TY - CONF TI - Plio-Pleistocene tectonic activity in the southwest of Portugal C2 - 2010/// C3 - Submarine Paleoseismology: The Offshore Search of Large Holocene Earthquakes, Eur. Sc. Found. Conferences DA - 2010/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Neotectonics and paleoseismic studies at SW Portugal mainland: The S. Teotónio- Aljezur- Sinceira Fault System C2 - 2010/// C3 - 8th Portuguese Geological Congress DA - 2010/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Southwest Portugal Plio-Pleistocene Tectonic Activity Studies: The S.Teotónio- Aljezur - Sinceira Fault System and Coastal Tectonic Uplift Evidences, C2 - 2010/// C3 - 1st Iberfault, Active Tectonics and Paleoseismology Iberian Meeting DA - 2010/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Quaternary seismic activity of the Vilariça fault (NE Portugal): Preliminary results of a paleoseismological study C2 - 2010/// C3 - 8th Portuguese Geological Congress DA - 2010/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Shelfbreak Frontal Structure and Gulf Stream Interaction north of Cape Hatteras: High resolution observations and regional modeling AU - Gawarkiewicz, G AU - Churchill, JH AU - He, R AU - Gong, Y C2 - 2010/// C3 - AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2010/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population dynamics of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine: outlook for improved management and forecasting T2 - KALLIOPI A. PAGOU DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// SP - 57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population dynamics of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine: outlook for improved management and forecasting T2 - KALLIOPI A. PAGOU DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// SP - 57 ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigation of Hurricane Ivan Using the Three-Way Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave Sediment Transport (COAWST) Model AU - Zambon, JB AU - He, R AU - Warner, JC AU - Armstrong, BN C2 - 2010/// C3 - AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts DA - 2010/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Eddy-Wind-Topography Interaction Dynamics AU - He, Ruoying A3 - Defense Technical Information Center AB - Abstract : This research is seeking to advance the fundamental understanding of eddy-wind-topography interaction dynamics, thereby improving our ability of predicting meso- and sub-mesoscale eddy variability. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.21236/ada542451 PB - Defense Technical Information Center ER - TY - JOUR TI - Active surface faulting or landsliding in the Lower Tagus Valley (Portugal)? A solved controversy concerning the Vila Chã de Ourique site T2 - Journal of Seismology AB - The Lower Tagus Valley has experienced significant (M 6–7) historical seismicity, evidencing the presence of seismogenic faults. These are still deficiently known due to the low strain rates and the recent alluvial sedimentation of the Tagus River that buries most of the structures, though Paleoseismic evidence was allegedly found by a research team in the Tagus valley, at a site 60 km N of Lisbon, near Vila Chã de Ourique (VCO). According to this team, trenching at the VCO site exposed an active thrust fault, evidencing the surface rupture of a large earthquake that occurred in 1531. Our studies performed at this site, comprising field observations with a reappraisal of the trench outcrops previously excavated, borehole drilling, soil mechanics laboratory testing, and seismic reflection acquisition, pointed to the alternative interpretation that the outcropping structures are gravitational and not of tectonic origin. The interpretation of new outcrops crosscutting the structures exposed at the trenches, as well as newly acquired high-resolution seismic reflection data, definitely exclude the active thrust fault explanation and support a gravitational slip model for all the observed structures. Gravitational slip in the river bank slope was promoted by low shear strength clays and high pore water pressure coupled with slope toe river erosion. Gravitational slides must have occurred prior to development of the present sedimentation level of the Tagus alluvial plain, which was attained in the last few thousand years as indicated by borehole data and estimations of sedimentation rates. DA - 2010/12/14/ PY - 2010/12/14/ DO - 10.1007/s10950-010-9221-8 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-010-9221-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparative study of nucleation parameterizations: 2. Three-dimensional model application and evaluation AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Liu, Ping AU - Liu, Xiao-Huan AU - Jacobson, Mark Z. AU - McMurry, Peter H. AU - Yu, Fangqun AU - Yu, Shaocai AU - Schere, Kenneth L. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Following the examination and evaluation of 12 nucleation parameterizations presented in part 1, 11 of them representing binary, ternary, kinetic, and cluster‐activated nucleation theories are evaluated in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 4.4. The 12–28 June 1999 Southern Oxidants Study episode is selected as a testbed to evaluate simulated particulate matter (PM) number and size predictions of CMAQ with different nucleation parameterizations. The evaluation shows that simulated domain‐wide maximum PM 2.5 number concentrations with different nucleation parameterizations can vary by 3 orders of magnitude. All parameterizations overpredict (by a factor of 1.4 to 1.7) the total number concentrations of accumulation‐mode PM and significantly underpredict (by factors of 1.3 to 65.7) those of Aitken‐mode PM, resulting in a net underprediction (by factors of 1.3 to 13.7) of the total number concentrations of PM 2.5 under a polluted urban environment at a downtown station in Atlanta. The predicted number concentrations for Aitken‐mode PM at this site can vary by up to 3 orders of magnitude, and those for accumulation‐mode PM can vary by up to a factor of 3.2, with the best predictions by the power law of Sihto et al. (2006) (NMB of −31.7%) and the worst predictions by the ternary nucleation parameterization of Merikanto et al. (2007) (NMB of −93.1%). The ternary nucleation parameterization of Napari et al. (2002) gives relatively good agreement with observations but for a wrong reason. The power law of Kuang et al. (2008) and the binary nucleation parameterization of Harrington and Kreidenweis (1998) give better agreement than the remaining parameterizations. All the parameterizations fail to reproduce the observed temporal variations of PM number, volume, and surface area concentrations. The significant variation in the performance of these parameterizations is caused by their different theoretical bases, formulations, and dependence on temperature, relative humidity, and the ambient levels of H 2 SO 4 and NH 3 . The controlling processes are different for PM number, mass, and surface areas. At urban/rural locations, some PM processes (e.g., homogeneous nucleation) and/or vertical transport may dominate the production of PM 2.5 number, and emissions, or PM processes, or vertical transport or their combinations may dominate the production of PM 2.5 mass and surface area. Dry deposition or some PM processes such as coagulation may dominate PM 2.5 number loss, and horizontal and vertical transport, and cloud processes (e.g., cloud scavenging and wet deposition) may dominate the loss of PM 2.5 mass and surface area concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the PM number and size distribution predictions are most sensitive to prescribed emission fractions of Aitken and accumulation‐mode PM and the assumed initial PM size distribution, in addition to different nucleation parameterizations. DA - 2010/10/29/ PY - 2010/10/29/ DO - 10.1029/2010JD014151 VL - 115 IS - D20 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014151 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fine scale modeling of wintertime aerosol mass, number, and size distributions in central California AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Liu, Ping AU - Liu, Xiao-Huan AU - Pun, Betty AU - Seigneur, Christian AU - Jacobson, Mark Z. AU - Wang, Wen-Xing T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - In light of nonattainment of PM 2.5 in central California, the CMAQ‐MADRID 1 model is applied to simulate PM 2.5 mass, number, and size distributions observed during the California Regional PM 10 /PM 2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) winter episode of 25–31 December 2000. The simulations with 12 and 24 size sections at a horizontal grid resolution of 4 km reproduce well the 24 h average mass concentrations of PM 2.5 (with normalized mean biases (NMBs) of −6.2% to 0.5%), but with larger biases for organic matter, nitrate, and elemental carbon (with NMBs of −67% to 40.2%) and a weaker capability of replicating temporal variation of PM 2.5 and its components. The coagulation process leads to a 40%–91% reduction in simulated PM 2.5 number concentrations. The 24 section simulation with coagulation shows the best agreement with the observed PM number and size distributions (with an NMB of −13.9%), indicating the importance of coagulation for predicting particle number and the merits of using a fine particle size resolution. Accurately simulating PM 2.5 number and size distributions continue to be a major challenge, due to inaccuracies in model inputs (e.g., meteorological fields, precursor emissions, and the initial size distribution of PM emissions and concentrations), uncertainties in model formulations (e.g., heterogeneous chemistry and aerosol formation, growth, and removal processes), as well as inconsistencies and uncertainties in observations obtained with different methods. DA - 2010/8/12/ PY - 2010/8/12/ DO - 10.1029/2009JD012950 VL - 115 IS - D15 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012950 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Geochemistry of rivers in Panama AU - Harmon, R.S. AU - Lyons, W.B. AU - Goldsmith, S.T. AU - Carey, A. AU - Welch, S. AU - Welch, K. AU - Forizs, I. AU - Long, D. AU - Mitasova, H. T2 - Water-Rock Interaction PY - 2010/// SP - 253-256 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85055179064&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Predictability of the Moisture Regime During the Preonset Period of Sahelian Rains AU - Mera, Roberto J. AU - Semazzi, F.H.M. T2 - 1st Environment and Health Symposium during the 90th American Meteorological Society Meeting C2 - 2010/// CY - Atlanta, Georgia DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/1// ER - TY - CONF TI - Variability of Atmospheric Moisture during the Boreal Spring in West Africa AU - Mera, Roberto J. AU - Semazzi, F.H.M. AU - Laing, Arlene T2 - 29th Conference of Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology C2 - 2010/// CY - Tucson, Arizona DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigation of the Interactions among Transient Atmospheric Wave Disturbances over West Africa During Boreal Spring of 2009 AU - Mera, Roberto J. AU - Semazzi, F.H.M. T2 - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NAC Meeting C2 - 2010/// CY - Fresno, California DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/10// ER - TY - CONF TI - Development and application of a Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system for nearshore environments AU - Warner, J.C. AU - Armstrong, B.N. AU - Olabarrieta, M. AU - He, R. AU - Zambon, J.B. AU - Voulgaris, G. AU - Kumar, N. AU - Haas, K.A. T2 - American Geophysical Union (AGU) Ocean Sciences Meeting C2 - 2010/// CY - Portland, OR DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigation of Hurricane Ivan using the 3-way Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) model AU - Zambon, J.B. AU - He, R. AU - Warner, J.C. T2 - North Carolina State University Graduate Student Research Symposium C2 - 2010/// CY - North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Food Safety Research Response Network AU - Levine, JF AU - Isaacson, R AU - Jaykus, L AU - Loneragan, G AU - Gardner, I AU - McKean, J AU - White, B AU - Torrence, M AU - Grohn, Y A3 - National Institute of Food and Agriculture DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M1 - NCV-VMCG-0026 M3 - Project Number PB - National Institute of Food and Agriculture SN - NCV-VMCG-0026 ER - TY - CONF TI - Using Occurrence Of Microbial Indicators And Frank Pathogens In Water, Sediment And Mollusks In Developing A Local Shellfish Sanitation Program In Puerto Rico AU - Ballester, K AU - Ramirez-Toro, G AU - Hertler, H AU - Escudero, B AU - Jaykus, L AU - Levine, JF T2 - American Society for Limnology and Oceanography C2 - 2010/2/31/ CY - San Juan, Puerto Rico DA - 2010/2/31/ PY - 2010/2// ER - TY - JOUR TI - USC CINAPS Builds Bridges AU - Smith, Ryan AU - Das, Jnaneshwar AU - Heidarsson, Hordur AU - Pereira, Arvind AU - Arrichiello, Filippo AU - Cetnic, Ivona AU - Darjany, Lindsay AU - Garneau, Marie-Eve AU - Howard, Meredith AU - Oberg, Carl AU - Ragan, Matthew AU - Seubert, Erica AU - Smith, Ellen AU - Stauffer, Beth AU - Schnetzer, Astrid AU - Toro-Farmer, Gerardo AU - Caron, David AU - Jones, Burton AU - Sukhatme, Gaurav T2 - IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine AB - More than 70% of our earth is covered by water, yet we have explored less than 5% of the aquatic environment. Aquatic robots, such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and their supporting infrastructure play a major role in the collection of oceanographic data. To make new discoveries and improve our overall understanding of the ocean, scientists must make use of these platforms by implementing effective monitoring and sampling techniques to study ocean upwelling, tidal mixing, and other ocean processes. Effective observation and continual monitoring of a dynamic system as complex as the ocean cannot be done with one instrument in a fixed location. A more practical approach is to deploy a collection of static and mobile sensors, where the information gleaned from the acquired data is distributed across the network. Additionally, orchestrating a multisensor, long-term deployment with a high volume of distributed data involves a robust, rapid, and cost-effective communication network. Connecting all of these components, which form an aquatic robotic system, in synchronous operation can greatly assist the scientists in improving our overall understanding of the complex ocean environment. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1109/mra.2010.935795 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 20-30 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2010.935795 KW - Marine robotics KW - networked robots KW - control architectures and programming KW - adaptive control KW - networked teleoperation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal analysis of protistan community structure and diversity at the USC Microbial Observatory (San Pedro Channel, North Pacific Ocean) AU - Countway, Peter D. AU - Vigil, Patrick D. AU - Schnetzer, Astrid AU - Moorthi, Stefanie D. AU - Caron, David A. T2 - Limnology and Oceanography AB - The structure and genetic diversity of marine protistan assemblages were investigated in the upper 500 m of the water column at a Pacific Ocean time‐series station off the coast of Southern California. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence‐based microbial eukaryote diversity was examined in January, April, July, and October of 2001 at four depths (5 m, chlorophyll maximum [CM], 150 m, and 500 m). A total of 2956 partial 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences yielded representatives from most of the major eukaryotic lineages. Notable among the taxonomic groups were recently described lineages of stramenopiles, alveolates, and euglenozoa. A large number of polycystine and acantharean sequences were observed at depth. Pairwise sequence analysis was performed to establish operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were then used to estimate the unsampled protistan diversity by parametric and nonparametric techniques. A total of 2246 protistan sequences grouped into 377 distinct OTUs, with remaining sequences attributed to metazoa. Protistan richness estimates ranged from ~ 600 to 1500 OTUs when all depths and seasons were combined into a single data set. Seasonal and depth‐related trends in the observed protistan diversity were apparent from comparisons of univariate and multivariate analyses. Cluster analysis combined with nonmetric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity testing identified distinct protistan assemblages at the shallowest depths (5 m and CM) for each season, which were significantly different (p < 0.03) from assemblages at the two deepest depths (150 and 500 m) where seasonal changes in the protistan assemblage were not apparent. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2381 VL - 55 IS - 6 SP - 2381-2396 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2381 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010 AU - Scheftel, Joni M. AU - Elchos, Brigid L. AU - Cherry, Bryan AU - DeBess, Emilio E. AU - Hopkins, Sharon G. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Williams, Carl J. AU - Bell, Michael R. AU - Dvorak, Glenda D. AU - Funk, Renee H. AU - Just, Steven D. AU - Samples, Oreta M. AU - Schaefer, Elysia C. AU - Silvia, Christine A. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - "Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010" published on 15 Dec 2010 by American Veterinary Medical Association. DA - 2010/12/15/ PY - 2010/12/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.237.12.1403 VL - 237 IS - 12 SP - 1403-1422 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.237.12.1403 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of opioids and anesthetic drugs on body temperature in cats AU - Posner, Lysa P AU - Pavuk, Alana A AU - Rokshar, Jennifer L AU - Carter, Jennifer E AU - Levine, Jay F T2 - Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia AB - Objective To determine which class of opioid alone or in conjunction with other anesthetic drugs causes post-anesthetic hyperthermia in cats. Study design Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Animals Eight adult, healthy, cats (four spayed females and four castrated males weighing 3.8 ± 0.6 kg). Methods Each cat was instrumented with a wireless thermistor in the abdominal cavity. Temperature in all phases was recorded every 5 minutes for 5 hours. Population body temperature (PBT) was recorded for ∼8 days. Baseline body temperature is the final 24 hours of the PBT. All injectable drugs were given intramuscularly. The cats were administered drugs in four phases: 1) hydromorphone (H) 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg kg−1; 2) morphine (M) (0.5 mg kg−1), buprenorphine (BUP) (0.02 mg kg−1), or butorphanol (BUT) (0.2 mg kg−1); 3) ketamine (K) (5 mg kg−1) or ketamine (5 mg kg−1) plus hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg−1) (KH); 4) isoflurane in oxygen for 1 hour. Fifteen minutes prior to inhalant anesthetic, cats received either no premed (I), hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg−1) (IH), or hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg−1) plus ketamine (5 mg kg−1) (IHK). Results Mean PBT for all unmedicated cats was 38.9 ± 0.6 °C (102.0 ± 1 °F). The temperature of cats administered all doses of hydromorphone increased from baseline (p < 0.03) All four opioids (H, M, BUP and BUT) studied increased body temperature compared with baseline (p < 0.005). A significant difference was observed between baseline temperature values and those in treatment KH (p < 0.03). Following recovery from anesthesia, temperature in treatments IH and IHK was different from baseline (p < 0.002). Conclusions and clinical relevance All of the opioids tested, alone or in combination with ketamine or isoflurane, caused an increase in body temperature. The increase seen was mild to moderate (<40.1 °C (104.2 °F) and self limiting. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00508.x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 35-43 J2 - Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia LA - en OP - SN - 1467-2987 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00508.x DB - Crossref KW - buprenorphine KW - butorphanol KW - feline KW - hydromorphone KW - hyperthermia KW - isoflurane KW - ketamine KW - morphine KW - opioids ER - TY - CHAP TI - Recent developments in online monitoring technology for surveillance of algal blooms, potential toxicity and physical-chemical structure in rivers, reservoirs and lakes AU - Reed, R.E. AU - Burkholder, J.A. AU - Allen, E.H. T2 - Algae: Source to Treatment T3 - AWWA Manual PY - 2010/// VL - M57 SP - 3–23 PB - American Water Works Association SN - 9781583217870 SV - M57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular keys unlock the mysteries of variable survival responses of blue crabs to hypoxia AU - Bell, Geoffrey W. AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Noga, Edward J. T2 - Oecologia DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1007/s00442-009-1539-y VL - 163 IS - 1 SP - 57–68 SN - 0029-8549 1432-1939 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1539-y KW - Hypoxia KW - Survival KW - Behavior KW - Physiology KW - Hemocyanin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abundance and distribution of major groups of diazotrophic cyanobacteria and their potential contribution to N2 fixation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean AU - Goebel, N.L. AU - Turk, K.A. AU - Achilles, K.M. AU - Paerl, R.W. AU - Hewson, I. AU - Morrison, A.E. AU - Montoya, J.P. AU - Edwards, C.A. AU - Zehr, J.P. T2 - Environmental Microbiology AB - The abundances of six N₂-fixing cyanobacterial phylotypes were profiled at 22 stations across the tropical Atlantic Ocean during June 2006, and used to model the contribution of the diazotrophs to N₂ fixation. Diazotroph abundances were measured by targeting the nifH gene of Trichodesmium, unicellular groups A, B, C (UCYN-A, UCYN-B and UCYN-C), and diatom-cyanobiont symbioses Hemiaulus-Richelia, Rhizosolenia-Richelia and Chaetoceros-Calothrix. West to east gradients in temperature, salinity and nutrients [NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻, PO₄³⁻, Si(OH)₄] showed the influence of the Amazon River plume and its effect on the distributions of the diazotrophs. Trichodesmium accounted for more than 93% of all nifH genes detected, dominated the warmer waters of the western Atlantic, and was the only diazotroph detected at the equatorial upwelling station. UCYN-A was the next most abundant (> 5% of all nifH genes) and dominated the cooler waters of the eastern Atlantic near the Cape Verde Islands. UCYN-C was found at a single depth (200 m) of high salinity and low temperature and nutrients, whereas UCYN-B cells were widespread but in very low abundance (6.1 × 10¹ ± 4.6 × 10² gene copies l⁻¹). The diatom-cyanobionts were observed primarily in the western Atlantic within or near the high Si(OH)₄ input of the Amazon River plume. Overall, highest diazotroph abundances were observed at the surface and declined with depth, except for some subsurface peaks in Trichodesmium, UCYN-B and UCYN-A. Modelled contributions of Trichodesmium, UCYN-B and UCYN-A to total N₂ fixation suggested that Trichodesmium had the largest input, except for the potential of UCYN-A at the Cape Verde Islands. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02303.x VL - 12 SP - 3272-3289 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Late-stage water eruptions from Ascraeus Mons volcano, Mars: Implications for its structure and history AU - Murray, John B. AU - van Wyk de Vries, B. AU - Marquez, Alvaro AU - Williams, David A. AU - Byrne, Paul AU - Muller, Jan-Peter AU - Kim, Jung-Rack T2 - Earth and Planetary Science Letters AB - Ascraeus Mons was one of the first of the Martian volcanoes to be imaged by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) experiment onboard the ESA Mars Express spacecraft. These images show much of the volcano at a higher resolution than previously, and details of its lava flows, sinuous rilles, flank vents and tectonic features indicate an unexpected origin for some of these features. We establish the time-stratigraphic sequence for these features, and use a numerical model on HRSC stereo DTMs of the sinuous rilles, and conclude that they were formed by water erosion. Terrestrial analogues for such features are found at Réunion Island and other volcanoes. We then examine the overall structure of the volcano, which is dissimilar to that of large terrestrial volcanoes in important respects, and perform laboratory analogue experiments of its deformation, concluding that the tectonic features were formed by sinking of the volcano into a substratum that was much weaker than the volcanic edifice. An ice-rich substratum melted by a combination of pressure melting and magmatic heating seems the most likely mechanism. Analogous water-escape structures in a similar volcanic situation have been identified at Mt Haddington in the Antarctic. The possible role of a hydrological cycle and a hydrothermal system within the volcano are discussed. Based on field evidence, we propose that much of the broad aprons of lobate flows issuing from the NE and SSW foot of Ascraeus Mons are composed of mudflows rather than lava flows. These different approaches are linked into a coherent history of this volcano. The similarity of Ascraeus Mons to Pavonis Mons and Arsia Mons (though Ascraeus is younger) suggests that some of our conclusions may apply to these volcanoes too. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.020 VL - 294 IS - 3-4 SP - 479-491 J2 - Earth and Planetary Science Letters LA - en OP - SN - 0012-821X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.020 DB - Crossref KW - Mars KW - volcanism KW - tectonism KW - channels KW - water ice mudflows ER - TY - JOUR TI - The response of Great Lakes water levels to future climate scenarios with an emphasis on Lake Michigan-Huron AU - Angel, James R. AU - Kunkel, Kenneth E. T2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research AB - Future climate change and its impact on Lake Michigan is an important issue for water supply planning in Illinois. To estimate possible future levels of the Great Lakes due to climate change, the output of 565 model runs from 23 Global Climate Models were applied to a lake-level model developed by the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). In this study, three future emission scenarios were considered: the B1, A1B, and A2 emission scenarios representing relatively low, moderate, and high emissions, respectively. The results showed that the A2 emission scenario yielded the largest changes in lake levels of the three emission scenarios. Of the three periods examined, lake levels in 2080–2094 exhibited the largest changes. The response of Lake Superior was the smallest of the Great Lakes, while lakes Michigan-Huron, Erie, and Ontario were similar in their response over time and between emission scenarios. For Lake Michigan-Huron, the median changes in lake levels at 2080–2094 were − 0.25, − 0.28, and − 0.41 m for the B1, A1B, and A2 emission scenarios, respectively. However, the range in lake levels was considerable. The wide range of results is due to the differences in emission scenarios and the uncertainty in the model simulations. Selecting model simulations based on their historical performance does little to reduce the uncertainty. The wide range of lake-level changes found here make it difficult to envision the level of impacts that change in future lake levels would cause. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1016/j.jglr.2009.09.006 VL - 36 SP - 51-58 J2 - Journal of Great Lakes Research LA - en OP - SN - 0380-1330 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2009.09.006 DB - Crossref KW - Climate change KW - Great Lakes KW - Water levels KW - Water supply ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intercomparison of cloud condensation nuclei and hygroscopic fraction measurements: Coated soot particles investigated during the LACIS Experiment in November (LExNo) AU - Snider, J. R. AU - Wex, H. AU - Rose, D. AU - Kristensson, A. AU - Stratmann, F. AU - Hennig, T. AU - Henning, S. AU - Kiselev, A. AU - Bilde, M. AU - Burkhart, M. AU - Dusek, U. AU - Frank, G. P. AU - Kiendler-Scharr, A. AU - Mentel, T. F. AU - Petters, M. D. AU - Pöschl, U. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Four cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) instruments were used to sample size‐selected particles prepared at the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator facility. Included were two Wyoming static diffusion CCN instruments, the continuous flow instrument built by Droplet Measurement Technologies, and the continuous flow Leipzig instrument. The aerosols were composed of ammonium sulfate, levoglucosan, levoglucosan and soot, and ammonium hydrogen sulfate and soot. Comparisons are made among critical supersaturation values from the CCN instruments and derived from measurements made with a humidified tandem differential mobility system. The comparison is quite encouraging: with few exceptions the reported critical supersaturations agree within known experimental uncertainty limits. Also reported are CCN‐ and hygroscopicity‐based estimates of the soot particles' solute fraction. Relative differences between these are as large as 40%, but an error analysis demonstrates that agreement within experimental uncertainty is achieved. We also analyze data from the Droplet Measurement Technologies and the two Wyoming static diffusion instruments for evidence of size distribution broadening and investigate levoglucosan particle growth kinetics in the Wyoming CCN instrument. DA - 2010/6/4/ PY - 2010/6/4/ DO - 10.1029/2009JD012618 VL - 115 IS - D11 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012618 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observations of ice nucleation by ambient aerosol in the homogeneous freezing regime AU - Richardson, Mathews S. AU - DeMott, Paul J. AU - Kreidenweis, Sonia M. AU - Petters, Markus D. AU - Carrico, Christian M. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - [1] We measured the freezing activation curves for ambient particles as a function of relative humidity with respect to water over the temperature range of −40° to −50°C using a continuous flow diffusion chamber, and compared the observations with those for ammonium sulfate particles and predictions from a parametric representation of homogeneous freezing of solution particles as a function of water activity and temperature. Since it has been proposed that the rate of homogeneous freezing depends on solution water activity, we made separate measurements of the hygroscopicity (κ) of the ambient aerosol. Observed κ ranged from 0.1 to 0.2, lower than that of ammonium sulfate (0.6) and representative of a continental aerosol. As predicted for this difference in κ, there was no significant difference between the homogeneous freezing conditions of size-selected ammonium sulfate and the apparent homogeneous freezing conditions of same-sized ambient aerosol. Further, the parameterization predicted freezing fraction-relative humidity relationships for non size-selected ambient aerosol that differed by only 0.5 to 1.5% relative humidity from observed relations at the tested temperatures, well within experimental uncertainty. Our findings confirm that the tested ambient aerosols, with hygroscopicities typical of continental regions, freeze homogeneously as expected based on present understanding for single component solution drops in the laboratory. Results also confirm that freezing is more sensitive to particle size than to composition, for particles containing at least a few percent by volume of hygroscopic species. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1029/2009GL041912 VL - 37 IS - 4 J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041912 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and environmental application of a genus-specific quantitative PCR approach for Pseudo-nitzschia species AU - Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth AU - Caron, David A. AU - Schnetzer, Astrid T2 - Marine Biology DA - 2010/1/10/ PY - 2010/1/10/ DO - 10.1007/s00227-009-1383-y VL - 157 IS - 5 SP - 1161-1169 J2 - Mar Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0025-3162 1432-1793 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-009-1383-y DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Harmful algae and their potential impacts on desalination operations off southern California AU - Caron, David A. AU - Garneau, Marie-Ève AU - Seubert, Erica AU - Howard, Meredith D.A. AU - Darjany, Lindsay AU - Schnetzer, Astrid AU - Cetinić, Ivona AU - Filteau, Gerry AU - Lauri, Phil AU - Jones, Burton T2 - Water Research AB - Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis (RO) is a reliable method for augmenting drinking water supplies. In recent years, the number and size of these water projects have increased dramatically. As freshwater resources become limited due to global climate change, rising demand, and exhausted local water supplies, seawater desalination will play an important role in the world's future water supply, reaching far beyond its deep roots in the Middle East. Emerging contaminants have been widely discussed with respect to wastewater and freshwater sources, but also must be considered for seawater desalination facilities to ensure the long-term safety and suitability of this emerging water supply. Harmful algal blooms, frequently referred to as 'red tides' due to their vibrant colors, are a concern for desalination plants due to the high biomass of microalgae present in ocean waters during these events, and a variety of substances that some of these algae produce. These compounds range from noxious substances to powerful neurotoxins that constitute significant public health risks if they are not effectively and completely removed by the RO membranes. Algal blooms can cause significant operational issues that result in increased chemical consumption, increased membrane fouling rates, and in extreme cases, a plant to be taken off-line. Early algal bloom detection by desalination facilities is essential so that operational adjustments can be made to ensure that production capacity remains unaffected. This review identifies the toxic substances, their known producers, and our present state of knowledge regarding the causes of toxic episodes, with a special focus on the Southern California Bight. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.051 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 385-416 J2 - Water Research LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1354 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.051 DB - Crossref KW - Harmful algal blooms KW - Desalination KW - Red tides KW - Phytoplankton KW - Phytotoxins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic Affiliations of Mesopelagic Acantharia and Acantharian-like Environmental 18S rRNA Genes off the Southern California Coast AU - Gilg, Ilana C. AU - Amaral-Zettler, Linda A. AU - Countway, Peter D. AU - Moorthi, Stefanie AU - Schnetzer, Astrid AU - Caron, David A. T2 - Protist AB - Incomplete knowledge of acantharian life cycles has hampered their study and limited our understanding of their role in the vertical flux of carbon and strontium. Molecular tools can help identify enigmatic life stages and offer insights into aspects of acantharian biology and evolution. We inferred the phylogenetic position of acantharian sequences from shallow water, as well as acantharian-like clone sequences from 500 and 880 m in the San Pedro Channel, California. The analyses included validated acantharian and polycystine sequences from public databases with environmental clone sequences related to acantharia and used Bayesian inference methods. Our analysis demonstrated strong support for two branches of unidentified organisms that are closely related to, but possibly distinct from the Acantharea. We also found evidence of acantharian sequences from mesopelagic environments branching within the chaunacanthid clade, although the morphology of these organisms is presently unknown. HRP-conjugated probes were developed to target Acantharea and phylotypes from Unidentified Clade 1 using Catalyzed Reporter Deposition Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (CARD-FISH) on samples collected at 500 m. Our CARD-FISH experiments targeting phylotypes from an unidentified clade offer preliminary glimpses into the morphology of these protists, while a morphology for the aphotic acantharian lineages remains unknown at this time. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1016/j.protis.2009.09.002 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 197-211 J2 - Protist LA - en OP - SN - 1434-4610 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2009.09.002 DB - Crossref KW - 18S rRNA phylogeny KW - Acantharea KW - CARD-FISH KW - deep-sea protist KW - novel protistan lineage KW - sarcodine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracing water mass mixing in the Baltic–North Sea transition zone using the optical properties of coloured dissolved organic matter AU - Stedmon, Colin A. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Kragh, Theis T2 - Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science AB - The distribution and characteristics of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Baltic – North Sea transition zone were studied. The aim was to assess the validity of predicting CDOM absorption in the region on the basis of water mass mixing alone and demonstrate the utility of CDOM as an indicator of water mass mixing in coastal seas. A three-end-member mixing model representing the three major allochthonous CDOM sources was sufficient to describe the patterns in CDOM absorption distribution observed. The three-end-member water masses were the: Baltic outflow, German Bight and the central North Sea. Previously, it was thought that water from the German Bight transported northwards in the Jutland coastal current only sporadically influenced mixing between the Baltic and North Sea. The results from this study show that water from the German Bight is detectable at salinities down to 12 in the Kattegat and Belt Sea. On average, 23% of the CDOM in bottom waters of the Kattegat, Great Belt, Belt Sea, Arkona Sea and the Sound originated from the German Bight. Using this conservative mixing model approach, local CDOM inputs were detectable but found to be limited, representing only 0.25% of CDOM in the surface waters of the Kattegat and Belt Sea. The conservative mixing of CDOM makes it possible to predict its distribution and characteristics and offers a powerful tool for tracing water mass mixing in the region. The results also emphasize the need to include the Jutland Coastal current in hydrodynamic models for the region. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.12.022 VL - 87 IS - 1 SP - 156-162 KW - baltic Sea KW - north Sea KW - german Bight KW - water mass mixing KW - tracers KW - dissolved organic matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methane hydrate-bearing seeps as a source of aged dissolved organic carbon to the oceans AU - Pohlman, John W. AU - Bauer, James E. AU - Waite, William F. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Chapman, N. Ross T2 - Nature Geosci DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1038/ngeo1016 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 37-41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geospatial analysis of vulnerable beach-foredune systems from decadal time series of lidar data AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Hardin, E. AU - Overton, M.F. AU - Kurum, M.O. T2 - Journal of Coastal Conservation DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1007/s11852-010-0088-1 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 161-172 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955281183&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Geochemistry of rivers in Panama AU - Harmon, R.S. AU - Lyons, W.B. AU - Goldsmith, S.T. AU - Carey, A. AU - Welch, S. AU - Welch, K. AU - Forizs, I. AU - Long, D. AU - Mitasova, H. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Water-Rock Interaction - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Water-Rock Interaction, WRI-13 DA - 2010/// SP - 253-256 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84860171821&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of coastal landform changes on storm surge along the hatteras island breach area AU - Kurum, M.O. AU - Edge, B. AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Overton, M. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference DA - 2010/// UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864486951&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - The good Earth introduction to Earth science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// PB - New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winds and the orientation of a coastal plane estuary plume AU - Xia, Meng AU - Xie, Lian AU - Pietrafesa, Leonard J. T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Based on a calibrated coastal plane estuary plume model, ideal model hindcasts of estuary plumes are used to describe the evolution of the plume pattern in response to river discharge and local wind forcing by selecting a typical partially mixed estuary (the Cape Fear River Estuary or CFRE). With the help of an existing calibrated plume model, as described by Xia et al. (2007), simulations were conducted using different parameters to evaluate the plume behavior type and its change associated with the variation of wind forcing and river discharge. The simulations indicate that relatively moderate winds can mechanically reverse the flow direction of the plume. Downwelling favorably wind will pin the plume to the coasts while the upwelling plume could induce plume from the left side to right side in the application to CFRE. It was found that six major types of plumes may occur in the estuary and in the corresponding coastal ocean. To better understand these plumes in the CFRE and other similar river estuary systems, we also investigated how the plumes transition from one type to another. Results showed that wind direction, wind speed, and sometimes river discharge contribute to plume transitions. DA - 2010/10/1/ PY - 2010/10/1/ DO - 10.1029/2010gl044494 VL - 37 SP - SN - 0094-8276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in ultrafiltered and LMW organic matter fluorescence properties under simulated estuarine mixing transects: 2. Mixing with photoexposure AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Barham, Bethany P. AU - Hall, Gregory J. AU - Schumann, Brandon S. AU - Paerl, Ryan W. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Ultrafiltered and low molecular weight dissolved organic matter (UDOM and LMW‐DOM, respectively) fluorescence was studied under simulated estuarine mixing along with moderate photoexposure using Delaware, Chesapeake, and San Francisco Bays (USA) natural organic matter. UDOM was produced by tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFF) from the marine (>33 PSU), mid‐estuarine (∼16 PSU), and freshwater (<1 PSU) members. TFF permeates (<1 kDa) were used to create artificial salinity transects nominally ranging from ∼0 to ∼36, with 4 PSU increments. UDOM or permeate (as control) from freshwater and mid‐estuary was added to each salinity mix in the artificial transect to determine the impact of mixing behavior on optical properties. Three‐dimensional fluorescence excitation‐emission matrix (EEMs) spectra were generated for each end‐member permeate (LMW fraction) and UDOM through the full artificial mixing transect. Fluorescent properties representing standard‐identified peaks, fluorescence ratios and excitation‐emission characteristics were assayed as previously reported. However, in this study, each sample was additionally photobleached for three days (nominally) to determine the coupled effect of estuarine mixing and photobleaching on LMW and UDOM fluorescence. Permeates, except Delaware Bay samples, were more bleached at lower salinities (<16). This effect was especially noticeable for mid‐estuarine LMW organic material which was highly bleached at low salinities. Humic‐type UDOM was generally bleached less at low salinities, maximally at mid‐salinities, and less as it mixed toward the ocean end‐member. As with mixing alone experiments, the B peak showed virtually no variability in the LMW and UDOMs fraction and was not significantly bleached. The N and T peak behaved similarly to one another and were significantly bleached. PCA and PARAFAC models confirmed trends for individual peaks. A four‐dimensional PARAFAC model with pre‐ and post‐bleached as the fourth dimension showed increases in the T peak fluorescence after photobleaching (with some overlap of the B and N peak). Results from this study indicate that coupled mixing and photobleaching can alter CDOM fluorescence in ways which might increase the difficulty in using CDOM as a proxy for DOM in regional carbon cycling biogeochemical models. DA - 2010/9/29/ PY - 2010/9/29/ DO - 10.1029/2009jg000994 VL - 115 SP - J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JG000994 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in ultrafiltered and LMW organic matter fluorescence properties under simulated estuarine mixing transects: 1. Mixing alone AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Barham, Bethany P. AU - Hall, Gregory J. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES AB - Ultrafiltered and low molecular weight dissolved organic matter (UDOM and LMW‐DOM, respectively) fluorescence was studied under simulated estuarine mixing using samples collected from Delaware, Chesapeake, and San Francisco Bays (USA) transects. UDOM was concentrated by tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFF) from the marine (>33 PSU), mid‐estuarine (∼16 PSU), and freshwater (<1 PSU) members. TFF permeates (<1 kDa) from the three members were used to create artificial salinity transects ranging from ∼0 to ∼36, with 4 PSU increments. UDOM from the end‐ or mid‐members was added in equal amounts to each salinity‐mix. Three‐dimensional fluorescence excitation‐emission matrix (EEMs) spectra were generated for each end‐member permeate and UDOM through the full estuarine mixing transect. Fluorescence components such as proteinaceous, terrigenous, and marine derived humic peaks, and certain fluorescent ratios were noticeably altered by simulated estuarine mixing, suggesting that LMW DOM and UDOM undergo physicochemical alteration as they move to or from the freshwater, mid‐estuarine, or coastal ocean members. LMW fluorescence components fit a decreasing linear mixing model from mid salinities to the ocean end‐member, but were more highly fluorescent than mixing alone would predict in lower salinities (<8). Significant shifts were also seen in UDOM peak emission wavelengths with blue‐shifting toward the ocean end‐member. Humic‐type components in UDOM generally showed lower fluorescent intensities at low salinities, higher at mid‐salinities, and lower again toward the ocean end‐member. T (believed to be proteinaceous) and N (labile organic matter) peaks behaved similarly to each other, but not to B peak fluorescence, which showed virtually no variation in permeate or UDOM mixes with salinity. PCA and PARAFAC models showed similar results suggesting trends could be modeled for DOM end‐ and mid‐member sources. Changes in fluorescence properties due to estuarine mixing may be important when using CDOM as a proxy for DOM cycling in coastal systems. DA - 2010/9/29/ PY - 2010/9/29/ DO - 10.1029/2009jg000992 VL - 115 SP - SN - 2169-8961 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Response of Simulated Nocturnal Convective Systems to a Developing Low-Level Jet AU - French, Adam J. AU - Parker, Matthew D. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AB - Abstract Some recent numerical experiments have examined the dynamics of initially surface-based squall lines that encounter an increasingly stable boundary layer, akin to what occurs with the onset of nocturnal cooling. The present study builds on that work by investigating the added effect of a developing nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) on the convective-scale dynamics of a simulated squall line. The characteristics of the simulated LLJ atop a simulated stable boundary layer are based on past climatological studies of the LLJ in the central United States. A variety of jet orientations are tested, and sensitivities to jet height and the presence of low-level cooling are explored. The primary impacts of adding the LLJ are that it alters the wind shear in the layers just above and below the jet and that it alters the magnitude of the storm-relative inflow in the jet layer. The changes to wind shear have an attendant impact on low-level lifting, in keeping with current theories for gust front lifting in squall lines. The changes to the system-relative inflow, in turn, impact total upward mass flux and precipitation output. Both are sensitive to the squall line–relative orientation of the LLJ. The variations in updraft intensity and system-relative inflow are modulated by the progression of the low-level cooling, which mimics the development of a nocturnal boundary layer. While the system remains surface-based, the below-jet shear has the largest impact on lifting, whereas the above-jet shear begins to play a larger role as the system becomes elevated. Similarly, as the system becomes elevated, larger changes to system-relative inflow are observed because of the layer of potentially buoyant inflowing parcels becoming confined to the layer of the LLJ. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1175/2010jas3329.1 VL - 67 IS - 10 SP - 3384-3408 SN - 0022-4928 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between System Slope and Updraft Intensity in Squall Lines AU - Parker, Matthew D. T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract In recent years there has been debate about whether squall lines have an “optimal state.” It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the slope of a squall line’s convective region is related to the comparative magnitudes of the squall line’s cold pool and the base-state vertical wind shear. The present work addresses a related assertion, that squall-line intensity ought to be maximized for an upright updraft zone. A simple demonstration shows that upright systems realize more of their buoyancy because their attendant downward-directed perturbation pressure gradient accelerations are weaker. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1175/2010mwr3441.1 VL - 138 IS - 9 SP - 3572-3578 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna AU - Ksepka, D. T. AU - Clarke, J. A. T2 - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - 685-706 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Late Pleistocene slip rate of the Hoh Serh-Tsagaan Salaa fault system, Mongolian Altai and intracontinental deformation in central Asia AU - Frankel, Kurt L. AU - Wegmann, Karl W. AU - Bayasgalan, Amgalan AU - Carson, Robert J. AU - Bader, Nicholas E. AU - Adiya, Tsolmon AU - Bolor, Erdenebat AU - Durfey, Chelsea C. AU - Otgonkhuu, Jargal AU - Sprajcar, Jodi AU - Sweeney, Kristin E. AU - Walker, Richard T. AU - Marstellar, Tina L. AU - Gregory, Laura T2 - GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL AB - SUMMARY The Mongolian Altai is an intracontinental oblique contractional orogen related to the far-field effects of the Indo-Asian collision. Global Positioning System (GPS) data suggest that ∼10–15 per cent of total Indo-Asia convergence is accommodated across this orogen. The Hoh Serh–Tsagaan Salaa fault system is one of several NNW–SSE-trending oblique contractional faults acting to partition strain and accommodate shortening and dextral shear in the Mongolian Altai. This fault zone displaces late Pleistocene alluvium along the southwest piedmont of the Hoh Serh range in western Mongolia. Along the central third of the fault zone, strain is partitioned onto two separate strands, one that accommodates nearly pure dextral shear and one that accommodates thrust motion. We determined late Pleistocene rates of deformation along each of the Hoh Serh–Tsagaan Salaa fault strands based on differential GPS surveys and cosmogenic nuclide 10Be geochronology. Combining the measured offsets and 10Be dates yields a minimum right-lateral slip rate of 0.9 +0.2/−0.1 mm a−1; the minimum shortening rate is 0.3 ± 0.1 mm a−1, with uplift of at least 0.1 ± 0.1 mm a−1. Resolving the shortening and dextral components of deformation yields a slip vector of 0.8 +0.2/−0.1 mm a−1 toward 336°. This long-term deformation vector is consistent with the short-term strain field determined by GPS in the region and indicates that ∼20 per cent of Indo-Asian deformation in the Mongolian Altai (∼2 per cent of the total Indo-Asia strain accumulation) occurs along the Hoh Serh–Tsagaan Salaa fault zone. Although rate data for other active faults in the Mongolian Altai are sparse, our results suggest that strain may be accommodated almost exclusively on discrete structures in this intraplate tectonic setting. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04826.x VL - 183 IS - 3 SP - 1134-1150 SN - 1365-246X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78449252083&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Geomorphology KW - Intra-plate processes KW - Continental neotectonics KW - Dynamics and mechanics of faulting KW - Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle KW - Asia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Irreversible loss of ice nucleation active sites in mineral dust particles caused by sulphuric acid condensation AU - Sullivan, R. C. AU - Petters, M. D. AU - DeMott, P. J. AU - Kreidenweis, S. M. AU - Wex, H. AU - Niedermeier, D. AU - Hartmann, S. AU - Clauss, T. AU - Stratmann, F. AU - Reitz, P. AU - Schneider, J. AU - Sierau, B. T2 - Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 10 IS - 23 SP - 11471-11487 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of Particle Generation Method on the Apparent Hygroscopicity of Insoluble Mineral Particles AU - Sullivan, Ryan C. AU - Moore, Meagan J. K. AU - Petters, Markus D. AU - Kreidenweis, Sonia M. AU - Qafoku, Odeta AU - Laskin, Alexander AU - Roberts, Greg C. AU - Prather, Kimberly A. T2 - AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Calcite (CaCO 3 ) mineral particles are commonly generated by atomization techniques to study their heterogeneous chemistry, hygroscopicity, and cloud nucleation properties. Here we investigate the significant artifact introduced in generating calcium mineral particles through the atomization of a saturated suspension of the powder in water, by measuring particle hygroscopicity via CCN activation curves. Particles produced from atomization displayed hygroscopicities as large as κapp > 0.1, 100 times more hygroscopic than that obtained for dry-generated calcite, κapp = 0.0011. The hygroscopicity of the wet-generated particles increased as a function of time the calcite powder spent in water, and with decreasing particle size. Wet-generated calcium oxalate was more hygroscopic through wet- (κapp = 0.34) versus dry-generation (κapp = 0.048). Atomized calcium sulfate particles, however, were only slightly more hygroscopic (κapp = 0.0045) than those generated dry (κapp = 0.0016). Single-particle analysis by ATOFMS and SEM/EDX, and bulk analysis of the calcite powders by ICP-MS and IC revealed no significant soluble contaminants. The atomized particles were likely composed of components that dissolved from the powder and then re-precipitated, and appeared to contain little of the original mineral powder. The increased hygroscopicity of atomized calcite may have been caused by aqueous carbonate chemistry producing Ca(OH) 2 , Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 , and metastable hydrates with increased solubility. Surface water adsorption may have also played a role, in addition to uncharacterized soluble components produced by wet-generation, and the precipitation of amorphous phases including glassy states. This study suggests that using wet-generation methods to suspend mineral dust samples will not produce particles with the correct physicochemical properties in laboratory studies, a finding which has important implications for past and future laboratory studies focusing on understanding relationships between the hygroscopicity and chemistry of mineral dust particles. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/02786826.2010.497514 VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 830-846 SN - 1521-7388 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diurnal variation of precipitation over the Carolina Sandhills region AU - Wootten, A. AU - Raman, S. AU - Sims, A. T2 - JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE AB - The Carolina Sandhills are known to have an area of maximum precipitation on its western boundary during the summer mainly due to differences in soil types. Statistical analysis was performed on summer precipitation data from automated weather stations in the Carolinas, along the Sandhills for the years 2001 to 2006. Statistically significant difference was observed between the day and night precipitation amounts. A case study also revealed the diurnal pattern of convective precipitation. North American Mesoscale (NAM) model forecasts for the summers of 2004 to 2006 were evaluated using observations. The model underpredicted precipitation significantly during nights. A numerical simulation using Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model was performed for August 9–11, 2001 and the forecasts were compared with observed precipitation data. The model precipitation forecasts were better for daytime as compared to the night. This feature is attributed to model physics not capturing cloud-radiation interaction processes dominant during nights. Although this study is for a specific region in the US, results are applicable for other regions for similar conditions. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1007/s12040-010-0045-2 VL - 119 IS - 5 SP - 579-596 SN - 0253-4126 KW - Sandhills KW - diurnal convection KW - heat flux gradients KW - cloud-radiation interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deep-water bathymetric features imaged by spaceborne SAR in the Gulf Stream region AU - Li, Xiaofeng AU - Yang, Xiaofeng AU - Zheng, Quanan AU - Pietrafesa, Leonard J. AU - Pichel, William G. AU - Li, Ziwei AU - Li, Xiaoming T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Deep‐water (>500 m) oceanic bathymetric features are frequently observed in RADARSAT‐1 SAR images in the Gulf Stream (GS) region. They are imaged apparently because of the unique environmental conditions in the region, oceanographically characterized by a strong GS current (2 ms −1 ) and favorable ocean stratification. SAR image analysis shows the basic characteristics of these bathymetric features. A coincident sea surface temperature image shows that the bathymetric feature is only “visible” by SAR within the GS pathway. The dominant wavelength of the wave‐like feature is about 2.3 km and their crests are perpendicular to the GS axis. Shipboard sounding measurements confirm the SAR observation. A theoretical consideration of the ocean current and corrugated bathymetry interaction in a 3‐layer ocean is presented. Using representative ocean density profile data and the GS current data, we analyze the requirements for the generation and upward propagation of the disturbance induced by the current‐bathymetry interaction. DA - 2010/10/2/ PY - 2010/10/2/ DO - 10.1029/2010gl044406 VL - 37 SP - SN - 1944-8007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coastal upwelling in the South Atlantic Bight: A revisit of the 2003 cold event using long term observations and model hindcast solutions AU - Hyun, Kyung Hoon AU - He, Ruoying T2 - JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS AB - Long-term (2002–2008) buoy observations, satellite imagery, and regional ocean circulation hindcast solutions were used to investigate the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) cold event that occurred in summer 2003. Observations confirmed that SAB shelf water temperature during the event was significantly colder than their 7-year (2002–2008) mean states. The cold event consisted of 6 distinctive cold wakes, which were likely related with intra-seasonal oscillations in wind fields. The upwelling index analyses based on both in situ buoy wind and North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) highlighted that the upwelling favorable winds in 2003 were the strongest and most persistent over the 7-year study period. The regional circulation model hindcast driven by the large scale data assimilative model, NARR surface meteorological forcing and coastal river runoff generally reproduced observed hydrodynamic variability during the event. Further model analyses revealed a close relationship between the cold bottom water intrusion and the Gulf Stream (GS) core intensity and its position relative to the shelf break. Being more intensive and shoreward located, the GS worked in concert with strong upwelling favorable wind field to produce abnormal upwelling in summer 2003. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.05.014 VL - 83 IS - 1-2 SP - 1-13 SN - 1879-1573 KW - South Atlantic Bight coastal circulation KW - Observation and modeling KW - Gulf stream ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and phosphate-classified bottom-up control of Atlantic pelagic ecosystems through the 20th century AU - Kamykowski, Daniel T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS AB - Both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the North Atlantic Ocean (NA) biosphere have recognized associations with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). These multidecadal physical–biological affinities inspired a closer look at AMOC influences on bottom-up control of NA and South Atlantic Ocean (SA) pelagic ecosystem variability. Various ocean models associate changes in the AMOC with sea surface temperature (SST) differences in the western subpolar NA and SA represented as the Atlantic Dipole SST Anomaly (ADSA) index. The Extended Reconstructed SST version 2 (ERSSTv2) dataset for 2° quadrangles from 1890 to 2007 was used here to represent Atlantic Ocean SST patterns and to gauge 20th century AMOC variability using an Atlantic Dipole SST (ADS) index, an un-normalized version of ADSA index. Temperature–phosphate (T–PO4) linear regressions were used to convert temperature to phosphate concentration ([PO4]). The interannual stability of T–PO4 linear regressions first was examined using 26 Bermuda area T–PO4 datasets between 1958 and 2001. Within the constraints provided by the Bermuda analysis, climatological T–PO4 linear regressions based on GEOSECS-derived slopes and NODC-derived X-intercepts supported the conversion of monthly Atlantic Ocean ERSSTv2 temperatures for each 2° quadrangle to monthly surface [PO4]. A representative annual surface phosphate utilization (SPU) was calculated for each 2° quadrangle by subtracting monthly minimum surface [PO4] from monthly maximum surface [PO4] to determine the annual surface [PO4] ranges from 1890 to 2007. Annual average SST tended to increase and overall annual average SPU tended to decrease through the 20th century in both the NA and SA, but the NA exhibited more temporal variability. An Atlantic Dipole Phosphate Utilization (ADPU) index related to the ADS index was calculated for each year from 1890 to 2007. The ADS and ADPU indices were inversely correlated with about 57% of the variability in the ADPU index explained by the ADS index. The ADPU index exhibited three distinct cycles through the 20th century. Cross-correlation analysis showed that the NAO led the ADS and ADPU indices by about 14 years. Differences in annual average SPU for each Atlantic Ocean 2° quadrangle between the three high and four low years of the ADPU cycles yielded six maps that, when averaged, clearly exhibited reversed east–west patterns distributed in alternating latitudinal bands in both the NA and SA. The east–west patterns spatially corresponded to the NA and SA surface circulation and temporally resembled NA patterns previously associated with the NAO. AMOC variability, mediated by Kelvin and Rossby waves associated with changes in both deep and surface arm circulation, likely contributed to meridional continuity of phosphate-classified, NA, and SA pelagic ecosystem variability, including fisheries, through the 20th century. Based on the results, future global warming influences on the AMOC, well short of shutdown, likely will have complex pelagic ecosystem impacts throughout the Atlantic Ocean. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010/10// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.06.013 VL - 57 IS - 10 SP - 1266-1277 SN - 1879-0119 KW - AMOC KW - Bipolar KW - ERSST KW - Fisheries KW - Multidecadal KW - NAO KW - Nutrient KW - Thermohaline ER - TY - JOUR TI - An overview of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2008 (AMAZE-08) (vol 10, pg 11415, 2010) AU - Martin, S. T. AU - Andreae, M. O. AU - Althausen, D. AU - Artaxo, P. AU - Baars, H. AU - Borrmann, S. AU - Chen, Q. AU - Farmer, D. K. AU - Guenther, A. AU - Gunthe, S. S. AU - Jimenez, J. L. AU - Karl, T. AU - Longo, K. AU - Manzi, A. AU - Muller, T. AU - Pauliquevis, T. AU - Petters, M. D. AU - Prenni, A. J. T2 - Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 10 IS - 23 SP - 11565-11565 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An overview of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2008 (AMAZE-08) AU - Martin, S. T. AU - Andreae, M. O. AU - Althausen, D. AU - Artaxo, P. AU - Baars, H. AU - Borrmann, S. AU - Chen, Q. AU - Farmer, D. K. AU - Guenther, A. AU - Gunthe, S. S. AU - Jimenez, J. L. AU - Karl, T. AU - Longo, K. AU - Manzi, A. AU - Muller, T. AU - Pauliquevis, T. AU - Petters, M. D. AU - Prenni, A. J. T2 - Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 10 IS - 23 SP - 11415-11438 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The illusory evidence for Asian Brachiosauridae: New material of Erketu ellisoni and a phylogenetic reappraisal of basal titanosauriformes AU - Ksepka, D. T. AU - Norell, M. A. T2 - American Museum Novitates DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// IS - 3700 SP - 1-27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal and spatial variability of Chl-a and SST on the South Atlantic Bight Revisiting with cloud-free reconstructions of MODIS satellite imagery AU - Miles, Travis N. AU - He, Ruoying T2 - CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH AB - Daily, cloud-free data interpolating empirical orthogonal function (DINEOF) reconstructions of sea-surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll (Chl-a) satellite imagery are compiled into monthly mean images for a six-year period (2003–2008) and used to identify their spatial and temporal variability on the South Atlantic Bight. Monthly-mean SST has the highest variability on the inner-shelf, decreasing seaward approaching the more stable temperatures of the Gulf Stream (GS). Monthly-mean Chl-a concentrations are similarly highest on the inner shelf throughout the year and decrease cross-shelf toward the nutrient depleted open ocean. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses on SST and Chl-a show a clear seasonal cycle in their 1st mode of variability, with SST lagging behind Chl-a by approximately one month. The 1st EOF modes account for 95.8% and 46.4% variance of SST and Chl-a, respectively. Chl-a EOF mode 1 in particular shows a highly regionalized spatial pattern with values on the central SAB clearly out of phase with the southern and northern SAB. This regional difference is likely a result of shelf geometry and stratification, which modulate GS influence on the shelf. SST EOF mode 2 exhibits a seasonal cycle as well, which previous studies have shown to be a function of local wind. Chl-a EOF mode 2 is well correlated with the cumulative river transport onto the SAB, but accounts for a relatively small 10.8% of Chl-a variability. DA - 2010/10/31/ PY - 2010/10/31/ DO - 10.1016/j.csr.2010.08.016 VL - 30 IS - 18 SP - 1951-1962 SN - 1873-6955 KW - Coastal oceanography KW - Satellite observations KW - SST and CHL a variability KW - South Atlantic Bight ER - TY - CONF TI - Optical remote sensing techniques characterize the properties of atmospheric aerosols AU - Philbrick, R. AU - Hallen, H. AU - Wyant, A. AU - Wright, T. AU - Snyder, M. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Laser radar technology and applications xv DA - 2010/// VL - 7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observations of a Squall Line and Its Near Environment Using High-Frequency Rawinsonde Launches during VORTEX2 AU - Bryan, George H. AU - Parker, Matthew D. T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract Rawinsonde data were collected before and during passage of a squall line in Oklahoma on 15 May 2009 during the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2). Nine soundings were released within 3 h, allowing for unprecedented analysis of the squall line’s internal structure and nearby environment. Four soundings were released in the prestorm environment and they document the following features: low-level cooling associated with the reduction of solar isolation by a cirrus anvil; abrupt warming (1.5 K in 30 min) above the boundary layer, which is probably attributable to a gravity wave; increases in both low-level and deep-layer vertical wind shear within 100 km of the squall line; and evidence of ascent extending at least 75 km ahead of the squall line. The next sounding was released ∼5 km ahead of the squall line’s gust front; it documented a moist absolutely unstable layer within a 2-km-deep layer of ascent, with vertical air velocity of approximately 6 m s−1. Another sounding was released after the gust front passed but before precipitation began; this sounding showed the cold pool to be ∼4 km deep, with a cold pool intensity C ≈ 35 m s−1, even though this sounding was located only 8 km behind the surface gust front. The final three soundings were released in the trailing stratiform region of the squall line, and they showed typical features such as: “onion”-shaped soundings, nearly uniform equivalent potential temperature over a deep layer, and an elevated rear inflow jet. The cold pool was 4.7 km deep in the trailing stratiform region, and extended ∼1 km above the melting level, suggesting that sublimation was a contributor to cold pool development. A mesoscale analysis of the sounding data shows an upshear tilt to the squall line, which is consistent with the cold pool intensity C being much larger than a measure of environmental vertical wind shear ΔU. This dataset should be useful for evaluating cloud-scale numerical model simulations and analytic theory, but the authors argue that additional observations of this type should be collected in future field projects. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1175/2010mwr3359.1 VL - 138 IS - 11 SP - 4076-4097 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Geomorphology of the City of Port Angeles Waterfront AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Homburg, J.A. AU - Bohnenstiehl, D.R. AU - Bowman, J.D. AU - Windingstad, J.D. AU - Huber, E.K. A3 - Statistical Research, Inc. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M1 - 10-82 M3 - Technical Report PB - Statistical Research, Inc. SN - 10-82 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Generation of internal waves by barotropic tidal flow over a steep ridge AU - Qian, Hui AU - Shaw, Ping-Tung AU - Ko, Dong Shan T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS AB - A three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model is used to study the generation of internal waves by the barotropic tidal flow over a steep two-dimensional ridge in an ocean with strong upper-ocean stratification. The process is examined by varying topographic width, amplitude of the barotropic tide, and stratification at three ridge heights. The results show that a large amount of energy is converted from the barotropic tide to the baroclinic wave when the slope parameter, defined as the ratio of the maximum ridge slope to the maximum wave slope, is greater than 1. The energy flux of internal waves can be normalized by the vertical integral of the buoyancy frequency over the ridge depths and the kinetic energy of the barotropic tides in the water column. A relationship between the normalized energy flux and the slope parameter is derived. The normalized energy flux reaches a constant value independent of the slope parameter when the slope parameter is greater than 1.5. It is inferred that internal wave generation is most efficient at the presence of strong upper-ocean stratification over a steep, tall ridge. In the Luzon Strait, the strength of the shallow thermocline and the location of the Kuroshio front could affect generation of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.09.001 VL - 57 IS - 12 SP - 1521-1531 SN - 0967-0637 KW - Internal wave generation KW - Barotropic tides KW - Ridges KW - Luzon Strait ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System AU - Warner, John C. AU - Armstrong, Brandy AU - He, Ruoying AU - Zambon, Joseph B. T2 - Ocean Modelling AB - Understanding the processes responsible for coastal change is important for managing our coastal resources, both natural and economic. The current scientific understanding of coastal sediment transport and geology suggests that examining coastal processes at regional scales can lead to significant insight into how the coastal zone evolves. To better identify the significant processes affecting our coastlines and how those processes create coastal change we developed a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System, which is comprised of the Model Coupling Toolkit to exchange data fields between the ocean model ROMS, the atmosphere model WRF, the wave model SWAN, and the sediment capabilities of the Community Sediment Transport Model. This formulation builds upon previous developments by coupling the atmospheric model to the ocean and wave models, providing one-way grid refinement in the ocean model, one-way grid refinement in the wave model, and coupling on refined levels. Herein we describe the modeling components and the data fields exchanged. The modeling system is used to identify model sensitivity by exchanging prognostic variable fields between different model components during an application to simulate Hurricane Isabel during September 2003. Results identify that hurricane intensity is extremely sensitive to sea surface temperature. Intensity is reduced when coupled to the ocean model although the coupling provides a more realistic simulation of the sea surface temperature. Coupling of the ocean to the atmosphere also results in decreased boundary layer stress and coupling of the waves to the atmosphere results in increased bottom stress. Wave results are sensitive to both ocean and atmospheric coupling due to wave–current interactions with the ocean and wave growth from the atmosphere wind stress. Sediment resuspension at regional scale during the hurricane is controlled by shelf width and wave propagation during hurricane approach. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.010 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 230-244 J2 - Ocean Modelling LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5003 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.010 DB - Crossref KW - Coupled models KW - ROMS KW - SWAN KW - WRF KW - Sediment transport ER - TY - JOUR TI - TanGeoMS: Tangible Geospatial Modeling System AU - Tateosian, Laura G. AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Harmon, Brendan A. AU - Fogleman, Brent AU - Weaver, Katherine AU - Harmon, Russel S. T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS AB - We present TanGeoMS, a tangible geospatial modeling visualization system that couples a laser scanner, projector, and a flexible physical three-dimensional model with a standard geospatial information system (GIS) to create a tangible user interface for terrain data. TanGeoMS projects an image of real-world data onto a physical terrain model. Users can alter the topography of the model by modifying the clay surface or placing additional objects on the surface. The modified model is captured by an overhead laser scanner then imported into a GIS for analysis and simulation of real-world processes. The results are projected back onto the surface of the model providing feedback on the impact of the modifications on terrain parameters and simulated processes. Interaction with a physical model is highly intuitive, allowing users to base initial design decisions on geospatial data, test the impact of these decisions in GIS simulations, and use the feedback to improve their design. We demonstrate the system on three applications: investigating runoff management within a watershed, assessing the impact of storm surge on barrier islands, and exploring landscape rehabilitation in military training areas. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1109/tvcg.2010.202 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 1605-1612 SN - 1941-0506 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78149238565&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Visualization system KW - geographic/geospatial visualization KW - terrain visualization KW - tangible user interface KW - collaborative visualization KW - human-computer interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local scaling characteristics of Antarctic surface layer turbulence AU - Basu, S. AU - Ruiz-Columbie, A. AU - Phillipson, J. A. AU - Harshan, S. T2 - CRYOSPHERE AB - Abstract. Over the past years, several studies have validated Nieuwstadt's local scaling hypothesis by utilizing turbulence observations from the mid-latitude, nocturnal stable boundary layers. In this work, we probe into the local scaling characteristics of polar, long-lived stable boundary layers by analyzing turbulence data from the South Pole region of the antarctic plateau. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.5194/tc-4-325-2010 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 325-331 SN - 1994-0416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - LIGHT SCATTERING FROM EXOPLANET OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERES AU - Zugger, M. E. AU - Kasting, J. F. AU - Williams, D. M. AU - Kane, T. J. AU - Philbrick, C. R. T2 - ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL AB - Orbital variation in reflected starlight from exoplanets could eventually be used to detect surface oceans. Exoplanets with rough surfaces, or dominated by atmospheric Rayleigh scattering, should reach peak brightness in full phase, orbital longitude = 180 deg, whereas ocean planets with transparent atmospheres should reach peak brightness in crescent phase near OL = 30 deg. Application of Fresnel theory to a planet with no atmosphere covered by a calm ocean predicts a peak polarization fraction of 1 at OL = 74 deg; however, our model shows that clouds, wind-driven waves, aerosols, absorption, and Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere and within the water column, dilute the polarization fraction and shift the peak to other OLs. Observing at longer wavelengths reduces the obfuscation of the water polarization signature by Rayleigh scattering but does not mitigate the other effects. Planets with thick Rayleigh scattering atmospheres reach peak polarization near OL = 90 deg, but clouds and Lambertian surface scattering dilute and shift this peak to smaller OL. A shifted Rayleigh peak might be mistaken for a water signature unless data from multiple wavelength bands are available. Our calculations suggest that polarization alone may not positively identify the presence of an ocean under an Earth-like atmosphere; however polarization adds another dimension which can be used, in combination with unpolarized orbital light curves and contrast ratios, to detect extrasolar oceans, atmospheric water aerosols, and water clouds. Additionally, the presence and direction of the polarization vector could be used to determine planet association with the star, and constrain orbit inclination. DA - 2010/11/10/ PY - 2010/11/10/ DO - 10.1088/0004-637x/723/2/1168 VL - 723 IS - 2 SP - 1168-1179 SN - 0004-637X KW - infrared: planetary systems KW - planets and satellites: atmospheres KW - planets and satellites: composition KW - planets and satellites: detection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characteristics of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in North Carolina AU - Kehoe, Jennifer AU - Raman, Sethu AU - Boyles, Ryan T2 - MARINE GEODESY AB - Trends in the Atlantic tropical cyclones and the cyclones that had tracks through North Carolina were analyzed for more than 100 years. From about 1970, there appears to be an increase in the mean number of storms developing. The number of storms affecting North Carolina each decade has been increasing since the 1960s. In the 1980s, 1990s, and into the 2000s, there was an increase in the number of landfalling storms in North Carolina. Although August and September are the most active months of the Atlantic hurricane season, the hurricane season for North Carolina peaks in September. Wind distribution and frictional convergence associated with landfalling hurricanes in North Carolina are discussed. Convection and precipitation patterns of landfalling hurricanes are presented. Two examples of the effect of spatial surface moisture distribution on intensification of tropical cyclones over land after landfall are discussed. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/01490419.2010.518059 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 394-411 SN - 1521-060X KW - Hurricanes KW - North Carolina KW - precipitation KW - wind distribution KW - surface moisture ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparative study of nucleation parameterizations: 2. Three-dimensional model application and evaluation AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Liu, P. AU - Liu, X. H. AU - Jacobson, M. Z. AU - McMurry, P. H. AU - Yu, F. Q. AU - Yu, S. C. AU - Schere, K. L. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres (Online) DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 115 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparative study of nucleation parameterizations: 1. Examination and evaluation of the formulations AU - Zhang, Yang AU - McMurry, Peter H. AU - Yu, Fangqun AU - Jacobson, Mark Z. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Large uncertainty exists in the nucleation parameterizations that may be propagated into climate change predictions through affecting aerosol direct and indirect effects. These parameterizations are derived either empirically from laboratory/field measurements or from theoretical models for nucleation rates. A total of 12 nucleation parameterizations (7 binary, 3 ternary, and 2 power laws) that are currently used in three‐dimensional air quality models are examined comparatively under a variety of atmospheric conditions from polluted surface to very clean mesosphere environments and evaluated using observations from several laboratory experiments and a field campaign conducted in a sulfate‐rich urban environment in the southeastern United States (i.e., Atlanta, Georgia). Significant differences (by up to 18 orders of magnitude) are found among the nucleation rates calculated with different parameterizations under the same meteorological and chemical conditions. All parameterizations give nucleation rates that increase with the number concentrations of sulfuric acid but differ in terms of the magnitude of such increases. Differences exist in their dependencies on temperatures, relative humidity, and the mixing ratios of ammonia in terms of both trends and magnitudes. Among the 12 parameterizations tested, the parameterizations of Kuang et al. (2008), Sihto et al. (2006), and Harrington and Kreidenweis (1998) give the best agreement with the observed nucleation rates in most laboratory studies and in Atlanta during a summer season field campaign and either do not exceed or rarely exceed the upper limits of the nucleation rates (i.e., the dimer formation rate) and new particle formation rates (i.e., the formation rate of particles with 2 nm diameter). They are thus the most plausible nucleation parameterizations for applications in the planetary boundary layer of polluted sulfate‐rich urban areas. Limitation with the two power laws are that they were derived empirically based on observations at specific locations under certain atmospheric conditions that may be different from laboratory measurement conditions and those at other locations and that they do not consider RH and T dependence. By contrast, the ternary nucleation parameterization of Napari et al. (2002) should not be used because it grossly overpredicts the observed nucleation rates, often exceeding the upper limit dimer or new particle formation rates, and giving an enhancement factor due to the presence of ammonia and a dependence on relative humidity that are inconsistent with laboratory measurements. The binary nucleation parameterization of Wexler et al. (1994) and Kulmala et al. (1998b) also should not be used because the former gives nucleation rates exceeding the upper limits under most atmospheric conditions and the latter contains technical mistakes in its formula. DA - 2010/10/29/ PY - 2010/10/29/ DO - 10.1029/2010JD014150 VL - 115 IS - D20 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014150 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ, part II. Process analysis and sensitivity of ozone and particulate matter to precursor emissions AU - Liu, Xiao-Huan AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Xing, Jia AU - Zhang, Qiang AU - Wang, Kai AU - Streets, David G. AU - Jang, Carey AU - Wang, Wen-Xing AU - Hao, Ji-Ming T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Following model evaluation in part I, this part II paper focuses on the process analysis and chemical regime analysis for the formation of ozone (O3) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10) in China. The process analysis results show that horizontal transport is the main contributor to the accumulation of O3 in Jan., Apr., and Oct., and gas-phase chemistry and vertical transport contribute to the production and accumulation of O3 in Jul. Removal pathways of O3 include vertical and horizontal transport, gas-phase chemistry, and cloud processes, depending on locations and seasons. PM10 is mainly produced by primary emissions and aerosol processes and removed by horizontal transport. Cloud processes could either decrease or increase PM10 concentrations, depending on locations and seasons. Among all indicators examined, the ratio of PHNO3/PH2O2 provides the most robust indicator for O3 chemistry, indicating a VOC-limited O3 chemistry over most of the eastern China in Jan., NOx-limited in Jul., and either VOC- or NOx-limited in Apr. and Oct. O3 chemistry is NOx-limited in most central and western China and VOC-limited in major cities throughout the year. The adjusted gas ratio, AdjGR, indicates that PM formation in the eastern China is most sensitive to the emissions of SO2 and may be more sensitive to emission reductions in NOx than in NH3. These results are fairly consistent with the responses of O3 and PM2.5 to the reductions of their precursor emissions predicted from sensitivity simulations. A 50% reduction of NOx or AVOC emissions leads to a reduction of O3 over the eastern China. Unlike the reduction of emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3 that leads to a decrease in PM10, a 50% reduction of AVOC emissions increases PM10 levels. Such results indicate the complexity of O3 and PM chemistry and a need for an integrated, region-specific emission control strategy with seasonal variations to effectively control both O3 and PM2.5 pollution in China. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.036 VL - 44 IS - 30 SP - 3719-3727 SN - 1873-2844 KW - CMAQ KW - Process analysis KW - Indicators for O-3 and PM2.5 chemistry KW - China ER - TY - JOUR TI - The basal penguin (Ayes: Sphenisciformes) perudyptes devriesi and a phylogenetic evaluation of the penguin fossil record AU - Ksepka, D. T. AU - Clarke, J. A. T2 - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// IS - 337 SP - 4- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent increases in U.S. heavy precipitation associated with tropical cyclones AU - Kunkel, Kenneth E. AU - Easterling, David R. AU - Kristovich, David A. R. AU - Gleason, Byron AU - Stoecker, Leslie AU - Smith, Rebecca T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Precipitation time series for 935 long‐term U.S. climate stations were analyzed to identify daily extreme events associated with tropical cyclones (TCs). Extremes were defined as daily amounts exceeding a threshold for a 1 in 5‐yr occurrence. TCs account for 30% or more of all such extreme events at a number of stations and about 6% of the national annual total. During 1994–2008, the number of TC‐associated events was more than double the long‐term average while the total annual national number of events was about 25% above the long‐term (1895–2008) average. Despite the limited spatial area and portion of the annual cycle affected by TCs, the anomalous number of events associated with TCs accounted for over one‐third of the overall national anomaly for 1994–2008. While there has been a recent increase in the number of landfalling U.S. hurricances, the increase in TC‐associated heavy events is much higher than would be expected from the pre‐1994 association between the two. DA - 2010/12/23/ PY - 2010/12/23/ DO - 10.1029/2010gl045164 VL - 37 SP - SN - 0094-8276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Numerical Investigation of the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelfbreak Frontal Circulation Using a High-Resolution Ocean Hindcast Model AU - Chen, Ke AU - He, Ruoying T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Abstract A nested high-resolution ocean model is used to hindcast the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelfbreak circulation from December 2003 to June 2008. The model is driven by tidal harmonics, realistic atmospheric forcing, and dynamically consistent initial and open boundary conditions obtained from a large-scale circulation model. Simulated shelfbreak sea levels and tracer fields compare favorably with satellite observations and available in situ hydrographic climatology, demonstrating the utility of this nested ocean model for resolving the MAB shelfbreak circulation. The resulting time and space continuous hindcast solutions between January 2004 and December 2007 are used to describe the mean structures and temporal variations of the shelfbreak front and jet, the bottom boundary layer detachment, and the migration of the shelfbreak front. It is found that the shelfbreak jet and boundary convergence reach their maximum intensities in the spring, at which time the foot of the front also migrates to its farthest offshore position. Vorticity analyses reveal that the magnitude ratio of the mean relative vorticity between the seaward and the shoreward portions of the shelfbreak front is about 2:1. The shelfbreak ageostrophic circulation is largely controlled by the viscosity in the boundary layers and by the nonlinear advection in the flow interior. Simulated three-dimensional velocity and tracer fields are used to estimate the transport and heat and salt fluxes across the 200-m isobath. Within the model domain, the total cross-shelf water transport, the total eddy heat flux, and the total eddy salt flux are 0.035 ± 0.26 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), 1.0 × 103 ± 4 × 104 W m−2, and 6.7 × 10−5 ± 7.0 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on the 4-yr shelfbreak circulation hindcast solutions identifies two dominant modes. The first EOF mode accounts for 61% variance, confirming that the shelfbreak jet is a persistent year-round circulation feature. The second mode accounts for 13% variance, representing the baroclinic eddy passages across the shelf break. DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1175/2009jpo4262.1 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 949-964 SN - 1520-0485 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fossil evidence for evolution of the shape and color of penguin feathers AU - Clarke, J. A. AU - Ksepka, D. T. AU - Salas-Gismondi, R. AU - Altamirano, A. J. AU - Shawkey, M. D. AU - D'Alba, L. AU - Vinther, J. AU - DeVries, T. J. AU - Baby, P. T2 - Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 330 IS - 6006 SP - 954-957 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cracks in desert pavement rocks: Further insights into mechanical weathering by directional insolation AU - Eppes, Martha Cary AU - McFadden, Leslie D. AU - Wegmann, Karl W. AU - Scuderi, Louis A. T2 - GEOMORPHOLOGY AB - The formation of cracks is a fundamental first step in the physical weathering of rocks in desert environments. In this study we combine new field data from the Mojave (U.S.), Gobi (Mongolia) and Strzelecki (Australia) deserts that collectively support the hypothesis that meridional cracks (cracks with orientations not readily attributable to rock anisotropies or shape) in boulders or cobbles form due to tensile stresses caused by directional heating and cooling during the sun's daily transit. The new studies indicate that rock size, surface age, and latitude play important roles with respect to their influence on rock fracture. Rock size and pavement surface age exert an influence on the development of rock cracks as the average clast size of mature desert pavements may be at or below the threshold-clast size for thermal cracking of rocks. Latitude-controlled seasonal temperature variations play a key role, as demonstrated by: 1) tightly clustered mean resultant orientations that differ by latitude, as predicted in McFadden et al. (2005), and 2) very cold wintertime temperatures and strong diurnal gradients that may favor crack development in wintertime, given the likelihood for strong clast heating during early morning hours. The consistent evidence for meridional cracks in surfaces of diverse age and desert environments, climate, vegetation, and distance of clast transport indicate that directional insolation may play the key role in initially generating and propagating rock fractures, rather than a secondary role as implied in recent field and modeling studies of physical weathering in deserts. DA - 2010/11/1/ PY - 2010/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.07.003 VL - 123 IS - 1-2 SP - 97-108 SN - 1872-695X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956341033&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Desert pavements KW - Physical weathering KW - Desert geomorphology KW - Insolation weathering KW - Fractures ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comments on "A Comparison of Tropical and Midlatitude Thunderstorm Evolution in Response to Wind Shear'' AU - Parker, Matthew D. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AB - Corresponding author address: Matthew D. Parker, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695–8208. Email: mdparker@ncsu.edu DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1175/2009jas3404.1 VL - 67 IS - 5 SP - 1700-1707 SN - 0022-4928 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The contribution of marine organics to the air quality of the western United States AU - Gantt, B. AU - Meskhidze, N. AU - Carlton, A. G. T2 - ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS AB - Abstract. The contribution of marine organic emissions to the air quality in coastal areas of the western United States is studied using the latest version of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regional-scale Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQv4.7) modeling system. Emissions of marine isoprene, monoterpenes, and primary organic matter (POM) from the ocean are implemented into the model to provide a comprehensive view of the connection between ocean biology and atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. Model simulations show that marine organics can increase the concentration of PM2.5 by 0.1–0.3 μg m−3 (up to 5%) in some coastal cities such as San Francisco, CA. This increase in the PM2.5 concentration is primarily attributed to the POM emissions, with small contributions from the marine isoprene and monoterpenes. When marine organic emissions are included, organic carbon (OC) concentrations over the remote ocean are increased by up to 50% (25% in coastal areas), values consistent with recent observational findings. This study is the first to quantify the air quality impacts from marine POM and monoterpenes for the United States, and it highlights the need for inclusion of marine organic emissions in air quality models. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.5194/acp-10-7415-2010 VL - 10 IS - 15 SP - 7415-7423 SN - 1680-7324 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Primobucco mcgrewi (Aves: Coracii) from the Eocene Green River Formation: Mew anatomical data from the earliest constrained record of stem rollers AU - Ksepka, D. T. AU - Clarke, J. A. T2 - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 215-225 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate AU - DeMott, P. J. AU - Prenni, A. J. AU - Liu, X. AU - Kreidenweis, S. M. AU - Petters, M. D. AU - Twohy, C. H. AU - Richardson, M. S. AU - Eidhammer, T. AU - Rogers, D. C. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Knowledge of cloud and precipitation formation processes remains incomplete, yet global precipitation is predominantly produced by clouds containing the ice phase. Ice first forms in clouds warmer than -36 degrees C on particles termed ice nuclei. We combine observations from field studies over a 14-year period, from a variety of locations around the globe, to show that the concentrations of ice nuclei active in mixed-phase cloud conditions can be related to temperature and the number concentrations of particles larger than 0.5 microm in diameter. This new relationship reduces unexplained variability in ice nuclei concentrations at a given temperature from approximately 10(3) to less than a factor of 10, with the remaining variability apparently due to variations in aerosol chemical composition or other factors. When implemented in a global climate model, the new parameterization strongly alters cloud liquid and ice water distributions compared to the simple, temperature-only parameterizations currently widely used. The revised treatment indicates a global net cloud radiative forcing increase of approximately 1 W m(-2) for each order of magnitude increase in ice nuclei concentrations, demonstrating the strong sensitivity of climate simulations to assumptions regarding the initiation of cloud glaciation. DA - 2010/6/22/ PY - 2010/6/22/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0910818107 VL - 107 IS - 25 SP - 11217-11222 SN - 0027-8424 KW - aerosol indirect effects KW - climate forcing KW - ice nucleation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population density, survival and movement of blue crabs in estuarine salt marsh nurseries AU - Johnson, Eric G. AU - Eggleston, David B. T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 407:135-147 (2010) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08574 Population density, survival and movement of blue crabs in estuarine salt marsh nurseries Eric G. Johnson1,2,*, David B. Eggleston1 1North Carolina State University, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA 2Present address: Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA *Email: johnsoneg@si.edu ABSTRACT: The importance of a broad suite of complex structured habitats as nurseries for estuarine fauna is well recognized. In contrast, recent evidence indicates the nursery value of salt marshes and contiguous unvegetated mud flats for blue crabs are underestimated. To assess the nursery value of salt marsh tidal creeks for the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in coastal North Carolina, USA, we quantified population density, survival and movement patterns of juvenile blue crabs in 2 tidal salt marsh creeks during summer and fall. Survival rates of blue crab juveniles were high (0.98 d–1) and similar in both creek systems. Juvenile crabs exhibited a high degree of site fidelity to a given marsh creek during summer–fall, suggesting that losses were predominantly due to mortality, not emigration. Our study provides critical information on the demographic processes underlying the importance of salt marshes as nurseries for estuarine-dependent species, and was novel in that it: (1) measured density, survival and emigration concurrently; and (2) enabled the identification of individuals, which allowed for the assessment of the relationship between blue crab size, survival and capture probability. We conclude that the observed patterns of abundance, survival and habitat utilization of blue crabs within tidal salt marsh creeks in North Carolina are consistent with the hypothesis that salt marsh creeks are important nurseries for blue crabs. Further, the relatively high use of the marsh surface by juvenile blue crabs, combined with a general lack of directed sampling within these complex habitats, suggests that crab densities may be even higher in salt marshes than previously thought. KEY WORDS: Blue crab · Callinectes sapidus · Mark-recapture · Survival · Salt marsh Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Johnson EG, Eggleston DB (2010) Population density, survival and movement of blue crabs in estuarine salt marsh nurseries. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 407:135-147. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08574Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 407. Online publication date: May 20, 2010 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2010 Inter-Research. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.3354/meps08574 VL - 407 SP - 135-U150 SN - 0171-8630 KW - Blue crab KW - Callinectes sapidus KW - Mark-recapture KW - Survival KW - Salt marsh ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mesoscale variations of sea surface temperature and ocean color patterns at the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelfbreak AU - He, Ruoying AU - Chen, Ke AU - Moore, Timothy AU - Li, Mingkui T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Concurrent sea surface temperature (SST) and color observations obtained by MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectra‐radiometer) provide an excellent opportunity to investigate simultaneous mesoscale variations in SST and surface pigment at the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf‐break. Cloud‐free MODIS images that clearly reveal mesoscale signals are used to estimate the dominant spatial scales of MAB shelfbreak water properties. Along‐shelfbreak decorrelation scales for SST and surface pigment are 45 and 40 km, respectively, whereas the across‐shelfbreak scales are much shorter, ranging from 19 km for SST to 25 km for pigment. The shelfbreak SST and surface pigment are generally inversely correlated. Cold (warm) SST corresponds to high (low) pigment concentration. Mesoscale variations account for 30% of the total variance in shelfbreak SST. For the shelfbreak surface pigment, the mesoscale variation is much larger, reaching 60–90% of its total variance. DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1029/2010GL042658 VL - 37 IS - 9 SP - n/a-n/a J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042658 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of Scale-Selective Data Assimilation to Regional Climate Modeling and Prediction AU - Peng, Shiqiu AU - Xie, Lan AU - Liu, Bin AU - Semazzi, Fredrick T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract A method referred to as scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) is designed to inject the large-scale components of the atmospheric circulation from a global model into a regional model to improve regional climate simulations and predictions. The SSDA is implemented through the following procedure: 1) using a low-pass filter to extract the large-scale components of the atmospheric circulation from global analysis or model forecasts; 2) applying the filter to extract the regional-scale and the large-scale components of the atmospheric circulation from the regional model simulations or forecasts; 3) assimilating the large-scale circulation obtained from the global model into the corresponding component simulated by the regional model using the method of three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) while maintaining the small-scale components from the regional model during the assimilation cycle; 4) combining the small-scale and the assimilated large-scale components as the adjusted forecasts by the regional climate model and allowing the two components to mutually adjust outside the data assimilation cycle. A case study of summer 2005 seasonal climate hindcasting for the regions of the Atlantic and the eastern United States indicates that the large-scale components from the Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis can be effectively assimilated into the regional model using the scale-selective data assimilation method devised in this study, resulting in an improvement in the overall results from the regional climate model. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1175/2009mwr2974.1 VL - 138 IS - 4 SP - 1307-1318 SN - 1520-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing mixing models of old and young groundwater in a tropical lowland rain forest with environmental tracers AU - Solomon, D. Kip AU - Genereux, David P. AU - Plummer, L. Niel AU - Busenberg, Eurybiades T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - We tested three models of mixing between old interbasin groundwater flow (IGF) and young, locally derived groundwater in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica using a large suite of environmental tracers. We focus on the young fraction of water using the transient tracers CFC‐11, CFC‐12, CFC‐113, SF 6 , 3 H, and bomb 14 C. We measured 3 He, but 3 H/ 3 He dating is generally problematic due to the presence of mantle 3 He. Because of their unique concentration histories in the atmosphere, combinations of transient tracers are sensitive not only to subsurface travel times but also to mixing between waters having different travel times. Samples fall into three distinct categories: (1) young waters that plot along a piston flow line, (2) old samples that have near‐zero concentrations of the transient tracers, and (3) mixtures of 1 and 2. We have modeled the concentrations of the transient tracers using (1) a binary mixing model (BMM) of old and young water with the young fraction transported via piston flow, (2) an exponential mixing model (EMM) with a distribution of groundwater travel times characterized by a mean value, and (3) an exponential mixing model for the young fraction followed by binary mixing with an old fraction (EMM/BMM). In spite of the mathematical differences in the mixing models, they all lead to a similar conceptual model of young (0 to 10 year) groundwater that is locally derived mixing with old (>1000 years) groundwater that is recharged beyond the surface water boundary of the system. DA - 2010/4/29/ PY - 2010/4/29/ DO - 10.1029/2009wr008341 VL - 46 SP - SN - 0043-1397 ER - TY - JOUR TI - STONE AGE SEAFARING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN EVIDENCE FROM THE PLAKIAS REGION FOR LOWER PALAEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC HABITATION OF CRETE AU - Strasser, Thomas F. AU - Panagopoulou, Eleni AU - Runnels, Curtis N. AU - Murray, Priscilla M. AU - Thompson, Nicholas AU - Karkanas, Panayiotis AU - McCoy, Floyd W. AU - Wegmann, Karl W. T2 - HESPERIA AB - A survey in 2008 and 2009 on the southwestern coast of Crete in the region of Plakias documented 28 preceramic lithic sites. Sites were identified with artifacts of Mesolithic type similar to assemblages from the Greek mainland and islands, and some had evidence of Lower Palaeolithic occupation dated by geological context to at least 130,000 years ago. The long period of separation (more than 5,000,000 years) of Crete from any landmass implies that the early inhabitants of Crete reached the island using seacraft capable of open-sea navigation and multiple journeys— a finding that pushes the history of seafaring in the Mediterranean back by more than 100,000 years and has important implications for the dispersal of early humans. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2972/hesp.79.2.145 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - 145-190 SN - 0018-098X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79956260219&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rainforest aerosols as biogenic nuclei of clouds and precipitation in the Amazon AU - Poschl, U. AU - Martin, S. T. AU - Sinha, B. AU - Chen, Q. AU - Gunthe, S. S. AU - Huffman, J. A. AU - Borrmann, S. AU - Farmer, D. K. AU - Garland, R. M. AU - Helas, G. AU - Jimenez, J. L. AU - King, S. M. AU - Manzi, A. AU - Mikhailov, E. AU - Pauliquevis, T. AU - Petters, M. D. AU - Prenni, A. J. AU - Roldin, P. T2 - Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 329 IS - 5998 SP - 1513-1516 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paleoenvironmental records from the northern South China Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum AU - Ge, Qian AU - Chu, Fengyou AU - Xue, Zuo AU - Liu, J. Paul AU - Du, Yuansheng AU - Fang, Yinxia T2 - Acta Oceanologica Sinica DA - 2010/5// PY - 2010/5// DO - 10.1007/S13131-010-0036-9 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 46-62 J2 - Acta Oceanol. Sin. LA - en OP - SN - 0253-505X 1869-1099 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S13131-010-0036-9 DB - Crossref KW - clay mineral KW - oxygen and carbon isotopes KW - calcium carbonate content KW - South China Sea KW - paleoenvironrnental evolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kahoolawe Island, Hawaii: The role of an 'inaccessible' shield volcano in the petrology of the Hawaiian islands and plume AU - Fodor, R. V. AU - Bauer, G. R. T2 - CHEMIE DER ERDE-GEOCHEMISTRY AB - Kahoolawe volcano (∼10×17 km) forms one of the eight major Hawaiian islands. Access for geologic sampling has long been restricted due to military and preservation policies. However, limited visits to Kahoolawe in the 1980s yielded >200 samples, many of which have since been used to study the volcano within the framework of Hawaiian shield and mantle source geochemistry, petrology, mineralogy, and igneous processes. Kahoolawe is a tholeiitic shield with tholeiitic caldera-filling lavas, and at least seven postshield vents that erupted tholeiitic and (sparse) alkalic lavas. On smaller scales are a gabbro intrusion and ultramafic and gabbroic xenoliths in some postshield lavas. There is no evidence for rejuvenated volcanism. In its structural setting, Kahoolawe lies along the “Loa” trend of Hawaiian shields. Major element compositions of shield and caldera-filling lavas are similar and cluster at ∼6–7 wt% MgO, range from ∼5.5 to 16 wt% MgO, and include ∼9 wt% MgO examples that can be modeled as parental to the evolved lavas. For example, least squares mass balancing demonstrates that from ∼15% to 30% crystallization of olivine (±orthopyroxene), clinopyroxene, and plagioclase accounts for the ∼5.5–6 wt% MgO range of tholeiitic lavas. Greater differentiation occurred in the gabbro (diabasic) intrusive body as a segregation vein with ∼2.9 wt% MgO, and extreme differentiation produced local, small-volume rhyolitic melts that segregated into lava vesicles. Postshield lavas are mainly tholeiitic, have ∼5–7 wt% MgO, and overlap shield compositions. Some are alkalic, as low as ∼3.9 wt% MgO (hawaiite), and can be modeled as liquids after a ∼9 wt% MgO alkalic magma crystallized ∼30% olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and magnetite. Important aspects of Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic ratios in Kahoolawe shield and caldera-filling lavas are slightly higher 87Sr/86Sr than in Koolau shield lavas (Oahu island; Makapuu-stage; e.g., Koolau mantle ‘endmember’) when compared at a given 143Nd/144Nd (e.g., ∼0.7042 at 0.5128), 206Pb/204Pb largely at the low end of the range for Hawaiian shields (e.g., ∼18), and εHf generally comparable to the values of other Hawaiian shields and ocean islands (e.g., εHf 8 at εNd 4). The isotopic ratios overall suggest small-scale source heterogeneity, considering the island size, and that Kahoolawe shield and caldera lavas were derived from a Hawaiian plume source containing recycled oceanic crust of gabbro and sediments. Based on certain geochemical indicators, however, such as Ce/Sr and La/Nb vs. 87Sr/86Sr, the source contained slightly less gabbro component than other shield sources (e.g., Koolau). Isotopic data for Kahoolawe postshield lavas are scarce, but those available generally overlap the shield data. However, ratios among certain alteration-resistant incompatible trace elements (e.g., Zr/Nb) discriminate some postshield alkalic from shield lavas. But because the different ratios for those postshield lavas can be explained by smaller partial-melting percentages of the shield source and by differentiation, neither isotopes nor trace elements identify postshield magmas as originating in a source unlike that for the shield lavas. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1016/j.chemer.2010.01.001 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 101-123 SN - 0009-2819 KW - Shield volcano KW - Hawaii petrology KW - Basalt mineralogy KW - Tholeiitic basalt KW - Hawaiian mantle source KW - Igneous differentiation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of physical forcing on bottom-water dissolved oxygen within Caloosahatchee River Estuary, Florida AU - Xia, M. AU - Craig, P. M. AU - Schaeffer, B. AU - Stoddard, A. AU - Liu, Z. J. AU - Peng, M. C. AU - Zhang, H. Y. AU - Wallen, C. M. AU - Bailey, N. AU - Mandrup-Poulsenl, J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 136 IS - 10 SP - 1032-1044 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fine scale modeling of wintertime aerosol mass, number, and size distributions in central California AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Liu, P. AU - Liu, X. H. AU - Pun, B. AU - Seigneur, C. AU - Jacobson, M. Z. AU - Wang, W. X. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres (Online) DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 115 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of air quality benefits from national air pollution control policies in China. Part II: Evaluation of air quality predictions and air quality benefits assessment AU - Wang, Litao AU - Jang, Carey AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Wang, Kai AU - Zhang, Qiang AU - Streets, David AU - Fu, Joshua AU - Lei, Yu AU - Schreifels, Jeremy AU - He, Kebin AU - Hao, Jiming AU - Lam, Yun-Fat AU - Lin, Jerry AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Voorhees, Scott AU - Evarts, Dale AU - Phillips, Sharon T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Following the meteorological evaluation in Part I, this Part II paper presents the statistical evaluation of air quality predictions by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)’s Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (Models-3/CMAQ) model for the four simulated months in the base year 2005. The surface predictions were evaluated using the Air Pollution Index (API) data published by the China Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) for 31 capital cities and daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particles with aerodiameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) observations of an individual site in Tsinghua University (THU). To overcome the shortage in surface observations, satellite data are used to assess the column predictions including tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column abundance and aerosol optical depth (AOD). The result shows that CMAQ gives reasonably good predictions for the air quality. The air quality improvement that would result from the targeted sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission controls in China were assessed for the objective year 2010. The results show that the emission controls can lead to significant air quality benefits. SO2 concentrations in highly polluted areas of East China in 2010 are estimated to be decreased by 30–60% compared to the levels in the 2010 Business-As-Usual (BAU) case. The annual PM2.5 can also decline by 3–15 μg m−3 (4–25%) due to the lower SO2 and sulfate concentrations. If similar controls are implemented for NOx emissions, NOx concentrations are estimated to decrease by 30–60% as compared with the 2010 BAU scenario. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations will also decline by 2–14 μg m−3 (3–12%). In addition, the number of ozone (O3) non-attainment areas in the northern China is projected to be much lower, with the maximum 1-h average O3 concentrations in the summer reduced by 8–30 ppb. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.058 VL - 44 IS - 28 SP - 3449-3457 SN - 1873-2844 KW - Air pollution in China KW - Air quality modeling KW - Emission control KW - MM5/CMAQ KW - 11th FYP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of air quality benefits from national air pollution control policies in China. Part I: Background, emission scenarios and evaluation of meteorological predictions AU - Wang, Litao AU - Jang, Carey AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Wang, Kai AU - Zhang, Qiang AU - Streets, David AU - Fu, Joshua AU - Lei, Yu AU - Schreifels, Jeremy AU - He, Kebin AU - Hao, Jiming AU - Lam, Yun-Fat AU - Lin, Jerry AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Voorhees, Scott AU - Evarts, Dale AU - Phillips, Sharon T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Under the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP, 2006–2010) for national environmental protection by the Chinese government, the overarching goal for sulfur dioxide (SO2) controls is to achieve a total national emissions level of SO2 in 2010 10% lower than the level in 2005. A similar nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions control plan is currently under development and could be enforced during the 12th FYP (2011–2015). In this study, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA)’s Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (Models-3/CMAQ) modeling system was applied to assess the air quality improvement that would result from the targeted SO2 and NOx emission controls in China. Four emission scenarios — the base year 2005, the 2010 Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, the 2010 SO2 control scenario, and the 2010 NOx control scenario—were constructed and simulated to assess the air quality change from the national control plan. The Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) was applied to generate the meteorological fields for the CMAQ simulations. In this Part I paper, the model performance for the simulated meteorology was evaluated against observations for the base case in terms of temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation. It is shown that MM5 model gives an overall good performance for these meteorological variables. The generated meteorological fields are acceptable for using in the CMAQ modeling. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.051 VL - 44 IS - 28 SP - 3442-3448 SN - 1873-2844 KW - Air pollution in China KW - Air quality modeling KW - Emission control KW - MM5/CMAQ KW - 11th FYP ER - TY - JOUR TI - An examination of sensitivity of WRF/Chem predictions to physical parameterizations, horizontal grid spacing, and nesting options AU - Misenis, Chris AU - Zhang, Yang T2 - ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AB - An accurate representation of meteorological processes is important to the accurate predictions of meteorology and air quality. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) is utilized to examine the sensitivity of air quality predictions to two planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes and three land-surface models (LSMs). Model simulations with different PBL schemes and LSMs are conducted over the Houston–Galveston area for a 5-day summer episode from the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS-2000). Sensitivity to horizontal grid spacing (12 vs. 4 km) and nesting methods (1- or 2-way) is also studied. Model predictions are evaluated with available surface and aircraft observations. Both meteorological and chemical predictions at the surface and aloft show stronger sensitivity to LSMs than to the PBL schemes. The model predictions also show a stronger sensitivity to horizontal grid spacing using 1-way nesting than 2-way nesting and to the nesting method at 4 km than 12 km. The benefits (or disbenefits) of using more complex meteorological schemes, finer horizontal grid spacing, and more sophisticated 2-way nesting may vary and must be evaluated for specific episodes. The results from this study also indicate a need to refine model treatments at a fine grid spacing and the current 2-way nesting method used in WRF/Chem for improvement of model performance. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.04.005 VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - 315-334 SN - 1873-2895 KW - Meteorological impact on air quality KW - TexAQS-2000 KW - WRF/Chem KW - Ozone KW - PM2.5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winter winds and river discharge determine juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) recruitment and distribution in North Carolina estuaries AU - Taylor, J. Christopher AU - Miller, John M. AU - Pietrafesa, Leonard J. AU - Dickey, David A. AU - Ross, Steve W. T2 - JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH AB - Retrospective analyses of a 23 year data set on abundance of Age 0 southern flounder in 105 estuarine nursery areas in the coastal region of North Carolina showed that discernible temporal and spatial patterns exist among clusters of stations. Furthermore, these patterns could be quantitatively related to certain meteorological and hydrological variables, namely winds from the east–southeast (E–SE) and from the north–northeast (N–NE) sectors and river runoff, which explained up to 83% of the interannual variability in numbers. We developed a regression model using recent catch data (1987–2002) and used the model to hindcast an earlier segment of the time series (1979–1986). The model was found to be quite robust, and could predict year class strength within 1 to 80% in the test set of data. We interpret these results to mean that hydrodynamic factors are principally responsible for the observed interannual recruitment variability in southern flounder in NC, since the interannual pattern in abundance of Age 0 fish persists for 2 more years of adult life. Finally, we discuss the implications of the variable spatial distribution patterns for estimates of year class strength from juvenile abundance data. It is possible that estimates of year class strength with a useful level of confidence could be obtained from meteorological data during the larval migration period. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1016/j.seares.2009.09.006 VL - 64 IS - 1-2 SP - 15-25 SN - 1873-1414 KW - Age 0 Southern Flounder KW - Distribution KW - Abundance KW - Meteorological Effects KW - North Carolina KW - USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - WRF/Chem-MADRID: Incorporation of an aerosol module into WRF/Chem and its initial application to the TexAQS2000 episode AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Pan, Ying AU - Wang, Kai AU - Fast, Jerome D. AU - Grell, Georg A. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - The Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization and Dissolution (MADRID) with three improved gas/particle mass transfer approaches (i.e., bulk equilibrium (EQUI), hybrid (HYBR), and kinetic (KINE)) has been incorporated into the Weather Research and Forecast/Chemistry Model (WRF/Chem) (referred to as WRF/Chem‐MADRID) and evaluated with a 5‐day episode from the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS2000). WRF/Chem‐MADRID demonstrates an overall good skill in simulating surface/aloft meteorological parameters and chemical concentrations of O 3 and PM 2.5 , tropospheric O 3 residuals, and aerosol optical depths. The discrepancies can be attributed to inaccuracies in meteorological predictions (e.g., overprediction in mid‐day boundary layer height), sensitivity to meteorological schemes used (e.g., boundary layer and land‐surface schemes), inaccurate total emissions or their hourly variations (e.g., HCHO, olefins, other inorganic aerosols) or uncounted wildfire emissions, uncertainties in initial and boundary conditions for some species (e.g., other inorganic aerosols, CO, and O 3 ) at surface and aloft, and some missing/inactivated model treatments for this application (e.g., chlorine chemistry and secondary organic aerosol formation). Major differences in the results among the three gas/particle mass transfer approaches occur over coastal areas, where EQUI predicts higher PM 2.5 than HYBR and KINE due to improperly redistributing condensed nitrate from chloride depletion process to fine PM mode. The net direct, semi‐direct, and indirect effects of PM 2.5 decrease domainwide shortwave radiation by 11.2–14.4 W m −2 (or 4.1–5.6%) and near‐surface temperature by 0.06–0.14°C (or 0.2–0.4%), lead to 125 to 796 cm −3 cloud condensation nuclei at a supersaturation of 0.1%, produce cloud droplet numbers as high as 2064 cm −3 , and reduce domainwide mean precipitation by 0.22–0.59 mm day −1 . DA - 2010/9/17/ PY - 2010/9/17/ DO - 10.1029/2009JD013443 VL - 115 IS - D18 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013443 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of future air quality to emission controls over North Carolina, Part II: Analyses of future-year predictions and their policy implications AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Liu, Xiao-Huan AU - Olsen, Kristen M. AU - Wang, Wen-Xing AU - Do, Bebhinn A. AU - Bridgers, George M. T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - The MM5/CMAQ system evaluated in Part I paper is applied to study the impact of emission control on future air quality over North Carolina (NC). Simulations are conducted at a 4-km horizontal grid resolution for four one-month periods, i.e., January, June, July, and August 2009 and 2018. Simulated PM2.5 in 2009 and 2018 show distribution patterns similar to those in 2002. PM2.5 concentrations over the whole domain in January and July reduced by 5.8% and 23.3% in 2009 and 12.0% and 35.6% in 2018, respectively, indicating that the planned emission control strategy has noticeable effects on PM2.5 reduction in this region, particularly in summer. More than 10% and 20% of 1-h and 8-h O3 mixing ratios are reduced in July 2009 and 2018, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of emission control for O3 reduction in summer. However, O3 mixing ratios in January 2009 and 2018 increase by more than 5% because O3 chemistry is VOC-limited in winter and the effect of NOx reduction dominates over that of VOC reduction under such a condition. The projected emission control simulated at 4-km will reduce the number of sites in non-attainment for max 8-h O3 from 49 to 23 in 2009 and to 1 in 2018 and for 24-h average PM2.5 from 1 to 0 in 2009 and 2018 based on the latest 2008 O3 and 2006 PM2.5 standards. The variability in model predictions at different grid resolutions contributes to 1–3.8 ppb and 1–7.9 μg m−3 differences in the projected future-year design values for max 8-h O3 and 24-h average PM2.5, respectively. DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.022 VL - 44 IS - 23 SP - 2767-2779 SN - 1873-2844 KW - MMS/CMAQ KW - Impact of emissions on future air quality KW - Air quality standard attainment KW - Sensitivity to horizontal grid resolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling dust and soluble iron deposition to the South Atlantic Ocean AU - Johnson, Matthew S. AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas AU - Solmon, Fabien AU - Gasso, Santiago AU - Chuang, Patrick Y. AU - Gaiero, Diego M. AU - Yantosca, Robert M. AU - Wu, Shiliang AU - Wang, Yuxuan AU - Carouge, Claire T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - The global chemical transport model GEOS‐Chem, implemented with a dust‐iron dissolution scheme, was used to analyze the magnitude and spatial distribution of mineral dust and soluble‐iron (sol‐Fe) deposition to the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO). The comparison of model results with remotely sensed data shows that GEOS‐Chem can capture dust source regions in Patagonia and characterize the temporal variability of dust outflow. For a year‐long model simulation, 22 Tg of mineral dust and 4 Gg of sol‐Fe were deposited to the surface waters of the entire SAO region, with roughly 30% of this dust and sol‐Fe predicted to be deposited to possible high nitrate low chlorophyll oceanic regions. Model‐predicted dissolved iron fraction of mineral dust over the SAO was small, on average only accounting for 0.57% of total iron. Simulations suggest that the primary reason for such a small fraction of sol‐Fe is the low ambient concentrations of acidic trace gases available for mixing with dust plumes. Overall, the amount of acid added to the deliquesced aerosol solution was not enough to overcome the alkalinity buffer of Patagonian dust and initiate considerable acid dissolution of mineral‐iron. Sensitivity studies show that the amount of sol‐Fe deposited to the SAO was largely controlled by the initial amount of sol‐Fe at the source region, with limited contribution from the spatial variability of Patagonian‐desert topsoil mineralogy and natural sources of acidic trace gases. Simulations suggest that Patagonian dust should have a minor effect on biological productivity in the SAO. DA - 2010/8/3/ PY - 2010/8/3/ DO - 10.1029/2009jd013311 VL - 115 SP - SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forecasting the Maintenance of Mesoscale Convective Systems Crossing the Appalachian Mountains AU - Letkewicz, Casey E. AU - Parker, Matthew D. T2 - WEATHER AND FORECASTING AB - Abstract Forecasting the maintenance of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is a unique problem in the eastern United States due to the influence of the Appalachian Mountains. At times these systems are able to traverse the terrain and produce severe weather in the lee, while at other times they instead dissipate upon encountering the mountains. To differentiate between crossing and noncrossing MCS environments, 20 crossing and 20 noncrossing MCS cases were examined. The cases were largely similar in terms of their 500-hPa patterns, MCS archetypes, and orientations with respect to the barrier. Analysis of radiosonde data, however, revealed that the environment east of the mountains discriminated between case types very well. The thermodynamic and kinematic variables that had the most discriminatory power included those associated with instability, several different bulk shear vector magnitudes, and also the mean tropospheric wind. Crossing cases were characterized by higher instability, which was found to be partially attributable to the diurnal cycle. However, these cases also tended to occur in environments with weaker shear and a smaller mean wind. The potential reasons for these results, and their forecasting implications, are discussed. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1175/2010waf2222379.1 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 1179-1195 SN - 0882-8156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Darcian flux calculations and seepage meter measurements in a sandy streambed in North Carolina, United States AU - Kennedy, Casey D. AU - Murdoch, Lawrence C. AU - Genereux, David P. AU - Corbett, D. Reide AU - Stone, Katie AU - Pham, Phung AU - Mitasova, Helena T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - We compared two methods for estimating groundwater flux into a stream reach: seepage meters and Darcian flux calculations. Both methods were applied at the same 53 points on the streambed of a 62.5‐m‐long reach of West Bear Creek in the coastal plain of North Carolina. At each point, a seepage meter was used to measure groundwater flux, v meter , and several minutes later the streambed hydraulic conductivity ( K ) and hydraulic head gradient ( J ) were measured. We compared the 53 paired point values of groundwater flux from each method ( v meter and v darcy = KJ ), the integrated volumetric groundwater flux to the stream reach from each method ( Q darcy and Q meter ), and the spatial distributions of v darcy and v meter on the streambed. Values of Q meter (268 m 3 /d) and mean v meter (0.66 m/d) were each about 0.70 × the corresponding Darcian flux quantities ( Q darcy = 375 m 3 /d and mean v darcy = 0.92 m/d). Despite their differences, the two methods gave the same direction of groundwater flow (into the stream) at all 53 points, a result not found in all previous comparison studies and thus not to be taken for granted. Also, v darcy and v meter had similar spatial distributions on the streambed. The ratio v meter / v darcy = 0.70 is within the range of 0.3–7 from previous studies and is closer to 1 than in previous studies. The differences between the two methods are probably in part due to random measurement error and to the spatial scales for the Darcy and seepage meter measurements being of a slightly different size and offset several centimeters from each other on the heterogeneous streambed, but these effects are unlikely to produce the observed consistent bias. The mean bias between the methods (ratio of 0.70) may be related to gas bubbles in the streambed pore spaces (e.g., collection of gas bubbles in the seepage meters lowering v meter and loss of gas from the streambed upon seepage meter removal or permeameter insertion increasing the subsequent v darcy measurement). DA - 2010/9/1/ PY - 2010/9/1/ DO - 10.1029/2009wr008342 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956498672&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of scale-selective data assimilation to tropical cyclone track simulation AU - Xie, Lian AU - Liu, Bin AU - Peng, Shiqiu T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - Tropical cyclone track is strongly controlled by the large‐scale environmental circulation. In limited‐area models (LAMs) driven by global analyses or forecasts through a conventional lateral boundary nesting approach, the global analyses are often distorted by the use of “sponge zone” or interpolation when they are passed into the LAM. In this study, a dynamical downscaling approach based on scale‐selective data assimilation (SSDA) is applied to a limited‐area numerical weather prediction model with emphasis on tropical cyclone track simulation. The idea of the SSDA approach is to drive the LAM not only from the lateral boundary but also from the model domain interior. The large‐scale flow from global analyses or forecasts is assimilated into the regional model using 3‐D variational data assimilation. The large‐scale features in the LAM are thus constrained to follow the global analyses while allowing the regional model itself to develop the regional and small‐scale characteristics. The results from the case study of Hurricane Katrina (2005) show that both large‐ and small‐scale flows in the regional model benefited from the SSDA approach, leading to an improvement in the accuracy of storm track simulation when provided with an accurate large‐scale circulation from global analyses. In addition, the SSDA procedure is shown to be an effective method to construct a nested‐grid regional modeling system that reduces model sensitivity to model domain geometry and location. DA - 2010/9/8/ PY - 2010/9/8/ DO - 10.1029/2009jd013471 VL - 115 SP - SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A practical bi-parameter formula of gas transfer velocity depending on wave states AU - Zhao, D. L. AU - Xie, L. A. T2 - Journal of Soils and Sediments DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 663-671 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A practical Bi-parameter Formula of Gas Transfer Velocity Depending on Wave States AU - Zha, D. L. AU - Xie, L. A. T2 - Journal of Oceanography DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1007/s10872-010-0054-4 VL - 66 IS - 5 SP - 663-671 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ, part I performance evaluation and seasonal variation AU - Liu, Xiao-Huan AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Cheng, Shu-Hui AU - Xing, Jia AU - Zhang, Qiang AU - Streets, David G. AU - Jang, Carey AU - Wang, Wen-Xing AU - Hao, Ji-Ming T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - The U.S. EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with the process analysis tool is applied to China to study the seasonal variations and formation mechanisms of major air pollutants. Simulations show distinct seasonal variations, with higher surface concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10), column mass of carbon monoxide (CO) and NO2, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in winter and fall than other seasons, and higher 1-h O3 and troposphere ozone residual (TOR) in spring and summer than other seasons. Higher concentrations of most species occur over the eastern China, where the air pollutant emissions are the highest in China. Compared with surface observations, the simulated SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations are underpredicted throughout the year with NMBs of up to −51.8%, −32.0%, and −54.2%, respectively. Such large discrepancies can be attributed to the uncertainties in emissions, simulated meteorology, and deviation of observations based on air pollution index. Max. 1-h O3 concentrations in Jan. and Jul. at 36-km are overpredicted with NMBs of 12.0% and 19.3% and agree well in Apr. and Oct. Simulated column variables can capture the high concentrations over the eastern China and low values in the central and western China. Underpredictions occur over the northeastern China for column CO in Apr., TOR in Jul., and AODs in both Apr. and Jul.; and overpredictions occur over the eastern China for column CO in Oct., NO2 in Jan. and Oct., and AODs in Jan. and Oct. The simulations at 12-km show a finer structure in simulated concentrations than that at 36-km over higher polluted areas, but do not always give better performance than 36-km. Surface concentrations are more sensitive to grid resolution than column variables except for column NO2, with higher sensitivity over mountain and coastal areas than other regions. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.035 VL - 44 IS - 20 SP - 2415-2426 SN - 1873-2844 KW - CMAQ KW - Model evaluation KW - Seasonality KW - China KW - Sensitivity to horizontal grid resolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating chemistry–aerosol–cloud–radiation–climate feedbacks over the continental U.S. using the online-coupled Weather Research Forecasting Model with chemistry (WRF/Chem) AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Wen, X.-Y. AU - Jang, C.J. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - The chemistry–aerosol–cloud–radiation–climate feedbacks are simulated using WRF/Chem over the continental U.S. in January and July 2001. Aerosols can reduce incoming solar radiation by up to −9% in January and −16% in July and 2-m temperatures by up to 0.16 °C in January and 0.37 °C in July over most of the continental U.S. The NO2 photolysis rates decrease in July by up to −8% over the central and eastern U.S. where aerosol concentrations are high but increase by up to 7% over the western U.S. in July and up to 13% over the entire domain in January. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) height reduces by up to −23% in January and −24% in July. Temperatures and wind speeds in July in big cities such as Atlanta and New York City reduce at/near surface but increase at higher altitudes. The changes in PBL height, temperatures, and wind speed indicate a more stable atmospheric stability of the PBL and further exacerbate air pollution over areas where air pollution is already severe. Aerosols can increase cloud optical depths in big cities in July, and can lead to 500–5000 cm−3 cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at a supersaturation of 1% over most land areas and 10–500 cm−3 CCN over ocean in both months with higher values over most areas in July than in January, particularly in the eastern U.S. The total column cloud droplet number concentrations are up to 4.9 × 106 cm−2 in January and up to 11.8 × 106 cm−2 in July, with higher values over regions with high CCN concentrations and sufficient cloud coverage. Aerosols can reduce daily precipitation by up to 1.1 mm day−1 in January and 19.4 mm day−1 in July thus the wet removal rates over most of the land areas due to the formation of small CCNs, but they can increase precipitation over regions with the formation of large/giant CCN. These results indicate potential importance of the aerosol feedbacks and an urgent need for their accurate representations in current atmospheric models to reduce uncertainties associated with climate change predictions. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.056 VL - 44 IS - 29 SP - 3568-3582 J2 - Atmospheric Environment LA - en OP - SN - 1352-2310 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.056 DB - Crossref KW - WRF/Chem KW - Aerosol direct effects KW - Aerosol indirect effects KW - CCN KW - Cloud droplet number concentrations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of future air quality to emission controls over North Carolina, Part I: Model evaluation for current-year simulations AU - Liu, Xiao-Huan AU - Zhang, Yang AU - Olsen, Kristen M. AU - Wang, Wen-Xing AU - Do, Bebhinn A. AU - Bridgers, George M. T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - The prediction of future air quality and its responses to emission control strategies at national and state levels requires a reliable model that can replicate atmospheric observations. In this work, the Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling (CMAQ) system are applied at a 4-km horizontal grid resolution for four one-month periods, i.e., January, June, July, and August in 2002 to evaluate model performance and compare with that at 12-km. The evaluation shows skills of MM5/CMAQ that are overall consistent with current model performance. The large cold bias in temperature at 1.5 m is likely due to too cold soil initial temperatures and inappropriate snow treatments. The large overprediction in precipitation in July is due likely to too frequent afternoon convective rainfall and/or an overestimation in the rainfall intensity. The normalized mean biases and errors are −1.6% to 9.1% and 15.3–18.5% in January and −18.7% to −5.7% and 13.9–20.6% in July for max 1-h and 8-h O3 mixing ratios, respectively, and those for 24-h average PM2.5 concentrations are 8.3–25.9% and 27.6–38.5% in January and −57.8% to −45.4% and 46.1–59.3% in July. The large underprediction in PM2.5 in summer is attributed mainly to overpredicted precipitation, inaccurate emissions, incomplete treatments for secondary organic aerosols, and model difficulties in resolving complex meteorology and geography. While O3 prediction shows relatively less sensitivity to horizontal grid resolutions, PM2.5 and its secondary components, visibility indices, and dry and wet deposition show a moderate to high sensitivity. These results have important implications for the regulatory applications of MM5/CMAQ for future air quality attainment. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.002 VL - 44 IS - 20 SP - 2443-2456 SN - 1873-2844 KW - MM5/CMAQ KW - Fine-scale modeling KW - Model evaluation KW - Sensitivity to horizontal grid resolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution of Mesoscale Precipitation Band Environments within the Comma Head of Northeast US Cyclones AU - Novak, David R. AU - Colle, Brian A. AU - Aiyyer, Anantha R. T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract This paper explores the mesoscale forcing and stability evolution of intense precipitation bands in the comma head sector of extratropical cyclones using the 32-km North American Regional Reanalysis, hourly 20-km Rapid Update Cycle analyses, and 2-km composite radar reflectivity data. A statistical and composite analysis of 36 banded events occurring during the 2002–08 cool seasons reveals a common cyclone evolution and associated band life cycle. A majority (61%) of banded events develop along the northern portion of a hook-shaped upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomaly. During the 6 h leading up to band formation, lower-tropospheric frontogenesis nearly doubles and the conditional stability above the frontal zone is reduced. The frontogenesis increase is primarily due to changes in the kinematic flow associated with the development of a mesoscale geopotential height trough. This trough extends poleward of the 700-hPa low, and is the vertical extension of the surface warm front (and surface warm occlusion when present). The conditional stability near 500 hPa is reduced by differential horizontal potential temperature advection. During band formation, layers of conditional instability above the frontal zone are present nearly 3 times as often as layers of conditional symmetric instability. The frontogenetical forcing peaks during band maturity and is offset by an increase in conditional stability. Band dissipation occurs as the conditional stability continues to increase, and the frontogenesis weakens in response to changes in the kinematic flow. A set of 22 null events, in which band formation was absent in the comma head, were also examined. Although exhibiting similar synoptic patterns as the banded events, the null events were characterized by weaker frontogenesis. However, statistically significant differences between the midlevel frontogenesis maximum of the banded and null events only appear ~2 h prior to band formation, illustrating the challenge of predicting band formation. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1175/2010mwr3219.1 VL - 138 IS - 6 SP - 2354-2374 SN - 1520-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tectonomagmatic activity and ice dynamics in the Bransfield Strait back-arc basin, Antarctica AU - Dziak, Robert P. AU - Park, Minkyu AU - Lee, Won Sang AU - Matsumoto, Haru AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. AU - Haxel, Joseph H. T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH AB - An array of moored hydrophones was used to monitor the spatiotemporal distribution of small‐ to moderate‐sized earthquakes and ice‐generated sounds within the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. During a 2 year period, a total of 3900 earthquakes, 5925 icequakes and numerous ice tremor events were located throughout the region. The seismic activity included eight space‐time earthquake clusters, positioned along the central neovolcanic rift zone of the young Bransfield back‐arc basin. These sequences of small magnitude earthquakes, or swarms, suggest ongoing magmatic activity that becomes localized along isolated volcanic features and fissure‐like ridges in the southwest portion of the basin. A total of 122 earthquakes were located along the South Shetland trench, indicating continued deformation and possibly ongoing subduction along this margin. The large number of icequakes observed show a temporal pattern related to seasonal freeze‐thaw cycles and a spatial distribution consistent with channeling of sea ice along submarine canyons from glacier fronts. Several harmonic tremor episodes were sourced from a large (∼30 km 2 ) iceberg that entered northeast portion of the basin. The spectral character of these signals suggests they were produced by either resonance of a small chamber of fluid within the iceberg, or more likely, due to periodicity of discrete stick‐slip events caused by contact of the moving iceberg with the seafloor. These pressure waves appear to have been excited by abrasion of the iceberg along the seafloor as it passed Clarence and Elephant Islands. DA - 2010/1/22/ PY - 2010/1/22/ DO - 10.1029/2009jb006295 VL - 115 SP - SN - 2169-9356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Total Nitrate Concentrations Using Dynamic Statistical Models AU - Ghosh, Sujit K. AU - Bhave, Prakash V. AU - Davis, Jerry M. AU - Lee, Hyeyoung T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Atmospheric concentrations of total nitrate (TNO3), defined here as gas-phase nitric acid plus particle-phase nitrate, are difficult to simulate in numerical air quality models due to the presence of a variety of formation pathways and loss mechanisms, some of which are highly uncertain. The goal of this study is to estimate the relative importance of these different pathways across the Eastern United States by identifying empirical relationships that exist between TNO3 concentrations and a set of covariates (ammonium, sulfate, ozone, wind speed, relative humidity, and precipitation) measured from January 1997 to July 2004. We develop two dynamic statistical models to quantify these relationships. A major advantage of these models over typical linear regression models is that their regression coefficients can vary temporally. Results show that TNO3 is sensitive to ozone throughout the year, indicating an importance of daytime photochemical production of TNO3, especially in the Southeast. Sensitivity of TNO3 to residual ammonium (NH4+–2SO42−) is most pronounced during winter, indicating a seasonal importance of gas/particle partitioning that is accentuated in the Midwest. Using a number of physical and chemical explanations, confidence is established in the spatial and temporal patterns of several such empirical relationships. In the future, these relationships may be used quantitatively to improve our mechanistic understanding of TNO3 formation pathways and loss mechanisms in the atmosphere. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1198/jasa.2010.ap07441 VL - 105 IS - 490 SP - 538-551 SN - 1537-274X KW - Chemical production KW - Deposition KW - Dynamic linear models KW - Nitrate aerosol KW - Spatial models ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish Hosts of the Carolina Heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata), a Federally Endangered Freshwater Mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) AU - Eads, Chris B. AU - Bringolf, Robert B. AU - Greiner, Renae D. AU - Bogan, Arthur E. AU - Levine, Jay F. T2 - American Malacological Bulletin AB - Two laboratory trials were conducted to determine the required host fish for the Carolina heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata (Lea, 1852)), an endangered freshwater mussel (Unionidae). The first trial used glochidia from a female collected from the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, and the second trial used the glochidia of an adult collected from the Catawba River basin. Two different techniques were utilized for glochidia extraction: flushing and serotonin-induced release. The first female tested (Yadkin-Pee Dee) packaged most of its glochidia attached to unfertilized eggs, and extraction of glochidia by flushing the marsupia with a syringe yielded few glochidia and caused extensive tearing of the gill tissue. In the second trial (Catawba) the female was immersed in 500 mg/L serotonin creatinine sulfate, and the glochidia were readily released without injury to the adult. Several species of minnows (Cyprinidae) from both basins served as hosts. Some sunfish species (Centrarchidae) supported transformation of a few juveniles, but differences in transformation success were observed between the two basins on these species. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.4003/006.028.0209 VL - 28 IS - 1-2 SP - 151-158 J2 - American Malacological Bulletin LA - en OP - SN - 0740-2783 0740-2783 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.028.0209 DB - Crossref KW - Cyprinidae KW - glochidia KW - serotonin KW - conglutinate KW - Unionidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPUTATIONAL MODELING AND NEOLITHIC SOCIOECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTHWEST ASIA AU - Barton, C. Michael AU - Ullah, Isaac AU - Mitasova, Helena T2 - AMERICAN ANTIQUITY AB - Archaeology has an opportunity to offer major contributions to our understanding of the long-term interactions of humans and the environment. To do so, we must elucidate dynamic socioecological processes that generally operate at regional scales. However, the archaeological record is sparse, discontinuous, and static. Recent advances in computational modeling provide the potential for creating experimental laboratories where dynamic processes can be simulated and their results compared against the archaeological record. Coupling computational modeling with the empirical record in this way can increase the rigor of our explanations while making more transparent the concepts on which they are based. We offer an example of such an experimental laboratory to study the long-term effects of varying landuse practices by subsistence farmers on landscapes, and compare the results with the Levantine Neolithic archaeological record. Different combinations of intensive and shifting cultivation, ovicaprid grazing, and settlement size are modeled for the Wadi Ziqlab drainage of northern Jordan. The results offer insight into conditions under which previously successful (and sustainable) landuse practices can pass an imperceptible threshold and lead to undesirable landscape consequences. This may also help explain long-term social, economic, and settlement changes in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.364 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 364-386 SN - 2325-5064 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77951558064&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tropical storm and environmental forcing on regional blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) settlement AU - Eggleston, David B. AU - Reyns, Nathalie B. AU - Etherington, Lisa L. AU - Plaia, Gayle R. AU - Xie, Lian T2 - FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Abstract Global climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and magnitude of hurricanes, typhoons and other extreme cyclonic disturbance events, with little known consequences for recruitment dynamics of marine species that rely on wind‐driven larval transport to coastal settlement and nursery habitats. We conducted a large‐scale settlement study of the blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) in the Croatan‐Albemarle‐Pamlico Estuarine System (CAPES) in North Carolina, the second largest estuary in the US, during a 10‐yr period that encompassed 35 tropical storms of varying magnitudes and tracks, to determine the effects of hurricane track, wind speed and direction as well as lunar‐associated explanatory variables on spatiotemporal variation in settlement. The results suggest that much of the spatiotemporal variation in blue crab settlement within the CAPES is due to a combination of: (i) stochastic, meteorological events such as the number of tropical storm days during the fall recruitment season (∼28% of the monthly variation explained), (ii) the frequency and duration of wind events blowing toward the southwest and, to a lesser degree, (iii) periodic events such as hours of dark flood tide. Tropical storms and hurricanes expand the blue crab nursery capacity of the CAPES. The benefits of hurricane‐forcing to megalopal settlement was dependent upon the storm track, with highest settlement events generally associated with ‘onshore’ storm tracks that made landfall from the ocean and moved inland along a southeasterly/northwesterly path, or ‘coastal’ storms that followed a path roughly parallel to the coastline and were located <300 km offshore of the coast. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2009.00530.x VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 89-106 SN - 1365-2419 KW - blue crab KW - larval dispersal KW - hurricanes KW - recruitment KW - settlement KW - tropical storms ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity of Simulated Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity to Horizontal Resolution AU - Gentry, Megan S. AU - Lackmann, Gary M. T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to test the sensitivity of simulations of Hurricane Ivan (2004) to changes in horizontal grid spacing for grid lengths from 8 to 1 km. As resolution is increased, minimum central pressure decreases significantly (by 30 hPa from 8- to 1-km grid spacing), although this increase in intensity is not uniform across similar reductions in grid spacing, even when pressure fields are interpolated to a common grid. This implies that the additional strengthening of the simulated tropical cyclone (TC) at higher resolution is not attributable to sampling, but is due to changes in the representation of physical processes important to TC intensity. The most apparent changes in simulated TC structure with resolution occur near a grid length of 4 km. At 4-km grid spacing and below, polygonal eyewall segments appear, suggestive of breaking vortex Rossby waves. With sub-4-km grid lengths, localized, intense updraft cores within the eyewall are numerous and both polygonal and circular eyewall shapes appear regularly. Higher-resolution simulations produce a greater variety of shapes, transitioning more frequently between polygonal and circular eyewalls relative to lower-resolution simulations. It is hypothesized that this is because of the ability to resolve a greater range of wavenumbers in high-resolution simulations. Also, as resolution is increased, a broader range of updraft and downdraft velocities is present in the eyewall. These results suggest that grid spacing of 2 km or less is needed for representation of important physical processes in the TC eyewall. Grid-length and domain size suggestions for operational prediction are provided; for operational prediction, a grid length of 3 km or less is recommended. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1175/2009mwr2976.1 VL - 138 IS - 3 SP - 688-704 SN - 1520-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PAH mineralization and bacterial organotolerance in surface sediments of the Charleston Harbor estuary AU - Montgomery, Michael T. AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. AU - Smith, David C. T2 - BIODEGRADATION AB - Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in estuarine waters can adversely affect biota but watershed sources can be difficult to identify because these compounds are transient. Natural bacterial assemblages may respond to chronic, episodic exposure to SVOCs through selection of more organotolerant bacterial communities. We measured bacterial production, organotolerance and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mineralization in Charleston Harbor and compared surface sediment from stations near a known, permitted SVOC outfall (pulp mill effluent) to that from more pristine stations. Naphthalene additions inhibited an average of 77% of bacterial metabolism in sediments from the more pristine site (Wando River). Production in sediments nearest the outfall was only inhibited an average of 9% and in some cases, was actually stimulated. In general, the stations with the highest rates of bacterial production also were among those with the highest rates of PAH mineralization. This suggests that the capacity to mineralize PAH carbon is a common feature amongst the bacterial assemblage in these estuarine sediments and could account for an average of 5.6% of bacterial carbon demand (in terms of production) in the summer, 3.3% in the spring (April) and only 1.2% in winter (December). DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1007/s10532-009-9298-3 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 257-266 SN - 1572-9729 KW - Naphthalene KW - Organotolerance KW - Bacterial production KW - SVOC KW - PAH mineralization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Late Holocene Evolution of the Mekong Subaqueous Delta, Southern Vietnam AU - Xue, Zuo AU - Liu, J. Paul AU - DeMaster, Dave AU - Van Nguyen, Lap AU - Ta, Thi Kim Oanh T2 - Marine Geology AB - As Asia's third largest river, with regard to sediment load, the Mekong River delivers approximately 160 million tons of sediment per year to the South China Sea. High-resolution seismic profiling and coring during 2006 and 2007 cruises revealed a low gradient, subaqueous delta system, up to 20 m thick, surrounding the modern Mekong River Delta (MRD) in the west of the South China Sea. Based on clinoform structure, grain size, 210Pb, AMS 14C, and δ13C results, the subaqueous delta is divided into four zones defined by different sedimentary processes and depositional features. Over the past 3000 yr, the evolution of the MRD has shown a morphological asymmetry indicated by a large down-drift area and a rapid progradation around Cape Camau, ∼ 200 km downstream from the river mouth. This asymmetric feature is consistent with increased wave influence. The strong southwestward coastal current, strengthened by the strong NE monsoon, plays an important role locally in longshore transport of resuspended sediments into the Gulf of Thailand. A late Holocene sediment budget for the MRD has been determined, based on the area and thickness of deltaic sediment. Approximately 80% of Mekong delivered sediment has been trapped within the delta area, which, together with a falling sea-level, resulted in a rapidly prograding MRD over the past 3000 yr. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.12.005 VL - 269 IS - 1-2 SP - 46-60 J2 - Marine Geology LA - en OP - SN - 0025-3227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.12.005 DB - Crossref KW - subaqueous delta KW - mud wedge KW - delta evolution KW - sediment budget KW - South China Sea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limb bone histology and growth in Placerias hesternus (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the upper triassic of North America AU - Green, J. L. AU - Schweitzer, M. H. AU - Lamm, E. T. T2 - Palaeontology DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 53 SP - 347-364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implications of flexible-shelled eggs in a Cretaceous choristoderan reptile AU - Hou, L. H. AU - Li, P. P. AU - Ksepka, D. T. AU - Gao, K. Q. AU - Norell, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 277 IS - 1685 SP - 1235-1239 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum on survival, grazing and behavioral response of three ecologically important bivalve molluscs AU - May, Susan P. AU - Burkholder, JoAnn M. AU - Shumway, Sandra E. AU - Hegaret, Helene AU - Wikfors, Gary H. AU - Frank, Dana T2 - HARMFUL ALGAE AB - Little is known about interactions between shellfish and the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum. Toxic strains produce endotoxins with hemolytic and neurotoxic properties, and have been linked to fish and invertebrate kills. We experimentally assessed the survival, grazing and behavioral responses of three shellfish species to A. monilatum. Grazing studies were conducted with two size classes of Crassostrea virginica, Mercenaria mercenaria, and Perna viridis. These species inhabit areas where blooms of A. monilatum occur. Clearance rates of each species were depressed when exposed to toxic A. monilatum alone or with nontoxic Pavlova sp., in comparison to control animals fed only nontoxic algae. Exposure to toxic A. monilatum also caused shellfish to decrease shell valve gape. Intact cells of A. monilatum were found within shellfish feces, but the cells did not re-establish growing populations following gut passage. Survival of larval M. mercenaria and C. virginica was also tested when exposed to A. monilatum cells. Survival was significantly lower for larvae exposed to sonicated A. monilatum, in comparison to control larvae tested with nontoxic A. tamarense. Overall, the data indicate that blooms of A. monilatum can adversely affect some shellfish species by reducing valve gape and clearance rate, and by inducing larval mortality. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2009.11.005 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 281-293 SN - 1878-1470 KW - Alexandrium monilatum KW - Clearance rate KW - Crassostrea virginica KW - Dinoflagellate KW - Mercenaria mercenaria KW - Perna viridis KW - Shellfish KW - Valve gape ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation of Mannitol Fermentation with Virulence-Associated Genotypic Characteristics inVibrio vulnificusIsolates from Oysters and Water Samples in the Gulf of Mexico AU - Drake, Stephenie L. AU - Whitney, Brooke AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - DePaola, Angelo AU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann T2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease AB - Vibrio vulnificus strains (n = 469) isolated from the Gulf of Mexico oysters and waters over a period of 2 years were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterizations. Of the strains that could be definitively genotyped (n = 465), 58% were classified as genotype A, 29% as genotype B, and 13% as genotype A/B by 16S rRNA genotyping. When the same strain bank was characterized by virulence-correlated gene (vcg) typing, 65% were genotype E while 35% were genotype C. Further analysis focusing on strains falling into typical genotype categories (i.e., 16S rRNA types A or B, excluding type A/B strains) showed a high degree of concordance (93%) when comparing the two genotyping methods. d-Mannitol fermentation was also predictive of genotype, with an 86% agreement between 16S rRNA genotype and mannitol fermentation patterns, and an 85% agreement between vcg genotype and mannitol fermentation patterns. d-Mannitol fermentation should be considered as a simple and less expensive alternative to screen V. vulnificus isolates for virulence potential, particularly when analyzing large strain banks. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2009.0362 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 97-101 J2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease LA - en OP - SN - 1535-3141 1556-7125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2009.0362 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Addressing the interplay of poverty and the ecology of landscapes: a Grand Challenge Topic for landscape ecologists? AU - Pijanowski, Bryan C. AU - Iverson, Louis R. AU - Drew, C. Ashton AU - Bulley, Henry N. N. AU - Rhemtulla, Jeanine M. AU - Wimberly, Michael C. AU - Bartsch, Annett AU - Peng, Jian T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1007/s10980-009-9415-z VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 5-16 SN - 1572-9761 KW - Poverty KW - Millennium Development Goals KW - Grand Challenge Topic KW - Scale KW - Biological conservation KW - Human well-being ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water Vapor Fluxes and Orographic Precipitation over Northern California Associated with a Landfalling Atmospheric River AU - Smith, Barrett L. AU - Yuter, Sandra E. AU - Neiman, Paul J. AU - Kingsmill, D. E. T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract Atmospheric rivers accompanying Pacific storm systems play an important role in supplying moisture to the West Coast. Heavy precipitation associated with these systems falls not only along the west-facing slopes of the Coastal Range but also along the windward slopes of the interior Sierra Mountains. Simulations of the 29–31 December 2005 storm in northern California using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were able to realistically resolve the structure and strength of the water vapor fluxes over ocean and land. The cross-barrier, southwesterly water vapor fluxes, peaking near 700 kg m−1 s−1 at the coast, dominated the airmass transformation over the northern California mountain complex. However, there was also significant northward water vapor flux along the base of the Sierras. The combination of a narrow, short-lived water vapor source from the atmospheric river, the gap in terrain facilitating flow around the coastal mountains, and the occurrence of a strong barrier jet at the base of the Sierras all contributed to the northward along-barrier water vapor fluxes within the storm. The coincident timing of the maximum water vapor flux into the central valley with the period when the barrier jet was well developed yielded up valley fluxes &gt;300 kg m−1 s−1 for several hours. For the 29–31 December 2005 Pacific storm, the flow around the coastal terrain and up valley replenished about a quarter of the depleted water vapor lost over the coastal mountains. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1175/2009mwr2939.1 VL - 138 IS - 1 SP - 74-100 SN - 1520-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of marine isoprene emissions on secondary organic aerosol and ozone formation in the coastal United States AU - Gantt, B. AU - Meskhidze, N. AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Xu, J. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - The impact of marine isoprene emissions on summertime surface concentrations of isoprene, secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and ozone (O3) in the coastal areas of the continental United States is studied using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regional-scale Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Marine isoprene emission rates are based on the following five parameters: laboratory measurements of isoprene production from phytoplankton under a range of light conditions, remotely-sensed chlorophyll-a concentration ([Chl–a]), incoming solar radiation, surface wind speed, and sea-water optical properties. Model simulations show that marine isoprene emissions are sensitive to meteorology and ocean ecosystem productivity, with the highest rates simulated over the Gulf of Mexico. Simulated offshore surface layer marine isoprene concentration is less than 10 ppt and significantly dwarfed by terrestrial emissions over the continental United States. With the isoprene reactions included in this study, the average contribution of marine isoprene to SOA and O3 concentrations is predicted to be small, up to 0.004 μg m−3 for SOA and 0.2 ppb for O3 in coastal urban areas. The light-sensitivity of isoprene production from phytoplankton results in a midday maximum for marine isoprene emissions and a corresponding daytime increase in isoprene and O3 concentrations in coastal locations. The potential impact of the daily variability in [Chl-a] on O3 and SOA concentrations is simulated in a sensitivity study with [Chl-a] increased and decreased by a factor of five. Our results indicate that marine emissions of isoprene cause minor changes to coastal SOA and O3 concentrations. Comparison of model simulations with few available measurements shows that the model underestimates marine boundary layer isoprene concentration. This underestimation is likely due to the limitations in current treatment of marine isoprene emission and a coarse spatial resolution used in the model simulations. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.027 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 115-121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Terrestrial sources and export of particulate organic carbon in the Waipaoa sedimentary system: Problems, progress and processes AU - Blair, N. E. AU - Leithold, E. L. AU - Brackley, H. AU - Trustrum, N. AU - Page, M. AU - Childress, L. T2 - MARINE GEOLOGY AB - The composition of particulate organic carbon in sedimentary systems can provide information concerning sources of materials and their history. The NSF-MARGINS Source to Sink study of the Waipaoa Sedimentary System in New Zealand provides a platform to calibrate the particulate organic carbon sedimentary record by linking chemical characteristics to terrestrial and marine sedimentary processes. This report is a preliminary evaluation of the available organic carbon concentration, elemental C/N ratio and C-isotopic composition data for the terrestrial portion of the system. Samples analyzed were rocks, soils, floodplain sediments and riverine suspended sediments. Measurements confirm previous conclusions that a portion of the riverine particulate organic carbon is derived from sedimentary rocks. The rock C (kerogen) concentration is relatively invariant (~ 0.25%) from rock source, to riverine and floodplain sediments. The non-rock C is derived from C3 vegetation in most of the watershed, the exception being the floodplain in which local C4 plant inputs are detected. The non-rock organic carbon has a mean 14C-age of approximately 1000 years, which reflects a mixture of modern and aged components. The presence of aged non-rock C, which is chronic in its supply to the river, indicates storage of particulates within the watershed. Remobilized colluvial and alluvial deposits are among the possible sources. Systematic differences are found between δ13C databases generated by various groups. While there may be natural explanations for these differences, methodological artifacts have to be considered. Standardization of methods that cross source-to-sink boundaries is recommended. DA - 2010/4/15/ PY - 2010/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.016 VL - 270 IS - 1-4 SP - 108-118 SN - 1872-6151 KW - riverine organic carbon KW - carbon isotopes KW - Waipaoa River KW - New Zealand sediments ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regimes of Dry Convection above Wildfires: Sensitivity to Fire Line Details AU - Kiefer, Michael T. AU - Parker, Matthew D. AU - Charney, Joseph J. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AB - Abstract Fire lines are complex phenomena with a broad range of scales of cross-line dimension, undulations, and along-line variation in heating rates. While some earlier studies have examined parcel processes in two-dimensional simulations, the complexity of fire lines in nature motivates a study in which the impact of three-dimensional fire line details on parcel processes is examined systematically. This numerical modeling study aims to understand how fundamental processes identified in 2D simulations operate in 3D simulations where the fire line is neither straight nor uniform in intensity. The first step is to perform simulations in a 3D model, with no fire line undulations or inhomogeneity. In general, convective modes simulated in the 2D model are reproduced in the 3D model. In one particular case with strong vertical wind shear, new convection develops separate from the main line of convection as a result of local changes to parcel speed and heating. However, in general the processes in the 2D and 3D simulations are identical. The second step is to examine 3D experiments wherein fire line shape and along-line inhomogeneity are varied. Parcel heating, as well as convective mode, is shown to exhibit sensitivity to fire line shape and along-line inhomogeneity. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1175/2009jas3226.1 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 611-632 SN - 1520-0469 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Near-bottom hydrodynamic effects on postlarval settlement in the American lobster Homarus americanus AU - Lillis, A. AU - Snelgrove, P. V. R. T2 - Marine Ecology Progress Series DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 401 SP - 161-172 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dispersal and transformation of organic carbon across an episodic, high sediment discharge continental margin, Waipaoa Sedimentary System, New Zealand AU - Brackley, Hannah L. AU - Blair, Neal E. AU - Trustrum, Noel A. AU - Carter, Lionel AU - Leithold, Elana L. AU - Canuel, Elizabeth A. AU - Johnston, James H. AU - Tate, Kevin R. T2 - MARINE GEOLOGY AB - The rivers that drain active, collisional margins of the southwest Pacific deliver up to 35% of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the world ocean, and are a key component of the global organic carbon flux. However, knowledge of the fate of terrestrial POC in the ocean is both limited and necessary for quantifying terrestrial and coastal ocean carbon budgets. Here, the fate of terrestrial POC is determined off the high discharge, Waipaoa River (sediment yield 15 Mt y− 1) based on a transect of seven cores from the river floodplain to the adjacent continental shelf and slope. Total organic carbon (%TOC), δ13C, 14C, C/N ratios and lipid biomarker compounds were used to determine biogeochemical characteristics of surface sediments from terrestrial source to marine sink, and how these characteristics vary with river discharge. Complementary to surface sediments, down-core characteristics of three multi-cores covering the shelf and slope regions were used to identify perturbations in sediment supply via major floods. The presence of flood deposits allows us to compare their OC characteristics with non-flood sediment, thereby helping address the question of how flood events in the river catchment affect the transfer and fate of terrestrial OC through the marine environment. Results from this study show that as surface sediments are physically and biologically processed across the continental margin, they gain a marine signature. Biomarker analyses of surface samples show decreases in terrigenous vascular plant sources with increasing distance offshore. Biomarkers also demonstrate that terrestrial OC is being transferred across the continental margin, with plant sterols, long-chain alcohols and long-chain fatty acids (biomarkers indicative of vascular plants) persisting as far offshore as the mid-continental slope. In contrast to ambient conditions represented by surface sediments, rapid delivery by floods allows for more complete transfer of terrestrial carbon to the marine environment. A 1–10 cm thick flood layer preserved from Cyclone Bola (March 1988) contains a significant amount of terrestrially-sourced OC which subsequently was rapidly buried by sediments delivered during less extreme conditions. DA - 2010/4/15/ PY - 2010/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.11.001 VL - 270 IS - 1-4 SP - 202-212 SN - 1872-6151 KW - organic carbon KW - carbon isotopes KW - sediments KW - Waipaoa River KW - New Zealand ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geochemistry and tectonic significance of the Stony Mountain gabbro, North Carolina: Implications for the Early Paleozoic evolution of Carolinia AU - Pollock, Jeffrey C. AU - Hibbard, James P. T2 - GONDWANA RESEARCH AB - Carolinia comprises a collection of Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic magmatic arc and sedimentary terranes that were amalgamated and accreted to Laurentia in the early to middle Paleozoic. In central North Carolina, mafic rocks of the Stony Mountain gabbro intrude sub-aqueous volcanic and sedimentary rocks and submarine epiclastic sedimentary rocks of the Albemarle Group. The age of the Stony Mountain gabbro is constrained to the Early Cambrian–Middle Ordovician. Field relations indicate that the gabbro represents the final phase of magmatism following the eruption and deposition of the Neoproterozoic–earliest Cambrian Albemarle Group, yet the gabbro pre-dates regional metamorphism and tectonism related to the Late Ordovician accretion of Carolinia to Laurentia. The Stony Mountain gabbro has a sub-alkaline basaltic composition, variable TiO2, MgO and Ni/Cr values. The rocks have a geochemical signature typical of island-arcs; the degree of LREE enrichment, prominent negative Nb anomalies and Nb/Th ratios are all features of low-K to medium-K tholeiitic basalts in modern island-arc, subduction-related lavas. Isotope data are dominated by juvenile compositions that are consistent with derivation from lithospheric and asthenospheric sources during decompression melting of the mantle. The Stony Mountain gabbro records subduction zone magmatism in a rifted island arc setting and can be modeled as the product of ~ 10–15% hydrous partial melting of variable mixtures of MORB- and OIB-like mantle sources overprinted by a minor subducted-slab derived hydrous fluid component. By analogy with modern settings the rocks of the Stony Mountain gabbro are comparable to MORB-like to OIB-type enriched rocks from the Lau Island and Sumisu Rift and are interpreted to have formed within an evolving Early Paleozoic island arc–back arc rift–basin system. The presence of an Early Cambrian arc–back arc rift system in Carolinia is broadly coeval with arc–back arc volcanism in other peri-Gondwanan blocks of the Appalachians and may be related to the Early Paleozoic opening of the Rheic Ocean. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1016/j.gr.2009.09.009 VL - 17 IS - 2-3 SP - 500-515 SN - 1342-937X KW - Geochemistry KW - Nd isotopes KW - Carolinia KW - Appalachian KW - Tectonics ER -