TY - RPRT TI - Prescribed Fire Liability Report for the Southern United States: A Summary of Statutes and Cases AU - Cary, B. AU - Lowdermilk, J. AU - Fawcett, J.E. A3 - Southeast Regional Partnership for Planning and Sustainability (SERPPAS), NC State University Extension, & Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey, & Leonard L.L.P. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// PB - Southeast Regional Partnership for Planning and Sustainability (SERPPAS), NC State University Extension, & Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey, & Leonard L.L.P. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hurricane and Tropical Storm Impacts on Prescribed Fire and Wildfire Management Practices AU - Godwin, David R. AU - Ward, Breanne AU - Fawcett, Jennifer E. AU - Wood, Gary C. AU - Crandall, Raelene M. T2 - EDIS AB - Hurricanes and tropical storms can significantly alter forested and non-forested areas, creating unique hazards and considerations for wildland firefighters and prescribed burners. Prior to responding to wildfires and planning prescribed fires, fire managers should anticipate how these changes will affect fire behavior, smoke, hazards, and access to the fire. DA - 2022/3/22/ PY - 2022/3/22/ DO - 10.32473/edis-fr452-2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr452-2022 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invited Review: Rise of craft breweries in the southeastern USA increases supplement availability for beef cattle AU - Harmon, Deidre D. AU - Phipps, Kendra P. T2 - APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The purpose of this invited review was to discuss the current state of craft beer production and the generation, nutritional variability, and importance of wet brewers grains (WBG) as a livestock feed. This article also takes an in-depth look at logistical challenges of using WBG as a feed resource and how local communities are mitigating those challenges. Information provided came from the combination of published scientific resources and through experiences based on outreach services and real-world applications of using WBG as a byproduct feed for beef cattle. Wet brewers grains are often a cheap or no-cost feed for beef cattle producers located near craft breweries. The high concentrations of CP and digestible fiber make it a byproduct of interest for many beef cattle production systems. Moisture content is the greatest limitation, and additives for improved fermentation may be needed during storage of this high-moisture feed. The rise of craft breweries has increased the availability of WBG, which is an affordable feedstuff for beef cattle producers located near a brewery. Although there is variability in WBG between brews and craft breweries, successful incorporation of this byproduct into diets has occurred in all sectors of the beef industry. The on-farm handling and storage of WBG should be considered, and the addition of a feed additive may help to prevent spoilage and extend WBG shelf life. In local communities, logistical challenges may be somewhat averted when several smaller beef cattle producers work together on a WBG contract. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.15232/aas.2022-02315 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 540-550 SN - 2590-2865 KW - wet brewers grain KW - beef KW - craft brewery KW - by-product feed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of Macronutrient Fertility on Mineral Uptake and Growth of Lactuca sativa 'Salanova Green' in a Hydroponic System AU - Veazie, Patrick AU - Pandey, Piyush AU - Young, Sierra AU - Ballance, M. Seth AU - Hicks, Kristin AU - Whipker, Brian T2 - HORTICULTURAE AB - Lactuca sativa (commonly referred to as lettuce) is one of the most popular grown hydroponic crops. While other fertilizer rate work has been conducted on lettuce, the impact of each element has not been evaluated independently or by determining adequate foliar tissue concentrations when all nutrients are plant-available. This study explores the impact that macronutrients have on the growth and yield of lettuce at different stages of the production cycle. Additionally, this study explores the adequate nutrient rates by regressing nutrient curves to find the concentration of each element that corresponds to optimal growth. Plants were grown under varying macronutrient concentrations (0, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 100%) utilizing the concentrations of a modified Hoagland’s solution based on 150 mg·L−1 N. Lettuce plants were grown in a silica sand culture and received a nutrient solution in which a single element was altered. Visual symptomology was documented, and leaf tissue mineral nutrient concentrations and biomass were measured at Weeks 3, 6, and 8 after transplant. Optimal elemental leaf tissue concentration and biomass varied by macronutrient rates and weeks of growth. Nitrogen rate produced a linear increase in total plant dry weight, but foliar N followed a quadratic plateau pattern. Other elements, such as phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium, produced distinct total plant dry weight plateaus despite increasing fertility concentrations. These results demonstrate that fertility recommendation can be lowered for nutrients where higher rates do not result in higher plant biomass or foliar nutrient concentrations. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.3390/horticulturae8111075 VL - 8 IS - 11 SP - SN - 2311-7524 KW - lettuce KW - nutrient rates KW - fertility KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - potassium KW - calcium KW - magnesium KW - sulfur ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATING THE OCCURRENCE AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF MOSQUITOES IN RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS AU - Gee, Kathy DeBusk AU - Dobyns, Kaitlyn AU - Gage, Kyrsten AU - Woodward, Mitch AU - Hunt, William AU - Kennedy, Shawn AU - Lehr, David T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Rainwater harvesting systems can harbor mosquitoes and their larvae. Approximately half of sampled systems were found to contain mosquito larvae. Mosquitoes were more abundant in systems with unscreened openings and multiple inlet filters. Frequent maintenance and eliminating unscreened openings minimize mosquito presence. Abstract. Mosquitoes are associated with the spread of diseases such as the Zika and West Nile viruses. Government and health officials recommend the elimination of standing water to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes that transmit these viruses. Previous research has shown that rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in high-rainfall regions tend to be underutilized, thereby creating a source of standing water that could potentially harbor mosquitoes and their larvae. As RWH is an important tool for conserving potable water and mitigating stormwater runoff, it is imperative to determine if these systems are contributing to the proliferation of mosquitoes and, if they are, to identify measures to prevent this. The prevalence and relative abundance of mosquitoes were investigated in 64 RWH cisterns throughout Virginia and North Carolina. Mosquito larvae captured during sampling were identified morphologically to genus and species. Of the 64 systems sampled, 47% contained mosquitoes; the predominant species found was Aedes albopictus, a potential carrier of Eastern Equine Encephalitis, LaCrosse Encephalitis, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. Systems with multiple inlet filters, unscreened storage tank openings, and/or heavy foliage in the immediate vicinity were most likely to contain mosquito larvae. Study results indicate that frequent maintenance, the elimination of unscreened tank openings, and the eradication of sources of standing water in the area surrounding a system greatly reduce the likelihood of mosquitoes proliferating in rainwater harvesting systems. Keywords: Container breeding, Mosquito, Mosquito larvae, Rainwater harvesting. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.13031/ja.15189 VL - 65 IS - 6 SP - 1475-1487 SN - 2769-3287 KW - Container breeding KW - Mosquito KW - Mosquito larvae KW - Rainwater harvesting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alterations in hepatic mitotic and cell cycle transcriptional networks during the metabolic switch in broiler chicks AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Pike, Brandon E. AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY AB - During embryonic life, chicks mainly derive energy from hepatic oxidation of yolk lipids. After hatch, chicks must rely on carbohydrate-rich feed to obtain energy. This requires an abrupt and intensive switch of metabolic processes, particularly in the liver. We recently identified a number of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory networks that work concordantly to tune metabolic processes during the metabolic switch. Here, we used delayed feeding post-hatch (48 h) to impede the metabolic switch in broilers. We used RNA-seq to identify hepatic transcriptome differences between late stage embryos (E18) and two-day-old chicks (D2), which were either fed-from-hatch (FED) or not fed (DLY). Between FED and E18, 2,430 genes were differentially expressed (fold-change≥ 2; FDR p-value 0.05), of these 1,237 were downregulated in FED birds and 1,193 were upregulated. Between DLY and E18, 1979 genes were differentially expressed, of these 1,043 were downregulated and 936 were upregulated in DLY birds. Between DLY and FED, 880 genes were differentially expressed, of these 543 were downregulated and 337 were upregulated in DLY birds. We found that in addition to disturbances in a number of metabolic pathways, unfed chicks had a widespread suppression of gene networks associated with cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and mitosis. Expression patterns suggest that hepatocytes of delayed-fed birds have abnormal mitosis and increased polyploidization. This suggests that post-hatch feed consumption maintains the rate and integrity of liver growth immediately, which in turn, likely helps facilitate the appropriate programming of hepatic metabolic networks. DA - 2022/10/24/ PY - 2022/10/24/ DO - 10.3389/fphys.2022.1020870 VL - 13 SP - SN - 1664-042X KW - broiler KW - metabolic switch KW - liver KW - RNA-seq KW - mitosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Process-Structure-Property relationship of roping in meltblown nonwovens AU - Roberts, Erin AU - Ghosh, Sujit AU - Pourdeyhimi, Behnam T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - For applications such as face masks and medical gowns, defects can pose a threat to the reliability of protective materials. Roping, the entanglement of two or more fibers in a nonwoven, can cause a decrease in pore size uniformity, filtration efficiency, and barrier properties in meltblown nonwovens. In this work, a novel measurement methodology for roping was developed utilizing SEM images, ImageJ software, and statistical analysis with R. The study analyzed 16 different meltblown nonwovens with two different die tips with a 1550 MFR polypropylene, utilizing a full factorial design with 4 factors at 2 levels. A model was developed for the mitigation of roping, and it was determined that the interactions of capillary density with air flow and air flow with die-to-collector distance (DCD) had the greatest impact on the formation of roping in meltblown nonwovens. The fundamental learnings of the effects of the process parameters on roping formation could be applied to industrial applications such as face masks to tailor the balance between filtration efficiency and air permeability. The linear model could be directly applied to applications such as HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) and ULPA (Ultra Low Particulate Air) filters, for operating room and clean room filters, in which nonuniformity and loss of surface area critical to performance, and thus the mitigation of roping would be beneficial. DA - 2022/1/13/ PY - 2022/1/13/ DO - 10.1080/00405000.2022.2029277 SP - SN - 1754-2340 KW - Nonwovens KW - roping KW - fiber bundles KW - meltblown media KW - defects ER - TY - JOUR TI - Split down the middle: studying arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses using split-root assays AU - Kafle, Arjun AU - Frank, Hannah E. R. AU - Rose, Benjamin D. AU - Garcia, Kevin T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Most land plants symbiotically interact with soil-borne fungi to ensure nutrient acquisition and tolerance to various environmental stressors. Among these symbioses, arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations can be found in a large proportion of plants, including many crops. Split-root assays are widely used in plant research to study local and systemic signaling responses triggered by local treatments, including nutrient availability, interaction with soil microbes, or abiotic stresses. However, split-root approaches have only been occasionally used to tackle these questions with regard to mycorrhizal symbioses. This review compiles and discusses split-root assays developed to study arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, with a particular emphasis on colonization by multiple beneficial symbionts, systemic resistance induced by mycorrhizal fungi, water and nutrient transport from fungi to colonized plants, and host photosynthate allocation from the host to fungal symbionts. In addition, we highlight how the use of split-root assays could result in a better understanding of mycorrhizal symbioses, particularly for a broader range of essential nutrients, and for multipartite interactions. DA - 2022/3/2/ PY - 2022/3/2/ DO - 10.1093/jxb/erab489 VL - 73 IS - 5 SP - 1288-1300 SN - 1460-2431 KW - Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis KW - carbon KW - ectomycorrhizal symbiosis KW - legumes KW - nitrogen KW - nutrient transport KW - phosphorus KW - split-root KW - trees ER -