, and confer greater protection against the most virulent pathotype of MDV. Development of transgenic chickens that are more resistant to MD will also help in controlling the disease. Future prospects for the control of MD appear to be optimistic. With better knowledge of the chicken genome and progress in the study of molecular biology of MDV, it is likely that new approaches to MD control can be developed. In addition, improving current methods of MD control requires the commitment of research institutions, vaccine manufacturers, and breeding companies. PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012088379-0/50018-9 SP - 186-x OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780120883790 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088379-0/50018-9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biocharacteristics shared by highly protective vaccines against Marek's disease AU - M. Gimeno, Isabel AU - Witter, Richard L. AU - Hunt, Henry D. AU - Reddy, Sanjay M. AU - Reed, Willie M. T2 - Avian Pathology AB - Attenuated serotype 1 Marek's disease virus strains vary widely in their protection properties. This study was conducted to elucidate which biocharacteristics of serotype 1 MDV strains are related with protection. Three pairs of vaccines, each one including a higher protective (HP) vaccine and a lower protective (LP) vaccine originating from the same MDV strain, were studied. Two other highly protective vaccines (RM1 and CVI988/BP5) were also included in the study. Comparison within pairs of vaccines showed that marked differences existed between the HP and the LP vaccines. Compared with LP vaccines, HP vaccines replicated better in vivo. Also, they induced a significant expansion of total T cells and of the helper and cytotoxic T cell lineages (CD45(+)CD3(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), CD4(-)CD8(+)) as well as a marked increase in the expression of the antigens of MhcI and MhcII on T cells. Thus, our results show that in vivo replication and early stimulation of the T-cell lineage are two characteristics shared by HP vaccines. However, comparison among the four HP vaccines that provided protection equal to that of CVI988 (RM1, CVI988/BP5, CVI988 and 648A80) revealed variability, especially regarding in vivo replication. Strains RM1 and CVI988/BP5 showed much stronger replication in vivo than the other two vaccine strains (CVI988 and 648A80). Thus, no single set of characteristics could be used to identify the most protective Marek's disease vaccines, implying, perhaps, that multiple mechanisms may be involved. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1080/0307945031000163264 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 57-66 J2 - Avian Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 0307-9457 1465-3338 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0307945031000163264 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marek's disease virus-encoded Meq gene is involved in transformation of lymphocytes but is dispensable for replication AU - Lupiani, B. AU - Lee, L. F. AU - Cui, X. AU - Gimeno, Isabel AU - Anderson, A. AU - Morgan, R. W. AU - Silva, R. F. AU - Witter, R. L. AU - Kung, H.-J. AU - Reddy, S. M. AU - al. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes an acute lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, resulting in T cell lymphomas in visceral organs and peripheral nerves. Earlier studies have determined that the repeat regions of oncogenic serotype 1 MDV encode a basic leucine zipper protein, Meq, which structurally resembles the Jun/Fos family of transcriptional activators. Meq is consistently expressed in MDV-induced tumor cells and has been suggested as the MDV-associated oncogene. To study the function of Meq, we have generated an rMd5ΔMeq virus by deleting both copies of the meq gene from the genome of a very virulent strain of MDV. Growth curves in cultured fibroblasts indicated that Meq is dispensable for in vitro virus replication. In vivo replication in lymphoid organs and feather follicular epithelium was also not impaired, suggesting that Meq is dispensable for lytic infection in chickens. Reactivation of the rMd5ΔMeq virus from peripheral blood lymphocytes was reduced, suggesting that Meq is involved but not essential for latency. Pathogenesis experiments showed that the rMd5ΔMeq virus was fully attenuated in chickens because none of the infected chickens developed Marek's disease-associated lymphomas, suggesting that Meq is involved in lymphocyte transformation. A revertant virus that restored the expression of the meq gene, showed properties similar to those of the parental virus, confirming that Meq is involved in transformation but not in lytic replication in chickens. DA - 2004/8/2/ PY - 2004/8/2/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0404508101 VL - 101 IS - 32 SP - 11815-11820 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404508101 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of storage methods for reverse-transcriptase PCR amplification of rotavirus RNA from gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) fecal samples AU - Whittier, Christopher A AU - Horne, William AU - Slenning, Barrett AU - Loomis, Michael AU - Stoskopf, Michael K T2 - Journal of Virological Methods AB - Detection of enteric viral nucleic acids in preserved gorilla fecal specimens was investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). A commercially available viral RNA extraction kit was used to isolate nucleic acids from captive gorilla fecal samples seeded with rotavirus and stored in ethanol, formalin, a commercial RNA preservation solution, guanidine thiocyanate buffer (GT), and samples dried in tubes containing silica gel. Nucleic acids were extracted at 1, 7, 70 and 180 days and used for rt-PCR amplification of specific rotavirus RNA sequences. Successful rt-PCR amplification of the target product varied according to storage conditions, and storage time. Only samples stored in GT gave 100% positive results at 180 days. It is recommended that fecal samples be collected in GT for viral RNA analysis. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.003 VL - 116 IS - 1 SP - 11-17 J2 - Journal of Virological Methods LA - en OP - SN - 0166-0934 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.003 DB - Crossref KW - fecal KW - Gorilla KW - rotavirus KW - rt-PCR KW - storage methods ER - TY - JOUR TI - The global decline of nonmarine mollusks AU - Lydeard, C AU - Cowie, RH AU - Ponder, WF AU - Bogan, AE AU - Bouchet, P AU - Clark, SA AU - Cummings, KS AU - Frest, TJ AU - Gargominy, O AU - Herbert, DG AU - Hershler, R AU - Perez, KE AU - Roth, B AU - Seddon, M AU - Strong, EE AU - Thompson, FG T2 - BIOSCIENCE AB - Invertebrate species represent more than 99% of animal diversity; however, they receive much less publicity and attract disproportionately minor research effort relative to vertebrates. Nonmarine mollusks (i.e., terrestrial and freshwater) are one of the most diverse and imperiled groups of animals, although not many people other than a few specialists who study the group seem to be aware of their plight. Nonmarine mollusks include a number of phylogenetically disparate lineages and species-rich assemblages that represent two molluscan classes, Bivalvia (clams and mussels) and Gastropoda (snails, slugs, and limpets). In this article we provide an overview of global nonmarine molluscan biodiversity and conservation status, including several case studies documenting the diversity and global decline of nonmarine mollusks. We conclude with a discussion of the roles that mollusks and malacologists should play in conservation, including research, conservation management strategies, and education and outreach. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 321-330 SN - 1525-3244 KW - nonmarine mollusks KW - biodiversity KW - gastropods KW - endangered species KW - hotspots ER - TY - CHAP TI - The isolated perfused porcine skin flap AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Dermatotoxicology (6th ed.) PY - 2004/// SP - 564-588 PB - Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press SN - 0415288622 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Percutaneous absorption of complex chemical mixtures AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Dermatotoxicology (6th ed.) PY - 2004/// SP - 30-41 PB - Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinary application of in vitro dissolution data and the biopharmaceutics classification system AU - Martinez, M. N. AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Pharmacopeial Forum DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 30 SP - 2295-2303 ER - TY - CONF TI - Topgrafting loblolly pine to accelerate breeding and deployment of genetic gain in the southern US AU - Cumbie, W. P. AU - Gerwig, D. AU - Lambeth, C. C. AU - Raley, M. AU - McKeand, S. A2 - Li, B. A2 - McKeand, S. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future, IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings DA - 2004/// SP - 228 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Notes on the life history and demographics of the savannah lilliput (Toxolasma pullus) (Bivalvia : Unionidae) in University Lake, NC AU - Hanlon, SD AU - Levine, JF T2 - SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST AB - The savannah lilliput (Toxolasma pullus, Bivalvia: Unionidae) is the only member of its genus represented along the mid-Atlantic slope. The rarity, limited range, and declining status of this species have caused concern among resource managers for its conservation. Little is known about the life history of T. pullus; such information is necessary for recovery of the species. We conducted a fish host trial and examined population demographics of T. pullus from University Lake, NC. Toxolasma pullus appears to be a long-term brooder, brooding into August. Hybrid bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus × L. cyanellus) are suitable hosts for T. pullus, however, other Lepomis species may also serve as hosts. The sex ratio of the population was 1:1. Most specimens of T. pullus were between 4 and 6 years old; the oldest specimen was 9 years of age. Predation by muskrats and raccoons may be an important source of mortality in University Lake. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1656/1528-7092(2004)003[0289:NOTLHA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 289-296 SN - 1528-7092 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pregnancy loss associated with embryo technologies in cattle AU - Farin, P. W. AU - Miles, J. R. AU - Farin, C. E. T2 - Medecin Veterinaire du Quebec DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Turkey sire effects on embryonic survival and physiology AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Sire effects on turkey embryonic survival and growth are not well understood. In avian species, the sire may play only a minor role in embryonic growth as dam effects, mediated through physical and functional qualities of eggs, are thought to be the main determinants. Very little is known of separate dam and sire influences on embryonic survival. The hypothesis was proposed that sires from lines with different BW and embryonic survival rates when mated to an unrelated dam line would produce embryos with different survival, growth and metabolism. Sires from a line with light BW but good embryonic survival (LBW) or sires from a heavy BW line and poor embryonic survival (HBW) were mated to dams of the same unrelated line. Sires from the dam line were included as a control group (Controls). Hens were randomly assigned to sires and inseminated identically at weekly intervals with semen from the assigned sire line. Eight biweekly settings of eggs were placed into incubators to test embryonic survival rates among the sire lines. Tissues were sampled at designated intervals during the experiment to assess the physiological basis for embryonic survival. Contrary to our hypothesis, embryos from the HBW sire line had the best survival compared to LBW and Control. Although LBW poults were from smaller sires, they weighed more than HBW poults. During development LBW sire embryos stored greater amounts of glycogen and lactate in liver and muscle. No effects were seen in cardiac tissue. BW differences were related to greater yolk, but the differences in organ weights and metabolism were clearly related to sire. Thus, sire DNA may direct organ growth and function and influence embryonic survival. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2004.80.88 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 80 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage affects intestinal maturation of turkey embryos AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Yildirum, I. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Mann, K. M. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - The plateau stage in oxygen consumption of turkey embryos occurs at 25 and 26 days of incubation when many embryos die. The plateau stage creates hypoxia, hypercapnia and presents a paradox for growth and embryo metabolism. Prior to the plateau, vital tissues accumulate glycogen to ensur e embryonic survival through anaerobic metabolism during the plateau. Intestinal maturation at the plateau demands great amounts of energy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to define the temperature and oxygen concentrations at the plateau that affect intestinal maturation. Three experiments were conducted to test incubator conditions during the plateau stage and their affect on intestinal maturation. In Experiment 1, turkey embryos at the plateau stage were exposed to 36, 37, 38 or 39 C. In Experiment 2, embryos at the o plateau stage were exposed to 17, 19, 21 or 23% oxygen concentrations, and in Experiment 3, the extreme levels of temperature and oxygen treatments were combined to test interaction effects on intestina l maturation. Elevating temperature depressed intestinal weight but not length. The elevated temperature also depressed intestinal maltase and alkaline phosphatase activities indicating inhibited function. Increasing oxygen had little effect on intestinal weight or length, but hypoxia increased maltase and decreased alkaline phosphatase activities in hatchlings. When examined in a factorial arrangement, temperature and oxygen displayed independent effects on growth and function and did not interact. Thus, incubator temperature greater than 37 C and oxygen concentrations less than 19% during the plateau stage delay intestinal o maturation. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2004.378.385 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - 378 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage affect cardiac health of turkey embryos AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Yildirum, I. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Mann, K. M. T2 - Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drug use survey and evaluation of quality assurance training for meat goat producers AU - Anderson, K. L. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Luginbuhl, J. M. AU - Mobley, M. T2 - International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 261 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Colostrum for maintaining calves alive and productive / L'impiego del colostro per mantenere vivi e produttivi i vitellida carne AU - Rogers, G. M. AU - Capucille, D. J. T2 - Large Animals Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of four different suture materials on the surgical wound healing of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta AU - Govett, P. D. AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Linder, K. E. AU - Marsh, J. C. AU - Wyneken, J. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - ABSTRACT The tissue reaction to four suture materials placed in the skin of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, was evaluated both grossly and histologically. Chromic gut, polyglyconate, polyglactin 910, and poliglecaprone 25 were used in 258 turtles to close a wound produced at the time of laparoscopic sex determination. Gross tissue reactions were graded in 68 turtles at one week, and in the remaining 190 turtles at two weeks following surgery. Gross observations (eversion formation, holding of sutures, epibiont [organisms growing on suture site] present and crusts) were graded from one to three with one being mild and three being most severe. Gross observation scores did not differ among suture types. Crust scores were significantly greater for chromic gut and for polyglactin than for poliglecaprone 25 and polyglyconate. At the suture site, 32% of the turtles had an eversion in the incision ranging in size from 0.25 to 10 mm2 [mean 2.02 (+/− 1.95) mm2]. Eversion size did not vary signific... DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.14.4.6 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinicopathological abnormalities and treatment response in 24 dogs seroreactive to Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens AU - Breitschwerdt, EB AU - Blann, KR AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Munana, KR AU - Davidson, MG AU - Jackson, HA AU - Willard, MD T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - Bartonella vinsonii (B. vinsonii) subspecies berkhoffii is a recently recognized cause of endocarditis, myocarditis, and granulomatous disease in dogs. In an effort to elucidate other potential disease manifestations, the case records of 24 dogs that were seroreactive to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens were studied retrospectively. Diagnoses included immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, neutrophilic or granulomatous meningoencephalitis, neutrophilic polyarthritis, cutaneous vasculitis, and uveitis. Repeated B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antibody titers became negative after treatment. This study indicates that a diverse spectrum of disease manifestations and clinicopathological abnormalities can be detected in dogs that are seroreactive to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.5326/0400092 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 92-101 SN - 0587-2871 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine epithelial nasal tumors AU - Kleiter, M AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Ruslander, DE AU - Thrall, DE T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is an enzyme upregulated in some human and animal tumors. Enzymatic products are associated with tumorigenic activities. Given the poor response of canine nasal tumors to radiation, we considered the possibility that some of this resistance may be associated with COX‐2 expression. To test this, 21 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, and archived biopsy samples from canine epithelial nasal tumors were analyzed for COX‐2 expression using immunohistochemistry. The biopsies were collected from dogs prior to radiation therapy. COX‐2 expression was present in 17 of 21 (81%) tumors. The expression was observed in several different tumor types, including nasal carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. Samples from five control dogs without nasal neoplasia were also analyzed for COX‐2 staining. These specimens were characterized by varying degrees of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis with scattered regions of COX‐2 positive respiratory epithelial and stromal cells. Whether the intensity and distribution of COX‐2 expression in nasal tumors can be used as a prognostic marker requires further investigation. A combination therapy of irradiation and a selective COX‐2 inhibitor appears worthy of clinical investigation in the treatment of canine epithelial nasal tumors. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04046.x VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 255-260 SN - 1058-8183 KW - canine KW - cyclooxygenase-2 KW - nasal tumors KW - radiation therapy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mild infectious laryngotracheitis in broilers in the southeast AU - Sellers, HS AU - Garcia, M AU - Glisson, , JR AU - Brown, TP AU - Sander, JS AU - Guy, JS T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - During 2001, a mild infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection occurred in broiler flocks in the southeastern United States. Clinical signs included mild tracheitis, swollen sinuses, and conjunctivitis, with no increased mortality and minimal serologic response. Infrequent intranuclear inclusion bodies with or without syncytial cell formation were observed in eyelid, trachea, and larynx and in the chorioallantoic membrane of infected embryos. Immunohistochemistry and a nested infectious laryngotracheitis polymerase chain reaction (ILT PCR) were utilized to confirm the presence of ILTV nucleic acid in fixed tissues. In addition, 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds inoculated with field material exhibited the mild signs observed in broilers in the field. Tracheal swabs and tissues taken from these SPF birds were also positive by nested ILT PCR. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ILT PCR products indicated that ILT virus associated with mild respiratory disease in the Southeast is related to the chicken embryo origin vaccine type strains. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1637/7129 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 430-436 SN - 0005-2086 KW - alphaherpesvirus KW - diagnostic virology KW - DNA virus KW - infectious laryngotracheitis virus KW - mild respiratory disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woodchuck interleukin-6 gene: structure,characterization, and biologic activity AU - Li, DH AU - Kumanogoh, A AU - Cao, TM AU - Parnes, , JR AU - Cullen, JM T2 - GENE AB - Woodchuck is an important animal model for studying human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Within the cytokine network, interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in immune responses that may lead to viral clearance. To further understand woodchuck IL-6 biology, we cloned and characterized the IL-6 gene from white blood cells. The complete woodchuck IL-6 gene is about 7 kb and consists of five exons and four introns. The IL-6 gene organization of the woodchuck is similar to those of the human, rat, and mouse. Also several elements are highly conserved in the 300 bp promoter region of the IL-6 gene, including a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding site. The woodchuck IL-6 gene encodes a polypeptide of 207 amino acids in a precursor form and 189 amino acids in the mature form. The expressed protein was 23 kDa according to SDS-PAGE. To demonstrate biologic activity, we expressed woodchuck IL-6 and showed that the purified recombinant protein induced terminal differentiation, as reflected by upregulation of Fcgamma receptor expression, and substantially inhibited proliferation of M1 cells, a murine myeloid leukemia cell line. The inhibitory effect of woodchuck IL-6 on M1 cells was blocked by an anti-gp130 monoclonal antibody, suggesting that woodchuck IL-6 activity is specifically mediated by signaling through the IL-6 receptor complex. Cloning of the woodchuck IL-6 gene and demonstrating biologic activity of the gene product will facilitate studies of human hepatitis B virus using the woodchuck model. DA - 2004/11/10/ PY - 2004/11/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.gene.2004.07.034 VL - 342 IS - 1 SP - 157-164 SN - 1879-0038 KW - interleukin-6 KW - woodchuck hepatitis virus KW - human hepatitis B virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyzing approaches to feral cat management - one size does not fit all AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Nutter, FB T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - ow to best solve the diverse issues related to feral cats is a complex question with many facets. Each facet reflects large gaps in our knowledge and understanding. Felid biology; global, regional, and local ecology; human psychology; sociology; economics; and theology are all examples of branches of learning that can contribute knowledge toward finding acceptable solutions to feral cat problems. Unfortunately, our understanding of any one of these disciplines is incomplete, particularly with regard to specific knowledge relevant to feral cats. Making informed decisions is therefore difficult at best. Discussions about feral cats often become emotionally charged, even when the discussion is among individuals with similar backgrounds. Perceptions based on personal experiences rapidly substitute for missing objective data, and interpretations of options become increasingly monochromatic. Over the years, I have been expounding to students a general rule based on my observations of scientific debate. The “Rule of Inverse Vehemence” states that the vehemence with which proponents of opposing views argue their points is inversely proportional to the quality of data available to support their positions. In other words, highly charged polemic disagreements are often fueled by DA - 2004/11/1/ PY - 2004/11/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1361 VL - 225 IS - 9 SP - 1361-1364 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abdominal fat necrosis in a pygmy goat associated with fescue toxicosis AU - Smith, GW AU - Rotstein, DS AU - Brownie, CF T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Abdominal fat necrosis was diagnosed in an 11-year-old female pygmy goat with a 10-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and progressive abdominal distension. Gross necropsy findings revealed multiple firm, dark yellow, nodular masses of fat throughout the abdominal cavity, which compressed several abdominal organs including the rumen, small intestine, spiral colon, and gall bladder. Histologically, multiple to coalescing adipocyte necrosis, saponification, and infiltration with variable numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells was observed. Fat necrosis in this case was attributed to tall fescue toxicity based on the presence of high levels of endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-infected fescue identified in the goat's pasture. This is the first known report of abdominal fat necrosis in a goat and demonstrates the fat necrosis syndrome of fescue toxicosis in ruminants. