TY - JOUR TI - Healthy n-6/n-3 fatty acid composition from five European game meat species remains after cooking AU - Valencak, Teresa G AU - Gamsjäger, Lisa AU - Ohrnberger, Sarah AU - Culbert, Nicole J AU - Ruf, Thomas T2 - BMC Research Notes AB - Intensive farming of livestock along with recent food scandals and consumer deception have increased awareness about risks for human nutrition. In parallel, the demand for meat obtained under more natural conditions from animals that can freely forage has largely increased. Interestingly, the consumption of game meat has not become more common despite its excellent quality and content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).We addressed the question if game meat fatty acid composition is modified through kitchen preparation. By analysing muscle fatty acid (FA) composition (polar and total lipids) of five European game species in a raw and a processed state, we aimed to quantify the proportion of PUFA that are oxidised and hydrogenated during processing. All game meat species originated from local hunters and free-living individuals. To mimic a realistic situation a professional chef prepared the meat samples with gentle use of heat in a standardised way.Expectedly, the overall content of polyunsaturated fatty acids declined during the cooking process but the decrease size was <5% and the nutritiously most important n-3/n-6 ratio was not affected by processing (F1,54 = 0.46; p = 0.5). Generally, our samples contained species-specific high PUFA and n-3 FA contents but we point out that differentiating between species is necessary.Game meat thus provides a healthy meat source, as cooking does not substantially alter its favourable fatty acid composition. Further research is needed to elucidate species-specific differences and the role of habitat quality and locomotion for tissue composition. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1186/s13104-015-1254-1 VL - 8 IS - 1 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1254-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loss of Hif-2α Rescues the Hif-1α Deletion Phenotype of Neonatal Respiratory Distress In Mice. AU - Saini, Y AU - Proper, SP AU - Dornbos, P AU - Greenwood, KK AU - Kopec, AK AU - Lynn, SG AU - Grier, E AU - Burgoon, LD AU - Zacharewski, TR AU - Thomas, RS AU - LaPres, JJ T2 - PloS one AB - Hypoxia is a state of decreased oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. During prenatal development, the fetus experiences localized occurrences of hypoxia that are essential for proper organogenesis and survival. The response to decreased oxygen availability is primarily regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), a family of transcription factors that modulate the expression of key genes involved in glycolysis, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis. HIF-1α and HIF-2α, two key isoforms, are important in embryonic development, and likely are involved in lung morphogenesis. We have recently shown that the inducible loss of Hif-1α in lung epithelium starting at E4.5 leads to death within an hour of parturition, with symptoms similar to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In addition to Hif-1α, Hif-2α is also expressed in the developing lung, although the overlapping roles of Hif-1α and Hif-2α in this context are not fully understood. To further investigate the independent role of Hif-2α in lung epithelium and its ability to alter Hif-1α-mediated lung maturation, we generated two additional lung-specific inducible Hif-α knockout models (Hif-2α and Hif-1α+Hif-2α). The intrauterine loss of Hif-2α in the lungs does not lead to decreased viability or observable phenotypic changes in the lung. More interestingly, survivability observed after the loss of both Hif-1α and Hif-2α suggests that the loss of Hif-2α is capable of rescuing the neonatal RDS phenotype seen in Hif-1α-deficient pups. Microarray analyses of lung tissue from these three genotypes identified several factors, such as Scd1, Retlnγ, and Il-1r2, which are differentially regulated by the two HIF-α isoforms. Moreover, network analysis suggests that modulation of hormone-mediated, NF-κB, C/EBPα, and c-MYC signaling are central to HIF-mediated changes in lung development. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0139270 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26422241 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypoxia Inducible Factors Modulate Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Transcriptional Regulation of Nuclear-Encoded Electron Transport Chain Genes. AU - Hwang, HJ AU - Lynn, SG AU - Vengellur, A AU - Saini, Y AU - Grier, EA AU - Ferguson-Miller, SM AU - LaPres, JJ T2 - Biochemistry AB - Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF1) is a stress-responsive nuclear transcription factor that is activated with a decrease in oxygen availability. HIF1 regulates the expression of genes involved in a cell's adaptation to hypoxic stress, including those with mitochondrial specific function. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of HIF1 in mitochondrial homeostasis, we studied the link between hypoxia, HIF1 transactivation, and electron transport chain (ETC) function. We established immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) for HIF1α wild-type (WT) and null cells and tested whether HIF1α regulates mitochondrial respiration by modulating gene expressions of nuclear-encoded ETC components. High-throughput quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to screen nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes related to the ETC to identify those whose regulation was HIF1α-dependent. Our data suggest that HIF1α regulates transcription of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) heart/muscle isoform 7a1 (Cox7a1) under hypoxia, where it is induced 1.5-2.5-fold, whereas Cox4i2 hypoxic induction was HIF1α-independent. We propose that adaptation to hypoxic stress of CcO as the main cellular oxygen consumer is mediated by induction of hypoxia-sensitive tissue-specific isoforms. We suggest that HIF1 plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis in cellular respiration during hypoxic stress via regulation of CcO activity. DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1021/bi5012892 VL - 6 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26030260 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Angiotensin II-induced hypertensive renal inflammation is mediated through HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in rat tubulo-epithelial cells. AU - Nair, AR AU - Ebenezer, PJ AU - Saini, Y AU - Francis, J T2 - Experimental cell research AB - Angiotensin II is a vaso-constrictive peptide that regulates blood pressure homeostasis. Even though the inflammatory effects of AngII in renal pathophysiology have been studied, there still exists a paucity of data with regard to the mechanism of action of AngII-mediated kidney injury. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanistic role of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in AngII-induced inflammation in the kidney.Rat tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E) were treated with AngII over a preset time-course. In another set of experiments, HMGB1 was neutralized and TLR4 was knocked down using small interfering RNA targeting TLR4. Cell extracts were subjected to RT-PCR, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and ELISA.AngII-induced inflammation in NRK52E cells increased gene and protein expression of TLR4, HMGB1 and key proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL1β). Pretreatment with Losartan (an AT1 receptor blocker) attenuated the AngII-induced expression of TLR4 and inflammatory cytokines. TLR4 silencing was used to elucidate the specific role played by TLR4 in AngII-induced inflammation. TLR4siRNA treatment in these cells significantly decreased the AngII-induced inflammatory effect. Consistent observations were made when the Ang II treated cells were pretreated with anti-HMGB1. Downstream activation of NFκB and rate of generation of ROS was also decreased on gene silencing of TLR4 and exposure to anti-HMGB1.These results indicate a key role for HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in AngII-mediated inflammation in the renal epithelial cells. Our data also reveal that AngII-induced effects could be alleviated by HMGB1-TLR4 inhibition, suggesting this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for hypertensive renal dysfunctions. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.011 VL - 7 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26033363 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vivo tracking and immunological properties of pulsed porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells AU - Crisci, Elisa AU - Fraile, Lorenzo AU - Novellas, Rosa AU - Espada, Yvonne AU - Cabezón, Raquel AU - Martínez, Jorge AU - Cordoba, Lorena AU - Bárcena, Juan AU - Benitez-Ribas, Daniel AU - Montoya, María T2 - Molecular Immunology AB - Cellular therapies using immune cells and in particular dendritic cells (DCs) are being increasingly applied in clinical trials and vaccines. Their success partially depends on accurate delivery of cells to target organs or migration to lymph nodes. Delivery and subsequent migration of cells to regional lymph nodes is essential for effective stimulation of the immune system. Thus, the design of an optimal DC therapy would be improved by optimizing technologies for monitoring DC trafficking. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents a powerful tool for non-invasive imaging of DC migration in vivo. Domestic pigs share similarities with humans and represent an excellent animal model for immunological studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility using pigs as models for DC tracking in vivo. Porcine monocyte derived DC (MoDC) culture with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles was standardized on the basis of SPIO concentration and culture viability. Phenotype, cytokine production and mixed lymphocyte reaction assay confirmed that porcine SPIO-MoDC culture were similar to mock MoDCs and fully functional in vivo. Alike, similar patterns were obtained in human MoDCs. After subcutaneous inoculation in pigs, porcine SPIO-MoDC migration to regional lymph nodes was detected by MRI and confirmed by Perls staining of draining lymph nodes. Moreover, after one dose of virus-like particles-pulsed MoDCs specific local and systemic responses were confirmed using ELISPOT IFN-γ in pigs. In summary, the results in this work showed that after one single subcutaneous dose of pulsed MoDCs, pigs were able to elicit specific local and systemic immune responses. Additionally, the dynamic imaging of MRI-based DC tracking was shown using SPIO particles. This proof-of-principle study shows the potential of using pigs as a suitable animal model to test DC trafficking with the aim of improving cellular therapies. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.08.006 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 343-354 J2 - Molecular Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 0161-5890 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2014.08.006 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demonstration of the Cell Clonality in Canine Hematopoietic Tumors by X-chromosome Inactivation Pattern Analysis AU - Mochizuki, H. AU - Goto-Koshino, Y. AU - Takahashi, M. AU - Fujino, Y. AU - Ohno, K. AU - Tsujimoto, H. T2 - Veterinary Pathology AB - X-chromosome inactivation pattern (XCIP) analysis has been widely used to assess cell clonality in various types of human neoplasms. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction-based canine XCIP analysis of the androgen receptor (AR) gene was applied for the assessment of cell clonality in canine hematopoietic tumors. This XCIP analysis is based on the polymorphic CAG repeats in the AR gene and the difference of methylation status between active and inactive X chromosomes. We first examined the polymorphisms of 2 CAG tandem repeats in the AR gene in 52 male and 150 female dogs of various breeds. The 2 polymorphic CAG repeats contained 9 to 12 and 10 to 14 CAGs in the first and second CAG repeats, respectively. Of the 150 female dogs, 74 (49.3%) were heterozygous for the first and/or second polymorphic CAG tandem repeats, indicating the utility of XCIP analysis in these dogs. Canine XCIP analysis was then applied to clinical samples from female dogs with canine high-grade lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and benign lymph node hyperplasia. Of 10 lymphoma cell samples, 9 (90%) showed skewed XCIPs, indicating their clonal origins, whereas all the nonneoplastic lymph node samples showed balanced XCIPs. Moreover, bone marrow specimen from a dog with acute myelogenous leukemia and peripheral leukocyte specimens from 2 dogs with chronic myelogenous leukemia showed skewed XCIPs. XCIP analysis was successfully employed to demonstrate the cell clonality of canine hematopoietic tumors in this study and will be applicable to evaluate the clonality in various proliferative disorders in dogs. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1177/0300985814528217 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 61-69 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000347300600008&KeyUID=WOS:000347300600008 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Construction of a multicolor GeneScan analytical system to detect clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes in canine lymphoid tumors AU - Goto-Koshino, Yuko AU - Mochizuki, Hiroyuki AU - Sato, Masahiko AU - Nakashima, Ko AU - Hiyoshi, Saaya AU - Fujiwara-Igarashi, Aki AU - Maeda, Shingo AU - Nakamura, Kenji AU - Uchida, Kazuyuki AU - Fujino, Yasuhito AU - Ohno, Koichi AU - Tsujimoto, Hajime T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to detect immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T cell receptor γ-chain (TCRγ) gene rearrangements has recently become widely used as part of the diagnostic strategy for lymphoid tumors in dogs. In this study, we constructed a multicolor GeneScan analytical system to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the clonality analysis of antigen receptor gene rearrangements in dogs. We used 7 reactions per sample, with 2 PCR conditions, to amplify IgH/TCRγ and control genes. By using multicolor-labeled primers, these 7 PCR products could be combined into 3 tubes before capillary electrophoresis. Clonal rearrangement of the IgH/TCRγ genes was detected in 93.3% of dogs with multicentric lymphoma and 84.6% of dogs with gastrointestinal lymphoma. Detection sensitivity of the clonally expanded cells in the background of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells was 1–10%. The multicolor GeneScan analytical system developed here may prove to be helpful for the diagnosis of lymphoid tumors in dogs. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.03.005 VL - 165 IS - 1-2 SP - 81-87 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000355025000009&KeyUID=WOS:000355025000009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental influences on the seasonal distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. T2 - FEMS microbiology ecology AB - Populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the environment can be influenced by numerous factors. We assessed the correlation of total (tl+) and potentially virulent (tdh+) V. parahaemolyticus in water with three harmful algal bloom (HAB) genera (Pseudo-nitzschia, Alexandrium and Dinophysis), the abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates, chlorophyll-a and temperature, salinity and macronutrients at five sites in Washington State from 2008-2009. The variability in V. parahaemolyticus density was explained predominantly by strong seasonal trends where maximum densities occurred in June, 2 months prior to the highest seasonal water temperature. In spite of large geographic differences in temperature, salinity and nutrients, there was little evidence of corresponding differences in V. parahaemolyticus density. In addition, there was no evident relationship between V. parahaemolyticus and indices of HAB genera, perhaps due to a lack of significant HAB events during the sampling period. The only nutrient significantly associated with V. parahaemolyticus density after accounting for the seasonal trend was silicate. This negative relationship may be caused by a shift in cell wall structure for some diatom species to a chitinous substrate preferred by V. parahaemolyticus. Results from our study differ from those in other regions corroborating previous findings that environmental factors that trigger vibrio and HAB events may differ depending on geographic locations. Therefore caution should be used when applying results from one region to another. DA - 2015/10/9/ PY - 2015/10/9/ DO - 10.1093/femsec/fiv121 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiv121 KW - pathogens KW - Vibrio KW - HABS KW - microbial ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surveillance for Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water - United States, 2011-2012. T2 - MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report AB - Advances in water management and sanitation have substantially reduced waterborne disease in the United States, although outbreaks continue to occur. Public health agencies in the U.S. states and territories* report information on waterborne disease outbreaks to the CDC Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/index.html). For 2011-2012, 32 drinking water-associated outbreaks were reported, accounting for at least 431 cases of illness, 102 hospitalizations, and 14 deaths. Legionella was responsible for 66% of outbreaks and 26% of illnesses, and viruses and non-Legionella bacteria together accounted for 16% of outbreaks and 53% of illnesses. The two most commonly identified deficiencies† leading to drinking water-associated outbreaks were Legionella in building plumbing§ systems (66%) and untreated groundwater (13%). Continued vigilance by public health, regulatory, and industry professionals to identify and correct deficiencies associated with building plumbing systems and groundwater systems could prevent most reported outbreaks and illnesses associated with drinking water systems. DA - 2015/8/1/ PY - 2015/8/1/ DO - 10.15585/mmwr.mm6431a2 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4584589 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outbreaks Associated With Environmental and Undetermined Water Exposures - United States, 2011-2012. T2 - MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report AB - Exposures to contaminated water can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks associated with various sources, including many that are classified and reported separately as drinking water or recreational water. Waterborne disease outbreaks can also involve a variety of other exposures (e.g., consuming water directly from backcountry or wilderness streams, or inhaling aerosols from cooling towers and ornamental fountains). Additionally, outbreaks might be epidemiologically linked to multiple water sources or may not have a specific water source implicated. DA - 2015/8/1/ PY - 2015/8/1/ DO - 10.15585/mmwr.mm6431a3 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4584590 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. T2 - Environmental health perspectives AB - BackgroundLegionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) that persist and grow in household plumbing, habitats they share with humans. Infections caused by these OPPPs involve individuals with preexisting risk factors and frequently require hospitalization.ObjectivesThe objectives of this report are to alert professionals of the impact of OPPPs, the fact that 30% of the population may be exposed to OPPPs, and the need to develop means to reduce OPPP exposure. We herein present a review of the epidemiology and ecology of these three bacterial OPPPs, specifically to identify common and unique features.MethodsA Water Research Foundation–sponsored workshop gathered experts from across the United States to review the characteristics of OPPPs, identify problems, and develop a list of research priorities to address critical knowledge gaps with respect to increasing OPPP-associated disease.DiscussionOPPPs share the common characteristics of disinfectant resistance and growth in biofilms in water distribution systems or premise plumbing. Thus, they share a number of habitats with humans (e.g., showers) that can lead to exposure and infection. The frequency of OPPP-infected individuals is rising and will likely continue to rise as the number of at-risk individuals is increasing. Improved reporting of OPPP disease and increased understanding of the genetic, physiologic, and structural characteristics governing the persistence and growth of OPPPs in drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing is needed.ConclusionsBecause broadly effective community-level engineering interventions for the control of OPPPs have yet to be identified, and because the number of at-risk individuals will continue to rise, it is likely that OPPP-related infections will continue to increase. However, it is possible that individuals can take measures (e.g., raise hot water heater temperatures and filter water) to reduce home exposures.CitationFalkinham JO III, Hilborn ED, Arduino MJ, Pruden A, Edwards MA. 2015. Epidemiology and ecology of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Health Perspect 123:749–758; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408692 DA - 2015/3/20/ PY - 2015/3/20/ DO - 10.1289/ehp.1408692 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4529011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Prospective Study of Marine Phytoplankton and Reported Illness Among Recreational Beachgoers in Puerto Rico, 2009. T2 - Environmental health perspectives AB - Blooms of marine phytoplankton may adversely affect human health. The potential public health impact of low-level exposures is not well established, and few prospective cohort studies of recreational exposures to marine phytoplankton have been conducted.We evaluated the association between phytoplankton cell counts and subsequent illness among recreational beachgoers.We recruited beachgoers at Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico, during the summer of 2009. We conducted interviews at three time points to assess baseline health, water activities, and subsequent illness. Daily water samples were quantitatively assayed for phytoplankton cell count. Logistic regression models, adjusted for age and sex, were used to assess the association between exposure to three categories of phytoplankton concentration and subsequent illness.During 26 study days, 15,726 individuals successfully completed all three interviews. Daily total phytoplankton cell counts ranged from 346 to 2,012 cells/mL (median, 712 cells/mL). The category with the highest (≥ 75th percentile) total phytoplankton cell count was associated with eye irritation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.66], rash (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.57), and earache (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.77). In phytoplankton group-specific analyses, the category with the highest Cyanobacteria counts was associated with respiratory illness (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.67), rash (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.66), eye irritation (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.62), and earache (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.93).We found associations between recreational exposure to marine phytoplankton and reports of eye irritation, respiratory illness, and rash. We also found that associations varied by phytoplankton group, with Cyanobacteria having the strongest and most consistent associations.Lin CJ, Wade TJ, Sams EA, Dufour AP, Chapman AD, Hilborn ED. 2016. A prospective study of marine phytoplankton and reported illness among recreational beachgoers in Puerto Rico, 2009. Environ Health Perspect 124:477-483; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409558. DA - 2015/9/18/ PY - 2015/9/18/ DO - 10.1289/ehp.1409558 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4829982 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Risk of Cyanobacterial Toxins in Dialysate: What Do We Know? T2 - Seminars in dialysis AB - Abstract Surface waters are increasingly contaminated by cyanobacteria, which may produce potent cyanotoxins harmful to animals and humans. Hemodialysis patients are at high risk of injury from waterborne contaminants in the water used to prepare dialysate. Episodes of acute illness and death among hemodialysis patients have been reported following exposure to dialysate prepared from drinking water contaminated with elevated concentrations of cyanotoxins. Protecting dialysis patients from these toxins is complicated by a lack of monitoring and regulation of cyanotoxins in drinking water, uncertainty as to their safe levels in dialysate, and incomplete knowledge of how well current dialysate preparation and water treatment practices remove them. Until these issues are adequately addressed, hemodialysis centers should be aware of the potential for cyanotoxins to be present in their potable water supply, particularly when it comes from surface water sources prone to cyanobacterial blooms. DA - 2015/8/19/ PY - 2015/8/19/ DO - 10.1111/sdi.12420 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12420 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outbreaks of Illness Associated with Recreational Water--United States, 2011-2012. T2 - MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report DA - 2015/6/1/ PY - 2015/6/1/ UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4584744 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extreme Precipitation and Emergency Room Visits for Gastrointestinal Illness in Areas with and without Combined Sewer Systems: An Analysis of Massachusetts Data, 2003-2007. T2 - Environmental health perspectives AB - Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) occur in combined sewer systems when sewage and stormwater runoff are released into water bodies, potentially contaminating water sources. CSOs are often caused by heavy precipitation and are expected to increase with increasing extreme precipitation associated with climate change.The aim of this study was to assess whether the association between heavy rainfall and rate of emergency room (ER) visits for gastrointestinal (GI) illness differed in the presence of CSOs.For the study period 2003-2007, time series of daily rate of ER visits for GI illness and meteorological data were organized for three exposure regions: a) CSOs impacting drinking water sources, b) CSOs impacting recreational waters, c) no CSOs. A distributed lag Poisson regression assessed cumulative effects for an 8-day lag period following heavy (≥ 90th and ≥ 95th percentile) and extreme (≥ 99th percentile) precipitation events, controlling for temperature and long-term time trends.The association between extreme rainfall and rate of ER visits for GI illness differed among regions. Only the region with drinking water exposed to CSOs demonstrated a significant increased cumulative risk for rate (CRR) of ER visits for GI for all ages in the 8-day period following extreme rainfall: CRR: 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.28) compared with no rainfall.The rate of ER visits for GI illness was associated with extreme precipitation in the area with CSO discharges to a drinking water source. Our findings suggest an increased risk for GI illness among consumers whose drinking water source may be impacted by CSOs after extreme precipitation.Jagai JS, Li Q, Wang S, Messier KP, Wade TJ, Hilborn ED. 2015. Extreme precipitation and emergency room visits for gastrointestinal illness in areas with and without combined sewer systems: an analysis of Massachusetts data, 2003-2007. Environ Health Perspect 123:873-879; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408971. DA - 2015/4/9/ PY - 2015/4/9/ DO - 10.1289/ehp.1408971 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4559956 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Self-Reported Acute Health Effects and Exposure to Companion Animals AU - Krueger, W. S. AU - Hilborn, E. D. AU - Dufour, A. P. AU - Sams, E. A. AU - Wade, T. J. T2 - Zoonoses and public health AB - To understand the etiological burden of disease associated with acute health symptoms [e.g. gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory, dermatological], it is important to understand how common exposures influence these symptoms. Exposures to familiar and unfamiliar animals can result in a variety of health symptoms related to infection, irritation and allergy; however, few studies have examined this association in a large-scale cohort setting. Cross-sectional data collected from 50 507 participants in the United States enrolled from 2003 to 2009 were used to examine associations between animal contact and acute health symptoms during a 10-12 day period. Fixed-effects multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confident intervals (CI) for associations between animal exposures and outcomes of GI illness, respiratory illness and skin/eye symptoms. Two-thirds of the study population (63.2%) reported direct contact with animals, of which 7.7% had contact with at least one unfamiliar animal. Participants exposed to unfamiliar animals had significantly higher odds of self-reporting all three acute health symptoms, when compared to non-animal-exposed participants (GI: AOR = 1.4, CI = 1.2-1.7; respiratory: AOR = 1.5, CI = 1.2-1.8; and skin/eye: AOR = 1.9, CI = 1.6-2.3), as well as when compared to participants who only had contact with familiar animals. Specific contact with dogs, cats or pet birds was also significantly associated with at least one acute health symptom; AORs ranged from 1.1 to 1.5, when compared to participants not exposed to each animal. These results indicate that contact with animals, especially unfamiliar animals, was significantly associated with GI, respiratory and skin/eye symptoms. Such associations could be attributable to zoonotic infections and allergic reactions. Etiological models for acute health symptoms should consider contact with companion animals, particularly exposure to unfamiliar animals. Prevention of pet-associated zoonotic diseases includes commonsense measures such as hand-washing, but are often overlooked by pet owners and non-pet owners alike. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1111/zph.12233 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zph.12233 KW - Pets KW - acute disease KW - signs and symptoms KW - zoonotic diseases KW - allergy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Landscape risk factors for Lyme disease in the eastern broadleaf forest province of the Hudson River valley and the effect of explanatory data classification resolution AU - Messier, Kyle P. AU - Jackson, Laura E. AU - White, Jennifer L. AU - Hilborn, Elizabeth D. AB - This study assessed how landcover classification affects associations between landscape characteristics and Lyme disease rate. Landscape variables were derived from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), including native classes (e.g., deciduous forest, developed low intensity) and aggregate classes (e.g., forest, developed). Percent of each landcover type, median income, and centroid coordinates were calculated by census tract. Regression results from individual and aggregate variable models were compared with the dispersion parameter-based R(2) (Rα(2)) and AIC. The maximum Rα(2) was 0.82 and 0.83 for the best aggregate and individual model, respectively. The AICs for the best models differed by less than 0.5%. The aggregate model variables included forest, developed, agriculture, agriculture-squared, y-coordinate, y-coordinate-squared, income and income-squared. The individual model variables included deciduous forest, deciduous forest-squared, developed low intensity, pasture, y-coordinate, y-coordinate-squared, income, and income-squared. Results indicate that regional landscape models for Lyme disease rate are robust to NLCD landcover classification resolution. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1016/j.sste.2014.10.002 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2014.10.002 KW - Land use KW - Landcover KW - Lyme disease KW - Landscape design KW - Negative binomial regression KW - New York ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data AU - KRUEGER, W. S. AU - HILBORN, E. D. AU - CONVERSE, R. R. AU - WADE, T. J. T2 - Epidemiology and infection AB - Helicobacter pylori imparts a considerable burden to public health. Infections are mainly acquired in childhood and can lead to chronic diseases, including gastric ulcers and cancer. The bacterium subsists in water, but the environment's role in transmission remains poorly understood. The nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was examined for environmental risk factors associated with H. pylori seroprevalence. Data from 1999-2000 were examined and weighted to represent the US population. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations with seropositivity. Self-reported general health condition was inversely associated with seropositivity. Of participants aged <20 years, seropositivity was significantly associated with having a well as the source of home tap water (aOR 1·7, 95% CI 1·1-2·6) and living in a more crowded home (aOR 2·3, 95% CI 1·5-3·7). Of adults aged ⩾20 years, seropositivity was not associated with well water or crowded living conditions, but adults in soil-related occupations had significantly higher odds of seropositivity compared to those in non-soil-related occupations (aOR 1·9, 95% CI 1·2-2·9). Exposures to both well water and occupationally related soil increased the effect size of adults' odds of seropositivity compared to non-exposed adults (aOR 2·7, 95% CI 1·3-5·6). Environmental exposures (well-water usage and occupational contact with soil) play a role in H. pylori transmission. A disproportionate burden of infection is associated with poor health and crowded living conditions, but risks vary by age and race/ethnicity. These findings could help inform interventions to reduce the burden of infections in the United States. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1017/s0950268814003938 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814003938 KW - Environmental exposure KW - Helicobacter pylori KW - nutrition surveys KW - seroepidemiological studies KW - seroprevalence ER - TY - JOUR TI - One Health and Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Systems: Animal Illnesses and Deaths Are Sentinel Events for Human Health Risks AU - Hilborn, Elizabeth D. AU - Beasley, Val R. AB - Harmful cyanobacterial blooms have adversely impacted human and animal health for thousands of years. Recently, the health impacts of harmful cyanobacteria blooms are becoming more frequently detected and reported. However, reports of human and animal illnesses or deaths associated with harmful cyanobacteria blooms tend to be investigated and reported separately. Consequently, professionals working in human or in animal health do not always communicate findings related to these events with one another. Using the One Health concept of integration and collaboration among health disciplines, we systematically review the existing literature to discover where harmful cyanobacteria-associated animal illnesses and deaths have served as sentinel events to warn of potential human health risks. We find that illnesses or deaths among livestock, dogs and fish are all potentially useful as sentinel events for the presence of harmful cyanobacteria that may impact human health. We also describe ways to enhance the value of reports of cyanobacteria-associated illnesses and deaths in animals to protect human health. Efficient monitoring of environmental and animal health in a One Health collaborative framework can provide vital warnings of cyanobacteria-associated human health risks. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3390/toxins7041374 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7041374 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flooding and Clostridium difficile Infection: A Case-Crossover Analysis AU - Lin, Cynthia J. AU - Wade, Timothy J. AU - Hilborn, Elizabeth D. T2 - International journal of environmental research and public health AB - Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that can spread by water. It often causes acute gastrointestinal illness in older adults who are hospitalized and/or receiving antibiotics; however, community-associated infections affecting otherwise healthy individuals have become more commonly reported. A case-crossover study was used to assess emergency room (ER) and outpatient visits for C. difficile infection following flood events in Massachusetts from 2003 through 2007. Exposure status was based on whether or not a flood occurred prior to the case/control date during the following risk periods: 0-6 days, 7-13 days, 14-20 days, and 21-27 days. Fixed-effects logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of diagnosis with C. difficile infection following a flood. There were 129 flood events and 1575 diagnoses of C. difficile infection. Among working age adults (19-64 years), ER and outpatient visits for C. difficile infection were elevated during the 7-13 days following a flood (Odds Ratio, OR = 1.69; 95% Confidence Interval, CI: 0.84, 3.37). This association was more substantial among males (OR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.01-10.19). Associations during other risk periods were not observed (p < 0.05). Although we were unable to differentiate community-associated versus nosocomial infections, a potential increase in C. difficile infections should be considered as more flooding is projected due to climate change. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3390/ijerph120606948 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606948 KW - epidemiology KW - Clostridium difficile KW - community-associated KW - flooding KW - case-crossover ER - TY - CONF TI - Probiotics Inhibit Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium DT104 Survival and Colonization In Vitro. AU - Muyyarikkandy, M.S. AU - Amalaradjou, M.A. T2 - CAHNR graduate research forum C2 - 2015/3/5/ CY - Storrs, CT DA - 2015/3/5/ PY - 2015/3/5/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Oral Supplementation of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Reduces Uropathogenic Escherichia coli colonization in a Mouse Model AU - Narayanan, A. AU - Muyyarikkandy, M.S. AU - Mooyottu, S. AU - Venkitanarayanan, K. AU - Amalaradjou, M.A. T2 - 18th Annual Frontiers C2 - 2015/4/11/ CY - Storrs, CT DA - 2015/4/11/ PY - 2015/4/11/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of a physiologically-relevant multivariate nanoparticle molecular interaction fingerprint AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 250th American Chemical Society National Meeting C2 - 2015/// CY - Boston, MA DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// PB - American Chemical Society ER - TY - CONF TI - Flunixin urine residues in culled dairy cows and its relevance to food safety and environmental concern AU - Shelver, W.L. AU - Smith, D.J. AU - Tell, L.A. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - Schroeder, J.W. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - 250th American Chemical Society National Meeting C2 - 2015/// CY - Boston, MA DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// PB - American Chemical Society ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanoparticle surface characterization and clustering through concentration-dependent surface adsorption modeling AU - Chen, R. AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Sahneh, F.D. AU - Scoglio, C.M. AU - Wohlleben, W. AU - Haase, A. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - The Toxicologist DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 144 SP - 66 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine renal proximal tubule cells as an in vitro model for toxicity assessment of pet food ingredients AU - Koci, J. AU - Jeffery, B. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - The Toxicologist DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 144 SP - 490 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction and comparison of size-dependent biodistribution of polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticles in adult mice: a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model AU - Lin, Z. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - The Toxicologist DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 144 SP - 65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of thermodynamic solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients for veterinary species: a new USP general chapter AU - Apley, M. AU - Crist, G.B. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Gonzalez, M. AU - Hunter, R. AU - Martinez, M.N. AU - Messenheimer, J.R. AU - Modric, S. AU - Papich, M.G. AU - Parr, A.F. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Marques, M.R.C. T2 - Pharmacopeial Forum DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 41 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Safety assessment of pet food ingredients using cryopreserved canine hepatocytes-based in vitro assays AU - Choi, K. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - The Toxicologist DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 144 SP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction of silver and gold nanoparticles with protein biocorona formation and its impact on cellular toxicity AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Sasidharan, A. AU - Chen, R. AU - Riviere, J.E. T2 - International Journal of Toxicology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 34 SP - 78–79 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicokinetic approaches to improving accuracy of drug withdrawal times in food producing animals to avoid toxic violative tissue residues AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Lin, Z. AU - Li, M. T2 - International Journal of Toxicology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 34 SP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of residue depletion of cyadox and its marker residue in edible tissues of pigs using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling AU - Huang, L. AU - Lin, Z. AU - Zhou, X. AU - Zhu, M. AU - Gehring, R. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Yuan, Z. T2 - Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A AB - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are powerful tools to predict tissue distribution and depletion of veterinary drugs in food animals. However, most models only simulate the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug without considering their metabolites. In this study, a PBPK model was developed to simultaneously describe the depletion in pigs of the food animal antimicrobial agent cyadox (CYA), and its marker residue 1,4-bisdesoxycyadox (BDCYA). The CYA and BDCYA sub-models included blood, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, fat and other organ compartments. Extent of plasma-protein binding, renal clearance and tissue-plasma partition coefficients of BDCYA were measured experimentally. The model was calibrated with the reported pharmacokinetic and residue depletion data from pigs dosed by oral gavage with CYA for five consecutive days, and then extrapolated to exposure in feed for two months. The model was validated with 14 consecutive day feed administration data. This PBPK model accurately simulated CYA and BDCYA in four edible tissues at 24–120 h after both oral exposure and 2-month feed administration. There was only slight overestimation of CYA in muscle and BDCYA in kidney at earlier time points (6–12 h) when dosed in feed. Monte Carlo analysis revealed excellent agreement between the estimated concentration distributions and observed data. The present model could be used for tissue residue monitoring of CYA and BDCYA in food animals, and provides a foundation for developing PBPK models to predict residue depletion of both parent drugs and their metabolites in food animals. