TY - JOUR TI - Virus neutralizing antibody response in mice and dogs with a bicistronic DNA vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein and canine parvovirus VP2. AU - Patial, S AU - Chaturvedi, VK AU - Rai, A AU - Saini, M AU - Chandra, R AU - Saini, Y AU - Gupta, PK T2 - Vaccine AB - A bicistronic DNA vaccine against rabies and parvovirus infection of dogs was developed by subcloning rabies glycoprotein and canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 genes into a bicistronic vector. After characterizing the expression of both the proteins in vitro, the bicistronic DNA vaccine was injected in mice and induced immune response was compared with monocistronic DNA vaccines. There was no significant difference in ELISA and virus neutralizing (VN) antibody responses against rabies and CPV in mice immunized with either bicistronic or monocistronic DNA vaccine. Further, there was significantly similar protection in mice immunized with either bicistronic or monocistronic rabies DNA vaccine on rabies virus challenge. Similarly, dogs immunized with monocistronic and bicistronic DNA vaccines developed comparable VN antibodies against rabies and CPV. This study indicated that bicistronic DNA vaccine can be used in dogs to induce virus neutralizing immune responses against both rabies and CPV. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.051 VL - 5 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/17391817 ER - TY - CONF TI - Pharmaco-kinetic modeling of quantum dot nanoparticle biodistribution in isolated perfused skin AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Lee, H.A. AU - Imran, M. AU - Yu, W. AU - Colvin, V.L. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - 2nd International Nanotoxicology Conference C2 - 2007/// C3 - The 2nd International Nanotoxicology Conference CY - San Servolo Servizi,Venice, Italy DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// SP - 14 ER - TY - CONF TI - Biodistribution of quantum dot nanoparticles in isolated perfused skin and in flow-through diffusion cells AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Zhang, L. AU - Yu, W. AU - Colvin, V.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 2nd InternationalNanotoxicology Conference C2 - 2007/// C3 - The 2nd InternationalNanotoxicology Conference CY - San Servolo Servizi,Venice, Italy DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// SP - 17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serologic evaluation of human microcystin exposure AU - Hilborn, E. D. AU - Carmichael, W. W. AU - Soares, R. M. AU - Yuan, M. AU - Servaites, J. C. AU - Barton, H. A. AU - Azevedo, S. M. F. O. T2 - Environmental toxicology AB - Microcystins are among the most commonly detected toxins associated with cyanobacteria blooms worldwide. Two episodes of intravenous microcystin exposures occurred among kidney dialysis patients during 1996 and 2001. Analysis of serum samples collected during these episodes suggests that microcystins are detectable as free and bound forms in human serum. Our goal was to characterize the biochemical evidence for human exposure to microcystins, to identify uncertainties associated with interpretation of these observed results, and to identify research needs. We analyzed serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to detect free microcystins, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to detect 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). MMPB is derived from both free and protein-bound microcystins by chemical oxidation, and it appears to represent total microcystins present in serum. We found evidence of free microcystins in patient serum for more than 50 days after the last documented exposure. Serum concentrations of free microcystins were consistently lower than MMPB quantification of total microcystins: free microcystins as measured by ELISA were only 8-51% of total microcystin concentrations as detected by the GC/MS method. After intravenous exposure episodes, we found evidence of microcystins in human serum in free and protein-bound forms, though the nature of the protein-bound forms is uncertain. Free microcystins appear to be a small but variable subset of total microcystins present in human serum. Research is needed to elucidate the human toxicokinetics of microcystins, in part to determine how observed serum concentrations can be used to estimate previous microcystin exposure. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1002/tox.20281 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20281 KW - microcystins KW - human serum KW - toxicokinetics KW - MMPB KW - 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of a toxicokinetic model to quantitate quantum dot distribution in isolated perfused skin AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Lee, H. AU - Iman, M. AU - Colvin, V.L. AU - Yu, W. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - ICT XI, 2007: Toxicology: Discovery Serving Society C2 - 2007/// C3 - Toxicity of Nanomaterials, International Congress of Toxicology CY - Montreal, QC, Canada DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - PW11 SP - 251 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic modeling of morphine in dogs. AU - Kukanich, B. AU - Lascelles, B.D.X. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Papich, M.G. T2 - Journal of veterinary internal medicine DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 617 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Isolated perfused porcine skin flap AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - Marzulli and Maibach’s Dermatotoxicology A2 - Wilhelm, K.P. A2 - Zhai, H. A2 - Maibach, H.I. PY - 2007/// ET - 7th SP - 347–358 PB - Taylor and Francis SN - 9780849397738 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effect of inhibitors on jet fuel aliphatic hydrocarbon induced toxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 429 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Predicting skin permeability of molecules from chemical mixtures using an inert membrane-coated fiber array AU - Xia, X.R. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/3// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 433 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Estimating safe withdrawal times for drugs given to food-producing animnals using PBPK modeling and Monte Carlo analysis AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Buur, J.L. AU - Craigmill, A.L. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/3// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 222 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Markov chain model for quantitating dermal absorption from complex mixtures AU - Pitts, C.S. AU - Smith, C.E. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/3// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 433 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Incorporation of complex chemical mixture effects into a QSAR model of dermal absorption AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Brooks, J.D. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 433 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Custom made pani fiber to assess dermal partitioning and absorption of biocides AU - Yeatts, J.L. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 433 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Predicting skin penetration and interaction with JP-8 AU - Basak, S. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Gute, B.D. AU - Witzman, F.A. T2 - Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Fuels Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2007/// CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Determination of biologically relevant physical chemical parameters of JP-8 hydrocarbons using the membrane coated fiber array AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Xia, X.R. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - AFOSR Jet Fuel Toxicology Workshop C2 - 2007/// CY - Tucson, AZ DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Pharmacokinetics of skin distribution of quantum dot nanoparticles in isolated perfused skin AU - Lee, H. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Colvin, V.L. AU - Yu, W. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 290 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Distribution of quantum dot nanoparticles in isolated perfused skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P. AU - Inman, A.O. AU - Colvin, V.L. AU - Yu, W. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 46th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo C2 - 2007/// C3 - The Toxicologist CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2007/// PY - 2006/3/25/ VL - 96 SP - 290 M1 - S1 UR - https://www.toxicology.org/pubs/docs/Tox/2007Tox.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Propagation of Freshwater Mussels for Release into North Carolina Waters AU - Eads, C. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Bogan, A. AU - Raley, M A3 - NC Department of Transportation DA - 2007/5/5/ PY - 2007/5/5/ M1 - FHWA/NC/2006-37 PB - NC Department of Transportation SN - FHWA/NC/2006-37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bivalves as Biomonitors in the Lake Crabtree Watershed, North Carolina: A Preliminary Field and Laboratory Study to Examine the Valve Gape Responses of Non-Native and Native Freshwater Bivalves to Polychlorinated Biphenyls AU - Bucci, J.P. AU - Hurley, J. AU - Thorp, E.C. AU - Law, M. AU - Levine, JF A3 - Nekton Research DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// PB - Nekton Research ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterization of Salmonella Isolates From Sentinel Bivalves (Corbicula flumenia) Using Serotypying, Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis (ARA) AU - Li, X. AU - Mascarelli, P. AU - Raley, M. AU - Patel, P. AU - Gerner-Smidt, P. AU - Gebreyes, W.A. AU - Levine, J. T2 - International Association of Food Protection (IAFP) C2 - 2007/7// CY - Lake Buena Vista, Florida DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// ER - TY - CONF TI - Molecular Evidence For A Novel Phylogenetic Placement Of The Carolina Creekshell, Villosa vaughaniana (LEA, 1836) AU - Raley, ME AU - Bogan, Ae AU - Eads, Cb AU - Levine, Jf T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society C2 - 2007/3// CY - Little Rock, Arkansas DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Propagation and Culture Of Freshwater Mussels In North Carolina AU - Eads, C. AU - Kittel, C.J. AU - Wilson, G AU - Bradford, R.J. AU - Bogan, A.E. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society C2 - 2007/3// CY - Little Rock, Arkansas DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - The Use Of Mark-Recapture To Understand Seasonal Changes In A Mussel Bed AU - Eads, C. AU - Bogan, A.E. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society C2 - 2007/3// CY - Little Rock, Arkansas DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Live Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) AU - Holliman, F.M. AU - Davis, D. AU - Bogan, A.E. AU - Kwak, T.J. AU - Cope, G. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society C2 - 2007/3// CY - Little Rock, Arkansas DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - 16s Sequence Analysis of Cellulose Degrader Isolates from an Invasive Mussel Species AU - Szempruch, A.J. AU - Caldwell, J.M. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - American Society for Microbiology C2 - 2007/10// CY - Greensboro, North Carolina DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Synthesis of hydrazine and chlorinated derivatives of bicyclic pyridazines AU - Nelson, D.J. DA - 2007/5/22/ PY - 2007/5/22/ M1 - 7220858 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 7220858 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Methods for the preparation and formulation of L-carnitine valproate salts AU - Malkar, N.B. AU - Nelson, D.J. DA - 2007/3/19/ PY - 2007/3/19/ M1 - 7456216 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 7456216 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Methods for the preparation and formulation and use of lithium valproate AU - Malkar, N.B. AU - Nelson, D.J. DA - 2007/3/19/ PY - 2007/3/19/ M1 - 7449598 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 7449598 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uptake and reduction of α-lipoic acid by human erythrocytes AU - May, James M. AU - Qu, Zhi-chao AU - Nelson, Deanna J. T2 - Clinical Biochemistry AB - The reducing capacity of erythrocytes has been used clinically as to estimate resistance to oxidant stress. In this work we targeted the antioxidant capacity of pyridine nucleotide disulfide reductases of these cells by measuring their ability to reduce the disulfide alpha-lipoic acid.Erythrocyte reduction of alpha-lipoic acid and related disulfides was measured as reduction of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) outside the cells.Lipoic acid-dependent DTNB reduction by human erythrocytes required d-glucose and consumed NADPH, but not NADH. This activity was inhibited by carmustine and phenylarsine oxide, as expected if alpha-lipoic acid is reduced by the glutathione and thioredoxin reductase systems. Reduction of hydroxyethyl disulfide, which provides an estimate of total erythrocyte disulfide reduction capacity, was similar to that of alpha-lipoic acid. Erythrocytes incubated with alpha-lipoic acid also reduced extracellular ferricyanide, although rates of dehydroascorbate reduction were several-fold greater, probably because intracellular GSH can recycle ascorbate but not alpha-lipoic acid in erythrocytes.These results show that alpha-lipoic acid-dependent DTNB reduction provides a simple method to selectively assess the capacity of pyridine nucleotide disulfide reductases of human erythrocytes. When coupled with other non-destructive assays, such as reduction of hydroxyethyl disulfide and ferricyanide, this assay provides a comprehensive approach to assessing erythrocyte reducing capacity in a variety of clinical conditions associated with oxidant stress. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.06.009 VL - 40 IS - 15 SP - 1135-1142 J2 - Clinical Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0009-9120 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.06.009 DB - Crossref KW - lipoic acid KW - dehydroascorbic acid KW - phenylarsine oxide KW - ferricyanide KW - oxidant stress KW - pyridine nueleotide disulfide reductase KW - human erythrocytes ER - TY - CHAP TI - Swine AU - Thurmon, J.C. AU - Smith, G.W. T2 - Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia A2 - Tranquilli, W.J. A2 - Thurmon, J.C. A2 - Grimm, K.A. A2 - Lumb, W.V. PY - 2007/// ET - 4th SP - 747–764 PB - Blackwell SN - 9780781754712 ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessment of learning styles in veterinary students AU - Neel, JA AU - Grindem, CB T2 - American College of Veterinary Pathologists /American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Annual Meeting C2 - 2007/// C3 - Veterinary Pathology CY - Savannah, Georgia DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/11/10/ SP - 44 ER - TY - CONF TI - Thrombocytosis in dogs: a retrospective study AU - Snyder, LA AU - Neel, JA AU - Grindem, CB T2 - American College of Veterinary Pathologists /American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Annual Meeting C2 - 2007/// C3 - Veterinary Clinical Pathology CY - Savannah, Georgia DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/11/10/ SP - 36 ER - TY - CONF TI - Influence of increased exposure to virtual microscopy on student perceptions and preferences for the technology AU - Neel, JA AU - Grindem, CB T2 - American College of Veterinary Pathologists /American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Annual Meeting C2 - 2007/// C3 - Veterinary Pathology CY - Savannah, Georgia DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/11/10/ SP - 44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of the intestinal immune system by commensal microbiota in avian and ruminant species AU - Brisbin, J.T. AU - Haghighi, H. AU - Kulkarni, R.R. AU - Sharif, S. T2 - CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 2 IS - 8 SP - 11–19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polycythemia AU - Haber, M. AU - Harrell, K.A. AU - Marks, S.L. T2 - Standards of Care Emergency and Critical Care Medicine DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 1-10 ER - TY - CONF TI - Treatment of epizootic lymphangitis in cart horses through participatory method AU - Getachew, A. AU - Endebu, B. AU - Gebreab, F. AU - Jones, K. AU - Aklilu, N. AU - Zerfu, A. AU - Midekssa, K T2 - The Future of Working Equines, the 5th International Colloquium on Working Equines A2 - Pearson, R.A. A2 - Muir, C.J. A2 - Farrow, M. C2 - 2007/// C3 - Proceedings of the fifth international colloquium on working equines: the future for working equines CY - Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia DA - 2007/// PY - 2006/10/30/ SP - 441–444 PB - The Donkey Sanctuary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Diagnostics Techniques in an Outbreak of Infectious Laryngotracheitis from Meat Chickens AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Woolcock, Peter R. AU - Chin, R. P. AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. AU - García, Maricarmen T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Various diagnostics techniques were compared for their ability to detect infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) during an outbreak in chickens aged between 4 and 21 wk. Gross lesions ranged from excess mucus to accumulation of fibrinonecrotic exudate in the larynx and trachea. Syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in sinus, conjunctiva, larynx, trachea, lung, and air sac. Virus isolation in chicken embryos was attempted in every case. Negative-stain electron microscopy detected herpesvirus in only 6% of the cases. Yet, isolation of ILT virus in the chorioallantoic membrane was presumed by histology in >20% of the samples and confirmed by fluorescent antibody (FA) in 35% of the embryos inoculated with conjunctivas or tracheas from affected birds. Overall, results from histology and FA tests were highly correlated. FA test has the advantage over histology of being diagnostically specific for ILT virus. Polymerase chain reaction was the most sensitive test and detected the viral DNA even in cases where histology and FA were negative. ILT virus DNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Re-Ti ILTV). Histologic and FA results from larynx and trachea were negative if the concentration of the viral DNA was ≤4 of log10. A viral DNA concentration higher than log10 4, as determined by Re-Ti ILTV, was required for clinical ILT to be manifested. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1637/7875-011907-regr1.1 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 858-862 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7875-011907-regr1.1 DB - Crossref KW - chicken KW - fluorescent antibody KW - herpesvirus KW - infectious laryngotracheitis KW - syncytial cell ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxinotypes of Clostridium Perfringens Isolated from Sick and Healthy Avian Species AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Fisher, Derek J. AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. AU - Fernández-Miyakawa, Mariano E. AU - Uzal, Francisco A. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation AB - Currently, the factors/toxins responsible for Clostridium perfringens-associated avian enteritis are not well understood. To assess whether specific C. perfringens' toxinotypes are associated with avian enteritis, the isolates of C. perfringens from 31 cases of avian necrotic or ulcerative enteritis submitted between 1997 and 2005 were selected for retrospective analysis using multiplex PCR. C. perfringens was isolated from chickens, turkeys, quail, and psittacines. The toxinotypes of isolates from diseased birds were compared against the toxinotype of 19 C. perfringens isolates from avian cases with no evidence of clostridial enteritis. All C. perfringens isolates were classified as type A regardless of species or disease history. Although many isolates (from all avian groups) had the gene encoding the C. perfirngens beta2 toxin, only 54% produced the toxin in vitro when measured using Western blot analysis. Surprisingly, a large number of healthy birds (90%) carried CPB2-producing isolates, whereas over half of the cpb2-positive isolates from diseased birds failed to produce CPB2. These data from this investigation do not suggest a causal relationship between beta2 toxin and necrotic enteritis in birds. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1177/104063870701900321 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 329-333 J2 - J VET Diagn Invest LA - en OP - SN - 1040-6387 1943-4936 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900321 DB - Crossref KW - avian KW - beta2 toxin KW - Clostridium perfringens KW - necrotic enteritis KW - PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting dermal permeability of biocides in commercial cutting fluids using a LSER approach AU - Vijay, V AU - Yeattsjr, J AU - Riviere, J AU - Baynes, R T2 - Toxicology Letters AB - The aim of this study is to predict dermal permeability of four phenolic biocides in four different formulations using a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) approach, with a calibrated flow through diffusion cell system. Mathematical descriptors were determined in the laboratory, by mathematical computations, and by statistical methods. Infinite doses of 4 biocides and 25 probe chemicals in water, 17% methanol and 2 commercial metalworking fluids namely Astrocut–C® and Tapfree 2® were applied to porcine skin flow through diffusion cells. The strength coefficients for the 25 probe compounds for each system were determined from multiple linear regression analysis and plugged into the Abraham's LSER equation to predict permeability values for biocides. Biocide permeability significantly decreased in methanol, Astrocut–C® and Tapfree 2® when compared to water. The strength coefficients revealed that hydrophobicity played an important role in explaining the reduced permeability in vehicles compared to water. This finding is important for selection of biocides and cutting fluids formulation. The R2 between experimental and predicted log Kp of probe solutes for water, methanol, Astrocut–C® and Tapfree 2® were 0.70, 0.78, 0.89 and 0.84, respectively. In conclusion, the LSER approach adequately predicted the dermal permeability of four biocides in commercial cutting fluids and also shed light on the chemical interactions resulting in reduced permeability. DA - 2007/12/10/ PY - 2007/12/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.09.005 VL - 175 IS - 1-3 SP - 34-43 J2 - Toxicology Letters LA - en OP - SN - 0378-4274 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.09.005 DB - Crossref KW - dermal permeability KW - biocides KW - solvatochromic parameters KW - LSER KW - cutting fluids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fumonisins: Toxicokinetics, mechanism of action and toxicity AU - Voss, K.A. AU - Smith, G.W. AU - Haschek, W.M. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. They occur worldwide and are found predominantly in maize and in maize-based animal feeds. Of the fumonisins, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most common and the most thoroughly studied. FB1 causes the same toxicities in animals as F. verticillioides- and F. proliferatum-contaminated feeds including equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and porcine pulmonary edema (PPE), diseases long associated with the consumption of mouldy feed by horses and pigs, respectively. FB1 is toxic to the liver in all species and the kidney in a range of laboratory and farm animal species, causing apoptosis followed by mitosis in the affected tissues. FB1 is also toxic to the cardiovascular system in pigs and horses. FB1 and other fumonisins inhibit ceramide synthase in all species including laboratory and farm animals and disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, a process underlying the mechanism of toxicity and pathogenesis of fumonisin-related diseases. The USFDA has set guidances for fumonisin concentrations in animal feeds that range from 1 to 50 ppm in the formulated rations depending upon the animal species. The European Union Commission has recommended guidance levels for fumonisins B1 plus B2 in feed materials and formulated feedstuffs. The levels also vary according to species and range from 5 ppm for horses, pigs, rabbits and pet animals to 50 ppm for adult ruminants and mink. Awareness of fumonisin-related animal diseases, monitoring feed and feed components, and adherence to guidance recommendations are important for reducing fumonisin-induced diseases in agriculturally important species. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.007 VL - 137 IS - 3-4 SP - 299-325 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.007 DB - Crossref KW - fumonisins KW - equine leukoencephalomalacia KW - porcine pulmonary edema KW - toxicity KW - mechanism of action KW - bioavailability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunization of Broiler Chickens against Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Enteritis AU - Kulkarni, R. R. AU - Parreira, V. R. AU - Sharif, S. AU - Prescott, J. F. T2 - Clinical and Vaccine Immunology AB - Necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens is caused by Clostridium perfringens. Currently, no vaccine against NE is available and immunity to NE is not well characterized. Our previous studies showed that immunity to NE followed oral infection by virulent rather than avirulent C. perfringens strains and identified immunogenic secreted proteins apparently uniquely produced by virulent C. perfringens isolates. These proteins were alpha-toxin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase, and a hypothetical protein (HP). The current study investigated the role of each of these proteins in conferring protection to broiler chickens against oral infection challenges of different severities with virulent C. perfringens. The genes encoding these proteins were cloned and purified as histidine-tagged recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli and were used to immunize broiler chickens intramuscularly. Serum and intestinal antibody responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All proteins significantly protected broiler chickens against a relatively mild challenge. In addition, immunization with alpha-toxin, HP, and PFOR also offered significant protection against a more severe challenge. When the birds were primed with alpha-toxoid and boosted with active toxin, birds immunized with alpha-toxin were provided with the greatest protection against a severe challenge. The serum and intestinal washings from protected birds had high antigen-specific antibody titers. Thus, we conclude that there are certain secreted proteins, in addition to alpha-toxin, that are involved in immunity to NE in broiler chickens. DA - 2007/7/18/ PY - 2007/7/18/ DO - 10.1128/cvi.00162-07 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 1070-1077 J2 - Clinical and Vaccine Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 1556-6811 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00162-07 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - DESCRIPTION OF GROWTH DYNAMICS OF BIOFILM BACTERIA FOUND IN EXTENDED PORCINE SEMEN AU - Clark, Sherrie AU - Ness, Amanda AU - Payne, Brian AU - Borst, Luke AU - Maddox, Carol T2 - Biology of Reproduction DA - 2007/7/1/ PY - 2007/7/1/ DO - 10.1093/biolreprod/77.s1.84c VL - 77 IS - Suppl_1 SP - 84-85 LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3363 1529-7268 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/77.s1.84c DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of protein fractionation systems used in formulating rations for dairy cattle AU - Lanzas, C. AU - Tedeschi, L.O. AU - Seo, S. AU - Fox, D.G. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - 507-521 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35748969906&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a mechanistic model to represent the dynamics of liquid flow out of the rumen and to predict the rate of passage of liquid in dairy cattle AU - Seo, S. AU - Lanzas, C. AU - Tedeschi, L.O. AU - Fox, D.G. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 90 IS - 2 SP - 840-855 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34247890082&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A revised CNCPS feed carbohydrate fractionation scheme for formulating rations for ruminants AU - Lanzas, C. AU - Sniffen, C.J. AU - Seo, S. AU - Tedeschi, L.O. AU - Fox, D.G. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - Balancing ruminant diets for appropriate levels and types of dietary carbohydrates (CHO) is necessary to maximize production while assuring the health of the animals. Several feed fractions (i.e., volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, sugars, starch) are now being measured in some commercial feed laboratories and this information may assist in better formulating diets. A CHO fractionation scheme based on ruminal degradation characteristics needed for nutritional models is described and its impact on predictions with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is assessed. Dietary CHO are divided into eight fractions: the CA1 is volatile fatty acids (VFA), CA2 is lactic acid, CA3 is other organic acids, CA4 is sugars, CB1 is starch, CB2 is soluble fiber, CB3 is available neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and CC is unavailable NDF. A Monte Carlo analysis was conducted with an example lactating dairy cow ration to compare the original CNCPS CHO scheme (CA = sugars and organic acids, CB1 = starch and soluble fiber, CB2 = available NDF, CC = unavailable NDF) with the developed CHO scheme. A database was used to obtain distributions and correlations of the feed inputs used in the schemes for the ingredients of the ration (corn and grass silages, high moisture corn, soybean meal, and distillers’ grains). The CHO fractions varied in a decreasing order as VFAs, soluble fiber, lactic acid, sugar, NDF, starch, and total non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). Use of the expanded scheme in the CNCPS decreased the microbial CP production, which was sensitive (standard regression coefficient in parenthesis) to corn silage starch (0.55), grass silage NDF rate (0.46), high moisture corn grain starch rate (0.44), and corn silage NDF rate (0.33). Predicted ruminal NFC digestibility remained similar. The expanded CHO scheme provides a more appropriate feed description to account for variation in changes in silage quality and diet NFC composition. However, to fully account for differences in feed CHO utilization, further improvements in the methodology used to estimate the fractions and their corresponding degradation rates, inclusion of dietary factors in dry matter intake predictions, and prediction of ruminal VFA production and pH are necessary. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.025 VL - 136 IS - 3-4 SP - 167-190 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34447095486&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - carbohydrates KW - nutritional models KW - rumen KW - simulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Digestion kinetics of dried cereal grains AU - Lanzas, C. AU - Fox, D.G. AU - Pell, A.N. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - Grain fermentability largely determines the feed value of grains for ruminants. Our objective was to evaluate the variation in kinetics of gas production of cereal grains and the relationship among gas production, chemical composition and feed value. Eighteen barley, 99 corn, 23 sorghum, and 57 wheat samples were fermented in vitro for 48 h. Gas production was measured with a computerized system and an exponential model was fitted to the data. The impact of the variation in composition and kinetics on the feed value of grains in feedlot rations was assessed with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Fractional gas rates were significantly different between grains (P<0.001), with a mean and S.D. of 0.24 (0.029) h−1 for barley (n = 20), 0.15 (0.026) h−1 for corn (n = 98), 0.06 (0.016) h−1 for sorghum (n = 23) and 0.26 (0.039) h−1 for wheat (n = 57). Fermentation rates were more variable than the chemical components. Fractional rates were poorly correlated with chemical composition within grain with the highest correlations for acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) (r = −0.31, P<0.01) and ADF (r = −0.27, P<0.01) for corn and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) (r = 0.35, P<0.05) for wheat. The impact of the variation in composition and kinetics on the feed value of grains in feedlot rations was assessed. The CNCPS predicted a maximal variation of <2.1 MJ/day and <60 g/day in metabolizable energy (ME) and metabolizable protein (MP) supply from grains, respectively. For sorghum, the fermentation rate was predicted to be a major determinant of the site of starch fermentation. A detailed evaluation of feed values for grains needs to include information on rates of fermentation. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09.004 VL - 136 IS - 3-4 SP - 265-280 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34447104787&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fermentation rates KW - cereal grains KW - gas production KW - feed variation KW - CNCPS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recovery of Campylobacter and Salmonella Serovars From the Spleen, Liver and Gallbladder, and Ceca of Six-and Eight-Week-Old Commercial Broilers AU - Cox, N. A. AU - Richardson, L. J. AU - Buhr, R. J. AU - Northcutt, J. K. AU - Bailey, J. S. AU - Cray, P. F. AU - Hiett, K. L. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Previous studies have demonstrated that when Campylobacter or Salmonella were either orally or intracloacally inoculated into day-old broiler chicks, within 1 h, these bacteria moved rapidly to the lymphoid organs. These bacteria were still present 1 wk after inoculation. Two different market-age (6 and 8 wk old) broilers were obtained from 2 commercial poultry operations and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Necropsy was limited to the removal of the spleen, liver and gallbladder (L-GB), and ceca using aseptic techniques. To reduce the possibility of cross-contamination between samples, the spleen and L-GB were aseptically removed before the ceca. Samples were individually bagged, and standard laboratory procedures for Campylobacter and Salmonella were carried out for all samples. Fifty-two 6-wk-old broilers were analyzed, and Campylobacter were found in 19 of 52 L-GB, 19 of 52 spleens, and 26 of 52 ceca. Salmonella were found in 5 of 52 L-GB, 8 of 52 spleen, and 4 of 52 ceca. Eighty 8-wk-old broilers were analyzed, and Campylobacter were found in 3 of 80 L-GB, 5 of 80 spleens, and 19 of 80 ceca. Salmonella were found in 41 of 80 L-GB, 38 of 80 spleens, and 52 of 80 ceca. The internal organs of the younger birds were more heavily contaminated with Campylobacter, whereas Salmonella was the predominant organism isolated in the older birds. All Campylobacter isolates were found to be Campylobacter jejuni. The predominant Salmonella serotype was Salmonella Typhimurium; however, 7 other serotypes were found. Overall, C. jejuni was found in 22 of 132 L-GB, 24 of 132 spleen, and 45 of 132 ceca, whereas Salmonella serovars were isolated from 46 of 132 L-GB, 46 of 132 spleen, and 56 of 132 ceca. There is no doubt that these bacteria are naturally present in these organs. The significance of these reservoirs in the internal organs of commercial broilers is yet to be determined but could play a role in the microbiology of the intestinal tract and hence the final food product. DA - 2007/1/1/ PY - 2007/1/1/ DO - 10.3382/japr.2006-00123 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 477-480 J2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2006-00123 DB - Crossref KW - Campylobacter KW - broiler KW - thymus KW - spleen KW - liver and gallbladder KW - ceca ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence and Numbers of Campylobacter on Broiler Carcasses Collected at Rehang and Postchill in 20 U.S. Processing Plants AU - Berrang, M. E. AU - Bailey, J. S. AU - Altekruse, S. F. AU - Patel, B. AU - Shaw, W. K. AU - Meinersmann, R. J. AU - Fedorka Cray, P. J. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - Campylobacter is a human pathogen associated with chicken and chicken meat products. This study was designed to examine the prevalence and number of Campylobacter on broiler chicken carcasses in commercial processing plants in the United States. Carcass samples were collected from each of 20 U.S. plants four times, roughly approximating the four seasons of 2005. At each plant on each sample day, 10 carcasses were collected at rehang (prior to evisceration), and 10 carcasses from the same flock were collected postchill. A total of 800 carcasses were collected at rehang and another 800 were collected postchill. All carcasses were subjected to a whole-carcass rinse, and the rinse diluent was cultured for Campylobacter. The overall mean number of Campylobacter detected on carcasses at rehang was 2.66 log CFU per ml of carcass rinse. In each plant, the Campylobacter numbers were significantly reduced by broiler processing; the mean concentration after chill was 0.43 log CFU/ml. Overall prevalence was also reduced by processing from a mean of > or =30 of 40 carcasses at rehang to > or =14 of 40 carcasses at postchill. Seven different on-line reprocessing techniques were applied in the test plants, and all techniques resulted in <1 log CFU/ml after chilling. Use of a chlorinated carcass wash before evisceration did not affect the postchill Campylobacter numbers. However, use of chlorine in the chill tank was related to lower numbers on postchill carcasses. Overall, U.S. commercial poultry slaughter operations are successful in significantly lowering the prevalence and number of Campylobacter on broiler carcasses during processing. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1556 VL - 70 IS - 7 SP - 1556-1560 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1556 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of streptogramin resistance in enterococci from animals: identification of vatD from animal sources in the USA AU - Jackson, Charlene R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Barrett, John B. AU - Hiott, Lari M. AU - Woodley, Tiffanie A. T2 - International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents AB - There is considerable debate over the contribution of virginiamycin use in animals to quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) resistance in humans. In this study, the prevalence and mechanisms of streptogramin resistance in enterococci from animals and the environment were investigated. From 2000–2004, enterococci from samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Q/D-resistant isolates (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥4 μg/mL) were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for streptogramin resistance genes (ermB, msrC, vatD and vatE). From the analysis, 1029/6227 (17%) Q/D-resistant non-Enterococcus faecalis enterococci were identified. The majority of Q/D-resistant isolates were Enterococcus hirae (n = 349; 34%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (n = 271; 26%) and Enterococcus faecium (n = 259; 25%). Using PCR, 55.5% (n = 571) were positive for ermB, 3% (n = 34) for msrC, 2% (n = 20) for vatE and 0.3% (n = 3) for vatD; 39% (n = 401) were negative for all four genes. The vatD-positive samples comprised two E. faecium from chicken and one E. hirae from swine. The nucleotide sequence of vatD from the three isolates was 100% homologous to published vatD sequences. These data indicate that Q/D resistance among enterococci from animals remains low despite the long history of virginiamycin use. To date, this is the first report of vatD from enterococci in animals in the USA. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.010 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 60-66 J2 - International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents LA - en OP - SN - 0924-8579 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.010 DB - Crossref KW - streptogramins KW - vatD KW - enterococci KW - animals KW - vatE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing of Swine Feces Obtained through the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Swine 2000 Study for the Presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 AU - Feder, Ingrid AU - Gray, Jeffrey T. AU - Pearce, Rachel A. AU - Fratamico, Pina M. AU - Bush, Eric AU - Porto Fett, Anna AU - Wallace, F. Morgan AU - Fedorka Cray, Paula J. AU - Luchansky, John B. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - Fecal samples collected from healthy pigs from 13 of the top 17 swine-producing states were tested for Escherichia coli O157:H7 as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2000 study. Serogroup O157 strains were isolated from 106 of 2,526 fecal samples. None of the isolates were positive by PCR for the fliCh7 (H7 flagellin) gene or for the hly933 (hemolysin) gene; however, one isolate was positive for the stxl gene (Shiga toxin 1), an additional four isolates were positive for the stx2 gene (Shiga toxin 2), and three isolates possessed the eae gene (intimin). DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1489 VL - 70 IS - 6 SP - 1489-1492 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1489 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Phylogeny of the flaA Short Variable Region Among Campylobacter jejuni Isolates Collected During an Annual Evaluation of Poultry Flocks in the Southeastern United States AU - Hiett, Kelli L. AU - Stern, Norman J. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula AU - Cox, Nelson A. AU - Seal, Bruce S. T2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease AB - Production and processing samples were collected from eight commercial poultry flocks in the southeastern United States and examined for the presence of Campylobacter spp. In an effort to determine relatedness, recovered isolates were typed using flaA short variable region (SVR) DNA sequence analysis. Six of the eight production flocks tested were Campylobacter positive. In general, multiple Campylobacter flaA SVR types were present within a flock. Additionally, types found within a flock were also recovered from the final processed carcass. However, in two cases, the population of Campylobacter flaA SVR types on the processed carcass differed from those recovered from the production samples. Comparison of subtypes among flocks reared on different farms and during different seasons revealed that subtypes of Campylobacter spp. persisted throughout the year and in different locations. Environmental samples from seven of the eight farms tested were also Campylobacter positive. In one flock, a drag swab of the rearing facility was Campylobacter spp. positive while the flock and the final product were both negative. For the remaining sampling periods, environmental samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. concomitant with recovery of Campylobacter spp. from the chickens. In the remaining six flocks, the majority of environmental isolates recovered possessed flaA SVR types identical to isolates recovered from the birds, while in only one case, a recovered environmental isolate possessed a flaA SVR type that was not related to isolates obtained from the flock. Interpretation of these data suggest that the external environment and the poultry production environment share common subtypes of Campylobacter spp. and that these subtypes can contribute to contamination of the final commercial product. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2007.0008 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 339-347 J2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease LA - en OP - SN - 1535-3141 1556-7125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2007.0008 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subtherapeutic Tylosin Phosphate in Broiler Feed Affects Campylobacter on Carcasses During Processing AU - Berrang, M. E. AU - Ladely, S. R. AU - Meinersmann, R. J. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Tylosin phosphate is an antimicrobial drug approved for use in broiler feed at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion. Erythromycin is often the drug of choice for treating humans with campylobacteriosis. Both tylosin and erythromycin are classified as macrolide drugs and cross-resistance between these antimicrobials occurs. Commercial broiler chicks were placed in isolation grow-out chambers and colonized with Campylobacter jejuni. From 14 d of age through grow-out, broilers were fed ad libitim a diet that included 22 ppm of tylosin phosphate (20 g/ton). Control broilers received the same diet without tylosin phosphate. At 42 d of age, broilers were processed in a pilot plant with equipment that closely modeled commercial conditions. Carcass rinses were collected after feather removal, after inside and outside washing, and after immersion chilling. Campylobacter numbers recovered from carcasses after feather removal did not differ according to feed type (3.53 log cfu/mL of rinse for control carcasses, and 3.60 log cfu/mL of rinse for those fed medicated feed). Likewise, medicated feed did not affect Campylobacter numbers on carcasses after inside-outside washing (3.11 and 3.07 log cfu/mL of rinse). However, carcasses of broilers fed tylosin phosphate had lower numbers of Campylobacter after chilling (1.45 log cfu/mL of rinse) than control carcasses (2.31 log cfu/mL of rinse). No Campylobacter isolated from control carcasses were resistant to erythromycin; all Campylobacter recovered from carcasses fed tylosin phosphate were resistant to erythromycin. Application of tylosin phosphate in feed results in lower numbers of Campylobacter on chilled carcasses; however, the Campylobacter that do remain are resistant to erythromycin. DA - 2007/6/1/ PY - 2007/6/1/ DO - 10.1093/ps/86.6.1229 VL - 86 IS - 6 SP - 1229-1233 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 1525-3171 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1229 DB - Crossref KW - antibiotic KW - antimicrobial KW - Campylobacter KW - tylosin KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of Plasmids and Class 1 Integrons in Salmonella enterica Serovar Agona Isolated from NARMS Slaughter Samples Collected in the Years 1997–2003 AU - Douris, Aphrodite AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Jackson, Charlene R. T2 - Microbial Drug Resistance AB - A total of 60 Salmonella enterica serovar Agona isolates (25 pan-susceptible isolates and 35 isolates resistant to five or more antimicrobials) submitted to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System–Enteric Bacteria (NARMS) from 1997 through 2003 were examined for plasmids and class 1 integrons. Samples originated from cattle, turkey, chicken, and swine presented at federally inspected slaughter and processing plants. Large plasmids (33–291 kb) were present in 83% of the isolates resistant to five or more antimicrobials; however, 16% of the pan-susceptible isolates also had large plasmids. The presence of large plasmids did not correspond to the isolate source or the year the isolate was recovered but did appear to correspond to XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Two sizes of large plasmids appeared most often: 145.4 kb and 97 kb. Class 1 integrons were not detected on plasmids but were detected on the chromosome of 8% (2/25) of the pan-susceptible isolates and 49% (17/35) of the isolates with multiple drug resistance. Expression of multiple drug resistance among S. Agona isolates occurred regardless of the presence of class 1 integrons, suggesting that plasmids play an equally important role in the development of resistant S. Agona. More research is needed to understand better the mechanisms by which S. Agona acquires, harbors, and transfers resistance determinants. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1089/mdr.2007.752 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 212-219 J2 - Microbial Drug Resistance LA - en OP - SN - 1076-6294 1931-8448 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2007.752 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of Macrolide-Resistant Campylobacter in Broilers Administered Subtherapeutic or Therapeutic Concentrations of Tylosin AU - Ladely, Scott R. AU - Harrison, Mark A. AU - Fedorka Cray, Paula J. AU - Berrang, Mark E. AU - Englen, Mark D. AU - Meinersmann, Richard J. T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - The use of antimicrobials in food animal production, particularly those commonly used to treat infections in humans, has become a source of debate in recent years. However, limited data are available regarding the development of resistance following the subtherapeutic or therapeutic administration of antimicrobials in animal production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of tylosin on the erythromycin susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from the ceca of treated broilers. In three replicated studies, day-of-hatch chicks were exposed to macrolide-susceptible C. jejuni or C. coli. At 2 weeks of age, tylosin was administered at subtherapeutic (22 ppm, continuously in the diet) or therapeutic concentrations (529 ppm, in the drinking water for 5 days). Broilers were sacrificed weekly. Total and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter spp. were enumerated from individual ceca plus cecal contents. Overall erythromycin resistance was observed at a higher frequency (P < 0.01) among C. coli isolates (70.8%) than among C. jejuni isolates (36.8%) following tylosin administration. Across Campylobacter species, erythromycin resistance was observed at a higher frequency (P < 0.001) when tylosin was administered at subtherapeutic (62.7%) than at therapeutic (11.4%) concentrations. Subtherapeutic administration resulted in the recovery of 83.3 and 56.1% erythromycin-resistant isolates compared with only 33.3 and 7.9% of the isolates expressing erythromycin resistance following the administration of therapeutic concentrations for C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. Further studies are needed to determine the factors involved in the apparent difference in the acquisition of macrolide resistance in C. coli compared with C. jejuni. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1945 VL - 70 IS - 8 SP - 1945-1951 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1945 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence, distribution and characterisation of ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from animals in the USA from 1999 to 2003 AU - Frye, Jonathan G. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. T2 - International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents AB - Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) antimicrobials are the drugs of choice for treatment of salmonellosis in children. Salmonella isolated in the USA are assayed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for resistance to antimicrobials including first-, second- and third-generation cephalosporins. From 1999 to 2003, 34,411 Salmonella were isolated from animals in the USA, of which 10.9% were found to be resistant to ceftiofur, a 3GC used in animals, whilst only 0.3% were resistant to ceftriaxone, a 3GC used in human medicine. Ceftiofur resistance rose from 4.0% in 1999 to 18.8% in 2003. Isolates from diagnostic laboratories had higher levels of resistance (18.5%), whereas levels in isolates from on-farm (3.4%) and slaughter (7.1%) sources were lower. Animals with a higher than average proportion of resistant Salmonella included cattle (17.6%), horses (19.2%) and dogs (20.8%). Levels in turkeys (6.8%), chickens (7.1%), eggs (3.6%) and swine (4.6%) were lower. Resistance varied between Salmonella serotypes. A few serotypes had significantly high levels, e.g. S. Newport was 70.4% ceftiofur resistant. Resistance was predominantly associated with bla(CMY-2)-encoding plasmids. These data suggest that the acquisition of resistance plasmids and the spread of specific serotypes harbouring these plasmids are driving the observed resistance to ceftiofur in Salmonella animal isolates. DA - 2007/8// PY - 2007/8// DO - 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.013 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 134-142 J2 - International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents LA - en OP - SN - 0924-8579 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.013 DB - Crossref KW - Salmonella KW - cephalosporin KW - ceftiofur KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - animal KW - plasmid KW - bla(CMY-2) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in US dairy cattle AU - Englen, M.D. AU - Hill, A.E. AU - Dargatz, D.A. AU - Ladely, S.R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P.J. T2 - Journal of Applied Microbiology AB - Aims: To obtain an overview of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in faeces of US dairy cows in 2002. Methods and Results: Faeces from 1435 cows, representing 96 dairy operations in 21 US states, were collected for the culture of Campylobacter. A total of 735 Campylobacter strains were isolated (51·2% positive samples) with 94 operations positive (97·9%) for Campylobacter. From this collection, 532 isolates (473 Campylobacter jejuni and 59 Campylobacter coli) were randomly selected for susceptibility testing to eight antimicrobials: azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. The C. jejuni isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline (47·4%), nalidixic acid (4·0%) and ciprofloxacin (2·5%), while the C. coli strains exhibited some resistance to all antimicrobials except chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Only 3·6% of the C. jejuni isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobials but 20·3% of the C. coli strains were multiresistant. Conclusions: On most operations, at least one cow was positive for Campylobacter and more than half of the cows sampled were shedding Campylobacter. The C. coli isolates had significantly higher levels of resistance to macrolides and to tetracycline compared with the C. jejuni strains, but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of Campylobacter on US dairy operations; however, US dairy cattle have not been recognized as a major source of human infection compared with poultry. Campylobacter coli appears to develop antimicrobial resistance more readily than C. jejuni from the same environment. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03189.x VL - 102 IS - 6 SP - 1570-1577 J2 - J Appl Microbiol LA - en OP - SN - 1364-5072 1365-2672 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03189.x DB - Crossref KW - antimicrobials KW - Campylobacter coli KW - Campylobacter jejuni KW - dairy cattle KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction to United States Department of Agriculture VetNet: Status of Salmonella and Campylobacter Databases from 2004 Through 2005 AU - Jackson, Charlene R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Wineland, Nora AU - Tankson, Jeanetta D. AU - Barrett, John B. AU - Douris, Aphrodite AU - Gresham, Cheryl P. AU - Jackson-Hall, Carolina AU - McGlinchey, Beth M. AU - Price, Maria Victoria T2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease AB - In 2003 the United States Department of Agriculture established USDA VetNet. It was modeled after PulseNet USA, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. The objectives of USDA VetNet are: to use pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to subtype zoonotic pathogens submitted to the animal arm of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS); examine VetNet and PulseNet PFGE patterns; and use the data for surveillance and investigation of suspected foodborne illness outbreaks. Whereas PulseNet subtypes 7 foodborne disease-causing bacteria— Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter, Yersinia pestis, and Vibrio cholerae—VetNet at present subtypes nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes and Campylobacter from animals, including diagnostic specimens, healthy farm animals, and carcasses of food-producing animals at slaughter. By the end of 2005, VetNet had two functioning databases: the NARMS Salmonella and the NARMS Campylobacter databases. The Salmonella database contained 6763 Salmonella isolates and 2514 unique XbaI patterns, while the Campylobacter database contained 58 Campylobacter isolates and 53 unique SmaI patterns. Both databases contain the PFGE tagged image file format (TIFF) images, demographic information, and the antimicrobial resistance profiles assigned by NARMS. In the future, veterinary diagnostic laboratories will be invited to participate in VetNet. The establishment of USDA VetNet enhances the mission of the agriculture and public health communities in the surveillance and investigation of foodborne illness outbreaks. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2006.0067 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 241-248 J2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease LA - en OP - SN - 1535-3141 1556-7125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2006.0067 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter and Campylobacter from broiler carcasses AU - Son, Insook AU - Englen, Mark D. AU - Berrang, Mark E. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Harrison, Mark A. T2 - International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents AB - The antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter (n = 174) and Campylobacter (n = 215) isolated from broiler carcasses in a US poultry processing plant was examined. For Arcobacter, 93.7% (n = 163) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials and 71.8% (n = 125) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. For Campylobacter, 99.5% (n = 214) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials and 28.4% (n = 61) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. Arcobacter butzleri isolates were particularly resistant to clindamycin (90%; n = 126), azithromycin (81.4%; n = 114) and nalidixic acid (23.6%; n = 33). Resistance to tetracycline was very high in Campylobacter jejuni (99.5%) and Campylobacter coli (96.3%). Our results demonstrate substantial resistance in Arcobacter and Campylobacter to common antimicrobial agents. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.10.016 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 451-455 J2 - International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents LA - en OP - SN - 0924-8579 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.10.016 DB - Crossref KW - Arcobacter KW - Campylobacter KW - broiler chickens KW - antimicrobial resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella Enteritidis in Meat, Poultry, and Pasteurized Egg Products Regulated by the U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1998 through 2003 AU - White, Patricia L. AU - Naugle, Alecia L. AU - Jackson, Charlene R. AU - Fedorka Cray, Paula J. AU - Rose, Bonnie E. AU - Pritchard, Katrine M. AU - Levine, Priscilla AU - Saini, Parmesh K. AU - Schroeder, Carl M. AU - Dreyfuss, Moshe S. AU - Tan, Regina AU - Holt, Kristin G. AU - Harman, Jane AU - Buchanan, Stephanie T2 - Journal of Food Protection AB - The U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) tests for Salmonella in meat, poultry, and egg products through three regulatory testing programs: the Pathogen Reduction-Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR-HACCP) program, the ready-to-eat program for meat and poultry products, and the pasteurized egg products program. From 1998 through 2003, 293,938 samples collected for these testing programs were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica serotypes. Of these samples, 12,699 (4.3%) were positive for Salmonella, and 167 (1.3%) of the positive samples (0.06% of all samples) contained Salmonella Enteritidis. The highest incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis was observed in ground chicken PR-HACCP samples (8 of 1,722 samples, 0.46%), and the lowest was found in steer-heifer PR-HACCP samples (0 of 12,835 samples). Salmonella Enteritidis isolates were characterized by phage type, pulsed-field gel electrophoretic pattern, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Phage typing of 94 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates identified PT13 (39 isolates) and PT8 (36 isolates) as the most common types. One isolate from a ready-to-eat ham product was characterized as PT4. Electrophoretic analysis of 148 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates indicated genetic diversity among the isolates, with 28 unique XbaI electrophoretic patterns identified. Of these 148 isolates, 136 (92%) were susceptible to each of 16 antimicrobials tested. Two isolates were resistant to ampicillin alone, and 10 isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. Isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis from FSIS-regulated products emphasizes the need for continued consumer education on proper food handling and cooking practices and continued work to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella in meat, poultry, and pasteurized egg products. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.4315/0362-028x-70.3.582 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 582-591 J2 - Journal of Food Protection LA - en OP - SN - 0362-028X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.3.582 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus spp.: Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and their Spatial Relationships in a Synoptic Study of the Upper Oconee River Basin AU - Meinersmann, R. J. AU - Berrang, M. E. AU - Jackson, C. R. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. AU - Ladely, S. AU - Little, E. AU - Frye, J. G. AU - Mattsson, B. T2 - Microbial Ecology DA - 2007/8/9/ PY - 2007/8/9/ DO - 10.1007/s00248-007-9290-6 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 444-452 J2 - Microb Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0095-3628 1432-184X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9290-6 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Arcobacter and Campylobacter on broiler carcasses during processing AU - Son, Insook AU - Englen, Mark D. AU - Berrang, Mark E. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Harrison, Mark A. T2 - International Journal of Food Microbiology AB - Broiler carcasses (n=325) were sampled in a U.S. commercial poultry processing plant for the prevalence of Arcobacter and Campylobacter at three sites along the processing line: pre-scald, pre-chill and post-chill. Samples (75-125 broilers per site) were collected during five plant visits from August to October of 2004. Arcobacter was recovered from pre-scald carcasses more frequently (96.8%) than from pre-chill (61.3%) and post-chill carcasses (9.6%). Campylobacter was isolated from 92% of pre-scald carcasses, 100% of pre-chill carcasses, and 52% of post-chill carcasses. In total, Arcobacter was isolated from 55.1% (179 of 325), while Campylobacter was isolated from 78.5% (255 of 325) of the carcasses from the three collection sites. For Arcobacter identification, a species-specific multiplex PCR showed that A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (79.1%) followed by A. cryaerophilus 1B (18.6%). A. cryaerophilus 1A was found at low levels (2.3%). PCR identified the most common Campylobacter species as C. jejuni (87.6%) followed by C. coli (12.4%). Overall, significant contamination of broiler carcasses by Arcobacter was observed, although less than that found for Campylobacter. From pre-scald to post-chill, a far greater reduction in Arcobacter numbers was observed than for Campylobacter. Our results for Arcobacter, obtained from the same environment as the closely related pathogen Campylobacter, will aid in the development of control measures for this emerging pathogen. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.033 VL - 113 IS - 1 SP - 16-22 J2 - International Journal of Food Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0168-1605 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.033 DB - Crossref KW - Arcobacter KW - broiler chickens KW - Campylobacter KW - poultry processing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Dried Distillers' Grain on Fecal Prevalence and Growth of Escherichia coli O157 in Batch Culture Fermentations from Cattle AU - Jacob, M. E. AU - Fox, J. T. AU - Drouillard, J. S. AU - Renter, D. G. AU - Nagaraja, T. G. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT Distillers’ grains (DG), a by-product of ethanol production, are fed to cattle. Associations between Escherichia coli O157 prevalence and feeding of DG were investigated in feedlot cattle ( n = 379) given one of three diets: steam-flaked corn (SFC) and 15% corn silage with 0 or 25% dried distillers’ grains (DDG) or SFC with 5% corn silage and 25% DDG. Ten fecal samples were collected from each pen weekly for 12 weeks to isolate E. coli O157. Cattle fed 25% DDG with 5 or 15% silage had a higher ( P = 0.01) prevalence of E. coli O157 than cattle fed a diet without DDG. Batch culture ruminal or fecal microbial fermentations were conducted to evaluate the effect of DDG on E. coli O157 growth. The first study utilized microbial inocula from steers fed SFC or dry-rolled corn with 0 or 25% DDG and included their diet as the substrate. Ruminal microbial fermentations from steers fed DDG had higher E. coli O157 contents than ruminal microbial fermentations from steers fed no DDG ( P < 0.05) when no substrate was included. Fecal fermentations showed no DDG effect on E. coli O157 growth. In the second study with DDG as a substrate, ruminal fermentations with 0.5 g DDG had higher ( P < 0.01) E. coli O157 concentrations at 24 h than ruminal fermentations with 0, 1, or 2 g DDG. In fecal fermentations, 2 g DDG resulted in a higher concentration ( P < 0.05) at 24 h than 0, 0.5, or 1 g DDG. The results indicate that there is a positive association between DDG and E. coli O157 in cattle, and the findings should have important ramifications for food safety. DA - 2007/10/26/ PY - 2007/10/26/ DO - 10.1128/aem.01842-07 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 38-43 J2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0099-2240 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01842-07 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oncogenic Marek’s disease viruses lacking the 132 base pair repeats can still be attenuated by serial in vitro cell culture passages AU - Silva, R. F. AU - Gimeno, Isabel T2 - Virus Genes DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1007/s11262-006-0022-7 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 87-90 J2 - Virus Genes LA - en OP - SN - 0920-8569 1572-994X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-006-0022-7 DB - Crossref KW - herpesvirus KW - lymphoma KW - cosmid KW - deletion mutant KW - chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacterial symbionts induce a FUT2-dependent fucosylated niche on colonic epithelium via ERK and JNK signaling AU - Meng, Di AU - Newburg, David S. AU - Young, Cheryl AU - Baker, Amy AU - Tonkonogy, Susan L. AU - Sartor, R. Balfour AU - Walker, W. Allan AU - Nanthakumar, N. Nanda T2 - American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology AB - The intestinal epithelium of the adult gut supports a complex, dynamic microbial ecosystem and expresses highly fucosylated glycans on its surface. Uncolonized gut contains little fucosylated glycan. The transition toward adult colonization, such as during recovery from germ-free status or from antibiotic treatment, increased expression of fucosylated epitopes in the colonic epithelium. This increase in fucosylation is accompanied by induction of fut2 mRNA expression and α1,2/3-fucosyltransferase activity. Colonization stimulates ERK and JNK signal transduction pathways, resulting in activation of transcription factors ATF2 and c-Jun, respectively. This increases transcription of fut2 mRNA and expression of α1,2/3-fucosyltransferase activity, resulting in a highly fucosylated intestinal mucosa characteristic of the adult mammalian gut. Blocking the ERK and JNK signaling cascade inhibits the ability of colonization to induce elevated fut2 mRNA and fucosyltransferase activity in the mature colon. Thus pioneer-mutualist symbiotic bacteria may utilize the ERK and JNK signaling cascade to induce the high degree of fucosylation characteristic of adult mammalian colon, and we speculate that this fucosylation facilitates colonization by adult microbiota. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00010.2007 VL - 293 IS - 4 SP - G780-G787 J2 - American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology LA - en OP - SN - 0193-1857 1522-1547 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00010.2007 DB - Crossref KW - bacterial colonization KW - fucosylation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tracts of calves in Brazil AU - Marques, L. M. AU - Buzinhani, M. AU - Oliveira, R. C. AU - Yamaguti, M. AU - Ferreira, J. B. AU - Neto, R. L. AU - Timenetsky, J. T2 - Veterinary Record AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 161, Issue 20 p. 699-700 Article Prevalence of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tracts of calves in Brazil L. M. Marques MSc, L. M. Marques MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorM. Buzinhani MSc, M. Buzinhani MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorR. C. Oliveira MSc, R. C. Oliveira MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorM. Yamaguti MSc, M. Yamaguti MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorJ. B. Ferreira MSc, J. B. Ferreira MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorR. L. Neto PhD, R. L. Neto PhD Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Timenetsky PhD, Corresponding Author J. Timenetsky PhD n/a@dne.dne Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilCorrespondence to Dr TimenetskySearch for more papers by this author L. M. Marques MSc, L. M. Marques MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorM. Buzinhani MSc, M. Buzinhani MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorR. C. Oliveira MSc, R. C. Oliveira MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorM. Yamaguti MSc, M. Yamaguti MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorJ. B. Ferreira MSc, J. B. Ferreira MSc Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorR. L. Neto PhD, R. L. Neto PhD Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Timenetsky PhD, Corresponding Author J. Timenetsky PhD n/a@dne.dne Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilCorrespondence to Dr TimenetskySearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 November 2007 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.20.699Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume161, Issue20November 2007Pages 699-700 RelatedInformation DA - 2007/11/17/ PY - 2007/11/17/ DO - 10.1136/vr.161.20.699 VL - 161 IS - 20 SP - 699-700 J2 - Veterinary Record LA - en OP - SN - 0042-4900 2042-7670 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.20.699 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Mycoplasma Dispar in the Nasal Mucus of Calves AU - Marques, L. M. AU - Buzinhani, M. AU - Yamaguti, M. AU - Oliveira, R. C. AU - Ferreira, J. B. AU - Mettifogo, E. AU - Timenetsky, J. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation AB - A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the detection of Mycoplasma dispar in nasal mucus samples collected from calves. The target DNA sequence was the 16S rRNA gene, and the fragment was selected within a region of high polymorphism. The specificity and detection limit of the method were determined. This method was then used for the detection of M. dispar in nasal swabs collected from 301 calves, including 155 clinical samples from animals showing signs of respiratory disease and 146 samples from healthy animals. PCR with generic primers was applied to the detection of Mollicutes, followed by the detection of M. dispar. Mollicutes were detected in 52.05% of clinical samples from healthy animals and in 90.96% of samples from sick animals. Mycoplasma dispar was detected in 6.16% of healthy animals and in 34.84% of sick animals. The PCR assay was useful in verifying the presence of M. dispar in calves and may be a useful tool in monitoring this mycoplasma in cattle herds. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1177/104063870701900118 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 103-106 J2 - J VET Diagn Invest LA - en OP - SN - 1040-6387 1943-4936 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900118 DB - Crossref KW - calves KW - Mycoplasma dispar KW - nasal mucus KW - PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unionicola (Coelaturicola) Gledhilli n. subgen., n. sp (Acari : Unionicolidae) from freshwater mussels in Botswana and east Africa AU - Vidrine, Malcolm F. AU - Lotter, Zerene AU - Van As, Jo G. AU - Bogan, Arthur E. AU - Bastian-Stanford, Myriam T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY AB - Abstract Unionicola (Coelaturicola) gledhilli n. subgen., n. sp. (Hydrachnida: Unionicolidae) is described from freshwater mussels, Coelatura kunenensis Mousson, 1887 (Unionoida: Unionidae) from the Okavango River, Botswana, and Chambardia nyassaensis (Lea, 1864) (Unionoida: Iridinidae) from Lake Malawi, Malawi, East Africa. The new species has distinctive coxal plate and genital field morphologies. This new mite extends our understanding of the morphology and biogeography of the genus in Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. It further extends our knowledge of host selection and host-specificity among the Unionicola. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1080/01647950708684519 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 167-171 SN - 0164-7954 KW - Acari KW - Hydrachnida KW - Unionicolidae KW - freshwater mussels KW - Iridinidae KW - Unionidae KW - biogeography KW - East Africa KW - Botswana ER - TY - JOUR TI - Re-evaluation of Australian and South American Unionicola Haldeman (Acari : Unionicolidae) AU - Vidrine, Malcolm F. AU - Bogan, Arthur E. AU - Hazelton-Robichaux, Sheila R. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY AB - Abstract The genus Unionicola Haldeman in the family Unionicolidae is distributed worldwide, with more than half of the known species recorded as parasites of freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida). Re-evaluation of the morphology and biogeography of the genus in Africa, Australia and South America extends our knowledge of host selection and host-specificity among Unionicola. New host and geographic records for Unionicola (Kovietsatax) walkeri Viets are Velesunio angasi in Western Australia. The subgenus Australatax Vidrine is re-evaluated. A new subgenus, Hyricola n. subgen., is erected for Australian members of the subgenus Australatax sensu lato. Discrete differences in leg chaetotaxy, pedipalp morphology, and female genital field chaetotaxy clearly separate the newly redefined Australatax from Hyricola. These changes provide an opportunity to re-evaluate all the gill mites in the Southern Hemisphere. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1080/01647950708684500 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 49-52 SN - 0164-7954 KW - Acari KW - Unionicolidae KW - Australatax KW - Hyricola KW - Kovietsatax KW - Unionicola KW - freshwater mussels KW - coevolution KW - biogeography KW - Australia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Primers for amplifying the hypervariable, male-transmitted COII-COI junction region in amblemine freshwater mussels (Bivalvia : Unionoidea : Ambleminae) AU - Walker, Jennifer M. AU - Bogan, Arthur E. AU - Bonfiglio, Elsie A. AU - Campbell, David C. AU - Christian, Alan D. AU - Curole, Jason P. AU - Harris, John L. AU - Wojtecki, Rudy J. AU - Hoeh, Walter R. T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES AB - Abstract Freshwater bivalves in the superfamily Unionoidea possess distinct male (M)‐ and female (F)‐transmitted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The former evolves independently of and at a significantly faster rate than the latter. Thus, population genetic and phylogenetic analyses of M sequences facilitate the generation of independent estimates of genetic variation and evolutionary relationships which are often more robust than those provided by analyses of F sequences alone. However, M mtDNA's rapid substitution rate often renders polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification difficult with ‘universal’ primers. Herein, we report on three pairs of PCR primers that consistently amplify the hypervariable M COII‐COI gene junction region in 25 bivalve genera (Unionoidea: Ambleminae). DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01630.x VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 489-491 SN - 1471-8278 KW - Ambleminae KW - COI KW - COII KW - DUI KW - hypervariable region KW - mtDNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling AU - Merwe, Deon AU - Buur, Jennifer L. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY: BASIC AND CLINICAL PRINCIPLES DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012370467-2/50100-0 SP - 42-50 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pharmacokinetics of nanomaterials AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Tran, L. T2 - Nanotoxicology: characterization, dosing and health effects PY - 2007/// SP - 127-152 PB - New York: Informa SN - 1420045148 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Quantitating the absorption, partitioning and toxicity of hydrocarbon components of JP-8 jet fuel AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Baynes, R. E. AU - Xia, X. R. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// SP - 1–11, M1 - FA9550-04-1-0376 M3 - Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics Grant SN - FA9550-04-1-0376 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing canine obesity: a new therapeutic approach AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Fink-Gremmels, J. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 30 IS - Suppl. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological stress response terminology: Integrating the concepts of adaptive response and preconditioning stress within a hormetic dose-response framework AU - Calabrese, E.J. AU - Bachmann, K.A. AU - Bailer, A.J. AU - Bolger, P.M. AU - Borak, J. AU - Cai, L. AU - Cedergreen, N. AU - Cherian, M.J. AU - Chiueh, C.C. AU - Clarkson, T.W. AU - Cook, R.R. AU - Diamond, D.M. AU - Doolittle, D.J. AU - Dorato, M.A. AU - Duke, S.O. AU - Feinendegen, L. AU - Gardner, D.E. AU - Hart, R.W. AU - Hastings, K.L. AU - Hayes, A.W. AU - Hoffmann, G.R. AU - Ives, J.A. AU - Jaworowski, Z. AU - Johnson, T.E. AU - Jonas, W.B. AU - Kaminski, N.E. AU - Keller, J.G. AU - Klaunig, J.E. AU - Knudsen, T.B. AU - Kozumbo, W.J. AU - Lettieri, T. AU - Liu, S.Z. AU - Maisseu, A. AU - Maynard, K.I. AU - Masoro, E.J. AU - McClellan, R.O. AU - Mehendale, H.M. AU - Mothersill, C. AU - Newlin, D.B. AU - Nigg, H.N. AU - Oehme, F.W. AU - Phalen, R.F. AU - Philbert, M.A. AU - Rattan, S.I.S. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Rodricks, J. AU - Sapolsky, R.M. AU - Scott, B.R. AU - Seymour, C. AU - Sinclair, D.A. AU - Smith-Sonneborn, J. AU - Snow, E.T. AU - Spear, L. AU - Stevenson, D.E. AU - Thomas, Y. AU - Tubiana, M. AU - Williams, G.M. AU - Mattson, M.P. T2 - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology AB - Many biological subdisciplines that regularly assess dose-response relationships have identified an evolutionarily conserved process in which a low dose of a stressful stimulus activates an adaptive response that increases the resistance of the cell or organism to a moderate to severe level of stress. Due to a lack of frequent interaction among scientists in these many areas, there has emerged a broad range of terms that describe such dose-response relationships. This situation has become problematic because the different terms describe a family of similar biological responses (e.g., adaptive response, preconditioning, hormesis), adversely affecting interdisciplinary communication, and possibly even obscuring generalizable features and central biological concepts. With support from scientists in a broad range of disciplines, this article offers a set of recommendations we believe can achieve greater conceptual harmony in dose-response terminology, as well as better understanding and communication across the broad spectrum of biological disciplines. DA - 2007/7/1/ PY - 2007/7/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.taap.2007.02.015 VL - 222 IS - 1 SP - 122–128 SN - 1096-0333 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dermal toxicity AU - Muhammad, Faqir AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY: BASIC AND CLINICAL PRINCIPLES AB - Knowledge of the basic structure of skin is necessary to understand the mechanisms of dermal absorption and toxicity of topically applied toxicants. Skin is an essential and dynamic organ. It is composed of three distinct layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. In addition to performing important functions including thermoregulation and preventing insensible water loss, it also has important metabolic, immunological, and neurosensory properties. However, the predominant function of skin is to protect the body against a variety of toxicological insults. Animals are relatively less protective against such insults as compared to humans because of a lack of clothing, inferior housing, and different social interactions. In most instances, the skin of animals directly contacts environmental, chemical, and other pollutant exposure without the benefit of manmade protection. Although the largest organ of the body can often face these insults to a certain threshold, animals exhibit symptoms of dermal toxicity when this limit is passed. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012370467-2/50113-9 SP - 263-276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pneumonia of Turkey Breeder Hens Associated with Mycoplasma synoviae AU - Osorio, Claudia AU - Fletcher, Oscar J. AU - Abdul-Aziz, Tahseen AU - Gonder, Eric AU - Tilley, Becky AU - Ley, David H. T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Turkey breeder hens showed an increase in mortality beginning at 38 wk of age with no other clinical signs or changes in egg production. While no respiratory signs were observed in live turkeys, those that died consistently had gross lesions of pneumonia. Histopathology of lungs revealed serofibrinous bronchopneumonia, lymphofollicular reaction, and other features suggesting a bacterial etiology. However, except for incidental findings, bacteria were not visualized in the sections examined, and none were isolated in meaningful numbers on routine bacteriologic media. At 42 wk of age the flock showed serologic evidence of infection with Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), and MS was identified by both mycoplasma culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures in samples from choanal clefts and tracheas. Results of lung histopathology and PCR tests were consistent with a diagnosis of pneumonia caused by MS. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[791:POTBHA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 791-796 SN - 0005-2086 KW - fibrinous pneumonia KW - Mycoplasma synoviae KW - turkey breeder hens KW - respiratory disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonsecretory multiple myeloma in a horse AU - Morton, A. J. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Redding, W. R. AU - Jones, S. L. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION AB - Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 19, Issue 11 p. 564-568 Nonsecretory multiple myeloma in a horse A. J. Morton, Corresponding Author A. J. Morton University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA*University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davi, J. L. Davi North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author A. J. Morton, Corresponding Author A. J. Morton University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA*University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davi, J. L. Davi North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/095777307X217852Citations: 5AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume19, Issue11December 2007Pages 564-568 RelatedInformation DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.2746/095777307X217852 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - 564-568 SN - 0957-7734 KW - horse KW - myeloma KW - nuclear scintigraphy KW - lameness KW - neoplasia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cerebrospinal fluid from a dog with hind limb ataxia AU - Snyder, Laura A. AU - Tarigo, Jaime L. AU - Neel, Jennifer A. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - A 9-year-old spayed female German Shepherd dog with a history of orthopedic disease was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of recent, progressive, bilateral, hindlimb ataxia. Analysis of cisternal and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples revealed normal total nucleated cell counts and a mild increase in protein concentration in the lumbar sample. In cytocentrifuged specimens of both CSF samples, aggregates of refractile, angular to irregular, pale blue to colorless, crystalline material were observed in the background. Some of the material appeared birefringent under polarized light. Differentials for the material included contrast agent, epidural anesthetics or other pharmacologic agents, or artifact introduced through sample processing, collection, or handling. Based on investigation of clinical and laboratory processes it was determined that tubes used to collect CSF in the hospital recently had been changed from additive-free glass tubes to silica-coated shatter-resistant plastic tubes (BD Vacutainer Plus serum tubes, silicone-coated, Becton Dickinson). A cytocentrifuged preparation of saline placed in a silica-coated tube contained crystalline material identical to that observed in the CSF samples; saline placed in an additive-free glass tube contained no material. In this case, we document the microscopic appearance of highly concentrated silica particles in cytocentrifuged preparations of CSF and underscore the importance of recognizing and identifying this artifact in cytologic preparations. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2007.tb00447.x VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 379-381 SN - 0275-6382 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38049063441&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - additive KW - artifact KW - blood collection tube KW - cerebrospinal fluid KW - dog KW - silica ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting dermal permeability of biocides in commercial cutting fluids using a LSER approach AU - Vijay, V. AU - Yeatts, J. L. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Baynes, R. E. T2 - Toxicology Letters DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1016/j.toxiet.2007.09.005 VL - 175 IS - 1-3 SP - 34-43 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Piscinoodinium, a fish-ectoparasitic dinoflagellate, is a member of the class Dinophyceae, subclass Gymnodiniphycidae: Convergent evolution with Amyloodinium AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Litaker, R. Wayne AU - Goldstein, Robert J. AU - Dykstra, Michael J. AU - Vandersea, Mark W. AU - Noga, Edward J. T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - All dinoflagellates that infest the skin and gills of fish have traditionally been placed within the class Blastodiniphyceae. Their relatedness was primarily based upon a similar mode of attachment to the host, i.e., attachment disc with holdfasts. Results of recent molecular genetic analyses have transferred these parasites, including Amyloodinium, to the class Dinophyceae, subclass Peridiniphycidae. In our study, a small subunit rDNA gene from a parasitic dinoflagellate that has features diagnostic for species in the genus Piscinoodinium, i.e., typical trophont with attachment disc having rhizocysts, infesting the skin of freshwater tropical fish, places this organism within the dinophycean subclass Gymnodiniphycidae. This suggests a close relationship of Piscinoodinium spp. to dinoflagellates that include symbionts, e.g., species of Symbiodinium, and free-living algae, e.g., Gymnodinium spp. These molecular and morphological data suggest that evolution of this mode of fish ectoparasitism occurred independently in 2 distantly related groups of dinoflagellates, and they further suggest that the taxonomic status of parasites grouped as members of Piscinoodinium requires major revision. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1645/GE-3585.1 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 1006-1015 SN - 1937-2345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partitioning behavior of aromatic components in jet fuel into diverse membrane-coated fibers AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Xia, Xin-Rui AU - Barlow, Beth M. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES AB - Jet fuel components are known to partition into skin and produce occupational irritant contact dermatitis (OICD) and potentially adverse systemic effects. The purpose of this study was to determine how jet fuel components partition (1) from solvent mixtures into diverse membrane-coated fibers (MCFs) and (2) from biological media into MCFs to predict tissue distribution. Three diverse MCFs, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, lipophilic), polyacrylate (PA, polarizable), and carbowax (CAR, polar), were selected to simulate the physicochemical properties of skin in vivo. Following an appropriate equilibrium time between the MCF and dosing solutions, the MCF was injected directly into a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to quantify the amount that partitioned into the membrane. Three vehicles (water, 50% ethanol-water, and albumin-containing media solution) were studied for selected jet fuel components. The more hydrophobic the component, the greater was the partitioning into the membranes across all MCF types, especially from water. The presence of ethanol as a surrogate solvent resulted in significantly reduced partitioning into the MCFs with discernible differences across the three fibers based on their chemistries. The presence of a plasma substitute (media) also reduced partitioning into the MCF, with the CAR MCF system being better correlated to the predicted partitioning of aromatic components into skin. This study demonstrated that a single or multiple set of MCF fibers may be used as a surrogate for octanol/water systems and skin to assess partitioning behavior of nine aromatic components frequently formulated with jet fuels. These diverse inert fibers were able to assess solute partitioning from a blood substitute such as media into a membrane possessing physicochemical properties similar to human skin. This information may be incorporated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to provide a more accurate assessment of tissue dosimetry of related toxicants. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/15287390701549146 VL - 70 IS - 22 SP - 1879-1887 SN - 1528-7394 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naturally transmitted herpesvirus papio-2 infection in a black and white colobus monkey AU - Troan, Brigid V. AU - Perelygina, Ludmila AU - Patrusheva, Irina AU - Van Wettere, Arnaud J. AU - Hilliard, Julia K. AU - Loomis, Michael R. AU - De Voe, Ryan S. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Case Description —A 6.5-year-old female eastern black and white colobus monkey ( Colobus guereza ) was evaluated after acute onset of ataxia and inappetence. Clinical Findings —The monkey was ataxic and lethargic, but no other abnormalities were detected via physical examination, radiography, or clinicopathologic analyses. During the next 2 days, the monkey's clinical condition deteriorated, and its WBC count decreased dramatically. Cytologic examination of a CSF sample revealed marked lymphohistiocytic inflammation. Treatment and Outcome —Despite supportive care, the monkey became apneic; after 20 hours of mechanical ventilation, fatal cardiac arrest occurred. At necropsy, numerous petechiae were detected within the white matter tracts of the brain; microscopic lesions of multifocal necrosis and hemorrhage with intranuclear inclusions identified in the brain and adrenal glands were consistent with an acute herpesvirus infection. A specific diagnosis of herpesvirus papio-2 (HVP-2) infection was made on the basis of results of serologic testing; PCR assay of tissue specimens; live virus isolation from the lungs; and immunohistochemical identification of the virus within brain, spinal cord, and adrenal gland lesions. Via phylogenetic tree analysis, the colobus HVP-2 isolate was grouped with neuroinvasive strains of the virus. The virus was most likely transmitted to the colobus monkey through toys shared with a nearby colony of baboons (the natural host of HVP-2). Clinical Relevance —To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of natural transmission of HVP-2 to a nonhost species. Infection with HVP-2 should be a differential diagnosis for acute encephalopathy in primate monkeys and humans, particularly following exposure to baboons. DA - 2007/12/15/ PY - 2007/12/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.231.12.1878 VL - 231 IS - 12 SP - 1878-1883 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multitiered Health Assessment of Atlantic Menhaden in the Pamlico River, North Carolina AU - Johnson, A. K. AU - Law, J. M. AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Levine, J. F. T2 - Journal of Aquatic Animal Health AB - During the fall of 2001 and 2002, Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus were collected from several creeks in the Pamlico River, North Carolina, to investigate recent fish kills and ulcerative skin lesions. High skin lesion prevalence (>50%) was associated with the Atlantic menhaden kills in fall 2001, whereas there were no fish kills in fall 2002 and skin lesion prevalence was lower (< or =50%). Indicators of tissue damage (histopathological analyses of gills, heart, liver, intestine, and anterior kidney), body condition (liver somatic index), and immune status (transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta] messenger RNA [mRNA] production, hematology, plasma chemistry, and splenosomatic index) were compared between Atlantic menhaden with and without ulcerative skin lesions in fall. Atlantic menhaden with ulcerative skin lesions had significantly higher liver somatic indices, neutrophil and monocyte percentages, and splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA levels than did fish without lesions. Hematocrit values, plasma protein, and Ca concentrations were significantly lower in fish with ulcerative skin lesions than in those without. The indicators used in this study at multiple levels of biological organization have provided valuable baseline data for understanding the health status of lesioned and nonlesioned Atlantic menhaden in the Pamlico River. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1577/H06-018.1 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 205-214 J2 - Journal of Aquatic Animal Health LA - en OP - SN - 0899-7659 1548-8667 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H06-018.1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction and evaluation of virtual microscopy in teaching veterinary cytopathology AU - Neel, Jennifer A. AU - Grindem, Carol B. AU - Bristol, David G. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Virtual microscopy (VM) uses a computer to view digitized slides and is comparable to using a microscope to view glass slides. This technology has been assessed in human medical education for teaching histology and histopathology, but, to the authors' knowledge, no one has evaluated its use in teaching cytopathology in veterinary medical education. We hypothesize that students will respond positively to the use of VM for viewing cytopathology preparations and that the technology can be successfully used for student assessment. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed students regarding their level of satisfaction with features of the VM system, their preference for use of VM in the curriculum, and the potential influence virtual slides may have on student study habits; student performance on a traditional cytopathology practical examination and a similar exam using VM was evaluated. Our results show that student perception of the VM system is generally very positive, with some concerns about resolution and the need for continued exposure to traditional microscopy. Within the curriculum, students indicated a preference for the option of using virtual slides for studying and take-home exercises. Overwhelmingly, students wanted either hybrid laboratory sessions or sessions using glass slides with virtual slides available for study and review. Students identified many VM test-taking features as advantageous compared with traditional glass-slide practical exams as traditionally administered. However, students indicated a strong preference for continued use of traditional microscopy for graded practical exams. Students may be more likely to study slides in preparation for practical examinations if virtual slides are available. Results also indicate that VM can be used successfully for assessment purposes, but students should receive training in using virtual slides if the technology will be used for assessment. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.34.4.437 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 437-444 SN - 0748-321X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37649014510&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats experimentally infected with Tritrichomonas foetus AU - Gookin, Jody L. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. AU - Coccaro, Maria R. AU - Poore, Matthew F. AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Papich, Mark G. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To determine the efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats with experimentally induced Tritrichomonas foetus infection.8 specific-pathogen-free kittens.Tinidazole was tested for activity against a feline isolate of T foetus in vitro. Kittens were infected orogastrically with the same isolate and treated or not with tinidazole (30 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 14 days). Amoxicillin was administered 28 weeks after completion of tinidazole administration to induce diarrhea. Feces were repeatedly tested for T foetus by use of PCR assay and microbial culture for 33 weeks.Tinidazole killed T foetus at concentrations >or= 10 microg/mL in vitro. In experimentally induced infection, tinidazole administered at 30 mg/kg decreased T foetus below the limit of molecular detection in 2 of 4 cats. Recrudescent shedding of T foetus, as elicited by amoxicillin-induced diarrhea, was diminished in cats that received prior treatment with tinidazole.Although tinidazole decreased the detection of T foetus and treated cats were resistant to later efforts to incite the infection, inability of tinidazole to eradicate infection in many cats poses a serious impediment to the drug's effectiveness in practice. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.68.10.1085 VL - 68 IS - 10 SP - 1085-1088 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aviary air-handler design and its relationship to fungal spore loads in the air AU - Dykstra, Michael J. AU - Reininger, Kenneth T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Fungal spore loads in the air of cool-temperature, temperate, and tropical aviaries were collected with an Andersen N-6 air sampler. The relationship of spore loads to air-handler and exhibit design in these three environments was examined. In addition, a 2-yr longitudinal study of fungal spore loads in the air of a newly designed and installed air-handling system in the R. J. Reynolds Forest Aviary at the North Carolina Zoological Park was compared to the earlier air-handling system that it replaced. High-efficiency particulate air filters installed in cool-temperature aviaries produced the cleanest air, although pleated filters showed only marginally higher spore loads. Temperate and tropical aviaries with pleated filters or bag filters with variable-velocity fans had much higher spore loads. Tropical and temperate exhibits with bag filters and constant-velocity fans produced the cleanest air in tropical and temperate exhibits. Information on the relative effectiveness of different air-handling system designs and related costs/benefits should be used by zoo managers when they are designing or retrofitting aviary air-handling systems. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1638/1042-7260(2007)38[540:AADAIR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 540-547 SN - 1042-7260 KW - air quality KW - avian exhibits KW - fungal spores ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stable isotope analyses (delta N-15 and delta C-13) of the trophic relationships of Callinectes sapidus in two north Carolina estuaries AU - Bucci, J. P. AU - Showers, W. J. AU - Rebach, S. AU - DeMaster, D. AU - Genna, B. T2 - ESTUARIES AND COASTS DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1007/BF02841395 VL - 30 IS - 6 SP - 1049-1059 SN - 1559-2731 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence of multidrug resistant Salmonella in antimicrobial-free (ABF) swine production systems AU - Thakur, Siddhartha AU - Tadesse, Daniel A. AU - Morrow, Morgan AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. T2 - VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY AB - This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella species in swine reared in the intensive (indoor) and extensive (outdoor) ABF production systems at farm and slaughter in North Carolina, U.S.A. We sampled a total of 279 pigs at farm (extensive 107; intensive 172) and collected 274 carcass swabs (extensive 124; intensive 150) at slaughter. Salmonella species were tested for their susceptibility against 12 antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Serogrouping was done using polyvalent and group specific antisera. A total of 400 salmonellae were isolated in this study with a significantly higher Salmonella prevalence from the intensive (30%) than the extensive farms (0.9%) (P<0.001). At slaughter, significantly higher Salmonella was isolated at the pre- and post-evisceration stages from extensively (29% pre-evisceration and 33.3% post-evisceration) than the intensively (2% pre-evisceration and 6% post-evisceration) reared swine (P<0.001). The isolates were clustered in six serogroups including B, C, E1, E4, G and R. Highest frequency of antimicrobial resistance was observed against tetracycline (78.5%) and streptomycin (31.5%). A total of 13 antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed including the pentaresistant strains with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline resistance pattern observed only among isolates from the intensive farms (n=28) and all were serotype Salmonella typhimurium var. Copenhagen. In conclusion, this study shows that multidrug resistant Salmonella are prevalent in ABF production systems despite the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. In addition, it also highlights the possible role played by slaughterhouse and other environmental factors in the contamination and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in ABF production systems. DA - 2007/12/15/ PY - 2007/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.025 VL - 125 IS - 3-4 SP - 362-367 SN - 0378-1135 KW - swine KW - Salmonella species KW - antimicrobial-free production system KW - antimicrobials KW - multidrug resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lactoferrin supplementation to holstein calves during the preweaning and postweaning phases AU - English, E. A. AU - Hopkins, B. A. AU - Stroud, J. S. AU - Davidson, S. AU - Smith, G. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Whitlow, L. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Sixty Holstein calves (30 bulls, 30 heifers) were used to examine the effects of supplemental lactoferrin on feed intake, growth, and health during the preweaning and postweaning periods. One of 3 levels of lactoferrin was supplemented from 3 to 56 d in either whole milk or water to produce 3 dietary treatments: 1) 0 g/d, 2) 0.5 g/d, and 3) 1 g/d. Whole milk (3.8 L/d) containing lactoferrin supplements was fed from bottles until weaning at 35 d. From d 36 to 56, lactoferrin supplements were added to water (15 to 25 mL) and fed from bottles. Lactoferrin supplementation had no effect on feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, heart girth, body temperature, fecal scores, respiratory scores, or haptoglobin concentrations. Calves were housed in individual pens in either an open-sided barn or hutches. Calves raised in the barn consumed more calf starter and therefore grew better than calves raised in hutches. Under the conditions of this study, lactoferrin supplementation was not beneficial. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of lactoferrin, and possible benefits during different feeding conditions or milk sources. DA - 2007/11/1/ PY - 2007/11/1/ DO - 10.3168/jds.2007-0361 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 5276-5281 SN - 1525-3198 KW - calf KW - lactoferrin KW - weaning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Imaging diagnosis-synchronous primary brain tumors in a dog AU - MacKillop, Edward AU - Thrall, Donald E. AU - Ranck, Rose S. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Munana, Karen R. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Four-year-old, neutered male, Bassett Hound. The dog was referred for progressive neurologic dysfunction of approximately 1 month. He would occasionally circle to the right and had developed behavior changes. Two weeks before evaluation the dog began drifting to the left when ambulating and would fall over after shaking his head. Signs of vestibular disequilibrium progressed to falling and rolling to the left. There was mild dehydration (<5%), markedly depressed mentation, and moderate vestibular ataxia with a tendency to stumble to the left. When supported, the dog would circle aimlessly to the right. Menace response was absent in the left eye. Vertical and occasional beats of horizontal nystagmus with a fast-phase to the right were noted in both eyes upon neck extension. Postural reactions were decreased in the left thoracic and pelvic limbs and dysmetric in the right thoracic and pelvic limbs. Neuroanantomic localization was multifocal: right forebrain and caudal fossa. A solitary caudal fossa mass with secondary obstructive hydrocephalus was also considered. Vestibular signs were thought to be consistent with a right-sided paradoxical central vestibular lesion although multifocal cerebellovestibular disease could not be excluded. The differential diagnosis included meningoencephalitis, neoplasia, brain abscess or congenital anomaly. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain was performed using a 1.5 T magnet. Two anatomically distant brain masses with disparate features were identified (1, 3). T2-weighted transverse spin echo magnetic resonance image (4000/91) of a cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor is mildly T2 hyperintense with a large cystic region in the right dorsolateral aspect. That the hyperintense region is cystic is based on its hypointense appearance in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images (not shown). T2-weighted transverse spin echo magnetic resonance image (4000/91) of the pilocytic astrocytoma in the right thalamus. Note the ill-defined mass effect, moderate T2-intensity, and peritumoral edema tracking along cerebral white matter (arrow). The first was an approximately 1.5–2.0 cm, mildly T2-hyperintense, ill defined, partially cystic, mass in the right cerebellar hemisphere that was causing mild compression of the brainstem (Fig. 1). In a T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence there were multiple susceptibility artifacts consistent with intralesional hemorrhage (Fig. 2). There was faint, wispy contrast enhancement of this mass. The mass caused overcrowding of the caudal fossa, and faint T2-hyperintensity was present in the cervical spinal cord at the C2 level, consistent with syringohydromyelia. T2*-weighted transverse gradient echo magnetic resonance image (875/26/20°), of the cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor. This image was acquired 5 mm rostral to the image in Fig. 1. There are multiple signal voids (arrow head) representing susceptibility artifact from intratumoral hemorrhage. There was a second similarly sized mass located in the right, ventral aspect of the thalamus at the level of the sella turcica with extension into the right frontal lobe. The imaging characteristics of this mass were different from the cerebellar mass as it had greater T2 intensity, marked adjacent T2 hyperintensity consistent with vasogenic edema, and no evidence of intralesional hemorrahge (Fig. 3). Following contrast medium administration there was faint enhancement of the forebrain mass itself, as well as wispy peripheral enhancement suggestive of peripheral neovascularization. The different imaging characteristics of these masses suggested disparate etiologies. The characteristics of the cerebellar mass suggested it might be associated with a vascular event with resultant necrosis and hemorrhage while the features of the forebrain mass were more consistent with a glial tumor. However, the imaging features were not specific and other etiologies for these lesions included metastatic neoplasia, inflammatory disease or multifocal primary brain tumors. Following MR imaging mannitol was administered intravenously and CSF was collected from the cerebellomedullary cistern. CSF analysis was within the normal reference range. Progressive neurological signs prompted a CT-guided brain biopsy. In CT images, the forebrain mass did not contrast enhance and there was a subtle hypoattenuating focus within the mass, consistent with edema. The cerebellar mass was hyperattenuating relative to adjacent neuropil and contained a central hypoattenuating focus consistent with cystic fluid, necrosis, or chronic hemorrhage. Samples of the forebrain mass were obtained with a core biopsy needle using CT guidance and submitted for stat frozen section histologic assessment. Despite sampling from the apparent epicenter of the mass, the biopsy was interpreted as mild gliosis without evidence of inflammation or neoplasia. The dog failed to adequately ventilate following anesthesia and was euthanized based on the poor prognosis for recovery. The right cerebral hemisphere was swollen with moderate subdural hemorrhage. The caudal aspect of the cerebellum was herniated into the fourth ventricle and compressed the associated segment of brain stem, which had moderate patchy hemorrhage. There was no evidence of transtentorial brain herniation. Following transverse sectioning of the brain, a poorly defined, slightly expansile pale mass, with fine stippling was centered in the right thalamus. There was a more discrete, spheroid mass in the cerebellum that was mottled dark brown-red and effaced approximately 70% of the right hemisphere. Microscopically, the forebrain mass was composed of elongated fascicles of slender spindle cells with a fibrillary cytoplasm and thin oval nuclei (Fig. 4A). This mass had diffuse, strong immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and mild to moderate regional immunoreactivity for vimentin but staining was negative for cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament, and synaptophysin. The histological diagnosis was astrocytoma with pilocytic features. Photomicrographs of two primary brain tumors in a dog. (A) Thalamus, astrocytoma with pilocytic features composed of discrete fascicles of long slender spindle cells with hyperchromatic elongated nuclei and pale abundant fibrillary cytoplasm. (B) Cerebellum, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, consistent with medullobastoma, formed by sheets of densely packed round to angular small cells with scant cytoplasm and round nuclei. Hematoxylin and eosin, 200 × . The cerebellar mass was distinctly different from the forebrain mass, being composed of dense sheets of small, round to angular cells, with hyperchromatic round nuclei (Fig. 4B). Scattered tumor cells had increased amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Occasionally small cells arranged in rosette-like aggregates. Pyknotic debris was scattered throughout the mass, and there were multiple foci of hemorrhage. Small patchy areas of neoplastic cells exhibited mild immunoreactivity for vimentin but cells lacked specific staining for cytokeratin, GFAP, NSE, neurofilament, synaptophysin, CD3 or CD79a. Individual cells distributed throughout the mass stained for GFAP and were consistent with reactive astrocytes. Morphology supported a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) in the cerebellum, consistent with a medulloblastoma. We conclude that our patient developed two independent synchronous brain tumors. Multifocal brain lesions may occur from inflammatory, neoplastic, vascular, metabolic, or degenerative etiologies. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is often used to distinguish inflammatory disease from tumors, although some tumors may be associated with pleocytosis. A multifocal distribution of intracranial masses is suggestive of metastatic neoplasia; however, multiple primary brain tumors or a combination of primary and secondary brain tumors should be considered when brain masses have disparate MR imaging characteristics, as seen here. Multiple intracranial tumors are found in humans with brain metastasis but may also be found with certain heritable neurocutaneous syndromes (syn. phakomatoses) such as neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2 (NF1 and NF2).1,2 For example, people with NF1 are prone to optic nerve gliomas and/or juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas whereas NF2 is associated with either bilateral vestibulocochlear nerve (acoustic) schwannomas or an acoustic schwannoma and another primary brain tumor.2 In one study in dogs, 39/170 (23%) of dogs with a primary brain tumor had at least one other unrelated tumor.3 Interestingly, six of 170 (3.5%) had a second unrelated intracranial neoplasm. In most of these animals (4/6) the second tumor was a pituitary adenoma, although one dog had a meningioma and an astrocytoma. In contrast, multiple menginiomas may be found in as many as 17% of cats with meningioma.4 We found two reports of multiple histologically distinct brain tumors in dogs; one dog had an oligodendroglioma and a meningioma while the other had an oligodendroglioma and metastatic mammary carcinoma.1,5 Both patients were Boxer dogs, a breed predisposed to glioma.1 Multiple histologically distinct brain tumors are a rare occurrence in people without phakomatosis or exposure to ionizing radiation.6,7 Anatomically distant brain tumors, such as in our dog, may reflect coincidental tumorigenesis; alternatively, a genetic abnormality or exposure to a carcinogen may predispose to multifocal neoplasia. It has been speculated that adjacent or collision tumors may result from neoplastic transformation of peritumoral tissue because of chronic inflammation.6 In many instances of multifocal primary intracranial neoplasia, the second tumor is an incidental finding. Therapy is initially directed at the symptomatic tumor unless both tumors can be removed through the same surgical approach.7 Primary brain tumors usually occur in older dogs.8 There are, however, a number of reports of astrocytomas in young dogs such as this animal and gliomas are one of the most common malignancies in children.9 On MR imaging, canine astrocytomas are usually ill-defined intraparenchymal space-occupying masses that are hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images.10 Astrocytomas may be associated with mild to marked peritumoral edema and as in this dog extensive peritumoral edema may obscure tumor boundaries. Astrocytomas have variable enhancement patterns but are often heterogenous.10 In our dog, faint contrast enhancement and extensive peritumoral edema made biopsy of the mass difficult and samples were mostly composed of rarefied neuropil with reactive gliosis. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are rare and thought to arise from neoplastic transformation of embryonal neuroectoderm. The World Health Organization (WHO) for classification of nervous system tumors in domestic animals defines PNET as a generic term for brain tumors that are histologically indistinguishable from medulloblastoma—which is the common term used for this tumor type in the cerebellum.11 MR imaging and CT characteristics of the cerebellar tumor in this dog support the diagnosis of medulloblastoma. PNETs are primarily found in adult dogs (range 3–10 years old) but there are reports of medulloblastoma in dogs ≤2 years of age.12 In our dog, lack of association with the ventricular system argues against another primitive neoplasm, such as an anaplastic ependymal tumor. Medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma are the two most common brain tumors in children and the simultaneous occurrence of both tumors in this relatively young dog is extremely unusual.2,13 Medulloblastoma is a malignant embryonal tumor that is thought to be derived from either the external germinal layer of the cerebellum or subependymal matrix cells.14 On MR imaging, human medulloblastomas are predominantly isointense to grey matter on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences and hypointense or isointense to grey matter on T1-weighted sequences. Though in our dog the cerebellar tumor was not T2-isointense to brain, its T2-intensity was lower than the forebrain astrocytoma. In people, it is not uncommon for there to be regions of heterogeneity in medulloblastomas because of tumor hemorrhage, necrosis, or cavitation.2,15 Contrast enhancement is usually mild to moderate. One reported canine medulloblastoma had similar MR imaging characteristics to the cerebellar tumor in our dog.12 Complete neuraxial MR imaging has been recommended in the presurgical evaluation of people with suspected medulloblastoma because intrathecal or drop metastasis may be found in approximately 40% of patients.15 Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is used in people to help distinguish PNETs from other brain tumors. DWI has historically been used in the diagnosis of stroke because of its capacity to identify the restricted movement of water protons, a characteristic feature of acute stroke. Of 12 human PNETs, including nine medulloblastomas, tumors were characterized as having restricted water diffusion.15 Medulloblastomas are densely cellular and have a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio which may restrict the motion of both extra- and intracellular water protons.15 These same tumor characteristics are thought to be the reason that medulloblastomas are hyperattenuating on CT images and predominantly isointense on T2-weighted and FLAIR sequences.2 In our dog, the combination of a densely cellular neoplasm along with intratumoral hemorrhage may explain the hyperattenuation on CT images. Although uncommon, multiple histologically distinct intracranial tumors should be considered in dogs that have multifocal brain masses with disparate MR imaging characteristics. A heterogeneous, slightly T2 hyperintense cerebellar mass lesion should raise the index of suspicion for a medulloblastoma. The authors would like to thank Drs. Talmage Brown, Brian Summers, Tom Van Winkle, Jim Cooley, and Jon Patterson for their histopathologic review of tissue from this dog. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00294.x VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 550-553 SN - 1058-8183 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of route of inoculation on Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in captive house finches AU - Dhondt, Keila V. AU - Dhondt, Andre A. AU - Ley, David H. T2 - AVIAN PATHOLOGY AB - The routes by which Mycoplasma gallisepticum initiates infection during outbreaks of conjunctivitis in house finches remain uncertain. As M. gallisepticum recovered from the cloaca of chickens remains viable for up to 3 days in chicken faeces, the possibility of spread via faecal contamination has been suggested. To test the hypothesis that food or water contaminated with M. gallisepticum may initiate infection, 20 house finches were experimentally inoculated by the oral or the conjunctival route. Clinical and immunological responses were compared. All inoculated birds seroconverted, thus demonstrating infection. Only two of the birds inoculated via the oral route developed very mild unilateral conjunctivitis while all 10 of those infected by eye-drop inoculation developed severe bilateral conjunctivitis. The orally inoculated birds had reduced levels of activity for only a few days, while those infected by conjunctival inoculation had reduced activity for several weeks. M. gallisepticum DNA was detected in conjunctival swabs by polymerase chain reaction in only three orally inoculated birds but in all birds in the conjunctivally inoculated group. Antibodies developed more slowly after oral inoculation than after conjunctival inoculation. We showed that oral exposure to M. gallisepticum can initiate infection, disease, and a serological response, which suggests that food or water contaminated with secretions or excretions may be a route of transmission between house finches. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/03079450701642016 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 475-479 SN - 1465-3338 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cdk2 deficiency decreases ras/CDK4-dependent malignant progression, but not myc-induced tumorigenesis AU - Macias, Everardo AU - Kim, Yongbaek AU - Marval, Paula L. Miliani AU - Klein-Szanto, Andres AU - Rodriguez-Puebla, Marcelo L. T2 - CANCER RESEARCH AB - Abstract We have previously shown that forced expression of CDK4 in mouse skin (K5CDK4 mice) results in increased susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in a chemical carcinogenesis protocol. This protocol induces skin papilloma development, causing a selection of cells bearing activating Ha-ras mutations. We have also shown that myc-induced epidermal proliferation and oral tumorigenesis (K5Myc mice) depends on CDK4 expression. Biochemical analysis of K5CDK4 and K5Myc epidermis as well as skin tumors showed that keratinocyte proliferation is mediated by CDK4 sequestration of p27Kip1 and p21Cip1, and activation of CDK2. Here, we studied the role of CDK2 in epithelial tumorigenesis. In normal skin, loss of CDK2 rescues CDK4-induced, but not myc-induced epidermal hyperproliferation. Ablation of CDK2 in K5CDK4 mice results in decreased incidences and multiplicity of skin tumors as well as malignant progression to SCC. Histopathologic analysis showed that K5CDK4 tumors are drastically more aggressive than K5CDK4/CDK2−/− tumors. On the other hand, we show that CDK2 is dispensable for myc-induced tumorigenesis. In contrast to our previous report of K5Myc/CDK4−/−, K5Myc/CDK2−/− mice developed oral tumors with the same frequency as K5Myc mice. Overall, we have established that ras-induced tumors are more susceptible to CDK2 ablation than myc-induced tumors, suggesting that the efficacy of targeting CDK2 in tumor development and malignant progression is dependent on the oncogenic pathway involved. [Cancer Res 2007;67(20):9713–20] DA - 2007/10/15/ PY - 2007/10/15/ DO - 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2119 VL - 67 IS - 20 SP - 9713-9720 SN - 1538-7445 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of veterinary therapeutics: A glimpse towards 2030 AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - The Veterinary Journal AB - The purpose of this article is to make an educated guess as to what veterinary pharmacology will look like in two decades. By examining the past, it is evident that change is incremental unless a transforming discovery occurs. In the last few decades, such events have dramatically changed medicine and pharmacology, however they have not percolated through the system to the effect that novel drugs have replaced our traditional armamentarium. The effect of six transforming technologies (continued advances in computer technology, microfluidics, nanotechnology, high-throughput screening, control and targeted drug delivery, pharmacogenomics) on veterinary therapeutics is examined. These should lead toward more efficacious and safer drugs across most therapeutic classes due to both increases in our knowledge base as well as more efficient drug development. Shorter term improvements in drug delivery should be seen. Although this growth in technology would portend major advances over the next few decades, economic and regulatory constraints must still be overcome for these new drugs or therapeutic approaches to become common practice. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.022 VL - 174 IS - 3 SP - 462-471 J2 - The Veterinary Journal LA - en OP - SN - 1090-0233 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.022 DB - Crossref KW - pharmacology KW - toxicology KW - future KW - veterinary medicine ER - TY - JOUR TI - The detection of Cytauxzoon felis in apparently healthy free-roaming cats in the USA AU - Haber, Marion D. AU - Tucker, Melissa D. AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Levy, Julie K. AU - Burgess, Jill AU - Lappin, Michael R. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - Cytauxzoon felis typically causes fatal disease in domestic cats. Survival after infection and persistent parasitemia without clinical illness has been documented in a few cases. To our knowledge there are no prevalence studies of C. felis in domestic cats. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of C. felis infected cats that were presented to trap-neuter-return programs in Florida, North Carolina and Tennessee. Cats that were presented to trap-neuter-return programs were tested using a C. felis-specific PCR assay. A total of 961 domestic cats were tested (494 from Florida; 392 from North Carolina; 75 from Tennessee). Prevalence of C. felis infection in this population was 0.3%. Two cats from Florida and one cat from Tennessee tested positive for the presence of C. felis DNA. These amplicons were sequenced and confirmed to be C. felis. The cat from Tennessee was alive without evidence of illness 2 months post-surgery. The other two cats were alive 24 h post-surgery, but were then lost to follow-up. This is the first report documenting C. felis infections in free-roaming cats. Despite the low prevalence rate, the presence of apparently healthy infected free-roaming cats suggests that they may have the capacity to serve as an additional reservoir host for C. felis. Further investigations should evaluate the potential vector competence of domestic cats as well as the role of chronically infected cats in areas in which cytauxzoonosis appears hyperendemic. DA - 2007/5/31/ PY - 2007/5/31/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.029 VL - 146 IS - 3-4 SP - 316-320 SN - 1873-2550 KW - Cytauxzoonosis KW - PCR KW - free-roaming KW - survival KW - hyperendemic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mucosal immunity and chronic idiopathic enteropathies in dogs AU - Fogle, J. E. AU - Bissett, S. A. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 290-302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a hamster AU - Snyder, L.A. AU - Linder, K.E. AU - Neel, J.A. T2 - Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 55-57 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38449103079&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term neuroretinal full-thickness transplants in a large animal model of severe retinitis pigmentosa AU - Ghosh, Fredrik AU - Engelsberg, Karl AU - English, Robert V. AU - Petters, Robert M. T2 - GRAEFES ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - The purpose of this study was to explore neuroretinal transplantation in a large animal model of severe retinitis pigmentosa and to establish graft development, long-term survival, graft-host integration, and effects on the host retina. Rhodopsin transgenic pigs, aged 6 months, received in one eye a fetal full-thickness neuroretinal sheet in the subretinal space by means of vitrectomy and retinotomy. Six months postoperatively, eyes were studied in the light microscope and with immunohistochemical markers. Full-field electroretinography (ERG) was performed at 4 and 6 months. Laminated grafts with well-organized photoreceptors, rod bipolar cells, and Müller cells were found in five of six eyes. Neuronal connections between graft and host retina were not seen. In the five eyes containing a graft, the number of surviving rods in the host retina was significantly higher compared with unoperated eyes. The ERG did not reveal any significant difference in b-wave amplitude between operated and control eyes, but the cone-derived response in operated eyes increased significantly from 4 to 6 months while the rod response in control eyes decreased significantly. Fetal full-thickness neuroretina can be transplanted safely to an eye with severe retinal degeneration. In their major part, the transplants develop a normal laminated morphology and survive for at least 6 months. Graft and host retinal neurons do not form connections. Retinal function in the host is reduced initially by the surgical trauma, but the presence of a well-laminated graft counteracts this effect and rescues rods from degeneration. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1007/s00417-006-0437-9 VL - 245 IS - 6 SP - 835-846 SN - 1435-702X KW - immune privilege KW - photoreceptor morphology KW - retinal degeneration KW - vitreoretinal surgery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Listeriosis prevention for older adults: Effective messages and delivery methods AU - Cates, Sheryl C. AU - Kosa, Katherine M. AU - Moore, Christina M. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Ten Eyck, Toby A. AU - Cowen, Peter T2 - EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY AB - Individuals aged 60 years and older are at an increased risk for listeriosis and other foodborne illnesses. They can reduce their risk by following recommended food safety practices. A total of 8 focus groups were conducted to characterize older adults' food safety knowledge and practices, their impressions of educational materials on listeriosis prevention, barriers to adopting the recommended practices, and preferred delivery methods. Participants were not aware of listeriosis and recommended practices for listeriosis prevention. Adoption of the recommended practices was not widespread following exposure to the educational materials. This study identified the need to reach older adults with information on listeriosis prevention. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/03601270701411023 VL - 33 IS - 7 SP - 587-606 SN - 1521-0472 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current update on drugs for game bird species AU - Needham, Martha L. AU - Webb, Alistair I. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Craigmill, Arthur L. AU - Tell, Lisa A. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2007/11/15/ PY - 2007/11/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.231.10.1506 VL - 231 IS - 10 SP - 1506-1508 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of toxic effects of sediment-associated organic pollutants using the lambda transgenic medaka AU - Cachot, Jerome AU - Law, Mac AU - Pottier, Didier AU - Peluhet, Laurent AU - Norris, Michelle AU - Budzinski, Helene AU - Winn, Richard T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - A novel sediment-contact assay using embryos of the λ transgenic medaka was developed to fully characterize the toxic effects induced by exposure to a mixture of organic pollutants in sediments. Embryos of the λ transgenic medaka were exposed for 10 days to a clean reference sediment spiked with either the solvent alone, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), or three concentrations (0.3×, 1×, and 2×) of an organic extract (OE) of sediments from the Seine estuary. The 1× OE-spiked sediment contained concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls similar to those in field-collected sediment. Exposure to this sediment, but not to the B[a]P-spiked sediment, significantly increased embryo-larval mortality and prevalence of spinal deformities. Mutant frequency at the cII mutation target gene in the liver of 10-week-old medaka was significantly increased following exposure to either B[a]P or the three doses of OE. The predominant OE-induced liver mutations were G:C to T:A transversions, consistent with PAHs being the major contributors to the mutation induction. Liver and gonadal tumors were observed in 35-week-old medaka exposed to either B[a]P (1/25) or to the 1× OE (1/24). The benefits of medaka as a fish model for toxicological assessment and the benefits of the cII mutation assay for mutation detection combine to provide comprehensive assessment of a wide range of genotoxic and nongenotoxic effects of aquatic pollutants. DA - 2007/11/15/ PY - 2007/11/15/ DO - 10.1021/es071082v VL - 41 IS - 22 SP - 7830-7836 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenges in quantification of ligninolytic enzymes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivation for pretreatment of cotton stalks AU - Shi, J. AU - Sharma-Shivappa, R. R. AU - Chinn, M. AU - Dean, R. A. AU - Shivappa, R. B. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Enzymes play an important role in the breakdown of lignin during microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, quantification of the various enzyme activities with assays developed for enzyme extracts from pure cultures can be challenging. In this study, spectrophotometric assays used for the quantification of peroxidases in enzyme extracts from submerged (SmC) and solid-state (SSC) cultivation of P. chrysosporium on cotton stalks during 14 days pretreatment failed to detect lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activities. However, results from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggested presence of protein bands with molecular weights corresponding to MnP and LiP in the enzyme extracts from fungal pretreatment cultures. Addition of crude enzyme extracts from SmC and SSC treated samples to fresh cotton stalks showed 3.42% and 7.45% increase in lignin content, respectively. This slight increase may be attributed to components within crude extracts that polymerize the phenolic compounds instead of resulting in delignification. It can be inferred from this study that although qualitative methods for ligninolytic enzyme estimation provide useful information, it is essential to investigate alternative approaches to quantify ligninolytic enzymes during cultivation on natural lignocellulosic materials to overcome the limitations of existing assays. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.13031/2013.24071 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2347-2354 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodistribution of quantum dot nanoparticles in perfused skin: Evidence of coating dependency and periodicity in arterial extraction AU - Lee, Hyun A. AU - Imran, Mudassar AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Colvin, Vicki L. AU - Yu, William W. AU - Rivlere, Jim E. T2 - NANO LETTERS AB - Arterial extraction of quantum dots (QD) assayed by fluorescence or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry were studied after infusion into isolated perfused skin. Extraction was mathematically modeled using three linear differential equations. COOH-coated QD had greater tissue deposition, assessed both by model prediction and laser confocal scanning microscopy, than did QD-PEG. Both QD had a unique periodicity in arterial extraction never observed with drug infusions, suggesting a potentially important nanomaterial behavior that could affect systemic disposition. DA - 2007/9// PY - 2007/9// DO - 10.1021/nl071563c VL - 7 IS - 9 SP - 2865-2870 SN - 1530-6992 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel gene from Brugia sp that encodes a cytotoxic fatty acid binding protein allergen recognized by canine monoclonal IgE and serum IgE from infected dogs AU - Orton, Susan M. AU - Arasu, Prema AU - Hammerberg, Bruce T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - Brugia pahangi infection of dogs is a well characterized model of human lymphatic filariasis in which sera consistently show IgG or IgE reactivity to a 35-kDa antigen. Using dog lymph node B cells, we previously established a heterohybridoma cell line producing canine monoclonal IgE (cmAb 2.39) that activates and degranulates canine mast cells, and specifically recognizes a 35-kDa B. pahangi antigen. By affinity purification and sequencing of the native protein from B. pahangi adults, a 19-amino acid sequence was obtained; the derived nucleotide sequence showed homology to a Brugia malayi and 2 related Onchocerca volvulus expressed sequence tag (EST) clones from the Filarial Genome Project database. Consensus primers amplified a 244-bp product from adult and infective larval stage cDNA libraries of B. malayi, O. volvulus, and Wuchereria bancrofti, but not from those of nonfilarial nematodes. The B. malayi EST clone only showed nucleotide sequence homology to O. volvulus EST sequences. A 684-bp region from the open reading frame was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein designated BmAl-1. CmAb 2.39, as well as serum IgE from dogs infected with B. pahangi and canine filarial heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, recognized BmAl-1 on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blots. BmAl-1 showed high binding affinity for a fatty acid; however, a search for sequence homology with known fatty acid binding proteins indicated that BmAl-1 is a unique fatty acid binding protein. This 35-kDa protein seems to be highly conserved in different stages and species of filarids, and it represents a previously unknown allergen that is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of filarial disease. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1645/GE-1217.1 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1378-1387 SN - 0022-3395 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of two exposure systems to apply malathion to Lumbricus terrestris L AU - Henson-Ramsey, H. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. AU - Levine, J. AU - Shea, D. AU - Taylor, S. K. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1007/s00128-007-9194-7 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 427-431 SN - 0007-4861 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic characterization of equine coronavirus AU - Zhang, Jianqiang AU - Guy, James S. AU - Snijder, Eric J. AU - Denniston, Doug A. AU - Timoney, Peter J. AU - Balasuriya, Udem B. R. T2 - VIROLOGY AB - The complete genome sequence of the first equine coronavirus (ECoV) isolate, NC99 strain was accomplished by directly sequencing 11 overlapping fragments which were RT–PCR amplified from viral RNA. The ECoV genome is 30,992 nucleotides in length, excluding the polyA tail. Analysis of the sequence identified 11 open reading frames which encode two replicase polyproteins, five structural proteins (hemagglutinin esterase, spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) and four accessory proteins (NS2, p4.7, p12.7, and I). The two replicase polyproteins are predicted to be proteolytically processed by three virus-encoded proteases into 16 non-structural proteins (nsp1–16). The ECoV nsp3 protein had considerable amino acid deletions and insertions compared to the nsp3 proteins of bovine coronavirus, human coronavirus OC43, and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, three group 2 coronaviruses phylogenetically most closely related to ECoV. The structure of subgenomic mRNAs was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and sequencing of the leader–body junction in each sg mRNA. DA - 2007/12/5/ PY - 2007/12/5/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.035 VL - 369 IS - 1 SP - 92-104 SN - 0042-6822 KW - equine coronavirus KW - entire genome KW - subgenomic RNA KW - transcription regulatory sequence KW - non-structural protein 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exposure of Unionid Mussels to Electric Current: Assessing Risks Associated with Electrofishing AU - Holliman, F. Michael AU - Kwak, Thomas J. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - Transactions of the American Fisheries Society AB - Abstract Electric current is routinely applied in freshwater for scientific sampling of fish populations (i.e., electrofishing). Freshwater mussels (families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) are distributed worldwide, but their recent declines in diversity and abundance constitute an imperilment of global significance. Freshwater mussels are not targeted for capture by electrofishing, and any exposure to electric current is unintentional. The effects of electric shock are not fully understood for mussels but could disrupt vital physiological processes and represent an additional threat to their survival. In a controlled laboratory environment, we examined the consequences of exposure to two typical electrofishing currents, 60‐Hz pulsed DC and 60‐Hz AC, for the survival of adult and early life stages of three unionid species; we included fish as a quality control measure. The outcomes suggest that electrical exposure associated with typical electrofishing poses little direct risk to freshwater mussels. That is, adult mussel survival and righting behaviors (indicators of sublethal stress) were not adversely affected by electrical exposure. Glochidia (larvae that attach to and become parasites on fish gills or fins) showed minimal immediate reduction in viability after exposure. Metamorphosis from glochidia to free‐living juvenile mussels was not impaired after electric current simulated capture‐prone behaviors (stunning) in infested host fish. In addition, the short‐term survival of juvenile mussels was not adversely influenced by exposure to electric current. Any minimal risk to imperiled mussels must be weighed at the population level against the benefits gained by using the gear for scientific sampling of fish in the same waters. However, scientists sampling fish by electrofishing should be aware of mussel reproductive periods and processes in order to minimize the harmful effects to host fish, especially in areas where mussel conservation is a concern. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.1577/T07-006.1 VL - 136 IS - 6 SP - 1593-1606 J2 - Transactions of the American Fisheries Society LA - en OP - SN - 0002-8487 1548-8659 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T07-006.1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of "Rickettsia amblyommii" in association with a tick bite rash AU - Billeter, Sarah A. AU - Blanton, Hunter L. AU - Little, Susan E. AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - In the summer of 2006, an Amblyomma americanum tick was removed from a woman in central North Carolina, who subsequently developed a rash at the site of tick attachment. When examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Babesia, Rickettsia, and Bartonella DNA, only the Rickettsia primers generated an amplicon, which was identified as “R. amblyommii” by sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which R. amblyommii was temporally associated with a rash. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1089/vbz.2007.0121 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 607-610 SN - 1557-7759 KW - "Rickettsia amblyommii" KW - tick bite rash KW - Amblyomma americanum KW - STARI ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of broiler breeder genetic strain and parent flock age on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism AU - Hamidu, J. A. AU - Fasenko, G. M. AU - Feddes, J. J. R. AU - O'Dea, E. E. AU - Ouellette, C. A. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Christensent, V. L. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The effect of genetic strain (Ross 308; Cobb 500) and parent flock age [young (29 wk), peak (Ross = 34 wk; Cobb = 36 wk), postpeak (40 wk), mature (45 wk), old (55 wk), and very old (59 wk)] on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism were examined. At each flock age, eggs from each strain were incubated for 21.5 d in individual metabolic chambers to measure embryonic O(2) intake and CO(2) output. From these data, the respiratory quotient (RQ) and metabolic heat production were calculated. Data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS at P < or = 0.05. Neither strain nor flock age influenced conductance. Total embryonic O(2) consumption, CO(2) output, RQ, and metabolic heat production over the entire incubation period were not affected by strain. Daily differences existed between strains for embryonic O(2) intake (1, 7, 16, 17, 19, 20 d of incubation), CO(2) output (1 to 4, 16 to 20 d of incubation), and heat production (4, 7, 16 to 19 d of incubation). Embryos from young, mature, old, and very old flocks produced significantly more total embryonic heat over the entire 21 d (1,712, 1,677, 1,808, and 1,832, respectively) than embryos from peak (1,601) and postpeak (1,693) flocks. Average RQ for the entire incubation period was higher in embryos from mature flocks compared with all other flock ages. Daily differences among embryos from different flock ages were shown for O(2) consumption (all but d 8 of incubation), CO(2) production (all but d 7 and 9 of incubation), and heat output. The results showed that genetic strain and parent flock age influence daily embryonic metabolism, especially during the early and latter days of incubation. These daily differences coincide with the days of incubation having a higher incidence of embryonic mortality; these 2 factors may be related. Further investigation into the relationship between embryonic metabolic heat production and mortality during incubation may lead to the development of specific incubation conditions for different genetic strains and flock ages. DA - 2007/11// PY - 2007/11// DO - 10.3382/ps.2007-00265 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 2420-2432 SN - 1525-3171 KW - breeder strain KW - flock age KW - O-2 consumption KW - CO2 production KW - embryonic metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selective deletion of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells by MHC class I tetramers, coupled to the type I ribosome-inactivating protein saporin AU - Hess, Paul R. AU - Barnes, Carie AU - Woolard, Matthew D. AU - Johnson, Michael D. L. AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Collins, Edward J. AU - Frelinger, Jeffrey A. T2 - BLOOD AB - Abstract CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important effector cells responsible for tissue destruction in several autoimmune and allograft-related diseases. To discover if pathogenic T cells could be selectively deleted, we investigated the ability of a toxin coupled to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers to kill antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. H2-Db tetramers were assembled using streptavidin conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin (SAP). These tetramers inhibited ribosome activity in vitro, retained the T-cell receptor (TCR)–binding specificity of their nontoxic counterparts, and were internalized by 100% of target cells, leading to cell death in 72 hours. Cytotoxicity was dependent on the tetramer dose and avidity for the T cell. A single injection of the SAP-coupled tetramer eliminated more than 75% of cognate, but not control, T cells. This work demonstrates the therapeutic potential of cytotoxic tetramers to selectively eradicate pathogenic clonotypes while leaving overall T-cell immunity intact. DA - 2007/4/15/ PY - 2007/4/15/ DO - 10.1182/blood-2006-06-028001 VL - 109 IS - 8 SP - 3300-3307 SN - 0006-4971 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in calves AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Foster, D. M. AU - Papich, M. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The purpose of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of enrofloxacin. Ultrafiltration probes were placed in the s.c. tissue, gluteal musculature, and pleural space of five calves. Each calf received 12.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin. Plasma and ISF samples were collected for 48 h after drug administration and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma protein binding of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was measured using a microcentrifugation system. Tissue probes were well tolerated and reliably produced fluid from each site. The mean ± SD plasma half‐life was 6.8 ± 1.2 and 7.3 ± 1 h for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The combined (ciprofloxacin + enrofloxacin) peak plasma concentration ( C max ) was 1.52 μg/mL, and the combined area under the curve ( AUC ) was 25.33 μg/mL. The plasma free drug concentrations were 54% and 81% for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively, and free drug concentration in the tissue fluid was higher than in plasma. We concluded that C max / MIC and AUC / MIC ratios for free drug concentrations in plasma and ISF would meet suggested ratios for a targeted MIC of 0.06 μg/mL. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00914.x VL - 30 IS - 6 SP - 564-571 SN - 1365-2885 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00914.x ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in feline fecal samples by polymerase chain reaction assay AU - Gookin, Jody L. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. AU - Levy, Michael G. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - Pentatrichomonas hominis is considered to be a commensal protozoan of the vertebrate digestive tract. On the basis of light microscopic examination of feces, some investigators presumptively identified P. hominis as a causative agent of feline diarrhea. However, molecular identification of P. hominis infection in the cat has not been reported. Another trichomonad, Tritrichomonas foetus, is recognized as an intestinal pathogen in cats and often presumptively diagnosed on the basis of the presence of trichomonads in diarrheic feces. It is of importance to determine if cats are natural hosts for P. hominis, as the presence of this organism could result in inaccurate assumption of T. foetus infection. In this study, we used a species-specific PCR assay to identify P. hominis 18S rRNA genes in fecal samples collected from a convenience population of cats in which a high prevalence of T. foetus infection had been previously identified (cat show) or suspected (submitted for T. foetus diagnostic testing). The prevalence of T. foetus infection in these samples was 31% and 28.6%, respectively. P. hominis infection was identified by PCR of DNA extracted from feces of five cats (1.9% and 2.1% of fecal samples, respectively). All cats in which P. hominis was identified were also infected with T. foetus. PCR identification of P. hominis infection in the cat should facilitate future studies to determine the pathogenicity of this species and enable differentiation of P. hominis from other known or as-yet unidentified species of trichomonads that may infect cats. DA - 2007/4/10/ PY - 2007/4/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.020 VL - 145 IS - 1-2 SP - 11-15 SN - 1873-2550 KW - Tritrichomonas foetus KW - Trichomonas KW - diarrhea KW - Pentatrichomonas hominis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide screen of Salmonella genes expressed during infection in pigs, using in vivo expression technology AU - Huang, Yanyan AU - Leming, Christopher L. AU - Suyemoto, Mitsu AU - Altier, Craig T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Pigs are a food-producing species that readily carry Salmonella but, in the great majority of cases, do not show clinical signs of disease. Little is known about the functions required by Salmonella to be maintained in pigs. We have devised a recombinase-based promoter-trapping strategy to identify genes with elevated expression during pig infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. A total of 55 clones with in vivo-induced promoters were selected from a genomic library of approximately 10,000 random Salmonella DNA fragments fused to the recombinase cre, and the cloned DNA fragments were analyzed by sequencing. Thirty-one genes encoding proteins involved in bacterial adhesion and colonization (including bcfA, hscA, rffG, and yciR), virulence (metL), heat shock (hscA), and a sensor of a two-component regulator (hydH) were identified. Among the 55 clones, 19 were isolated from both the tonsils and the intestine, while 23 were identified only in the intestine and 13 only in tonsils. High temperature and increased osmolarity were identified as environmental signals that induced in vivo-expressed genes, suggesting possible signals for expression. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1128/AEM.01481-07 VL - 73 IS - 23 SP - 7522-7530 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dual-association of gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice vith 2 nonpathogenic commensal bacteria induces aggressive pancolitis AU - Kim, Sandra C. AU - Tonkonogy, Susan L. AU - Karrasch, Thomas AU - Jobin, Christian AU - Sartor, R. Balfour T2 - INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AB - Monoassociating gnotobiotic IL-10-deficient (-/-) mice with either nonpathogenic Enterococcus faecalis or a nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain induces T-cell-mediated colitis with different kinetics and anatomical location (E. faecalis: late onset, distal colonic; E. coli: early onset, cecal).E. faecalis and E. coli act in an additive manner to induce more aggressive colitis than disease induced by each bacterial species independently.Germ-free (GF) inbred 129S6/SvEv IL-10-/- and wildtype (WT) mice inoculated with nonpathogenic E. faecalis and/or E. coli were killed 3-7 weeks later. Colonic segments were scored histologically for inflammation (0 to 4) or incubated in media overnight to measure spontaneous IL-12/IL-23p40 secretion. Bacterial species were quantified by serial dilution and plated on culture media. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) CD4(+) cells were stimulated with antigen-presenting cells pulsed with bacterial lysate (E. faecalis, E. coli, Bacteroides vulgatus) or KLH (unrelated antigen control). IFN-gamma and IL-17 levels were measured in the supernatants.Dual-associated IL-10-/- (but not WT) mice developed mild-to-moderate pancolitis by 3 weeks that progressed to severe distal colonic-predominant pancolitis with reactive atypia and duodenal inflammation by 7 weeks. NF-kappaB was activated in the duodenum and colon in dual-associated IL-10-/- x NF-kappaB(EGFP) mice. The aggressiveness of intestinal inflammation and the degree of antigen-specific CD4(+) cell activation were greater in dual- versus monoassociated IL-10-/- mice.Two commensal bacteria that individually induce phenotypically distinct colitis in gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice act additively to induce aggressive pancolitis and duodenal inflammation. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1002/ibd.20246 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - 1457-1466 SN - 1078-0998 KW - gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice KW - pancolitis KW - commensal bacteria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diesel exhaust enhanced susceptibility to influenza infection is associated with decreased surfactant protein expression AU - Ciencewicki, Jonathan AU - Gowdy, Kymberly AU - Krantz, Quentin T. AU - Linak, William P. AU - Brighton, Luisa AU - Gilmour, M. Ian AU - Jaspers, Ilona T2 - INHALATION TOXICOLOGY AB - We have previously shown that exposure of respiratory epithelial cells to diesel exhaust (DE) enhances susceptibility to influenza infection and increases the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-β. The purpose of this study was to confirm and expand upon these in vitro results by assessing the effects of DE exposure on the progression of influenza infection and on development of associated pulmonary immune and inflammatory responses in vivo. BALB/c mice were exposed to air or to DE containing particulate matter at concentrations of 0.5 or 2 mg/m3 for 4 h/day for 5 days and subsequently instilled with influenza A/Bangkok/1/79 virus. Exposure to 0.5 mg/m3 (but not the higher 2-mg/m3 dose) of DE increased susceptibility to influenza infection as demonstrated by a significant increase in hemagglutinin (HA) mRNA levels, a marker of influenza copies, and greater immunohistochemical staining for influenza virus protein in the lung. The enhanced susceptibility to infection observed in mice exposed to 0.5 mg/m3 of DE was associated with a significant increase in the expression of IL-6, while antiviral lung IFN levels were unaffected. Analysis of the expression and production of surfactant proteins A and D, which are components of the interferon-independent antiviral defenses, showed that these factors were decreased following exposure to 0.5 mg/m3 of DE but not to the higher 2-mg/m3 concentration. Taken together, the results demonstrate that exposure to DE enhances the susceptibility to respiratory viral infections by reducing the expression and production of antimicrobial surfactant proteins. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/08958370701665426 VL - 19 IS - 14 SP - 1121-1133 SN - 1091-7691 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Concentration-dependent accumulation of [H-3]-deltamethrin in sodium channel Na(v)1.2/beta(1) expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes AU - Watkins, Jennifer A. AU - Meacham, Connie A. AU - Crofton, Kevin M. AU - Shafer, Timothy J. T2 - TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO AB - Disruption of neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) by pyrethroid insecticides such as deltamethrin (DLT) has been widely studied using Xenopus laevis oocytes transfected with VSSC. However, the extent of pyrethroid accumulation in VSSC-expressing oocytes is unknown. Therefore, accumulation of [(3)H]-DLT in non-transfected, sham (water)-transfected and VSSC (Na(v)1.2+beta(1))-transfected oocytes after a 1h exposure was measured using liquid scintillation counting. Successful transfection of Na(v)1.2+beta(1) VSSCs in X. laevis oocytes was confirmed by two-electrode voltage-clamp; inward, tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive currents were obtained in 98% of all oocytes examined (n=60 in nine experiments). DLT (1.0 microM) induced tail currents in all VSSC-transfected oocytes; TTX also blocked these DLT-induced tail currents. In 0.1 microM DLT solution, non-transfected oocytes accumulated 0.098+/-0.01 ppm [(3)H]-DLT, sham-transfected oocytes accumulated 0.06+/-0.01 ppm DLT, and VSSC-transfected oocytes accumulated 0.050+/-0.009 ppm DLT. In 1.0 microM DLT solution, non-transfected oocytes accumulated 0.62+/-0.08 ppm DLT, sham-transfected oocytes accumulated 0.60+/-0.09 ppm DLT, and VSSC-transfected oocytes accumulated 0.51+/-0.07 ppm DLT. There was a significant difference in DLT accumulation between VSSC-transfected oocytes and non-transfected controls, where the transfected oocytes consistently had less accumulation. DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007/12// DO - 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.002 VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 1672-1677 SN - 0887-2333 KW - pyrethroid KW - deltamethrin KW - sodium channel KW - accumulation KW - oocytes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute and chronic toxicity of technical-grade pesticides to glochidia and juveniles of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) AU - Bringolf, Robert B. AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Eads, Chris B. AU - Lazaro, Peter R. AU - Barnhart, M. Christopher AU - Shea, Damian T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract Chemical contaminants are among many potential factors involved in the decline of freshwater mussel populations in North America, and the effects of pesticides on early life stages of unionid mussels are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of technical‐grade current‐use pesticides to glochidia and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels. We performed acute toxicity tests with glochidia (five species) and juveniles (two species) exposed to a suite of current‐use pesticides including herbicides (atrazine and pendimethalin), insecticides (fipronil and permethrin), and a reference toxicant (NaCl). Because of limited availability of test organisms, not all species were tested with all pesticides. Toxicity tests with fungicides (chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin) were performed with one species ( Lampsilis siliquoidea ). Lampsilis siliquoidea glochidia and juveniles were highly sensitive to the fungicides tested but the technical‐grade herbicides and insecticides, at concentrations approaching water solubility, were not acutely toxic to this or the other unionid species. In a 21‐d chronic test with four‐month‐old juvenile L. siliquoidea , the 21‐d median effective concentration (EC50) with atrazine was 4.3 mg/L and in atrazine treatments ≥3.8 mg/L mussel growth was significantly less than controls. The relatively high sensitivity of L. siliquoidea to chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin is similar to that reported for other aquatic organisms commonly used for toxicity testing. The relative risk associated with acute exposure of early life stages of mussels to technical‐grade atrazine, pendimethalin, fipronil, and permethrin is likely low; however, survival and growth results with juvenile L. siliquoidea indicate that chronic exposure to high concentrations (≥3.8 mg/L) of atrazine may have the potential to impact mussel populations and warrants further investigation. DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007/10// DO - 10.1897/06-522R.1 VL - 26 IS - 10 SP - 2086-2093 SN - 1552-8618 KW - herbicides KW - insecticides KW - fungicides KW - early life stage KW - sodium chloride ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 123 cases (2000-2005) AU - Lennon, Elizabeth M. AU - Boyle, Tonya E. AU - Hutchins, Rae Grace AU - Friedenthal, Arit AU - Correa, Maria T. AU - Bissett, Sally A. AU - Moses, Lorra S. AU - Papich, Mark G. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine whether basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration can be used as a screening test to rule out hypoadrenocorticism in dogs.Retrospective case-control study.110 dogs with nonadrenal gland illnesses and 13 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.Sensitivity and specificity of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations of either 2 microg/dL that are not receiving corticosteroids, mitotane, or ketoconazole are highly unlikely to have hypoadrenocorticism. However, if the basal cortisol concentration is or =10(6) ID50. These results indicate that house flies are capable of harboring NDV (Roakin) but that they are poor vectors of the virus because they carry an insufficient virus titer to cause infection. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[666:EEOMDD]2.0.CO;2 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 666-671 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Newcastle disease KW - house fly KW - disease vector KW - poultry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute hypoxia-reperfusion triggers immunocompromise in Nile tilapia AU - Choi, K. AU - Lehmann, D. W. AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Law, J. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - Abstract Inadequate dissolved oxygen in the aquatic environment is a well‐established cause of fish morbidity and mortality. The specific effects of hypoxia on immune function in fish, however, are not well characterized. In this study, the effects of acute hypoxia followed by reoxygenation (rapid tissue reperfusion) as a source of immunocompromise in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were investigated. Using a precision apparatus developed in our laboratory for hypoxia exposures, a series of assays of increasing specificity for immune function were performed on acutely hypoxia‐stressed Nile tilapia: tier I consisted of histopathology, tier II of hematology, plasma chemistry, and determining cortisol concentration, and tier III of determining the phagocytic index and analyzing the expression of the cytokines transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). Nile tilapia were exposed to 7% oxygen saturation for 96 h, then tank water was rapidly reoxygenated. Sampling intervals were 48 and 96 h during hypoxia and 12 and 84 h during reperfusion. Histopathology showed no remarkable microscopic abnormalities in lymphoid or other tissues. Lymphopenia and neutrophilia were observed in peripheral blood. Plasma total protein, partial pressure of oxygen, and oxygen saturation were decreased in response to hypoxia. Plasma lipase decreased in response to hypoxia but returned to normal during reperfusion. Phagocytic capability and the phagocytic index decreased during hypoxia and 12 h reperfusion, whereas these values were recovered by 84 h reperfusion. The TGF‐β transcription continued to increase during the exposures, the greatest production being at 12 h reperfusion, whereas IL‐1β transcription decreased in response to hypoxia and reperfusion. We conclude that acute hypoxia triggered an overall downregulation of the immune system in the test fish. This suggests a possible factor in the pathogenesis of disease outbreaks in fish in which repeated, sublethal bouts of environmentally induced hypoxia lead to increased disease susceptibility and individual mortalities rather than massive fish kills. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1577/H06-010.1 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 128-140 SN - 1548-8667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A system coefficient approach for quantitative assessment of the solvent effects on membrane absorption from chemical mixtures AU - Xia, X. R. AU - Baynes, R. E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AB - A system coefficient approach is proposed for quantitative assessment of the solvent effects on membrane absorption from chemical mixtures. The complicated molecular interactions are dissected into basic molecular interaction forces via Abraham's linear solvation energy relationship (LSER). The molecular interaction strengths of a chemical are represented by a set of solute descriptors, while those of a membrane/chemical mixture system are represented by a set of system coefficients. The system coefficients can be determined by using a set of probe compounds with known solute descriptors. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane-coated fibres and 32 probe compounds were used to demonstrate the proposed approach. When a solvent was added into the chemical mixture, the system coefficients were altered and detected by the system coefficient approach. The system coefficients of the PDMS/water system were (0.09, 0.49, −1.11, −2.36, −3.78, 3.50). When 25% ethanol was added into the PDMS/water system, the system coefficients were altered significantly (0.38, 0.41, −1.18, −2.07, −3.40, 2.81); and the solvent effect was quantitatively described by the changes in the system coefficients (0.29, −0.08, −0.07, 0.29, 0.38, −0.69). The LSER model adequately described the experimental data with a correlation coefficient (r 2) of 0.995 and F-value of 1056 with p-value less than 0.0001. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/10629360701428540 VL - 18 IS - 5-6 SP - 579-593 SN - 1062-936X KW - membrane absorption KW - chemical mixtures KW - solvent effects KW - system coefficient approach KW - solute descriptors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stochastic and deterministic models for agricultural production networks AU - Bai, P. AU - Banks, H. T. AU - Dediu, S. AU - Govan, A. Y. AU - Last, M. AU - Lloyd, A. L. AU - Nguyen, H. K. AU - Olufsen, M. S. AU - Rempala, G. AU - Slenning, B. D. T2 - Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering AB - An approach to modeling the impact of disturbances in an agricultural production network is presented. A stochastic model and its approximate deterministic model for averages over sample paths of the stochastic system are developed. Simulations, sensitivity and generalized sensitivity analyses are given. Finally, it is shown how diseases may be introduced into the network and corresponding simulations are discussed. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.3934/mbe.2007.4.373 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 373-402 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seminal and endocrine characteristics of male Pallas' Cats (Otocolobus manul) maintained under artificial lighting with simulated natural photoperiods AU - Newell-Fugate, Annie AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Brown, Janine L. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Swanson, William F. T2 - Zoo Biology AB - Abstract Pallas' cats ( Otocolobus manul ) have a pronounced reproductive seasonality controlled by photoperiod. Previous studies of reproduction in captive Pallas' cats exposed to natural light showed a breeding season of December–April. This study evaluated the impact of artificial lighting timed to simulate natural photoperiods on male reproductive seasonality of four Pallas' cats housed indoors. Semen evaluation, blood collection, and body weight measurements were conducted every 1–2 months from November 2000–June 2001. Fecal samples were collected from each male twice weekly to assess testosterone and corticoid concentrations. Mean values for reproductive traits (sperm attributes, testicular volume) were highest from February–April, the defined breeding season. Fecal testosterone concentrations were highest from mid‐January to mid‐March. Male Pallas' cats managed indoors under simulated photoperiods experienced a delayed onset of the breeding season by 1–2 months and a decreased length of the breeding season. Over the course of the study, fecal corticoid concentrations did not seem to differ among seasons. Although mating attempts during this study were unsuccessful, subsequent pairings of male and female Pallas' cats in the same research colony during the 2002 and 2003 breeding seasons produced viable offspring. These results suggest that male Pallas' cats, housed indoors under simulated photoperiods, exhibit distinct reproductive cyclic patterns, characterized by a delayed and truncated breeding season. Adrenocortical activity varied among individuals, but did not adversely affect reproductive parameters. Housing Pallas' cats indoors under simulated photoperiods may represent a viable strategy for maintaining breeding success while limiting disease exposure. Zoo Biol 0:1–13, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1002/zoo.20127 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 187-199 J2 - Zoo Biol. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-3188 1098-2361 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20127 DB - Crossref KW - felids KW - testosterone KW - cortisol KW - leptin KW - spermatozoa KW - reproductive seasonality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure Causes Gonadal Atrophy and Oxidative Stress in Corbicula fluminea Clams AU - Lehmann, Daniel W. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Law, J. Mchugh T2 - Toxicologic Pathology AB - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants that have been linked to oxidative and other toxic effects in both humans and wildlife. Due to recent environmental health concerns at a PCB contaminated Superfund site near Raleigh, NC, we used a common clam species ( Corbicula fluminea) as surrogates to isolate the effects of PCBs on threatened bivalves native to the region. Under controlled laboratory conditions, clams were exposed to 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppb Aroclor 1260 in the ambient water for 21 days. Measured biomarkers spanned a range of effective levels of biological organization including low molecular weight antioxidants, lipid-soluble antioxidants, and whole tissue radical absorption capacity. These data were augmented by use of histological evaluation of whole samples. Aroclor 1260 significantly increased reduced glutathione (GSH) and total protein concentrations at all treatments levels. Significant decreases were measured in all treatments in γ-tocopherol and total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC) and α-tocopherol values in the 100 ppb exposure. Histologically, Aroclor 1260 caused significant gonadal atrophy, effacement of gonad architecture with accumulations of Brown cells, and inflammation and necrosis in digestive glands and foot processes. Our results indicate that oxidative mechanisms play a significant role in the decreased health of these clams due to exposure to Aroclor 1260. The changes in the gonads of exposed clams suggest that a serious threat to bivalve reproduction exists due to PCB exposure. DA - 2007/4// PY - 2007/4// DO - 10.1080/01926230701230288 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 356-365 J2 - Toxicol Pathol LA - en OP - SN - 0192-6233 1533-1601 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230701230288 DB - Crossref KW - PCB KW - polychlorinated biphenyl KW - oxidative stress KW - gonadal atrophy KW - Corbicula clams KW - Aroclor KW - antioxidant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms of porcine diarrheal disease AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - JAVMA, Vol 231, No. 1, July 1, 2007 E disease continues to be a substantial problem in the swine industry, contributing to poor growth performance, increased morbidity and mortality rates, compromised welfare, and economic losses. Advances in the understanding of swine management, vaccine technology, and prophylactic antimicrobial regimens have substantially reduced the impact of certain diarrheal diseases of swine, but several pathogens continue to pose major challenges to the swine industry. Intensive management practices and changes in genetics have likely led to increased susceptibility of pigs to common enteric pathogens and the emergence of new pathogens that were once considered commensal. Several of these pathogens have not been fully characterized, or their pathophysiologic features are not well understood. Since a review of the mechanisms of diarrhea by Moon in 1978, the basic understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrheal disease has increased considerably. Elucidation of the molecular basics of intestinal ion transport and how these molecular events become dysregulated by enteric pathogens have not only helped us better understand the disease process, but have also provided us with important information aiding in the development of diagnostic, management, and therapeutic strategies to combat these disorders. The objective of this report was to review the current understanding of the basic mechanisms of diarrheal diseases in swine, with particular emphasis on the ability of specific enteric pathogens to alter intestinal ion transport and fluid movement across intestinal epithelium. Although this review is focused on enteric diseases in pigs, basic mechanisms discussed apply to all veterinary species. DA - 2007/7/1/ PY - 2007/7/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.231.1.56 VL - 231 IS - 1 SP - 56-67 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intestinal ribosomal p70(S6K) signaling is increased in piglet rotavirus enteritis AU - Rhoads, J. Marc AU - Corl, Benjamin A. AU - Harrell, Robert AU - Niu, Xiaomei AU - Gatlin, Lori AU - Phillips, Oulayvanh AU - Blikslager, Anthony AU - Moeser, Adam AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Odle, Jack T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Recent identification of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway as an amino acid-sensing mechanism that regulates protein synthesis led us to investigate its role in rotavirus diarrhea. We hypothesized that malnutrition would reduce the jejunal protein synthetic rate and mTOR signaling via its target, ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K ). Newborn piglets were artificially fed from birth and infected with porcine rotavirus on day 5 of life. Study groups included infected (fully fed and 50% protein calorie malnourished) and noninfected fully fed controls. Initially, in “worst-case scenario studies,” malnourished infected piglets were killed on days 1, 3, 5, and 11 postinoculation, and jejunal samples were compared with controls to determine the time course of injury and p70 S6K activation. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, we subsequently determined if infection and/or malnutrition affected mTOR activation on day 3. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to measure total and phosphorylated p70 S6K ; [ 3 H]phenylalanine incorporation was used to measure protein synthesis; and lactase specific activity and villus-crypt dimensions were used to quantify injury. At the peak of diarrhea, the in vitro jejunal protein synthetic rate increased twofold (compared with the rate in the uninfected pig jejunum), concomitant with increased jejunal p70 S6K phosphorylation (4-fold) and an increased p70 S6K level (3-fold, P < 0.05). Malnutrition did not alter the magnitude of p70 S6K activation. Immunolocalization revealed that infection produced a major induction of cytoplasmic p70 S6K and nuclear phospho-p70 S6K , mainly in the crypt. A downregulation of semitendinosus muscle p70 S6K phosphorylation was seen at days 1–3 postinoculation. In conclusion, intestinal activation of p70 S6K was not inhibited by malnutrition but was strongly activated during an active state of mucosal regeneration. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00468.2006 VL - 292 IS - 3 SP - G913-G922 SN - 1522-1547 KW - mammalian target of rapamycin KW - diarrhea KW - virus KW - malnutrition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the effectiveness of two infectious bronchitis virus vaccine programs for preventing disease caused by a California IBV field isolate AU - Martin, Michael P. AU - Wakenell, P. S. AU - Woolcock, P. AU - B. O'Connor, T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Infectious bronchitis virus CA99 serotype was isolated from several broiler flocks in Northern California. The virus caused late-onset respiratory disease and increased airsacculitis condemnation in affected flocks despite the use of an established infectious bronchitis virus vaccination program. An experimental study compared Holland/Arkansas and Massachusetts/Arkansas vaccination protocols to determine the efficacy of commercial infectious bronchitis virus vaccines in reducing respiratory disease and airsacculitis lesions found at processing that were associated with a CA99 field isolate. All vaccination groups were given Massachusetts/Connecticut strains of infectious bronchitis virus vaccines at age 1 day followed by vaccination with either Holland/Arkansas or Massachusetts/Arkansas vaccine strains at 18 days of age. Birds were challenged at age 31 days with a CA99 field isolate. Gross pathology, histopathology, and virus isolation were evaluated. Chickens vaccinated with Holland/Arkansas had marginally better protection against CA99 challenge than chickens vaccinated with Massachusetts/Arkansas, although differences were not statistically significant. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[584:EOTEOT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 584-589 SN - 0005-2086 KW - airsacculitis KW - broiler chickens KW - CA99 KW - IBV vaccination KW - infectious bronchitis KW - poultry KW - respiratory disease KW - vaccination program ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disseminated Aspergillus flavus infection in broiler breeder pullets AU - Martin, Michael P. AU - Bouck, Karla Pecelunas AU - Helm, Julie AU - Dykstra, Michael J. AU - Wages, Dennis P. AU - Barnes, H. John T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Increased morbidity and mortality occurred in a 5-wk-old broiler breeder replacement pullet flock. The affected broiler pullet flock was housed on the first floor of a two-story confinement building. Mortality increased to 0.1%/day compared to the flock on the second floor, which had mortality levels of less than 0.01%/day. Clinical signs in the affected chickens included inactivity, decreased response to stimuli, and anorexia. No respiratory or neurologic signs were observed. On necropsy, affected pullets were dehydrated and emaciated and had disseminated variably sized single or multiple heterophilic granulomas that contained intralesional septate and branching fungal hyphae. Lesions were extensive around the base of the heart in the thoracic inlet and in the kidneys. Other affected organs included eyelid, muscle, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestine, liver, spleen, lung, and heart. Aspergillus flavus was cultured from the visceral granulomas. The source of flock exposure to the organism was not determined. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[626:DAFIIB]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 626-631 SN - 1938-4351 KW - aspergillosis KW - Aspergillus flavus KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - chicken KW - mycosis KW - poultry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comb candidiasis affecting roosters in a broiler breeder flock AU - Osorio, Claudia AU - Fletcher, Oscar AU - Dykstra, Michael J. AU - Post, Karen AU - Barnes, H. John T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - A cutaneous mycosis caused by Candida albicans that involved the combs and less frequently the wattles, facial skin, ear lobes, and neck of male broiler breeders is described. Roosters were 35 wk old and housed with hens in two conventional broiler breeder houses on a farm in western North Carolina. Morbidity was approximately 10% in one house and less than 2% in the other house. Mortality and flock fertility were not affected. Three birds from the most affected house were examined. All birds had white adherent material on their combs that presented as crusty patches or lighter diffuse areas. Often, lesions were roughly circular or had a defined margin. Small black scabs were present in a few lesions. Similar but less extensive lesions were located on the wattles, facial skin, ear lobes, and rictus. In one bird, lesions extended down the neck, and they were accompanied by hyperemia and feather loss. Hyperkeratosis with little to no inflammation and intralesional fungi occurring as yeast and pseudohyphae were seen microscopically. High numbers of C. albicans were isolated and identified from the lesions. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[618:CCARIA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 618-622 SN - 0005-2086 KW - candidiasis KW - Candida albicans KW - broiler breeder male KW - chicken KW - mycosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - An experimentally based approach for predicting skin permeability of chemicals and drugs using a membrane-coated fiber array AU - Xia, Xin-Rui AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - A membrane-coated fiber (MCF) array approach is proposed for predicting the percutaneous absorption of chemicals and drugs from chemical or biological mixtures. Multiple MCFs were used to determine the partition coefficients of compounds (logKMCF). We hypothesized that one MCF will characterize one pattern of molecular interactions and therefore the skin absorption process can be simulated by a multiple MCF array having diverse patterns of molecular interactions. Three MCFs, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyacrylate (PA) and CarboWax (Wax), were used to determine the logKMCF values for a set of calibration compounds. The skin permeability log(kp) of the compounds was measured by diffusion experiments using porcine skin. The feasibility of the MCF array approach for predicting skin permeability was demonstrated with the three MCFs. A mathematical model was established by multiple linear regression analysis of the log(kp) and logKMCF data set: log(kp) = − 2.34–0.124 logKpdms + 1.91 logKpa − 1.17 logKwax (n = 25, R2 = 0.93). The MCF array approach is an alternative animal model for skin permeability measurement. It is an experimentally based, high throughput approach that provides high prediction confidence and does not require literature data nor molecular structure information in contrast to the existing predictive models. DA - 2007/6/15/ PY - 2007/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.026 VL - 221 IS - 3 SP - 320-328 SN - 1096-0333 KW - skin permeability KW - predictive model KW - membrane-coated fiber KW - distribution coefficients KW - percutaneous absorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute adverse effects of the indenopyridine CDB-4022 on the ultrastructure of Sertoli cells, spermatocytes, and spermiatids in rat testes: Comparison to the known Sertoli cell toxicant di-n-pentylphthalate DPP AU - Hild, Sheri Ann AU - Reel, Jerry R. AU - Dykstra, Michael J. AU - Mann, Peter C. AU - Marshall, Gary R. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY AB - ABSTRACT: Acute effects of CDB‐4022 on testicular ultrastructure were determined. Rats were treated orally with vehicle or a maximally effective single dose of CDB‐4022 or Di‐n‐pentylphthalate (DPP). Preserved testes were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Sertoli and germ cells of vehicle‐treated rats demonstrated normal morphological characteristics. Disruption of Sertoli cell ultrastructure was apparent in CDB‐4022‐treated rats by 3 hours. A decrease in the presence of nucleoli, an increase in the amount and diameter of swollen smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and decreases in cytoplasmic ground substance were observed. The severity of these degenerative effects increased at 6 and 12 hours: Vacuoles were apparent; increased cellular debris, swollen mitochondria, and phagocytic structures were observed; and membranes became more disorganized. Similar ultrastructural changes were observed in the Sertoli cells of DPP‐treated rats. By 3 hours, spermatocytes and spermatids were adversely affected by CDB‐4022 treatment with swelling of the nuclear envelope. The Step 8 spermatids were especially noteworthy; chromatin was more diffuse and rarefied, the nuclear envelopes were incomplete or broken, and the position of the spermatid nucleus within the cell and relative to Sertoli cell cytoplasm was unusual. Fusion of spermatids to form giant cells was observed by 12 hours. CDB‐4022 acts acutely on Sertoli cells to induce marked cellular rarefaction and degeneration, but not necrosis. A rapid and direct effect of CDB‐4022 on spermatocytes and spermatids was observed. The antispermatogenic activity of CDB‐4022 appears to be a consequence of direct effects on Sertoli and germ cells. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.2164/jandrol.106.002295 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 621-629 SN - 0196-3635 KW - antifertility KW - morphology KW - ultrastructure KW - seminiferous KW - epithelium KW - germ cells ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variables influencing interactions of untargeted quantum dot nanoparticles with skin cells and identification of biochemical modulators AU - Ryman-Rasmussen, Jessica P. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - NANO LETTERS AB - Skin cells (NHEK) take up untargeted quantum dots (QD) with surface polyethylene glycol (PEG), amines, and carboxylic acids, but the mechanisms are unknown. Time courses of QD−NHEK interactions were determined and effects of QD surface coating, temperature, culture medium supplements and inhibitors of the cell cycle and endocytosis identified. The magnitude of QD−NHEK interactions was coating dependent. Low-temperature or unsupplemented medium decreased QD−NHEK interactions. Biochemical inhibitors were identified that attenuate and potentiate QD−NHEK interactions. These results are important for understanding and controlling interactions of untargeted QD with cells. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1021/nl070375j VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 1344-1348 SN - 1530-6992 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of transcription in EGF- and FSH-mediated oocyte maturation in vitro AU - Farin, C. E. AU - Rodriguez, K. F. AU - Alexander, J. E. AU - Hockney, J. E. AU - Herrick, J. R. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - Understanding mechanisms responsible for meiotic resumption in mammalian oocytes is critical for the identification of strategies to enhance developmental competence of in vitro-matured oocytes. Improvement of in vitro oocyte maturation systems is dependent on a better understanding of mechanisms that regulate oocyte maturation both in vivo and in vitro as well as on the identification of methods to manipulate the meiotic progression of oocytes matured in vitro in a physiological manner. The purpose of this review is two-fold: first, to examine the mechanisms that underlie the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence and regulation of oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro; second, to present data examining the role of transcription in mediating the ability of EGF and FSH to induce oocyte maturation in vitro. Results presented support the conclusions that (1) EGF-induced oocyte maturation does not require nascent gene transcription in both mice and domestic cats; (2) FSH requires gene transcription to induce oocyte maturation in both species; (3) EGF must be present in the maturation medium to optimize the effectiveness of FSH to promote oocyte maturation; (4) the mechanism used by FSH to induce oocyte maturation in vitro appears to predominate over that used by EGF when both EGF and FSH are present in maturation medium used for either murine or feline cumulus oocyte complexes. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.007 VL - 98 IS - 1-2 SP - 97-112 SN - 1873-2232 KW - meiosis KW - FSH KW - EGF KW - oocyte maturation KW - gene transcription ER - TY - JOUR TI - The liver of woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus contains foci of virus core antigen-negative hepatocytes with both altered and normal morphology AU - Xu, Chunxiao AU - Yamamoto, Toshiki AU - Zhou, Tianlun AU - Aldrich, Carol E. AU - Frank, Katy AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Jilbert, Allison R. AU - Mason, William S. T2 - VIROLOGY AB - The livers of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) contain foci of morphologically altered hepatocytes (FAH) with "basophilic", "amphophilic" and "clear cell" phenotypes, which are possibly pre-neoplastic in nature. Interestingly, most fail to express detectable levels of WHV proteins and nucleic acids. We studied sections of WHV-infected liver tissue to determine if all foci of hepatocytes that failed to express detectable levels of WHV, as assessed by immunoperoxidase staining for WHV core antigen, could be classified morphologically as FAH. We found that at least half of the foci of WHV core antigen-negative hepatocytes did not show clear morphological differences in either H&E or PAS (periodic acid Schiff) stained sections from surrounding hepatocytes, and were therefore not designated as FAH. In the second approach, we assayed core antigen-negative foci for the presence of fetuin B, a serum protein produced by normal hepatocytes, but not by neoplastic hepatocytes in hepatocellular carcinomas. Basophilic and amphophilic FAH had reduced levels of fetuin B compared to hepatocytes present in the surrounding liver; fetuin B staining was detected in clear cell FAH but the level could not be accurately assessed because of the displacement of fetuin B to the cell periphery by accumulated glycogen. The foci of morphologically normal WHV core antigen-negative hepatocytes had similar levels of fetuin B to that of the surrounding hepatocytes. The co-existence of at least four types of WHV core antigen-negative foci, including those with no obvious morphologic changes, raises the possibility that the different foci arise from distinct primary events. We hypothesize that a common event is loss of the ability to express WHV, allowing these hepatocytes to escape immune mediated cell death and to undergo clonal expansion to form distinct foci. DA - 2007/3/15/ PY - 2007/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.034 VL - 359 IS - 2 SP - 283-294 SN - 0042-6822 KW - foci of altered hepatocytes KW - Woodchuck hepatitis virus KW - WHV KW - hepatocellular carcinoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal and spatial variability in stable isotope compositions of a freshwater mussel: implications for biomonitoring and ecological studies AU - Gustafson, Lori AU - Showers, William AU - Kwak, Thomas AU - Levine, Jay AU - Stoskopf, Michael T2 - OECOLOGIA DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1007/s00442-006-0633-7 VL - 152 IS - 1 SP - 140-150 SN - 1432-1939 KW - Elliptio complanata KW - delta N-15 KW - delta C-13 KW - nutrient loading KW - tissue turnover KW - isotopic baseline ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short Communication: Absorption of Protein and Immunoglobulin G in Calves Fed a Colostrum Replacer AU - Smith, G.W. AU - Foster, D.M. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - A well-managed colostrum program on farms is the most important step in reducing disease in neonatal calves. In the last few years, colostrum replacers have increased in popularity and are designed to be an alternative to colostrum on farms that have poor colostrum quality, limited colostrum reserves, or to break the cycle of transmission for certain infectious diseases. However, it is important to make sure these products are effective and are capable of providing adequate serum immunoglobulin concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available colostrum replacer product in dairy calves. Holstein calves from a single dairy were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups at birth. Group 1 (n = 21) calves were given 4 quarts of colostrum via esophageal feeder within 3 h of birth and served as the control group for this study. Group 2 (n = 21) received 2 packages of a colostrum replacer product, and group 3 (n = 21) received 3 packages of the colostrum replacer product within 3 h of birth. Blood samples from all calves were collected 24 h after colostrum administration and analyzed for serum total protein and IgG concentrations. Calves fed fresh colostrum had significantly higher serum total protein levels and IgG concentrations compared with calves fed the colostrum replacer product. Calves fed the colostrum replacer also had a significantly higher percentage of calves with failure of passive transfer (serum IgG <1,000 mg/dL). The colostrum replacer product evaluated in this study failed to routinely provide adequate IgG concentrations when fed according to label directions. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.3168/jds.2006-682 VL - 90 IS - 6 SP - 2905-2908 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-682 DB - Crossref KW - passive transfer KW - calf diarrhea KW - colostrum KW - radial immunodiffusion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: Age and management system disease modeling for pathogenic co-infection AU - Dorr, P. M. AU - Gebreyes, W. A. AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 258-263 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathological fracture of the ulna due to osteosarcoma in an Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) AU - Tuttle, A. D. AU - Frederico, L. AU - Linder, K. AU - Gunkel, C. AU - Remick, A. AU - Redding, R. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 161, Issue 1 p. 30-33 Short Communication Pathological fracture of the ulna due to osteosarcoma in an Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) A. D. Tuttle DVM, A. D. Tuttle DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Frederico DVM, L. Frederico DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Linder DVM, DACVP, K. Linder DVM, DACVP Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Gunkel DrMedVet, DACVA, Corresponding Author C. Gunkel DrMedVet, DACVA n/[email protected] Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Gunkel's present address is Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 219 Magruder Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Dr Remick's present address is Biotechnics, LLC 310 Millstone Drive, Hillsborough, NC 27278, USA Dr Frederico's present address is 2753 Michelle Park, Lexington, KY 40511, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. Remick DVM, A. Remick DVM Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Redding DVM, DACVS, R. Redding DVM, DACVS Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author A. D. Tuttle DVM, A. D. Tuttle DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Frederico DVM, L. Frederico DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Linder DVM, DACVP, K. Linder DVM, DACVP Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorC. Gunkel DrMedVet, DACVA, Corresponding Author C. Gunkel DrMedVet, DACVA n/[email protected] Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Gunkel's present address is Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 219 Magruder Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Dr Remick's present address is Biotechnics, LLC 310 Millstone Drive, Hillsborough, NC 27278, USA Dr Frederico's present address is 2753 Michelle Park, Lexington, KY 40511, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. Remick DVM, A. Remick DVM Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Redding DVM, DACVS, R. Redding DVM, DACVS Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2007 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.1.30Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume161, Issue1July 2007Pages 30-33 RelatedInformation DA - 2007/7/7/ PY - 2007/7/7/ DO - 10.1136/vr.161.1.30 VL - 161 IS - 1 SP - 30-33 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional value for swine of extruded corn and corn fractions obtained after dry milling AU - Muley, N. S. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Moeser, A. J. AU - Rausch, K. D. AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The experiment was designed to assess whether corn fractions or extrusion of corn can result in feed ingredients with a greater nutritional value than corn. Corn grain (8.0% CP, 0.21% P, 9.8% NDF) was processed by extrusion (82.8 degrees C, 345 kPa steam pressure for 12 s) or by dry milling to derive fractions rich in germ (13.1% CP, 1.19% P, 17.2% NDF), hulls (8.1% CP, 0.27% P, 32.6% NDF), and endosperm, namely tails (6.6% CP, 0.07% P, 3.6% NDF) and throughs (7.4% CP, 0.15% P, 4.5% NDF). Relative recovery in each fraction was 16, 20, 44, and 20%, respectively. Ileal digestibility of DM, P, and amino acids was determined using diets containing 7.0% CP from soybean meal and 5.3% CP from one of the test products. To allow for determination of standardized ingredient, ileal digestibility, basal endogenous AA losses were determined using a protein-free diet (74.6% cornstarch and 18.7% sucrose). Soybean meal ileal digestibility was determined using a diet (12.3% CP) based on soybean meal (23.3%). Eight barrows (27 +/- 2 kg) fitted with T-cannulas were fed 8 experimental diets (5-d adaptation and 2-d collection period) such that each diet was evaluated in at least 5 barrows. Relative to corn (77.9 +/- 1.2%), ileal digestibility of DM was greater for extruded corn (82.5%; P = 0.02), tails (85.9%; P < 0.01), and throughs (85.0%; P < 0.01), but it was lower for hulls (62.2%; P < 0.01) and germ (51.1%; P < 0.01). For P, corn (41.6 +/- 9.5%), throughs (47.2%), and hulls (57.3%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (7.9%) had lower ileal digestibility (P = 0.02) than corn; tails (27.6%) and extruded corn (23.5%) were not different from corn or germ but were lower than throughs and hulls. For total AA, corn (84.7 +/- 2.4%), throughs (84.3%), and hulls (85.8%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (76.6%) had lower ileal digestibility (P < 0.01) than corn; tails (82.0%) and extruded corn (81.7%) were intermediate. In conclusion, germ and hulls have a low ileal DM digestibility; germ also has low AA and P digestibility. Extrusion improved the ileal DM digestibility of corn. To maximize the ileal digestibility, removal of germ and hull from corn or extrusion of corn may thus be of interest. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.2527/jas.2006-127 VL - 85 IS - 7 SP - 1695-1701 SN - 1525-3163 KW - amino acid KW - corn KW - dry matter KW - ileal digestibility KW - phosphorus KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intramedullary cavernous malformation of the spinal cord in two dogs AU - Mackillop, E. AU - Olby, N. J. AU - Linder, K. E. AU - Brown, T. T. T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - Intramedullary cavernous malformations (CVMs) of the spinal cord were diagnosed in 2 adult dogs that presented for paraparesis. An intramedullary spinal cord lesion was identified on a myelogram in the first dog, and expansion of the vertebral canal was evident on radiographs in the second. Extensive intraparenchymal hemorrhage was found on gross postmortem examination in both dogs, and a distinct lobulated intramedullary mass was evident in the second dog. Microscopically, both lesions were composed of dilated, thin-walled vascular channels with little-to-no intervening neural parenchyma. Both dogs had evidence of channel thrombosis along with perilesional hemorrhage and hemosiderin accumulation. The second dog had additional degenerative changes, including thickened fibrous channel walls with hyalinization, foci of mineralization, and occasional tongues of entrapped gliotic neuropil. CVMs appear to be an uncommon cause of both acute and chronic spinal cord disease in the dog. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1354/vp.44-4-528 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 528-532 SN - 1544-2217 KW - cavernous hemangioma KW - hemorrhage KW - spinal cord KW - vascular malformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma with systemic metastasis in a young dog AU - Bae, I.-H. AU - Kim, Y. AU - Pakhrin, B. AU - You, M.-H. AU - Hwang, C.-Y. AU - Kim, J.-H. AU - Kim, D.-Y. T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - A 2-year-old intact female Golden Retriever presented due to rapidly progressing depression, ascites, dysuria, abdominal pain, and severe vaginal bleeding. At necropsy, the retroperitoneal space was expanded by multiple coalescing neoplastic nodules and the uterine wall was thickened with poorly defined neoplastic infiltrates. The urinary bladder was markedly thickened due to botryoid nodules exhibiting exophytic growth into the lumen. Metastases to lung, liver, kidney, and abdominal and thoracic lymph nodes were also noted. Microscopically, the genital tract and retroperitoneal masses were consistent with the alveolar subtype of rhabdomysarcoma, while the urinary bladder mass had characteristics of the embryonal subtype. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells in all these tissue sites were intensely positive for desmin, sacromeric actin, and vimentin, while they were uniformly negative for cytokeratin and smooth muscle actin. Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stain revealed cross-striations in the cytoplasm of scattered neoplastic cells. Based on the gross findings, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry, genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma with multisystemic metastases was made. DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.1354/vp.44-4-518 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 518-520 SN - 1544-2217 KW - dogs KW - rhabdomyosarcoma KW - sarcoma botryoldes KW - urinary bladder KW - uterus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental reproduction of transmissible viral proventriculitis by infection of chickens with a novel adenovirus-like virus (Isolate R11/3) AU - Guy, James S. AU - Smith, Lynda G. AU - Evans, Maria E. AU - Barnes, H. John T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broiler chickens by eyedrop inoculation of adenovirus-like virus (AdLV), isolate R1 1/3. No clinical signs and no weight gain depression were observed in chickens inoculated with AdLV (R11/3); however, gross and microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were present in proventriculi of inoculated chickens. Proventriculi of AdLV (R11/3)-inoculated chickens were markedly enlarged, compared with sham-inoculated controls, by day 7 postinoculation (PI). Microscopic lesions in proventriculi of inoculated chickens were detected beginning on day 3 PI and consisted of degeneration and necrosis of glandular epithelium, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, replacement of glandular epithelium with ductal epithelium, and diffuse interstitial lymphoid infiltration; no microscopic lesions were observed in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) antigens were detected in proventriculi by immunohistochemistry on days 3-10 PI in inoculated SPF chickens and days 3-21 PI in inoculated commercial broiler chickens; no viral antigens were detected in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) was reisolated from proventriculi of inoculated SPF and commercial broiler chickens on days 5 and 7 PI. No virus, viral antigens, or lesions were detected in proventriculi collected from sham-inoculated chickens. These findings indicate an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0058:EROTVP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 58-65 SN - 0005-2086 KW - adenovirus KW - chicken KW - proventriculitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental infection of chickens and turkeys with Mycoplasma gallisepticum reference strain S6 and North Carolina field isolate RAPD type B AU - Sanei, B. AU - Barnes, H. J. AU - Vaillancourt, J. P. AU - Ley, D. H. T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - During an epidemic of mycoplasmosis in chicken and turkey flocks in North Carolina between 1999 and 2001, isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) from affected flocks were characterized by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and eight distinct RAPD types were identified. MG RAPD type B accounted for more than 90% of the isolates and was associated with moderate-to-severe clinical signs and mortality. The virulence of MG RAPD type B for chickens and turkeys was compared with sham-inoculated negative controls and MG S6 (a virulent strain)-inoculated positive controls. Clinical signs occurred in chickens and turkeys inoculated with either MG RAPD type B or MG S6. However, they were not as frequent or severe as those seen in naturally affected flocks, and there was no mortality in the experimental groups. Based on gross and microscopic findings, MG RAPD type B was equal to or more virulent than MG S6. All MG-inoculated birds were culture and PCR positive at 7 and 14 days postinoculation (PI). Among serological tests, the serum plate agglutination test was positive for the majority of chickens and turkeys (58%–100%) infected with either strain of MG at both 7 and 14 days PI. The hemagglutination inhibition test was negative for all birds at 7 days PI and positive for a few chickens (8%–17%) and several turkey sera (40%–60%) at 14 days PI. Only a single serum was positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (an MG S6-infected turkey) at 14 days PI. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0106:EIOCAT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 106-111 SN - 0005-2086 KW - Mycoplasma gallisepticum KW - MG KW - North Carolina KW - outbreak KW - epidemic KW - RAPD KW - S6 KW - chickens KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of two porcine circovirus type 2 genotypic groups in United States swine herds AU - Cheung, A. K. AU - Lager, K. M. AU - Kohutyuk, O. I. AU - Vincent, A. L. AU - Henry, S. C. AU - Baker, R. B. AU - Rowland, R. R. AU - Dunham, A. G. T2 - ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY AB - In late 2005, sporadic cases of an acute onset disease of high mortality were observed in 10- to 16-week-old growing pigs among several swine herds of the United States. Tissues from the affected pigs in Kansas, Iowa, and North Carolina were examined, and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was detected consistently among these tissues. Phylogenetically, PCV2 can be divided into two major genotypic groups, PCV2-group 1 and PCV2-group 2. Whereas PCV2-group 1 isolates were detected in all the diseased animals, only two of the diseased animals harbored PCV2-group 2 isolates. This observation is important because PCV2-group 1 isolates had never been reported in the United States before (GenBank as of May 16, 2006), and they are closely related to the PCV2-group 1 isolates that have been described in Europe and Asia, previously. Our analysis revealed that each genotypic group contains a distinct stretch of nucleotide or amino acid sequence that may serve as a signature motif for PCV2-group 1 or PCV2-group 2 isolates. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1007/s00705-006-0909-6 VL - 152 IS - 5 SP - 1035-1044 SN - 0304-8608 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design and synthesis of boronic-acid-labeled thymidine triphosphate for incorporation into DNA AU - Lin, N. AU - Yan, J. AU - Huang, Z. AU - Altier, C. AU - Li, M. Y. AU - Carrasco, N. AU - Suyemoto, M. AU - Johnston, L. AU - Wang, S. M. AU - Wang, Q. AU - Fang, H. AU - Caton-Williams, J. AU - Wang, B. H. T2 - Nucleic Acids Research AB - The boronic acid moiety is a versatile functional group useful in carbohydrate recognition, glycoprotein pull-down, inhibition of hydrolytic enzymes and boron neutron capture therapy. The incorporation of the boronic-acid group into DNA could lead to molecules of various biological functions. We have successfully synthesized a boronic acid-labeled thymidine triphosphate (B-TTP) linked through a 14-atom tether and effectively incorporated it into DNA by enzymatic polymerization. The synthesis was achieved using the Huisgen cycloaddition as the key reaction. We have demonstrated that DNA polymerase can effectively recognize the boronic acid-labeled DNA as the template for DNA polymerization, that allows PCR amplification of boronic acid-labeled DNA. DNA polymerase recognitions of the B-TTP as a substrate and the boronic acid-labeled DNA as a template are critical issues for the development of DNA-based lectin mimics via in vitro selection. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1093/nar/gkl1091 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 1222-1229 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deep and superficial skin scrapings from a feline immunodeficiency virus-positive cat AU - Neel, Jennifer A. AU - Tarigo, Jaime AU - Tater, Kathy C. AU - Grindem, Carol B. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Abstract An 8‐year‐old, neutered male, domestic shorthair cat housed at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory Animal Research facility as part of a research colony was examined because of mulifocal skin lesions. The lesions consisted of patchy alopecia with mild crusting of the periauricular region, neck, and dorsum; periauricular excoriations; marked dorsal seborrhea and scaling; and generalized erythematous papules. A moderate amount of ceruminous exudate was present in both ear canals. Results of testing for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were positive. An ear swab specimen and superficial and deep skin scrapings were obtained, mounted with oil on glass slides, and coverslipped for microscopic examination. Two populations of mites were observed: a large population of slender, long (∼200 μm), adult mites with long, tapering abdomens that comprised two‐thirds of the total body length; and a smaller population of more translucent and shorter mites (∼100 μm) with wide, blunt abdomens that had prominent transverse ridges. The interpretation was demodicosis, with Demodex cati and D gatoi co‐infection. Histologic sections of biopsies from skin lesions on the neck, dorsum, and periauricular area contained a mild perivascular and perifollicular inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Diffusely within the follicular lumina and occasionally within the superficial keratin, a myriad of Demodex organisms were observed. Intrafollicular mites were compatible in appearance with D cati whereas those in the corneal layer were suggestive of D gatoi . Demodicosis is an uncommon disease of cats, and rare cases of dual infection have been documented, occasionally in FIV‐infected cats. The dual infection emphasizes the importance of doing both superficial and deep skin scrapings and of recognizing the unique microscopic features of different Demodex mites. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00191.x VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 101-104 SN - 0275-6382 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34047251149&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cat KW - demodicosis KW - feline immunodeficiency virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cystoscopic-guided balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a female dog AU - Wood, M. W. AU - Vaden, S. AU - Cerda-Gonzalez, S. AU - Keene, B. T2 - Canadian Veterinary Journal DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 48 IS - 7 SP - 731-733 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bilateral occurrence of granulosa-theca cell tumors in an Arabian mare AU - Frederico, L. M. AU - Gerard, M. P. AU - Pinto, C. R. F. AU - Gradil, C. M. T2 - Canadian Veterinary Journal DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 502-505 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preputial melanoma with systemic metastasis in a pony gelding and disseminated metastatic melanoma in a Thoroughbred gelding AU - Garvican, E. R. AU - Elce, Y. A. AU - Woolard, K. AU - Blikslager, A. T. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION AB - Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 19, Issue 6 p. 312-315 Full Access Preputial melanoma with systemic metastasis in a pony gelding and disseminated metastatic melanoma in a Thoroughbred gelding E. R. Garvican, Corresponding Author E. R. Garvican North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA The University of Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK*North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorY. A. Elce, Y. A. Elce North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Woolard, K. Woolard North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. T. Blikslager, A. T. Blikslager North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author E. R. Garvican, Corresponding Author E. R. Garvican North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA The University of Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK*North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorY. A. Elce, Y. A. Elce North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Woolard, K. Woolard North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. T. Blikslager, A. T. Blikslager North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/095777307X207646Citations: 4 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Doles, J., Williams, J.W. and Yarbrough, T.B. (2001) Penile amputation and sheath ablation in the horse. Vet. Surg. 30, 327–331. Johnson, P.J. (1998) Dermatologic tumours (excluding sarcoids). Vet. Clin. N. Am.: Equine Pract. 14, 643–658. Kirker-Head, C.A., Loeffler, D. and Held, J.P. (1985) Pelvic limb lameness due to malignant melanoma in a horse. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 186, 1215–1217. MacGillivray, K.C., Sweeney, R.W. and Del Piero, F. (2002) Metastatic melanoma in horses. J. vet. int. Med. 16, 452–456. Mair, T.S., Walmsley, J.P. and Phillips, T.J. (2000) Surgical treatment of 45 horses affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and prepuce. Equine vet. J. 32, 406–410. Markel, M.D., Wheat, J.D. and Jones, K. (1988) Genital neoplasms treated by en bloc resection and penile retroversion in horses: 10 cases (1977–1986). J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 192, 396–400. McFadyean, J. (1933) Equine melanomatosis. J. comp. Pathol. 46, 186–204. Patterson, L.J., May, S.A. and Baker, J.R. (1990) Skeletal metastasis of a penile squamous cell carcinoma. Vet. Rec. 126, 579–580. Patterson-Kane, J.C., Sanchez, L.C., Uhl, E.W. and Edens, L.M. (2001) Disseminated metastatic intramedullary melanoma in an aged grey horse. J. comp. Pathol. 125, 204–207. Tarrant, J., Stokol, T., Bartol, J., Wakshlag, J. and Blue, J. (2001) Diagnosis of malignant melanoma in a horse from cytology of body cavity fluid and blood. Equine vet. J. 33, 531–535. Valentine, B.A. (1995) Equine melanocytic tumours: A retrospective study of 53 horses (1988 to 1991). J. vet. int. Med. 9, 291–297. Citing Literature Volume19, Issue6July 2007Pages 312-315 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2007/7// PY - 2007/7// DO - 10.2746/095777307x207646 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 312-315 SN - 2042-3292 KW - horse KW - melanoma KW - metastasis KW - tumour KW - penis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitochondrial Multiplex Real-Time PCR as a Source Tracking Method in Fecal-Contaminated Effluents AU - Caldwell, Jane M. AU - Raley, Morgan E. AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - Multiplex real-time PCR amplifying fecal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) combined with rapid, crude DNA preparations are promising additions to surface water source tracking methods. Amplification of eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA identifies the fecal source directly and can be used in conjunction with other intestinal microbial methods to characterize effluents. Species-specific primers and dual-labeled probes for human, swine, and bovine NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) genes were created for multiplex real-time PCR in feces and effluent slurries. The linear range of the multiplex assay was 10(2)-10(7) mtDNA copies for human, bovine, and swine effluent in combination (equal volumes). PCR amplification efficiencies for bovine, human, and swine mtDNA when assayed in combination were 93, 107, and 92% respectively. Linear regression correlation coefficients (r2) were 0.99 for all standard curves except for human mtDNA in combination (r2 = 0.95). Multiplex amplification of bovine, human, and swine mtDNA (ND5) exhibited no cross-reactions between the effluents from three species of interest. Also, no cross-reactions were observed with effluents of other vertebrates: sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, Canada goose, broiler, layer, turkey, and tilapia. Performed as a blind test, the PCR operator was able to correctly identify all but two effluent challenge samples (10/12 or 83% correct) with no false positives (22/22 or 100% correct). The multiplex assay had a tendency to detect the species of highest mtDNA concentration only. Better detection of all three species in a combination of human, bovine, and swine effluents was accomplished by running each real-time PCR primer/ probe set singly. Real-time PCR detection limit was calculated as 2.0 x 10(6) mitochondrial copies or 0.2 g of human feces per 100 mL effluent. Some carry-over mtDNA PCR signal from consumed beef, but not pork, was found in feces of human volunteers. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1021/es062912s VL - 41 IS - 9 SP - 3277-3283 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. LA - en OP - SN - 0013-936X 1520-5851 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062912s DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor meloxicam on recovery of ischemia-injured equine jejunum AU - Little, Dianne AU - Brown, S. Aubrey AU - Campbell, Nigel B. AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To determine the effect of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischemia-injured equine jejunum.18 horses.Horses received butorphanol tartrate; were treated IV with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (SS; 12 mL; n = 6), flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg; 6), or meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg; 6) 1 hour before ischemia was induced for 2 hours in a portion of jejunum; and were allowed to recover for 18 hours. Flunixin and SS treatments were repeated after 12 hours; all 3 treatments were administered immediately prior to euthanasia. Selected clinical variables, postoperative pain scores, and meloxicam pharmacokinetic data were evaluated. After euthanasia, assessment of epithelial barrier function, histologic evaluation, and western blot analysis of ischemia-injured and control jejunal mucosa samples from the 3 groups were performed.Meloxicam- or flunixin-treated horses had improved postoperative pain scores and clinical variables, compared with SS-treated horses. Recovery of transepithelial barrier function in ischemia-injured jejunum was inhibited by flunixin but permitted similarly by meloxicam and SS treatments. Eighteen hours after cessation of ischemia, numbers of neutrophils in ischemia-injured tissue were higher in horses treated with meloxicam or flunixin than SS. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were similar to those reported previously, but clearance was slower. Changes in expression of proteins associated with inflammatory responses to ischemic injury and with different drug treatments occurred, suggesting cyclooxygenase-independent effects.Although further assessment is needed, these data have suggested that IV administration of meloxicam may be a useful alternative to flunixin meglumine for postoperative treatment of horses with colic. DA - 2007/6// PY - 2007/6// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.68.6.614 VL - 68 IS - 6 SP - 614-624 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A highly specific PCR assay for detecting the fish ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Poore, Matthew F. AU - Colorni, Angelo AU - Noga, Edward J. AU - Vandersea, Mark W. AU - Litaker, R. Wayne T2 - DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB - Amyloodiniosis, caused by the dinoflagellate ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum, is one of the most serious diseases affecting marine fish in warm and temperate waters. Current diagnostic methods rely entirely on the microscopic identification of parasites on the skin or gills of infested fish. However, subclinical infestations usually go undetected, while no method of detecting the free-swimming, infective (dinospore) stage has been devised. Targeting the parasite's ribosomal DNA region, we have developed a sensitive and specific PCR assay that can detect as little as a single cell from any of the 3 stages of the parasite's life cycle (trophont, tomont, dinospore). This assay performs equally well in a simple artificial seawater medium and in natural seawater containing a plankton community assemblage. The assay is also not inhibited by gill tissue. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of 5 A. ocellatum isolates, obtained from fish in the Red Sea (Israel), eastern Mediterranean Sea (Israel), Adriatic Sea (Italy), Gulf of Mexico (Florida), and from an unknown origin, revealed insignificant variation, indicating that all isolates were the same species. However, 3 of these isolates propagated in cell culture varied in behavior and morphology, and these differences were consistent during at least 2 yr in culture. Thus, our findings do not eliminate the possibility that different strains are in fact 'subspecies' or lower taxa, which may also differ in pathogenic and immunogenic characteristics, environmental tolerance, and other features. DA - 2007/1/18/ PY - 2007/1/18/ DO - 10.3354/dao073219 VL - 73 IS - 3 SP - 219-226 SN - 1616-1580 KW - amyloodiniosis KW - rDNA probe KW - epidemiology ER - TY - JOUR TI - The identification of a genetically unique piroplasma in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) AU - Birkenheuer, A. J. AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Neel, J. AU - Marr, H. S. AU - Tucker, M. D. AU - Acton, A. E. AU - Tuttle, A. D. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - PARASITOLOGY AB - SUMMARY During a routine health check of a wild-caught North American river otter ( Lontra canadensis ) small piroplasms were noted within erythrocytes. Analyses of the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences determined that this was a genetically unique organism most closely related to Babesia microti -like parasites found in other small carnivores. Subsequently 39 wild-trapped North American river otters from North Carolina were tested for the presence of piroplasma deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) via polymerase chain reaction and piroplasma DNA was detected in 82% (32/39) of these samples. Sequencing of partial 18S rRNA genes from selected cases determined that they were identical to the sentinel case. This report documents the existence of a genetically unique piroplasma in North American river otters and indicates that the prevalence of piroplasma in North Carolina otters is quite high. The pathogenic potential of this organism for otters or other species remains unknown. DA - 2007/5// PY - 2007/5// DO - 10.1017/S0031182006002095 VL - 134 IS - 5 SP - 631-635 SN - 1469-8161 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249725062&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Babesia KW - North American river otter KW - PCR KW - phylogenetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regression method of the hydrophobicity for determining octanol/water partition ruler approach coefficients of very hydrophobic compounds AU - Kong, Xiang Q. AU - Shea, Damian AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Xia, Xin-Rui T2 - CHEMOSPHERE AB - A regression method was developed for the hydrophobicity ruler approach, which is an indirect method for determining the octanol/water partition coefficients of very hydrophobic compounds. Two constants introduced into the mathematical model were obtained by regression of the absorption data sampled before the partition equilibrium. A water miscible organic solvent was used to increase the solubility of the very hydrophobic compounds in the aqueous solution so that the hydrophobicity scale was reduced and the equilibration was accelerated. Polydimethylsiloxane/methanol aqueous solution and a series of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used to demonstrate the regression method. The PCB compounds with known experimental logK(o/w) values served as reference compounds, while the PCB compounds without known logK(o/w) values were determined. The distribution coefficients (logK(p/s)), uptake and elimination rate constants were obtained from the two regression constants for each compound (reference or unknown). The correlation of the logK(p/s) values of the reference PCB compounds with their logK(o/w) values was linear (logK(o/w)=2.69logK(p/s)+0.76, R(2)=0.97). The logK(o/w) values were compared with literature values and suggested that some values from the literature far off the calibration line could be inaccurate. The critical experimental factors, the merits of the regression method were discussed. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.060 VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - 1086-1093 SN - 0045-6535 KW - octanol/water partition coefficient KW - hydrophobic compound KW - indirect method KW - regression method KW - hydrophobicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of dermal absorption from complex chemical mixtures: incorporation of vehicle effects and interactions into a QSPR framework AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Brooks, J. D. T2 - SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AB - Significant progress has been made on predicting dermal absorption/penetration of topically applied compounds by developing QSPR models based on linear free energy relations (LFER). However, all of these efforts have employed compounds applied to the skin in aqueous or single solvent systems, a dosing scenario that does not mimic occupational, environmental or pharmaceutical exposure. We have explored using hybrid QSPR equations describing individual compound penetration based on the molecular descriptors for the compound modified by a mixture factor (MF) which accounts for the physicochemical properties of the vehicle/mixture components. The MF is calculated based on percentage composition of the vehicle/mixture components and physical chemical properties selected using principal components analysis. This model has been applied to 12 different compounds in 24 mixtures for a total of 288 treatment combinations obtained from flow-through porcine skin diffusion cells and in an additional dataset of 10 of the same compounds in five mixtures for a total of 50 treatment combinations in the ex vivo isolated perfused porcine skin flap. The use of the MF in combination with a classic LFER based on penetrant properties significantly improved the ability to predict dermal absorption of compounds dosed in complex chemical mixtures. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1080/10629360601033598 VL - 18 IS - 1-2 SP - 31-44 SN - 1029-046X KW - dermal absorption KW - chemical mixtures KW - QSAR KW - LFER ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of etodolac in the horse following oral and intravenous administration AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Morton, A. J. AU - Gayle, J. AU - Blikslager, A. T. AU - Campbell, N. B. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of etodolac following oral and intravenous administration to six horses. Additionally, in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX) selectivity assays were performed using equine whole blood. Using a randomized two‐way crossover design, horses were administered etodolac (20 mg/kg) orally or intravenously, with a minimum 3‐week washout period. Plasma samples were collected after administration for analysis using high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Following intravenous administration, etodolac had a mean plasma half‐life ( t 1/2 ) of 2.67 h, volume of distribution ( V d ) of 0.29 L/kg and clearance ( Cl ) of 234.87 mL/h kg. Following oral administration, the average maximum plasma concentration ( C max ) was 32.57 μg/mL with a t 1/2 of 3.02 h. Bioavailability was approximately 77.02%. Results of in vitro COX selectivity assays showed that etodolac was only slightly selective for COX‐2 with a COX‐1/COX‐2 selectivity ratio effective concentration (EC) 50 of 4.32 and for EC 80 of 4.77. This study showed that etodolac is well absorbed in the horse after oral administration, and may offer a useful alternative for anti‐inflammatory treatment of various conditions in the horse. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00811.x VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 43-48 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemiologic assessment of porcine circovirus type 2 coinfection with other pathogens in swine AU - Dorr, Paul M. AU - Baker, Rodney B. AU - Almond, Glen W. AU - Wayne, Spencer R. AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To identify important pathogens and characterize their serologic and pathologic effects in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-infected pigs in relation to pig age and type of swine production system. Design —Cross-sectional study. Animals —583 conventionally reared pigs. Procedures —3- (n = 157), 9- (149), 16- (152), and 24-week-old (125) pigs from 41 different 1-, 2-, and 3-site production systems (5 pigs/age group/farm) were euthanized and necropsied. Pigs with and without PCV2 infection were identified (via PCR assay); infection with and serologic responses to other pathogens and pathologic changes in various tissues (including lungs) were assessed. Logistic regression models were constructed for effects overall and within each age group and type of production system. Results —Compared with PCV2-negative pigs, PCV2-positive pigs were more likely to have swine influenza virus (SIV) type A and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections and sample-to-positive (S:P) ratios for SIV H1N1 from 0.50 to 0.99; also, PCV2-positive pigs had higher serum anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibody titers and more severe lung tissue damage. Infection with SIV (but lower SIV H1N1 S:P ratio) was more likely in 3-week-old PCV2-positive pigs and evidence of systemic disease was greater in 16-week-old PCV2-positive pigs than in their PCV2-negative counterparts. By site type, associations of coinfections and disease effects between PCV2-positive and -negative pigs were greatest in 3-site production systems. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —In PCV2-positive pigs, coinfections with SIV, M hyopneumoniae , and PRRSV are important, having the greatest effect in the early to late nursery phase and in 3-site production systems. DA - 2007/1/15/ PY - 2007/1/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.230.2.244 VL - 230 IS - 2 SP - 244-250 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Dermatotoxicology: Computational risk assessment AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Computational toxicology: risk assessment for pharmaceutical and environmental chemicals AB - This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Model Systems Principles of Dermal Absorption Dermatotoxicity Local Skin versus Systemic Endpoints QSAR Approaches to Model Dermal Absorption Pharmacokinetic Models Conclusions References PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1002/9780470145890.ch24 SP - 677-692 PB - New York: John Wiley and Sons SN - 0470049626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stress signaling pathways activated by weaning mediate intestinal dysfunction in the pig AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Vander Klok, Carin AU - Ryan, Kathleen A. AU - Wooten, Jenna G. AU - Little, Dianne AU - Cook, Vanessa L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Weaning in the piglet is a stressful event associated with gastrointestinal disorders and increased disease susceptibility. Although stress is thought to play a role in postweaning intestinal disease, the mechanisms by which stress influences intestinal pathophysiology in the weaned pig are not understood. The objectives of these experiments were to investigate the impact of weaning on gastrointestinal health in the pig and to assess the role of stress signaling pathways in this response. Nineteen-day-old pigs were weaned, and mucosal barrier function and ion transport were assessed in jejunal and colonic tissues mounted on Ussing chambers. Weaning caused marked disturbances in intestinal barrier function, as demonstrated by significant ( P < 0.01) reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance and increases in intestinal permeability to [ 3 H]mannitol in both the jejunum and colon compared with intestinal tissues from age-matched, unweaned control pigs. Weaned intestinal tissues exhibited increased intestinal secretory activity, as demonstrated by elevated short-circuit current that was sensitive to treatment with tetrodotoxin and indomethacin, suggesting activation of enteric neural and prostaglandin synthesis pathways in weaned intestinal tissues. Western blot analyses of mucosal homogenates showed increased expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor 1 in the jejunum and colon of weaned intestinal tissues. Pretreatment of pigs with the CRF receptor antagonist α-helical CRF(9–41), which was injected intraperitoneally 30 min prior to weaning, abolished the stress-induced mucosal changes. Our results indicate that weaning stress induces mucosal dysfunction mediated by intestinal CRF receptors and activated by enteric nerves and prostanoid pathways. DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00197.2006 VL - 292 IS - 1 SP - G173-G181 SN - 1522-1547 KW - barrier function KW - secretion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recovery of mucosal barrier function in ischemic porcine ileum and colon is stimulated by a novel agonist of the ClC-2 chloride channel, lubiprostone AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Nighot, Prashant K. AU - Engelke, Kory J. AU - Ueno, Ryuji AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Previous studies utilizing an ex vivo porcine model of intestinal ischemic injury demonstrated that prostaglandin (PG)E(2) stimulates repair of mucosal barrier function via a mechanism involving Cl(-) secretion and reductions in paracellular permeability. Further experiments revealed that the signaling mechanism for PGE(2)-induced mucosal recovery was mediated via type-2 Cl(-) channels (ClC-2). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to directly investigate the role of ClC-2 in mucosal repair by evaluating mucosal recovery in ischemia-injured intestinal mucosa treated with the selective ClC-2 agonist lubiprostone. Ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers, and short-circuit current (I(sc)) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) were measured in response to lubiprostone. Application of 0.01-1 microM lubiprostone to ischemia-injured mucosa induced concentration-dependent increases in TER, with 1 microM lubiprostone stimulating a twofold increase in TER (DeltaTER = 26 Omega.cm(2); P < 0.01). However, lubiprostone (1 microM) stimulated higher elevations in TER despite lower I(sc) responses compared with the nonselective secretory agonist PGE(2) (1 microM). Furthermore, lubiprostone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of (3)H-labeled mannitol to levels comparable to those of normal control tissues and restored occludin localization to tight junctions. Activation of ClC-2 with the selective agonist lubiprostone stimulated elevations in TER and reductions in mannitol flux in ischemia-injured intestine associated with structural changes in tight junctions. Prostones such as lubiprostone may provide a selective and novel pharmacological mechanism of accelerating recovery of acutely injured intestine compared with the nonselective action of prostaglandins such as PGE(2). DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00183.2006 VL - 292 IS - 2 SP - G647-G656 SN - 0193-1857 KW - ischemia KW - type 2 chloride channels KW - repair ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality assessment of commercial small interfering RNA and DNA: Monoclonal antibodies and a high-throughput chemiluminescence assay AU - Barley-Maloney, L. AU - Agris, P. F. T2 - Analytical Biochemistry DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 360 IS - 1 SP - 172-174 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Second-order modeling of variability and uncertainty in microbial hazard characterization AU - Vicari, Andrea S. AU - Mokhtari, Amirhossein AU - Morales, Roberta A. AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann AU - Frey, H. Christopher AU - Slenning, Barrett D. AU - Cowen, Peter T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - This study describes an analytical framework that permits quantitative consideration of variability and uncertainty in microbial hazard characterization. Second-order modeling that used two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation and stratification into homogeneous population subgroups was applied to integrate uncertainty and variability. Specifically, the bootstrap method was used to simulate sampling error due to the limited sample size in microbial dose-response modeling. A data set from human feeding trials with Campylobacter jejuni was fitted to the log-logistic dose-response model, and results from the analysis of FoodNet surveillance data provided further information on variability and uncertainty in Campylobacter susceptibility due to the effect of age. Results of our analyses indicate that uncertainty associated with dose-response modeling has a dominating influence on the analytical outcome. In contrast, inclusion of the age factor has a limited impact. While the advocacy of more closely modeling variability in hazard characterization is warranted, the characterization of key sources of uncertainties and their consistent propagation throughout a microbial risk assessment actually appear of greater importance. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-70.2.363 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 363-372 SN - 0362-028X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals AU - KuKanich, Butch AU - Huff, David AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Papich, Mark G. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration in juvenile harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at a dose of 5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb) and to compare pharmacokinetic variables after pharmacokinetic analysis by naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.Original study. Animals-33 male and 22 female juvenile seals being treated for various conditions.Blood collection was limited to < or = 3 samples/seal. Plasma marbofloxacin concentrations were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection.Mean +/- SE dose of marbofloxacin administered was 5.3 +/- 0.1 mg/kg (2.4 +/- 0.05 mg/lb). The terminal half-life, volume of distribution (per bioavailability), and clearance (per bioavailability) were approximately 5 hours, approximately 1.4 L/kg, and approximately 3 mL/min/kg, respectively (values varied slightly with the method of calculation). Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma-time concentration curve were approximately 3 microg/mL and 30 h x microg/mL, respectively. Naïve averaged and naïve pooled analysis appeared to yield a better fit to the population, but nonlinear mixed-effects modeling yielded a better fit for individual seals.Values of pharmacokinetic variables were similar regardless of the analytic method used. Pharmacokinetic variability can be assessed with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, but not with naïve averaged or naïve pooled analysis. Visual observation by experienced trainers revealed no adverse effects in treated seals. Plasma concentrations attained with a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours would be expected to be efficacious for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa). DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.2460/javma.230.3.390 VL - 230 IS - 3 SP - 390-395 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.3.390 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gastric leiomyoma in a free-living Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) AU - Rotstein, D. S. AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Lovewell, G. N. AU - Hohn, A. A. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 160, Issue 4 p. 130-131 Short Communication Gastric leiomyoma in a free-living Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) D. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP, D. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4542 USASearch for more papers by this authorC. A. Harms DVM, PhD, DACZM, C. A. Harms DVM, PhD, DACZM Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, 28557 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. N. Lovewell, G. N. Lovewell National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516 USASearch for more papers by this authorA. A. Hohn PhD, A. A. Hohn PhD National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516 USASearch for more papers by this author D. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP, D. S. Rotstein DVM, MPVM, DACVP Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4542 USASearch for more papers by this authorC. A. Harms DVM, PhD, DACZM, C. A. Harms DVM, PhD, DACZM Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, 28557 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. N. Lovewell, G. N. Lovewell National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516 USASearch for more papers by this authorA. A. Hohn PhD, A. A. Hohn PhD National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 January 2007 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.4.130Citations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume160, Issue4January 2007Pages 130-131 RelatedInformation DA - 2007/1/27/ PY - 2007/1/27/ DO - 10.1136/vr.160.4.130 VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - 130-131 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of blue crab and bivalve delta N-15 tissue enrichment in two North Carolina estuaries AU - Bucci, J. P. AU - Rebach, S. AU - Demaster, D. AU - Showers, W. J. T2 - Environmental Pollution AB - Stable isotope analyses (delta(15)N) were used to examine invertebrate tissue enrichment in two North Carolina estuaries with differing amounts of nutrient loading. Bivalves collected from a nutrient sensitive estuary yielded a significant difference in mean nitrogen isotopic composition of tissue (10.4 per thousand+/-0.82; N=66) compared to bivalves collected from a less nutrient sensitive estuary (6.4 per thousand+/-0.63; N=45). Similarly, blue crabs from nutrient sensitive sites had a nitrogen isotopic composition of 11.4 per thousand (+/-1.3, N=77), which was significantly different (P<0.001) than the tissue of less nutrient sensitive blue crabs (9.6 per thousand+/-0.6; N=77). The results showed that an inverse relationship exists between invertebrate tissue enrichment and indicators of water quality across estuarine sites. This study suggests that a relationship may exist between nutrient sources and subsequent energy transfer to estuarine consumers in two North Carolina estuaries. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.009 VL - 145 IS - 1 SP - 299-308 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface coatings determine cytotoxicity and irritation potential of quantum dot nanoparticles in epidermal keratinocytes AU - Ryman-Rasmussen, Jessica P. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY AB - Quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles have potential applications in nanomedicine as drug delivery vectors and diagnostic agents, but the skin toxicity and irritation potential of QDs are unknown. Human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) were used to assess if QDs with different surface coatings would cause differential effects on HEK cytotoxicity, proinflammatory cytokine release, and cellular uptake. Commercially available QDs of two different sizes, QD 565 and QD 655, with neutral (polyethylene glycol (PEG)), cationic (PEG-amine), or anionic (carboxylic acid) coatings were utilized. Live cell imaging and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine that all QDs localized intracellularly by 24 hours, with evidence of QD localization in the nucleus. Cytotoxicity and release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α were assessed at 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity was observed for QD 565 and QD 655 coated with carboxylic acids or PEG-amine by 48 hours, with little cytotoxicity observed for PEG-coated QDs. Only carboxylic acid-coated QDs significantly increased release of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. These data indicate that QD surface coating is a primary determinant of cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity in HEKs, which is consistent across size. However, uptake of QDs by HEKs is independent of surface coating. Quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles have potential applications in nanomedicine as drug delivery vectors and diagnostic agents, but the skin toxicity and irritation potential of QDs are unknown. Human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) were used to assess if QDs with different surface coatings would cause differential effects on HEK cytotoxicity, proinflammatory cytokine release, and cellular uptake. Commercially available QDs of two different sizes, QD 565 and QD 655, with neutral (polyethylene glycol (PEG)), cationic (PEG-amine), or anionic (carboxylic acid) coatings were utilized. Live cell imaging and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine that all QDs localized intracellularly by 24 hours, with evidence of QD localization in the nucleus. Cytotoxicity and release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α were assessed at 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity was observed for QD 565 and QD 655 coated with carboxylic acids or PEG-amine by 48 hours, with little cytotoxicity observed for PEG-coated QDs. Only carboxylic acid-coated QDs significantly increased release of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. These data indicate that QD surface coating is a primary determinant of cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity in HEKs, which is consistent across size. However, uptake of QDs by HEKs is independent of surface coating. Hank's balanced salt solution human epidermal keratinocyte keratinocyte growth medium-2 polyethylene glycol quantum dot transmission electron microscopy 3-[4,5]dimethylthiazol-2,5 dephenyltetrazolium bromide DA - 2007/1// PY - 2007/1// DO - 10.1038/sj.jid.5700508 VL - 127 IS - 1 SP - 143-153 SN - 1523-1747 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) is not a host for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus AU - Baker, R. B. AU - Yu, W. Q. AU - Fuentes, M. AU - Johnson, C. R. AU - Peterson, L. AU - Rossow, K. AU - Daniels, C. S. AU - Daniels, A. M. AU - Polson, D. AU - Murtaugh, M. P. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 22-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of sow mortality in a large herd AU - Sanz, M. AU - Roberts, J. D. AU - Perfumo, C. J. AU - Alvarez, R. M. AU - Donovan, T. AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2007/// PY - 2007/// VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 30-36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella Populations and Prevalence in Layer Feces from Commercial High-Rise Houses and Characterization of the Salmonella Isolates by Serotyping, Antibiotic Resistance Analysis, and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis AU - Li, X. AU - Payne, J.B. AU - Santos, F.B. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Anderson, K.E. AU - Sheldon, B.W. T2 - Poultry Science AB - Salmonella species are recognized as a major cause of foodborne illnesses that are closely associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry and egg products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces during the laying cycle and molting of the hen and to characterize the layer fecal Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Fecal samples were collected from a commercial layer complex consisting of 12 houses. Composite fecal samples across each row were collected as a function of bird age [18 wk (at placement), 25 to 28 wk (first peak of production cycle), 66 to 74 wk (molting), and 75 to 78 wk (second peak of production cycle)]. Bird ages and molting practice did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) Salmonella populations with an average of 1.25, 1.27, 1.20, and 1.14 log most probable number/g for the 18-, 25- to 28-, 66- to 74-, and 75- to 7-wk birds, respectively. However, the 18-wk birds had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (55.6%), followed by the 25- to 28-wk birds (41.7%), 75- to 78-wk birds (16.7%), and 66- to 74-wk birds (5.5%). Of the 45 Salmonella isolates characterized, the most predominant serovar was Salmonella Kentucky (62%). Thirty-five percent of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic. As expected, considerable genetic diversity was observed within and across the different serovars. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1093/ps/86.3.591 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 591-597 J2 - Poultry Science LA - en OP - SN - 0032-5791 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.3.591 DB - Crossref KW - Salmonella KW - layer feces KW - population KW - prevalence KW - characterization ER - TY - JOUR TI - CD4(+) T lymphocytes mediate colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats monoassociated with nonpathogenic Bacteroides vulgatus AU - Hoentjen, Frank AU - Tonkonogy, Susan L. AU - Qian, Bi-Feng AU - Liu, Bo AU - Dieleman, Levinus A. AU - Sartor, R. Balfour T2 - INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AB - HLA-B27/β2 microglobulin transgenic (TG) rats develop spontaneous colitis when raised under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions or after monoassociation with Bacteroides vulgatus (B. vulgatus), whereas germ-free TG rats fail to develop intestinal inflammation. SPF HLA-B27 TG rnu/rnu rats, which are congenitally athymic, remain disease free. These results indicate that commensal intestinal bacteria and T cells are both pivotal for the development of colitis in TG rats. However, it is not known if T cells are also required in the induction of colitis by a single bacterial strain. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the role of T cells in the development of colitis in B. vulgatus–monoassociated HLA-B27 TG rats. HLA-B27 TG rnu/rnu and rnu/+ rats were monoassociated with B. vulgatus for 8–12 weeks. CD4+ T cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of B. vulgatus–monoassociated rnu/+ TG donor rats were transferred into B. vulgatus–monoassociated rnu/rnu TG recipients. B. vulgatus–monoassociated rnu/+ rats showed higher histologic inflammatory scores and elevated colonic interferon-γ mRNA, cecal myeloperoxidase, and cecal IL-1β levels compared to those in rnu/rnu TG rats that did not contain T cells. After transfer of CD4+ cells from colitic B. vulgatus–monoassociated rnu/+ TG donor rats, B. vulgatus–monoassociated rnu/rnu TG recipients developed colitis that was accompanied by B. vulgatus-induced IFN-γ production by MLN cells in vitro and inflammatory parameters similar to rnu/+ TG rats. These results implicate CD4+ T cells in the development of colitis in HLA-B27 TG rats monoassociated with the nonpathogenic bacterial strain B. vulgatus. DA - 2007/3// PY - 2007/3// DO - 10.1002/ibd.20040 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 317-324 SN - 1078-0998 KW - Bacteroides vulgatus KW - cytokines KW - HLA-B27 KW - transgenic rats ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of stacking method on Salmonella elimination from recycled poultry bedding AU - Bush, Dawn J. AU - Poore, Matthew H. AU - Rogers, Glenn M. AU - Altier, Craig T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - Recycled poultry bedding (RPB) is a protein and mineral supplement for cattle. Concerns regarding this product have arisen because of the perceived risk of transmitting potentially pathogenic organisms to cattle. This study’s primary objective was to assess survival of Salmonella in RPB stacked to a recommended height (2.13 m—DS-RPB), or a height of 0.76 m (SS-RPB). Dialysis bags containing RPB and Salmonella typhimurium were placed throughout stacks. Temperature was monitored daily using thermocouples attached to sample bags. After 21 days, sample bags were recovered. Ammonia analysis was performed from multiple sites in the stacks. Bag contents were cultured to determine viability of the salmonella inoculates. This trial demonstrated a wide variation of temperature within the stacks. Temperature near the edge of stacks changed with ambient temperature. Ammonia concentration in the RPB was highest at the top of the DS-RPB. Salmonella was eliminated in 98.7% of sites, with at least a 5-log reduction in the Salmonella organisms in sites where it was still viable. DA - 2007/2// PY - 2007/2// DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.017 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 571-578 SN - 0960-8524 KW - byproduct feeds KW - poultry litter KW - preharvest food safety KW - recycled poultry bedding KW - Salmonella ER -