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1177/104063870401600420 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 356-359 SN - 1040-6387 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outcome of cats with diarrhea and Tritrichomonas foetus infection AU - Foster, DM AU - Gookin, JL AU - Poore, MF AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Levy, MG T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To determine the long-term outcome of cats infected with Tritrichomonas foetus and identify treatment and management strategies influencing resolution of infection or associated diarrhea. Design —Prospective study. Sample Population —26 cats with T foetus -associated diarrhea at least 22 months prior to the study. Procedure —A standardized survey regarding clinical course and management was administered to owners of cats with T foetus infection and associated diarrhea. Fecal samples were obtained from each cat; the presence of T foetus was assessed via microscopic examination of smears, culture in commercial media, and polymerase chain reaction amplification of T foetus rDNA involving species-specific primers. Results —Survey responses were obtained from owners of all 26 cats. Twenty-three cats had complete resolution of diarrhea a median of 9 months after onset. Analysis of fecal samples obtained from 22 cats revealed persistent T foetus infection in 12, with a median of 39 months after resolution of diarrhea. History of implementation of a dietary change, treatment with paromomycin, or higher numbers of cats in the household was associated with significantly longer duration of time to resolution of diarrhea. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggested chronic T foetus -associated diarrhea in most cats is likely to resolve spontaneously within 2 years of onset. Chronic infection with T foetus (without clinical signs) after resolution of diarrhea appears to be common. Although often temporarily effective in decreasing severity of diarrhea, attempts to treat cats with T foetus infection may result in prolongation of time to resolution of diarrhea. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:888–892) DA - 2004/9/15/ PY - 2004/9/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.225.888 VL - 225 IS - 6 SP - 888-892 SN - 1943-569X UR - https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.888 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from Turkeys AU - Kleven, SH AU - Fulton, RM AU - Garcia, M AU - Ikuta, VN AU - Leiting, VA AU - Liu, T AU - Ley, DH AU - Opengart, KN AU - Rowland, GN AU - Wallner-Pendleton, E T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from several turkey flocks at different locations in the United States that were clinically affected with respiratory disease. Five of these isolates from four series of outbreaks had patterns similar to the 6/85 vaccine strain of M. gallisepticum by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using three different primer sets, whereas with a fourth primer set (OPA13 and OPA14), only two of the isolates were similar to 6/85. Results obtained by sequencing portions of the pvpA, gapA, and mgc2 genes and an uncharacterized surface lipoprotein gene indicated that the field isolates had DNA sequences that ranged from 97.6% to 100%, similar to the 6/85 results. In some of the outbreaks there was an indirect association with the presence of commercial layers in the area that had been vaccinated with this vaccine strain, but there was no known close association with vaccinated birds in any of the outbreaks. Turkeys were challenged with two of the field isolates and with 6/85 vaccine strain. Turkeys challenged with the field isolates developed respiratory disease with airsacculitis and a typical M. gallisepticum antibody response, whereas birds challenged with 6/85 developed no respiratory signs or lesions and developed only a weak antibody response. Although these isolates were very similar to the 6/85 vaccine strain, it was not possible to prove that they originated from the vaccine strain-it is possible that they could be naturally occurring field isolates. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1637/7148 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 562-569 SN - 0005-2086 KW - Mycoplasma gallisepticum KW - vaccine KW - turkey KW - serology KW - pathogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growing and finishing performance of steers when fed recycled poultry bedding during the growing period AU - Capucille, D. J. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Rogers, G. M. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Sixty Angus-cross steers were used to compare the effects of recycled poultry bedding (RPB) stacking method and the inclusion of monensin in growing diets on performance. Steers were individually fed balanced, growing diets for a period of 84 d. The diets were control (CON), CON + monensin (CON+M), deep-stacked RPB (DS), DS+M, shallow-stacked RPB (SS), and SS+M. The CON diets contained corn, soybean meal, corn silage, and cottonseed hulls. In the RPB diets, 35% of the silage, cottonseed hulls, and soybean meal was replaced with RPB (as-fed basis). At the end of the growing period, 30 steers, representing all treatment groups, had liver biopsies for trace mineral analysis and ruminal fluid samples to assess pH, VFA, and ammonia concentrations. All steers had blood samples drawn at the end of the growing period for analysis of Se and urea N. Steers were transported 466.6 km to simulate shipping stress and started on a finishing diet for a 120-d period. Intake, ADG, and G:F were monitored throughout the trial. Steers fed CON diets had higher ADG, DMI, and G:F than SS, and higher ADG and G:F than DS (P < 0.05) during the growing period. Steers fed DS diets had higher DMI than SS (P < 0.05) during the growing period. Inclusion of monensin in the growing diets increased G:F and decreased DMI (P < 0.05). Steers from the RPB treatments started the finishing period at lighter BW than steers fed CON diets (P < 0.05). During the finishing period, steers fed SS diets had higher DMI than steers fed CON diets (P < 0.06), whereas steers fed DS diets were intermediate. At slaughter, steers fed CON diets had higher hot carcass weights and quality grades than steers fed SS diets (P < 0.07), whereas steers fed DS diets were intermediate. Results indicate that steers fed RPB consumed it better when processed by deep stacking before consumption, that carryover effects of RPB into the finishing phase were minimal, and inclusion of monensin did not affect consumption of RPB diets. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2527/2004.82103038x VL - 82 IS - 10 SP - 3038-3048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas in late gestation from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Miles, , JR AU - Farin, CE AU - Rodriguez, KF AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, PW T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on angiogenesis and morphometry of the bovine placenta during late gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were recovered from superovulated Holstein cows. Blastocysts produced in vitro were obtained after culture of in vitro-matured and -fertilized Holstein oocytes. Single blastocysts from each production system were transferred into heifers. Fetuses and placentas were recovered on Day 222 of gestation (in vivo, n = 12; in vitro, n = 12). Cotyledonary and caruncular tissues were obtained for quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) mRNA and protein. Tissue sections of placentomes were prepared for morphometric analysis. Fetuses and placentas were heavier from embryos produced in vitro than from embryos produced in vivo. More placentas from embryos produced in vitro had an excessive volume of placental fluid. There was no effect of treatment on the expression of mRNA for VEGF and PPARγ in either cotyledonary or caruncular tissues. The expression of VEGF protein in cotyledons and caruncles as well as the expression of PPARγ protein in cotyledons were not different between the in vitro and in vivo groups. However, caruncles from the in vitro group had increased expression of PPARγ protein. The total surface area of endometrium was greater for the in vitro group compared with controls. In contrast, the percentage placentome surface area was decreased in the in vitro group. Fetal villi and binucleate cell volume densities were decreased in placentomes from embryos produced in vitro. The proportional tissue volume of blood vessels in the maternal caruncles was increased in the in vitro group. Furthermore, the ratios of blood vessel volume density-to-placentome surface area were increased in the in vitro group. In conclusion, these findings are consistent with the concept that compensatory mechanisms exist in the vascular beds of placentas from bovine embryos produced in vitro. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod.104.031427 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 1919-1926 SN - 1529-7268 KW - developmental biology KW - embryo KW - gene regulation KW - in vitro fertilization KW - placenta ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adenovirus-based gene therapy during clevudine treatment of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus AU - Zhu, Y AU - Cullen, JM AU - Aldrich, CE AU - Saputelli, J AU - Miller, D AU - Seeger, C AU - Mason, WS AU - Jilbert, AR T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a potent suppressor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in the HBV-transgenic mouse, depleting virus replication intermediates from infected hepatocytes via pathways mediated by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). It has also been hypothesized that cytokines induce curing of infected hepatocytes via non-cytolytic pathways during resolution of transient hepadnavirus infections. We have therefore evaluated therapy of chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infections using treatment with the nucleoside analog clevudine [L-FMAU; 1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-b-l-arabinofuranosyl) uracil] and therapy with adenovirus vectors expressing INF-γ, TNF-α, and beta-galactosidase. Before their use in vivo, expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α from the adenovirus vectors was evaluated in vitro. Conditioned media from adenovirus-infected WC-3 cells was shown to inhibit WHV replication in baculovirus-transduced cells. Adenovirus super-infection of the liver in woodchucks led to declines in the percentage of hepatocytes with detectable core antigen and nucleic acids, and in levels of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and total WHV DNA, but a major long-term benefit of adenovirus super-infection during clevudine treatment was not demonstrated. Moreover, the effect took at least 2 weeks to develop suggesting that the declines in the percentage of WHV-infected cells, ccc, and total WHV DNA resulted from induction of the adaptive immune response by the adenovirus super-infection, and only indirectly from the expression of cytokines by the vectors. DA - 2004/9/13/ PY - 2004/9/13/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.017 VL - 327 IS - 1 SP - 26-40 SN - 0042-6822 KW - hepatitis B virus KW - clevudine KW - IFN-alpha ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinary medical colleges' diversity awareness AU - Cannedy, AL T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.31.4.417 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 417-420 SN - 0748-321X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of rDNA polymorphism for identification of heterophyidae infecting freshwater fishes AU - Dzikowski, R AU - Levy, MG AU - Poore, MF AU - Flowers, , JR AU - Paperna, I T2 - DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB - DAO Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials DAO 59:35-41 (2004) - doi:10.3354/dao059035 Use of rDNA polymorphism for identification of Heterophyidae infecting freshwater fishes R. Dzikowski1,*, M. G. Levy2, M. F. Poore2, J. R. Flowers2, I. Paperna1 1 Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel 2 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh 27606, North Carolina, USA *Email: rrd2001@med.cornell.edu ABSTRACT: Infections by trematodes are among the most common fish-borne zoonoses. Metacercariae of the Family Heterophyidae in marine and freshwater fishes are nonfastidious in their choice of definitive hosts, and therefore, cause infections in human and domestic animals. In the present study, species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed for identifying and differentiating the various species examined. Sequencing and aligning the 18S (SSU) rDNA revealed interspecific variation for which species-specific DNA oligonucleotides were designed and used for the identification of 6 heterophyid species recovered from piscivorous birds. The oligonucleotides were further used to evaluate the various stages (cercariae recovered from snails, metacercariae recovered from fish and adult trematodes) of the digeneans. By applying this method we elucidated for the first time the life cycle of Pygidiopsis genata. The phylogenetic interrelationship among the newly sequenced species of Heterophyidae is outlined. KEY WORDS: Digenea · Heterophyidae · Birds · Fish · 18S rDNA gene · SSU Full article in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in DAO Vol. 59, No. 1. Online publication date: April 21, 2004 Print ISSN: 0177-5103; Online ISSN: 1616-1580 Copyright © 2004 Inter-Research. DA - 2004/4/21/ PY - 2004/4/21/ DO - 10.3354/dao059035 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - 35-41 SN - 1616-1580 KW - Digenea KW - Heterophyidae KW - birds KW - fish KW - 18S rDNA gene KW - SSU ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Dog as a Sentinel for Human Infection: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 Antibodies in Dogs from Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States AU - Duncan, Ashlee W. AU - Correa, Maria T. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases AB - Lyme disease is the most frequently reported human vector-associated disease in the United States. Infection occurs after the bite of an Ixodid tick that is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs have often been reported to serve as effective sentinel animals to assess the risk of human B. burgdorferi infection. Based on published data of human Lyme disease case numbers and our clinical impressions, we hypothesized that canine exposure to B. burgdorferi would be lower in North Carolina when compared to the exposure in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated B. burgdorferi exposure status utilizing a specific and sensitive C6 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our convenience sample included 1,666 canine serum samples submitted to the Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from North Carolina (n = 987), Virginia (n = 472), Maryland (n = 167), and Pennsylvania (n = 40). Comparisons among states were made using the Chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. A Chi-square test for trend was used to determine if there was an increase in the frequency of seroreactors associated with the geographical origin of the samples. The proportion of seroreactive dogs in North Carolina was markedly lower (p < 0.008) than that observed in dogs from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. These results support the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi transmission seems to occur infrequently in North Carolina dogs as compared to dogs residing in other southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Furthermore, they support the utility of dogs as a sentinel to characterize the risk of B. burgdorferi transmission to humans in a defined geographical location. DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1089/vbz.2004.4.221 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 221-229 J2 - Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 1530-3667 1557-7759 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2004.4.221 DB - Crossref KW - Lyme disease KW - Borrelia burgdorferi KW - dog KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occupational health and gorilla conservation in Rwanda AU - Ali, R AU - Cranfield, M AU - Gaffikin, L AU - Mudakikwa, T AU - Ngeruka, L AU - Whittier, C T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AB - The design and implementation of an employee health program for people who work with mountain gorillas in Rwanda is described. This program aims to improve worker health and to reduce human-to-gorilla transmission of infectious disease. The program covered approximately 111 workers, generally healthy men and women 25-45 years old, including essentially all people in Rwanda who have regular contact with gorillas. Initial assessment included a questionnaire, medical examination, and local tests. U.S. laboratory facilities were utilized to confirm some results and for serologic testing for zoonotic (simian) viruses. Initial interventions included STD/HIV prevention health education, tetanus immunization, and anthelminthic treatment. Local physicians continue to provide health services, including follow-up testing and treatment. Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project (MGVP) veterinarians assist in planning and implementing continuing program components in collaboration with local health authorities and the other employing organizations. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1179/oeh.2004.10.3.319 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 319-325 SN - 1077-3525 KW - employee health program KW - veterinary KW - gorilla conservation KW - interspecies intrainission KW - conservation medicine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neutrophils augment recovery of porcine ischemia-injured ileal mucosa by an IL-1 beta- and COX-2-dependent mechanism AU - Shifflett, DE AU - Bottone, FG AU - Young, KM AU - Moeser, AJ AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a critical role in intestinal mucosal injury and repair. To study effects of PMNs on acutely injured mucosa, we applied PMNs isolated from circulation or peritoneal fluid from animals with chemically induced peritonitis to ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa. In preliminary experiments, PMNs enhanced recovery of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and this action was inhibited by pretreatment with the nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin. Because COX-2 is upregulated by inflammatory mediators such as IL-1beta, which is released by PMNs, we postulated that PMNs enhance recovery of ischemia-injured mucosa by a pathway involving IL-1beta and COX-2. Application of 5 x 10(6) PMNs to the serosal surface of ischemia-injured mucosa significantly enhanced recovery of TER (P < 0.05), an effect that was inhibited by the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (5 microM) and by an IL-1beta receptor antagonist (0.1 mg/ml). Addition of 10 ng/ml IL-1beta to the serosal surface of injured tissues caused a significant increase in TER (P < 0.05) that was inhibited by pretreatment with NS-398. Western blot analysis of mucosal homogenates revealed dramatic upregulation of COX-2 in response to IL-1beta or peritoneal PMNs, and the latter was inhibited by an IL-1beta receptor antagonist. Real-time PCR revealed that increased mRNA COX-2 expression preceded increased COX-2 protein expression in response to IL-1beta. We concluded that PMNs augment recovery of TER in ischemia-injured ileal mucosa via IL-1beta-dependent upregulation of COX-2. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00076.2003 VL - 287 IS - 1 SP - G50-G57 SN - 1522-1547 KW - intestine KW - prostaglandin KW - transepithelial electrical resistance KW - tight junction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein mediates apoptosis in activated PBMC by a mechanism dependent on gp41 function AU - Garg, H AU - Joshi, A AU - Tompkins, WA T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes immunodeficiency in cats, which parallels HIV-1-induced immunodeficiency in humans. It has been established that HIV envelope (Env) glycoprotein mediates T cell loss via a mechanism that requires CXCR4 binding. The Env glycoprotein of FIV, similar to HIV, requires CXCR4 binding for viral entry, as well as inducing membrane fusion leading to syncytia formation. However, the role of FIV Env in T cell loss and the molecular mechanisms governing this process have not been elucidated. We studied the role of Env glycoprotein in FIV-mediated T cell apoptosis in an in vitro model. Our studies demonstrate that membrane-expressed FIV Env induces apoptosis in activated feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by a mechanism that requires CXCR4 binding, as the process was inhibited by CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, studies regarding the role of CD134, the recently identified primary receptor of FIV, suggest that binding to CD134 may not be important for induction of apoptosis in PBMC. However, inhibiting Env-mediated fusion post CXCR4 binding by FIV gp41-specific fusion inhibitor also inhibited apoptosis. Under similar conditions, a fusion-defective gp41 mutant was unable to induce apoptosis in activated PBMC. Our findings are the first report suggesting the potential of FIV Env to mediate apoptosis in bystander cells by a process that is dependent on gp41 function. DA - 2004/12/20/ PY - 2004/12/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2004.10.007 VL - 330 IS - 2 SP - 424-436 SN - 0042-6822 KW - FIV KW - envelope KW - apoptosis KW - fusion KW - syncytia KW - CD134 KW - CXCR4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of fermentation on sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) toxicity in mice AU - Thibodeau, MS AU - Poore, MH AU - Hagler, WM AU - Rogers, GM T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Unfortunate bovine fatalities occurring after ingestion of mold-damaged sweetpotatoes preclude the use of the culled tubers in livestock feed. In cattle, mold-damaged sweetpotatoes induce an acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting in asphyxiation. Because of this potential toxicity and the general abundance of culled sweetpotatoes, the detoxification efficacy of ensiling was explored since it is an easy and economically viable technique often applied to preserve livestock feed. Sweetpotato slices with or without mold damage were stored either frozen (to represent unfermented samples) or fermented for 6 weeks at room temperature. Following fermentation, organic extracts were generated for administration to mice. Thirty hours following administration of the extracts, mice were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions affecting the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Fermentation of 6 weeks duration was observed to inadequately eliminate the lung, liver, and kidney toxicity caused by mold-damaged sweetpotatoes. In fact, fermentation exacerbated the hepatotoxicity of mold-damaged sweetpotatoes. This is also the first demonstration that sweetpotato regions lacking visible mold damage can induce lung and kidney injury, which, however, is preventable by fermentation. Keywords: 4-Ipomeanol; furanoterpenoid; Fusarium sp.; kidney; liver; lung; mouse; sweetpotato DA - 2004/1/28/ PY - 2004/1/28/ DO - 10.1021/jf034885k VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 380-384 SN - 1520-5118 KW - 4-ipomeanol KW - furanoterpenoid KW - Fusarium sp. KW - kidney KW - liver KW - lung KW - mouse KW - sweetpotato ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of polyacrylate membrane-coated fibers used in chemical absorption studies with programmed thermal treatment and FT-IR microscopy AU - Xia, XR AU - Baynes, RE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Riviere, JE T2 - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AB - A polyacrylate (PA) film was coated onto a fused-silica fiber as a permeation membrane in a membrane-coated fiber (MCF) technique and a solid-phase microextraction technique. The molecular changes of the PA membrane after different temperature treatments were studied with FT-IR microscopy. The absorption bands of the PA aliphatic backbone at 2902, 2795, and 2740 cm(-)(1) remained unchanged over the elevated thermal treatments, indicating that the polymer backbone was stable over these conditions. The spectra of the PA membrane remained unchanged when the thermal treatment temperature was under 150 degrees C. When the temperature was 250 degrees C, the O-H stretching band in the -COOH groups of the poly(acrylic acid) at 3315 cm(-)(1) was significantly reduced. When the temperature was higher than 280 degrees C, this O-H band disappeared. These evidences suggested that the PA membrane underwent dehydroxyl reaction to form an anhydride when the thermal treatments were higher than 250 degrees C. Thermal treatments of a deuterated PA MCF confirmed the anhydride formation mechanism. The anhydride formation explained the absorption property of PA MCFs in GC applications where they must be preconditioned at 300 degrees C. The absorption data suggest that a PA fiber does not preferably absorb polar compounds (with permanent dipole moment); instead, it absorbs preferably aromatic compounds. DA - 2004/7/15/ PY - 2004/7/15/ DO - 10.1021/ac0355146 VL - 76 IS - 14 SP - 4245-4250 SN - 0003-2700 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Campylobacter colonization of sibling turkey flocks reared under different management conditions AU - Smith, K AU - Reimers, N AU - Barnes, HJ AU - Lee, BC AU - Siletzky, R AU - Kathariou, S T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Uncertainty exists concerning the key factors contributing to Campylobacter colonization of poultry, especially the possible role of vertical transmission from breeder hens to young birds. A longitudinal study of Campylobacter colonization was performed in two sibling pairs of turkey flocks (four flocks total). Each pair of sibling flocks shared breeder hen populations and was obtained from the same hatchery. One flock of each pair was grown on a commercial farm, and the other was grown in an instructional demonstration unit (Teaching Animal Unit [TAU]). Flocks were located within a 60-mi (96.8-km) radius. The time of placement, feed formulations, stocking density, and general husbandry were the same for both flocks, and each flock was processed at a commercial processing plant following standard feed withdrawal and transport protocols. Both flocks grown on the commercial farms became colonized with Campylobacter between weeks 2 and 3 and remained colonized until processing. Between 80 and 90% of isolates were Campylobacter coli, and the remainder were Campylobacter jejuni. In contrast, neither C. coli nor C. jejuni were isolated from either of the TAU flocks at any time during the production cycle. None of the fla types of Campylobacter from the breeders that provided poults to one of the commercial flocks matched those from the progeny. These results failed to provide evidence for vertical transmission and indicate that this type of transmission either did not occur or was not sufficient to render the TAU turkey flocks Campylobacter positive. Management practices such as proper litter maintenance, controlled traffic between the TAU farm and other turkey flocks, and other less well-defined aspects of turkey production were likely responsible for the absence of Campylobacter in the TAU flocks before harvest. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-67.7.1463 VL - 67 IS - 7 SP - 1463-1468 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide after oral administration to horses AU - Johansson, AM AU - Gardner, SY AU - Levine, JF AU - Papich, MG AU - LaFevers, DH AU - Goldman, RB AU - Sheets, MK AU - Atkins, CE T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Furosemide is the most common diuretic drug used in horses. Furosemide is routinely administered as IV or IM bolus doses 3-4 times a day. Administration PO is often suggested as an alternative, even though documentation of absorption and efficacy in horses is lacking. This study was carried out in a randomized, crossover design and compared 8-hour urine volume among control horses that received placebo, horses that received furosemide at 1 mg/kg PO, and horses that received furosemide at 1 mg/kg IV. Blood samples for analysis of plasma furosemide concentrations, PCV, and total solids were obtained at specific time points from treated horses. Furosemide concentrations were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Systemic availability of furosemide PO was poor, erratic, and variable among horses. Median systemic bioavailability was 5.4% (25th percentile, 75th percentile: 3.5, 9.6). Horses that received furosemide IV produced 7.4 L (7.1, 7.7) of urine over the 8-hour period. The maximum plasma concentration of 0.03 microg/mL after administration PO was not sufficient to increase urine volume compared with control horses (1.2 L [1.0, 1.4] PO versus 1.2 L [1.0, 1.4] control). There was a mild decrease in urine specific gravity within 1-2 hours after administration of furosemide PO, and urine specific gravity was significantly lower in horses treated with furosemide PO compared with control horses at the 2-hour time point. Systemic availability of furosemide PO was poor and variable. Furosemide at 1 mg/kg PO did not induce diuresis in horses. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<739:PAPOFA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 739-743 SN - 1939-1676 KW - equine KW - frusemide KW - loop diuretic KW - oral bioavailability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate COX-2 and mucosal recovery in ischemic-injured porcine ileum AU - Shifflett, DE AU - Jones, SL AU - Moeser, AJ AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways transduce signals from a diverse array of extracellular stimuli. The three primary MAPK-signaling pathways are the extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK). Previous research in our laboratory has shown that COX-2-elaborated prostanoids participate in recovery of mucosal barrier function in ischemic-injured porcine ileum. Because COX-2 expression is regulated in part by MAPKs, we postulated that MAPK pathways would play an integral role in recovery of injured mucosa. Porcine mucosa was subjected to 45 min of ischemia, after which tissues were mounted in Ussing chambers, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was monitored as an index of recovery of barrier function. Treatment of tissues with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-203580 (0.1 mM) or the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 (0.1 mM) abolished recovery. Western blot analysis revealed that SB-203580 inhibited upregulation of COX-2 that was observed in untreated ischemic-injured mucosa, whereas PD-98059 had no effect on COX-2 expression. Inhibition of TER recovery by SB-203580 or PD-98059 was overcome by administration of exogenous prostaglandin E 2 (1 μM). The JNK inhibitor SP-600125 (0.1 mM) significantly increased TER and resulted in COX-2 upregulation. COX-2 expression appears to be positively and negatively regulated by the p38 MAPK and the JNK pathways, respectively. Alternatively, ERK1/2 appear to be involved in COX-2-independent reparative events that remain to be defined. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00478.2003 VL - 286 IS - 6 SP - G906-G913 SN - 1522-1547 KW - intestine KW - prostaglandin KW - transepithelial electrical resistance KW - cyclooxygenase 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic data of veterinary drugs using the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank: oxytetracycline and procaine penicillin G AU - Craigmill, AL AU - Miller, GR AU - Gehring, R AU - Pierce, AN AU - Riviere, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Investigators frequently face the quandary of how to interpret the often times disparate pharmacokinetic parameter values reported in the literature. Combining of data from multiple studies (meta-analysis) is a useful tool in pharmacokinetics. Few studies have explored the use of meta-analysis for veterinary species. Even fewer studies have explored the potential strengths and weaknesses of the various methods of performing a meta-analysis. Therefore, in this study we performed a meta-analysis for oxytetracycline (OTC) and procaine penicillin G (PPG) given intramuscularly to cattle. The analysis included 28 individual data sets from 18 published papers for PPG (288 data points), and 41 individual data sets from 25 published papers for OTC (489 data points). Three methods were used to calculate the parameters. The first was a simple statistical analysis of the parameter values reported in each paper. The second method was a standard Two-Stage Method (TSM) using the mean concentration vs. time data extracted from each paper. The third method was the use of nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NMEM) of the concentration vs. time data reported in the various papers, treating the mean data as if each set came from an individual animal. The results of this evaluation indicate that all three methods generate comparable mean parameter estimates for OTC and PPG. The only significant difference noted was for OTC absorption half-lives taken from the published literature, a difference attributable to the use of an alternative method of parameter calculation. The NMEM procedure offers the possibility of including covariates such as dose, age, and weight. In this study the covariates did not influence the derived parameters. A combination approach to meta-analysis of published mean data is recommended, where the TSM is the first step, followed by the NMEM approach. DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00606.x VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 343-353 SN - 0140-7783 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combined anti-retroviral therapy (CART) in a feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)infected cat AU - Huebner, J. AU - Klein, D. AU - Muller, E. AU - Vahlenkamp, T. W. AU - Langbein, I. T2 - Kleintier-Praxis DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 49 IS - 8 SP - 517- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomechanical evaluation of suture pullout from canine arytenoid cartilages: Effects of hole diameter, suture configuration, suture size, and distraction rate AU - Mathews, KG AU - Roe, S AU - Stebbins, M AU - Barnes, R AU - Mente, PL T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Objective— To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine arytenoid cartilage–suture constructs. Study Design— Experimental study. Sample Population— Eighty canine cadaveric larynges. Methods— Arytenoid cartilage–suture constructs were loaded to failure on a materials testing machine. The effect of hole size, suture configuration, suture size, and rate of distraction on load at failure, displacement at failure, energy to failure, and construct stiffness were evaluated. Polypropylene sutures were used exclusively. Specific variables evaluated were: (1) hole size—SH needle, 22, 20, and 18 ga hypodermic needles; (2) suture configurations—single dorsal and ventral articular sutures, double sutures, horizontal mattress, locking loop, and single non‐articular sutures; (3) suture size—1, 0, 2‐0, and 3‐0; and (4) distraction rate—0.83 and 36.66 mm/s. Results— Hole size had no effect on any biomechanical variable. Double suture and horizontal mattress configurations had the highest median load and energy at failure. Single dorsal suture configurations that did not include the arcuate crest had the lowest median load at failure. Larger suture sizes tended to result in stiffer constructs. Cartilage–suture constructs behaved in a viscoelastic manner where load at failure, energy at failure, and stiffness increased when distraction rate was increased, whereas displacement at failure did not. Most constructs failed by suture pullout regardless of distraction rate, although 50% of horizontal mattress configurations failed by avulsion of the muscular process. Conclusion— Suture and hole sizes appear to have few effects on the biomechanical performance of arytenoid–suture constructs. Double‐suture and horizontal mattress suture patterns had the best overall mechanical properties for arytenoid lateralization. Single‐suture techniques, which do not incorporate the arcuate crest, were biomechanically inferior. Clinical Relevance— Cumbersome large‐diameter sutures offer no advantage over smaller sutures when performing arytenoid lateralization. The cross‐sectional geometry of the muscular process should be taken into account when placing sutures in the arytenoid cartilages. Single‐suture techniques that do not incorporate the arcuate crest should be avoided. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04029.x VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 191-199 SN - 0161-3499 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aflatoxin Binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed AU - Diaz, DE AU - Hagler, WM AU - Blackwelder, JT AU - Eve, JA AU - Hopkins, BA AU - Anderson, KL AU - Jones, FT AU - Whitlow, LW T2 - MYCOPATHOLOGIA DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1023/B:MYCO.0000020587.93872.59 VL - 157 IS - 2 SP - 233-241 SN - 1573-0832 KW - aflatoxin B1 KW - aflatoxin M1 KW - bentonite KW - activated carbon KW - esterified glucomannan KW - sequestering agents ER - TY - JOUR TI - Struvite penile urethrolithiasis in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) AU - Harms, CA AU - Lo Piccolo, R AU - Rotstein, DS AU - Hohn, AA T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Massive urolithiasis of the penile urethra was observed in an adult pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) stranded on Topsail Island, North Carolina, USA. Calculi occupied the urethra from just distal to the sigmoid flexure to the tip of the penis for a length of 43 cm. A urethral diverticulum was present proximal to the calculi. The major portion of the multinodular urolith weighed 208 g and was 16 cm long × 3.7 cm diameter at the widest point. The urolith was composed of 100% struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and on culture yielded Klebsiella oxytoca, a ureasepositive bacterium occasionally associated with struvite urolith formation in domestic animals. Reaction to the calculi was characterized histologically by moderate multifocal to coalescing plasmacytic balanitis and penile urethritis. Role of the urethrolithiasis in the whale's stranding is speculative but could have involved pain or metabolic perturbations such as uremia or hyperammonemia. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.588 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 588-593 SN - 0090-3558 KW - Kogia breviceps KW - pygmy sperm whale KW - struvite KW - urethrolith KW - urinary calculi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spontaneous T cell apoptosis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats is inhibited by IL2 and anti-B7.1 antibodies AU - Bull, ME AU - Vahlenkamp, TW AU - Dow, JL AU - Collisson, EW AU - Winslow, BJ AU - Phadke, AP AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Tompkins, WAF T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Lymph node (LN) T cells from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats have an increased expression of B7 co-stimulatory molecules as well as their ligand CTLA4, resembling an activation phenotype shown to induce anergy and apoptosis in activated T cells. In addition, LN T cells from FIV-infected cats also show increased spontaneous apoptosis compared to uninfected animals. The apoptosis observed in these animals occurs primarily in T cells expressing B7 and CTLA4, suggesting a role for B7 and CTLA4 interactions in the induction of anergy/apoptosis. In order to investigate the role of B7 and CTLA4 interactions on T cell apoptosis in LN T cells from FIV-infected cats, we performed blocking experiments by measuring T cell apoptosis in LN T cell cultures treated with anti-feline B7.1, B7.2, and CTLA4 specific antibodies, as well as interleukin (IL)-2. The addition of IL2, the primary cytokine produced by B7/CD28 interactions, resulted in a significant decrease of T cell apoptosis in cultured LN cells as assessed by two-color flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. The addition of anti-B7.1 antibodies significantly inhibited T cell apoptosis in FIV-infected cats with low-level plasma viremia, while addition of anti-B7.2 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies had no affect. These results suggest a role of B7 signaling in the increased spontaneous apoptosis observed in LN T cells from FIV-infected animals. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.01.010 VL - 99 IS - 1-2 SP - 25-37 SN - 1873-2534 KW - FIV KW - apoptosis KW - IL2 KW - B7 co-stimulatory molecules KW - CTLA4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seroprevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and Toxocara catiin feral and pet domestic cats AU - Nutter, Felicia B. AU - Dubey, J. P. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Ford, Richard B. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Objective —To compare seroprevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and Toxocara cati in feral and pet domestic cats. Design —Prospective cross-sectional serologic and coprologic survey. Animals —100 feral cats and 76 pet domestic cats from Randolph County, NC. Procedure —Blood and fecal samples were collected and tested. Results —Percentages of feral cats seropositive for antibodies against B henselae and T gondii (93% and 63%, respectively) were significantly higher than percentages of pet cats (75% and 34%). Percentages of feral and pet cats with Cryptosporidium spp (7% of feral cats; 6% of pet cats), Giardia spp (6% of feral cats; 5% of pet cats), and T cati ova (21% of feral cats; 18% of pet cats) in their feces were not significantly different between populations. Results of CBCs and serum biochemical analyses were not significantly different between feral and pet cats, except that feral cats had a significantly lower median PCV and significantly higher median neutrophil count. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggested that feral and pet cats had similar baseline health status, as reflected by results of hematologic and serum biochemical testing and similar prevalences of infection with Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and T cati . Feral cats did have higher seroprevalences of antibodies against B henselae and T gondii than did pet cats, but this likely was related to greater exposure to vectors of these organisms. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1394–1398) DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1394 VL - 225 IS - 9 SP - 1394-1398 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1394 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate AU - Nutter, Felicia B. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To determine reproductive capacity of naturally breeding free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate.Prospective cohort and retrospective cross-sectional study.2,332 female cats brought to a trap-neuter-return clinic for neutering and 71 female cats and 171 kittens comprising 50 litters from a cohort study of feral cats in managed colonies.Data collected for all cats included pregnancy, lactation, and estrus status and number of fetuses for pregnant cats. Additional data collected for feral cats in managed colonies included numbers of litters per year and kittens per litter, date of birth, kitten survival rate, and causes of death.Pregnant cats were observed in all months of the year, but the percentage of cats found to be pregnant was highest in March, April, and May. Cats produced a mean of 1.4 litters/y, with a median of 3 kittens/litter (range, 1 to 6). Overall, 127 of 169 (75%) kittens died or disappeared before 6 months of age. Trauma was the most common cause of death.Results illustrate the high reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats. Realistic estimates of the reproductive capacity of female cats may be useful in assessing the effectiveness of population control strategies. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399 VL - 225 IS - 9 SP - 1399-1402 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in a group of captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) AU - De Voe, R AU - Geissler, K AU - Elmore, S AU - Rotstein, D AU - Lewbart, G AU - Guy, J T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Seven captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from a large collection of North American chelonians in North Carolina became acutely ill in the fall of 2002. Five of the turtles died. Clinical signs included cutaneous abscessation, oral ulceration or abscessation (or both), respiratory distress, anorexia, and lethargy. The predominant postmortem lesion was fibrinoid vasculitis of various organs, including skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and liver. No inclusion bodies were detected by histopathology or electron microscopy of formalin-fixed tissue. An iridovirus was isolated from tissues obtained postmortem from two of the box turtles that died. The virus was characterized by electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis of a portion of the major capsid protein as a member of the genus Ranavirus. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1638/03-037 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 534-543 SN - 1042-7260 KW - eastern box turtle KW - Terrapene carolina carolina KW - iridovirus KW - Ranavirus KW - vasculitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixture additives inhibit the dermal permeation of the fatty acid, ricinoleic acid AU - Baynes, R.E AU - Riviere, J.E T2 - Toxicology Letters AB - Ricinoleic acid (RA) like many of the ingredients in machine cutting fluids and other industrial formulations are potential dermal irritants, yet very little is known about its permeability in skin. 3H-ricinoleic acid mixtures were formulated with three commonly used cutting fluid additives; namely, triazine (TRI), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), and triethanolamine (TEA) and topically applied to inert silastic membranes and porcine skin in vitro as aqueous mineral oil (MO) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixtures. These additives significantly decreased ricinoleic acid partitioning from the formulation into the stratum corneum (SC) in PEG-based mixtures. Except for LAS, all other additives produced a more basic formulation (pH = 9.3-10.3). In silastic membranes and porcine skin, individual additives or combination of additives significantly reduced ricinoleic permeability. This trend in ricinoleic acid disposition in both membranes suggests that the mixture interaction is more physicochemical in nature and probably not related to the chemical-induced changes in the biological membrane as may be assumed with topical exposures to potentially irritant formulations. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.014 VL - 147 IS - 1 SP - 15-26 J2 - Toxicology Letters LA - en OP - SN - 0378-4274 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.014 DB - Crossref KW - ricinoleic acid KW - skin KW - permeability KW - mixtures ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunoglobulin-mediated agglutination of and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli K-12 require the type 1 pilus fiber AU - Orndorff, PE AU - Devapali, A AU - Palestrant, S AU - Wyse, A AU - Everett, ML AU - Bollinger, RR AU - Parker, W T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - ABSTRACT The binding of human secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), the primary immunoglobulin in the gut, to Escherichia coli is thought to be dependent on type 1 pili. Type 1 pili are filamentous bacterial surface attachment organelles comprised principally of a single protein, the product of the fimA gene. A minor component of the pilus fiber (the product of the fimH gene, termed the adhesin) mediates attachment to a variety of host cell molecules in a mannose inhibitable interaction that has been extensively described. We found that the aggregation of E. coli K-12 by human secretory IgA (SIgA) was dependent on the presence of the pilus fiber, even in the absence of the mannose specific adhesin or in the presence of 25 mM α-CH 3 Man. The presence of pilus without adhesin also facilitated SIgA-mediated biofilm formation on polystyrene, although biofilm formation was stronger in the presence of the adhesin. IgM also mediated aggregation and biofilm formation in a manner dependent on pili with or without adhesin. These findings indicate that the pilus fiber, even in the absence of the adhesin, may play a role in biologically important processes. Under conditions in which E. coli was agglutinated by SIgA, the binding of SIgA to E. coli was not increased by the presence of the pili, with or without adhesin. This observation suggests that the pili, with or without adhesin, affect factors such as cell surface rigidity or electrostatic repulsion, which can affect agglutination but which do not necessarily determine the level of bound immunoglobulin. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1128/IAI.72.4.1929-1938.2004 VL - 72 IS - 4 SP - 1929-1938 SN - 1098-5522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gill metaplasia in a goldfish, Carassius auratus auratus (L.) AU - Govett, PD AU - Rotstein, DS AU - Lewbart, GA T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES AB - Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 27, Issue 7 p. 419-423 Gill metaplasia in a goldfish, Carassius auratus auratus (L.) P D Govett, P D Govett Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorD S Rotstein, D S Rotstein North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC, USA Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Present address: D S Rotstein, Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA Search for more papers by this authorG A Lewbart, G A Lewbart Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author P D Govett, P D Govett Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorD S Rotstein, D S Rotstein North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC, USA Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Present address: D S Rotstein, Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA Search for more papers by this authorG A Lewbart, G A Lewbart Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00546.xCitations: 6 Pamela Govett, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA (e-mail: pamgovett@hotmail.com) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume27, Issue7July 2004Pages 419-423 RelatedInformation DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00546.x VL - 27 IS - 7 SP - 419-423 SN - 0140-7775 KW - Carassius auratus auratus KW - gill KW - goldfish KW - Mycobacterium KW - osseous metaplasia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dose related absorption of JP-8 jet fuel hydrocarbons through porcine skin with quantitative structure permeability relationship analysis AU - Muhammad, F AU - Baynes, RE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Xia, XR AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY MECHANISMS AND METHODS AB - The effects of dosage on the percutaneous absorption of jet fuel hydrocarbons is not clear, yet is essential for human risk assessment. The present study is an ongoing approach to assess the dose-related percutaneous absorption of a number of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The first treatment (1X) was comprised of mixtures containing undecane (4.1%), dodecane (4.7%), tridecane (4.4%), tetradecane (3%), pentadecane (1.6%), naphthalene (1.1%), and dimethyl naphthalene (1.3% of jet fuels) in hexadecane solvent using porcine skin flow through diffusion cell. Other treatments (n = 4 cells) were 2X and 5X concentrations. Perfusate samples were analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using head space solid phase micro-extraction fiber technique. We have standardized the assay to have a good linear correlation for all the tested components in media standards. Absorption parameters including diffusivity, permeability, steady state flux, and percent dose absorbed were estimated for all the tested hydrocarbons. This approach provides a baseline to access component interactions among themselves and with the diluent (solvents). A quantitative structure permeability relationship (QSPR) model was derived to predict the permeability of unknown jet fuel hydrocarbons in this solvent system by using their physicochemical parameters. Our findings suggested a dose related increase in absorption for naphthalene and dimethyl naphthalene (DMN). DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1080/15376520490429319 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 159-166 SN - 1537-6524 KW - absorption KW - GC-SPME KW - hydrocarbons KW - jet fuels KW - porcine skin KW - QSPR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection and molecular characterization of a novel large Babesia species in a dog AU - Birkenheuer, AJ AU - Neel, J AU - Ruslander, D AU - Levy, MG AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - Babesia canis has generally been considered the only large Babesia to infect dogs. Here we describe the molecular characterization of a large Babesia species that was detected in the blood and bone marrow of a dog with clinical and hematological abnormalities consistent with babesiosis. Analysis of the 18S rRNA genes revealed a unique sequence that shared 93.9% sequence identity with B. bigemina and 93.5% sequence identity with B. caballi, compared to 91.2-91.6% identity with B. canis canis, B. c. vogeli, and B. c. rossi. Cross-reactive antibodies against B. canis, B. gibsoni (Asian genotype), or B. gibsoni (California genotype) antigens were not detected in acute or convalescent serum samples. The dog was treated with imidocarb diproprionate, which resulted in the resolution of clinical signs, and subsequently Babesia DNA was not detectable by PCR in post-treatment samples. The organism described in this report represents a genetically unique large Babesia sp. and is the eighth genetically distinct piroplasm capable of infecting the domestic dog. DA - 2004/10/5/ PY - 2004/10/5/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.008 VL - 124 IS - 3-4 SP - 151-160 SN - 1873-2550 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4644359888&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - piroplasm KW - babesiosis KW - 18S KW - rRNA KW - taxonomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing infrared spectroscopy and egg size measurements for predicting eggshell quality AU - Narushin, VG AU - Kempen, TA AU - Wineland, MJ AU - Christensen, VL T2 - BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING AB - The objective of the undertaken research was to compare infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and egg size measurements for non-destructive evaluation of eggshell strength. For the infrared analysis of the eggs from broiler breeds Ross 508×Ross and Case×Ross, an infrared spectrometer equipped with an upward looking diffuse reflection accessory was used. Data were collected from 5000 to 640 cm−1 at a resolution of 2 cm−1. Infrared and egg size parameters were correlated with eggshell quality parameters obtained using invasive techniques. Shell thickness was best predicted by IRS (correlation coefficient 0·52 versus 0·32 based on size measurements). Shell fracture force, maximal deformation, and shell stiffness were predicted with comparable accuracy by both IRS and egg size parameters (correlation coefficients ranging from 0·24 to 0·42). IRS was also able to predict shell weight with reasonable accuracy (correlation coefficient 0·72). Data suggest that neither physical size measurements or IRS yield high-quality predictions of eggshell quality, but IRS, given its speed and ability to predict multiple parameters with one measurement appears the favourable technique to explore further. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.12.006 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 367-373 SN - 1537-5129 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative studies of mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species AU - Vance, C. K. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. AU - Obringer, A. R. AU - Roth, T. L. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Cellular immune function in four rhinoceros species was evaluated by way of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation responses to mitogenic and antigenic stimuli to establish normative data on white blood cell activity for each species and to identify species-specific differences that might help explain the predisposition of black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) to disease. A cross section of the U.S. rhinoceros population encompassing all four captive species was sampled, including the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) (n = 3); Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) (n = 4); African black rhinoceros (n = 16); and African white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) (n = 10). Of the four species evaluated, African black rhinoceroses exhibited the weakest (P < 0.05) lymphocyte proliferative responses to the mitogens: pokeweed (0.1 μg/ml), phytohemagglutinin (0.3 μg/ml), and concanavalin A (5.0 μg/ml). Total cell density at the end of culture was only 70% of that achieved with lymphocytes isolated from African white rhinoceroses, Indian rhinoceroses, and Sumatran rhinoceroses. However, lymphocyte response to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide was similar (P > 0.05) across species. Antigenic stimulation produced much weaker responses than mitogenic stimulation. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed among rhinoceros species in response to 1 and 10 μg/ml of Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae or Leptospira gryppotyphosa. Lymphocytes from African white rhinoceroses proliferated weakly in the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus filtrate, whereas lymphocytes from the southern black rhinoceros subspecies appeared slightly suppressed in the presence of increasing doses (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml) of Aspergillus filtrate. This comparative data set characterizing lymphocyte proliferation in the rhinoceros reveals several differences in immune cell responses among rhinoceros species and provides some evidence that lymphocytes of captive African black rhinoceroses are less vigorous than those of the other rhinoceros species. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1638/04-014 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 435-446 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative mixture effects of JP-8(100) additives on the dermal absorption and disposition of jet fuel hydrocarbons in different membrane model systems AU - Muhammad, F AU - Brooks, JD AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY LETTERS AB - Jet fuel are complex mixtures of hydrocarbon fuel components and performance additives. Three different membrane systems, silastic, porcine skin and the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) were used to gain insight into the possible mechanism for additive interactions on hydrocarbon component absorption. Influence of JP-8(100) additives on the dermal kinetics of 14C-naphthalene and 14C/3H-dodecane as markers of hydrocarbon absorption, were evaluated using analysis of means (ANOM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). This study indicated that the naphthalene absorption through silastic membrane was significantly different with JP-8 plus individual additives as compared to controls, i.e. JP-8 and JP-8(100). The porcine skin data indicated that neither individual nor combinations of additives affected naphthalene absorption. The third membrane system (IPPSF) showed that only MDA and BHT were important additives altering naphthalene absorption. MDA was a significant suppressor while BHT was a significant enhancer of naphthalene absorption. MDA significantly decreased dodecane absorption in skin flaps. All individual and combinations of two additives with JP-8 affected naphthalene and dodecane surface retention in silastic membrane. The IPPSF indicated that only 8Q405 is a significant modulator of surface retention for both marker hydrocarbons. The 8Q405 significantly reduced naphthalene contents in dosed silastic and skin indicating a direct interaction between additive and marker hydrocarbons. The MDA and BHT, which significantly retained naphthalene in the stratum corneum of porcine skin individually, led to a statistical decrease in its retention in the stratum corneum when in combination (MDA+BHT) suggesting a potential biological interaction. These observations demonstrate that the single membrane system may not be suitable for the final prediction of complex additive interactions in jet fuels. Rather a combination of different membrane systems may provide the insight to elucidate the possible mechanism for additive interactions. Finally, it is important to assess all components of a chemical mixture since the effects of single components administered alone or as pairs may be confounded when all are present in the complete mixture. DA - 2004/5/2/ PY - 2004/5/2/ DO - 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.02.012 VL - 150 IS - 3 SP - 351-365 SN - 1879-3169 KW - JP-8(100) KW - mixture effects KW - comparative absorption KW - membrane models ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea : Clinostomidae) are separate species based on differences in ribosomal DNA AU - Dzikowski, R AU - Levy, MG AU - Poore, MF AU - Flowers, , JR AU - Paperna, I T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - Infections by metacercariae of Clinostomum (Leidy, 1856) species adversely affect aquacultured fish and are potentially transmissible to humans. Molecular methodologies are efficient tools, which enable diagnosis of all life-history stages of trematodes in their diverse hosts. The small subunit of ribosomal DNA genes of adults of the Old World Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1819) and the New World Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819), obtained from a little egret Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) and the great blue heron Ardea herodias (Linnaeus, 1758), respectively, were amplified, sequenced, and aligned. The resulting alignment was used to develop a genetic assay to differentiate between these species. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1645/GE-159R VL - 90 IS - 2 SP - 413-414 SN - 0022-3395 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CIC-2 chloride secretion mediates prostaglandin-induced recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured porcine ileum AU - Moeser, AJ AU - Haskell, MM AU - Shifflett, DE AU - Little, D AU - Schultz, BD AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - GASTROENTEROLOGY AB - Background & Aims Ischemia results in the breakdown of the intestinal barrier, predisposing patients to sepsis and multiple organ failure. Prostaglandins play a critical role in mediating recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured intestine through a mechanism involving stimulation of Cl− secretion. In the present study, we investigated the contributory role of individual Cl− channels in the recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured porcine ileum. Methods Ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and transepithelial resistance (TER) were measured in response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pharmacologic inhibitors of epithelial Cl− channels. Immunoassays were used to assess the expression and localization of ion channels. Results Application of PGE2 to ischemia-injured ileal mucosa stimulated increases in Isc, an indicator of Cl− secretion, that was followed by marked increases in TER, an indicator of barrier function recovery. In vitro studies revealed that although PGE2 induced Cl− secretion via at least 3 distinct secretory pathways, recovery of barrier function was initiated by Cl− secretion via ClC-2 Cl− channels co-expressed with occludin and localized to tight junctions within restituting epithelium. Intravenous administration of furosemide to pigs subjected to 1 hour of ileal ischemia impaired recovery of barrier function, as evidenced by decreased TER and increased mucosal-to-serosal 3H-mannitol flux after a 2-hour reperfusion/recovery period, confirming an important role for Cl− secretory pathways in vivo. Conclusions ClC-2–mediated intestinal Cl− secretion restores TER in ischemia-injured intestine. These data may provide the basis for targeted pharmacologic therapy for diseases associated with impaired barrier function. Background & Aims Ischemia results in the breakdown of the intestinal barrier, predisposing patients to sepsis and multiple organ failure. Prostaglandins play a critical role in mediating recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured intestine through a mechanism involving stimulation of Cl− secretion. In the present study, we investigated the contributory role of individual Cl− channels in the recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured porcine ileum. Methods Ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and transepithelial resistance (TER) were measured in response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pharmacologic inhibitors of epithelial Cl− channels. Immunoassays were used to assess the expression and localization of ion channels. Results Application of PGE2 to ischemia-injured ileal mucosa stimulated increases in Isc, an indicator of Cl− secretion, that was followed by marked increases in TER, an indicator of barrier function recovery. In vitro studies revealed that although PGE2 induced Cl− secretion via at least 3 distinct secretory pathways, recovery of barrier function was initiated by Cl− secretion via ClC-2 Cl− channels co-expressed with occludin and localized to tight junctions within restituting epithelium. Intravenous administration of furosemide to pigs subjected to 1 hour of ileal ischemia impaired recovery of barrier function, as evidenced by decreased TER and increased mucosal-to-serosal 3H-mannitol flux after a 2-hour reperfusion/recovery period, confirming an important role for Cl− secretory pathways in vivo. Conclusions ClC-2–mediated intestinal Cl− secretion restores TER in ischemia-injured intestine. These data may provide the basis for targeted pharmacologic therapy for diseases associated with impaired barrier function. The intestinal epithelium serves a divergent role in gastrointestinal function. On one hand, the intestinal epithelium facilitates the efficient transport of water and nutrients across the epithelium while on the other hand it forms a selective barrier that restricts potentially pathogenic luminal microorganisms and their products from traversing the epithelium and gaining entry into the subepithelial tissues and circulation.1Gerwitz A.T. Liu Y. Sitaraman S.V. Madara J.L. Intestinal epithelial pathobiology past, present, and future.Best Pract Res Gastroenterol. 2002; 16: 851-867Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar Disruption of the intestinal barrier is a sequela to a number of gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy, and assault by enteric pathogens.2Berkes J. Viswanathan V.K. Savkovic S.D. Hecht G. Intestinal epithelial responses to enteric pathogens effects on the tight junction barrier, ion transport, and inflammation.Gut. 2000; 52: 439-451Crossref Scopus (461) Google Scholar, 3DeMeo M.T. Mutlu E.A. Keshavarzian A. Tobin M.C. Intestinal permeation and gastrointestinal disease.J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002; 34: 385-396Crossref PubMed Scopus (234) Google Scholar, 4Hawkey C.J. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy.Gastroenterology. 2000; 119: 521-535Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (305) Google Scholar Furthermore, there is a direct association between impaired barrier function and the onset of sepsis and multiple organ failure.5Deitch E.A. Rutan R. Waymack J.P. Trauma, shock, and gut translocation.New Horizons. 1996; 4: 289-299PubMed Google Scholar, 6Moore F.A. Moore E.E. Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of postinjury multiple organ failure.Surg Clin North Am. 1995; 75: 257-277Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (459) Google Scholar Prostaglandins (PGs) are metabolites of arachidonic acid formed through a cyclooxygenase-dependent pathway and are produced, in part, as a response to intestinal injury and breakdown of barrier function.7Argenzio R.A. Lecce J. Powell D.W. Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis.Gastroenterology. 1993; 104: 440-471PubMed Google Scholar, 8Eckmann L. Stenson W.F. Savidge T.C. Lowe D.C. Barrett K.E. Fierer J. Smith J.R. Kagnoff M.F. Role of intestinal epithelial cells in the host secretory response to infection by invasive bacteria Bacterial entry induces epithelial prostaglandin h synthase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha production.J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 296-309Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar PGs are potent mediators of inflammation and intestinal fluid secretion.9Smith W.L. DeWitt D.L. Prostaglandin endoperoxidase H synthases-1 and -2.Adv Immunol. 1996; 62: 167-215Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 10Appleton I. Tomlinson A. Willoughby D.A. Induction of cyclo-oxygenase and nitric oxide synthase in inflammation.Adv Pharmacol. 1996; 35: 27-78Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar, 11Calderaro V. Rossi F. Intestinal chloride secretion cyclic AMP and Ca2+ interactions.in: Gaginella T.S. Regulatory mechanisms in gastrointestinal function. CRC Press, Boca Raton1995: 27-97Google Scholar, 12Unmack M.A. Hansen M.B. Grondahl M.L. Olsen J.E. Christensen P. Skadhauge E. Effects of indomethacin on Salmonella typhimurium- and cholera toxin-induced fluid accumulation in the porcine small intestine.J Vet A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2001; 48: 153-163Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 13Cipolla G. Crema F. Sacco S. Moro E. De Ponti F. Frigo G. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and inflammatory bowel disease current perspectives.Pharmacol Res. 2002; 6: 1-6Crossref Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 14Eberhart C.E. Dubois R.N. Eicosanoids and the gastrointestinal tract.Gastroenterology. 1995; 109: 285-301Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (350) Google Scholar, 15Wallace J.L. Prostaglandin biology in inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001; 30: 971-980Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar The latter effect has been shown by the ability of PGs to induce Cl− secretion and secretory diarrhea in both in vitro and in vivo models.16Gaginella T.S. Eicosanoid-mediated intestinal secretion.in: Lenethal E. Duffy M. Textbook of secretory diarrhea. Raven, New York1990: 15-30Google Scholar, 17Eberhart C.E. DuBois R.N. Eicosanoids and the gastrointestinal tract.Gastroenterology. 1995; 109: 285-301Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (406) Google Scholar, 18Lanza F.L. Kochman R.L. Geis G.S. Rack E.M. Deysach L.G. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-day evaluation of two doses of misoprostol in gastroduodenal mucosal protection against damage from aspirin and effects on bowel habits.Am J Gastroenterol. 1991; 86: 1743-1748PubMed Google Scholar Despite the negative implications associated with excessive PG production, a low level of PG synthesis is required for normal gut function. This apparent PG tone is involved in the maintenance of gastrointestinal protective functions such as stimulation of epithelial mucus and bicarbonate secretion, regulation of mucosal blood flow, and induction of epithelial cell proliferation.17Eberhart C.E. DuBois R.N. Eicosanoids and the gastrointestinal tract.Gastroenterology. 1995; 109: 285-301Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (406) Google Scholar, 19Wallace J.L. Bell C.J. Gastromucosal defense.Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 1996; 12: 503-511Crossref Scopus (23) Google Scholar The cytoprotective role of PGs is evidenced clearly by the gastrointestinal tract injury induced by chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy.20Bjarnason I. Williams P. Smethurst P. Peters T.J. Levi A.J. The effect of NSAIDs and prostaglandins on the permeability of the human small intestine.Gut. 1986; 27: 1292-1297Crossref PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar, 21Graumlich J.F. Preventing gastrointestinal complications of NSAIDs risk factors, recent advances, and latest strategies.Postgrad Med. 2001; 109: 117-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar We previously have shown a critical role of PGs in the recovery of barrier function in injured intestine.22Blikslager A.T. Roberts M.C. Rhoads M.J. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandins I2 and E2 have a synergistic role in rescuing epithelial barrier function in porcine ileum.J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 1928-1933Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar, 23Blikslager A.T. Roberts M.C. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandin-induced recovery of barrier function in porcine ileum is triggered by chloride secretion.Am J Physiol. 1999; 276: G28-G36PubMed Google Scholar, 24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar, 25Gookin J.L. Galanko J.A. Blikslager A.T. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandin-mediated closure of paracellular pathway and not restitution is the primary determinant of barrier recovery in acutely injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 285: G967-G979Google Scholar This is based on evidence that treatment of acutely injured porcine ileum with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin significantly impaired the ability of the intestine to recover barrier function, as measured by the recovery of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Furthermore, application of exogenous PGs to injured mucosa rapidly restored TER, an effect associated with the closure of the paracellular space. PGs stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent Cl− secretion and inhibit electroneutral Na+ absorption,7Argenzio R.A. Lecce J. Powell D.W. Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis.Gastroenterology. 1993; 104: 440-471PubMed Google Scholar, 26Halm D.R. Rechkemmer G.R. Schoumacher R.A. Frizzell R.A. Apical membrane chloride channels in a colonic cell line activated by secretory agonists.Am J Physiol. 1998; 254: C505-C611Google Scholar both of which represent critical components of the resealing process of the tight junctions after injury.23Blikslager A.T. Roberts M.C. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandin-induced recovery of barrier function in porcine ileum is triggered by chloride secretion.Am J Physiol. 1999; 276: G28-G36PubMed Google Scholar We hypothesize that increases in TER induced by PGs are a result of a signaling pathway involving an osmotic gradient triggered by luminal accumulation of Cl− and Na+. The detailed mechanisms by which PGs alter electrolyte transport and trigger recovery of barrier function have not been characterized fully. Therefore, the objective of the present experiments was to define further the mechanisms through which PGs alter electrolyte transport in the ischemia-injured intestine, specifically assessing the role of individual Cl− channels in restoration of barrier function. Our data indicate that although PGE2-induced Cl− secretion is mediated through at least 3 epithelial Cl− channels in ischemia-injured porcine ileum, restoration of barrier function involves a distinct Cl− secretory event mediated through ClC-2 Cl− channels, expressed in the interepithelial tight junctions. All studies were approved by the North Carolina State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Six- to 8-week-old Yorkshire cross-bred pigs of either sex were housed individually, and maintained on a commercial pelleted feed. Pigs were held off feed for 24 hours before experimental surgery. General anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1.5 mg/kg, intramuscularly), ketamine (11 mg/kg, intramuscularly), and thiopental (15 mg/kg, intravenously), and maintained with intermittent infusion of thiopental (6–8 mg/kg/h), as previously described.22Blikslager A.T. Roberts M.C. Rhoads M.J. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandins I2 and E2 have a synergistic role in rescuing epithelial barrier function in porcine ileum.J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 1928-1933Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar, 24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar The ileum was approached via a ventral midline incision. Ileal segments were delineated by ligating the intestine at 10-cm intervals, and subjected to ischemia by occluding the local mesenteric blood supply for 45 minutes. After the 45-minute ischemic period, tissues were harvested from the pig and the mucosa was stripped from the seromuscular layer in oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) Ringer’s solution. Tissues then were mounted in 3.14-cm2 aperture Ussing chambers, as described in previous studies.27Argenzio R.A. Liacos J.A. Endogenous prostanoids control ion transport across neonatal porcine ileum in vitro.Am J Vet Res. 1990; 51: 747-751PubMed Google Scholar For each Ussing chamber experiment, ileal tissues from one pig were mounted on multiple Ussing chambers. Tissue segments were mounted randomly in Ussing chambers without reference to their location along the length of the ileum. Each tissue was subjected to a different in vitro treatment. Tissues were bathed on the serosal and mucosal sides with 10 mL of Ringer’s solution. The serosal bathing solution contained 10 mmol/L glucose, and was balanced osmotically on the mucosal side with 10 mmol/L mannitol. Bathing solutions were oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) and circulated in water-jacketed reservoirs. The spontaneous potential difference was measured using Ringer-agar bridges connected to calomel electrodes, and the potential difference was short-circuited through Ag-AgCl electrodes using a voltage clamp that corrected for fluid resistance. TER (Ω · cm2) was calculated from the spontaneous potential difference and short-circuit current (Isc), as previously described.22Blikslager A.T. Roberts M.C. Rhoads M.J. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandins I2 and E2 have a synergistic role in rescuing epithelial barrier function in porcine ileum.J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 1928-1933Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar, 24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar For experiments assessing the role of Cl− channels in the PGE2-induced recovery of barrier function, tissues were pretreated (t = 0 min) with pharmacologic Cl− channel inhibitors on the appropriate surface and then treated with PGE2 (10−6 mol/L) on the serosal side of the tissue (t = 30 min). For each in vitro experiment, a total of 6 pigs were used (n = 6). For each pig, multiple mucosal samples were harvested and mounted in Ussing chambers, with each tissue exposed to a distinct treatment. A total of 12 pigs were used for in vivo recovery experiments. For each experiment, general anesthesia was induced in 2 pigs with xylazine (1.5 mg/kg, intramuscularly) and ketamine (11 mg/kg, intramuscularly). Pigs then were intubated and maintained on isoflurane throughout the duration of the experiment. Pigs were placed on heating pads and lactated Ringer’s solution was administered intravenously at a maintenance rate of 15 mL/kg/h. Body temperature, heart rate, and respiration were measured throughout the experiment. Intestinal injury was induced by cross-clamping 10-cm segments of ileum, and clamping local vasculature for 1 hour, after which the clamps were removed, and the intestine was allowed to reperfuse for 2 hours. Pigs remained anesthetized for the entire experiment. Just before reperfusion, furosemide (1 mg/kg, intravenously) was administered to one of each of the pairs of pigs while the other pig received an equal volume of saline and served as a control. At the end of the 2-hour recovery period the pigs were euthanized. Ileal tissues were harvested and mounted on Ussing chambers for determination of TER and mucosal-to-serosal flux of 3H-mannitol. To assess transmucosal Na+ and Cl− fluxes, 22Na or 36Cl were added to the mucosal or serosal solutions of tissues paired according to their conductance (conductance within 25% of each other). After a 15-minute equilibration period and before addition of treatments, standards were taken from the bathing reservoirs. Thirty minutes after the addition of treatments, 3 successive 60-minute flux periods (from 30 to 210 minutes of the experiments) were performed by taking samples from the bathing reservoirs opposite the side of isotope addition. Samples were counted for 22Na and 36Cl in a liquid scintillation counter, and unidirectional fluxes were calculated as previously described.7Argenzio R.A. Lecce J. Powell D.W. Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis.Gastroenterology. 1993; 104: 440-471PubMed Google Scholar Similar methods were used to quantify mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of 3H-labeled mannitol. Tissues were taken at 0, 60, and 240 minutes for routine histologic evaluation. Tissues were sectioned (5 μm) and stained with H&E. For each tissue, 3 sections were evaluated. Four well-oriented villi were identified in each section, and the villus height and the height of the epithelial-covered portion of each villus were measured. The percentage of the villous surface area that remained denuded was calculated from the total surface area of the villus and the surface area of the villus covered by epithelium, as previously described.7Argenzio R.A. Lecce J. Powell D.W. Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis.Gastroenterology. 1993; 104: 440-471PubMed Google Scholar Ileal scrapings from control and ischemia-injured mucosa were snap-frozen and stored at −70°C before sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Tissue aliquots were thawed at 4°C and added to 3 mL of chilled lysis buffer, including protease inhibitors at 4°C, as previously described. This mixture was homogenized on ice and then centrifuged at 4°C, and the supernatant was saved. Protein analysis of extract aliquots was performed (DC Protein Assay; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Tissue extracts (amounts equalized by protein concentration) were mixed with an equal volume of 2× SDS-PAGE sample buffer and boiled for 4 minutes. Lysates were loaded on a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and electrophoresis was performed according to standard protocols. Proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Hybond ECL; Amersham Life Science, Birmingham, UK) by using an electroblotting minitransfer apparatus. Membranes were blocked at room temperature for 60 minutes in Tris-buffered saline plus 0.05% Tween 20 and 5% dry powdered milk. Membranes were washed and incubated with primary antibody (rabbit ClC-2 polyclonal antibody; Alpha Diagnostic International, San Antonio, TX; or rabbit cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator [CFTR] polyclonal antibody; Research Diagnostics Inc, Flanders, NJ). After additional washing, membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, and developed for visualization of protein by the addition of enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ) as previously described.24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar Densitometry analysis was performed by using appropriate software (IP gel; Scanalytics, Fairfax, VA). Tissue extracts were prepared according to the Western blotting protocol described previously.24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar Extracted proteins (500 μg) were solubilized in RIPA buffer with protease inhibitors and incubated with rabbit ClC-2 polyclonal antibody (5 μg/mL) for 1 hour at 37°C. The antibody-protein complexes were adsorbed from solution with protein A/G-Agarose beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Protein samples were washed 3× in ice-cold RIPA buffer and centrifuged at 25,000 × g for 1 minute at 4°C. Protein pellets were solubilized in 2× SDS-PAGE sample buffer and electrophoresis was performed according to standard procedures described previously.24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar Nitrocellulose membranes were incubated with anti-ClC-2 (50 μg/mL). For co-immunoprecipitation experiments, immunoprecipitated ClC-2 or rabbit pre-immune serum were subjected to SDS-PAGE and probed using an occludin antibody (2 μg/mL; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Immunofluorescence labeling was performed on ileal tissues that were embedded in optimal cutting temperature medium, frozen, sectioned at 5-μm thickness, and fixed in cold acetone. Tissue sections were blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin before incubation with rabbit anti-ClC-2 polyclonal antibody (40 μg/mL) in BLOTTO (Bovine Lacto Transfer Technique Optimizer) for 2 hours at 4°C. Sections were washed with BLOTTO and incubated for 45 minutes with Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:300; Zymed Laboratories Inc., San Francisco, CA) in the dark. Sections were washed in phosphate-buffered saline, mounted, cover slipped, and viewed with an immunofluorescence microscope. Ileal tissues were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and processed for transmission electron microscopy using standard techniques.28Dykstra M.J. A manual of applied techniques for biological electron microscopy. Plenum Press, New York1993Crossref Google Scholar In brief, tissue samples were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. Tissues were placed in fresh LR white resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Fort Washington, PA) in gelatin capsules and polymerized at 55°C-60°C overnight. Ultrathin sections (80–90 nm) were mounted on stainless steel grids (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Fort Washington, PA). For immunolocalization, grid sections were blocked in 5% normal goat serum (Biogenix, San Ramon, CA) before incubation with rabbit anti-ClC-2 polyclonal antibody (200 μg/mL) for 1 hour. Sections were washed and incubated with gold-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G secondary antibody (Sigma, St. Louis, MO; 10-nm particle size) in normal goat serum for 1 hour. Tissue sections were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline, dried, and stained with 1% methanolic uranyl acetate and viewed on an electron microscope (Phillips/FEICO Model 208s Transmission Electron Microscope; Hillsboro, OR). Indomethacin, 16,16 dimethyl PGE2, 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DNDS), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), bumetanide, PD-098,059, and 5-nitro 2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid were purchased from Sigma Chemical. N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N′-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea (DASU-02) can be obtained from B. D. Schultz (Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS). Data were reported as means ± SE based on the experimental number (n). All data were analyzed by using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, except when the peak response was analyzed by using a standard one-way ANOVA (Sigmastat; Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA). A Tukey’s test was used to determine differences between treatments after ANOVA. Forty-five minutes of intestinal ischemia resulted in diminished TER values compared with nonischemic control tissue (27 ± 1.1 Ω · cm2 in ischemic tissue vs. 53 ± 2.5 Ω · cm2 in control tissue), which is indicative of impaired barrier function. Application of 10−6 mol/L PGE2 to the serosal side of ischemia-injured mucosa resulted in rapid and significant (P < 0.01) restoration of TER (▵TER = 26 Ω · cm2, Figure 1A), achieving control levels within 30 minutes of PGE2 application. In line with previous observations,23Blikslager A.T. Roberts M.C. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandin-induced recovery of barrier function in porcine ileum is triggered by chloride secretion.Am J Physiol. 1999; 276: G28-G36PubMed Google Scholar, 24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar PGE2-induced increases in TER were preceded by sharp and significant (P < 0.01) increases in short circuit current (▵Isc = 22 μA/cm2, Figure 1B, C), an indicator of electrogenic Cl− secretion. Histologic (Figure 2) and morphometric (Table 1) evaluation of ischemia-injured mucosa revealed a significant decrease in villus height (160 ± 20 μm in control vs. 100 ± 30 μm in ischemic tissue) and a significant denuding of ischemic mucosa (30% ± 2.7% denuded villus surface area). Denuded villous tips were near-fully restituted within 60 minutes from the time they were mounted in Ussing chambers (Table 1). Furthermore, restitution was not enhanced by administration of PGE2, and treatment with indomethacin alone did not retard restitution. Given these results, we concluded that the significant increases in TER in the presence of PGE2 were attributable to changes in paracellular rather than transcellular resistance, as has been shown in previous studies.23Blikslager A.T. Roberts M.C. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandin-induced recovery of barrier function in porcine ileum is triggered by chloride secretion.Am J Physiol. 1999; 276: G28-G36PubMed Google Scholar, 24Little D. Dean R.A. Young K.M. McKane S.A. Martin L.D. Jones S.L. Blikslager A.T. PI3K signaling is required for prostaglandin-induced mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: G46-G56Google Scholar, 25Gookin J.L. Galanko J.A. Blikslager A.T. Argenzio R.A. Prostaglandin-mediated closure of paracellular pathway and not restitution is the primary determinant of barrier recovery in acutely injured porcine ileum.Am J Physiol. 2003; 285: G967-G979Google ScholarTable 1Morphometric Assessment of Epithelial Restitution in Ischemia-Injured Porcine Ileal MucosaTreatmentRecovery time (min)Epithelial surface area denuded (%)Villus height (mm)Nonischemic control000.16 ± 0.02aP < 0.05 vs. ischemia alone at 0 minutes.Ischemic030.2 ± 4.70.10 ± 0.01Ischemic/Indo603.1 ± 2.6aP < 0.05 vs. ischemia alone at 0 minutes.0.16 ± 0.01aP < 0.05 vs. ischemia alone at 0 minutes.Ischemic/PGE2602.8 ± 1.6aP < 0.05 vs. ischemia alone at 0 minutes.0.10 ± 0.02Ischemic/Indo/PGE2604.4 ± 1.6aP < 0.05 vs. ischemia alone at 0 minutes.0.14 ± 0.02aP < 0.05 vs. ischemia alone at 0 minutes.NOTE. Values represent means ± SE for % villus surface area denuded and villus height; n = 6. Tissues were subjected to 45 minutes ischemia in vivo. Tissues were harvested at 0 and 60 minutes after ischemia, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and processed for histologic examination according to standard protocols. Indomethacin (Indo) was administered to select tissues at 5 × 10−6 mol/L, and PGE2 was given at 1 × 10−6 mol/L.a P < 0.05 vs. ischemia alone at 0 minutes. Open table in a new tab NOTE. Values represent means ± SE for % villus surface area denuded and villus height; n = 6. Tissues were subjected to 45 minutes ischemia in vivo. Tissues were harvested at 0 and 60 minutes after ischemia, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and processed for histologic examination according to standard protocols. Indomethacin (Indo) was administered to select tissues at 5 × 10−6 mol/L, and PGE2 was given at 1 × 10−6 mol/L. Because basolateral Cl− uptake is mediated predominantly by the Na+-K+-2 Cl− cotransporter and represents a critical component of Cl− secretion, we treated tissues with the specific Na+-K+-2 Cl− transport inhibitor bumetanide, and measured its effect on Isc and TER. Application of bumetanide (10−4 mol/L) to the serosal side of is DA - 2004/9// PY - 2004/9// DO - 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.06.004 VL - 127 IS - 3 SP - 802-815 SN - 1528-0012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - B7(+)CTLA4(+) T cells engage in T-T cell interactions that mediate apoptosis: a model for lentivirus-induced T cell depletion AU - Vahlenkamp, TW AU - Bull, ME AU - Dow, JL AU - Collisson, EW AU - Winslow, BJ AU - Phadke, AP AU - Tompkins, WAF AU - Tompkins, MB T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Apoptosis in lymph node (LN) T cells of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats is associated with cells co-expressing B7.1 and B7.2 costimulatory molecules, and their ligand CTLA4. To study the possibility of B7.1/B7.2-CTLA4 mediated T-T interactions and the predicted induction of T cell apoptosis in vitro, costimulatory molecules were up-regulated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by mitogen stimulation. B7.1 expression on in vitro stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ cells increased within 24h; B7.2 and CTLA4 expression increased after 48-72 h. Apoptosis, as analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (transferase nick end labeling, TUNEL)-based staining followed by three color flow cytometric analysis, correlated to the cells expressing B7 and/or CTLA4. Blocking experiments revealed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell apoptosis could be significantly inhibited with anti-B7 antibodies. As FIV infection results in immune activation with a T cell phenotype similar to that of the in vitro activated T cells, the data support the hypothesis that the chronic expansion of B7+CTLA4+ LN T cells in infected cats allows for T-T cell interactions resulting in T cell depletion and eventually the development of AIDS. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.12.006 VL - 98 IS - 3-4 SP - 203-214 SN - 0165-2427 KW - FIV KW - apoptosis KW - 137 costimulatory molecules KW - CTLA4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uterine smooth muscle tumors in potbellied pigs (Sus scrofa) resemble human fibroids: A potential animal model AU - Mozzachio, K AU - Linder, K AU - Dixon, D T2 - TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY AB - Uterine leiomyomas, commonly termed fibroids. clinically affect approximately 25% of women of reproductive age in the United States, with a subclinical incidence as high as 77%. The pathogenesis of fibroid formation remains poorly understood, due in large part to the lack of a suitable animal model. This retrospective study characterizes the clinical, gross, and histopathologic features of similar, spontaneously occurring uterine tumors in potbellied pigs. Medical records available through a local Potbellied Pig Spay/Neuter Program, pig sanctuaries, and the Duchess Fund database were reviewed for evidence of reproductive disease or surgery. One-hundred and six female potbellied pigs were evaluated and uterine neoplasia was identified in 17 animals: tissues were available for 13 of these. Uterine leiomyoma was diagnosed in 11 of 13 cases, leiomyosarcoma in 1 of 13 cases, and undifferentiated sarcoma in 1 case. Pigs presented with clinical signs including abdominal distension or vaginal bleeding or were subclinical and identified during ovariohysterectomy. Tumors ranged from microscopic to 45 kg, were often multiple, and primarily involved the uterine horns. Hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome-stained sections were evaluated for morphological features of human and animal leiomyomas: immunohistochemistry to detect smooth muscle actin was also performed. The cellular pattern/morphology and variable degree of fibroplasia of the leiomyomas were similar to that reported for human fibroids. These results support further investigation of uterine leiomyomas in potbellied pigs as a potentially valuable animal model for studying human fibroids. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1080/01926230490440880 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 402-407 SN - 1533-1601 KW - uterus KW - leiomyoma KW - potbellied pig KW - fibroids KW - porcine KW - animal model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urinary bladder incarceration and infarction by an intra-abdominal fat pad in a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) AU - De Voe, RS AU - Spaulding, KA AU - Rotstein, J AU - Rotstein, DS T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - A 2.5‐year‐old, female opossum had acute stranguria. Based on radiography and ultrasonographic examination a cystic structure was identified in the caudal abdomen associated with bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis. This structure contained a neutrophilic fluid, determined to be urine. There was a neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum chemistry values were within normal limits. The opossum was euthanized. An intra‐abdominal fat pad incarceration of the urinary bladder above the trigone was present, resulting in complete obstruction of the urinary bladder and partial obstruction of the ureters. Vessels to the bladder were involved in the incarceration which resulted in vascular compromise and infarction of the bladder. Mild to moderate hydroureter and hydronephrosis were present. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04059.x VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 312-314 SN - 1740-8261 KW - hydronephrosis KW - hydroureter KW - infarction KW - marsupial KW - opossum KW - ultrasound KW - urinary bladder ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultrasonographic appearance of Dandy Walker-like Syndrome in a Boston terrier AU - Noureddine, C. AU - Harder, R. AU - Olby, N. J. AU - Spaulding, K. AU - Brown, T. T2 - Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8260.2004.04064.x VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 336-339 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle AU - Smith, Geof AU - Correa, M. T. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. Six lactating Holstein cows (4–7 years of age) with rumen fistulas were studied. Cattle were randomly assigned to receive boluses of magnesium hydroxide (162 g) or a powdered form (450 g dissolved in 3.5 L of water) PO daily for 3 days. Analysis of rumen fluid, blood gas tensions, and pH and measurement of serum magnesium concentrations were conducted daily. The study was discontinued after 72 hours, or sooner if rumen pH exceeded 8.0. After at least 3 weeks, the study was repeated with each cow receiving the other form of magnesium hydroxide (powder or bolus). Compared with baseline rumen pH (mean ± SD: 6.22 ± 0.28), magnesium hydroxide boluses caused a significant increase (P < .05) in rumen pH after 48 (7.27 ± 0.11) and 72 (8.01 ± 0.16) hours of administration, whereas the powdered form caused a significant increase (P < .05) in rumen pH after 24 (7.54 ± 0.19) and 48 (8.43 ± 0.22) hours of administration. Both the powdered and bolus forms of magnesium hydroxide decreased rumen protozoal numbers and increased methylene blue reduction times compared with baseline values. There was no change in blood pH, bicarbonate, or base excess values. Serum magnesium concentrations were significantly increased (P < .05) in cows that received the magnesium hydroxide powder. The results of this study indicate that magnesium hydroxide has a potent alkalinizing effect on rumen pH and significantly decreases rumen microbial activity. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00143.x VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 109–112 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stabilisation of scoliosis in two koi (Cyprinus carpio) AU - Govett, PD AU - Olby, NJ AU - Marcellin-Little, DJ AU - Rotstein, DS AU - Reynolds, IL AU - Lewbart, GA T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Two koi ( Cyprinus carpio ) from the same pond developed similar lesions of scoliosis. Radiographic examinations showed that their spines had become malaligned as a result of vertebral compression fractures involving T14 to T16. The vertebrae in both fish were stabilised with screws, k‐wire and polymethylmethacrylate. They both appeared to improve after surgery, but they began to decline and died within three months. A postmortem examination revealed multi‐organ inflammation that was not associated with the surgical implants. DA - 2004/7/24/ PY - 2004/7/24/ DO - 10.1136/vr.155.4.115 VL - 155 IS - 4 SP - 115-119 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Skin toxicity of jet fuels: ultrastructural studies and the effects of substance P AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Inman, AO AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - Topical exposure to jet fuel is a significant occupational hazard. Recent studies have focused on dermal absorption of fuel and its components, or alternatively, on the biochemical or immunotoxicological sequelae to exposure. Surprisingly, morphological and ultrastructural analyses have not been systematically conducted. Similarly, few studies have compared responses in skin to that of the primary target organ, the lung. The focus of the present investigation was 2-fold: first, to characterize the ultrastructural changes seen after topical exposure to moderate doses (335 or 67 μl/cm2) of jet fuels [Jet A, Jet Propellant (JP)-8, JP-8+100] for up to 4 days in pigs, and secondly, to determine if co-administration of substance P (SP) with JP-8 jet fuel in human epidermal keratinocyte cell cultures modulates toxicity as it does to pulmonary toxicity in laboratory animal studies. The primary change seen after exposure to all fuels was low-level inflammation accompanied by formation of lipid droplets in various skin layers, mitochondrial and nucleolar changes, cleft formation in the intercellular lipid lamellar bilayers, as well as disorganization in the stratum granulosum–stratum corneum interface. An increased number of Langerhans cells were also noted in jet fuel-treated skin. These changes suggest that the primary effect of jet fuel exposure is damage to the stratum corneum barrier. SP administration decreased the release of interleukin (IL)-8 normally seen in keratinocytes after JP-8 exposure, a response similar to that reported for SP's effect on JP-8 pulmonary toxicity. These studies provide a base upon which biochemical and immunological data collected in other model systems can be compared. DA - 2004/3/15/ PY - 2004/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.taap.2003.07.013 VL - 195 IS - 3 SP - 339-347 SN - 1096-0333 KW - skin KW - Jet A KW - JP-8 KW - JP-8+100 KW - substance P KW - jet fuels ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduced ratio of protective versus proinflammatory cytokine responses to commensal bacteria in HLA-B27 transgenic rats AU - Dieleman, LA AU - Hoentjen, F AU - Qian, BF AU - Sprengers, D AU - Tjwa, E AU - Torres, MF AU - Torrice, CD AU - Sartor, RB AU - Tonkonogy, SL T2 - CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY AB - Germ-free HLA-B27 transgenic (TG) rats do not develop colitis, but colonization with specific pathogen-free (SPF) bacteria induces colitis accompanied by immune activation. To study host-dependent immune responses to commensal caecal bacteria we investigated cytokine profiles in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from HLA-B27 TG versus nontransgenic (non-TG) littermates after in vitro stimulation with caecal bacterial lysates (CBL). Supernatants from CBL-stimulated unseparated T- or B- cell-depleted MLN cells from HLA-B27 TG and non-TG littermates were analysed for IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF, IL-10 and TGF-beta production. Our results show that unfractionated TG MLN cells stimulated with CBL produced more IFN-gamma, IL-12 and TNF than did non-TG MLN cells. In contrast, CBL-stimulated non-TG MLN cells produced more IL-10 and TGF-beta. T cell depletion abolished IFN-gamma and decreased IL-12 production, but did not affect IL-10 and TGF-beta production. Conversely, neither IL-10 nor TGF-beta was produced in cultures of B cell-depleted MLN. In addition, CD4(+) T cells enriched from MLN of HLA-B27 TG but not from non-TG rats produced IFN-gamma when cocultured with CBL-pulsed antigen presenting cells from non-TG rats. Interestingly, IL-10 and TGF-beta, but not IFN-gamma, IL-12 and TNF were produced by MLN cells from germ-free TG rats. These results indicate that the colitis that develops in SPF HLA-B27 TG rats is accompanied by activation of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells that respond to commensal bacteria. However, B cell cytokine production in response to components of commensal intestinal microorganisms occurs in the absence of intestinal inflammation. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02410.x VL - 136 IS - 1 SP - 30-39 SN - 1365-2249 KW - cytokines KW - HLA-B27 KW - transgenic rats KW - commensal bacteria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics in horses and disposition into phagocytes after oral dosing AU - Gardner, SY AU - Davis, JL AU - Jones, SL AU - Lafevers, DH AU - Hoskins, MS AU - Mcarver, M AU - Papich, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsVolume 27, Issue 1 p. 57-60 Moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics in horses and disposition into phagocytes after oral dosing S. Y. Gardner, S. Y. Gardner Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davis, J. L. Davis Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorD. H. LaFevers, D. H. LaFevers Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. Hoskins, M. S. Hoskins Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorE. M. Mcarver, E. M. Mcarver Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorM. G. Papich, M. G. Papich Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author S. Y. Gardner, S. Y. Gardner Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davis, J. L. Davis Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorD. H. LaFevers, D. H. LaFevers Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. Hoskins, M. S. Hoskins Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorE. M. Mcarver, E. M. Mcarver Department of Clinical SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorM. G. Papich, M. G. Papich Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 February 2004 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0140-7783.2003.00529.xCitations: 28 Sarah Y. Gardner, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume27, Issue1February 2004Pages 57-60 RelatedInformation DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1046/j.0140-7783.2003.00529.x VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 57-60 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Light-chain myeloma in a dog AU - Cowgill, ES AU - Neel, JA AU - Ruslander, D T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<119:LMIAD>2.0.CO;2 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 119-121 SN - 1939-1676 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0842265687&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large granular lymphoma in a mule AU - Zimmerman, B AU - Jones, S AU - Rotstein, DS T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 155, Issue 15 p. 462-463 Short Communications Large granular lymphoma in a mule B. Zimmerman DVM, B. Zimmerman DVM Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USASearch for more papers by this authorS. Jones DVM, PhD, DACVIM,, S. Jones DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP, D. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author B. Zimmerman DVM, B. Zimmerman DVM Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USASearch for more papers by this authorS. Jones DVM, PhD, DACVIM,, S. Jones DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP, D. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 October 2004 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.155.15.462Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume155, Issue15October 2004Pages 462-463 RelatedInformation DA - 2004/10/9/ PY - 2004/10/9/ DO - 10.1136/vr.155.15.462 VL - 155 IS - 15 SP - 462-463 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin for therapy of chronic Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections in dogs AU - Birkenheuer, AJ AU - Levy, MG AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Babesiosis caused by Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) is an emerging disease in dogs in the United States. To date, no drugs have been shown to eliminate B gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections from dogs. Twenty-two dogs that remained persistently infected with B gibsoni (Asian genotype) after either imidocarb diproprionate and or diminazine aceturate therapy were identified and randomly and evenly distributed into 2 groups. One group was treated with atovaquone and azithromycin combination therapy, and the other group received a placebo. Eight of 10 dogs in the treatment group had no detectable B gibsoni (Asian genotype) DNA, as determined by a sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, in any of their posttreatment samples. In contrast, B gibsoni (Asian genotype) DNA was detectable by PCR in the posttreatment samples from 11 of 11 of the placebo-treated dogs. One dog in the treatment group was excluded from the treatment outcome analysis. This dog had 2 consecutive negative PCR assay results and was euthanized because of ongoing degenerative joint disease prior to completion of the study. No adverse effects of treatment were reported in any dog during the study period. A combination of atovaquone and azithromycin is the 1st described treatment that will either eliminate B gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections or suppress the parasitemia below the limit of detection in the majority of treated dogs. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<494:EOCAAA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 494-498 SN - 1939-1676 KW - piroplasm KW - polymerase chain reaction KW - protozoa KW - treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy AU - Sellon, DC AU - Roberts, MC AU - Blikslager, AT AU - Ulibarri, C AU - Papich, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial was performed to determine whether butorphanol administered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) for 24 hours after abdominal surgery would decrease pain and surgical stress responses and improve recovery in horses. Thirty-one horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol CRI (13 microg/kg/h for 24 hours after surgery; treatment) or isotonic saline (control). All horses received flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV q12h). There were no significant differences between treatment and control horses in preoperative or operative variables. Treatment horses had significantly lower plasma cortisol concentration compared with control horses at 2, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. Mean weight loss while hospitalized was significantly less for treatment horses than control horses, whether expressed as total decrease in body weight (13.9+/-3.4 and 27.9+/-4.5 kg, respectively) or as a percentage decrease in body weight (2.6+/-0.7 and 6.3+/-1.1%, respectively). Treatment horses were significantly delayed in time to first passage of feces (median times of 15 and 4 hours, respectively). Treatment horses had significantly improved behavior scores during the first 24 hours after surgery, consistent with the conclusion that they experienced less pain during that time. Butorphanol CRI during the immediate postoperative period significantly decreased plasma cortisol concentrations and improved recovery characteristics in horses undergoing abdominal surgery. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<555:EOCRII>2.0.CO;2 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 555-563 SN - 0891-6640 KW - behavior KW - colic KW - cortisol KW - pain management KW - stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Digeneans collected from piscivorous birds in north Carolina, USA AU - Flowers, , JR AU - Poore, MF AU - Mullen, JE AU - Levy, MG T2 - COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY AB - During investigations of digenetic fluke diseases of aquaculture fish, 11 digeneans (Apharyngostrigea simplex, Apharyngostrigea cornu, Diplostomum compactum, Diplostomum spathaceum, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Hysteromorpha triloba, Clinostomum marginatum, Drepanocephalus spathans, Mesorchis denticulatus, Microparyphium facetum, and Notocotylus pacifera) were collected from 5 species of piscivorous birds (Ardea herodias, Fulica americana, Larus delawarensis, Nycticorax nycticorax, and Phalacrocorax auritus) from North Carolina, U.S.A. Apharyngostrigea simplex from A. herodias represents a new host record. Diplostomum spathaceum, P. minimum, C. marginatum, and M. denticulatus have previously been reported from North Carolina; the remainder represent new locality records. DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1654/4117 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 243-244 SN - 1938-2952 KW - digenea KW - North Carolina KW - avian hosts KW - Apharyngostrigea simplex KW - Apharyngostrigea cornu KW - diplostomum compactum KW - diplostomum spathaceum KW - posthodiplostomum minimum KW - hysteromorpha triloba KW - clinostotmum marginatum KW - Drepanocephalus spathans KW - mesorchis denth ulatus KW - microparyphium facetum KW - notocotylus pacifera KW - Ardea herodias KW - phalacrocorax auritus KW - Larus delawarensis KW - Nycticorax nycticorax KW - filica americana ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current approved drugs for aquatic species AU - Haskell, SRR AU - Payne, MA AU - Webb, AI AU - Riviere, JE AU - Craigmill, AL T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2004/1/1/ PY - 2004/1/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.224.50 VL - 224 IS - 1 SP - 50-51 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cerebellar cortical degeneration in adult American Staffordshire Terriers AU - Olby, N AU - Blot, S AU - Thibaud, JL AU - Phillips, J AU - DP O'Brien, AU - Burr, J AU - Berg, J AU - Brown, T AU - Breen, M T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Adult-onset cerebellar cortical degeneration recently has been reported in American Staffordshire Terriers. We describe the clinical and histopathologic features of this disease and examine its mode of inheritance in 63 affected dogs. The age at which neurologic deficits 1st were recognized varied from 18 months to 9 years, with the majority of dogs presented to veterinarians between 4 and 6 years of age. Time from onset of clinical signs to euthanasia varied from 6 months to 6.5 years, with the majority of affected dogs surviving from 2 to 4 years. Initial neurologic findings included stumbling, truncal sway, and ataxia exacerbated by lifting the head up and negotiating stairs. Signs progressed to obvious ataxia characterized by dysmetria, nystagmus, coarse intention tremor, variable loss of menace reaction, marked truncal sway, and falling with transient opisthotonus. With continued progression, dogs became unable to walk without falling repeatedly. Cerebellar atrophy was visible on magnetic resonance images and on gross pathology. Histopathologic findings included marked loss of Purkinje neurons with thinning of the molecular and granular layers and increased cellularity of the cerebellar nuclei. The closest common ancestor of the dogs was born in the 1950s and inheritance was most consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission with a prevalence estimated at 1 in 400 dogs. This inherited disease is comparable to the group of diseases known as spinocerebellar ataxias in humans. Many spinocerebellar ataxias in humans are caused by nucleotide repeats, and this genetic aberration merits investigation as a potential cause of the disease in American Staffordshire Terriers. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<201:CCDIAA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 201-208 SN - 1939-1676 KW - cerebellar abiotrophy KW - dog KW - hereditary ataxia KW - Purkinje neuron ER - TY - JOUR TI - Brain structure variation in great apes, with attention to the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) AU - Sherwood, C. C. AU - Whittier, C. A. AU - Nutter, F. B. AU - al?, T2 - American Journal of Primatology AB - Abstract This report presents data regarding the brain structure of mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) in comparison with other great apes. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of three mountain gorilla brains were obtained with a 3T scanner, and the volume of major neuroanatomical structures (neocortical gray matter, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum) was measured. These data were included with our existing database that includes 23 chimpanzees, three western lowland gorillas, and six orang‐utans. We defined a multidimensional space by calculating the principal components (PCs) from the correlation matrix of brain structure fractions in the well‐represented sample of chimpanzees. We then plotted data from all of the taxa in this space to examine phyletic variation in neural organization. Most of the variance in mountain gorillas, as well as other great apes, was contained within the chimpanzee range along the first two PCs, which accounted for 61.73% of the total variance. Thus, the majority of interspecific variation in brain structure observed among these ape taxa was no greater than the within‐species variation seen in chimpanzees. The loadings on PCs indicated that the brain structure of great apes differs among taxa mostly in the relative sizes of the striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. These findings suggest possible functional differences among taxa in terms of neural adaptations for ecological and locomotor capacities. Importantly, these results fill a critical gap in current knowledge regarding great ape neuroanatomical diversity. Am. J. Primatol. 63:149–164, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1002/ajp.20048 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 149-164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antinuclear antibodies can be detected in dog sera reactive to Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii, Ehrlichia canis, or Leishmania infantum antigens AU - Smith, BE AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) is used to support a clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in dogs. However, clinicians must interpret the detection of ANAs with caution, particularly in light of increasing evidence that dogs with known bacterial and protozoal infections can have high ANA titers. Retrospectively, medical records were reviewed for all dogs that were concurrently tested for antinuclear antigens and Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii), Ehrlichia canis, or Rickettsia rickettsii antigens between 1990 and 2000. When analyzed on the basis of reactivity to a specific infectious agent, 75% of the B vinsonii (berkhoffii) seroreactors, 16.7% of the E canis seroreactors, and 0% of the R rickettsii seroreactors had concurrent ANAs. Subsequent prospective testing did not detect ANAs in convalescent sera from dogs experimentally infected with B vinsonii (berkhoffii), E canis, or R rickettsii. However, 10-20% B vinsonii (berkhoffii), E canis, or Leishmania infantum reactive sera from naturally infected dogs contained ANAs. In addition, 45% of sera from dogs that are reactive to multiple vectorborne organisms were more likely to contain ANAs when compared to sera from dogs reactive to only 1 test antigen. When interpreting the relevance of seroreactivity to nuclear antigens, clinicians should recognize that dogs with seroreactivity to B vinsonii (berkhoffii), E canis, or L infantum antigens (especially those with seroreactivity to more than one of these pathogens) may produce ANAs. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<47:AACBDI>2.0.CO;2 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 47-51 SN - 1939-1676 KW - autoimmunity KW - systemic lupus erythematous ER - TY - JOUR TI - A specific gene expression program triggered by gram-positive bacteria in the cytosol AU - McCaffrey, RL AU - Fawcett, P AU - M O'Riordan, AU - Lee, KD AU - Havell, EA AU - Brown, PO AU - Portnoy, DA T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Innate and adaptive immunity depends critically on host recognition of pathogen-associated molecules. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key mediators of pathogen surveillance at the cell or phagocytic vacuole surface. However, mechanisms underlying recognition of pathogens in other cellular compartments remain unclear, and responses elicited by cytosolic challenge are poorly characterized. We therefore used mouse cDNA microarrays to investigate gene expression triggered by infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with cytosol- and vacuole-localized Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm ), a model cytosolic pathogen. The resulting gene expression program included two basic categories of induced genes: an “early/persistent” cluster consistent with NF-κB-dependent responses downstream of TLRs, and a subsequent “late response” cluster largely composed of IFN-responsive genes (IRGs). The early/persistent cluster was observed upon infection with WT, heat-killed, or mutant Lm lacking listeriolysin O, the pore-forming hemolysin that promotes escape from phagocytic vacuoles. However, the IRG cluster depended on entry of WT Lm into the cytosol. Infection with listeriolysin O-expressing, cytosolic Bacillus subtilis ( Bs ) strikingly recapitulated the expression profile associated with WT Lm , including IRG induction. IRG up-regulation was associated with MyD88-independent induction of IFN-β transcription and activity. Whereas Staphylococcus aureus ( Sa ) lipoteichoic acid treatment confirmed that many late-response genes could also be stimulated through TLRs, our study identified a cytosol-specific transcriptional program independent of TLR signaling through MyD88. Further characterization of cytosolic surveillance pathway(s) and their points of convergence with TLR- and IFN-dependent pathways will enhance our understanding of the means by which mammals detect and respond to pathogens. DA - 2004/8/3/ PY - 2004/8/3/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0403215101 VL - 101 IS - 31 SP - 11386-11391 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Compartment Model for the Membrane-Coated Fiber Technique Used for Determining the Absorption Parameters of Chemicals into Lipophilic Membranes AU - Xia, Xin-Rui AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Pharmaceutical Research DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1023/B:PHAM.0000036907.02901.f7 VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 1345-1352 J2 - Pharm Res LA - en OP - SN - 0724-8741 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:pham.0000036907.02901.f7 DB - Crossref KW - absorption kinetics KW - lipophilic membrane KW - membrane-coated fiber KW - partition coefficient KW - uptake rate constant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in antimicrobial resistance, phage types and integrons among Salmonella serotypes from pigs, 1997-2000 AU - Gebreyes, W.A. AU - Thakur, S. AU - Davies, P.R. AU - Funk, J.A. AU - Altier, C. T2 - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy AB - The objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance and to identify phage types and class 1 integrons among non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from 24 pig farms in North Carolina collected between 1997 and 2000.A total of 1314 isolates of 30 serotypes from pig faecal samples were collected and analysed over a 3 year period. The isolates were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage typing, PCR and DNA sequencing for class 1 integrons.A high frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents including tetracycline (85%), ampicillin (47%), co-amoxiclav (23%) and chloramphenicol (21%) was detected. Two multidrug resistance patterns were common in Typhimurium (including variant Copenhagen): isolates with co-amoxiclav, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (R-type AxACSSuT) [36%] and isolates with ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (R-type AKSSuT) [45%] resistance patterns. Definitive Type 104 (DT104) was the most common (34%) among eight phage types identified. AKSSuT was found among non-DT104 phage types, particularly DT21 and DT193. Class 1 integrons were detected among various serotypes including Typhimurium, Derby, Muenchen, Worthington, Bere and Muenster. aadA was the most common resistance gene insert, and the oxa30 beta-lactamase resistance gene was also identified among serovar Muenchen.In this study, two most important multidrug resistance patterns (AxACSSuT and AKSSuT) and phage types of public health significance (DT104 and DT193) constituted two-thirds of the serotype Typhimurium isolates. The findings imply that pigs raised in the commercial production system may pose a risk in serving as reservoirs of resistant Salmonella. DA - 2004/6/1/ PY - 2004/6/1/ DO - 10.1093/jac/dkh247 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 997–1003 SN - 1460-2091 KW - swine KW - food safety KW - antibiotic resistance KW - salmonellae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella enterica serovars from pigs on farms and after slaughter and validity of using bacteriologic data to define herd Salmonella status AU - Gebreyes, WA AU - Davies, PR AU - Turkson, PK AU - Morrow, WEM AU - Funk, JA AU - Altier, C T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of using data obtained from slaughtered pigs for farm-level epidemiologic studies of Salmonella. The study involved groups of pigs from five farms. Salmonella isolates were obtained from on-farm samples, and a total of 370 on-farm and an additional 486 isolates from samples collected after commercial slaughter were subsequently tested. Preharvest samples included feces of individual animals from defined groups of nursery and finishing pigs on commercial farms and swabs from trucks. Postslaughter samples were cecal contents and mesenteric lymph node samples. The concordance between Salmonella serovars isolated from on-farm samples and those serovars isolated after slaughter varied widely among farms. Results of paired lymph node and cecal cultures were strongly associated (odds ratio, 7.0), but the agreement between on-farm and postslaughter results at the pig level was poor (kappa = 0.34). The results support recent findings that risk of exposure to Salmonella during transport and lairage remains a concern under contemporary industry conditions. The findings further imply that slaughter plant studies based on phenotyping of Salmonella alone (such as serovars) may not reliably indicate the Salmonella status of commercial swine farms. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.691 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 691-697 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritichomonas foetus and Giardia infection AU - Gookin, JL AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Hunt, E AU - Burlone, K AU - Fulton, M AU - Hochel, R AU - Talaat, M AU - Poore, M AU - Levy, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Data were gathered for 117 cats from 89 catteries at an international cat show to examine prevalence and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. Prevalence of T. foetus was 31% among cats (36 out of 117) and catteries (28 out of 89) based on results of fecal smear examination (5 out of 36), fecal culture in modified Diamond's medium (9 out of 36), fecal culture in In Pouch TF medium (20 out of 36), or PCR amplification of the ribosomal RNA gene from feces with T. foetus-specific primers (34 out of 36). Catteries in which T. foetus was identified were more likely to have had a recent history of diarrhea, historical diagnosis of coccidia infection in adult cats, and a decreased number of square feet of facility per cat. Evidence did not exist for the ongoing transmission of T. foetus by water, food, or contact with other species. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1128/JCM.42.6.2707-2710.2004 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 2707-2710 SN - 1098-660X ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro prediction of canine urolith mineral composition using computed tomographic mean beam attenuation measurements AU - Pressler, Barrak M. AU - Mohammadian, Lenore A. AU - Li, Erning AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Robertson, Ian D. T2 - Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound AB - Determination of urolith mineral composition is critical for management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Using computed tomography, urolith physical density, and hence chemical composition, can be quantified using mean beam attenuation measurements (Hounsfield units; HU). This study was designed to establish in vitro reference ranges for three types of compositionally pure uroliths retrieved from dogs. Sixty‐six canine uroliths (22 uric acid, 21 calcium oxalate, 14 struvite, nine mixed or compound) were placed in a phantom array. Uroliths were scanned at 120 kVp, 200 mA, and 80 kVp, 200 mA. The region of interest (ROI) for mean HU calculation was determined using two techniques, and reference ranges were calculated for each kVp using either ROI technique. HU for urolith types of pure composition were statistically different (Wilcoxon's two‐sample test, P <0.0083 [Bonferonni correction with six comparisons for total P <0.05]) using both ROI techniques at either kVp. Struvite uroliths were not statistically different from mixed or compound uroliths. The accuracy for determination of composition of pure uroliths ranged from 86% to 93%; the prediction accuracy for each urolith mineral type and for all uroliths in general was highest when the ROI was hand‐drawn just within the visible urolith border at 80 kVp. Technique of ROI determination and kVp that yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values varied for each urolith type. Therefore, in this study, HU could be used to differentiate three types of uroliths of pure mineral composition in vitro. Further studies are needed to determine the predictive value of HU in vivo. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04032.x VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 189-197 J2 - Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound LA - en OP - SN - 1058-8183 1740-8261 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04032.x DB - Crossref KW - beam attenuation KW - calcium oxalate KW - computed tomography KW - dog KW - Hounsfield units KW - struvite KW - uric acid KW - urolith ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of spontaneous feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - Morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect AU - Williams, K AU - Malarkey, D AU - Cohn, L AU - Patrick, D AU - Dye, J AU - Toews, G T2 - CHEST AB - Study objectives Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a poorly understood chronic respiratory disease of humans, which has no correlate in other animals. Understanding the role that inflammation, alveolar epithelial cells, and myofibroblasts play in the progression of the disease is controversial, and hampered by the lack of an animal model. We have identified spontaneous IPF in domestic cats and hypothesized that this newly identified disease shares the pathology of human IPF; further, this work provides data suggesting that the disease is related to a defect in type II pneumocyte biology. Setting and subjects Chronic respiratory disease with pathology consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) spontaneously developed in 16 domestic cats. Results The histopathology of feline IPF consisted of the following: (1) interstitial fibrosis with fibroblast/myofibroblast foci, (2) honeycombing with alveolar epithelial metaplasia and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, and (3) alveolar interstitial smooth-muscle metaplasia. Interstitial inflammation was not a prominent feature of the disease. α-Smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts were prominent in myofibroblast foci, beneath honeycomb and hyperplastic epithelium, and in alveolar septa away from the remodeling. Feline IPF type II pneumocyte ultrastructure is similar to a heritable form of human IPF, with abnormal cytoplasmic lamellar body-like inclusions. Conclusions We conclude the following: (1) chronic respiratory disease with clinical and pathology features of UIP/IPF occurs in the domestic cat; (2) as in human IPF, the type II pneumocyte and myofibroblasts are important cellular constituents of feline IPF; and (3) type II cell ultrastructure suggests feline IPF is a defect in the type II pneumocyte. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a poorly understood chronic respiratory disease of humans, which has no correlate in other animals. Understanding the role that inflammation, alveolar epithelial cells, and myofibroblasts play in the progression of the disease is controversial, and hampered by the lack of an animal model. We have identified spontaneous IPF in domestic cats and hypothesized that this newly identified disease shares the pathology of human IPF; further, this work provides data suggesting that the disease is related to a defect in type II pneumocyte biology. Chronic respiratory disease with pathology consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) spontaneously developed in 16 domestic cats. The histopathology of feline IPF consisted of the following: (1) interstitial fibrosis with fibroblast/myofibroblast foci, (2) honeycombing with alveolar epithelial metaplasia and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, and (3) alveolar interstitial smooth-muscle metaplasia. Interstitial inflammation was not a prominent feature of the disease. α-Smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts were prominent in myofibroblast foci, beneath honeycomb and hyperplastic epithelium, and in alveolar septa away from the remodeling. Feline IPF type II pneumocyte ultrastructure is similar to a heritable form of human IPF, with abnormal cytoplasmic lamellar body-like inclusions. We conclude the following: (1) chronic respiratory disease with clinical and pathology features of UIP/IPF occurs in the domestic cat; (2) as in human IPF, the type II pneumocyte and myofibroblasts are important cellular constituents of feline IPF; and (3) type II cell ultrastructure suggests feline IPF is a defect in the type II pneumocyte. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1378/chest.125.6.2278 VL - 125 IS - 6 SP - 2278-2288 SN - 1931-3543 KW - animal model KW - cats KW - fibrosis KW - idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis KW - lung KW - type II pneumocytes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epigenetic and genomic imprinting analysis in nuclear transfer derived Bos gaurus/Bos taurus hybrid fetuses AU - Dindot, S. V. AU - Farin, P. W. AU - Farin, C. E. AU - Romano, J. AU - Walker, S. AU - Long, C. AU - Piedrahita, J. A. T2 - Biology of Reproduction AB - Somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) in cattle is an inefficient process, whereby the production of calves is hindered by low pregnancy rates as well as fetal and placental abnormalities. Interspecies models have been previously used to facilitate the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within coding regions of genes to discriminate between parental alleles in the offspring. Here we report the use of a bovine interspecies model (Bos gaurus × Bos taurus) for the assessment and characterization of epigenetic modifications and genomic imprinting in Day 40-old female NT-derived fetuses and placenta. Analysis of NT and control pregnancies indicated disruption of genomic imprinting at the X inactivation-specific transcript (XIST) locus in the chorion, but not the fetus of clones, whereas proper allelic expression of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) and gene trap locus 2 (GTL2) loci was maintained in both the fetus and placenta. Analysis of the XIST differentially methylated region (DMR) in clones indicated normal patterns of methylation; however, bisulfite sequencing of the satellite I repeat element and epidermal cytokeratin promoter indicated hypermethylation in the chorion of clones when compared with controls. No differences were detected in methylation levels in the fetus proper. These results indicate that the nuclear transfer process affects gene expression patterns in the trophectoderm- and inner cell mass-derived tissues to different extents. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025775 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 470-478 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emission-particle-induced ventilatory abnormalities in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension AU - Gardner, SY AU - McGee, JK AU - Kodavanti, UP AU - Ledbetter, A AU - Everitt, JI AU - Winsett, DW AU - Doerfler, DL AU - Costa, DL T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES AB - Preexistent cardiopulmonary disease in humans appears to enhance susceptibility to the adverse effects of ambient particulate matter. Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated enhanced inflammation and mortality after intratracheal instillation (IT) and inhalation (INH) of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline (MCT). The present study was conducted to examine the effects of ROFA in this model on ventilatory function in unanesthetized, unrestrained animals. Sixty-day-old male CD rats were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH) intraperitoneally 10 days before IT of ROFA (8.3 mg/kg) or saline (SAL) (control) or nose-only INH of ROFA [15 mg/m3 for 6 hr on 3 consecutive days or air (control)]. At 24 and 72 hr after exposure, rats were studied individually in a simultaneous gas uptake/whole-body plethysmograph. Lungs were removed at 72 hr for histology. Pulmonary test results showed that tidal volume (VT) decreased 24 hr after IT of ROFA in MCT-treated rats. Breathing frequency, minute volume (VE), and the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen increased in MCT- and VEH-treated rats 24 hr after IT or INH of ROFA and remained elevated 72 hr post-IT. O2 uptake (VO2) decreased after IT of ROFA in MCT-treated rats. Carbon monoxide uptake decreased 24 hr after IT of ROFA, returning to control values in VEH-treated rats but remaining low in MCT-treated rats 72 hr post-IT. ROFA exposure induced histologic changes and abnormalities in several ventilatory parameters, many of which were enhanced by MCT treatment. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1289/ehp.6583 VL - 112 IS - 8 SP - 872-878 SN - 0091-6765 KW - air pollution KW - cardiopulmonary KW - monocrotaline KW - particle KW - residual oil fly ash KW - ventilation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows AU - Smith, Geof W. AU - Gehring, Ronette AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Yeatts, James L. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Objective —To determine the elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in milk after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows. Design —Prospective study. Animals —5 lactating dairy cows. Procedure —After collection of baseline milk samples, 300 mg (6 mL) of ceftiofur was infused into the left front and right rear mammary gland quarters of each cow. Approximately 12 hours later, an additional 300 mg of ceftiofur was administered into the same mammary gland quarters after milking. Milk samples were collected from each mammary gland quarter every 12 hours for 10 days. Concentrations of ceftiofur and its metabolites in each milk sample were determined to assess the rate of ceftiofur elimination. Results —Although there were considerable variations among mammary gland quarters and individual cows, ceftiofur concentrations in milk from all treated mammary gland quarters were less than the tolerance (0.1 µg/mL) set by the FDA by 168 hours (7 days) after the last intramammary administration of ceftiofur. No drug concentrations were detected in milk samples beyond this period. Ceftiofur was not detected in any milk samples from nontreated mammary gland quarters throughout the study. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Ceftiofur administered by the intramammary route as an extralabel treatment for mastitis in dairy cows reaches concentrations in milk greater than the tolerance set by the FDA. Results indicated that milk from treated mammary gland quarters should be discarded for a minimum of 7 days after intramammary administration of ceftiofur. Elimination of ceftiofur may be correlated with milk production, and cows producing smaller volumes of milk may have prolonged withdrawal times. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1827–1830) DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.224.1827 VL - 224 IS - 11 SP - 1827-1830 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.224.1827 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine on thyroid function of horses AU - Rothschild, CM AU - Hines, MT AU - Breuhaus, B AU - Gay, J AU - Sellon, DC T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine was administered to horses in a randomized, placebo controlled study to determine the effects of potentiated sulfonamides on thyroid function in normal horses. The treatment group included eight horses that received trimethoprim-sulfadiazine mixed with molasses orally at 30 mg/kg once daily for eight weeks. The control group included 8 horses that received an oral placebo (flour mixed with molasses) once daily for the same period. Thyroid function was evaluated prior to initiation of treatment and after 8 weeks of treatment. Serum concentrations of total and free triiodothyronine (T3), total and free thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined at rest and after a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test. There was no detectable difference between treatment and control groups. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<370:EOTOTF>2.0.CO;2 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 370-373 SN - 1939-1676 KW - hypothyroidism KW - thyroid-stimulating hormone KW - thyrotropin-releasing hormone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary zinc on performance and immune response of growing pigs inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae AU - Roberts, ES AU - Heugten, E AU - Spears, JW AU - Routh, PA AU - Lloyd, KL AU - Almond, GW T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary Zn level on performance, serum Zn concentrations, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and immune response of pigs inoculated with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized design. Factors included; 1) PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae inoculation (n=36 pigs) or sham inoculation (n=36 pigs) with media when pigs entered the grower facility (d 0) at 9 weeks of age and 2) 10, 50, 150 ppm supplemental Zn sulfate (ZnSO4) from weaning until the completion of the study, or 2,000 ppm supplemental ZnSO4 for two weeks in the nursery and then supplementation with 150 ppm ZnSO4 for the remainder of the trial. The basal diet contained 34 ppm Zn. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 10, 17, 24 and 31 and blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Pigs inoculated with PRRSv were serologically positive at d 28 and control pigs remained negative to PRRSv. In contrast, the M hyopneumoniae inoculation was inconsistent with 33.3% and 52.8% of pigs serologically positive at d 28 in the control and infected groups, respectively. A febrile response was observed for approximately one week after inoculation with PRRSv. Feed intake (p<0.01) and gain (p<0.1) were less in PRRSv infected pigs than control pigs for the 31 d study. However, performance did not differ among pigs in the four levels of ZnSO4. Assessments of immune responses failed to provide unequivocal influence of either PRRSv inoculation or ZnSO4 level. These data suggest that PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae act to produce some performance deficits and the influence of Zn supplementation of nursery age pigs does not have clear effect in grower pigs affected with disease. (Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 10 : 1438-1446) DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004/10// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2004.1438 VL - 17 IS - 10 SP - 1438-1446 SN - 1976-5517 KW - pigs KW - PRRSv KW - zinc KW - growth KW - immune response ER - TY - JOUR TI - A web-based decision support system to estimate extended withdrawal intervals AU - Gehring, R AU - Baynes, RE AU - Wang, J AU - Craigmill, AL AU - Riviere, JE T2 - COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE AB - All drugs approved for use in food-producing animals have a withdrawal interval to prevent residues in food of animal origin that are potentially harmful to consumers. These withdrawal times must be appropriately extended if the drug is used in an extralabel manner. This paper describes a web-based application that was developed to facilitate the calculation of extended withdrawal intervals based on information in the databases maintained by members of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) and using the Extrapolated Withdrawal Interval Estimator (EWE) algorithm. The implementation of this application was illustrated using a group of antimicrobials that are used in cattle and swine. The use of this application has been limited to staff veterinarians working for FARAD since limitations in the available pharmacokinetic data require that results are interpreted by personnel with in-depth knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of drugs in food-producing animals. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2004.05.002 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 145-151 SN - 1872-7107 KW - withdrawal times KW - extralabel drug use KW - drug residues KW - veterinary medicine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preferential replication of FIV in activated CD4(+)CD25(+)T cells independent of cellular proliferation AU - Joshi, A AU - Vahlenkamp, TW AU - Garg, H AU - Tompkins, WAF AU - Tompkins, MB T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Studies attempting to identify reservoirs of HIV-1 latency have documented that the virus persists as both a latent and productive infection in subsets of CD4+ cells. Reports regarding establishment of a stable HIV-1 infection in quiescent T cells in vitro, however, are controversial. In the present study, we investigated the susceptibility of naive and activated CD4+ cell subsets (distinguished by differential expression of CD25) to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, their ability to replicate the virus, and potentially act as a reservoir for virus persistence in infected animals. While both CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25− cells are susceptible to FIV infection in vitro and in vivo, only CD4+CD25+ cells produce infectious virions when cultured with interleukin-2 (IL-2). Latently infected CD4+CD25− cells produce infectious virions following ConcanvalinA (ConA) stimulation, which correlates with upregulated surface expression of CD25. In contrast to CD4+CD25− cells, CD4+CD25+ cells remain unresponsive to mitogen stimulation and are relatively resistant to apoptosis whether or not infected with FIV. The ability of CD4+CD25+ cells to replicate FIV efficiently in the presence of IL-2 but remain anergic and unresponsive to apoptotic signaling suggests that these cells may provide a reservoir of productive FIV infection. On the contrary, CD4+CD25− cells seem to establish as latent viral reservoirs capable of being reactivated after stimulation. DA - 2004/4/10/ PY - 2004/4/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.014 VL - 321 IS - 2 SP - 307-322 SN - 0042-6822 KW - FIV KW - HIV KW - AIDS KW - latency KW - stimulation KW - anergy KW - apoptosis KW - reservoir ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanism of feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion AU - Garg, H AU - Fuller, FJ AU - Tompkins, WAF T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) shares remarkable homology to primate lentiviruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The process of lentiviral env glycoprotein-mediated fusion of membranes is essential for viral entry and syncytia formation. A detailed understanding of this phenomenon has helped identify new targets for antiviral drug development. Using a model based on syncytia formation between FIV env-expressing cells and a feline CD4+ T cell line we have studied the mechanism of FIV env-mediated fusion. Using this model we show that FIV env-mediated fusion mechanism and kinetics are similar to HIV env. Syncytia formation could be blocked by CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, establishing the importance of this receptor in FIV gp120 binding. Interestingly, CXCR4 alone was not sufficient to allow fusion by a primary isolate of FIV, as env glycoprotein from FIV-NCSU1 failed to induce syncytia in several feline cell lines expressing CXCR4. Syncytia formation could be inhibited at a post-CXCR4 binding step by synthetic peptide T1971, which inhibits interaction of heptad repeat regions of gp41 and formation of the hairpin structure. Finally, using site-directed mutagenesis, we also show that a conserved tryptophan-rich region in the membrane proximal ectodomain of gp41 is critical for fusion, possibly at steps post hairpin structure formation. DA - 2004/4/10/ PY - 2004/4/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.006 VL - 321 IS - 2 SP - 274-286 SN - 0042-6822 KW - feline immunodeficiency virus KW - glycoprotein-mediated fusion KW - lentiviruses ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro dermal disposition of abarnectin (avermectin B-1) in livestock AU - Baynes, RE T2 - RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Many avermectins are approved for topical application in domestic animals. However, extralabel use may result in significant dermal absorption and consequently the potential for adverse effects or violative residues. The primary aim of this study was to assess dermal disposition of abamectin in vitro in bovine, caprine, ovine, and porcine skin dosed in 100% isopropanol, commercial alcohol-based (Ivomec), or oil-based (Eprinex) formulations. Skin sections were perfused in a flow-through diffusion cell system for 8 h, and the disposition of radiolabel abamectin was determined from perfusate and skin samples. Abamectin absorption ranged from 0.09% to 0.20% dose and there were no significant differences between formulations in each species. Isopropanol significantly increased skin deposition in all species when compared to the oil formulation. Absorption was significantly greater in bovine skin than in porcine skin for the isopropanol-containing formulations, but there were no significant species differences for the oil formulation. While significant levels (11.69–50.23% dose) remained on the skin surface, the highest levels deposited in viable skin were observed in caprine skin (28.09% dose) and the lowest levels were in porcine skin (1.50% dose) which could lead to systemic absorption. In summary, these 8-h experiments demonstrated that the alcohol-based formulations compared to oil-based formulations enhanced abamectin absorption and skin deposition in several animal species, and this effect is more likely to be observed in ruminant species than in porcine species. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2003.10.006 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - 235-242 SN - 0034-5288 KW - dermal absorption KW - avemectins KW - abamectin KW - formulation KW - bovine KW - porcine KW - caprine KW - ovine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypoglycemia-induced changes in cell death and cell proliferation in the organogenesis-stage embryonic mouse heart (Retracted article. See vol 76, pg 278, 2006) AU - Ghatnekar, GS AU - Barnes, JA AU - Dow, JL AU - Smoak, IW T2 - BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY AB - Hypoglycemia is a side effect of diabetes therapy and causes abnormal heart development. Embryonic heart cells are largely resistant to teratogen-induced apoptosis.Hypoglycemia was tested for effects on cell death and cell proliferation in embryonic heart cells by exposing mouse embryos on embryonic day (E) 9.5 (plug = E0.5) to hypoglycemia (30-50 mg/dl glucose) in vivo or in vitro for 24 hr. Long-term effects of in vivo exposure on conceptus viability were evaluated at E18.5. Cell death was evaluated on E10.5 by: 1) two TUNEL assays in sectioned embryos to demonstrate DNA fragmentation; 2) confocal microscopy in whole embryos stained with Lysotracker; 3) flow cytometry in dispersed heart cells stained for TUNEL and myosin heavy chain (MHC) to quantify and characterize cell type susceptibility; and 4) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western analysis in sectioned embryos to evaluate potential involvement of caspase-3 active subunit and p53. Effects on cell proliferation were evaluated by IHC and Western analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).In vivo hypoglycemic exposure on E9.5 reduced viability in conceptuses examined on E18.5. Hearts examined on E10.5 demonstrated increased TUNEL and Lysotracker staining. In hearts of embryos exposed to hypoglycemia, flow cytometry demonstrated increased TUNEL-positive cells and cells dual-labeled for TUNEL and MHC. Protein expression of caspase-3 active subunit and p53 was increased and PCNA was markedly reduced in hearts of embryos exposed to hypoglycemia.Hypoglycemia reduces embryonic viability, induces significant cell death, and reduces cell proliferation in the E9.5 mouse heart, and these processes may involve active caspase-3 and p53. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1002/bdra.20000 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 121-131 SN - 1542-0760 KW - embryonic heart KW - hypoglycemia KW - apoptosis KW - cell proliferation KW - flow cytometry KW - caspase-3 KW - p53 KW - PCNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health survey of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) from Wisconsin AU - Hartup, BK AU - Stott-Messick, B AU - Guzy, M AU - Ley, DH T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - We conducted a health survey of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) without evidence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in order to establish baseline population health measures and estimate prevalence of potential pathogens likely to influence host susceptibility to mycoplasmosis. Seasonal changes in several physiologic parameters were observed. Weights were greater in winter compared with the breeding season (P < 0.01), fat scores were greater in winter than during fall migration (P < 0.01) or the breeding season (P < 0.01), and packed cell volume and total plasma protein measures during fall migration (P < 0.05) and winter (P < 0.01) were greater than during the breeding season. Culture of voided fecal material yielded 13 bacterial isolates likely representative of normal gastrointestinal flora. Avian pox lesions and blood and gastrointestinal parasite infections were at low prevalence (< or = 4%) compared with Proctophyllodes spp. feather mite infestations (32%) in the population. All parasites occurred at generally low levels in individual hosts. A logistic regression analysis of our data suggests that greater fat scores, tarsal length, and being male are potential risk factors for mite infestation in house finches. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1637/7067 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 84-90 SN - 0005-2086 KW - house finch KW - Carpodacus mexicanus KW - parasites KW - health survey KW - Proctophyllodes vegetans KW - Mycoplasma gallisepticum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feline immunodeficiency virus infection phenotypically and functionally activates immunosuppressive CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells AU - Vahlenkamp, TW AU - Tompkins, MB AU - Tompkins, WAF T2 - JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY AB - Abstract Disease progression of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is characterized by up-regulation of B7.1 and B7.2 costimulatory molecules and their ligand CTLA4 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The CD4+CTLA4+B7+ phenotype described in FIV+ cats is reminiscent of CD4+CD25+CTLA4+ cells, a phenotype described for immunosuppressive T regulatory (Treg) cells. In the present study, we describe the phenotypic and functional characteristics of CD4+CD25+ T cells in PBMC and lymph nodes (LN) of FIV+ and control cats. Similar to Treg cells, feline CD4+CD25+ but not CD4+CD25− T cells directly isolated from LN of FIV+ cats do not produce IL-2 and fail to proliferate in response to mitogen stimulation. Unstimulated CD4+CD25+ T cells from FIV+ cats significantly suppress the proliferative response and the IL-2 production of Con A-stimulated autologous CD4+CD25− T cells compared with unstimulated CD4+CD25+ T cells from FIV− cats. Flow-cytometric analysis confirmed the apparent activation phenotype of the CD4+CD25+ cells in LN of chronically FIV+ cats, because these cells showed significant up-regulation of expression of costimulatory molecules B7.1, B7.2, and CTLA4. These FIV-activated, anergic, immunosuppressive CD25+CTLA4+B7+CD4+ Treg-like cells may contribute to the progressive loss of T cell immune function that is characteristic of FIV infection. DA - 2004/4/15/ PY - 2004/4/15/ DO - 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4752 VL - 172 IS - 8 SP - 4752-4761 SN - 1550-6606 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental infection of house finches with Mycoplasma gallisepticum AU - Kollias, GV AU - Sydenstricker, KV AU - Kollias, HW AU - Ley, DH AU - Hosseini, PR AU - Connolly, V AU - Dhondt, AA T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has caused an endemic upper respiratory and ocular infection in the eastern house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) after the epidemic first described in 1994. The disease has been studied by a number of investigators at a population level and reports describe experimental infection in group-housed MG-free house finches. Because detailed observation and evaluation of individual birds in group housed passerines is problematic, we studied individually housed house finches that were experimentally inoculated with the finch strain of MG in a controlled environment. To accomplish this, a study was conducted spanning the period of November 2001–April 2002 with 20 MG-free (confirmed by the rapid plate agglutination assay and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay) eastern house finches captured in the Cayuga Basin area of central New York (USA) in the summer of 2001. After a period of acclimatization and observation (12 wk), 20 finches were inoculated with a 0.05-ml aliquot of MG (3.24×105 colony-forming units/ml) via bilateral conjunctival sac instillations. Two additional finches acted as controls and were inoculated in the same manner with preservative-free sterile saline solution. After inoculation, all finches except the controls exhibited clinical signs of conjunctivitis within 2–6 days. The progression of the disease was evaluated by several methods, including PCR, behavioral observations, and physical examination including eye scoring, body weight, and body condition index. Over a period of 21 wk, MG-infected finches developed signs of disease and recovered (80%), developed signs of disease and progressed to become chronically infected (15%), or died (5%). We hypothesize that the high survival rate and recovery of these finches after infection was associated with the use of controlled environmental conditions, acclimatization, a high plane of nutrition, and low stocking (housing) density, all of which are factors documented to be important in the outcome of MG infections in domestic poultry and other species. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.79 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 79-86 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Carpodacus mexicanus KW - conjunctivitis KW - eastern house finch KW - Mycoplasma gallisepticum KW - respiratory infection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Educating the next generation of swine veterinarians: needs and strategies T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 224 IS - 9 SP - 1422-1425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of long terminal repeat and Env on the virulence phenotype of equine infectious anemia virus AU - Payne, SL AU - Pei, XF AU - Jia, B AU - Fagerness, A AU - Fuller, FJ T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - The molecular clones pSPeiav19 and p19/wenv17 of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) differ in env and long terminal repeats (LTRs) and produce viruses (EIAV(19) and EIAV(17), respectively) of dramatically different virulence phenotypes. These constructs were used to generate a series of chimeric clones to test the individual contributions of LTR, surface (SU), and transmembrane (TM)/Rev regions to the disease potential of the highly virulent EIAV(17). The LTRs of EIAV(19) and EIAV(17) differ by 16 nucleotides in the transcriptional enhancer region. The two viruses differ by 30 amino acids in SU, by 17 amino acids in TM, and by 8 amino acids in Rev. Results from in vivo infections with chimeric clones indicate that both LTR and env of EIAV(17) are required for the development of severe acute disease. In the context of the EIAV(17) LTR, SU appears to have a greater impact on virulence than does TM. EIAV(17SU), containing only the TM/Rev region from the avirulent parent, induced acute disease in two animals, while a similar infectious dose of EIAV(17TM) (which derives SU from the avirulent parent) did not. Neither EIAV(17SU) nor EIAV(17TM) produced lethal disease when administered at infectious doses that were 6- to 30-fold higher than a lethal dose of the parental EIAV(17). All chimeric clones replicated in primary equine monocyte-derived macrophages, and there was no apparent correlation between macrophage tropism and virulence phenotype. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1128/JVI.78.5.2478-2485.2004 VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - 2478-2485 SN - 0022-538X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Failure of FIV-infected cats to control Toxoplasma gondii correlates with reduced IL2, IL6, and IL12 and elevated IL10 expression by lymph node T cells AU - Levy, JK AU - Liang, YH AU - Ritchey, JW AU - Davidson, MG AU - Tompkins, WA AU - Tompkins, MB T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Increased susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in HIV-infected individuals and FIV-infected cats is attributed to a defective T-helper 1 (Th1) immune response. However, little is known about specific cytokine responses to secondary pathogens. To address this question, control and FIV-infected cats were challenged with Toxoplasma gondii, and lymph node cells analyzed for cytokine mRNA expression. Twenty-four weeks post-FIV infection, prior to T. gondii challenge, IL2 and IL12 mRNAs were depressed, whereas IL10 and IFNγ mRNAs were increased in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. Following T. gondii challenge, control cats showed increased expression of IL2, IFNγ, IL10, IL12, and IL6 mRNAs. In contrast, IL2, IL6, IFNγ, and IL12 mRNAs were suppressed in FIV–T. gondii co-infected cats, whereas IL10 remained at the high prechallenge levels. IFNγ and IL10 mRNAs were produced by both CD4+ and CD8+ cells in FIV–T. gondii cats. Elevated IL10 may suppress a Th1 cytokine response to T. gondii challenge. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.11.002 VL - 98 IS - 1-2 SP - 101-111 SN - 0165-2427 KW - FIV KW - cytokine KW - Toxoplasma gondii ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of histologic lesions of endophthalmitis induced by Blastomyces dermatitidis in untreated and treated dogs: 36 cases (1986-2001) AU - Hendrix, DVH AU - Rohrbach, BW AU - Bochsler, PN AU - English, RV T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To compare prevalence of organisms and histologic changes in eyes from dogs with blastomycosis that were either untreated or undergoing treatment with itraconazole. Design —Retrospective study. Animals —36 dogs with endophthalmitis associated with blastomycosis. Procedure —Signalment, results of ophthalmic examination, and duration of treatment with itraconazole were extracted from medical records. Histologic sections from eyes were examined for prevalence and viability (ie, budding) of fungal organisms. A scoring system was devised to assess the degree of inflammation. Results —Clinically, all eyes were blind and had signs of severe endophthalmitis. Histologically, the type and degree of inflammation and prevalence of Blastomyces dermatitidis were not significantly different between dogs treated with itraconazole and untreated dogs or among groups of dogs treated for different time periods (4 to 14, 15 to 28, or 29 to 72 days). Replication of the organisms in vascular tissues as well as avascular spaces in the eyes was similar in treated and untreated dogs. Lens rupture was seen in 12 of 29 (41%) eyes. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Persistence of inflammation in eyes of dogs with naturally occurring blastomycosis is likely attributable to the continued presence of B dermatitidis , regardless of the duration of treatment with itraconazole. Lens capsule rupture, a common and previously unreported histologic finding, may contribute to cataract formation and continued inflammation. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:1317–1322) DA - 2004/4/15/ PY - 2004/4/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.224.1317 VL - 224 IS - 8 SP - 1317-1322 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Phenotypes and Genotypes among Salmonella enterica Recovered from Pigs on Farms, from Transport Trucks, and from Pigs after Slaughter AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. AU - Davies, Peter R. AU - Turkson, Paa-Kobina AU - Morgan Morrow, W. E. AU - Funk, Julie A. AU - Altier, Craig AU - Thakur, Siddhartha T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - The main objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns among Salmonella serotypes and to evaluate the role of transport trucks in dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella. Salmonella from groups of nursery and finishing pigs on farms, from trucks, and from pigs after slaughter were compared using serotyping, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The five farms included in the study yielded 858 isolates representing 27 Salmonella serovars. The most common resistance observed (80% of all isolates) was to tetracycline; resistance to ampicillin (42%), chloramphenicol (31%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30%), and piperacillin (31%) also were common. We found a correlation between serovar and antimicrobial resistance. High correlation was found between Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and chloramphenicol resistance (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.7). Multidrug resistance was observed primarily in Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (94%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (93%) and was much less common in the other common serovars, including Salmonella Derby (7%) and Salmonella Heidelberg (8%). Of the 225 isolates exhibiting the most common pentaresistance pattern in this study, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ampicillin-chloramphenicol-piperacillin-tetracycline, 220 (98%) were Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and 86% of the isolates of this serovar had this pattern. Isolates from the trucks were similar, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, to those from the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs on two of the farms, suggesting the probable infection of pigs during transport. Class I integrons were also common among various serovars. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 698-705 LA - en SN - 0362-028X UR - http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698 DB - Crossref Y2 - 2019/2/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antigenic and genomic characterization of turkey enterovirus-like virus (North Carolina, 1988 isolate): Identification of the virus as turkey astrovirus 2 AU - Guy, JS AU - Miles, AM AU - Smith, L AU - Fuller, FJ AU - Schultz-Cherry, S T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - A small round virus (SRV) was isolated in 1988 from droppings of enteritis-affected turkeys in North Carolina and tentatively identified as an enterovirus on the basis of size (18–24 nm in diameter), intracytoplasmic morphogenesis, and a single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kb. Additional characterization studies based on antigenic and genomic analyses were done to determine the relationship of this turkey enterovirus-like virus (TELV) to turkey astrovirus 2 (TAstV2), a recently characterized SRV of turkeys. Cross-immunofluorescence studies with TELV- and TAstV2-specific antisera indicated a close antigenic relationship between these viruses. TELV RNA was amplified by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures with oligonucleotide primers specific for TAstV2 polymerase gene (open reading frame [ORF] 1b) and capsid protein gene (ORF 2). Subsequent sequence analyses of these TELV-derived RT-PCR products indicated a high degree of similarity with polymerase gene (98.8%) and capsid gene (96.9%) of TAstV2. These studies definitively identify TELV (North Carolina, 1988 isolate) as TAstV2. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1637/7077 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 206-211 SN - 1938-4351 KW - turkey enterovirus KW - turkey astrovirus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reversibility of the reproductive toxicity of gossypol in peripubertal bulls AU - Hassan, ME AU - Smith, GW AU - Ott, RS AU - Faulkner, DB AU - Firkins, LD AU - Ehrhart, EJ AU - Schaeffer, DJ T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - Gossypol has been shown to impair sperm production in male ruminants. The purpose of this study was to determine if the adverse effects of gossypol on spermatogenesis in peripubertal bulls were reversible. Twenty-eight crossbred Angus bulls were allocated into treated and control groups at 11 months of age. For 8 weeks, treated bulls were fed a ration containing 8 mg of free gossypol per kilogram of body weight per day while control bulls were fed a soybean meal ration free of gossypol. At 28-days intervals, scrotal circumference was measured and semen collected to assess sperm motility and morphology. Seven control and seven treated animals were castrated 56 days after the start of the experiment and the testes were examined histologically. The remaining bulls were fed a gossypol-free diet for 210 days prior to castration. There were significant increases in primary and secondary sperm abnormalities in treated bulls 28 and 56 days after gossypol feeding. The number of sperm with proximal droplets was significantly higher in gossypol-treated bulls, suggesting testicular degeneration. There was no significant effect on the sperm motility, scrotal circumference, or histopathological characteristics of the testes. Four weeks after the end of gossypol feeding, primary and secondary abnormalities were still increased in gossypol-treated bulls, however in subsequent collection periods the percentage of abnormalities were similar between groups. At 210 days, there was no treatment effect on scrotal circumference, and histological characteristics of the testes were not different between groups. The deleterious effects of gossypol on the morphological characteristics of spermatozoa were reversible. Gossypol (8 mg/kg per day for 56 days) increased sperm abnormalities but the effects were reversible. DA - 2004/4/15/ PY - 2004/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.07.007 VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 1171-1179 SN - 1879-3231 KW - gossypol KW - reproductive toxicity KW - cottonseed meal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feasibility of using half-life multipliers to estimate extended withdrawal intervals following the extralabel use of drugs in food-producing animals AU - Gehring, R AU - Baynes, RE AU - Craigmill, AL AU - Riviere, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994, veterinarians are legally allowed to use drugs in food-producing animals in an extralabel manner. This could potentially lead to violative residues in food of animal origin. It is therefore essential that an appropriately extended withdrawal interval be established. Ideally, these extended withdrawal intervals should be calculated on the basis of the tissue half-life of the drug in the target animal. However, these data are not readily available for all drugs of extralabel use in food-producing animals. For this reason, the use of a half-life multiplier has been proposed as a simple alternative method to estimate the effective tissue half-life of a drug. Extended withdrawal intervals, estimated using various half-life multipliers, were compared with the withdrawal intervals calculated using actual tissue half-lives. For the group of drugs investigated, a half-life multiplier of 5 resulted in estimates of extended withdrawal intervals that were potentially inadequate to prevent violative tissue residues for drugs that had relatively long tissue half-lives, high tolerances, or both. This is possibly because fewer half-lives are required for these drugs to reach the target tissue concentrations following administration at label doses. Use of a smaller half-life multiplier (in this case 3) is therefore suggested to ensure that extended withdrawal intervals are adequate to prevent violative tissue residues. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-67.3.555 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 555-560 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time and financial costs of programs for live trapping feral cats AU - Nutter, Felicia B. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To determine the time and financial costs of programs for live trapping feral cats and determine whether allowing cats to become acclimated to the traps improved trapping effectiveness.Prospective cohort study.107 feral cats in 9 colonies.15 traps were set at each colony for 5 consecutive nights, and 5 traps were then set per night until trapping was complete. In 4 colonies, traps were immediately baited and set; in the remaining 5 colonies, traps were left open and cats were fed in the traps for 3 days prior to the initiation of trapping. Costs for bait and labor were calculated, and trapping effort and efficiency were assessed.Mean +/- SD overall trapping effort (ie, number of trap-nights until at least 90% of the cats in the colony had been captured or until no more than 1 cat remained untrapped) was 8.9 +/- 3.9 trap-nights per cat captured. Mean overall trapping efficiency (ie, percentage of cats captured per colony) was 98.0 +/- 4.0%. There were no significant differences in trapping effort or efficiency between colonies that were provided an acclimation period and colonies that were not. Overall trapping costs were significantly higher for colonies provided an acclimation period.Results suggest that these live-trapping protocols were effective. Feeding cats their regular diets in the traps for 3 days prior to the initiation of trapping did not have a significant effect on trapping effort or efficiency in the present study but was associated with significant increases in trapping costs. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1403 VL - 225 IS - 9 SP - 1403-1405 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1403 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors associated with Salmonella prevalence on swine farms AU - Funk, J. AU - Gebreyes, W. A. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 246-251 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drugs approved for small ruminants AU - Webb, AI AU - Baynes, RE AU - Craigmill, AL AU - Riviere, JE AU - Haskell, SRR T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - JAVMA, Vol 224, No. 4, February 15, 2004 F the purpose of this FARAD Digest, small ruminants are considered to include sheep, goats, deer, and camelids. In the United States, the small ruminant population is low, and they are all considered minor species under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (Table 1). Minor species are defined by exclusion from major species (ie, cats, dogs, horses, swine, cattle, chickens, and turkeys). In the United States, sheep were only considered to be minor species in regard to efficacy and target animal safety requirements and remained a major species when human food safety was being evaluated. This exception was attributed to the high consumption of lamb and mutton at the time of the original classification in 1983. It was not until August 2002 that the sheep drug approval process was amended so that sheep were reclassified as a minor species with regard to human food safety requirements. Classification as a minor species allows the FDA flexibility in permitting new drug applications when FARAD Digest DA - 2004/2/15/ PY - 2004/2/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2004.224.520 VL - 224 IS - 4 SP - 520-523 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel approaches to ocular drug delivery AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Gilger, B. C. AU - Robinson, M. R. T2 - Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 195–205 ER -