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1080/19440049.2015.1100330 VL - 32 IS - 12 SP - 2002–2017 KW - cyadox KW - 1,4-bisdesoxycyadox KW - PBPK modelling KW - tissue depletion KW - residue prediction KW - sensitivity analysis KW - Monte Carlo analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative In Vitro Cytotoxicity of 20 Potential Food Ingredients in Canine Liver, Kidney, Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Enterocyte-like Cells AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Ortega, Maria T. AU - Choi, Kyoungju AU - Koci, Juraj AU - Lin, Zhoumeng AU - Jeffery, Brett AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Applied In Vitro Toxicology AB - To begin development of a mechanistically relevant humane alternative platform for safety assessment of dog food ingredients, comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of 20 ingredients was assessed in four canine cell types relevant for toxicity assessments. Previously, we described the toxicity of 13 compounds (clove leaf oil, eugenol, guanosine monophosphate [GMP], GMP plus inosine monophosphate, sorbose, ginger root extract, cinnamon bark oil, cinnamaldehyde, thyme oil, thymol, lemon grass oil, xylitol, and citric acid) using in vitro primary canine cell culture models for liver, kidney, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), and enterocyte-like cells (ELC). In this report, dose–response cytotoxicity studies and LC50 using alamar blue assays are reported for seven additional compounds: denatonium benzoate, eucalyptol, hexahydroisohumulone, tetrahydroisohumulone, green tea catechin extract, epigallocatechin gallate, and sodium copper chlorophyllin. Data across 20 compounds were compared between different cell types and responses were not parallel, precluding the use of a single cell line for in vitro ingredient hazard assessment. Hepatocytes were most resistant to all compounds, consistent with their xenobiotic detoxification functions. BMSC and ELC showed an increase in sensitivity to the essential oils eucalyptol, eugenol, and thymol compared to renal cells and hepatocytes. These studies provide a baseline of acute cytotoxicity of 4 canine cell types to 20 different food components that begin to illustrate how such an in vitro panel could be used for hazard assessment. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1089/aivt.2015.0020 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - 276-288 J2 - Applied In Vitro Toxicology LA - en OP - SN - 2332-1512 2332-1539 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aivt.2015.0020 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting Adsorption Affinities of Small Molecules on Carbon Nanotubes Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation AU - Comer, Jeffrey AU - Chen, Ran AU - Poblete, Horacio AU - Vergara-Jaque, Ariela AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - ACS Nano AB - Computational techniques have the potential to accelerate the design and optimization of nanomaterials for applications such as drug delivery and contaminant removal; however, the success of such techniques requires reliable models of nanomaterial surfaces as well as accurate descriptions of their interactions with relevant solutes. In the present work, we evaluate the ability of selected models of naked and hydroxylated carbon nanotubes to predict adsorption equilibrium constants for about 30 small aromatic compounds with a variety of functional groups. The equilibrium constants determined using molecular dynamics coupled with free-energy calculation techniques are directly compared to those derived from experimental measurements. The calculations are highly predictive of the relative adsorption affinities of the compounds, with excellent correlation (r ≥ 0.9) between calculated and measured values of the logarithm of the adsorption equilibrium constant. Moreover, the agreement in absolute terms is also reasonable, with average errors of less than one decade. We also explore possible effects of surface loading, although we demonstrate that they are negligible for the experimental conditions considered. Given the degree of reliability demonstrated, we move on to employing the in silico techniques in the design of nanomaterials, using the optimization of adsorption affinity for the herbacide atrazine as an example. Our simulations suggest that, compared to other modifications of graphenic carbon, polyvinylpyrrolidone conjugation gives the highest affinity for atrazine-substantially greater than that of graphenic carbon alone-and may be useful as a nanomaterial for delivery or sequestration of atrazine. DA - 2015/11/9/ PY - 2015/11/9/ DO - 10.1021/acsnano.5b03592 VL - 9 IS - 12 SP - 11761-11774 J2 - ACS Nano LA - en OP - SN - 1936-0851 1936-086X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03592 DB - Crossref KW - nanoparticles KW - free-energy calculations KW - surface physicochemistry KW - virtual screening KW - benzene derivatives KW - graphene KW - surface functionalization KW - aromatic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicological effects of pet food ingredients on canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and enterocyte-like cells AU - Ortega, M. T. AU - Jeffery, B. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - Journal of Applied Toxicology AB - Abstract We developed an in vitro method to assess pet food ingredients safety. Canine bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) were differentiated into enterocyte‐like cells (ELC) to assess toxicity in cells representing similar patterns of exposure in vivo . The toxicological profile of clove leave oil, eugenol, guanosine monophosphate (GMP), GMP + inosine monophosphate, sorbose, ginger root extract, cinnamon bark oil, cinnamaldehyde, thyme oil, thymol and citric acid was assessed in BMSC and ELC. The LC 50 for GMP + inosine monophosphate was 59.42 ± 0.90 and 56.7 ± 3.5 mg ml –1 for BMSC and ELC; 56.84 ± 0.95 and 53.66 ± 1.36 mg ml –1 for GMP; 0.02 ± 0.001 and 1.25 ± 0.47 mg ml –1 for citric acid; 0.077 ± 0.002 and 0.037 ± 0.01 mg ml –1 for cinnamaldehyde; 0.002 ± 0.0001 and 0.002 ± 0.0008 mg ml –1 for thymol; 0.080 ± 0.003 and 0.059 ± 0.001 mg ml –1 for thyme oil; 0.111 ± 0.002 and 0.054 ± 0.01 mg ml –1 for cinnamon bark oil; 0.119 ± 0.0004 and 0.099 ± 0.011 mg ml –1 for clove leave oil; 0.04 ± 0.001 and 0.028 ± 0.002 mg ml –1 for eugenol; 2.80 ± 0.11 and 1.75 ± 0.51 mg ml –1 for ginger root extract; > 200 and 116.78 ± 7.35 mg ml –1 for sorbose. Lemon grass oil was evaluated at 0.003–0.9 in BMSC and .03‐0.9 mg ml –1 in ELC and its mechanistic effect was investigated. The gene toxicology studies showed regulation of 61% genes in CYP450 pathway, 37% in cholestasis and 33% in immunotoxicity pathways for BMSC. For ELC, 80% for heat shock response, 69% for beta‐oxidation and 65% for mitochondrial energy metabolism. In conclusion, these studies provide a baseline against which differential toxicity of dietary feed ingredients can be assessed in vitro for direct effects on canine cells and demonstrate differential toxicity in differentiated cells that represent gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2015/5/14/ PY - 2015/5/14/ DO - 10.1002/jat.3158 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 189-198 J2 - J. Appl. Toxicol. LA - en OP - SN - 0260-437X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3158 DB - Crossref KW - canine KW - bone marrow stem cells KW - enterocyte like cells KW - adult stem cell differentiation KW - essential oils KW - cytotoxicity KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - in vitro ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gold and silver nanoparticle interactions with human proteins: impact and implications in biocorona formation AU - Sasidharan, Abhilash AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - Journal of Materials Chemistry B AB - Metallic NP interaction with human proteins, biocorona formation and their impact on cellular uptake. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1039/c4tb01926a VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - 2075-2082 J2 - J. Mater. Chem. B LA - en OP - SN - 2050-750X 2050-7518 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01926a DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Safety assessment of potential food ingredients in canine hepatocytes AU - Zhang, Leshuai W. AU - Koci, Juraj AU - Jeffery, Brett AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - Food and Chemical Toxicology AB - This research aimed to develop in vitro methods to assess hazard of canine food ingredients. Canine hepatocytes were harvested and cell viability of clove-leaf oil (CLO), eugenol (EUG), lemongrass oil (LGO), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), sorbose, ginger-root extract (GRE), cinnamon-bark oil (CBO), cinnamaldehyde (CINA), thymol oil (TO), thymol (THYM), and citric acid were assessed with positive controls: acetaminophen (APAP), aflatoxin B1 and xylitol. Molecular Toxicology PathwayFinder array (MTPF) analyzed toxicity mechanisms for LGO. LC50 for APAP was similar among human (3.45), rat (2.35), dog (4.26 mg/ml). Aflatoxin B1 had an LC50 of 4.43 (human), 5.78 (rat) and 6.05 (dog) µg/ml; xylitol did not decrease viability. LC50 of CLO (0.185 ± 0.075(SD)), EUG (0.165 ± 0.112), LGO (0.220 ± 0.012), GRE (1.54 ± 0.31) mg/ml; GMP (166.03 ± 41.83), GMP + IMP (208.67 ± 15.27) mM; CBO (0.08 ± 0.03), CINA (0.11 ± 0.01), TO (0.21 ± 0.03), THYM (0.05 ± 0.01), citric acid (1.58 ± 0.08) mg/ml, while sorbose was non-toxic. LGO induced upregulation of 16 and down-regulation of 24 genes, which CYP and heat shock most affected. These results suggest that in vitro assays such as this may be useful for hazard assessment of food ingredients for altered hepatic function. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.003 VL - 78 SP - 105-115 J2 - Food and Chemical Toxicology LA - en OP - SN - 0278-6915 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of metallic nanoparticles AU - Lin, Zhoumeng AU - Monteiro‐Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology AB - Metallic nanoparticles ( NPs ) have been widely applied in the field of nanomedicine. A comprehensive understanding of their pharmacokinetics is crucial for proper risk assessment and safe biomedical applications. This review focuses on gold and silver (Ag) NPs , and briefly discusses iron oxide, titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ), and zinc oxide NPs . Pharmacokinetics of metallic NPs depends on the particle type, size, surface charge, surface coating, protein binding, exposure route, dose, and species. Generally, blood half‐life is shorter in rodents than in larger laboratory animals (e.g., rabbits or monkeys) and differs between intravenous and oral exposures. Oral, dermal, or inhalational absorption is low (≤5%), but may increase with smaller sizes, negative charge, and appropriate coatings. Metallic NPs can be distributed throughout the body, primarily accumulating in the liver, spleen, and lymph node due to nonspecific uptake by reticuloendothelial cells, and could remain in the body for ≥6 months. Metallic NPs (≤100 nm) can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), favored by coating with BBB‐permeable neuropeptides. Placental transfer depends on the stage of embryonic/placental maturation and surface composition, and may be enhanced by coating with biocompatible molecules (e.g., ferritin or polyethylene glycol). Renal and biliary excretion is generally low due to persistent accumulation in tissues, but renal elimination could be substantially increased with smaller sizes and specific coatings (e.g., glutathione). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for gold/dendrimer composite nanodevices, AgNPs, and TiO 2 NPs have been developed in rats and the AgNP and TiO 2 NP models have been extrapolated to humans to support risk assessment and nanomedicine applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:189–217. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1304 This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials DA - 2015/3/15/ PY - 2015/3/15/ DO - 10.1002/wnan.1304 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 189–217 SN - 1939-5116 1939-0041 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1304 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential effects of some natural compounds on the transdermal absorption and penetration of caffeine and salicylic acid AU - Muhammad, Faqir AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - International Journal of Pharmaceutics AB - Many natural products have the potential to modulate the dermal penetration of topically applied drugs and chemicals. We studied the effect of five natural compounds (hydroxycitronellal, limonene 1,2-epoxide, terpinyl acetate, p-coumaric acid, transferrulic acid) and ethanol on the transdermal penetration of two marker drugs (14C-caffeine and 14C-salicylic acid) in a flow through in vitro porcine skin diffusion system. The parameters of flux, permeability, diffusivity, and percent dose absorbed/retained were calculated and compared. The dermal absorption of 14C-caffeine was significantly higher with terpinyl acetate and limonene 1,2-epoxide as compared to ethanol; while dermal absorption of 14C-salicylic acid was significantly greater with hydroxycitronellal and limonene 1,2-epoxide as compared to ethanol. A 10-fold increase in flux and permeability of caffeine with terpinyl acetate was observed while limonene increased flux of caffeine by 4-fold and permeability by 3-fold. Hydroxycitronellal and limonene increased salicylic acid’s flux and permeability over 2-fold. The other natural compounds tested did not produce statistically significant effects on dermal penetration parameters for both caffeine and salicylic acid (p ≥ 0.05). These results emphasize the differential effects of natural substances on the transdermal penetration of hydrophilic (caffeine) and hydrophobic (salicylic acid) drugs. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.029 VL - 483 IS - 1-2 SP - 151-157 J2 - International Journal of Pharmaceutics LA - en OP - SN - 0378-5173 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.029 DB - Crossref KW - Natural substance KW - Skin KW - Penetration KW - Drugs ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Framework for Meta-Analysis of Veterinary Drug Pharmacokinetic Data Using Mixed Effect Modeling AU - Li, Mengjie AU - Gehring, Ronette AU - Lin, Zhoumeng AU - Riviere, Jim T2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences AB - Combining data from available studies is a useful approach to interpret the overwhelming amount of data generated in medical research from multiple studies. Paradoxically, in veterinary medicine, lack of data requires integrating available data to make meaningful population inferences. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling is a useful tool to apply meta-analysis to diverse pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of veterinary drugs. This review provides a summary of the characteristics of PK data of veterinary drugs and how integration of these data may differ from human PK studies. The limits of meta-analysis include the sophistication of data mining, and generation of misleading results caused by biased or poor quality data. The overriding strength of meta-analysis applied to this field is that robust statistical analysis of the diverse sparse data sets inherent to veterinary medicine applications can be accomplished, thereby allowing population inferences to be made. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1002/jps.24341 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - 1230-1239 J2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.24341 DB - Crossref KW - meta-analysis KW - nonlinear mixed-effect modeling KW - pharmacokinetics KW - population pharmacokinetics KW - veterinary medicine KW - drug depletion KW - drug withdrawal time KW - clearance KW - distribution KW - formulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case–control study evaluating the sow’s risk factors associated with stillbirth piglets in Midwestern in Brazil AU - Silva, G.S. AU - Costa Lana, M.V. AU - Dias, G.B.G. AU - Cruz, R.A.S. AU - Lopes, L.L. AU - Machado, G. AU - Corbellini, L.G. AU - Gava, D. AU - Souza, M.A. AU - Pescador, C.A. T2 - Tropical Animal Health and Production DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1007/s11250-014-0745-8 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 445-449 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921709706&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Piglets KW - Reproduction KW - Sow KW - Stillbirth ER - TY - CONF TI - Longitudinal follow-up of the effectiveness of SPANA’s animal welfare education program in Ethiopia AU - Albone, S. AU - Aklilu, N. AU - Mideksa, K. AU - Hulme, D T2 - ISAZ 2015: Topics in Human-Animal Interactions C2 - 2015/// C3 - The Proceedings of the International Society for Anthrozoology CY - Saratoga Springs, New York, USA DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/7/7/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and Evaluation of A Molecular Diagnostic Method to Rapidly DetectHistoplasma Capsulatum Var. Farciminosum(Causing Epizootic Lymphangitis) from Equine Clinical Samples AU - Scantlebury, C.E. AU - Pinchbeck, G.L. AU - Loughnane, P. AU - Ashine, T. AU - Aklilu, N. AU - Stringer, A.P. AU - Gordon, L. AU - Christley, R.M. AU - McCarthy, A.J. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - Reasons for performing study Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum ( HCF ), causing epizootic lymphangitis ( EZL ), is endemic in parts of Africa including, E thiopia, S enegal and Gambia. Despite its high prevalence, impact on animal welfare and socio‐economic importance, there is little evidence upon which to build practical disease control strategies. The performance and availability of diagnostic tests currently used by clinicians is problematic. Methods such as pattern recognition of clinical signs and microscopy lack specificity and other reported methods are either not commercially available or not readily feasible in these settings (e.g. culture). This is a significant barrier to further understanding this disease within endemic countries. Objectives To validate a nested PCR method to confirm the presence of HCF in equine clinical samples. Study design Cross‐sectional. Methods Twenty‐nine horses with suspected EZL were included from topographically varied regions of E thiopia. Clinical data, lesion location drawn onto equine silhouettes, blood samples and aspirates of pus from cutaneous nodules were obtained before treatment provided by SPANA clinic. Blood and clinical data were collected from a further 20 horses with no cutaneous EZL lesions. Giemsa stained impression smears of pus were examined microscopically. Aliquots of heat‐inactivated pus and blood were inoculated onto Whatman FTA cards and imported to the UK with Defra approved licensing. A nested PCR targeting the ITS region, was used to identify samples containing HCF and PCR products were sequenced. Results HCF was confirmed in heat‐inactivated FTA card pus samples from 24 horses, additionally, 23 blood samples were positive from EZL suspected cases. Bioinfomatic analyses suggested that there was diversity within the ITS region among these HCF products. Conclusions These PCR techniques allow the rapid diagnosis of HCF directly from equine clinical samples. The identification of HCF in blood raises questions about the pathogenesis of HCF in horses and warrants further investigation. Acknowledgements We thank the SPANA E thiopia team; participating cart‐horse owners; the Ethio‐Belgian project; Addis Ababa University; Gabrielle Laing and the PHE UK Mycology reference laboratory. Ethical animal research: Ethical approval for the project was awarded from the University of Liverpool and The College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University. Sources of funding: SPANA UK (registered charity), the Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool and an Sfam studentship. Competing interests: Dr Stringer was veterinary director at SPANA while this project was conducted and provided consultative and logistical input. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1111/evj.12486_46 VL - 47 IS - S48 SP - 20–20 SN - 0425-1644 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12486_46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid in naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in multisource commingled feedlot cattle AU - DeDonder, K. D. AU - Apley, M. D. AU - Li, M. AU - Gehring, R. AU - Harhay, D. M. AU - Lubbers, B. V. AU - White, B. J. AU - Capik, S. F. AU - KuKanich, B. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Tessman, R. K. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - The objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether an association exists between individual pharmacokinetic parameters and treatment outcome when feeder cattle were diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and treated with gamithromycin (Zactran(®) ) at the label dose and (ii) whether there was a stronger association between treatment outcome and gamithromycin concentration in plasma or in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) effect compartment. The study design was a prospective, blinded, randomized clinical trial utilizing three groups of 60 (362-592 lb) steers/bulls randomly allocated within origin to sham injection or gamithromycin mass medication. Cattle were evaluated daily for signs of BRD by a veterinarian blinded to treatment. Animals meeting the BRD case definition were enrolled and allocated to a sample collection scheme consisting of samples for bacterial isolation (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and nasopharyngeal swabs) and gamithromycin concentration determination (PELF and plasma). Gamithromycin susceptibility of M. haemolytica (n = 287) and P. multocida (n = 257) were determined using broth microdilution with frozen panels containing gamithromycin at concentrations from 0.03 to 16 μg/mL. A two-compartment plasma pharmacokinetic model with an additional compartment for gamithromycin in PELF was developed using rich data sets from published and unpublished studies. The sparse data from our study were then fit to this model using nonlinear mixed effects modeling to estimate individual parameter values. The resulting parameter estimates were used to simulate full time-concentration profiles for each animal in this study. These profiles were analyzed using noncompartmental methods so that PK/PD indices (AUC24 /MIC, AUC∞ /MIC, CMAX /MIC) could be calculated for plasma and PELF (also T>MIC) for each individual. The calculated PK/PD indices were indicative that for both M. haemolytica and P. multocida a higher drug exposure in terms of concentration, and duration of exposure relative to the MIC of the target pathogen, was favorable to a successful case outcome. A significant association was found between treatment success and PELF AUC0-24 /MIC for P. multocida. The calves in this study demonstrated an increased clearance and volume of distribution in plasma as compared to the healthy calves in two previously published reports. Ultimately, the findings from this study indicate that higher PK/PD indices were predictive of positive treatment outcomes. DA - 2015/10/6/ PY - 2015/10/6/ DO - 10.1111/jvp.12267 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 157-166 J2 - J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. LA - en OP - SN - 0140-7783 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12267 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro safety assessment of food ingredients in canine renal proximal tubule cells AU - Koči, J. AU - Jeffery, B. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - Toxicology in Vitro AB - In vitro models are useful tools to initially assess the toxicological safety hazards of food ingredients. Toxicities of cinnamaldehyde (CINA), cinnamon bark oil, lemongrass oil (LGO), thymol, thyme oil (TO), clove leaf oil, eugenol, ginger root extract (GRE), citric acid, guanosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate and sorbose (SORB) were assessed in canine renal proximal tubule cells (CPTC) using viability assay and renal injury markers. At LC50, CINA was the most toxic (0.012 mg/ml), while SORB the least toxic (>100 mg/ml). Toxicities (LC50) of positive controls were as follows: 4-aminophenol (0.15 mg/ml in CPTC and 0.083 mg/ml in human PTC), neomycin (28.6 mg/ml in CPTC and 27.1 mg/ml in human PTC). XYL displayed lowest cytotoxic potency (LC50 = 82.7 mg/ml in CPTC). In vivo renal injury markers in CPTC were not significantly different from controls. The LGO toxicity mechanism was analyzed using qPCR and electron microscopy. Out of 370 genes, 57 genes (15.4%) were significantly up (34, 9.1%) or down (23, 6.2%) regulated, with the most upregulated gene gsta3 (∼200-fold) and the most affected pathway being oxidative stress. LGO induced damage of mitochondria, phospholipid accumulation and lack of a brush border. Viability assays along with mechanistic studies in the CPTC model may serve as a valuable in vitro toxicity screening tool. DA - 2015/3// PY - 2015/3// DO - 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.002 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 289-298 J2 - Toxicology in Vitro LA - en OP - SN - 0887-2333 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.002 DB - Crossref KW - Food ingredients KW - Canine KW - Proximal tubule cells KW - Lemongrass oil KW - Gene expression KW - Metabolic pathway ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting the impact of biocorona formation kinetics on interspecies extrapolations of nanoparticle biodistribution modeling AU - Sahneh, Faryad Darabi AU - Scoglio, Caterina M AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A AU - Riviere, Jim E T2 - Nanomedicine AB - Aim: To assess the impact of biocorona kinetics on expected tissue distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) across species. Materials & methods: The potential fate of NPs in vivo is described through a simple and descriptive pharmacokinetic model using rate processes dependent upon basal metabolic rate coupled to dynamics of protein corona. Results: Mismatch of time scales between interspecies allometric scaling and the kinetics of corona formation is potentially a fundamental issue with interspecies extrapolations of NP biodistribution. The impact of corona evolution on NP biodistribution across two species is maximal when corona transition half-life is close to the geometric mean of NP half-lives of the two species. Conclusion: While engineered NPs can successfully reach target cells in rodent models, the results may be different in humans due to the fact that the longer circulation time allows for further biocorona evolution. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.2217/nnm.14.60 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 25-33 J2 - Nanomedicine LA - en OP - SN - 1743-5889 1748-6963 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.14.60 DB - Crossref KW - allometry KW - biocorona KW - interspecies extrapolation KW - in vitro-in vivo correlation KW - nanomaterials KW - nanoparticle biodistribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and Application of a Multiroute Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Oxytetracycline in Dogs and Humans AU - Lin, Zhoumeng AU - Li, Mengjie AU - Gehring, Ronette AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences AB - Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a commonly used tetracycline antibiotic in veterinary and human medicine. To establish a quantitative model for predicting OTC plasma and tissue exposure, a permeability-limited multiroute physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed in dogs. The model was calibrated with plasma pharmacokinetic data in beagle dogs following single intravenous (5 mg/kg), oral (100 mg/kg), and intramuscular (20 mg/kg) administrations. The model predicted other available dog data well, including drug concentrations in the liver, kidney, and muscle after repeated exposure, and data in the mixed-breed dog. The model was extrapolated to humans and the human model adequately simulated measured plasma OTC concentrations after intravenous (7.14 mg/kg) and oral exposures (6.67 mg/kg). The dog model was applied to predict 24-h OTC area-under-the-curve after three therapeutic treatments. Results were 27.75, 51.76, and 64.17 μg/mL*h in the plasma, and 120.93, 225.64, and 279.67 μg/mL*h in the kidney for oral (100 mg/kg), intravenous (10 mg/kg), and intramuscular (20 mg/kg) administrations, respectively. This model can be used to predict plasma and tissue concentrations to aid in designing optimal therapeutic regimens with OTC in veterinary, and potentially, human medicine; and as a foundation for scaling to other tetracycline antibiotics and to other animal species. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a commonly used tetracycline antibiotic in veterinary and human medicine. To establish a quantitative model for predicting OTC plasma and tissue exposure, a permeability-limited multiroute physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed in dogs. The model was calibrated with plasma pharmacokinetic data in beagle dogs following single intravenous (5 mg/kg), oral (100 mg/kg), and intramuscular (20 mg/kg) administrations. The model predicted other available dog data well, including drug concentrations in the liver, kidney, and muscle after repeated exposure, and data in the mixed-breed dog. The model was extrapolated to humans and the human model adequately simulated measured plasma OTC concentrations after intravenous (7.14 mg/kg) and oral exposures (6.67 mg/kg). The dog model was applied to predict 24-h OTC area-under-the-curve after three therapeutic treatments. Results were 27.75, 51.76, and 64.17 μg/mL*h in the plasma, and 120.93, 225.64, and 279.67 μg/mL*h in the kidney for oral (100 mg/kg), intravenous (10 mg/kg), and intramuscular (20 mg/kg) administrations, respectively. This model can be used to predict plasma and tissue concentrations to aid in designing optimal therapeutic regimens with OTC in veterinary, and potentially, human medicine; and as a foundation for scaling to other tetracycline antibiotics and to other animal species. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1002/jps.24244 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 233-243 J2 - Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3549 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.24244 DB - Crossref KW - oxytetracycline KW - physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling KW - dogs KW - tetracycline antibiotics KW - Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) KW - computational ADME KW - mathematical model KW - pharmacokinetics KW - in silico modeling KW - disposition ER - TY - RPRT TI - Investigation of Factors Contributing to the Decline in the Nutritional Health of Alasmidonta raveneliana in the Little Tennessee River, Franklin, NC AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Salger, S. AU - Borst, L. AU - Law, M. AU - Eads, C. AU - Dykstra, C. AU - Osburn, C. AU - Gangloff, M. AU - Sumner, S. AU - Saul, B. A3 - NCDOT DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// M3 - Technical report PB - NCDOT ER - TY - CONF TI - Water Temperature and Reproduction in the Endangered Tar Spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana) AU - Eads, C.B. AU - Hoch, R.A. AU - Nichols, R.B. AU - Pandolfo, T. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society C2 - 2015/3// CY - St. Charles, Missouri DA - 2015/3// PY - 2015/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Metagenomic profiles of water, sediment, and Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana) and Wavy-rayed Lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola) gut contents in the Little Tennessee and Tuckasegee Rivers AU - Salger, S.A. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Ellis, C. AU - Fraley, S. AU - Gangloff, M. AU - Law, M. AU - Borst, L. AU - Osburn, C. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society C2 - 2015/3// CY - St. Charles, Missouri DA - 2015/3// PY - 2015/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Metabonomic study of the Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana) and Wavy-Rayed Lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola) in the Little Tennessee and Tuckasegee Rivers AU - Salger, S.A. AU - Dhungana, S. AU - Fraley, S. AU - Gangloff, M. AU - Law, M. AU - Sumner, S. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society, C2 - 2015/3// CY - St. Charles, Missouri DA - 2015/3// PY - 2015/3// ER - TY - SOUND TI - The Effects of the Presence of Fish in the Rearing of Juvenile Freshwater Mussels AU - Richards, M. AU - Eads, C. AU - Levine, JF DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish Hosts of Four Freshwater Mussel Species in the Broad River, South Carolina AU - Eads, Chris B. AU - Price, Jennifer E. AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - Southeastern Naturalist AB - Freshwater mussel distributions are heavily reliant upon the range and movement of host fishes and are subject to range restrictions when fish migration is blocked. The Columbia Dam on the Broad River in Columbia, SC, has been a barrier to the migration of anadromous species and other fish in the river since 1824. As a result, 5 freshwater mussel species are restricted to reaches of the river downstream of the dam. In 2006, a fish passage was created to facilitate fish movement between stream reaches above and below the dam. Fish hosts that use the passage could facilitate the recolonization of reaches above the dam by freshwater mussels. We conducted laboratory trials to determine the fish hosts of 4 of the species limited to reaches below the dam. The most suitable hosts for Lampsilis cariosa (Yellow Lampmussel) were Morone chrysops (White Bass), Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass), and Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Black Crappie), whereas Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass) and Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) transformed fewer juvenile mussels. Lampsilis siliquoidea (Fatmucket) hosts were Largemouth Bass and Perca flavescens (Yellow Perch). Yellow Perch, Largemouth Bass, Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill), and Lepomis gibossus (Pumpkinseed) were the best hosts for Ligumia nasuta (Eastern Pondmussel). We suspected that Elliptio roanokensis (Roanoke Slabshell) used anadromous fishes as hosts because its distribution is limited to mainstem rivers below the downstreammost dam. We confirmed that 2 Clupeidae, Dorosoma cepedianum (Gizzard Shad) and Alosa aestivalis (Blueback Herring), and 1 Moronidae, Morone americana (White Perch), are hosts for Roanoke Slabshell. Many of the host-fish species identified in this study are highly mobile, and we expect the range of these mussels to eventually expand upstream of the Columbia Dam as fish make use of the new passage. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1656/058.014.0120 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 85-97 J2 - Southeastern Naturalist LA - en OP - SN - 1528-7092 1938-5412 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.014.0120 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue extraction methods for metabolic profiling of a freshwater bivalve, Elliptio complanata (Lightfoot, 1786) AU - Hurley-Sanders, J. L. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. AU - Nelson, S. A. C. AU - Showers, W. AU - Law, J. Mac AU - Gracz, H. S. AU - Levine, Jay T2 - American Malacological Bulletin AB - Much is still unknown about why freshwater mussels (Unionidae) are particularly sensitive to environmental change. A better understanding of freshwater mussel metabolism is needed, and the field of environmental metabolomics holds the promise to inform these questions. A number of protocols exist for the extraction of metabolites for identification from animal tissues. As a first step in the application of environmental metabolomics to the study of freshwater mussels, we compared extraction protocols using an inorganic oxidizing acid (perchloric acid), an organic nitrile (acetonitrile), and a salt/water solution (Ringer's solution) to establish an uncomplicated, robust, repeatable and inexpensive tissue extraction protocol for freshwater mussel tissue. Perchloric acid resulted in notable extraction of energy-related nucleotides (AMP/ADP/ATP), yet had the lowest peak count of the three extraction methods and showed poor repeatability. Acetonitrile and Ringer's solution yielded metabolite extraction results similar to each other with Ringer's solution having the greatest number of peaks particularly in the 3.0–4.5 ppm sugar/amino acid range. Ringer's solution is simple to use, safe and consistent and bears consideration when selecting an extraction protocol for 1H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.4003/006.033.0209 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 185–194 KW - freshwater bivalve KW - metabolomics KW - NMR KW - nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Ringer's solution ER - TY - CONF TI - Pathogenesis and control of viruses that adversely affect avian gut health AU - Guy, J.S. T2 - Sixty Fourth Western Poultry Disease Conference A2 - Frame, D. C2 - 2015/// C3 - Proceedings of the sixty-fourth Western Poultry Disease Conference CY - Sacramento, CA DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/3/22/ PB - Western Poultry Disease Conference ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of pathological conditions caused by gastrointestinal parasites infection on pregnant ewe ́s behavior AU - Risso, A. AU - Kessler, J.D. AU - Soriano, V.S. AU - Nunes, M.L.A. AU - Machado, G. AU - Langaro, A. AU - Rossetto, R. AU - Zuffo, T. AU - Dallago, M. AU - Castro, P. AU - Volpato, A. AU - Grosskopf, R.K. AU - Da Silva, Aleksandro S. T2 - Acta Scientiae Veterinariae DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 43 SP - 1283 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures in Poultry AU - Crespo, R. T2 - Manual of Poultry Disease A2 - Brugere-Picoux, Jeanne A2 - Vaillancourt, Jean-Pierre PY - 2015/// ET - 2nd SP - 126–133 PB - French Association for the Advancement of Science (AFAS) ER - TY - CHAP TI - Interpretation of Laboratory Results and Values AU - Crespo, R. AU - Shivaprasad, H.L. T2 - Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery: A Guide for Veterinary Practitioners A2 - Greenacre, C.B. A2 - Morishita, T.Y. PY - 2015/// SP - 283–296 PB - Wiley-Blackwell ER - TY - CHAP TI - Diagnostic Lab Sampling AU - Crespo, R. AU - Shivaprasad, H.L. T2 - Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery: A Guide for Veterinary Practitioners A2 - Greenacre, C.B. A2 - Morishita, T.Y. PY - 2015/// SP - 275–282 PB - Wiley-Blackwell ER - TY - CHAP TI - Poult enteritis-mortality syndrome AU - Vaillancourt, J.P. AU - Guy, J.S. AU - Barnes, H.J. T2 - Manual of Poultry Diseases A2 - Brugère-Picoux, J. A2 - Vaillancourt, J.P. A2 - Bouzouaia, M. A2 - Shivaprasad, H.L. A2 - Venne, D. PY - 2015/// SP - 484–491 PB - Watt Publishing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathogenesis and control of viruses that adversely affect avian gut health AU - Guy, J.S. T2 - Ergomix DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// UR - http://en.engormix.com/MA-poultry-industry/nutrition/articles/pathogenesis-control-viruses-that-t3542/141-p0.htm. ER - TY - CONF TI - Vaccines and vaccination protocols for control of infectious laryngotracheitis in the Colombian poultry industry AU - Guy, J.S. C2 - 2015/// C3 - Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Pathology DA - 2015/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System T2 - Large Animal Internal Medicine A2 - Smith, G.W. PY - 2015/5// ET - 5th PB - Elsevier Publishing SN - 9780323088398 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What’s your diagnosis? Purulent upper respiratory discharge in a rabbit AU - Swisher, Samantha D. AU - Grunkemeyer, Vanessa L. AU - Savage, Mason Y. AU - Durrant, Jessica R. AU - Borst, Luke B. T2 - DVM 360 DA - 2015/9/9/ PY - 2015/9/9/ UR - https://www.dvm360.com/view/whats-your-diagnosis-purulent-upper-respiratory-discharge-rabbit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytologic Characteristics and World Health Organization Classification in 45 Dogs With Lymphoma AU - Fry, M. AU - LeBlanc, C. AU - Suter, S. AU - Borst, L. AU - Reed, G. T2 - Veterinary Clinical Pathology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 44 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute Dextran Sodium Sulfate Dose-Dependently Induces Colitis in Formula-Fed Piglets AU - Jacobi, Sheila AU - Adam, Moeser AU - Borst, Luke AU - Lin, Xi AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 29 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 755–758 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine urothelial carcinoma: genomically aberrant and comparatively relevant AU - Shapiro, S. G. AU - Raghunath, S. AU - Williams, C. AU - Motsinger-Reif, A. A. AU - Cullen, J. M. AU - Liu, T. AU - Albertson, D. AU - Ruvolo, M. AU - Bergstrom Lucas, A. AU - Jin, J. AU - Knapp, D. W. AU - Schiffman, J. D. AU - Breen, M. T2 - Chromosome Research AB - Urothelial carcinoma (UC), also referred to as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), is the most common bladder malignancy in both human and canine populations. In human UC, numerous studies have demonstrated the prevalence of chromosomal imbalances. Although the histopathology of the disease is similar in both species, studies evaluating the genomic profile of canine UC are lacking, limiting the discovery of key comparative molecular markers associated with driving UC pathogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated 31 primary canine UC biopsies by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (oaCGH). Results highlighted the presence of three highly recurrent numerical aberrations: gain of dog chromosome (CFA) 13 and 36 and loss of CFA 19. Regional gains of CFA 13 and 36 were present in 97 % and 84 % of cases, respectively, and losses on CFA 19 were present in 77 % of cases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using targeted bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones and custom Agilent SureFISH probes, was performed to detect and quantify these regions in paraffin-embedded biopsy sections and urine-derived urothelial cells. The data indicate that these three aberrations are potentially diagnostic of UC. Comparison of our canine oaCGH data with that of 285 human cases identified a series of shared copy number aberrations. Using an informatics approach to interrogate the frequency of copy number aberrations across both species, we identified those that had the highest joint probability of association with UC. The most significant joint region contained the gene PABPC1, which should be considered further for its role in UC progression. In addition, cross-species filtering of genome-wide copy number data highlighted several genes as high-profile candidates for further analysis, including CDKN2A, S100A8/9, and LRP1B. We propose that these common aberrations are indicative of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of pathogenesis and harbor genes key to urothelial neoplasia, warranting investigation for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. DA - 2015/3/18/ PY - 2015/3/18/ DO - 10.1007/S10577-015-9471-Y VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 311-331 J2 - Chromosome Res LA - en OP - SN - 0967-3849 1573-6849 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10577-015-9471-Y DB - Crossref KW - Canine KW - Urothelial carcinoma KW - Transitional cell carcinoma KW - Cytogenetics KW - Chromosome aberration KW - Array comparative genomic hybridization KW - Comparative oncology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Laboratory Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy for Melafix (Melaleuca cajuputi Extract) AU - Shivappa, Raghunath B. AU - Christian, Larry S. AU - Noga, Edward J. AU - Law, Jerry M. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine AB - A study was performed at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, to assess the safety and efficacy of Melafix, an aquarium product produced by Mars Fishcare Incorporated. Studies were carried out on the goldfish (Carassius auratus), a freshwater species, and the false percula clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris), a marine fish. Animals were monitored closely and evaluated microscopically after exposure to Melafix according to the label directions for a period of 28 days. Water-quality parameters were monitored on a daily basis. The use of Melafix on goldfish and clownfish appears to be safe as no adverse effects were noted during the experimental period. The results also showed that Melafix has no effect on the water-quality parameters tested. In vitro efficacy studies were conducted by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Melafix on various pathogens. The study revealed that Melafix had no significant bactericidal or inhibitory effect on any of the pathogens tested. This observation suggests that anecdotal benefits of Melafix are not owing to antibacterial activity. This topic requires further research and possibly an in vivo study. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1053/J.JEPM.2015.04.020 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 188-192 J2 - Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 1557-5063 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/J.JEPM.2015.04.020 DB - Crossref KW - Melafix KW - aquarium KW - water quality KW - goldfish KW - clownfish KW - MIC ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sources of endocrine-disrupting compounds in North Carolina waterways: A geographic information systems approach AU - Sackett, Dana K. AU - Pow, Crystal Lee AU - Rubino, Matthew J. AU - Aday, D. Derek AU - Cope, W. Gregory AU - Kullman, Seth AU - Rice, James A. AU - Kwak, Thomas J. AU - Law, Mac T2 - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry AB - The presence of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), particularly estrogenic compounds, in the environment has drawn public attention across the globe, yet a clear understanding of the extent and distribution of estrogenic EDCs in surface waters and their relationship to potential sources is lacking. The objective of the present study was to identify and examine the potential input of estrogenic EDC sources in North Carolina water bodies using a geographic information system (GIS) mapping and analysis approach. Existing data from state and federal agencies were used to create point and nonpoint source maps depicting the cumulative contribution of potential sources of estrogenic EDCs to North Carolina surface waters. Water was collected from 33 sites (12 associated with potential point sources, 12 associated with potential nonpoint sources, and 9 reference), to validate the predictive results of the GIS analysis. Estrogenicity (measured as 17β-estradiol equivalence) ranged from 0.06 ng/L to 56.9 ng/L. However, the majority of sites (88%) had water 17β-estradiol concentrations below 1 ng/L. Sites associated with point and nonpoint sources had significantly higher 17β-estradiol levels than reference sites. The results suggested that water 17β-estradiol was reflective of GIS predictions, confirming the relevance of landscape-level influences on water quality and validating the GIS approach to characterize such relationships. DA - 2015/1/15/ PY - 2015/1/15/ DO - 10.1002/ETC.2797 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 437-445 J2 - Environ Toxicol Chem LA - en OP - SN - 0730-7268 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ETC.2797 DB - Crossref KW - Ecotoxicology KW - Endocrine disrupting compound KW - Estrogenicity KW - Geographic information system prediction KW - Surface water ER - TY - JOUR TI - Participatory appraisal of the impact of epizootic lymphangitis in Ethiopia AU - Scantlebury, C.E. AU - Zerfu, A. AU - Pinchbeck, G.P. AU - Reed, K. AU - Gebreab, F. AU - Aklilu, N. AU - Mideksa, K. AU - Christley, R. T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine AB - Epizootic lymphangitis (EZL) is reported to have a significant impact upon livelihoods within resource-poor settings. This study used a participatory approach to explore peoples’ experiences of EZL and examine the perceived impact of disease, owner knowledge and understanding of EZL, lay management of disease and, attitudes and strategies towards disease prevention. Focus-group discussions were held with 358 cart-horse owners and drivers recruited from 7 towns attended by SPANA (Society for the protection of animals abroad) mobile veterinary clinics and 2 unexposed towns where no SPANA clinics were available. Focus group discussions explored four main research questions: (1) Is EZL recognised by animal owners, and is this considered an important disease in equids? (2) What factors do animal owners associate with the development of disease? (3) What happens to an animal with clinical disease and how does this impact upon the owner/community? (4) Are measures taken to reduce disease occurrence? These key areas were explored using photographs, disease ranking, matrices and open discussion. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The results are presented thematically and include: recognition and descriptions of EZL, treatment strategies used, disease priorities and ranking, impact of disease, disease transmission and attitudes and approaches to disease prevention. EZL was widely recognised and ranked highly as an important disease of equids. However, there was uncertainty around identifying early cases of EZL, and this could impact upon the timing of initiating treatment and separating potentially infectious animals. People had varying knowledge of effective methods for disease prevention and reported particular difficulties with isolating infected animals. The impact of EZL was multi-dimensional and encompassed effects upon the horse, the individual owner and the wider society. Working equids provide a vital utility and source of income to many people in resource-poor settings. Often, infection with EZL resulted in a reduction in working ability which had a direct impact upon the livelihoods of owners and their dependent family members. EZL also impacted upon the welfare of the horse as sick animals continued to be worked and, in advanced cases, horses were abandoned due to ineffective or unavailable treatment. This study conceptualises the importance of EZL due to the effects of the disease on the horse and its impact upon human livelihoods. Epizootic lymphangitis is a neglected disease that requires further investigation in order to develop practical and sustainable disease control strategies within endemic regions. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.012 VL - 120 IS - 3-4 SP - 265-276 J2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 0167-5877 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.012 DB - Crossref KW - Epizootic lymphangitis KW - Working equids KW - Participatory research KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Disease prevention KW - Resource-poor settings ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Organic Layers AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Opriessnig, Tanja AU - Uzal, Francisco AU - Gerber, Priscilla F. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Between 2012 and 2014, 141 chickens from 10 organic layer flocks with a history of severe drop in egg production (up to 40%) and slight increased mortality (up to 1% per week) were submitted to the Avian Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Puyallup, WA). At necropsy, the most common finding was pinpoint white foci on the liver and regressed ova without any other remarkable lesions. Histologically, there was multifocal mild-to-severe acute necrotizing hepatitis present. No significant bacteria were recovered from liver samples, and tests for mycotoxins were negative. Twenty-six serum samples from four affected flocks tested were positive for avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) immunoglobulin Y antibodies. Avian HEV RNA was detected in 10 livers of chickens from two different affected flocks. The avian HEV was characterized by sequencing and determined to belong to genotype 2. The diagnosis of a clinical manifest HEV was based solely on the demonstration of specific viral RNA and the absence of other causative agents in samples from flocks, as the clinical sings and pathologic lesions were atypical. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1637/11070-032215-reg.1 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 388-393 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/11070-032215-reg.1 DB - Crossref KW - avian hepatitis virus E KW - chicken KW - hepatitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postmortem Survey of Disease Conditions in Backyard Poultry AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Senties-Cue, Gabriel T2 - Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine AB - The laboratory information systems of the Avian Health and Food Safety Laboratory (AHFSL) and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) were analyzed to determine the disease frequency, by etiology, for backyard chicken submissions. Marek’s disease and Escherichia coli infection were by far the most common disease conditions diagnosed in both laboratories (17.7% and 17.4% at AHFSL versus 14.5% and 13.5% at CAHFS), followed by coccidiosis (AHFSL = 5.9%, CAHFS = 3.8%), ascaridiasis (AHFSL = 5.6%, CAHFS = 3.1%), and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (AHFSL = 3.2%, CAHFS = 3.6%). Neoplasia of the reproductive tract, ascites syndrome, and fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome were found at a higher rate at AHFSL (13.9%, 8%, and 5.1%, respectively) than at CAHFS (1.6%, 1%, and 1.8%, respectively). This difference might have been related to the flock purpose and age of birds submitted. The 2 notifiable diseases of poultry, Newcastle disease and avian influenza, are rare in backyard poultry and neither of these diseases was diagnosed during the investigated period. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.04.003 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 156-163 J2 - Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 1557-5063 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2015.04.003 DB - Crossref KW - ascaridiasis KW - coccidiosis KW - Escherichia coli KW - Marek's disease KW - necropsy KW - reproductive neoplasia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses in Wild Birds, Washington, USA, 2014 AU - Ip, Hon S. AU - Torchetti, Mia Kim AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Kohrs, Paul AU - DeBruyn, Paul AU - Mansfield, Kristin G. AU - Baszler, Timothy AU - Badcoe, Lyndon AU - Bodenstein, Barbara AU - Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie AU - Killian, Mary Lea AU - Pedersen, Janice C. AU - Hines, Nichole AU - Gidlewski, Thomas AU - DeLiberto, Thomas AU - Sleeman, Jonathan M. T2 - Emerging Infectious Diseases AB - Novel Eurasian lineage avian influenza A(H5N8) virus has spread rapidly and globally since January 2014. In December 2014, H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 viruses were detected in wild birds in Washington, USA, and subsequently in backyard birds. When they infect commercial poultry, these highly pathogenic viruses pose substantial trade issues. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.3201/eid2105.142020 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 886-890 J2 - Emerg. Infect. Dis. OP - SN - 1080-6040 1080-6059 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2105.142020 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated with resveratrol for the treatment of toxoplasmosis in mice: Influence on the activity of enzymes involved in brain neurotransmission AU - Bottari, Nathieli B. AU - Baldissera, Matheus D. AU - Tonin, Alexandre A. AU - Rech, Virginia C. AU - Nishihira, Vivian S.K. AU - Thomé, Gustavo R. AU - Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. AU - Morsch, Vera M. AU - Camillo, Giovana AU - Vogel, Fernanda F. AU - Tochetto, Camila AU - Fighera, Rafael AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Stefani, Lenita M. AU - Da Silva, Aleksandro S. T2 - Microbial Pathogenesis AB - This study aimed to investigate the influence of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST) associated with resveratrol on the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenylate kinase (AK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and creatine kinase (CK) in the brain of mice experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii. For that, 60 mice were divided into ten groups with 6 animals each: groups A to D composed by healthy mice and groups E to J consisting of animals infected by T. gondii (VEG strain). Animals started treatment 20 days post-infection for 10 consecutive days with oral doses of 0.5 mg kg(-1) of ST (groups B and F), 100 mg kg(-1) of free resveratrol (groups C and G) and inclusion complex of resveratrol (nanoparticles containing resveratrol) (groups D and H), as well as with an association of both drugs (groups I and J). The results showed increased (P < 0.001) AChE activity on infected animals (groups E-J) when compared to not-infected (A) animals, and also uninfected animals treated with ST (group B) had increased AChE activity. AK activity decreased (P < 0.001) in the infected and untreated (group E), differently from the other groups that did not differ. PK activity did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). When comparing control groups (uninfected (A) and infected (E)), we verified a significant (P < 0.001) increase in CK activity in the brain, and it is noteworthy that the animals treated with resveratrol associated with ST (group I and J) had similar CK activity to those animals from the group A. Treatment with the combination of ST and resveratrol was able to reduce (P < 0.05) the number of parasitic cysts in the brain, thus reduced inflammatory infiltrates in the liver, and prevented the occurrence of hepatocytes lesions due to toxoplasmosis in mice. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that increased AChE and CK activities after T. gondii infection did not change with the treatment of ST-resveratrol association. In addition, decreased AK activity caused by T. gondii infection was normalized by ST-resveratrol treatment. T. gondii infection and treatment does not affect PK activity in brain. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.01.001 VL - 79 SP - 17-23 J2 - Microbial Pathogenesis LA - en OP - SN - 0882-4010 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.01.001 DB - Crossref KW - T. gondii KW - Polyphenol KW - AChE KW - ATP KW - ACh ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of zinc supplementation on ecto-adenosine deaminase activity in lambs infected by Haemonchus contortus: Highlights on acute phase of disease AU - Baldissera, Matheus D. AU - Pivoto, Felipe L. AU - Bottari, Nathieli B. AU - Tonin, Alexandre A. AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Aires, Adelina R. AU - F.X. Rocha, José AU - Pelinson, Luana P. AU - Dalenogare, Diéssica P. AU - Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. AU - Morsch, Vera M. AU - L.R. Leal, Marta AU - Da Silva, Aleksandro S. T2 - Experimental Parasitology AB - Haemonchus contortus (order Strongylida) is a common parasitic nematode infecting small ruminants and causing significant economic losses worldwide. It induces innate and adaptive immune responses, which are essential for the clearance of this nematode from the host. Ecto-adenosine deaminase (E-ADA) is an enzyme that plays an important role in the immune system, while Zinc (Zn) has been found playing a critical role in E-ADA catalysis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of Zn supplementation on E-ADA activity in serum of lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus. To reach this purpose 28 male lambs (in average 25 kg) were used. The animals were divided into four groups: A and B composed of healthy animals (uninfected); C and D, infected with H. contortus. Groups B and D were supplemented with Zn Edetate, subcutaneously with 3 mg kg of live weight, on days 11 and 25 post-infection (PI). Blood and fecal samples were collected on the days 11, 25 and 39 PI, in order to assess hematocrit, seric E-ADA, and eggs per gram (EPG) counting, respectively. The animals of groups C and D showed severe hematocrit reduction (days 25 and 39 PI) and were EPG positive (days 11, 25 and 39 PI). On day 41 PI, three animals each group were subjected to necropsy. This procedure showed that animals of groups A and B did not have helminths in abomasum and intestines, while H. contortus were observed in groups C (5782.5 ± 810.9) and D (6185.0 ± 150.0). Infected and untreated animals (group C) showed a reduction in E-ADA activity, but this was not observed when the animals were supplemented with Zn (Group D). Therefore, based on our results, it was possible to observe that Zn supplementation exercised a positive effect on E-ADA activity in lambs infected with H. contortus, and did not allow a reduction in E-ADA activity, as occurred in the group infected and without supplementation. However, Zn supplementation was not able to prevent the worm burden. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.010 VL - 151-152 SP - 34-38 J2 - Experimental Parasitology LA - en OP - SN - 0014-4894 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.010 DB - Crossref KW - Sheep KW - Strongylida KW - Mineral supplementation KW - E-ADA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bovine pyogranulomatous mastitis caused by Mycobacterium goodii AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Siqueira, Franciele Maboni AU - Brum, Juliana Sperotto AU - De Vargas, Agueda Castagna AU - Gressler, Letícia Trevisan AU - Balzan, Cláudia T2 - JMM Case Reports AB - Introduction: Mycobacterium goodii is a rapidly growing non‐tuberculous mycobacterium that has recently been associated with severe infections in animals and humans. The ecological niche of M. goodii remains unclear, and cases in large animals remain either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Case presentation: We present a case of a 5‐year‐old Holstein cow showing mastitis signs of pronounced glandular hardening that did not respond to antibiotic therapy. During the milk bacteriological culture, we observed Gram‐positive and acid‐fast rods with an unusual profile in the milk diagnostic routine. Biochemical tests were performed and the results showed a bacterium belonging to the group Mycobacterium smegmatis . Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed, and the result for tobramycin indicated the presence of M. goodii . In order to confirm its identity, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed, showing 100 % nucleotide similarity with M. goodii . Histological analyses of a biopsy specimen obtained from the affected mammary quarter showed evidence of pyogranulomatous and diffuse mastitis, both suggestive of bacterial intracellular infection. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of mycobacterial mastitis caused by M. goodii infection in cows, identified through isolation of the bacteria and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Although the role of this agent in bovine mastitis remains unclear, we highlight its potential source for humans and the implications for the dairy industry. DA - 2015/2/1/ PY - 2015/2/1/ DO - 10.1099/jmmcr.0.004150-0 VL - 2 IS - 1 LA - en OP - SN - 2053-3721 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmmcr.0.004150-0 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blood gas analyses and other components involved in the acid–base metabolism of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi AU - Baldissera, Matheus D. AU - Vaucher, Rodrigo A. AU - Oliveira, Camila B. AU - Rech, Virginia C. AU - Sagrillo, Michele R. AU - Stainki, Daniel R. AU - França, Raqueli T. AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Lopes, Sonia T.A. AU - Monteiro, Silvia G. AU - Stefani, Lenita M. AU - Da Silva, Aleksandro S. T2 - Journal of Advanced Research AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Trypanosoma evansi infections on arterial blood gases of experimentally infected rats. Two groups with eight animals each were used; group A (uninfected) and group B (infected). Infected animals were daily monitored through blood smears that showed high parasitemia with 30 trypanosomes per field (1000×) on average, 5 days post-infection (PI). Arterial blood was collected at 5 days PI for blood gas analysis using an automated method based on dry-chemistry. Hydrogen potential (pH), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen saturation (sO2), sodium (Na), ionic calcium (Ca ionic), chlorides (Cl), partial dioxide carbon pressure (pCO2), base excess (BE), base excess in the extracellular fluid (BEecf), bicarbonate (cHCO3), potassium (K), lactate, and blood total dioxide the carbon (tCO2) were evaluated. The levels of pH, pCO2, BE, BEecf, cHCO3, and tCO2 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group B compared to group A. Additionally, the same group showed increases in Cl and lactate levels when compared to uninfected group. Therefore, it is possible to state that the infection caused by T. evansi led to alterations in the acid-base status, findings that are correlated to metabolic acidosis. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1016/j.jare.2014.12.001 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 1079-1082 J2 - Journal of Advanced Research LA - en OP - SN - 2090-1232 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.12.001 DB - Crossref KW - "Surra'' KW - Arterial blood gases KW - Pathology KW - Protozoan ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans in goats and risk factors of the disease in Santa Catarina (West side), Brazil AU - Topazio, Josué AU - Tonin, Alexandre A. AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Noll, Jessica C.G. AU - Ribeiro, André AU - Moura, Anderson B. AU - Carmo, Guilherme M. AU - Grosskopf, Hyolanda M. AU - Martins, Jorge L.R. AU - Badke, Manoel R.T. AU - Stefani, Lenita M. AU - Lopes, Leandro S. AU - Da Silva, Aleksandro S. T2 - Research in Veterinary Science AB - Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Leptospira spp. In goats, the productive impact of leptospirosis is not well known and totally unknown in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil. This study aimed to investigate leptospirosis seroprevalence and its risk factors in goats in the west side of SC. A total of 654 blood samples were analyzed using the microscopic agglutination technique and 35.47% (232) of the animals were seropositives. Except for serogroup Autumnalis, positive samples for all other serogroups were found as follows: Sejroe (Hardjo, Wolffi), Grippotyphosa (Grippotyphosa), Canicola (Canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni), Australis (Australis, Bratislava) and Pomona (Pomona). The contact among sheep and goats, and the addition of concentrate as food supplement were found to be risk factors for leptospirosis. Based on these results, we conclude that there is a high occurrence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in goats in the Western part of Santa Catarina State. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.014 VL - 99 SP - 53-57 J2 - Research in Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0034-5288 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.014 DB - Crossref KW - Leptospirosis KW - Prevalence KW - Goat KW - Zoonosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of inflammation and liver injury in the acute and subclinical phases of canine ehrlichiosis AU - do Carmo, Guilherme M. AU - Crivellenti, Leandro Z. AU - Bottari, Nathieli B. AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Borin-Crivellenti, Sofia AU - Moresco, Rafael N. AU - Duarte, Thiago AU - Duarte, Marta AU - Tinucci-Costa, Mirela AU - Morsch, Vera M. AU - Schetinger, Maria Rosa C. AU - Stefani, Lenita M. AU - Da Silva, Aleksandro S. T2 - Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as a marker of inflammation and liver injury in the acute and subclinical phases of canine ehrlichiosis. Forty-two serum samples of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis were used, of which 24 were from animals with the acute phase of the disease and 18 with subclinical disease. In addition, sera from 17 healthy dogs were used as negative controls. The hematocrit, BChE activity, hepatic injury (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), nitric oxide, and cytokines levels were evaluated. The BChE activity was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in dogs with the acute phase of the disease when compared to healthy animals. However, there was a reduction on BChE activity on dogs with subclinical disease compared to the other two groups. AST and ALT levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the acute phase, as well as the inflammatory mediators (NOx, TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-4, IL-6) when compared to the control group. On the other hand, IL-10 levels were lower in the acute phase. Based on these results, we are able to conclude that the acute infection caused by E. canis in dogs leads to an increase on seric BChE activity and some inflammatory mediators. Therefore, this enzyme might be used as a marker of acute inflammatory response in dogs naturally infected by this bacterium. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.09.005 VL - 43 SP - 16-21 J2 - Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0147-9571 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2015.09.005 DB - Crossref KW - BChE KW - Ehrlichia canis KW - Inflammation marker ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil AU - Weiblen, Carla AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Jesus, Francielli Pantella Kunz de AU - Santurio, Janio Morais AU - Zanette, Régis Adriel AU - Pereira, Daniela Sabel Brayer AU - Diehl, Gustavo Nogueira AU - Santos, Lucila Carboneiro dos AU - Corbellini, Luis Gustavo AU - Botton, Sônia de Avila T2 - Ciência Rural AB - ABSTRACT: An epidemiological survey was carried out by performing an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test to determine the seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. The serological study covered seven geographical regions of RS, classified according to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). The samples were obtained from official veterinary service (Serviço Veterinário Oficial, SVO) linked to the Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio of RS (SEAPA-RS) to proceed the investigation of equine infectious anemia in 2014. Samples were collected during the months of September and October of 2013, covering the seven geographical regions of RS, and totalized 1,002 serum samples. The seroprevalence for P. insidiosum in RS was 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22). The relative risk (RR) of the presence of antibodies anti-P. insidiosum was in the regions Southeast 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8), Porto Alegre 4.62 (CI95%, 1.70 to 12.55), Southwest 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8) and Northwestern 3.72 (CI95%, 1.52 to 9.09). The highest prevalence (69.1%) was observed in females with RR of 1.59 (CI95%, 1.11 to 2.27). When the presence of dams was evaluated, the seropositivity was evident in 74.4%, presenting an association of 2.13 (CI95%, 1.16 to 3.91) compared to farms without dams. In properties with veterinary assistance, the frequency of 72.7% and RR of 3.04 (CI95%,, 1,85 to 4,98) of seropositivity were observed. Due to the importance of pythiosis in horse herds, this study highlights the presence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in horses in RS, Brazil. DA - 2015/11/17/ PY - 2015/11/17/ DO - 10.1590/0103-8478cr20150056 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 126-131 J2 - Cienc. Rural OP - SN - 1678-4596 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150056 DB - Crossref KW - P. insidiosum KW - antibody KW - occurrence KW - horses KW - ELISA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of gastrointestinal parasitism on biochemical variables in blood of laying hens AU - Topázio, Josué P AU - Campigotto, Gabriela AU - Boiago, Marcel M AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Paiano, Diovani AU - Tonin, Alexandre A AU - Da Silva, Aleksandro S T2 - Revista MVZ Córdoba AB - ABSTRACTObjective. This study describes the influence of endoparasites and diet on biochemical variables in sera of brown laying hens. Materials and methods. Biochemical parameters (seric levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, uric acid, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase activity) were assessed in blood samples of poultry. Three populations of laying hens of different properties (n=20 each) represented our experimental design, from which blood (serum) and feces were collected for biochemical and parasitological analyzes, respectively. Results. From 60 feces samples evaluated 49 were positive for the presence of parasites and 11 were negative. Among the positive samples, 23 had infection with Eimeria spp and the other 26 samples had mixed parasitism with Eimeria spp and Heterakis gallinarum, which influenced (increasing) the levels of total protein and globulin. However, when parasites were analyzed separately, it was observed that the infection by Eimeria spp affected parameters such as cholesterol (which increased, p=0.001) and triglycerides, showing lower results than when the hen was parasitized by Eimeria spp. (p=0.01). Significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in all biochemical variables when the three diets were compared. Conclusions. Our results allowed concluding that the parasitic infection and diet in laying hens influenced the results of serum biochemical parameters evaluated. The main conclusion we found that parasitism caused an increase in total protein and globulin (ie immune response), and there was a negative correlation between parasite load and albumin, uric acid and ALT. DA - 2015/11/13/ PY - 2015/11/13/ DO - 10.21897/rmvz.2 VL - 11 SP - 4864-4873 J2 - Rev MVZ Córdoba OP - SN - 1909-0544 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.2 DB - Crossref KW - Biochemical variables KW - Eimeria KW - Heterakis gallinarum KW - poultry (Source: CAB, MeSH) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leptospirosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: An Ecosystem Approach in the Animal-Human Interface AU - Schneider, Maria Cristina AU - Najera, Patricia AU - Pereira, Martha M. AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - dos Anjos, Celso B. AU - Rodrigues, Rogério O. AU - Cavagni, Gabriela M. AU - Muñoz-Zanzi, Claudia AU - Corbellini, Luis G. AU - Leone, Mariana AU - Buss, Daniel F. AU - Aldighieri, Sylvain AU - Espinal, Marcos A. T2 - PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases AB - Leptospirosis is an epidemic-prone neglected disease that affects humans and animals, mostly in vulnerable populations. The One Health approach is a recommended strategy to identify drivers of the disease and plan for its prevention and control. In that context, the aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of human cases of leptospirosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to explore possible drivers. Additionally, it sought to provide further evidence to support interventions and to identify hypotheses for new research at the human-animal-ecosystem interface.The risk for human infection was described in relation to environmental, socioeconomic, and livestock variables. This ecological study used aggregated data by municipality (all 496). Data were extracted from secondary, publicly available sources. Thematic maps were constructed and univariate analysis performed for all variables. Negative binomial regression was used for multivariable statistical analysis of leptospirosis cases. An annual average of 428 human cases of leptospirosis was reported in the state from 2008 to 2012. The cumulative incidence in rural populations was eight times higher than in urban populations. Variables significantly associated with leptospirosis cases in the final model were: Parana/Paraiba ecoregion (RR: 2.25; CI95%: 2.03-2.49); Neossolo Litolítico soil (RR: 1.93; CI95%: 1.26-2.96); and, to a lesser extent, the production of tobacco (RR: 1.10; CI95%: 1.09-1.11) and rice (RR: 1.003; CI95%: 1.002-1.04).Urban cases were concentrated in the capital and rural cases in a specific ecoregion. The major drivers identified in this study were related to environmental and production processes that are permanent features of the state. This study contributes to the basic knowledge on leptospirosis distribution and drivers in the state and encourages a comprehensive approach to address the disease in the animal-human-ecosystem interface. DA - 2015/11/12/ PY - 2015/11/12/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004095 VL - 9 IS - 11 SP - e0004095 J2 - PLoS Negl Trop Dis LA - en OP - SN - 1935-2735 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004095 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seroprevalence of Brucella ovis in rams and associated flock level risk factors in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil AU - Machado, G. AU - Santos, D.V. AU - Kohek, I. AU - Stein, M.C. AU - Hein, H.E. AU - Poeta, A.S. AU - Vidor, A.C.M. AU - Corbellini, L.G. T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine AB - A cross-sectional study based on a planned probabilistic sampling was carried out to estimate animal and flock prevalence of Brucella ovis in rams, as well as to determine risk factors at the flock level. Data regarding the flocks were collected by means of a questionnaire applied on 705 farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using one-stage cluster sampling. From the 705 flocks, 20 (2.5%, CI95%: 2.0–3.1%) had at least one positive ram. At the animal level, out of 1800 rams, 52 were positive (2.89%, CI95%: 0.4–5.3%). Statistical analysis identified the following as risk factors: average age of rams in the flocks (PR: 1.99, CI95%: 1.19–3.32); farms larger than 5 km2 (500 ha) on extension area (PR: 7.46CI95%: 2.03–27.43); and the lack of lambing paddocks (PR: 5.56, CI95%: 1.70–18.11). This study provided relevant information for authorities to elaborate plans for the first Brazilian state based B. ovis disease control and eradication program. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that shows the importance of lambing paddocks in order to keep pre-lambing and lambing ewes away from the rest of the flock, the lack of this infrastructure was considered an important risk factor for B. ovis. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.009 VL - 121 IS - 1-2 SP - 183-187 J2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine LA - en OP - SN - 0167-5877 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.009 DB - Crossref KW - Prevalence KW - Sheep KW - Risk factor KW - Epididymitis KW - Lambing paddocks ER - TY - JOUR TI - What variables are important in predicting bovine viral diarrhea virus? A random forest approach AU - Machado, Gustavo AU - Mendoza, Mariana Recamonde AU - Corbellini, Luis Gustavo T2 - Veterinary Research AB - Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes one of the most economically important diseases in cattle, and the virus is found worldwide. A better understanding of the disease associated factors is a crucial step towards the definition of strategies for control and eradication. In this study we trained a random forest (RF) prediction model and performed variable importance analysis to identify factors associated with BVDV occurrence. In addition, we assessed the influence of features selection on RF performance and evaluated its predictive power relative to other popular classifiers and to logistic regression. We found that RF classification model resulted in an average error rate of 32.03% for the negative class (negative for BVDV) and 36.78% for the positive class (positive for BVDV).The RF model presented area under the ROC curve equal to 0.702. Variable importance analysis revealed that important predictors of BVDV occurrence were: a) who inseminates the animals, b) number of neighboring farms that have cattle and c) rectal palpation performed routinely. Our results suggest that the use of machine learning algorithms, especially RF, is a promising methodology for the analysis of cross-sectional studies, presenting a satisfactory predictive power and the ability to identify predictors that represent potential risk factors for BVDV investigation. We examined classical predictors and found some new and hard to control practices that may lead to the spread of this disease within and among farms, mainly regarding poor or neglected reproduction management, which should be considered for disease control and eradication. DA - 2015/7/24/ PY - 2015/7/24/ DO - 10.1186/s13567-015-0219-7 VL - 46 IS - 1 J2 - Vet Res LA - en OP - SN - 1297-9716 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-015-0219-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modulation of cytokine gene expression by selected Lactobacillus isolates in the ileum, caecal tonsils and spleen of Salmonella-challenged broilers AU - Hu, Jie-Lun AU - Yu, Hai AU - Kulkarni, Raveendra R. AU - Sharif, Shayan AU - Cui, Steve W. AU - Xie, Ming-Yong AU - Nie, Shao-Ping AU - Gong, Joshua T2 - Avian Pathology AB - Probiotics have been used to control Salmonella colonization in the chicken intestine. Recently, we demonstrated that certain selected Lactobacillus isolates were able to reduce Salmonella infection in the chicken spleen and liver as well as down-regulated Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 virulence gene expression in the chicken caecum. To further understand the mechanisms through which Lactobacillus protected chickens from Salmonella infection, the present study has investigated the Lactobacillus isolate(s)-induced host immune response of chickens to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. A thorough examination of cytokine gene expression in the ileum, caecal tonsils, and spleen on days 1 and 3 post-Salmonella infection showed a dynamic spatial and temporal response to Salmonella infection and Lactobacillus treatments. In most instances, it was evident that treatment of chickens with Lactobacillus isolates could significantly attenuate Salmonella-induced changes in the gene expression profile. These included the genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines [lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF factor, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8], T helper 1 cytokines [IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ], and T helper 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Another important observation from the present investigation was that the response induced by a combination of Lactobacillus isolates was generally more effective than that induced by a single Lactobacillus isolate. Our results show that administration of certain selected Lactobacillus isolates can effectively modulate Salmonella-induced cytokine gene expression, and thus help reduce Salmonella infection in chickens. DA - 2015/11/2/ PY - 2015/11/2/ DO - 10.1080/03079457.2015.1086725 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 463–469 SN - 0307-9457 1465-3338 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2015.1086725 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using a GAITFour pressure mat and an embedded microcomputer-based force plate system AU - Pairis-Garcia, M. D. AU - Johnson, A. K. AU - Abell, C. A. AU - Coetzee, J. F. AU - Karriker, L. A. AU - Millman, S. T. AU - Stalder, K. J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Pain associated with lameness on farm is a negative affective state and has a detrimental impact on individual farm animal welfare. Animal pain can be managed utilizing husbandry tools and through pharmacological approaches. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including meloxicam and flunixin meglumine are compounds used in many species for pain management because they are easy to administer, long lasting, and cost-effective. Assessing an animal's biomechanical parameters using such tools as the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system provides an objective, sensitive, and precise means to detect animals in lame states. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine for pain mitigation in lame sows using the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Lameness was induced in 24 mature mixed-parity sows using a chemical synovitis model and compared 3 treatments: meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg per os), flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg intramuscular) and sterile saline (intramuscular). Weight distribution (kg) for each foot was collected twice per second for a total of 5 min for each time point using the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system. Stride time, stride length, maximum pressure, activated sensors, and stance time were collected using 3 quality walks (readings) for each time point using the GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Sows administered flunixin meglumine or meloxicam tolerated more weight on their lame leg compared with saline sows (P < 0.005). Sows administered flunixin meglumine or meloxicam had smaller differences in stance time, maximum pressure, and activated sensors between the sound and lame legs compared with saline-treated sows between 37 and 60 h after lameness induction (P < 0.03). In conclusion, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam administration mitigated pain sensitivity in sows after lameness induction when pain sensitivity was evaluated with the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Analgesic drugs may be a key tool to manage negative pain affective states associated with lameness. DA - 2015/5/1/ PY - 2015/5/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2014-8796 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 2100–2110 SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8796 KW - lameness KW - NSAID KW - pain KW - sows ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sow behavioral responses to transient, chemically induced synovitis lameness AU - Parsons, R.L. AU - Millman, S.T. AU - Coetzee, J.F. AU - Karriker, L.A. AU - Mohling, C.M. AU - Pairis-Garcia, M.D. AU - Stalder, K.J. AU - Johnson, A.K. T2 - Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science AB - The objective was to determine behavioral changes when sows were induced lame using this chemical synovitis model. Twenty-three multiparous, non-pregnant sows were compared during lame and non-lame states. Behavior was recorded over three days. Seven behaviors (foraging, drinking, standing, sitting, sternal and lateral lying) and three locations (drinker, home pen and feed bunk) were recorded. Observations of sows drinking, standing, lying sternal and being in the drinker location decreased after induction. Lying lateral frequency, regardless of side, increased after sows were induced lame. Frequency in the home pen location increased, but no differences were observed for feed bunk location after sows were induced lame. The induced lame foot had no observed effect on lying side preference. By the end of the round, all behavioral and location frequencies returned to baseline levels. Standing, lying and drinking frequencies seem to be promising sow behavioral tools when transitioning from sound to lame states. DA - 2015/4/3/ PY - 2015/4/3/ DO - 10.1080/09064702.2015.1110617 VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 122-125 J2 - Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science LA - en OP - SN - 0906-4702 1651-1972 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2015.1110617 DB - Crossref KW - pain KW - Lameness KW - animal welfare KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioural evaluation of analgesic efficacy for pain mitigation in lame sows AU - Pairis-Garcia, MD AU - Johnson, AK AU - Stalder, KJ AU - Abell, CA AU - Karriker, LA AU - Coetzee, JF AU - Millman, ST T2 - Animal Welfare AB - Abstract Lameness in breeding swine has a large negative economic impact and is a welfare concern. Pain-related behaviour, such as postural changes, may be used to evaluate the presence and severity of pain in animals. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of flunixin meglumine (FM) and meloxicam (M) on postural changes in lame sows. Lameness was induced in 24 mature sows (Sus scrofa) using a chemical synovitis model. Three treatments were compared: FM (2.2 mg kg −1 ; n = 24, intramuscular [IM]), M (1.0 mg kg −1 ; n = 24, by mouth [PO]) and sterile saline (equivalent volume to FM; n = 24 [IM]), administered approximately 28 and 52 h after lameness induction. Behavioural data were collected in the home pen during 12-h periods and quantified using 15-min scan sampling on the day prior to (-24 h; Day-1) through +168 h post lameness induction. Frequency of behaviour was analysed by day using generalised linear mixed model methods. The frequency of standing postures significantly decreased and lying postures increased 24-72 h post lameness induction relative to baseline day. All postures returned to baseline frequencies by +168 h. Meloxicam-treated sows demonstrated lower frequencies of lying postures +48 and +72 h after lameness induction compared to saline-treated sows. Flunixin-treated sows did not differ in lying behaviours compared to saline-treated sows. No differences were noted in standing or sitting postures between treatments. The results of this study suggest that meloxicam mitigates pain sensitivity as demonstrated by higher frequency of standing and lower frequency of lying compared to saline-treated sows. DA - 2015/2/15/ PY - 2015/2/15/ DO - 10.7120/09627286.24.1.093 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 93-99 J2 - anim welf LA - en OP - SN - 0962-7286 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.1.093 DB - Crossref KW - animal welfare KW - behaviour KW - flunixin meglumine KW - lameness KW - meloxicam KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interleukin-22 and CD160 play additive roles in the host mucosal response to Clostridium difficile infection in mice AU - Sadighi Akha, Amir A. AU - McDermott, Andrew J. AU - Theriot, Casey M. AU - Carlson, Paul E., Jr AU - Frank, Charles R. AU - McDonald, Roderick A. AU - Falkowski, Nicole R. AU - Bergin, Ingrid L. AU - Young, Vincent B. AU - Huffnagle, Gary B. T2 - Immunology AB - Summary Our previous work has shown the significant up‐regulation of Il22 and increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as part of the mucosal inflammatory response to Clostridium difficile infection in mice. Others have shown that phosphorylation of STAT3 at mucosal surfaces includes interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) and CD160‐mediated components. The current study sought to determine the potential role(s) of IL‐22 and/or CD160 in the mucosal response to C. difficile infection. Clostridium difficile ‐infected mice treated with anti‐IL‐22, anti‐CD160 or a combination of the two showed significantly reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in comparison to C. difficile ‐infected mice that had not received either antibody. In addition, C. difficile ‐infected mice treated with anti‐IL‐22/CD160 induced a smaller set of genes, and at significantly lower levels than the untreated C. difficile ‐infected mice. The affected genes included pro‐inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and anti‐microbial peptides. Furthermore, histopathological and flow cytometric assessments both showed a significantly reduced influx of neutrophils in C. difficile ‐infected mice treated with anti‐IL‐22/CD160. These data demonstrate that IL‐22 and CD160 are together responsible for a significant fraction of the colonic STAT3 phosphorylation in C. difficile infection. They also underscore the additive effects of IL‐22 and CD160 in mediating both the pro‐inflammatory and pro‐survival aspects of the host mucosal response in this infection. DA - 2015/3/9/ PY - 2015/3/9/ DO - 10.1111/imm.12414 VL - 144 IS - 4 SP - 587-597 SN - 0019-2805 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.12414 KW - Clostridium difficile KW - CD160 KW - interleukin-22 KW - pSTAT3 KW - RegIII ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of conventional plating methods and Petrifilm for the recovery of aerobic bacteria and mold from hatchery fluff samples AU - Warren, Claire A. AU - Weber, Sylvia K. AU - Crespo, Rocio T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - The enumeration and evaluation of bacteria and mold are important elements in the evaluation of hatchery sanitation programs. However, detection of bacteria and mold in fluff samples is time consuming and cumbersome. The PetrifilmTM aerobic count plate (ACP) and the Petrifilm yeast/mold count plate are ready-to-use alternatives to the traditional enumeration media used for bacteria and mold associated with environment and food. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Petrifilms for enumeration of aerobic bacteria and mold from hatchery fluff samples. Comparisons of ACP and mold counts were performed in 25 fluff samples. These samples were from 2 commercial hatcheries. ACP comparisons were made by evaluating the standard for pour plating with plate count agar versus aerobic count plate Petrifilm. Mold comparisons were made by evaluating Sabouraud dextrose agar versus yeast/mold plate count Petrifilm. Overall equivalent bacterial counts and mold counts were obtained by both enumeration methods. Because the Petrifilm method is convenient and gave comparative results, it offers a good alternative for fluff aerobic bacteria and mold counts. DA - 2015/11/2/ PY - 2015/11/2/ DO - 10.3382/japr/pfv060 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 48-53 SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv060 KW - bacteria KW - count KW - fluff KW - hatchery KW - mold KW - Petrifilm KW - plate count agar KW - Sabouraud dextrose agar ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells from Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Cats are Productively Infected and Maintain CD8+ T Cell Stimulatory Capacity AU - Hood, S.F. AU - Thompson, E.M. AU - Akaronu, N.O. AU - Miller, M.M. AU - Fogle, J.E. T2 - International Journal of Virology and AIDS AB - Dendritic cells (DCs) have been utilized to enhance CD8+ T cell responses to pathogen-associated peptides for enhancement of vaccine efficacy. CD8+ T cells play a central role in the elimination of viruses during acute viral infection and control of viremia during chronic viral infection. For lentiviral infections such as HIV and FIV, dendritic cell vaccines may be useful for augmenting CD8+ T cell function. Therefore, we asked if monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) from FIV+ chronically infected cats maintained the ability to stimulate CD8+ T cells in the absence of exogenous antigen, when compared to uninfected controls. Using high speed cell sorting, monocytes were isolated from PBMCs based on forward versus side scatter gating. Cells were then cultured with IL-4 and GM-CSF over the course of 6 days, and LPS was added to stimulate maturation after the first 72 hours. We confirmed the identity and maturation status of cells by cytologic examination and FITC-dextran uptake. We then assessed differences in CD8+ T cell proliferation in the presence of monocytes / macrophages (M/M), immature dendritic cells (iDCs), and mature dendritic cells (mDCs). We demonstrated that CD8+ T cell proliferation is maintained in the presence of DCs from FIV+ cats and that production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by DCs from FIV+ cats is retained in vitro. Further, we confirmed the presence of virus in co-culture. These results suggest that moDCs from FIV-infected animals serve as viral reservoirs. More importantly, these results support our hypothesis that moDCs maintain the ability to stimulate CD8+ T cells during chronic lentiviral infection. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.23937/2469-567x/1510007 VL - 2 IS - 1 SN - 2469-567X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.23937/2469-567x/1510007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complex system modelling for veterinary epidemiology AU - Lanzas, C. AU - Chen, S. T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine AB - The use of mathematical models has a long tradition in infectious disease epidemiology. The nonlinear dynamics and complexity of pathogen transmission pose challenges in understanding its key determinants, in identifying critical points, and designing effective mitigation strategies. Mathematical modelling provides tools to explicitly represent the variability, interconnectedness, and complexity of systems, and has contributed to numerous insights and theoretical advances in disease transmission, as well as to changes in public policy, health practice, and management. In recent years, our modelling toolbox has considerably expanded due to the advancements in computing power and the need to model novel data generated by technologies such as proximity loggers and global positioning systems. In this review, we discuss the principles, advantages, and challenges associated with the most recent modelling approaches used in systems science, the interdisciplinary study of complex systems, including agent-based, network and compartmental modelling. Agent-based modelling is a powerful simulation technique that considers the individual behaviours of system components by defining a set of rules that govern how individuals ("agents") within given populations interact with one another and the environment. Agent-based models have become a recent popular choice in epidemiology to model hierarchical systems and address complex spatio-temporal dynamics because of their ability to integrate multiple scales and datasets. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.012 VL - 118 IS - 2-3 SP - 207-214 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921458136&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Mathematical modelling KW - Veterinary epidemiology KW - Complex systems KW - Agent-based model KW - Network ER - TY - CHAP TI - Turkey coronavirus AU - Guy, J.S. AU - Vaillancourt, J.P. T2 - Manual of Poultry Diseases A2 - Brugère-Picoux, J. A2 - Vaillancourt, J.P. A2 - Bouzouaia, M. A2 - Shivaprasad, H.L. A2 - Venne, D. PY - 2015/// SP - 242–247 PB - Watt Publishing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correction for Jacob et al., Prevalence and Relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains in the Feces and on the Hides and Carcasses of U.S. Meat Goats at Slaughter. T2 - Applied and environmental microbiology AB - Volume 79, no. 13, p. 4154–4158, 2013. Page 4156, column 1, line 4: “ stx 1” should read “ stx 2.” Page 4156, column 1, line 6: “ stx 2” should read “ stx 1.” Page 4156, column 2, line 2: “resembles” should read “does not resemble DA - 2015/1/1/ PY - 2015/1/1/ DO - 10.1128/AEM.03561-14 UR - http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4272727 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy AU - DiGiulio, Daniel B AU - Callahan, Benjamin J AU - McMurdie, Paul J AU - Costello, Elizabeth K AU - Lyell, Deirdre J AU - Robaczewska, Anna AU - Sun, Christine L AU - Goltsman, Daniela SA AU - Wong, Ronald J AU - Shaw, Gary AU - others T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 112 IS - 35 SP - 11060-11065 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histiocytic sarcoma with central nervous system involvement in dogs: 19 cases (2006-2012). AU - Mariani, CL AU - Jennings, MK AU - Olby, NJ AU - Borst, LB AU - Brown, JC AU - Robertson, ID AU - Seiler, GS AU - MacKillop, E T2 - Journal of veterinary internal medicine AB - Reports of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) involving the central nervous system (CNS) are sparse and consist mainly of case reports describing 1-3 animals.The objective of this study was to report the signalments, clinical signs, clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome of a series of dogs with HS and CNS involvement.Nineteen dogs with HS examined at veterinary referral hospitals.Retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed and cases with a histopathological diagnosis of CNS HS were included in the study. Diagnostic imaging studies of the CNS were evaluated and histopathologic samples were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis.Retrievers and Pembroke Welsh Corgis were overrepresented in this cohort of dogs. Tumors involved the brain in 14 dogs and the spinal cord in 5. In 4 dogs, HS was part of a disseminated, multiorgan process whereas it appeared confined to the CNS in 15 dogs. Diagnostic imaging had variable appearances although extraaxial masses predominated in the brain. There was meningeal enhancement in all dogs that was often profound and remote from the primary mass lesion. Pleocytosis was present in all dogs with CSF evaluation. Median survival was 3 days.Breed predispositions appear to vary from reports of HS in other organ systems. Some unique imaging and clinicopathologic characteristics, particularly brain herniation, profound meningeal enhancement, and pleocytosis in combination with 1 or more mass lesions, might help to differentiate this neoplasm from others involving the CNS, although this requires further study. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1111/jvim.12554 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/25711602 KW - Brain tumor KW - Malignant histiocytosis KW - Round cell tumor KW - Spinal cord tumor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in broilers: A review AU - Cosby, Douglas E. AU - Cox, Nelson A. AU - Harrison, Mark A. AU - Wilson, Jeanna L. AU - Buhr, R. Jeff AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. T2 - The Journal of Applied Poultry Research AB - Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen which can readily pass from animal to man through the consumption of contaminated food. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica associated with poultry and poultry meat products has been well-documented and this prevalence has both public health and economic implications. The estimated total cost for nontyphoidal Salmonella is in excess of 14 billion dollars/year in the United States alone. Almost 41,930 cases of nontyphoidal foodborne salmonellosis are confirmed annually with an estimated total number of 1 million cases of foodborne salmonellosis not reported. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella recovered from meat products has heightened concerns regarding antimicrobial use in food animal production. This review will cover the history and taxonmy of Salmonella enterica, Salmonella in poultry and poultry products, colonization factors, transmission, detection and characterization, antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms of resistance in Salmonella by class, transmission of antimicrobial resistance, and the global implications of antimicrobial resistance. DA - 2015/7/29/ PY - 2015/7/29/ DO - 10.3382/japr/pfv038 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 408-426 SN - 1056-6171 1537-0437 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv038 KW - Salmonella KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - colonization KW - broilers KW - antibiotics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salmonella Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility from the National Animal Health Monitoring System Sheep 2011 Study AU - Dargatz, David A. AU - Marshall, Katherine L. AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Erdman, Matthew M. AU - Kopral, Christine A. T2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease AB - Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne illness and can cause clinical disease in animals. Understanding the on-farm ecology of Salmonella will be helpful in decreasing the risk of foodborne transmission. An objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella among fecal samples collected on sheep operations in the United States. Another objective was to compare the use of composite fecal samples with fecal samples collected from individual sheep as a tool for screening sheep flocks for Salmonella. Sheep fecal samples (individual and composite) were collected on operations in 22 states. Salmonella isolates were characterized with regard to species, serotype, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Most operations (72.1%) had at least one positive sample and overall 26.9% of samples were positive. The percentage of positive samples varied by animal age class. Composite and individual samples gave similar results. The majority of the isolates (94%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serotype 61:-:1,5,7. Nearly all of the isolates (91.2%) tested for antimicrobial susceptibility were susceptible to all antimicrobials in the panel. The findings suggest that salmonellae typically associated with foodborne disease transmission are infrequently found on sheep operations in the United States. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2015.2016 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 953-957 J2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease LA - en OP - SN - 1535-3141 1556-7125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2015.2016 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - 52 additional reference population samples for the 55 AISNP panel AU - Pakstis, Andrew J. AU - Haigh, Eva AU - Cherni, Lotfi AU - ElGaaied, Amel Ben Ammar AU - Barton, Alison AU - Evsanaa, Baigalmaa AU - Togtokh, Ariunaa AU - Brissenden, Jane AU - Roscoe, Janet AU - Bulbul, Ozlem AU - Filoglu, Gonul AU - Gurkan, Cemal AU - Meiklejohn, Kelly A. AU - Robertson, James M. AU - Li, Cai-Xia AU - Wei, Yi-Liang AU - Li, Hui AU - Soundararajan, Usha AU - Rajeevan, Haseena AU - Kidd, Judith R. AU - Kidd, Kenneth K. T2 - Forensic Science International: Genetics AB - Ancestry inference for a person using a panel of SNPs depends on the variation of frequencies of those SNPs around the world and the amount of reference data available for calculation/comparison. The Kidd Lab panel of 55 AISNPs has been incorporated in commercial kits by both Life Technologies and Illumina for massively parallel sequencing. Therefore, a larger set of reference populations will be useful for researchers using those kits. We have added reference population allele frequencies for 52 population samples to the 73 previously entered so that there are now allele frequencies publicly available in ALFRED and FROG-kb for a total of 125 population samples. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.08.003 VL - 19 SP - 269-271 J2 - Forensic Science International: Genetics LA - en OP - SN - 1872-4973 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.08.003 DB - Crossref KW - SNP KW - Ancestry KW - Reference database KW - FROG-kb KW - ALFRED ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy AU - DiGiulio, Daniel B. AU - Callahan, Benjamin J. AU - McMurdie, Paul J. AU - Costello, Elizabeth K. AU - Lyell, Deirdre J. AU - Robaczewska, Anna AU - Sun, Christine L. AU - Goltsman, Daniela S. A. AU - Wong, Ronald J. AU - Shaw, Gary AU - Stevenson, David K. AU - Holmes, Susan P. AU - Relman, David A. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Despite the critical role of the human microbiota in health, our understanding of microbiota compositional dynamics during and after pregnancy is incomplete. We conducted a case-control study of 49 pregnant women, 15 of whom delivered preterm. From 40 of these women, we analyzed bacterial taxonomic composition of 3,767 specimens collected prospectively and weekly during gestation and monthly after delivery from the vagina, distal gut, saliva, and tooth/gum. Linear mixed-effects modeling, medoid-based clustering, and Markov chain modeling were used to analyze community temporal trends, community structure, and vaginal community state transitions. Microbiota community taxonomic composition and diversity remained remarkably stable at all four body sites during pregnancy (P > 0.05 for trends over time). Prevalence of a Lactobacillus-poor vaginal community state type (CST 4) was inversely correlated with gestational age at delivery (P = 0.0039). Risk for preterm birth was more pronounced for subjects with CST 4 accompanied by elevated Gardnerella or Ureaplasma abundances. This finding was validated with a set of 246 vaginal specimens from nine women (four of whom delivered preterm). Most women experienced a postdelivery disturbance in the vaginal community characterized by a decrease in Lactobacillus species and an increase in diverse anaerobes such as Peptoniphilus, Prevotella, and Anaerococcus species. This disturbance was unrelated to gestational age at delivery and persisted for up to 1 y. These findings have important implications for predicting premature labor, a major global health problem, and for understanding the potential impact of a persistent, altered postpartum microbiota on maternal health, including outcomes of pregnancies following short interpregnancy intervals. DA - 2015/8/17/ PY - 2015/8/17/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.1502875112 VL - 112 IS - 35 SP - 11060-11065 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502875112 DB - Crossref KW - 16S rRNA gene KW - pregnancy KW - preterm birth KW - microbiome KW - premature labor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ceftiofur in plasma, interstitial fluid, and gastrointestinal tract of calves after subcutaneous injection, and bactericidal impacts on representative enteric bacteria AU - Foster, D. M. AU - Jacob, M. E. AU - Warren, C. D. AU - Papich, M. G. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - This study's objectives were to determine intestinal antimicrobial concentrations in calves administered enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium subcutaneously, and their impact on representative enteric bacteria. Ultrafiltration devices were implanted in the ileum and colon of 12 steers, which received either enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium. Samples were collected over 48 h after drug administration for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella enterica (5 × 10(5) CFU/mL of each) were exposed in vitro to peak and tail (48 h postadministration) concentrations of both drugs at each location for 24 h to determine inhibition of growth and change in MIC. Enrofloxacin had tissue penetration factors of 1.6 and 2.5 in the ileum and colon, while ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was less able to cross into the intestine (tissue penetration factors of 0.7 and 1.7). Ceftiofur was rapidly eliminated leading to tissue penetration factors of 0.39 and 0.25. All concentrations of enrofloxacin were bactericidal for S. enterica and significantly reduced E. faecalis. Peak ceftiofur concentration was bactericidal for S. enterica, and tail concentrations significantly reduced growth. E. faecalis experienced growth at all ceftiofur concentrations. The MICs for both organisms exposed to peak and tail concentrations of antimicrobials were unchanged at the end of the study. Enrofloxacin and ceftiofur achieved intestinal concentrations capable of reducing intestinal bacteria, yet the short exposure of ceftiofur in the intestine may select for resistant organisms. DA - 2015/5/18/ PY - 2015/5/18/ DO - 10.1111/jvp.12236 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 62-71 J2 - J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. LA - en OP - SN - 0140-7783 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12236 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Isolation and Propagation of Coronaviruses in Embryonated Eggs AU - Guy, James S. T2 - Coronaviruses AB - The embryonated egg is a complex structure comprised of an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, yolk). The developing embryo and its membranes provide the diversity of cell types that are needed for successful replication of a wide variety of different viruses. Within the family Coronaviridae the embryonated egg has been used as a host system primarily for two avian coronaviruses within the genus Gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and turkey coronavirus (TCoV). The embryonated egg also has been shown to be suitable for isolation and propagation of pheasant coronavirus, a proposed member of the Gammacoronavirus genus. IBV and pheasant coronavirus replicate well in the embryonated chicken egg, regardless of inoculation route; however, the allantoic route is favored as these viruses replicate well in epithelium lining the chorioallantoic membrane, with high virus titers found in these membranes and associated allantoic fluids. TCoV replicates only in epithelium lining the embryo intestines and bursa of Fabricius, thus amniotic inoculation is required for isolation and propagation of this virus. Embryonated eggs also provide a potential host system for detection and characterization of other, novel coronaviruses. PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_7 SP - 63-71 OP - PB - Springer New York SN - 9781493924370 9781493924387 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_7 DB - Crossref KW - Embryonated egg KW - Allantoic KW - Amniotic KW - Chicken KW - Turkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Probable primary polydipsia in a domestic shorthair cat AU - Long, Charles Tyler AU - Williams, Morika AU - Savage, Mason AU - Fogle, Jonathan AU - Meeker, Rick AU - Hudson, Lola T2 - Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports AB - A 10-month-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented with a 4 month history of polyuria and polydipsia. After a thorough diagnostic work-up the only abnormal findings were hyposthenuria and an elevated random plasma osmolality level. Trial therapy with the oral and ophthalmic forms of desmopressin failed to concentrate urine. A modified water deprivation test confirmed the ability to concentrate urine above a urine specific gravity (USG) of 1.035. After transitioning the cat to a higher sodium diet and instituting several enrichment changes to the cat's environment, average water consumption and urine output levels decreased to almost normal levels and USG increased from 1.006 to 1.022. These findings provide strong evidence that primary polydipsia was the underlying etiology of the cat's condition.This case report exemplifies the challenges faced when a cat presents for polyuria and polydipsia without an obvious cause identified on routine diagnostics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of primary polydipsia in a cat. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.1177/2055116915615370 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 205511691561537 J2 - Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports LA - en OP - SN - 2055-1169 2055-1169 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055116915615370 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The respiratory DC/macrophage network at steady-state and upon influenza infection in the swine biomedical model. AU - Maisonnasse, P AU - Bouguyon, E AU - Piton, G AU - Ezquerra, A AU - Urien, C AU - Deloizy, C AU - Bourge, M AU - Leplat, JJ AU - Simon, G AU - Chevalier, C AU - Vincent-Naulleau, S AU - Crisci, E AU - Montoya, M AU - Schwartz-Cornil, I AU - Bertho, N T2 - Mucosal immunology AB - Human and mouse respiratory tracts show anatomical and physiological differences, which will benefit from alternative experimental models for studying many respiratory diseases. Pig has been recognized as a valuable biomedical model, in particular for lung transplantation or pathologies such as cystic fibrosis and influenza infection. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the porcine respiratory immune system. Here we segregated and studied six populations of pig lung dendritic cells (DCs)/macrophages (Mθs) as follows: conventional DCs (cDC) 1 and cDC2, inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), monocyte-derived Mθs, and interstitial and alveolar Mθs. The three DC subsets present migratory and naive T-cell stimulation capacities. As observed in human and mice, porcine cDC1 and cDC2 were able to induce T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 responses, respectively. Interestingly, porcine moDCs increased in the lung upon influenza infection, as observed in the mouse model. Pig cDC2 shared some characteristics observed in human but not in mice, such as the expression of FCɛRIα and Langerin, and an intra-epithelial localization. This work, by unraveling the extended similarities of the porcine and human lung DC/Mθ networks, highlights the relevance of pig, both as an exploratory model of DC/Mθ functions and as a model for human inflammatory lung pathologies. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1038/mi.2015.105 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26530136 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impaired NK Cell Activation and Chemotaxis toward Dendritic Cells Exposed to Complement-Opsonized HIV-1 AU - Ellegård, Rada AU - Crisci, Elisa AU - Andersson, Jonas AU - Shankar, Esaki M. AU - Nyström, Sofia AU - Hinkula, Jorma AU - Larsson, Marie T2 - The Journal of Immunology AB - Abstract Mucosa resident dendritic cells (DCs) may represent one of the first immune cells that HIV-1 encounters during sexual transmission. The virions in body fluids can be opsonized with complement factors because of HIV-mediated triggering of the complement cascade, and this appears to influence numerous aspects of the immune defense targeting the virus. One key attribute of host defense is the ability to attract immune cells to the site of infection. In this study, we investigated whether the opsonization of HIV with complement (C-HIV) or a mixture of complement and Abs (CI-HIV) affected the cytokine and chemokine responses generated by DCs, as well as their ability to attract other immune cells. We found that the expression levels of CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL3, and CCL17 were lowered after exposure to either C-HIV or CI-HIV relative to free HIV (F-HIV). DCs exposed to F-HIV induced higher cell migration, consisting mainly of NK cells, compared with opsonized virus, and the chemotaxis of NK cells was dependent on CCL3 and CXCL10. NK cell exposure to supernatants derived from HIV-exposed DCs showed that F-HIV induced phenotypic activation (e.g., increased levels of TIM3, CD69, and CD25) and effector function (e.g., production of IFNγ and killing of target cells) in NK cells, whereas C-HIV and CI-HIV did not. The impairment of NK cell recruitment by DCs exposed to complement-opsonized HIV and the lack of NK activation may contribute to the failure of innate immune responses to control HIV at the site of initial mucosa infection. DA - 2015/8/15/ PY - 2015/8/15/ DO - 10.4049/jimmunol.1500618 VL - 195 IS - 4 SP - 1698-1704 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1767 1550-6606 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500618 DB - Crossref N1 - : 1950), 2015 RN - : 1950), 2015 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The systemic multiplication of Gallibacterium anatis in experimentally infected chickens is promoted by immunosuppressive drugs which have a less specific effect on the depletion of leukocytes AU - Paudel, S. AU - Hess, C. AU - Wernsdorf, P. AU - Käser, T. AU - Meitz, S. AU - Jensen-Jarolim, E. AU - Hess, M. AU - Liebhart, D. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - The progression of Gallibacterium anatis infection in immunosuppressed versus immunocompetent chickens was investigated. Before experimental infection, birds were treated with corticosterone for general immunosuppression, or 5-fluorouracil, cyclosporine-A, cyclophosphamide for depletion of specific leukocyte populations. Necropsy and sampling were performed at 0, 3, 7, 10 and 28 days post infection. The used drugs did not cause selected depletion of B cells, T cells, heterophils and monocytes/macrophages, as determined by quantification of leukocytes in blood and lymphoid organs using different technologies. Bacterial re-isolation and counts of colony forming units (CFU) showed that G. anatis colonization pattern in various organs, and the numbers of bacteria in trachea were not affected by immunosuppression. However, the treatments acutely increased CFU counts derived from the spleen, which demonstrates that chemically induced immunosuppression intensifies systemic multiplication of G. anatis in chickens. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.05.001 VL - 166 IS - 1-2 SP - 22-32 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930087105&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Gallibacterium anatis KW - Chickens KW - Leukocyte quantification KW - Non-selective Immunosuppression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Porcine retinal cell line VIDO R1 and Chlamydia suis to modelize ocular chlamydiosis AU - Käser, T. AU - Cnudde, T. AU - Hamonic, G. AU - Rieder, M. AU - Pasternak, J.A. AU - Lai, K. AU - Tikoo, S.K. AU - Wilson, H.L. AU - Meurens, F. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Human ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infections can lead to trachoma, the major cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Trachoma control strategies are very helpful but logistically challenging, and a trachoma vaccine is needed but not available. Pigs are a valuable large animal model for various immunological questions and could facilitate the study of human ocular chlamydial infections. In addition, a recent study identified the zoonotic potential of Chlamydia suis, the natural pathogen of pigs. In terms of the One Health Initiative, understanding the host-pathogen-interactions and finding a vaccine for porcine chlamydia infections would also benefit human health. Thus, we infected the porcine retinal cell line VIDO R1 with C. suis and analyzed the chlamydial life cycle and the innate immune response of the infected cells. Our results indicate that C. suis completes its life cycle in VIDO R1 cells within 48 h, comparable to C. trachomatis in humans. C. suis infection of VIDO R1 cells led to increased levels of various innate immune mediators like pathogen recognition receptors, cytokines and chemokines including IL6, TNFα, and MMP9, also most relevant in human C. trachomatis infections. These results illustrate the first steps in the host-pathogen-interactions of ocular C. suis infections in pigs and show their similarity to C. trachomatis infections in humans, justifying further testing of pigs as an animal model for human trachoma. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.003 VL - 166 IS - 3-4 SP - 95-107 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84938741130&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Pig KW - Retina KW - Innate immune response KW - Chlamydia suis ER - TY - JOUR TI - PRRSV-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells express high levels of SLA-DR and CD80/86 but do not stimulate PRRSV-naïve regulatory T cells to proliferate AU - Rodríguez-Gómez, Irene M AU - Käser, Tobias AU - Gómez-Laguna, Jaime AU - Lamp, Benjamin AU - Sinn, Leonie AU - Rümenapf, Till AU - Carrasco, Librado AU - Saalmüller, Armin AU - Gerner, Wilhelm T2 - Veterinary Research AB - In vitro generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) have frequently been used to study the influence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection on antigen presenting cells. However, obtained results have often been conflicting in regard to expression of co-stimulatory molecules and interaction with T cells. In this study we performed a detailed phenotypic characterisation of PRRSV-infected moDCs and non-infected moDCs. For CD163 and CD169, which are involved in PRRSV-entry into host cells, our results show that prior to infection porcine moDCs express high levels of CD163 but only very low levels for CD169. Following infection with either PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 strains after 24 h, PRRSV-nucleoprotein (N-protein)+ and N-protein− moDCs derived from the same microculture were analyzed for expression of swine leukocyte antigen-DR (SLA-DR) and CD80/86. N-protein+ moDCs consistently expressed higher levels of SLA-DR and CD80/86 compared to N-protein− moDCs. We also investigated the influence of PRRSV-infected moDCs on proliferation and frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells present within CD4+ T cells in in vitro co-cultures. Neither CD3-stimulated nor unstimulated CD4+ T cells showed differences in regard to proliferation and frequency of Foxp3+ T cells following co-cultivation with either PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 infected moDCs. Our results suggest that a more detailed characterisation of PRRSV-infected moDCs will lead to more consistent results across different laboratories and PRRSV strains as indicated by the major differences in SLA-DR and CD80/86 expression between PRRSV-infected and non-infected moDCs present in the same microculture. DA - 2015/5/20/ PY - 2015/5/20/ DO - 10.1186/s13567-015-0186-z VL - 46 IS - 1 J2 - Vet Res LA - en OP - SN - 1297-9716 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-015-0186-z DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural and inducible Tregs in swine: Helios expression and functional properties AU - Käser, T. AU - Mair, K.H. AU - Hammer, S.E. AU - Gerner, W. AU - Saalmüller, A. T2 - Developmental and Comparative Immunology AB - Within the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) natural Tregs (nTregs) and inducible Tregs (iTregs) can be distinguished. Although information about Tregs in swine exists, porcine iTregs were not under investigation yet. In this study, Foxp3+ iTregs were generated from CD4+Foxp3− T cells by in vitro stimulation in the presence of IL-2 and TGF-β. In comparison to ex vivo Tregs these iTregs had a similar suppressive capacity on the proliferation of CD3-stimulated PBMC, caused higher levels of IL-10 in PBMC/Treg co-cultures, but did not suppress IFN-γ levels. The Ikaros family member Helios is currently discussed to distinguish iTregs and nTregs or to serve as an activation marker of Tregs. In this study, we demonstrate the cross-reactivity of an anti-mouse/human Helios mAb with porcine Helios. Flow cytometric analyses with this antibody showed that porcine iTregs do not express Helios after in vitro iTreg induction. Nevertheless, thymic Foxp3+ T cells, which arise at the CD4/CD8α single-positive stage of T-cell development and are defined as nTregs, entirely expressed Helios. Although this might suggest the suitability of Helios as an nTreg–iTreg differentiation marker we also found that Helios− Tregs displayed a phenotype of naive CD4+ T cells in vivo. Since iTregs are by definition activated/differentiated Tregs, this finding precludes that all Helios− Tregs are iTregs and thus also the use of Helios as a selection marker for porcine nTregs. Furthermore, Helios+ Tregs displayed a more differentiated phenotype indicating that Helios might rather serve as a Treg activation/differentiation marker. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1016/j.dci.2014.12.005 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 323-331 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84964227423&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Regulatory T cells KW - nTregs KW - iTregs KW - Helios KW - CD4(+) KW - Pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - Key metabolites in tissue extracts of Elliptio complanata identified using1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy AU - Hurley-Sanders, Jennifer L. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Law, J. M. AU - Showers, William J. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Conservation Physiology AB - We used (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to describe key metabolites of the polar metabolome of the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata. Principal components analysis documented variability across tissue types and river of origin in mussels collected from two rivers in North Carolina (USA). Muscle, digestive gland, mantle and gill tissues yielded identifiable but overlapping metabolic profiles. Variation in digestive gland metabolic profiles between the two mussel collection sites was characterized by differences in mono- and disaccharides. Variation in mantle tissue metabolomes appeared to be associated with sex. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a sensitive means to detect metabolites in the tissues of E. complanata and holds promise as a tool for the investigation of freshwater mussel health and physiology. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1093/conphys/cov023 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - cov023 SN - 2051-1434 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov023 KW - Freshwater mussels KW - metabolites KW - nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Egg residue considerations during the treatment of backyard poultry AU - Marmulak, Tara AU - Tell, Lisa A. AU - Gehring, Ronette AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Vickroy, Thomas W. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - The purpose of this digest was to provide US veterinarians guidance on the responsible treatment of backyard poultry flocks. The treatment of backyard poultry can be a daunting task for veterinarians because only limited resources are available; however, it is likely to become an increasingly common task owing to the increasing popularity of backyard poultry throughout the United States, especially in urban and suburban areas. Although backyard poultry flock owners may consider their birds pets, the FDA considers them food-producing animals, and veterinarians should follow all regulations that pertain to food-producing animals when administering or prescribing drugs to those birds. The lack of FDA-approved drugs for use in laying hens frequently necessitates the use of drugs in an extralabel manner in backyard poultry. Unfortunately, information regarding the depletion of drug residues in eggs from hens treated with various drugs in an extralabel manner is sparse or lacking, and veterinarians need to be cognizant of this issue, especially when the eggs from treated hens are intended for human consumption. DA - 2015/12/15/ PY - 2015/12/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.247.12.1388 VL - 247 IS - 12 SP - 1388-1395 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.12.1388 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals in a dog AU - Meichner, Kristina AU - Olsson, Sandra A. AU - Stewart, Danielle R. AU - Musser, Margaret L. AU - Grindem, Carol B. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 44, Issue 4 p. 613-614 What Is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals in a dog Kristina Meichner, Corresponding Author Kristina Meichner Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K. Meichner, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA E-mail: kmeichn@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorSandra A. Olsson, Sandra A. Olsson Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDanielle R. Stewart, Danielle R. Stewart Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMargaret L. Musser, Margaret L. Musser Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Kristina Meichner, Corresponding Author Kristina Meichner Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K. Meichner, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA E-mail: kmeichn@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorSandra A. Olsson, Sandra A. Olsson Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDanielle R. Stewart, Danielle R. Stewart Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMargaret L. Musser, Margaret L. Musser Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 October 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12296Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume44, Issue4December 2015Pages 613-614 RelatedInformation DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1111/vcp.12296 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 613-614 SN - 1939-165X KW - Allantoin KW - crystalluria KW - tumor lysis syndrome ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is your diagnosis? A soft tissue mass in a Black Rat Snake AU - Webb, Kyle L. AU - Grindem, Carol AU - Dombrowski, Daniel S. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 44, Issue 4 p. 611-612 What Is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? A soft tissue mass in a Black Rat Snake Kyle L. Webb, Corresponding Author Kyle L. Webb Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K.L. Webb, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA E-mail: kylauren@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorCarol Grindem, Carol Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDaniel S. Dombrowski, Daniel S. Dombrowski North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Kyle L. Webb, Corresponding Author Kyle L. Webb Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K.L. Webb, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA E-mail: kylauren@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorCarol Grindem, Carol Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorDaniel S. Dombrowski, Daniel S. Dombrowski North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12295Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume44, Issue4December 2015Pages 611-612 RelatedInformation DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1111/vcp.12295 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 611-612 SN - 1939-165X KW - Chondrosarcoma KW - neoplasms KW - reptiles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathology in Practice AU - Webb, Kyle L. AU - Stowe, Devorah Marks AU - DeVanna, Justin AU - Neel, Jennifer T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2015/12/1/ PY - 2015/12/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.247.11.1249 VL - 247 IS - 11 SP - 1249-1251 SN - 1943-569X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84947904387&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of dietary organic acids and botanicals on intestinal integrity and inflammation in weaned pigs AU - Grilli, Ester AU - Tugnoli, Benedetta AU - Passey, Jade L. AU - Stahl, Chad H. AU - Piva, Andrea AU - Moeser, Adam J. T2 - BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Organic acids, such as citric and sorbic acid, and pure plant-derived constituents, like monoterpens and aldehydes, have a long history of use in pig feeding as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. However, their effects on the intestinal barrier function and inflammation have never been investigated. Therefore, aim of this study was to assess the impact of a microencapsulated mixture of citric acid and sorbic acid (OA) and pure botanicals, namely thymol and vanillin, (PB) on the intestinal integrity and functionality of weaned pigs and in vitro on Caco-2 cells. In the first study 20 piglets were divided in 2 groups and received either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with OA + PB (5 g/kg) for 2 weeks post-weaning at the end of which ileum and jejunum samples were collected for Ussing chambers analysis of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TER), intermittent short-circuit current (I SC), and dextran flux. Scrapings of ileum mucosa were also collected for cytokine analysis (n = 6). In the second study we measured the effect of these compounds directly on TER and permeability of Caco-2 monolayers treated with either 0.2 or 1 g/l of OA + PB. Pigs fed with OA + PB tended to have reduced I SC in the ileum (P = 0.07) and the ileal gene expression of IL-12, TGF-β, and IL-6 was down regulated. In the in vitro study on Caco-2 cells, TER was increased by the supplementation of 0.2 g/l at 4, 6, and 14 days of the experiment, whereas 1 g/l increased TER at 10 and 12 days of treatment (P < 0.05). Dextran flux was not significantly affected though a decrease was observed at 7 and 14 days (P = 0.10 and P = 0.09, respectively). Overall, considering the results from both experiments, OA + PB improved the maturation of the intestinal mucosa by modulating the local and systemic inflammatory pressure ultimately resulting in a less permeable intestine, and eventually improving the growth of piglets prematurely weaned. DA - 2015/4/16/ PY - 2015/4/16/ DO - 10.1186/s12917-015-0410-0 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1746-6148 KW - Organic acids KW - Pure botanicals KW - Weaning piglet KW - Inflammatory cytokines KW - Intestinal barrier ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel AU - Williams, Carl J. AU - Scheftel, Joni M. AU - Elchos, Brigid L. AU - Hopkins, Sharon G. AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - "Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians: Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2015" published on 01 Dec 2015 by American Veterinary Medical Association. DA - 2015/12/1/ PY - 2015/12/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.247.11.1252 VL - 247 IS - 11 SP - 1252-1277 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - CD45+ and CD45− lymphocyte populations identified by flow cytometry from dogs with lymphoma exhibit similar morphology and the same clonal (B cell or T cell) lineage AU - Fogle, J.E. AU - Tarigo, J.L. AU - Thalheim, L. AU - Williams, L.E. AU - English, L.B. AU - Suter, S.E. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Flow cytometric analysis of canine lymphoma sometimes demonstrates a mixed population of CD45+ and CD45- lymphocytes. Recently, indolent forms of canine lymphoma have been described which are associated with the loss of CD45 expression, warranting further investigation of the role of CD45 in canine lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to compare morphology and assess clonal origin between CD45+ and CD45- lymphocyte populations identified by flow cytometry in confirmed cases of canine B- and T-cell lymphoma. Our hypothesis was that the CD45- population of lymphocytes represented a phenotypic variant of the CD45+ population. Fifteen client-owned dogs with lymphoma and distinct CD45+ and CD45- lymphocyte populations identified by flow cytometry were identified for a blinded, prospective assessment of morphology and clonal origin (B cell or T cell) between populations of sorted CD45+ and CD45- cells. Lymphocytes were isolated from 11 dogs for paired cytologic evaluation. In 10/11 dogs, the CD45+ and CD45- samples were similar (95% C.I., 0.301-1.00). DNA was harvested from sorted populations of CD45+ and CD45- cells from 12/15 dogs and PARR analysis produced amplicons of identical size from both populations, indicating that 100% (12/12) were of the same lineage, B cell or T cell (95% C.I., 0.757-1.00). Collectively, our data suggests that the CD45- population identified in dogs with lymphoma represents a phenotypic variant of the CD45+ population. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.004 VL - 168 IS - 3-4 SP - 242-248 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.004 DB - Crossref KW - Lymphoma KW - PARR KW - Cytology KW - CD45 KW - Flow cytometry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of BRAF Mutation in Urine DNA as a Molecular Diagnostic for Canine Urothelial and Prostatic Carcinoma AU - Mochizuki, Hiroyuki AU - Shapiro, Susan G. AU - Breen, Matthew T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the lower urinary tract and prostatic carcinoma (PC) are aggressive genitourinary cancers in dogs, characterized by invasion to surrounding tissues and high metastatic potential. Current diagnosis of canine UC and PC requires histopathological examination of a biopsy. Such specimens require specialized medical equipment and are invasive procedures, limiting the availability of diagnosis by histopathology for many canine patients. Access to a non-invasive means to confirm diagnosis is currently an unmet need. Recently, the canine BRAF V595E mutation was detected in ~80% of canine UCs and PCs. In this study, we developed a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for detection of the canine BRAF V595E mutation in canine urogenital tumors. The assay was evaluated in DNA samples prepared from biopsy specimens of UC (n = 48) and PC (n = 27), as well and non-neoplastic bladder epithelium (n = 38). In addition the assay was assessed for use with DNA isolated from free catch urine samples derived from canine patients with UC (n = 23), PC (n = 3), as well as from dogs with cystitis and healthy controls (n = 37). In all cases the sensitivity to detect the mutant allele was compared with conventional Sanger sequencing. ddPCR had superior sensitivity for detection of the V595E mutation: 75% of UC, 85% of PC, and 0% of control samples were mutation positive, respectively, and the V595E mutation was detected at a level as low as just 1 in 10,000 alleles (~0.01%). Furthermore, the ddPCR assay identified the mutation in free catch urine samples from 83% of canine UC and PC patients, demonstrating its utility as a non-invasive means of diagnosis. We have shown that ddPCR is a sensitive molecular technique with the potential to facilitate accurate and non-invasive means of canine UC and PC diagnosis. DA - 2015/12/9/ PY - 2015/12/9/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0144170 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000366903300038&KeyUID=WOS:000366903300038 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of vehicle mixture effects on in vitro transdermal chemical flux using a random process diffusion model AU - Chittenden, Jason T. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Journal of Controlled Release AB - The effect of vehicle mixtures on transdermal permeation has been studied using transient flux profiles from porcine skin flow through diffusion cells. Such data characteristically exhibit a large amount of variability between treatments (vehicle and penetrant combinations) as well as noise within treatments. A novel mathematical model has been used that describes longitudinal variation as a time varying diffusivity. Between treatment variability was described by a mixed effects model. A quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) was developed to describe the effects of the penetrant and vehicle mixture properties on the mean diffusivity and partition coefficient in the membrane. The relationship included terms for the logP and molecular weight of the penetrant and the refractive index of the vehicle mixture with R(2)>0.95 for K and >0.9 for partition coefficient (as K⋅D). This analysis improved on previous work, finding a more parsimonious model with higher predictability, while still identifying the mixture refractive index as a key descriptor in predicting vehicle effects. The concordance with established and expected relationships lends confidence to this new methodology for evaluating transient, finite dose, transdermal flux data collected using traditional experimental methods. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.023 VL - 217 SP - 74-81 J2 - Journal of Controlled Release LA - en OP - SN - 0168-3659 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.023 DB - Crossref KW - Transdermal absorption KW - Chemical mixture KW - QSPR KW - Skin permeability KW - Mathematical modeling KW - In vitro model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opinions of clinical veterinarians at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections AU - Jacob, Megan E. AU - Hoppin, Jane A. AU - Steers, Nicola AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Davidson, Gigi AU - Hansen, Bernie AU - Lunn, Katharine F. AU - Murphy, K. Marcia AU - Papich, Mark G. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To determine opinions of faculty members with clinical appointments, clinical veterinarians, residents, and interns at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections. Design —Cross-sectional survey. Sample —71 veterinarians. Procedures —An online questionnaire was sent to all veterinarians with clinical service responsibilities at the North Carolina State University veterinary teaching hospital (n = 167). The survey included 23 questions regarding demographic information, educational experiences, current prescribing practices, and personal opinions related to antimicrobial selection, antimicrobial use, restrictions on antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial resistance. Results —Of the 167 veterinarians eligible to participate, 71 (43%) responded. When respondents were asked to rate their level of concern (very concerned = 1; not concerned = 5) about antimicrobial-resistant infections, most (41/70 [59%]) assigned a score of 1, with mean score for all respondents being 1.5. Most survey participants rated their immediate colleagues (mean score, 1.9) as more concerned than other veterinary medical professionals (mean score, 2.3) and their clients (mean score, 3.4). Fifty-nine of 67 (88%) respondents felt that antimicrobials were overprescribed at the hospital, and 32 of 69 (46%) respondents felt uncomfortable prescribing at least one class of antimicrobials (eg, carbapenems or glycopeptides) because of public health concerns. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Findings indicated that veterinarians at this teaching hospital were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, thought antimicrobials were overprescribed, and supported restricting use of certain antimicrobial classes in companion animals. Findings may be useful in educating future veterinarians and altering prescribing habits and antimicrobial distribution systems in veterinary hospitals. DA - 2015/10/15/ PY - 2015/10/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.247.8.938 VL - 247 IS - 8 SP - 938-944 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Excess Secretion of Gel-Forming Mucins and Associated Innate Defense Proteins with Defective Mucin Un-Packaging Underpin Gallbladder Mucocele Formation in Dogs AU - Kesimer, Mehmet AU - Cullen, John AU - Cao, Rui AU - Radicioni, Giorgia AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Seiler, Gabriela AU - Gookin, Jody L. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Mucosal protection of the gallbladder is vital yet we know very little about the mechanisms involved. In domestic dogs, an emergent syndrome referred to as gallbladder mucocele formation is characterized by excessive secretion of abnormal mucus that results in obstruction and rupture of the gallbladder. The cause of gallbladder mucocele formation is unknown. In these first mechanistic studies of this disease, we investigated normal and mucocele-forming dog gallbladders to determine the source, identity, biophysical properties, and protein associates of the culprit mucins with aim to identify causes for abnormal mucus behavior. We established that mucocele formation involves an adoptive excess secretion of gel forming mucins with abnormal properties by the gallbladder epithelium. The mucus is characterized by a disproportionally significant increase in Muc5ac relative to Muc5b, defective mucin un-packaging, and mucin-interacting innate defense proteins that are capable of dramatically altering the physical and functional properties of mucus. These findings provide an explanation for abnormal mucus behavior and based on similarity to mucus observed in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis, suggest that abnormal mechanisms for maintenance of gallbladder epithelial hydration may be an instigating factor for mucocele formation in dogs. DA - 2015/9/28/ PY - 2015/9/28/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0138988 VL - 10 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of eggshell conductance and incubation temperatures on duck footpad development AU - Da Costa, Manuel J. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. AU - Wineland, Michael AU - Jeffrey, Debbie T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Footpad dermatitis (FPD) is a major animal welfare and economical concern. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of eggshell conductance (G) and incubation temperature profiles (TEM) on duck footpad skin structure at hatch and 35 d of age, and their influence on probability to observe FPD scores under commercial conditions. A total of 10,000 Pekin duck eggs were assigned to 4 treatments, resulting from a combination of two G, reduced and normal, and two TEM, elevated and normal. At hatch, 6 ducklings from each treatment were weighed and footpad skin samples collected for histological processing. The remaining ducklings were placed in a commercial house. At 35 d, 5 drakes and 5 hens from each treatment combination were weighed and classified for FPD using a 3-level scale to determine probabilities to observe each score using logistic regression. Additionally, footpads of 7 ducks per treatment combination were sampled for histological analysis. Data were analyzed as a CRD with 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. There were no effects of treatments on BW at hatch and 35 d. High TEM and reduced G increased residual yolk. On footpad skin layer measurements, an interaction effect was observed on dermis length and area and total papillae height at hatch. At 35 d reduced G ducks had more area of epidermis than normal G. Additionally, either elevated TEM or reduced G tended to increase the probability (P<0.10) of having FPD. The stratus corneum was not affected by treatments. In conclusion, G and incubation TEM have an effect on footpad skin structure development during embryo development, and this might be related to FPD in ducks at market age. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.3382/japr/pfv056 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 536-546 SN - 1537-0437 KW - footpad development KW - ducks KW - welfare KW - footpad dermatitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential Gene Expression across Breed and Sex in Commercial Pigs Administered Fenbendazole and Flunixin Meglumine AU - Howard, Jeremy T. AU - O’Nan, Audrey T. AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Ashwell, Melissa S. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Characterizing the variability in transcript levels across breeds and sex in swine for genes that play a role in drug metabolism may shed light on breed and sex differences in drug metabolism. The objective of the study is to determine if there is heterogeneity between swine breeds and sex in transcript levels for genes previously shown to play a role in drug metabolism for animals administered flunixin meglumine or fenbendazole. Crossbred nursery female and castrated male pigs (n = 169) spread across 5 groups were utilized. Sires (n = 15) of the pigs were purebred Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire or Hampshire boars mated to a common sow population. Animals were randomly placed into the following treatments: no drug (control), flunixin meglumine, or fenbendazole. One hour after the second dosing, animals were sacrificed and liver samples collected. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was used to measure liver gene expression of the following genes: SULT1A1, ABCB1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A22 and CYP3A29. The control animals were used to investigate baseline transcript level differences across breed and sex. Post drug administration transcript differences across breed and sex were investigated by comparing animals administered the drug to the controls. Contrasts to determine fold change were constructed from a model that included fixed and random effects within each drug. Significant (P-value <0.007) basal transcript differences were found across breeds for SULT1A1, CYP3A29 and CYP3A22. Across drugs, significant (P-value <0.0038) transcript differences existed between animals given a drug and controls across breeds and sex for ABCB1, PS and CYP1A2. Significant (P <0.0038) transcript differences across breeds were found for CYP2E1 and SULT1A1 for flunixin meglumine and fenbendazole, respectively. The current analysis found transcript level differences across swine breeds and sex for multiple genes, which provides greater insight into the relationship between flunixin meglumine and fenbendazole and known drug metabolizing genes. DA - 2015/9/14/ PY - 2015/9/14/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0137830 VL - 10 IS - 9 SP - e0137830 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137830 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of a novel equine ocular disorder: heterochromic iridocyclitis with secondary keratitis in adult horses AU - Pinto, Nelson I. AU - McMullen, Richard J., Jr. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - Abstract Objective To describe the clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of an equine ocular inflammatory disease resulting in anterior uveitis and corneal endothelial inflammation associated with iris pigment dispersion and retrocorneal fibrous membrane ( RFM ) formation. Design Retrospective study. Animals studied Sixteen horses with evidence of pigmented keratic precipitates (KPs), corneal edema, and/or iris depigmentation. Information collected from the medical records included signalment, clinical signs, prereferral treatment duration and response to therapy, ophthalmic examination findings, postreferral treatment, response to therapy, and outcome. Results Twenty‐one eyes from 16 horses were affected. Age ranged between 9 and 25 years (Average 16.1 years). Blepharospasm, epiphora, and/or corneal opacification were the first clinical signs noted. At the time of referral pigmented KPs, corneal edema, iridal depigmentation, and retrocorneal membranes were commonly seen. Treatment included topical and/or systemic anti‐inflammatories and antibiotics with variable response. Reduction or cessation of anti‐inflammatory therapy resulted in worsening of clinical signs and disease progression. Eight eyes ultimately required enucleation. Histopathology changes include iridal pigment loss and dispersion, RFM formation, and keratitis. Variable degrees of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation were dominated by T‐cells within the corneal stroma, RFM , iris, and ciliary body with occasional multinucleated giant cells. Conclusions Heterochromic iridocyclitis with secondary keratitis ( HIK ) is characterized by uveal inflammation with pigment dispersion and suspected corneal endothelial dysfunction. Horses being treated for HIK require diligent and frequent follow‐up examinations in combination with aggressive local immune suppression to control the disease. However, HIK may not respond to therapy and enucleation may ultimately be required to ensure the horse's comfort. DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015/11// DO - 10.1111/vop.12234 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 443-456 SN - 1463-5224 KW - endotheliitis KW - iridocyclitis KW - keratic precipitates KW - keratitis KW - retrocorneal membrane KW - uveitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistence and Retention of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) AU - Rochon, K. AU - Baker, R. B. AU - Almond, G. W. AU - Gimeno, I. M. AU - De Leon, A. A. Perez AU - Watson, D. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - We investigated the acquisition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus by the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) through a bloodmeal, and virus persistence in the digestive organs of the fly using virus isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Stable flies were fed blood containing live virus, modified live vaccine virus, chemically inactivated virus, or no virus. Stable flies acquired PRRSV from the bloodmeal and the amount of virus in the flies declined with time, indicating virus did not replicate in fly digestive tissues. Virus RNA was recovered from the flies fed live virus up to 24 h postfeeding using virus isolation techniques and 96 h using qRT-PCR. We further examined the fate of PRRSV in the hemolymph of the flies following intrathoracic injection to bypass the midgut barrier. PRRSV was detected in intrathoracically inoculated adult stable flies for 10 d using qRT-PCR. In contrast to what we observed in the digestive tract, detectable virus quantities in the intrathoracically inoculated stable flies followed an exponential decay curve. The amount of virus decreased fourfold in the first 3 d and remained stable thereafter, up to 10 d. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1093/jme/tjv096 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - 1117-1123 SN - 1938-2928 KW - Stomoxys calcitrans KW - intrathoracic inoculation KW - midgut barrier KW - virus persistence ER - TY - JOUR TI - MARCKS-dependent mucin clearance and lipid metabolism in ependymal cells are required for maintenance of forebrain homeostasis during aging AU - Muthusamy, Nagendran AU - Sommerville, Laura J. AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Stumpo, Deborah J. AU - Sannes, Philip AU - Adler, Kenneth AU - Blackshear, Perry J. AU - Weimer, Jill M. AU - Ghashghaei, H. Troy T2 - AGING CELL AB - Ependymal cells (ECs) form a barrier responsible for selective movement of fluids and molecules between the cerebrospinal fluid and the central nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic and barrier functions in ECs decline significantly during aging in mice. The longevity of these functions in part requires the expression of the myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS). Both the expression levels and subcellular localization of MARCKS in ECs are markedly transformed during aging. Conditional deletion of MARCKS in ECs induces intracellular accumulation of mucins, elevated oxidative stress, and lipid droplet buildup. These alterations are concomitant with precocious disruption of ependymal barrier function, which results in the elevation of reactive astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages in the interstitial brain tissue of young mutant mice. Interestingly, similar alterations are observed during normal aging in ECs and the forebrain interstitium. Our findings constitute a conceptually new paradigm in the potential role of ECs in the initiation of various conditions and diseases in the aging brain. DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015/10// DO - 10.1111/acel.12354 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 764-773 SN - 1474-9726 KW - aging KW - barrier function KW - Clca3 KW - cerebral cortex KW - ependymal cells KW - lipid droplets KW - mucin KW - oxidative stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions Between the Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Clostridium difficile AU - Theriot, Casey M. AU - Young, Vincent B. T2 - Annual Review of Microbiology AB - Antibiotics have significant and long-lasting effects on the intestinal microbiota and consequently reduce colonization resistance against pathogens, including Clostridium difficile. By altering the community structure of the gut microbiome, antibiotics alter the intestinal metabolome, which includes both host- and microbe-derived metabolites. The mechanisms by which antibiotics reduce colonization resistance against C. difficile are unknown yet important for development of preventative and therapeutic approaches against this pathogen. This review focuses on how antibiotics alter the structure of the gut microbiota and how this alters microbial metabolism in the intestine. Interactions between gut microbial products and C. difficile spore germination, growth, and toxin production are discussed. New bacterial therapies to restore changes in bacteria-driven intestinal metabolism following antibiotics will have important applications for treatment and prevention of C. difficile infection. DA - 2015/10/15/ PY - 2015/10/15/ DO - 10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104115 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 445-461 J2 - Annu. Rev. Microbiol. LA - en OP - SN - 0066-4227 1545-3251 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104115 DB - Crossref KW - gut microbiota KW - Clostridium difficile KW - antibiotics KW - colonization resistance KW - bacterial metabolism KW - bile acids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish growth, physiological stress, and tissue condition in response to rate of temperature change during cool or warm diel thermal cycles AU - Eldridge, W. H. AU - Sweeney, B. W. AU - Mac Law, J. T2 - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 72 IS - 10 SP - 1527-1537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute DNA damage activates the tumour suppressor p53 to promote radiation-induced lymphoma. AU - Lee, CL AU - Castle, KD AU - Moding, EJ AU - Blum, JM AU - Williams, N AU - Luo, L AU - Ma, Y AU - Borst, Luke AU - Kim, Y AU - Kirsch, DG AU - al. T2 - Nature communications AB - Genotoxic cancer therapies, such as chemoradiation, cause haematological toxicity primarily by activating the tumour suppressor p53. While inhibiting p53-mediated cell death during cancer therapy ameliorates haematologic toxicity, whether it also impacts carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here we utilize a mouse model of inducible p53 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to show that temporarily blocking p53 during total-body irradiation (TBI) not only ameliorates acute toxicity, but also improves long-term survival by preventing lymphoma development. Using Kras(LA1) mice, we show that TBI promotes the expansion of a rare population of thymocytes that express oncogenic Kras(G12D). However, blocking p53 during TBI significantly suppresses the expansion of Kras(G12D)-expressing thymocytes. Mechanistically, bone marrow transplant experiments demonstrate that TBI activates p53 to decrease the ability of bone marrow cells to suppress lymphoma development through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. Together, our results demonstrate that the p53 response to acute DNA damage promotes the development of radiation-induced lymphoma. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1038/ncomms9477 VL - 9 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26399548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is your diagnosis? AU - Mavromatis, M. V. AU - Oura, T. J. AU - Jennings, S. H. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 247 IS - 5 SP - 471-473 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Runting Stunting Syndrome Associated with Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens AU - Noiva, Rute AU - Guy, J. S. AU - Hauck, R. AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - This report describes an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) associated with runting stunting syndrome (RSS) in 25- and 28-day-old broiler chickens, in which chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CNPV) was detected. Clinical signs included poor uniformity, very small birds for their age, increased mortality, and culling of smaller birds. Almost all birds necropsied exhibited moderate to severely enlarged proventriculi with diffusely pale serosa and thickened walls. Microscopically the proventriculi had lesions of degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium of the proventricular glands, accompanied by lymphocytic inflammation and glandular hyperplasia, with occasional formation of lymphoid nodules within the glandular parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry staining for CPNV was positive. Positive staining was generally found in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells in the form of finely granular brown pigment. CPNV RNA was detected in the proventriculi by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Other findings included mild enteritis in a few birds and small bursa of Fabricius. Direct electron microscopy performed on the intestinal samples was negative for viral particles. RT-PCR analysis of bursae was positive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In conclusion, this report associates TVP with RSS by describing an outbreak in which TVP attributable to CPNV was the most commonly found lesionin chickens with a clinical history compatible with RSS. Therefore, TVP should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cases compatible with RSS. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1637/11061-031115-case.1 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 384-387 SN - 1938-4351 KW - transmissible viral proventriculitis KW - runting stunting syndrome KW - birnavirus KW - immunosuppression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel Receptor Specificity of Avian Gammacoronaviruses That Cause Enteritis AU - Wickramasinghe, I. N. Ambepitiya AU - Vries, R. P. AU - Weerts, E. A. W. S. AU - Beurden, S. J. AU - Peng, W. AU - McBride, R. AU - Ducatez, M. AU - Guy, J. AU - Brown, P. AU - Eterradossi, N. AU - Groene, A. AU - Paulson, J. C. AU - Verheijea, M. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - Viruses exploit molecules on the target membrane as receptors for attachment and entry into host cells. Thus, receptor expression patterns can define viral tissue tropism and might to some extent predict the susceptibility of a host to a particular virus. Previously, others and we have shown that respiratory pathogens of the genus Gammacoronavirus, including chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), require specific α2,3-linked sialylated glycans for attachment and entry. Here, we studied determinants of binding of enterotropic avian gammacoronaviruses, including turkey coronavirus (TCoV), guineafowl coronavirus (GfCoV), and quail coronavirus (QCoV), which are evolutionarily distant from respiratory avian coronaviruses based on the viral attachment protein spike (S1). We profiled the binding of recombinantly expressed S1 proteins of TCoV, GfCoV, and QCoV to tissues of their respective hosts. Protein histochemistry showed that the tissue binding specificity of S1 proteins of turkey, quail, and guineafowl CoVs was limited to intestinal tissues of each particular host, in accordance with the reported pathogenicity of these viruses in vivo. Glycan array analyses revealed that, in contrast to the S1 protein of IBV, S1 proteins of enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a unique set of nonsialylated type 2 poly-N-acetyl-lactosamines. Lectin histochemistry as well as tissue binding patterns of TCoV S1 further indicated that these complex N-glycans are prominently expressed on the intestinal tract of various avian species. In conclusion, our data demonstrate not only that enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a novel glycan receptor but also that enterotropism may be correlated with the high specificity of spike proteins for such glycans expressed in the intestines of the avian host.Avian coronaviruses are economically important viruses for the poultry industry. While infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a respiratory pathogen of chickens, is rather well known, other viruses of the genus Gammacoronavirus, including those causing enteric disease, are hardly studied. In turkey, guineafowl, and quail, coronaviruses have been reported to be the major causative agent of enteric diseases. Specifically, turkey coronavirus outbreaks have been reported in North America, Europe, and Australia for several decades. Recently, a gammacoronavirus was isolated from guineafowl with fulminating disease. To date, it is not clear why these avian coronaviruses are enteropathogenic, whereas other closely related avian coronaviruses like IBV cause respiratory disease. A comprehensive understanding of the tropism and pathogenicity of these viruses explained by their receptor specificity and receptor expression on tissues was therefore needed. Here, we identify a novel glycan receptor for enteric avian coronaviruses, which will further support the development of vaccines. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1128/jvi.00745-15 VL - 89 IS - 17 SP - 8783-8792 SN - 1098-5514 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In Ovo Vaccination with Turkey Herpesvirus Hastens Maturation of Chicken Embryo Immune Responses in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens AU - Gimeno, Isabel M. AU - Faiz, Nik M. AU - Cortes, Aneg L. AU - Barbosa, Taylor AU - Villalobos, Tarsicio AU - Pandiri, Arun R. T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Administration of Marek's disease (MD) vaccines in ovo has become a common practice for the poultry industry. Efficacy of MD vaccines is very high, even though they are administered to chicken embryos that are immunologically immature. We have recently demonstrated that in ovo vaccination with turkey herpesvirus (HVT) results in increased activation of T cells at hatch. Our previous results suggested that in ovo vaccination with HVT might have a positive impact not only on MD protection but also on the overall maturity of the developing immune system of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of HVT at 18 days of embryonation (ED) on the maturation of the embryo immune system. Four experiments were conducted in Specific-Pathogen-Free Avian Supplies (SPAFAS) chickens to evaluate the effect of administration of HVT at 18 ED on the splenic cell phenotypes at day of age (experiment 1) and on the ability of 1-day-old chickens to respond to various antigens compared with older birds (experiments 2 and 3). In addition, a fourth experiment was conducted to elucidate whether administration of other serotype's MD vaccines (CVI988 and SB-1) at 18 ED had the same effect as HVT on the spleen cell phenotypes at day of age. Our results demonstrated that 1-day-old chickens that had received HVT in ovo (1-day HVT) had higher percentages of CD45+, MHC-I+, CD45+MHC-I+, CD3+, MHC-II+, CD3+MHC-II+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ cells in the spleen than 1-day-old sham-inoculated chickens (1-day sham). Moreover, spleens of 1-day HVT chickens had greater percentages of CD45+MHC-I+ cells and equal or greater numbers of CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ cells than older unvaccinated chickens. In addition, administration of HVT at 18 ED rendered chicks at hatch more responsive to unrelated antigens such as concavalin A, phytohemagglutinin-L, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Administration of MD vaccines of other serotypes had an effect, although less remarkable than HVT, on the spleen cell phenotypes at hatch. Vaccines of all three serotypes resulted in an increased percentage of MHC-I+, CD45-MHC-I+, CD4-CD8+, and CD8+ cells, but only HVT resulted in a higher percentage of CD45+, CD45+MHC-I+, CD3+MHC-II+, and CD4+CD8- cells. Results of this study show that it is possible to hasten maturation of the chicken embryo immune system by administering HVT in ovo and open new avenues to optimize the procedure to improve and strengthen the immunocompetency of commercial chickens at hatch. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1637/11060-031115-reg.1 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 375-383 SN - 1938-4351 KW - HVT KW - vaccination KW - in ovo KW - immune system KW - immune competence KW - MDV KW - avian ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Factors Influencing Efficacy of Vaccine Strain CVI988 Against Marek's Disease in Meat-Type Chickens AU - Gimeno, Isabel M. AU - Cortes, Aneg L. AU - Faiz, Nik M. AU - Barbosa, Taylor AU - Villalobos, Tarsicio T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Marek’s disease (MD) strain CVI988 is the most-protective commercially available vaccine against very virulent plus (vv ) Marek’s disease virus (MDV). However, its use in meat-type chickens has been controversial. While several countries have been using CVI988 for more than 40 yr, others do not authorize its use or it is restricted mainly to layers. The use of CVI988 in meat-type chickens will be necessary in the future in areas where other vaccine protocols fail. The objective of this study was to evaluate factors (vaccine dose, vaccine origin, chicken genetics, age and route of vaccination, and combination with other MD vaccines) influencing the efficacy of CVI988 against MD in meat-type chickens. Three animal experiments were conducted in which various vaccine protocols using CVI988 were tested for their protection against challenge with vv strain 648A by contact at day of age. Experiments 1 and 2 were to compare the efficacy of CVI988 vaccines from three different origins (CVI988-A, CVI988-B, and CVI988-C) and evaluate the effect of vaccine dose and chicken genetics. Experiment 3 was to evaluate the effect of adding CVI988 vaccine to various vaccine protocols using other MD vaccines of serotypes 2 (SB-1) and 3 (rHVT). Our results show that, regardless of the origin of the vaccine, protection against early challenge with 648A was good when vaccines were administered at a high dose (>3000 plaque-forming units [PFU]). Differences among vaccines, however, were detected even when using a high dose in experiment 2 (vaccine CVI988-B conferred higher protection than did CVI988-C) but not in Experiment 1 (CVI988-B was compared to CVI988-A). The use of a fixed low dose (2000 PFU) of vaccine resulted in reduction in protection, and such reduction was more remarkable when using CVI988-A. No statistically significant differences were found when we compared the efficacy of CVI988 in two different genetic lines of broiler chickens (G1 and G2). Vaccination protocols that included CVI988 had better protection than protocols that only included MD vaccines of serotypes 2 and 3. This was true regardless of the vaccine protocol used (CVI988/rHVT SB-1; CVI988 rHVT SB-1/None; rHVT SB-1/CVI988; wherein the vaccine before the slash (/) was administered in ovo at embryonation day 18 and the vaccine after the slash was administered at day of age, subcutaneously). When only vaccines of serotypes 2 and 3 were used, protection against early challenge with vv MDV was higher when vaccines were administered in ovo (rHVT SB-1/None) than if vaccines were administered at hatch (None/rHVT SB-1). Monitoring vaccine DNA load in feather pulp (FP) samples at 1 wk was used to monitor vaccination, and results showed that differences in vaccine replication exist among vaccines but such differences were not necessarily related to protection (r = 0.41, P > 0.05). Monitoring load of challenge MDV DNA in FP at 21 days was conducted, and results correlated (r = 0.85, P < 0.05) with the percentage of chickens with MD lesions at the termination of the study, confirming that early diagnosis is a very powerful tool with which to evaluate protection. DA - 2015/9// PY - 2015/9// DO - 10.1637/11085-040915-reg.1 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 400-409 SN - 1938-4351 KW - CVI988 KW - vaccination KW - in ovo KW - meat type KW - MD KW - control KW - avian ER - TY - JOUR TI - Budgett's frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis): A new amphibian embryo for developmental biology AU - Amin, Nirav M. AU - Womble, Mandy AU - Ledon-Rettig, Cristina AU - Hull, Margaret AU - Dickinson, Amanda AU - Nascone-Yoder, Nanette T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AB - The large size and rapid development of amphibian embryos has facilitated ground-breaking discoveries in developmental biology. Here, we describe the embryogenesis of the Budgett's frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis), an unusual species with eggs that are over twice the diameter of laboratory Xenopus, and embryos that can tolerate higher temperatures to develop into a tadpole four times more rapidly. In addition to detailing their early development, we demonstrate that, like Xenopus, these embryos are amenable to explant culture assays and can express exogenous transcripts in a tissue-specific manner. Moreover, the steep developmental trajectory and large scale of Lepidobatrachus make it exceptionally well-suited for morphogenesis research. For example, the developing organs of the Budgett's frog are massive compared to those of most model species, and are composed of larger individual cells, thereby affording increased subcellular resolution of early vertebrate organogenesis. Furthermore, we found that complete limb regeneration, which typically requires months to achieve in most vertebrate models, occurs in a matter of days in the Budgett's tadpole, which substantially accelerates the pace of experimentation. Thus, the unusual combination of the greater size and speed of the Budgett's frog model provides inimitable advantages for developmental studies—and a novel inroad to address the mechanisms of spatiotemporal scaling during evolution. DA - 2015/9/15/ PY - 2015/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.007 VL - 405 IS - 2 SP - 291-303 SN - 1095-564X KW - Lepidobatrachus KW - Xenopus KW - Amphibian KW - Embryo KW - Stages KW - Scaling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uterine Carcinomas in Tetrabromobisphenol A-exposed Wistar Han Rats Harbor Increased Tp53 Mutations and Mimic High-grade Type I Endometrial Carcinomas in Women AU - Harvey, Janice B. AU - Osborne, Tanasa S. AU - Hong, Hue-Hua L. AU - Bhusari, Sachin AU - Ton, Tai-Vu AU - Pandiri, Arun R. AU - Masinde, Tiwanda AU - Dunnick, June AU - Peddada, Shyamal AU - Elmore, Susan AU - Hoenerhoff, Mark J. T2 - TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY AB - Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy is the United States and accounts for 6% of all cancers in women. The disease is classified as type I or type II based on clinicopathologic and molecular features. It is a multifactorial disease with a number of risk factors, including environmental exposures. How environmental exposures, such as flame retardants, may affect the incidence of endometrial cancer is a topic of current and ongoing interest. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used brominated flame retardant found in a variety of household products. A recent 2-year National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity study found that exposure to TBBPA was associated with a marked increase in the development of uterine tumors, specifically uterine carcinomas, in Wistar Han rats. Molecularly, TBBPA-induced uterine carcinomas in Wistar Han rats were characterized by a marked increase in tumor protein 53 mutation compared to spontaneous uterine carcinomas, as well as overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Similar to spontaneous carcinomas, tumors in TBBPA-exposed rats were estrogen receptor-alpha positive and progesterone receptor negative by immunohistochemistry. The morphologic and molecular features of uterine carcinomas in TBBPA-exposed rats resemble those of high-grade type I tumors in women, and these data suggest that exposure to TBBPA may pose an increased cancer risk. DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015/12// DO - 10.1177/0192623315599256 VL - 43 IS - 8 SP - 1103-1113 SN - 1533-1601 KW - tetrabromobisphenol A KW - dometrial carcinoma KW - Tp53 KW - Ctnnb1 KW - Kras KW - Ccnd1 KW - Her2 KW - Cdh1 KW - Wistar Han rats ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid tumor induction in zebrafish by TALEN-mediated somatic inactivation of the retinoblastoma1 tumor suppressor rb1 AU - Solin, Staci L. AU - Shive, Heather R. AU - Woolard, Kevin D. AU - Essner, Jeffrey J. AU - McGrail, Maura T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Investigating the in vivo role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer is technically challenging due to their essential requirement during early animal development. To address this bottleneck, we generated genetic mosaic adult zebrafish using TALEN genome editing and demonstrate somatic inactivation of the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma1 ( rb1 ) induces tumorigenesis at high frequency. 11–33% of 1-cell stage embryos injected with TALEN mRNAs targeting rb1 exon 2 or 3 develop tumors beginning as early as 3.5 months of age. Lesions predominantly arise in the brain and show features of neuroectodermal-like and glial-like tumors. Mutant allele analysis is consistent with tumor initiation due to somatic inactivation of rb1 , revealing a conserved role for rb1 in tumor suppression across vertebrates. In contrast to genetic mosaics, heterozygous rb1− /+ adults show no evidence of neoplasia, while homozygous mutant rb1−/− are larval lethal. This is the first demonstration that somatic inactivation of a tumor suppressor causes cancer in zebrafish and highlights the utility of site-specific nucleases to create genetic mosaic zebrafish for tumor suppressor gene discovery. Somatic inactivation with site-directed nucleases in zebrafish presents a rapid and scalable strategy to study tumor suppressor gene function in cancer. DA - 2015/9/8/ PY - 2015/9/8/ DO - 10.1038/srep13745 VL - 5 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naturally Occurring Ehrlichia ewingii and Mycoplasma sp Co-Infection in a Goat AU - Meichner, K. AU - Qurollo, B. A. AU - Anderson, K. L. AU - Grindem, C. B. AU - Savage, M. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A 9-year-old nonpregnant, nonlactating doe Boer goat was examined because of a 2-day history of not being able to stand. Other than diarrhea associated with coccidiosis in the first year of life, the goat did not have a history of illness. The owner had obtained the goat at approximately 2 months of age. The goat lived with 3 other goats in the same pen on the same premise located on the coastal plains of North Carolina. The goats spent the majority of time in a barn, with access to a wooded 1-acre lot where they browsed. Routine deworming prophylaxis was verified by fecal egg counts. The goat was vaccinated for clostridial diseases, was fed 1 cup of 13.5% protein commercial goat pellets twice a day, and had free access to good quality coastal Bermuda hay. At presentation for recumbency, the goat was nonweight bearing on the right forelimb and could stand only with assistance, but was unable to walk. Otherwise, the goat was bright, alert, responsive, and had a good appetite. Body condition score (5/5), body weight (65.5 kg), rectal temperature (39.2°C [102.5°F]), heart rate (80 beats per minute), respiratory rate (24 breaths per minute), mucous membrane color, and capillary refill time were normal. An abscess was present on the ventral aspect of the mammary gland. To further assess the lameness, lateral, craniocaudal, and oblique radiographs of the right humerus were obtained,1 and a mildly comminuted, moderately proximo-caudally and medially displaced short oblique fracture of the proximal humeral diaphysis was identified (Fig 1). Marked soft tissue swelling was associated with the fracture. Mild rounding and blunting of the fracture margins without evidence of callus formation were observed and, consequently, some degree of chronicity (>7–10 days) was considered likely.1 A CBC2 identified mild macrocytic normochromic anemia (PCV, 20%; reference range, 22–38%; mean cell volume [MCV], 26.4 fL; reference range, 16–24 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [MCHC], 34.3 d/dL; reference range, 30–37 g/dL). The total leukocyte count was 9,900/μL (reference range, 5,100–17,200/μL)2 and characterized by a mild regenerative left shift (segmented neutrophils, 8,800/uL; reference range, 1,100–8,900/μL; band neutrophils, 100/μL; reference range, 0/μL),2 mild lymphopenia (lymphocytes, 900/μL; reference range, 1,200–10,500/μl)2 and normal numbers of monocytes (100/μL; reference range, 0–300/μl).2 Microscopic evaluation of a blood smear disclosed moderate anisocytosis, mild macrocytosis, and occasional basophilic stippling, suggestive of a regenerative response. Occasional eccentrocytes indicated oxidative damage, potentially related to the inflammatory illness. Approximately 1–2% of the segmented neutrophils contained single, approximately 2–3 × 2–3 μm, tightly packed, basophilic granular clusters of organisms within the cytoplasm, consistent with morulae (Fig 2). No other etiologic agents were observed. Platelet number estimate on the blood smear appeared adequate. Serum biochemistry abnormalities3 included mildly increased activities of AST (227 IU/L; reference range, 35.5–72.0 IU/L2), CK (788 IU/L; reference range, 24.5–98 IU/L2), and GGT (52 IU/L; reference range, 16.0–45 IU/L2) and decreased ALP activity (35 IU/L; reference range, 77–883 IU/L2). The owners elected euthanasia because of the poor prognosis associated with the humeral fracture, and declined necropsy. For molecular microbiological identification of granulocytic morulae, EDTA anti-coagulated blood was submitted to the Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (VBDDL NCSU-CVM). In addition, a comprehensive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel, which includes detection of Anaplasma (A.)/Ehrlichia (E.) spp., Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., Mycoplasma (M.) spp., and Rickettsia spp. was performed. Briefly, DNA was extracted from 200 μL of whole blood.4 Negative extraction controls consisting of uninfected dog EDTA-whole blood were included. The absence of PCR inhibitors was demonstrated by the amplification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).3 The PCR conditions were previously described to amplify a 700-base pair (bp) fragment of the Mycoplasma 16S rRNA gene, a 430-bp fragment of the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia 16S rRNA gene, a 620-bp fragment of the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia GroEL gene, and a 304-bp fragment of the Ehrlichia sodB gene.4-7 Both the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia 16S rRNA and GroEL assays were run with a modified annealing temperature of 60°C. Positive (Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum, Anaplasma platys or Ehrlichia chaffeensis plasmid DNA) and negative (RNAse-free, molecular grade water, and a DNA extraction control) were included as controls in each assay. The PCR product visualization was performed using gel electrophoresis. Amplified DNA was sequenced directly,5 and alignments were compared with GenBank sequences.6 The PCR results from the comprehensive panel yielded positive amplicons for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia 16S rRNA and Mycoplasma 16S rRNA (Table 1). Additional PCR assays (GroEL and sodB) were performed to confirm the original Ehrlichia 16S rRNA results. Amplicons were sequenced and comparisons performed using BLAST against the GenBank database. Sequence identities for the partial Mycoplasma 16S rRNA, Ehrlichia 16S rRNA, GroEL, and sodB genes with respective GenBank accession numbers are listed in Table 2, all with 100% coverage. Additional Ehrlichia species-specific assays included Ehrlichia canis p30, E. chaffeensis sodB, Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp. sodB and gltA, and Ehrlichia muris dsb, and did not amplify DNA (Table 2). Based on these PCR results, co-infection with Ehrlichia ewingii and Mycoplasma sp. was diagnosed in this goat. To the authors' knowledge, ours is the first report describing naturally occurring E. ewingii infection in a goat that was also co-infected with a hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. Ehrlichia spp. are composed of a group of obligate intracellular bacteria that have a tropism for leukocytes. Ehrlichia ewingii is the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs and human ewingii ehrlichiosis.8-10 Based on serology using Ehrlichia sp.-specific peptides, E. ewingii is the most prevalent Ehrlichia spp. that infects dogs in the south central, south eastern and mid-atlantic United States.11 This finding is consistent with the geographic distribution of the primary vector of E. ewingii, Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick.12 Wildlife, particularly the white-tailed deer, are a major reservoir host for the maintenance of several A. americanum-associated pathogens including E. ewingii.12, 13 Among domestic animals, dogs also may serve as a reservoir host for A. americanum because there is evidence of a chronic E. ewingii carrier status after acute infection.12, 14 Various Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. can infect domestic goats. Anaplasma phagocytophilum (referred to as tick-borne fever in Europe) and Ehrlichia ruminantium (heartwater disease, historically the organism was designated Cowdria ruminantium) are well described, clinically and economically relevant tick-transmitted diseases in Europe and Africa, respectively.15-18 The importance of other Ehrlichia spp. in goats is less clear. Ehrlichia canis and Neorickettsia risticii (formerly Ehrlichia risticii) were shown to infect goats by inoculation of infected blood.19 The recently discovered Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp. was transmitted to goats by infected A. americanum ticks, and natural infection of goats with E. chaffeensis also has been reported.20, 21 Domestic goats serve as hosts for all life stages of A. americanum,22 and experimental infection of goats by E. ewingii-infected A. americanum ticks was demonstrated in 3 goats.20 However, to the authors' knowledge, natural infection of goats with E. ewingii has not been reported previously. Clinical abnormalities in the experimentally E. ewingii-infected goats included mild pyrexia, lethargy, inappetence, serous nasal discharge, lameness, and coughing.20 None of these signs were noted in the goat of our report. Similar to our case, subclinical E. ewingii infection also has been reported in dogs.23 However, laboratory findings reported in this goat, including lymphopenia, neutrophilic left shift, decreased ALP activity, and increased GGT activity are changes reported in association with experimental E. ewingii and natural A. phagocytophilum infections in goats.15-17, 20 Decreased ALP activity in goats with Ehrlichia spp. infection is a consistent and pathophysiologically interesting observation. It has been postulated that the activity of ALP, a zinc-dependent enzyme, is correlated with the plasma concentrations of zinc, which decrease during rickettsemic episodes as a result of the release of endogenous pyrogens and acute phase mediators.15, 17 The clinical relevance of mildly increased GGT activity in this goat is unclear because no other laboratory data indicated cholestasis. The activity of SDH would have been a sensitive marker to screen for hepatic disease, but was not determined in this goat. Increased GGT activity also was related to altered hepatic metabolic activities associated with A. phagocytophilum infection in goats,15 and increased serum transaminase activities including GGT occur in association with E. ewingii ehrlichiosis in humans.10 The mode, timing, and duration of E. ewingii infection in this goat remains speculative. Morulae were visualized in the fall when Amblyomma americanum ticks are still active in North Carolina.12 Findings of neutrophilic morulae in blood smears occurs during the acute infection, or when a persistently infected reservoir host is severely stressed or treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Underlying immunosuppression is a known risk factor for E. ewingii infection in humans,10 but it is unclear if immunosuppression might have contributed to E. ewingii infection in this goat. Another interesting aspect of this case was the co-infection with hemotropic Mycoplasma sp., which was not visualized on the blood smear. The amplified partial Mycoplasma 16S rRNA sequence was recently described to occur with high incidence in asymptomatic white-tailed deer in North Carolina.4 This finding suggests that white-tailed deer could be a reservoir host for both infections documented in this case, E. ewingii and Mycoplasma sp.4, 12, 13 Perhaps both organisms were transmitted by the same vector (A. americanum), and access to the wooded lot likely exposed the goat to infected ticks. Similar to the E. ewingii infection, the clinical relevance of the Mycoplasma sp infection is not clear in the present case. Although blood smear evaluation has a low sensitivity for detection of hemotropic Mycoplasma infection, failure to visualize organisms on the blood smear in this case suggests a low infectious burden in a chronically infected goat.24 To the authors' knowledge, this case represents the first reported case of natural E. ewingii infection in a goat that was also co-infected with a hemotropic Mycoplasma sp., acquired in south eastern North America. The clinical relevance of naturally occurring E. ewingii infection in goats should be determined, and whether the goat is an incidental or a primary host should also be investigated. The prevalence of ticks infected with E. ewingii is increasing markedly in North Carolina,25 and E. ewingii can infect wildlife species, domestic animals, and also humans.10 Therefore, farm workers and owners of pet goats should be aware that pastures might contain infected ticks. Serological and molecular surveys of this pathogen in goats should be performed to identify the role of goats as a potential reservoir host and to determine the prevalence of infection in this species. Conflict of Interest Declaration: Authors disclose no conflict of interest. Off-label Antimicrobial Declaration: Authors declare no off-label use of antimicrobials. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1111/jvim.13644 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 1735-1738 SN - 1939-1676 KW - Caprine KW - Ehrlichiosis KW - Tick-borne disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking body size and energetics with predation strategies: A game theoretic modeling framework AU - Chen, S. AU - Bao, F. S. T2 - Ecological Modelling DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 316 SP - 81-86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fructosamine: An Alternative to Serum Glucose Measurement in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - We determined the relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvested during two seasonally stressful periods for deer in coastal North Carolina, US: July 2008 represented the postparturition and lactation period, and March 2009 represented the late winter and pre-green-up period. Serum glucose and fructosamine concentrations were similar between time periods but were uncorrelated within each season. However, when serum glucose was separated into high and low categories based on the median blood glucose score within each time period, we detected statistically significant differences between July and March for serum glucose. Fructosamine was more stable than serum glucose for evaluating the white-tailed deer physiologic condition. DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015/10// DO - 10.7589/2014-07-182 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 876-879 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Blood KW - fructosamine KW - nutritional condition KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - serum glucose KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Eliminates Clostridium difficile in a Murine Model of Relapsing Disease AU - Seekatz, Anna M. AU - Theriot, Casey M. AU - Molloy, Caitlyn T. AU - Wozniak, Katherine L. AU - Bergin, Ingrid L. AU - Young, Vincent B. T2 - Infection and Immunity AB - Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is of particular concern among health care-associated infections. The role of the microbiota in disease recovery is apparent given the success of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for recurrent CDI. Here, we present a murine model of CDI relapse to further define the microbiota recovery following FMT. Cefoperazone-treated mice were infected with C. difficile 630 spores and treated with vancomycin after development of clinical disease. Vancomycin treatment suppressed both C. difficile colonization and cytotoxin titers. However, C. difficile counts increased within 7 days of completing treatment, accompanied by relapse of clinical signs. The administration of FMT immediately after vancomycin cleared C. difficile and decreased cytotoxicity within 1 week. The effects of FMT on the gut microbiota community were detectable in recipients 1-day posttransplant. Conversely, mice not treated with FMT remained persistently colonized with high levels of C. difficile, and the gut microbiota in these mice persisted at low diversity. These results suggest that full recovery of colonization resistance against C. difficile requires the restoration of a specific community structure. DA - 2015/7/13/ PY - 2015/7/13/ DO - 10.1128/iai.00459-15 VL - 83 IS - 10 SP - 3838-3846 J2 - Infect. Immun. LA - en OP - SN - 0019-9567 1098-5522 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00459-15 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: A retrospective study of 20 cases AU - Bizikova, P. AU - Linder, K. E. AU - Wofford, J. A. AU - Mamo, L. B. AU - Dunston, S. M. AU - Olivry, T. T2 - Veterinary Dermatology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - 441- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of Gallbladder Mucocele Histologic Diagnosis with Selected Drug Use in Dogs: A Matched Case-Control Study AU - Gookin, J. L. AU - Correa, M. T. AU - Peters, A. AU - Malueg, A. AU - Mathews, K. G. AU - Cullen, J. AU - Seiler, G. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The cause of gallbladder mucocele (GBM) formation in dogs currently is unknown. Many available drugs represent a newer generation of xenobiotics that may predispose dogs to GBM formation.To determine if there is an association between the histologic diagnosis of GBM in dogs and administration of selected drugs.Eighty-one dogs with a histologic diagnosis of GBM and 162 breed, age, and admission date-matched control dogs from a single referral institution.Medical records of dogs with GBM and control dogs from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed. Owner verification of drug history was sought by a standard questionnaire. Reported use of heartworm, flea, and tick preventatives as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, corticosteroids, or medications for treatment of osteoarthritis was recorded.Dogs with GBM were 2.2 times as likely to have had reported use of thyroxine (as a proxy for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism) as control dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.949-5.051), 3.6 times as likely to have had reported treatment for Cushing's disease (95% CI, 1.228-10.612), and 2.3 times as likely to have had reported use of products containing imidacloprid (95% CI, 1.094-4.723). Analysis of a data subset containing only Shetland sheepdogs (23 GBM and 46 control) indicated that Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation were 9.3 times as likely to have had reported use of imidacloprid as were control Shetland sheepdogs (95% CI, 1.103-78.239).This study provides evidence for an association between selected drug use and GBM formation in dogs. A larger epidemiologic study of Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation and exposure to imidacloprid is warranted. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1111/jvim.13649 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 1464-1472 SN - 1939-1676 KW - Bile KW - Canine KW - Mucus KW - Xenobiotic ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals from a dog AU - Davis, Kaori Uchiumi AU - Grindem, Carol B. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 44, Issue 2 p. 331-332 What is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals from a dog Kaori Uchiumi Davis, Corresponding Author Kaori Uchiumi Davis Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K. Uchiumi Davis, IDEXX Laboratories, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Kaori Uchiumi Davis, Corresponding Author Kaori Uchiumi Davis Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Correspondence K. Uchiumi Davis, IDEXX Laboratories, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 January 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12233Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References 1Osborne CA, Stevens JB. Urinalysis: A Clinical Guide to Compassionate Patient Care. Shawnee Mission, KS: Bayer; 1999. 2Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Swanson LL, Albasan H. Drug-induced urolithiasis. Vet Clin Small Anim. 2008; 39: 55– 63. 3Pierantozzi M, Roura X, Paltrinieri S, Poggi M, Zatelli A. Variation of proteinuria in dogs with leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2013; 49: 231– 236. 4Marr JJ. Purine analogs as chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis and American trypanosomiasis. J Lab Clin Med. 1991; 118: 111– 119. 5Gow AG, Fairbanks LD, Simpson JW, Jacinto AM, Ridyard AE. Xanthine urolithiasis in a Cavalier King Charles spaniel. Vet Rec. 2011; 169: 209. Citing Literature Volume44, Issue2June 2015Pages 331-332 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1111/vcp.12233 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 331-332 SN - 1939-165X KW - Urinalysis KW - urine crystals KW - xanthine crystalluria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue concentrations of sulfamethazine and tetracycline hydrochloride of swine (Sus scrofa domestica) as it relates to withdrawal methods for international export AU - Mason, Sharon E. AU - Wu, Huali AU - Yeatts, Jim E. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. T2 - REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY AB - The use of water medications is a common practice in the US swine industry to treat and prevent infections in swine herds with minimal labor and without risk of needle breakage. There are concerns that FDA-approved withdrawal times (WDT) may be inadequate for several water medications when exporting pork products to countries where MRLs (maximum residue limits) are lower than US tolerance levels. In this study, withdrawal intervals (WDI) were estimated for pigs when dosed with tetracycline and sulfamethazine in water. The WDI were calculated using the FDA tolerance method (TLM) and a population-based pharmacokinetic method (PopPK). The estimated WDIs (14–16 days using TLM) were similar to the approved WDT of 15 days for sulfamethazine. However, the PopPK method extended WDIs for both sulfamethazine (19–20 days) and tetracycline (12 days) compared to the currently approved WDTs in the U.S. This study also identified potential differences in WDI between weanling and finisher pigs. In conclusion, the TLM may not always provide adequate WDT for foreign export markets especially when MRLs differ from tolerance levels approved for US markets. However, PopPK methods can provide conservative WDIs in situations with considerable variability in medication exposure such as with administration in water. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.013 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 590-596 SN - 1096-0295 KW - Swine KW - Tetracycline KW - Sulfa methazine KW - Pharmacokinetics KW - Population KW - Monte Carlo method KW - FDA tolerance limit method KW - Maximum residue limit KW - Withdrawal interval KW - Withdrawal time ER - TY - JOUR TI - Targeting Tumor Vasculature with Aptamer-Functionalized Doxorubicin - Polylactide Nanoconjugates for Enhanced Cancer Therapy AU - Tang, Li AU - Tong, Rong AU - Coyle, Virginia J. AU - Yin, Qian AU - Pondenis, Holly AU - Borst, Luke B. AU - Cheng, Jianjun AU - Fan, Timothy M. T2 - ACS NANO AB - An A10 aptamer (Apt)-functionalized, sub-100 nm doxorubicin-polylactide (Doxo-PLA) nanoconjugate (NC) with controlled release profile was developed as an intravenous therapeutic strategy to effectively target and cytoreduce canine hemangiosarcoma (cHSA), a naturally occurring solid tumor malignancy composed solely of tumor-associated endothelium. cHSA consists of a pure population of malignant endothelial cells expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and is an ideal comparative tumor model system for evaluating the specificity and feasibility of tumor-associated endothelial cell targeting by A10 Apt-functionalized NC (A10 NC). In vitro, A10 NCs were selectively internalized across a panel of PSMA-expressing cancer cell lines, and when incorporating Doxo, A10 Doxo-PLA NCs exerted greater cytotoxic effects compared to nonfunctionalized Doxo-PLA NCs and free Doxo. Importantly, intravenously delivered A10 NCs selectively targeted PSMA-expressing tumor-associated endothelial cells at a cellular level in tumor-bearing mice and dramatically increased the uptake of NCs by endothelial cells within the local tumor microenvironment. By virtue of controlled drug release kinetics and selective tumor-associated endothelial cell targeting, A10 Doxo-PLA NCs possess a desirable safety profile in vivo, being well-tolerated following high-dose intravenous infusion in mice, as supported by the absence of any histologic organ toxicity. In cHSA-implanted mice, two consecutive intravenous infusions of A10 Doxo-PLA NCs exerted rapid and substantial cytoreductive activities within a period of 7 days, resulting in greater than 70% reduction in macroscopic tumor-associated endothelial cell burden as a consequence of enhanced cell death and necrosis. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1021/acsnano.5b00166 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 5072-5081 SN - 1936-086X KW - nanoconjugate drug delivery KW - cancer targeting by aptamer KW - tumor-associated endothelium KW - comparative tumor model KW - prostate-specific membrane antigen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid High-Resolution Melt Analysis of Cytauxzoon felis Cytochrome b To Aid in the Prognosis of Cytauxzoonosis AU - Schreeg, Megan E. AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Tarigo, Jaime L. AU - Cohn, Leah A. AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Cytauxzoon felis is a virulent, tick-transmitted, protozoan parasite that infects felines. Cytauxzoonosis was previously thought to be uniformly fatal in domestic cats. Treatment combining atovaquone and azithromycin (A&A) has been associated with survival rates of over 60%. Atovaquone, a ubiquinone analogue, targets C. felis cytochrome b (cytb), of which 30 unique genotypes have been identified. The C. felis cytb genotype cytb1 is associated with increased survival rates in cats treated with A&A. The purpose of this study was to design a PCR panel that could distinguish C. felis cytb1 from other cytochrome b genotypes. Primer pairs were designed to span five different nucleotide positions at which single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the C. felis cytb gene had been identified. Through the use of high-resolution melt analysis, this panel was predicted to distinguish cytb1 from other cytb genotypes. Assays were validated using samples from 69 cats with cytauxzoonosis for which the C. felis cytb genotypes had been characterized previously. The PCR panel identified C. felis cytb1 with 100% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity. High-resolution melt analysis can rapidly provide prognostic information for clients considering A&A treatment in cats with cytauxzoonosis. DA - 2015/8// PY - 2015/8// DO - 10.1128/jcm.00635-15 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 2517-2524 SN - 1098-660X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Bartonella spp. in Canine Cutaneous Histiocytoma AU - Pultorak, E. L. AU - Linder, K. AU - Maggi, R. G. AU - Balakrishnan, N. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AB - Canine cutaneous histiocytoma (CCH) is a common, benign neoplastic proliferation of histiocytes of Langerhans cell origin that often ulcerate, become secondarily infected and regress spontaneously. Bartonella is a fastidious genus of facultative intracellular pathogens that can be transmitted through arthropod bites and epidermal animal scratches and has been identified previously in the cytoplasm of histiocytes within granulomatous lesions and in skin biopsy samples of inflammatory pustules and papules. Based on the established inflammatory and oncogenic properties of Bartonella, we hypothesized that Bartonella spp. DNA could be amplified from CCH more often than from non-lesional skin and bacteria could be localized within skin tumours using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Paraffin wax-embedded surgical biopsy samples from dogs with CCH and non-neoplastic skin adjacent to osteosarcomas (control group selected due to wide surgical margins) were retrieved from the archive of the pathology service of North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. DNA was extracted and regions of the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the pap31 and gltA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Bartonella-specific primers. IIF was performed using a primary Bartonella henselae monoclonal antibody to localize B. henselae in tissues of PCR-positive dogs. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was amplified from 1/17 (5.8%) control tissues and B. henselae was amplified from 4/29 (13.8%) CCH tissues. The prevalence of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (P = 0.37) or B. henselae (P = 0.28) did not vary statistically between study groups. B. henselae could be visualized in 2/4 (50.0%) CCH tissues using IIF. Based on this study, Bartonella spp. are unlikely to cause CCH. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.04.001 VL - 153 IS - 1 SP - 14-21 SN - 1532-3129 KW - Bartonella KW - canine cutaneous histiocytoma KW - dog ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic, taxonomic and functional diversity of fungal denitrifiers and associated N2O production efficacy AU - Mothapo, Nape AU - Chen, Huaihai AU - Cubeta, Marc A. AU - Grossman, Julie M. AU - Fuller, Fred AU - Shi, Wei T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - Fungi generally dominate microbial biomass in various soils and play critical roles in ecosystem functioning including nutrient cycling, disease ecology and food production. Therefore, fungal denitrification, phenotypically typified by nitrous oxide (N2O) production, presents another avenue other than N mineralization and heterotrophic nitrification for progress to better understand the multiple roles of fungi in sustaining the biosphere. The discovery of N2O production and consequently denitrification in Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. in early 1970's has led to identification of many taxonomically diverse species of N2O-producing fungi. This review evaluates the current status of knowledge on species composition of fungal denitrifiers and their N2O-producing activity. Here we describe challenges with assessment of fungal N2O-producing activity across genera and suggest prospects for future studies. We also discuss species diversity in order to gain knowledge of important taxonomic and phylogenetic groups mediating N2O production and provide insight on ecological cues associated with fungal N2O production. Currently, the extent to which species phylogeny and the functional trait, i.e. N2O-producing activity, are linked remains to be determined; even so, it is evident that some related taxa exhibit similar N2O production efficacy than distant relatives. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.001 VL - 83 SP - 160-175 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.001 DB - Crossref KW - Fungal denitrification KW - Nitrous oxide KW - Fusarium KW - Aspergillus KW - Sordariomycetes KW - Eurotiomycetes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mucocutaneous lupus erythematosus in dogs (21 cases) AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Rossi, Michael A. AU - Banovic, Frane AU - Linder, Keith E. T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - The diagnosis of dogs with chronic juxtamucosal erosive lesions and histopathology typical of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is unclear.We report herein 21 dogs with mucocutaneous erosive lesions and lupus-specific histopathology that we propose to be affected with mucocutaneous lupus erythematosus (MCLE), another variant of chronic CLE.Inclusion criteria were the presence of the following: (i) a >2 month history of chronic or recurrent skin lesions; (ii) erosions or ulcers predominating at mucosae or mucocutaneous junctions; (iii) microscopic lesions of CLE (i.e. a lymphocyte-rich interface dermatitis with basal keratinocyte damage); and (iv) a lack of complete remission following antimicrobials. Clinical questionnaires and skin biopsies were reviewed. Direct immunofluorescence and antinuclear antibody serology were performed whenever possible.More than half of the 21 dogs were German shepherds or their crosses. The disease affected mostly dogs in their mid-adulthood and there was an over-representation of females. Erosions and ulcers predominated at genital/perigenital and anal/perianal areas, with a lower frequency of involvement of periocular, perioral and perinasal regions. In these dogs, there were no clinical signs suggestive of an associated systemic lupus erythematosus. Microscopic lesions were specific for CLE, but they were patchy and often infected with bacteria. The most common immunological finding was focal IgG deposition at the basement membrane zone. Lesions responded to varying interventions, but oral glucocorticoids led to a shorter time to complete remission. Relapses were common upon treatment tapering.These observations support MCLE being another variant of canine CLE. DA - 2015/8// PY - 2015/8// DO - 10.1111/vde.12217 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 256-+ SN - 1365-3164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enterococcus faecalis Gelatinase Mediates Intestinal Permeability via Protease-Activated Receptor 2 AU - Maharshak, Nitsan AU - Huh, Eun Young AU - Paiboonrungruang, Chorlada AU - Shanahan, Michael AU - Thurlow, Lance AU - Herzog, Jeremy AU - Djukic, Zorka AU - Orlando, Roy AU - Pawlinski, Rafal AU - Ellermann, Melissa AU - Borst, Luke AU - Patel, Siten AU - Dotan, Iris AU - Sartor, Ryan B. AU - Carroll, Ian M. T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - ABSTRACT Microbial protease-mediated disruption of the intestinal epithelium is a potential mechanism whereby a dysbiotic enteric microbiota can lead to disease. This mechanism was investigated using the colitogenic, protease-secreting enteric microbe Enterococcus faecalis . Caco-2 and T-84 epithelial cell monolayers and the mouse colonic epithelium were exposed to concentrated conditioned media (CCM) from E. faecalis V583 and E. faecalis lacking the gelatinase gene ( gelE ). The flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran across monolayers or the mouse epithelium following exposure to CCM from parental or mutant E. faecalis strains indicated paracellular permeability. A protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) antagonist and PAR2-deficient (PAR2 −/− ) mice were used to investigate the role of this receptor in E. faecalis -induced permeability. Gelatinase (GelE) purified from E. faecalis V583 was used to confirm the ability of this protease to induce epithelial cell permeability and activate PAR2. The protease-mediated permeability of colonic epithelia from wild-type (WT) and PAR2 −/− mice by fecal supernatants from ulcerative colitis patients was assessed. Secreted E. faecalis proteins induced permeability in epithelial cell monolayers, which was reduced in the absence of gelE or by blocking PAR2 activity. Secreted E. faecalis proteins induced permeability in the colonic epithelia of WT mice that was absent in tissues from PAR2 −/− mice. Purified GelE confirmed the ability of this protease to induce epithelial cell permeability via PAR2 activation. Fecal supernatants from ulcerative colitis patients induced permeability in the colonic epithelia of WT mice that was reduced in tissues from PAR2 −/− mice. Our investigations demonstrate that GelE from E. faecalis can regulate enteric epithelial permeability via PAR2. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.1128/iai.00425-15 VL - 83 IS - 7 SP - 2762-2770 SN - 1098-5522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of broiler breeder feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on broiler progeny growth performance and leg health AU - Eusebio-Balcazar, P. AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. AU - Wineland, M. J. AU - Osborne, J. AU - Brake, J. T2 - BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE AB - 1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet type, maternal feeding programme at 29 weeks of age and breeder feeder space change at photostimulation on broiler progeny performance and leg health at 6 weeks of age.2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeders were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets that had been formulated to have similar nutrient composition during growing and layer phases. Two feeding programmes, fast or flow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space was either similar to that in rearing (6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female. Eggs produced at 32 and 44 weeks of age were collected and incubated for two broiler experiments. A total of 16 male and 16 female one-d-old chicks were placed in floor pens in two experiments, respectively, with 6 and 4 replicate pens. Broiler gait scores and leg problem prevalence were evaluated at 6 weeks of age.3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as main factors.4. The wheat diet increased the probability of observing crooked toes in broiler progeny compared to the use of maize, but only when breeders were fed according to the fast feeding programme and given similar feeder space as during rearing.5. Breeders given more feeder space in the laying period produced progeny with more locomotion problems compared with those provided similar feeder space, but only when maize was used and the slow feeding programme was applied to the breeders.6. The maternal feeding programme interacted with other factors to influence progeny leg health, but it did not solely influence walking ability or leg problems of progeny.7. In conclusion, an increased probability of observing walking impairment of broiler progeny was detected when breeders were given greater feeder space at photostimulation rather than no change and fed according to the slow feeding programme using maize diets in breeders and progeny. DA - 2015/5/4/ PY - 2015/5/4/ DO - 10.1080/00071668.2015.1019830 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 345-360 SN - 1466-1799 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin pemphigus-like drug reaction in three dogs AU - Bizikova, P. AU - Moriello, K. A. AU - Linder, K. E. AU - Sauber, L. T2 - Veterinary Dermatology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 206- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deep pyoderma caused by Burkholderia cepacia complex associated with ciclosporin administration in dogs: a case series AU - Banovic, Frane AU - Koch, Sandra AU - Robson, David AU - Jacob, Megan AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Background Bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are ubiquitous Gram‐negative bacilli associated with fatal nosocomial infections in humans; multi‐antibiotic resistance makes this organism a serious threat in hospital settings. Objective To describe the historical, clinicopathological and treatment characteristics of Bcc‐associated deep skin infections in dogs. Animals Six dogs with skin infections in which skin bacterial cultures resulted in pure growth of Bcc. Methods Retrospective study with review of medical records and skin biopsies. Results All dogs were receiving oral ciclosporin at the time of skin infection development. All dogs were castrated males and four of six were West Highland white terriers. Cutaneous lesions consistent with deep pyoderma were confined mainly to the trunk. In all dogs skin cytology revealed a strong inflammatory response, with moderate to abundant numbers of intracellular (neutrophils and macrophages) and extracellular bacilli. In three dogs histopathology showed a multifocal, nodular to coalescing pyogranulomatous dermatitis associated with multifocal folliculitis and furunculosis. Tissue Giemsa and Gram stains identified numerous Gram‐negative rods within macrophages. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed multidrug‐resistant Bcc strains with sensitivity to trimethoprim/sulfonamides in all dogs and to marbofloxacin, piperacillin and ceftazidime in three dogs. Successful treatment was achieved in all dogs using trimethoprim/sulfonamides or quinolones (marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) or doxycycline in conjunction with ciclosporin withdrawal. Conclusions and clinical importance Clinicians should be aware of the rare potential for Bcc‐associated deep skin infections in dogs receiving oral ciclosporin. Owners should be made conscious of the potential transmission risk to humans or other animals. DA - 2015/8// PY - 2015/8// DO - 10.1111/vde.12210 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 287-+ SN - 1365-3164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative cytogenetic characterization of primary canine melanocytic lesions using array CGH and fluorescence in situ hybridization AU - Poorman, Kelsey AU - Borst, Luke AU - Moroff, Scott AU - Roy, Siddharth AU - Labelle, Philippe AU - Motsinger-Reif, Alison AU - Breen, Matthew T2 - CHROMOSOME RESEARCH AB - Melanocytic lesions originating from the oral mucosa or cutaneous epithelium are common in the general dog population, with up to 100,000 diagnoses each year in the USA. Oral melanoma is the most frequent canine neoplasm of the oral cavity, exhibiting a highly aggressive course. Cutaneous melanocytomas occur frequently, but rarely develop into a malignant form. Despite the differential prognosis, it has been assumed that subtypes of melanocytic lesions represent the same disease. To address the relative paucity of information about their genomic status, molecular cytogenetic analysis was performed on the three recognized subtypes of canine melanocytic lesions. Using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, highly aberrant distinct copy number status across the tumor genome for both of the malignant melanoma subtypes was revealed. The most frequent aberrations included gain of dog chromosome (CFA) 13 and 17 and loss of CFA 22. Melanocytomas possessed fewer genome wide aberrations, yet showed a recurrent gain of CFA 20q15.3–17. A distinctive copy number profile, evident only in oral melanomas, displayed a sigmoidal pattern of copy number loss followed immediately by a gain, around CFA 30q14. Moreover, when assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), copy number aberrations of targeted genes, such as gain of c-MYC (80 % of cases) and loss of CDKN2A (68 % of cases), were observed. This study suggests that in concordance with what is known for human melanomas, canine melanomas of the oral mucosa and cutaneous epithelium are discrete and initiated by different molecular pathways. DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1007/s10577-014-9444-6 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 171-186 SN - 1573-6849 KW - Canine KW - Oral melanoma KW - Cytogenetics KW - Array KW - Comparative genomic hybridization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative Genomic Analysis Identifies Divergent Genomic Features of Pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum Including a Type IC CRISPR-Cas System, a Capsule Locus, an epa-Like Locus, and Putative Host Tissue Binding Proteins AU - Borst, Luke B. AU - Suyemoto, M. Mitsu AU - Scholl, Elizabeth H. AU - Fuller, Fredrick J. AU - Barnes, H. John T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Enterococcus cecorum (EC) is the dominant enteric commensal of adult chickens and contributes to the gut consortia of many avian and mammalian species. While EC infection is an uncommon zoonosis, like other enterococcal species it can cause life-threating nosocomial infection in people. In contrast to other enterococci which are considered opportunistic pathogens, emerging pathogenic strains of EC cause outbreaks of musculoskeletal disease in broiler chickens. Typical morbidity and mortality is comparable to other important infectious diseases of poultry. In molecular epidemiologic studies, pathogenic EC strains were found to be genetically clonal. These findings suggested acquisition of specific virulence determinants by pathogenic EC. To identify divergent genomic features and acquired virulence determinants in pathogenic EC; comparative genomic analysis was performed on genomes of 3 pathogenic and 3 commensal strains of EC. Pathogenic isolates had smaller genomes with a higher GC content, and they demonstrated large regions of synteny compared to commensal isolates. A molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrated sequence divergence in pathogenic EC genomes. At a threshold of 98% identity, 414 predicted proteins were identified that were highly conserved in pathogenic EC but not in commensal EC. Among these, divergent CRISPR-cas defense loci were observed. In commensal EC, the type IIA arrangement typical for enterococci was present; however, pathogenic EC had a type IC locus, which is novel in enterococci but commonly observed in streptococci. Potential mediators of virulence identified in this analysis included a polysaccharide capsular locus similar to that recently described for E. faecium, an epa-like locus, and cell wall associated proteins which may bind host extracellular matrix. This analysis identified specific genomic regions, coding sequences, and predicted proteins which may be related to the divergent evolution and increased virulence of emerging pathogenic strains of EC. DA - 2015/4/10/ PY - 2015/4/10/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0121294 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological behaviour of canine mandibular osteosarcoma. A retrospective study of 50 cases (1999-2007) AU - Coyle, V. J. AU - Rassnick, K. M. AU - Borst, L. B. AU - Rodriguez, C. O., Jr. AU - Northrup, N. C. AU - Fan, T. M. AU - Garrett, L. D. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the biological behaviour of canine mandibular osteosarcoma ( OSA ) and to examine factors for their impact on metastasis‐free interval ( MFI ) and survival time ( ST ). Records from dogs treated with mandibulectomy for OSA (1999–2007) were reviewed. Archived tumour samples were evaluated for mitotic index ( MI ) and tumour grade. Fifty dogs were included, 21 received chemotherapy. Twenty‐nine dogs (58%) developed metastatic disease. The median MFI was 627 days, and median ST was 525 days. In univariate analysis MI > 40 was prognostic for decreased MFI and ST . Grade also influenced MFI and ST , with 5/21 (24%) dogs with grade II / III tumours metastasis‐free at one year versus 16/22 (72%) dogs with grade I tumours ( P = 0.002); and 5/21 (24%) dogs with grade II / III tumours alive versus 17/22 (77%) dogs with grade I tumours ( P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, histological grade and adjuvant chemotherapy were prognostic for MFI and ST . DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1111/vco.12020 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 89-97 SN - 1476-5829 KW - chemotherapy KW - grade KW - jaw KW - mitotic index KW - oral tumour ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thiamine-responsive neurological disorder of swine AU - Hough, S. D. AU - Jennings, S. H. AU - Almond, G. W. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 143-151 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of diurnal temperature variation on degree-day accumulation and insect life history AU - Chen, S. AU - Fleischer, S. J. AU - Saunders, M. C. AU - Thomas, M. B. T2 - PLoS One DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 10 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of High-Resolution Animal Networks: What Can We Learn from Domestic Animals? AU - Chen, Shi AU - Ilany, Amiyaal AU - White, Brad J. AU - Sanderson, Michael W. AU - Lanzas, Cristina T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Animal social network is the key to understand many ecological and epidemiological processes. We used real-time location system (RTLS) to accurately track cattle position, analyze their proximity networks, and tested the hypothesis of temporal stationarity and spatial homogeneity in these networks during different daily time periods and in different areas of the pen. The network structure was analyzed using global network characteristics (network density), subgroup clustering (modularity), triadic property (transitivity), and dyadic interactions (correlation coefficient from a quadratic assignment procedure) at hourly level. We demonstrated substantial spatial-temporal heterogeneity in these networks and potential link between indirect animal-environment contact and direct animal-animal contact. But such heterogeneity diminished if data were collected at lower spatial (aggregated at entire pen level) or temporal (aggregated at daily level) resolution. The network structure (described by the characteristics such as density, modularity, transitivity, etc.) also changed substantially at different time and locations. There were certain time (feeding) and location (hay) that the proximity network structures were more consistent based on the dyadic interaction analysis. These results reveal new insights for animal network structure and spatial-temporal dynamics, provide more accurate descriptions of animal social networks, and allow more accurate modeling of multiple (both direct and indirect) disease transmission pathways. DA - 2015/6/24/ PY - 2015/6/24/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0129253 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84939158760&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recovery of normal esophageal function in a kitten with diffuse megaesophagus and an occult lower esophageal stricture AU - Schneider, Jaycie AU - Ames, Marisa AU - DiCicco, Michael AU - Savage, Mason AU - Atkins, Clarke AU - Wood, Michael AU - Gookin, Jody L. T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - An 8-week-old male domestic shorthair was presented to the Internal Medicine Service at North Carolina State University for regurgitation. Radiographic diagnosis of generalized esophageal dilation and failure of esophageal peristalsis were compatible with diagnosis of congenital megaesophagus. Endoscopic examination of the esophagus revealed a fibrous stricture just orad to the lower esophageal sphincter. Conservative management to increase the body condition and size of the kitten consisted of feeding through a gastrostomy tube, during which time the esophagus regained normal peristaltic function, the stricture orifice widened in size and successful balloon dilatation of the stricture was performed. Esophageal endoscopy should be considered to rule out a stricture near the lower esophageal sphincter in kittens with radiographic findings suggestive of congenital megaesophagus. Management of such kittens by means of gastrostomy tube feeding may be associated with a return of normal esophageal motility and widening of the esophageal stricture, and facilitate subsequent success of interventional dilation of the esophageal stricture. DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1177/1098612x14542451 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 557-561 SN - 1532-2750 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of KRAS(G12V) in Zebrafish Gills Induces Hyperplasia and CXCL8-Associated Inflammation AU - Shive, Heather R. AU - West, Robert R. AU - Embree, Lisa J. AU - Sexton, Jamie M. AU - Hickstein, Dennis D. T2 - ZEBRAFISH AB - The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an important animal model for analyzing genetic contributors to carcinogenesis. To assess the role for mutationally activated Ras in ovarian cancer, we developed a transgenic zebrafish model using the putative promoter for zebrafish insulin-like growth factor 3 (igf3) to drive expression of the human oncogene KRAS(G12V) fused to EGFP. A member of the IGF family, igf3 is unique to teleosts and reportedly exhibits gonad-specific expression in fish species. In contrast to previous studies, we observed igf3 expression in wild-type zebrafish gills in addition to gonads, indicating that igf3 expression is not necessarily gonad specific. In transgenic zebrafish, expression of EGFP-KRAS(G12V) driven by the igf3 promoter occurred only in the gills and resulted in proliferation of a putative progenitor cell population, chondroid hyperplasia, and localized inflammation. KRAS(G12V)-transformed cells in transgenic zebrafish showed activation of the ERK-MAP kinase pathway and expressed the zebrafish homologue for human CXCL8, a cytokine produced by mammalian Ras-transformed cells in tumor-associated inflammatory lesions. These findings indicate that KRAS(G12V)-transformed cells in zebrafish recruit inflammatory cells, but may require additional mutational events for neoplastic transformation. The conserved role for mutationally activated KRAS in leukocyte recruitment indicates that zebrafish can provide a valuable comparative model for Ras-associated inflammation. DA - 2015/6/1/ PY - 2015/6/1/ DO - 10.1089/zeb.2014.1038 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 221-229 SN - 1557-8542 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Excretory, Secretory, and Tissue Residues after Label and Extra-label Administration of Flunixin Meglumine to Saline- or Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Dairy Cows AU - Smith, David J. AU - Shelver, Weilin L. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Tell, Lisa AU - Gehring, Ronette AU - Li, Mengjie AU - Dutko, Terry AU - Schroeder, J. W. AU - Herges, Grant AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry AB - Twenty lactating dairy cattle were intravenously infused with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 10) or sterile saline (n = 10). Five cattle in each group received three doses of flunixin meglumine administered by either intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection at 24 h intervals. Milk, urine, and tissues were collected. Thirty-six hours after the last flunixin administration, milk from six cows contained 5-hydroxyflunixin (5OHF) levels greater than the milk tolerance of 2 ng/mL; by 48 h, milk from two cows, a saline and a LPS-treated animal, had violative milk concentrations of 5OHF. A single animal treated with LPS and intramuscular flunixin contained violative flunixin residues in liver. The ratio of urinary flunixin/5OHF was correlated (P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.946) with liver flunixin residues in LPS-treated animals, but not (P = 0.96; R(2) = 0.003) in cows treated with saline in lieu of LPS. Violative residues of flunixin in dairy cattle may be related to LPS inhibition of flunixin metabolism. DA - 2015/5/7/ PY - 2015/5/7/ DO - 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01509 VL - 63 IS - 19 SP - 4893-4901 J2 - J. Agric. Food Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8561 1520-5118 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01509 DB - Crossref KW - dairy KW - extra-label KW - flunixin KW - holstein KW - liver KW - metabolite ratio KW - milk KW - residue ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine on canine primary hepatocytes AU - LaDuke, Kathleen E. AU - Ehling, Sarah AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Baeumer, Wolfgang T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To investigate the cytotoxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine on canine hepatocytes.Commercially available cryopreserved canine primary hepatocytes.The study consisted of 2 trials. In trial 1, hepatocytes were incubated with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine at 1 of 6 concentrations (0.468, 0.937, 1.875, 3.750, 7.500, or 15.000 μmol/L) for 24, 48, or 72 hours. At each time, cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined for each thiopurine-concentration combination, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was determined for cells incubated with each thiopurine at a concentration of 15 μmol/L. In trial 2, hepatocytes were incubated with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine at 1 of 3 concentrations (18.75, 37.50, or 75.00 μmol/L) for 24 hours, after which the free glutathione concentration was determined for each thiopurine-concentration combination and compared with that for hepatocytes incubated without a thiopurine (control).Incubation of hepatocytes with each of the 3 thiopurines adversely affected cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; however, this decrease in cell viability was not accompanied by a concurrent increase in LDH or ALT activity. Likewise, free glutathione concentration for hepatocytes incubated for 24 hours with supratherapeutic thiopurine concentrations (> 18.75 μmol/L) did not differ significantly from that of control cells.Results indicated that thiopurines adversely affected the viability of canine hepatocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner but had a nonsignificant effect on the LDH and ALT activities and free glutathione depletion of those hepatocytes. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.76.7.649 VL - 76 IS - 7 SP - 649-655 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early-life dietary spray-dried plasma influences immunological and intestinal injury responses to later-life Salmonella typhimurium challenge AU - Boyer, P. E. AU - S. D'Costa, AU - Edwards, L. L. AU - Milloway, M. AU - Susick, E. AU - Borst, L. B. AU - Thakur, S. AU - Campbell, J. M. AU - Crenshaw, J. D. AU - Polo, J. AU - Moeser, A. J. T2 - BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Increasing evidence supports the concept that early-life environmental influences, including nutrition and stress, have an impact on long-term health outcomes and disease susceptibility. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP), fed during the first 2 weeks post-weaning (PW), influences subsequent immunological and intestinal injury responses to Salmonella typhimurium challenge. A total of thirty-two piglets (age 16-17 d) were weaned onto nursery diets containing 0, 2·5 % SDP (fed for 7 d PW) or 5 % SDP (fed for 14 d PW), and were then fed control diets (without SDP), for the remainder of the experiment. At 34 d PW (age 50 d), pigs were challenged with 3 × 10⁹ colony-forming units of S. typhimurium. A control group (non-challenged) that was fed 0 % SDP in the nursery was included. At 2 d post-challenge, the distal ileum was harvested for the measurement of inflammatory, histological and intestinal physiological parameters. S. typhimurium challenge induced elevated ileal histological scores, myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-8 and TNF, and increased intestinal permeability (indicated by reduced transepithelial voltage (potential difference) and elevated 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) flux rates). Compared with S. typhimurium-challenged controls (0 % SDP), pigs fed the 5 % SDP-14 d diet exhibited reduced ileal histological scores, MPO levels, IL-8 levels and FD4 flux rates. Pigs fed the 5 % SDP-14 d nursery diet exhibited increased levels of plasma and ileal TNF-α in response to the challenge, compared with the other treatments. These results indicate that inclusion of SDP in PW diets can have an influence on subsequent immunological and intestinal injury responses induced by later-life S. typhimurium challenge. DA - 2015/3/14/ PY - 2015/3/14/ DO - 10.1017/s000711451400422x VL - 113 IS - 5 SP - 783-793 SN - 1475-2662 KW - Spray-dried plasma KW - Early-life nutrition KW - Salmonella typhimurium KW - Intestinal inflammation KW - Mucosal immunity KW - Intestinal permeability KW - Weaning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visualizing the indefinable: Three-dimensional complexity of 'infectious diseases' AU - Leitner, G. AU - Blum, S. E. AU - Rivas, A. L. T2 - PLoS One DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 10 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maternal serum progesterone concentration and early conceptus development of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Barnwell, C. V. AU - Farin, P. W. AU - Whisnant, C. S. AU - Alexander, J. E. AU - Farin, C. E. T2 - DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - The hormone progesterone is essential for proper embryonic development. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between recipient serum concentrations of progesterone, at the time of embryo transfer and at conceptus recovery, on conceptus development from in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos. Embryos were produced in vivo by superovulation of Holstein cows (IVO; n = 17) or in vitro with either serum-containing (IVPS; n = 27) or serum-restricted medium (IVPSR; n = 34). Single grade I blastocysts from each embryo production system were transferred into heifers on day 7 of development. Conceptuses were recovered on day 17 of gestation and classified as complete, degenerated, or no conceptus. Compared with the IVO group, in vitro-produced embryos had more (P = 0.055) degenerated conceptuses (IVO, 0%; IVPS, 18.5%; and IVPSR, 20.6%). There were no differences in progesterone concentrations at the time of transfer when recipients received either male or female embryos (P > 0.05). Progesterone concentrations in recipients receiving in vivo-produced embryos were higher (P < 0.05; 3.74 ± 0.4 ng/mL; least-squares mean ± standard error of the mean) on day 7 compared with those receiving in vitro-produced embryos (IVPS, 2.4 ± 0.2; IVPSR, 2.58 ± 0.3 ng/mL). However, there was no difference in progesterone concentration on day 7 between treatment groups for heifers from which short conceptuses (≤194 mm) were recovered on day 17. In contrast, when longer (>194 mm) conceptuses were recovered on day 17, heifers receiving in vitro-produced embryos had lower (P = 0.05) serum concentrations of progesterone on day 7 compared with those receiving in vivo-produced embryos (IVPS, 2.2 ± 0.5; IVPSR, 2.3 ± 0.5; IVO, 3.9 ± 0.5 ng/mL). In conclusion, differences in autonomy may exist between in vitro- and in vivo-produced embryos during the period of conceptus elongation with in vitro-produced embryos relying more on intrinsic factors to influence elongation. DA - 2015/7// PY - 2015/7// DO - 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.03.004 VL - 52 SP - 75-81 SN - 1879-0054 KW - Cattle KW - Embryo KW - Conceptus KW - Progesterone KW - In vitro production KW - Embryo transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Librarian readiness for research partnerships AU - Mazure, Emily S. AU - Alpi, Kristine M. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AB - This study investigated health sciences librarians' knowledge and skill-based readiness to partner on sponsored research involving human participants. The authors developed and deployed, at two time points, a web-based survey on nine indicators of research activities with response choices reflecting the transtheoretical model of stages of behavior change. Librarians with research experience or membership in the Medical Library Association Research Section reported higher levels of having completed indicators. Our results suggest that creating awareness in precontemplation responders could encourage skill development. Mentoring and continuing education could support librarians who are contemplating or preparing to perform indicator activities. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.3163/1536-5050.103.2.007 VL - 103 IS - 2 SP - 91-95 SN - 1536-5050 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Generalized Canine Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Responsive to Tetracycline and Niacinamide Therapy AU - Rossi, Michael A. AU - Messenger, Linda M. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a commonly reported canine autoimmune disease that normally presents with a phenotype consisting of erythema, depigmentation, scaling, erosions/ulcers, and scarring over the nasal planum and the proximal dorsal muzzle. Recently, two cases of a generalized variant of this disease have been reported, whose lesions responded to either systemic glucocorticoids or a combination of topical corticosteroids, topical tacrolimus, and the oral antimalarial hydroxychloroquine. The purpose of this report is to describe an 11 yr old shih tzu that presented with skin lesions consisting of multiple annular, erythematous papules and plaques, hyperpigmentation, adherent scaling, and atrophic scars over the caudal dorsum, flanks, craniodorsal thorax, and lateroproximal extremities. A diagnosis of generalized DLE was made based on the clinical presentation, histopathology, laboratory values, and direct immunofluorescence findings. Treatment consisted of oral tetracycline and oral niacinamide, which resulted in complete remission of clinical signs. This is the first documented report of generalized canine DLE responding to the described immunomodulating regimen. Such a combination might therefore be considered as a glucocorticoid and/or antimalarial alternative for the management of generalized DLE. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6116 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 171-175 SN - 1547-3317 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the Protection Efficacy of a Serotype 1 Marek's Disease Virus-Vectored Bivalent Vaccine Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Marek's Disease AU - Gimeno, Isabel M. AU - Cortes, Aneg L. AU - Faiz, Nik M. AU - Hernandez-Ortiz, Byron A. AU - Guy, James S. AU - Hunt, Henry D. AU - Silva, Robert F. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Laryngotracheitis (LT) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens that produces significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Traditionally, LT has been controlled by administration of modified live vaccines. In recent years, the use of recombinant DNA-derived vaccines using turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and fowlpox virus has expanded, as they protect not only against the vector used but also against LT. However, HVT-based vaccines confer limited protection against challenge, with emergent very virulent plus Marek's disease virus (vv MDV). Serotype 1 vaccines have been proven to be the most efficient against vv MDV. In particular, deletion of oncogene MEQ from the oncogenic vvMDV strain Md5 (BACδMEQ) resulted in a very efficient vaccine against vv MDV. In this work, we have developed two recombinant vaccines against MD and LT by using BACδMEQ as a vector that carries either the LT virus (LTV) gene glycoprotein B (gB; BACΔMEQ-gB) or LTV gene glycoprotein J (gJ; BACδMEQ-gJ). We have evaluated the protection that these recombinant vaccines confer against MD and LT challenge when administered alone or in combination. Our results demonstrated that both bivalent vaccines (BACΔMEQ-gB and BACδMEQ-gJ) replicated in chickens and were safe to use in commercial meat-type chickens bearing maternal antibodies against MDV. BACΔMEQ-gB protected as well as a commercial recombinant (r)HVT-LT vaccine against challenge with LTV. However, BACδMEQ-gJ did not protect adequately against LT challenge or increase protection conferred by BACΔMEQ-gB when administered in combination. On the other hand, both BACΔMEQ-gB and BACδMEQ-gJ, administered alone or in combination, protected better against an early challenge with vv MDV strain 648A than commercial strains of rHVT-LT or CVI988. Our results open a new avenue in the development of recombinant vaccines by using serotype 1 MDV as vectors. DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1637/10966-103014-reg VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 255-262 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10966-103014-reg DB - Crossref KW - Marek's disease KW - laryngotracheitis KW - poultry KW - avian KW - vaccine KW - control KW - herpesvirus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bilateral Malignant Seminomas in Two Unrelated, Aged Trumpeter Hornbills (Bycanistes buccinator) AU - Wernick, Morena B. AU - Tobias, Jeremy R. AU - Moeller, Robert B. AU - Barnes, John AU - Palmieri, Chiara AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - Seminomas occur infrequently in birds. Two cases of bilateral malignant seminomas in unrelated trumpeter hornbills (Bycanistes buccinator) are described. Case 1 was a 22-year-old trumpeter hornbill submitted for necropsy because of sudden death at a zoo in California. Postmortem examination revealed multiple masses within the body cavity, 2 of which replaced both testes. Case 2 was a 19-year-old trumpeter hornbill at a zoo in North Carolina that underwent exploratory surgery for a suspected gastrointestinal obstruction. Both testes were diffusely enlarged, compressing and replacing the adjacent kidneys. In both birds, the masses were composed of discrete, round to polyhedral cells, typical of seminomas. Examination of the ancestry of the hornbills showed they were unrelated to each other, suggesting a potential predisposition for these birds to develop seminomas. DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1647/2014-022 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 125-129 SN - 1938-2871 KW - seminoma KW - metastasis KW - testes KW - avian KW - trumpeter hornbill KW - Bycanistes buccinator ER - TY - JOUR TI - BRAF Mutations in Canine Cancers AU - Mochizuki, Hiroyuki AU - Kennedy, Katherine AU - Shapiro, Susan G. AU - Breen, Matthew T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Activating mutations of the BRAF gene lead to constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. Although many human cancers carry the mutated BRAF gene, this mutation has not yet been characterized in canine cancers. As human and canine cancers share molecular abnormalities, we hypothesized that BRAF gene mutations also exist in canine cancers. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced the exon 15 of BRAF, mutation hot spot of the gene, in 667 canine primary tumors and 38 control tissues. Sequencing analysis revealed that a single nucleotide T to A transversion at nucleotide 1349 occurred in 64 primary tumors (9.6%), with particularly high frequency in prostatic carcinoma (20/25, 80%) and urothelial carcinoma (30/45, 67%). This mutation results in the amino acid substitution of glutamic acid for valine at codon 450 (V450E) of canine BRAF, corresponding to the most common BRAF mutation in human cancer, V600E. The evolutional conservation of the BRAF V600E mutation highlights the importance of MAPK pathway activation in neoplasia and may offer opportunity for molecular diagnostics and targeted therapeutics for dogs bearing BRAF-mutated cancers. DA - 2015/6/8/ PY - 2015/6/8/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0129534 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000355955300139&KeyUID=WOS:000355955300139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and physiologic effects of alprazolam after a single oral dose in healthy mares AU - Wong, D. M. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Alcott, C. J. AU - Hepworth-Warren, K. L. AU - Galow-Kersh, N. L. AU - Rice, S. AU - Coetzee, J. F. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and physiologic effects of a single oral dose of alprazolam in horses. Seven adult female horses received an oral administration of alprazolam at a dosage of 0.04 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected at various time points and assayed for alprazolam and its metabolite, α ‐hydroxyalprazolam, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic disposition of alprazolam was analyzed by a one‐compartmental approach. Mean plasma pharmacokinetic parameters (±SD) following single‐dose administration of alprazolam were as follows: C max 14.76 ± 3.72 ng/mL and area under the curve (AUC 0–∞ ) 358.77 ± 76.26 ng·h/mL. Median (range) T max was 3 h (1–12 h). Alpha‐hydroxyalprazolam concentrations were detected in each horse, although concentrations were low (C max 1.36 ± 0.28 ng/mL). Repeat physical examinations and assessment of the degree of sedation and ataxia were performed every 12 h to evaluate for adverse effects. Oral alprazolam tablets were absorbed in adult horses and no clinically relevant adverse events were observed. Further evaluation of repeated dosing and safety of administration of alprazolam to horses is warranted. DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1111/jvp.12192 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 301-304 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three formulations of firocoxib in healthy horses AU - Holland, B. AU - Fogle, C. AU - Blikslager, A. T. AU - Curling, A. AU - Barlow, B. M. AU - Schirmer, J. AU - Davis, J. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The objectives of this study were to compare the pharmacokinetics and COX selectivity of three commercially available formulations of firocoxib in the horse. Six healthy adult horses were administered a single dose of 57 mg intravenous, oral paste or oral tablet firocoxib in a three‐way, randomized, crossover design. Blood was collected at predetermined times for PGE 2 and TXB 2 concentrations, as well as plasma drug concentrations. Similar to other reports, firocoxib exhibited a long elimination half‐life (31.07 ± 10.64 h), a large volume of distribution (1.81 ± 0.59L/kg), and a slow clearance (42.61 ± 11.28 mL/h/kg). Comparison of the oral formulations revealed a higher C max , shorter T max , and greater AUC for the paste compared to the tablet. Bioavailability was 112% and 88% for the paste and tablet, respectively. Maximum inhibition of PGE 2 was 83.76% for the I.V. formulation, 52.95% for the oral paste formulation, and 46.22% for the oral tablet formulation. Pharmacodynamic modeling suggests an IC 50 of approximately 27 ng/mL and an IC 80 of 108 ng/ mL for COX2 inhibition. Inhibition of TXB 2 production was not detected. This study indicates a lack of bioequivalence between the oral formulations of firocoxib when administered as a single dose to healthy horses. DA - 2015/6// PY - 2015/6// DO - 10.1111/jvp.12177 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 249-256 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Operative factors associated with short-term outcome in horses with large colon volvulus: 47 cases from 2006 to 2013 AU - Gonzalez, L. M. AU - Fogle, C. A. AU - Baker, W. T. AU - Hughes, F. E. AU - Law, J. M. AU - Motsinger-Reif, A. A. AU - Blikslager, A. T. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - There is an important need for objective parameters that accurately predict the outcome of horses with large colon volvulus.To evaluate the predictive value of a series of histomorphometric parameters on short-term outcome, as well as the impact of colonic resection on horses with large colon volvulus.Retrospective cohort study.Adult horses admitted to the Equine and Farm Animal Veterinary Center at North Carolina State University, Peterson and Smith and Chino Valley Equine Hospitals between 2006 and 2013 that underwent an exploratory coeliotomy, diagnosed with large colon volvulus of ≥360 degrees, where a pelvic flexure biopsy was obtained, and that recovered from general anaesthesia, were selected for inclusion in the study. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between signalment, histomorphometric measurements of interstitium-to-crypt ratio, degree of haemorrhage, percentage loss of luminal and glandular epithelium, as well as colonic resection with short-term outcome (discharge from the hospital).Pelvic flexure biopsies from 47 horses with large colon volvulus were evaluated. Factors that were significantly associated with short-term outcome on univariate logistic regression were Thoroughbred breed (P = 0.04), interstitium-to-crypt ratio >1 (P = 0.02) and haemorrhage score ≥3 (P = 0.005). Resection (P = 0.92) was not found to be associated significantly with short-term outcome. No combined factors increased the likelihood of death in forward stepwise logistic regression modelling. A digitally quantified measurement of haemorrhage area strengthened the association of haemorrhage with nonsurvival in cases of large colon volvulus.Histomorphometric measurements of interstitium-to-crypt ratio and degree of haemorrhage predict short-term outcome in cases of large colon volvulus. Resection was not associated with short-term outcome in horses selected for this study. Accurate quantification of mucosal haemorrhage at the time of surgery may improve veterinary surgeons' prognostic capabilities in horses with large colon volvulus. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1111/evj.12273 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 279-284 SN - 2042-3306 KW - horse KW - large colon volvulus KW - strangulation KW - pelvic flexure KW - surgery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonlesions, misdiagnoses, missed diagnoses, and other interpretive challenges in fish histopathology studies: A guide for investigators, authors, reviewers, and readers AU - Wolf, J. C. AU - Baumgartner, W. A. AU - Blazer, V. S. AU - Camus, A. C. AU - Engelhardt, J. A. AU - Fournie, J. W. AU - Frasca, S. AU - Groman, D. B. AU - Kent, M. L. AU - Khoo, L. H. AU - Law, J. M. AU - Lombardini, E. D. AU - Ruehl-Fehlert, C. AU - Segner, H. E. AU - Smith, S. A. AU - Spitsbergen, J. M. T2 - Toxicologic Pathology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 297-325 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Albert Isolates in the United States AU - Folster, Jason P. AU - Campbell, Davina AU - Grass, Julian AU - Brown, Allison C. AU - Bicknese, Amelia AU - Tolar, Beth AU - Joseph, Lavin A. AU - Plumblee, Jodie R. AU - Walker, Carrie AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Whichard, Jean M. T2 - ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY AB - ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States. Although most Salmonella infections are self-limiting, antimicrobial treatment of invasive salmonellosis is critical. The primary antimicrobial treatment options include fluoroquinolones or extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and resistance to these antimicrobial drugs may complicate treatment. At present, S. enterica is composed of more than 2,600 unique serotypes, which vary greatly in geographic prevalence, ecological niche, and the ability to cause human disease, and it is important to understand and mitigate the source of human infection, particularly when antimicrobial resistance is found. In this study, we identified and characterized 19 S. enterica serotype Albert isolates collected from food animals, retail meat, and humans in the United States during 2005 to 2013. All five isolates from nonhuman sources were obtained from turkeys or ground turkey, and epidemiologic data suggest poultry consumption or live-poultry exposure as the probable source of infection. S. enterica serotype Albert also appears to be geographically localized to the midwestern United States. All 19 isolates displayed multidrug resistance, including decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Turkeys are a likely source of multidrug-resistant S. enterica serotype Albert, and circulation of resistance plasmids, as opposed to the expansion of a single resistant strain, is playing a role. More work is needed to understand why these resistance plasmids spread and how their presence and the serotype they reside in contribute to human disease. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1128/aac.05183-14 VL - 59 IS - 5 SP - 2774-2779 SN - 1098-6596 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Concurrent Bartonella henselae infection in a dog with panniculitis and owner with ulcerated nodular skin lesions AU - Rossi, Michael A. AU - Balakrishnan, Nandhakumar AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Messa, Jacqueline B. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Background Bartonella henselae , a Gram‐negative, zoonotic Alphaproteobacteria that infects erythrocytes, endothelial cells and dendritic cells, has previously been implicated as a cause of panniculitis in dogs and a human. Animal and owner An 8‐year‐old, spayed female Labrador retriever and its 78‐year‐old male owner living in the same household. Methods and results When preliminary and advanced testing failed to identify the cause of near‐simultaneous‐onset dermatological lesions, Bartonella serology, Bartonella Alphaproteobacteria growth medium ( BAPGM ) enrichment blood culture/ PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to test specimens from the dog and owner. Bartonella henselae , genotype San Antonio 2 DNA was amplified and sequenced from the man's BAPGM enrichment blood culture and the dog's panniculitis lesion. The bacterium was visualized by immunohistochemistry in the dog's panniculitis lesion; however, neither the dog nor the owner was B. henselae seroreactive. Antibiotic therapy elicited dermatological improvement in both dog and owner. Conclusions and clinical importance Bartonella henselae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that induces granulomatous inflammatory lesions in various tissues of animals, including humans. We conclude that this bacterium had a contributory or causative role in the development of the dermatological lesions in the dog and owner. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1111/vde.12174 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 60-+ SN - 1365-3164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spironucleus meleagridis, an enteric diplomonad protozoan of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus): Preliminary molecular characterization and association with clinical disease AU - Levy, M. G. AU - Powers, L. V. AU - Gore, K. C. AU - Marr, H. S. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - A flagellated enteric diplomonad protozoan consistent with Spironucleus meleagridis (formerly Hexamita meleagridis) associated with gastrointestinal disease and mortality in psittacine birds including cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) has been sporadically described in the literature. However, molecular characterization of psittacine protozoal isolates had not yet been performed. The 16S rRNA gene from a protozoan persistently shed in the feces in a small group of cockatiels demonstrated a 98% molecular identity with S. meleagridis isolated from turkeys. Based on these sequence data, a diagnostic PCR assay was developed to detect the presence of S. meleagridis. Nineteen privately owned pet cockatiels from unrelated households were clinically evaluated. All birds microscopically positive for this organism were PCR positive, with several additional birds microscopically negative but PCR positive. Many of the birds identified as positive for S. meleagridis by fecal PCR had signs of gastrointestinal disease such as diarrhea, soft feces, and melena, whereas none of the birds that tested negative had gastrointestinal signs. Examination of feces from two unrelated cockatiel breeding facilities revealed 70% and 86% PCR positive rates. Prevalence of infection and incidence of clinical disease, including factors that lead to clinical manifestation such as viral, bacterial, or mycotic coinfections, are not yet known and warrant further study, but spironucleosis is likely an under-recognized disease in cockatiels. DA - 2015/3/15/ PY - 2015/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.028 VL - 208 IS - 3-4 SP - 169-173 SN - 1873-2550 KW - Spironucleus meleagridis KW - Hexamita meleag-ridis KW - Spironucleosis KW - Cockatiel KW - Nymphicus hollandicus KW - Protozoan ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence and relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in the feces and on the hides and carcasses of U.S. meat goats at slaughter (vol 79, pg 4154, 2013) AU - Jacob, M. E. AU - Foster, D. M. AU - Rogers, A. T. AU - Balcomb, C. C. AU - Sanderson, M. W. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 462-462 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin in healthy cows and cows with mastitis AU - Kissell, Lindsey W. AU - Leavens, Teresa L. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Smith, Geof W. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine whether pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin differed between healthy and mastitic cows.Prospective controlled clinical trial.20 lactating Holstein cows.Cows with mastitis and matched control cows received flunixin IV, ceftiofur IM, and cephapirin or ceftiofur, intramammary. Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours after flunixin administration. Composite milk samples were collected at 0, 2, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hours. Plasma and milk samples were analyzed by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.For flunixin in plasma samples, differences in area under the concentration-time curve and clearance were detected between groups. Differences in flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin concentrations in milk were detected at various time points. At 36 hours after flunixin administration (milk withdrawal time), 8 cows with mastitis had 5-hydroxy flunixin concentrations higher than the tolerance limit (ie, residues). Flunixin residues persisted in milk up to 60 hours after administration in 3 of 10 mastitic cows.Pharmacokinetics and elimination of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin in milk differed between mastitic and healthy cows, resulting in violative residues. This may partially explain the high number of flunixin residues reported in beef and dairy cattle. This study also raised questions as to whether healthy animals should be used when determining withdrawal times for meat and milk. DA - 2015/1/1/ PY - 2015/1/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.246.1.118 VL - 246 IS - 1 SP - 118-125 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants and genetic profiles of clinical and nonclinical Enterococcus cecorum from poultry AU - Jackson, C. R. AU - Kariyawasam, S. AU - Borst, Luke AU - Frye, J. G. AU - Barrett, J. B. AU - Hiott, L. M. AU - Woodley, T. A. T2 - Letters in Applied Microbiology AB - Enterococcus cecorum has been implicated as a possible cause of disease in poultry. However, the characteristics that contribute to pathogenesis of Ent. cecorum in poultry have not been defined. In this study, Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates (n = 75) and diseased broilers and broiler breeders (n = 30) were compared based upon antimicrobial resistance phenotype, the presence of virulence determinants and genetic relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Of the 16 antimicrobials tested, Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates and clinical cases were resistant to ten and six of the antimicrobials, respectively. The majority of Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates was resistant to lincomycin (54/75; 72%) and tetracycline (46/75; 61·3%) while the highest level of resistance among clinical Ent. cecorum was to tetracycline (22/30; 73·3%) and erythromycin (11/30; 36·7%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥2 antimicrobials) was identified in Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates (53/75; 70·7%) and diseased poultry (18/30; 60%). Of the virulence determinants tested, efaAfm was present in almost all of the isolates (104/105; 99%). Using PFGE, the majority of clinical isolates clustered together; however, a few clinical isolates grouped with Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates. These data suggest that distinguishing the two groups of isolates is difficult based upon the characterization criteria used. Significance and Impact of the Study In this study, antimicrobial resistance phenotype, virulence gene profile and genetic relatedness of Enterococcus cecorum isolated from diseased broiler chickens and poultry carcass rinsates were determined. The majority of isolates from both groups were multidrug resistant and harboured few virulence determinants. Results from this study suggest that clinical Ent. cecorum and Ent. cecorum from poultry carcass rinsates may share a common genetic background; clinical Ent. cecorum possess virulence determinants that have not been previously described for this species. Elucidation of those unknown virulence determinants is important for understanding the pathogenesis of Ent. cecorum infections in poultry. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1111/lam.12374 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 111–119 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial Decision Making for Enteric Diseases of Cattle AU - Smith, Geof T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Diarrhea in neonatal and adult cattle is common and can be caused by several etiologic agents. As diagnostic testing is not always readily available, practitioners must often decide on a course of treatment based on knowledge of the likely pathogen and their own clinical experience. Antimicrobials have long been used to treat diarrhea in adults and neonates; however, there is increased pressure to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics in food animal species. This article reviews existing data on the use of antibiotics given to cattle with enteric diseases to decide when they are necessary and which antimicrobials should be used. DA - 2015/3// PY - 2015/3// DO - 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.11.004 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 47-+ SN - 1558-4240 KW - Antimicrobials KW - Calf diarrhea KW - Diarrhea KW - Pharmacology KW - Salmonella ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of Parabodo caudatus (class Kinetoplastea) in urine voided from a dog with hematuria AU - Vandersea, Mark W. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Litaker, R. Wayne AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Renschler, Janelle S. AU - Gookin, Jody L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - A voided urine sample, obtained from a 13-year-old intact male dog residing in a laboratory animal research facility, was observed to contain biflagellate protozoa 5 days following an episode of gross hematuria. The protozoa were identified as belonging to the class Kinetoplastea on the basis of light microscopic observation of Wright-Giemsa-stained urine sediment in which the kinetoplast was observed basal to 2 anterior flagella. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers corresponding with conserved regions within the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of representative kinetoplastid species identified nucleotide sequences with 100% identity to Parabodo caudatus. Parabodo caudatus organisms were unable to be demonstrated cytologically or by means of PCR in samples collected from the dog's environment. The dog had a history of 50 complete urinalyses performed over the 12-year period preceding detection of P. caudatus, and none of these were noted to contain protozoa. Moreover, the gross hematuria that was documented 5 days prior to detection of P. caudatus had never before been observed in this dog. Over the ensuing 2.5 years of the dog's life, 16 additional complete urinalyses were performed, none of which revealed the presence of protozoa. Bodonids are commonly found in soil as well as in freshwater and marine environments. However, P. caudatus, in particular, has a 150-year-long, interesting, and largely unresolved history in people as either an inhabitant or contaminant of urine. This historical conundrum is revisited in the current description of P. caudatus as recovered from the urine of a dog. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1177/1040638714562827 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 117-120 SN - 1943-4936 KW - Bodo urinarius KW - canine KW - flagellate KW - Parabodo caudatus KW - protozoa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative Pathology of Canine Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Possible Models of Human Non-rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas AU - Milovancev, M. AU - Hauck, M. AU - Keller, C. AU - Stranahan, L. W. AU - Mansoor, A. AU - Malarkey, D. E. T2 - JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AB - Comparative analyses of canine and human soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are lacking. This study compared the histological and immunohistochemical (labelling for desmin, smooth muscle actin [SMA], CD31, pancytokeratin, S100 and CD34) appearance of 32 archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded canine STS tumour specimens by board-certified veterinary and medical pathologists, both blinded to the other's interpretations. Comparison between the veterinary and human diagnoses revealed a generally consistent pattern of interpretation with few notable variations. Most tumours (13/32) were judged to display similar histomorphological appearance to human low-grade spindle cell sarcomas, appearing non-distinctive and morphologically of a fibroblastic/myofibroblastic type. Five canine cases resembled human liposarcoma, but with atypical desmin-positive epithelioid cells present. Five canine cases resembled human spindle cell sarcoma with myxoid features and two additional cases resembled human myxofibrosarcoma. Seven canine cases were noted to resemble human undifferentiated sarcoma. Findings in the present study demonstrate that canine STSs display histological and immunohistochemical features similar to their human equivalents. Because of these cross-species similarities, a particular opportunity exists to understand the biology and treatment of human STS by potentially including dogs as clinical models. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.09.005 VL - 152 IS - 1 SP - 22-27 SN - 1532-3129 KW - comparative pathology KW - dog KW - man KW - soft tissue sarcoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Alprazolam to Facilitate Mare-Foal Bonding in an Aggressive Postparturient Mare AU - Wong, D. M. AU - Alcott, C. J. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Hepworth, K. L. AU - Wulf, L. AU - Coetzee, J. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A healthy 11-year old, 577 kg maiden Quarter Horse mare was examined at the Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center with a 4-day old colt because the mare would bite or kick the foal when the foal attempted to suckle. The owner bottle fed the foal small amounts of mare's milk over the first 4 days of life, but the foal became progressively weaker over time and was recumbent and nonresponsive at presentation. Furthermore, although gestational length and parturition were reportedly normal, the mare had apparently not been producing adequate amounts of milk since the foal was born. Upon presentation (Day 1), the foal weighed 36.8 kg and was severely dehydrated, undernourished, unresponsive, hypothermic (32.2°C; reference range [RR], 37.2–38.6°C), bradycardic (40 beats/min; RR, 96–108 beats/min), hypoglycemic (28 mg/dL; RR, 101–226 mg/dL), hyperlactatemic (4.2 mmol/L; RR, <2.5 mmol/L), and had a low serum immunoglobulin G (IgG: 400–800 mg/dL1 ; RR, >800 mg/dL). A CBC revealed leucopenia (3.41 × 103/μL; RR, 5.1–10.1 × 103/μL) characterized by neutropenia (2.15 × 103/μL; RR, 3.21–8.58 × 103/μL) and relevant serum biochemistry derangements included hypoproteinemia (3.5 g/dL; RR, 5.3–7.9 g/dL), hypoalbuminemia (1.9 g/dL; RR, 2.8–3.7 g/dL), and hyperbilirubinemia (4.61 mg/dL; RR, 0.5–3.9 mg/dL). The foal was treated for failure of transfer of passive immunity and polymicrobial sepsis confirmed via blood culture yielding E. coli and Citrobacter sp. Treatment included administration of 2 L of equine plasma, which increased the serum IgG to >800 mg/dL, fluid resuscitation and treatment, antimicrobial treatment consisting of ceftiofur (Naxel2 ) (5 mg/kg IV q12h) and gentamicin3 (10 mg/kg IV q24h) for 10 days followed by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim4 (30 mg/kg PO q12h) for 7 days, nasoesophageal tube feedings and supportive and nursing care. The mare was treated with domperidone5 (1.1 mg/kg PO q24h) to increase milk production. The foal was able to ambulate by Day 4 and by Day 6, was bright and alert and attempted to suckle from the mare frequently. However, the mare consistently demonstrated aggressive behavior toward the foal; therefore the mare's head was tied in a stationary position and periodic sedation (detomidine, Dormosedan,2 0.011 mg/kg IM q6h) was administered while the hindlimbs were hobbled to allow the foal to suckle under strict supervision. Although the foal was able to suckle voluntarily, the mare continued to display violent behavior and attempted to bite and kick the foal, but was constrained by the applied restraints. In an attempt to facilitate mare-foal bonding and provide a means for the foal to suckle unsupervised without maternal sedation or restraint, the mare was administered alprazolam6 (0.035 mg/kg PO q8h) on Day 7. On Day 8, 24 hours after the initial dose of alprazolam, the mare had a quieter demeanor and demonstrated less aggression toward the foal. The next day (Day 9) the mare was not aggressive toward the foal and allowed the foal to suckle regularly. Over the next 2 days, the mare was untied, the hobbles were removed and the foal was allowed to suckle without incident. On Day 11, the mare's physical examination was within acceptable parameters, but the mare appeared mildly sedate; therefore the frequency of alprazolam administration was decreased to twice daily (0.035 mg/kg PO q12h). On Day 14, the foal weighed 44 kg and was suckling regularly without threat from the mare. The mare and foal were subsequently discharged with instructions to administer alprazolam (0.035 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 days, then 0.018 mg/kg PO q12h for 5 days). One week after discharge the owner reported that the mare demonstrated no aggression toward the foal when suckling, and 6 months after presentation the mare and foal were reportedly healthy. Serum alprazolam concentrations from blood samples collected from the mare were subsequently measured at various time points. Specifically, after owner permission was obtained on Day 7 of hospitalization, 12 mL of blood was collected from the mare, just before the first dose of alprazolam administration (Time 0) and at Times 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes as well as at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after the first alprazolam dose and placed in clot tubes; serum was then harvested and frozen at −80°C until further analysis. Alprazolam and its active metabolite, α-hydroxyalprazolam, concentrations in extracted serum samples were measured via liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. Four daughter ions of the parent pseudomolecular ions at a mass-to-charge ratio of 310.2 and 326.2, respectively, were used for quantification. Hydroxyalprazolam-D5 was used as an internal standard. Separation was achieved on a core-shell C18 column7 and guard column with a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile each containing 0.1% formic acid. Retention times were 5.2 minutes for alprazolam and 4.8 minutes for α-hydroxyalprazolam. Using this method, standard curves were linear from 0.2 to 50 ng/mL for both compounds, with a coefficient of determination of >0.99 and a coefficient of variation of 2.25% for alprazolam and 2.41% for α-hydroxyalprazolam. After oral administration, alprazolam was quantifiable in plasma by 10 minutes, and α-hydroxyalprazolam by 30 minutes (Fig 1). The maximum concentrations for alprazolam (16.35 ng/mL) and α-hydroxyalprazolam (1.39 ng/mL) were reached at 4 and 6 hours, respectively. Multiple dose administration every 8 hours led to apparent accumulation of drug at the 24, 36, and 48 hour time points (Fig 1). Normal mare-foal behavior and bonding has been previously described in detail.1-4 Difficulties with mare-foal bonding are relatively rare, and with the exception of a severely physically compromised foal, most problems that occur result from inadequate or abnormal maternal behavior.1 Some aspects of postparturient behavior can appear to be antagonistic or aggressive toward the foal, but can in reality be normal maternal behavior. For example, it is not uncommon for a mare to demonstrate disapproving behavior such as threats to bite or kick or swishing of the tail toward the foal during bumping of the udder and suckling.2 This must be differentiated from inadequate or abnormal maternal behavior, which can be observed in primiparous or multiparous mares, but is more common in the former situation.1, 4 These behavioral abnormalities have been divided into distinct forms: ambivalence, fear of foal, nursing avoidance, extreme protective, and savage attack behavior.1-4 Ambivalence behavior of the mare toward the foal is characterized by lack of attention, bonding and protective behavior whereas fear of the foal behavior is typified by maternal avoidance of the foal whenever the foal approaches.1, 5 Nursing avoidance behavior implies aggressive behavior of the mare toward the foal only during suckling.1, 5 Extreme protective behavior is observed when maternal aggression is directed at humans or other animals and in the process the foal is injured (ie, mare tramples or pushes the foal into an obstacle when trying to intervene between the foal and the perceived threat).1 Finally, savage attack behavior of the mare against the foal is the most violent and severe abnormal behavior and can be life-threatening to the foal.1 Maternal behavior in the mare in this report can be described as a combination of ambivalence and nursing avoidance. In the case described here, the nursing avoidance behavior was aggressive enough toward the foal that the foal could not be left unattended with the dam. When common methods of correcting nursing avoidance (ie, supervised nursing with physical restraint of the mare, repeated sedation) were unsuccessful, alprazolam was administered and facilitated the development of appropriate mare-foal behavior over a 2–3 day time period in this case. Alprazolam is a short-acting anxiolytic of the benzodiazepine class of psychoactive medications and is prescribed to treat anxiety and panic disorders in people as well as dogs and cats.6-8 The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but similar to other benzodiazepines, alprazolam readily crosses the blood brain barrier and interacts with inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors that are directly activated by gamma-amino-butyric acid receptors (GABAA) within the central nervous system (CNS). The net result is general slowing of brain activity producing dose-related CNS depression that can vary from mild cognitive impairment (ie, sedation) to hypnosis.6 In people, alprazolam has a fast onset of action and is readily absorbed after oral administration with plasma concentrations and clinical benefits achieved within the first 1–2 hours of administration.6 The dosage for alprazolam administration in people ranges from 0.25 to 0.5 mg, PO, q8h for anxiety disorders and up to 10 mg daily for panic disorders. A single 1 mg dose of alprazolam in people resulted in a maximum serum concentration (Cmax) between 12 and 22 ng/mL 1–2 hours after administration.6 Similarly, serum alprazolam concentrations were detected in the mare described in this report and reached measurable and comparable plasma concentrations to those in people within 1 hour of administration (serum concentration at 1 hour – 14.1 ng/mL; Cmax of 16.35 ng/mL at 4 hours). In human medicine, optimal reduction in anxiety associated with panic disorder occurs at steady-state plasma alprazolam concentrations of 20–40 μg/mL.9 After a multiple dose regimen every 8 hours, trough concentrations of alprazolam in the mare of this report were within this target range for the third and sixth dose. Although an exact therapeutic dosage has not been established in horses, the 20 mg (0.035 mg/kg) dose administered to the mare in this report resulted in notable behavioral changes within 24 hours of commencement of alprazolam administration. This coincides with plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range for humans. Adverse effects of alprazolam administration in people include drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, ataxia, and sedation; however, the medication has a wide safety margin evidenced by the very high median lethal dose of alprazolam that will kill 50% of rats (LD50, 331–2171 mg/kg).6, 10 After accidental ingestion of alprazolam in dogs at doses as high as 5.55 mg/kg, clinical signs were similar to those reported in people and included ataxia and disorientation, depression, hyperactivity, gastrointestinal distress, weakness, tremors, vocalization, increased heart and respiratory rate, hypothermia, and increased salivation developing within 10–30 minutes postingestion.11 Despite the high doses ingested, death was not reported in any of those dogs, emphasizing the safety of this drug. Mild sedation was noted 96 hours after the initial oral administration in this mare at which point the frequency of administration was decreased to twice daily. Alprazolam can increase the risk of congenital abnormalities in women when used during the first trimester, thus caution should be used in pregnant mares.12 Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam in breast milk is similar to that in blood of lactating women, suggesting that the medication readily passes into the milk.6 Alprazolam concentrations were not determined from milk samples from the mare, or serum samples from the foal in this report, however, it is likely that drug was present in the mare's milk and therefore could have been absorbed to some extent by the foal. Although no sedation or other behavioral abnormalities were noted in the foal here, it is advisable to use the lowest dosage of alprazolam necessary to achieve the desired maternal behavioral changes, and the duration of administration should be as brief as possible. Preferably, discontinuation of daily alprazolam administration in people involves tapering the dose gradually to zero over several weeks to reduce rebound clinical signs. In the mare in this report, the dose was tapered over a short period of time (days) with no perceived untoward effects. In summary, administration of alprazolam at a dose of 0.035 mg/kg, PO, q8–12 h was an affordable (<$0.50/dose) method to facilitate healthy mare-foal bonding and behavior in an aggressive mare and ultimately allowed the foal to nurse from the mare while reducing the risk of maternally induced injury to the foal. Of note, however, administration of alprazolam to horses is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration and would be classified as extralabel use. Conflict of Interest Declaration: The authors disclose no conflict of interest. Off-label Antimicrobial Declaration: The authors declare no off-label use of antimicrobials. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.1111/jvim.12510 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 414-416 SN - 1939-1676 KW - Behavior KW - Horse KW - Maternal KW - Milk KW - Neonate KW - Nursing KW - Xanax ER - TY - JOUR TI - Skin absorption of six performance amines used in metalworking fluids AU - Roux, Lauriane N. AU - Brooks, James D. AU - Yeatts, James L. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY AB - Every year, 10 million workers are exposed to metalworking fluids (MWFs) that may be toxic. There are four types of MWFs: neat oils and three water-based MWFs (soluble oil, semisynthetic and synthetic), which are diluted with water and whose composition varies according to the mineral oils ratio. MWFs also contain various additives. To determine the absorption of six amines used as corrosion inhibitors and biocides in MWFs, porcine skin flow-through diffusion cell experiments were conducted with hydrophilic ethanolamines (mono-, di- and triethanolamine, MEA, DEA and TEA respectively) and a mixture of lipophilic amines (dibutylethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine and diphenylamine). The six amines were dosed in four vehicles (water and three generic water-based MWF formulations) and analyzed using a scintillation counter or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. These 24 h studies showed that dermal absorption significantly (P < 0.05) increased from water for the six amines (e.g. 1.15 ± 0.29% dose; DEA in water) compared to other formulations (e.g. 0.13 ± 0.01% dose; DEA in semisynthetic MWF) and absorption was greatest for dibutylethanolamine in all the formulations. The soluble oil formulation tended to increase the dermal absorption of the hydrophilic amines. The permeability coefficient was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with TEA relative to the other hydrophilic amines (e.g. 4.22 × 10(-4) ± 0.53 × 10(-4) cm h(-1) [TEA in synthetic MWF] vs. 1.23 × 10(-4) ± 0.10 × 10(-4) cm h(-1) [MEA in synthetic MWF]), except for MEA in soluble oil formulation. Future research will confirm these findings in an in vivo pig model along with dermatotoxicity studies. These results should help MWF industries choose safer additives for their formulations to protect the health of metalworkers. DA - 2015/5// PY - 2015/5// DO - 10.1002/jat.3056 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 520-528 SN - 1099-1263 KW - skin absorption KW - metalworking fluids KW - flow-through diffusion cell KW - ethanolamines KW - biocide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short communication: Pharmacokinetics of intramammary hetacillin in dairy cattle milked 3 times per day AU - Lindquist, Danielle A. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Smith, Geof W. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Mastitis remains a critical disease in the dairy industry and the use of intramammary antibiotics plays a critical role in mastitis treatment. Hetacillin is currently approved as an intramammary antibiotic that is used to treat mastitis in dairy cows. It is approved for once a day administration and can be used for a total of 3 d. An increasing number of dairy farms are milking 3 times per day (instead of the traditional 2 times per day) and very little pharmacokinetic data exists on the use of intramammary drugs in a 3×system. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if once a day intramammary infusion of hetacillin is sufficient to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations in cattle milked 3 times per day. Eight Holstein cattle milked 3 times per day were used in this study. After collecting a baseline milk sample, each cow received intramammary infusions of hetacillin in the left front and right rear quarters once a day for 3 d. Milk samples from each of the treated quarters were collected at each milking and frozen until analysis. Milk samples were analyzed for ampicillin concentrations using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography method. All treated quarters had antibiotic concentrations well above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for gram-positive mastitis pathogens at 8 and 16 h postinfusion. Milk concentrations had fallen well below the MIC by the 24-h period (before the next infusion). All 8 cows in this study consistently had individual quarter milk ampicillin concentrations below the FDA tolerance of 0.01 μg/mL (10 ppb) within 48 h of the last infusion. Based on this study, milk ampicillin concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of organisms (MIC90) for at least 65% of the dosing interval, which is sufficient for once-daily dosing with most cases of gram-positive mastitis. Therefore, intramammary hetacillin should be an effective treatment for the vast majority of gram-positive mastitis pathogens when used according to label (once per day) in cows milked 3 times per day. DA - 2015/3// PY - 2015/3// DO - 10.3168/jds.2014-8715 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 1856-1861 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8715 DB - Crossref KW - hetacillin KW - intramammary KW - pharmacokinetics KW - mastitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin and N-desmethyldanofloxacin in adult horses and their concentration in synovial fluid AU - Lopez, B. S. AU - Giguere, S. AU - Berghaus, L. J. AU - Mullins, M. A. AU - Davis, J. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The objectives of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin and its metabolite N ‐desmethyldanofloxacin and to determine their concentrations in synovial fluid after administration by the intravenous, intramuscular or intragastric routes. Six adult mares received danofloxacin mesylate administered intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) at a dose of 5 mg/kg, or intragastrically (IG) at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg using a randomized Latin square design. Concentrations of danofloxacin and N ‐desmethyldanofloxacin were measured by UPLC‐MS/MS. After i.v. administration, danofloxacin had an apparent volume of distribution (mean ± SD) of 3.57 ± 0.26 L/kg, a systemic clearance of 357.6 ± 61.0 mL /h/kg, and an elimination half‐life of 8.00 ± 0.48 h. Maximum plasma concentration ( C max ) of N ‐desmethyldanofloxacin (0.151 ± 0.038 μg/mL) was achieved within 5 min of i.v. administration. Peak danofloxacin concentrations were significantly higher after i.m. (1.37 ± 0.13 μg/mL) than after IG administration (0.99 ± 0.1 μg/mL). Bioavailability was significantly higher after i.m. (100.0 ± 12.5%) than after IG (35.8 ± 8.5%) administration. Concentrations of danofloxacin in synovial fluid samples collected 1.5 h after administration were significantly higher after i.v. (1.02 ± 0.50 μg/mL) and i.m. (0.70 ± 0.35 μg/mL) than after IG (0.20 ± 0.12 μg/mL) administration. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that danofloxacin would be predicted to be effective against bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤0.25 μg/mL for i.v. and i.m. administration and 0.12 μg/mL for oral administration to maintain an area under the curve:MIC ratio ≥50. DA - 2015/4// PY - 2015/4// DO - 10.1111/jvp.12152 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 123-129 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modulating DNA Methylation in Activated CD8(+) T Cells Inhibits Regulatory T Cell-Induced Binding of Foxp3 to the CD8(+) T Cell IL-2 Promoter AU - Miller, Michelle M. AU - Akaronu, Nnenna AU - Thompson, Elizabeth M. AU - Hood, Sylvia F. AU - Fogle, Jonathan E. T2 - JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY AB - Abstract We have previously demonstrated that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) activated during the course of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection suppress CD8+ CTL function in a TGF-β–dependent fashion, inhibiting IFN-γ and IL-2 production and inducing G1 cell-cycle arrest. In this article, we describe the molecular events occurring at the IL-2 promoter leading to suppression of IL-2 production. These experiments demonstrate that Foxp3 induced by lentivirus-activated Tregs in the CD8+ target cells binds to the IL-2 promoter, actively repressing IL-2 transcription. We further demonstrate that the chronic activation of CD8+ T cells during FIV infection results in chromatin remodeling at the IL-2 promoter, specifically, demethylation of CpG residues. These DNA modifications occur during active transcription and translation of IL-2; however, these changes render the IL-2 promoter permissive to Foxp3-induced transcriptional repression. These data help explain, in part, the seemingly paradoxical observations that CD8+ T cells displaying an activation phenotype exhibit altered antiviral function. Further, we demonstrate that blocking demethylation of CpG residues at the IL-2 promoter inhibits Foxp3 binding, suggesting a potential mechanism for rescue and/or reactivation of CD8+ T cells. Using the FIV model for lentiviral persistence, these studies provide a framework for understanding how immune activation combined with Treg-mediated suppression may affect CD8+ T cell IL-2 transcription, maturation, and antiviral function. DA - 2015/2/1/ PY - 2015/2/1/ DO - 10.4049/jimmunol.1401762 VL - 194 IS - 3 SP - 990-998 SN - 1550-6606 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of supplementing pasteurized milk balancer products to heat-treated whole milk on the growth and health of dairy calves AU - Glosson, K. M. AU - Hopkins, B. A. AU - Washburn, S. P. AU - Davidson, S. AU - Smith, G. AU - Earleywine, T. AU - Ma, C. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine the growth and health effects of supplementing heat-treated whole milk with pasteurized milk balancer products in calf-feeding programs. All calves were removed from their dams at birth (d 0), fed 3.8L of heat-treated colostrum, and received assigned treatments from d 1 until weaning at d 56. Calves were weighed and skeletal measurements taken every 7 d from d 0 until 56. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were calculated. In experiment 1, 80 Holstein heifer calves were used to investigate the effects of supplementing 2 levels of heat-treated whole milk with or without a pasteurized all-milk balancer. Four dietary treatments (n=20) were used. Calves receiving milk (M) and milk plus balancer (M+B) were fed 3.8L of milk divided into 2 equal feedings daily. Calves fed increased milk (IM) and increased milk plus balancer (IM+B) received 3.8L of milk divided into 2 equal feedings from d 1 to 14, 5.7L from d 15 to 42, and 2.85L fed once daily from d 43 to 56. Treatments M+B and IM+B included pasteurized all-milk balancer fed at a rate of 0.23kg per 3.8L of milk. In experiment 2, 72 Holstein heifer calves were used to investigate the effects of supplementing either a pasteurized all-milk balancer or a pasteurized protein-blend milk balancer. Three dietary treatments (n=24) were used. Calves were fed 3.8L of milk divided into 2 equal feedings from d 1 to 14 and 5.7L from d 15 to 56. Treatment IM did not include any supplements. Balancer was added to IM+B and increased milk plus protein-blend balancer (IM+PB). Balancer was supplemented at a rate of 0.23kg per 3.8L of milk. In experiment 1, calves fed IM+B had greater average body weight (BW) and average daily gain compared with calves given other treatments. Calves fed 5.7L of milk had greater FE than those fed 3.8L regardless of balancer added. In experiment 2, calves fed IM+B and IM+PB had greater BW when compared with calves given M. Calves fed IM+PB had comparable BW and FE to calves given IM+B. The enhanced calf-feeding programs evaluated in this study were successful in increasing growth in preweaned calves when supplementing milk balancer product to heat-treated whole milk. Health scores of fecal, respiratory, and attitude determined illness. Feces were looser for calves receiving IM+B and IM+PB, but attitude scores did not confirm an illness and so overall health was not different between treatments. DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.3168/jds.2014-8567 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 1127-1135 SN - 1525-3198 KW - dairy calf KW - milk balancer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Competence and Competence Development (Study Guides in Adult Education) AU - Alpi, Kristine M. T2 - ADULT EDUCATION QUARTERLY DA - 2015/2// PY - 2015/2// DO - 10.1177/0741713614560510 VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - 67-68 SN - 1552-3047 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of the serologic response induced by vaccination of late-gestation cows with a Salmonella Dublin vaccine AU - Smith, G.W. AU - Smith, F. AU - Zuidhof, S. AU - Foster, D.M. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Diarrhea due to Salmonella infection is an important cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. The acquisition of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam has shown some success in previous studies; however, no data exists on the use of currently licensed vaccines in the United States. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether vaccinating cows in late gestation with a commercially available Salmonella Dublin vaccine would stimulate Salmonella-specific antibodies in the colostrum of cows at calving and whether these antibodies would be transferred to the calf. Thirty Holstein cows were vaccinated 3 wk before the end of lactation with a Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin vaccine, with a second dose given at dry-off. An additional 30 cows received only saline. Calves had a blood sample collected immediately after birth and were then fed fresh colostrum from their dam within 2 h of calving. A postcolostrum blood sample was collected 24 to 48 h later. Salmonella Dublin antibodies in colostrum as well as serum from the cows and calves were measured using an ELISA technique. Results of this study showed that vaccinated cattle had elevated Salmonella Dublin antibody titers at the time of calving (40.3 ± 9.1) as compared with control cows (−9.4 ± 1.1). Calves that received colostrum from vaccinated cattle also had a significant increase in Salmonella Dublin antibodies (88.5 ± 8.9) as compared with calves born to unvaccinated cows (−3.2 ± 1.2). This study demonstrated that the use of a commercially available Salmonella Dublin vaccine can stimulate antibodies that are passed on to the calf via colostral transfer. Further studies need to be done to determine whether these antibodies will offer protection against Salmonella challenge. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015/// DO - 10.3168/jds.2014-8972 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 2529-2532 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8972 DB - Crossref KW - calf KW - colostrum KW - immunoglobulin G KW - Salmonella Dublin KW - passive immunity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury: progress and promise for translational research AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Research in the field of ischemia-reperfusion injury continues to be plagued by the inability to translate research findings to clinically useful therapies. This may in part relate to the complexity of disease processes that result in intestinal ischemia but may also result from inappropriate research model selection. Research animal models have been integral to the study of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury. However, the clinical conditions that compromise intestinal blood flow in clinical patients ranges widely from primary intestinal disease to processes secondary to distant organ failure and generalized systemic disease. Thus models that closely resemble human pathology in clinical conditions as disparate as volvulus, shock, and necrotizing enterocolitis are likely to give the greatest opportunity to understand mechanisms of ischemia that may ultimately translate to patient care. Furthermore, conditions that result in varying levels of ischemia may be further complicated by the reperfusion of blood to tissues that, in some cases, further exacerbates injury. This review assesses animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as the knowledge that has been derived from each to aid selection of appropriate research models. In addition, a discussion of the future of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion research is provided to place some context on the areas likely to provide the greatest benefit from continued research of ischemia-reperfusion injury. DA - 2015/1/15/ PY - 2015/1/15/ DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2013 VL - 308 IS - 2 SP - G63-G75 SN - 1522-1547 KW - animal model KW - intestine KW - ischemia KW - mucosal injury KW - reperfusion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy for the Neurologic Veterinary Patient AU - Sims, Cory AU - Waldron, Rennie AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - A comprehensive physiotherapy plan for neurology patients manages pain, prevents secondary complications, and supports the health and function of musculoskeletal tissues during recovery. Neurologically impaired patients range in ability from complete immobility (tetraplegia/paraplegia), partial mobility (tetraparesis/paraparesis), mild ataxia, to pain only. Important considerations for the design of a physiotherapy program include access to the patient, level of staff support, and safety of staff, patient, and client during treatments. A thorough overview of the treatment plan and expected outcome should be discussed with the client at the onset of therapy and should be reviewed frequently, particularly as the patient's status changes. DA - 2015/1// PY - 2015/1// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.09.007 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 123-+ SN - 1878-1306 KW - Physiotherapy KW - Pain management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Canine rehabilitation KW - Neurology KW - Client education ER -