TY - JOUR TI - Initial observations of the 2005 Alexandrium fundyense bloom in southern New England: General patterns and mechanisms T2 - Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 52 IS - 19-21 SP - 2856-2876 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Initial observations of the 2005 Alexandrium fundyense bloom in southern New England: General patterns and mechanisms T2 - Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 52 IS - 19-21 SP - 2856-2876 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data assimilative hindcast of the Gulf of Maine coastal circulation AU - He, Ruoying AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J AU - Lynch, Daniel R AU - Smith, Keston W AU - Stock, Charles A AU - Manning, James P T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 110 IS - C10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Data assimilative hindcast of the Gulf of Maine coastal circulation AU - He, Ruoying T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - A data assimilative model hindcast of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) coastal circulation during an 11 day field survey in early summer 2003 is presented. In situ observations include surface winds, coastal sea levels, and shelf hydrography as well as moored and shipboard acoustic Doppler D current profiler (ADCP) currents. The hindcast system consists of both forward and inverse models. The forward model is a three‐dimensional, nonlinear finite element ocean circulation model, and the inverse models are its linearized frequency domain and time domain counterparts. The model hindcast assimilates both coastal sea levels and ADCP current measurements via the inversion for the unknown sea level open boundary conditions. Model skill is evaluated by the divergence of the observed and modeled drifter trajectories. A mean drifter divergence rate (1.78 km d −1 ) is found, demonstrating the utility of the inverse data assimilation modeling system in the coastal ocean setting. Model hindcast also reveals complicated hydrodynamic structures and synoptic variability in the GOM coastal circulation and their influences on coastal water material property transport. The complex bottom bathymetric setting offshore of Penobscot and Casco bays is shown to be able to generate local upwelling and downwelling that may be important in local plankton dynamics. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2004jc002807 VL - 110 IS - C10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coastal ocean response to extratropical storms in March 2001: A retrospective analysis using sub-regional coastal ocean models of the Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEACOOS) AU - He, Ruoying AU - Bang, Inkweon AU - Edwards, Karen P AU - Mooers, Christopher NK AU - Weisberg, Robert H AU - Werner, Francisco T2 - Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Submitted DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - West Florida shelf circulation on synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales AU - Weisberg, Robert H AU - He, Ruoying AU - Liu, Yonggang AU - Virmani, Jyotika I T2 - Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and models DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// SP - 325-347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: observations and models AU - Sturges, Wilton AU - Lugo-Fernandez, Alexis T2 - Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 161 ER - TY - CONF TI - A Hindcast Experiment Nesting a Baroclinic West Florida Shelf Model in the 1/12th Degree Operational North Atlantic HYCOM Model AU - Barth, Alexander AU - Alvera-Azcárate, Aı̈da AU - He, R AU - Helber, RW AU - Weisberg, RH C2 - 2005/// C3 - AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts DA - 2005/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tropical Atlantic SST forcing of coupled north Atlantic seasonal responses AU - Peng, SL AU - Robinson, WA AU - Li, SL AU - Hoerling, MP T2 - Journal of Climate AB - Abstract Recent observational studies reveal that a fall Pan-Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly, composed of a horseshoe-like dipole in the North Atlantic and a southern center in the equatorial Atlantic, tends to precede the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its related SST tripole by several months. This study seeks to understand this relationship using large ensembles of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments and experiments with the AGCM coupled to a mixed layer ocean (AGCM_ML). The models are forced either by the North Atlantic horseshoe (NAH) or by the tropical SST anomalies over the boreal winter months. The AGCM results show that the NAH anomaly induces a baroclinic response in geopotential heights throughout the winter, with little projection on the NAO. Since the NAH anomaly is ineffective in forcing the wintertime NAO, it cannot account for observations that the NAH SST leads the NAO. In contrast, in the AGCM_ML, the coupled North Atlantic response forced by the tropical anomaly exhibits a strong seasonal dependence. In early winter, the positive anomaly induces a trough east of Newfoundland with a wave train to the northeast, and in late winter the response projects strongly on a negative NAO. Correspondingly, the extratropical SST response features an NAH-like pattern in early winter and a tripole in late winter. These results suggest that tropical Atlantic SST anomalies can significantly influence the coupled extratropical variability. The observed relationship between the fall NAH SST and the winter NAO (or the SST tripole) may be a consequence of persistent forcing of the seasonally varying atmosphere by tropical SST anomalies. Comparisons with the parallel AGCM results indicate that the largely sign-symmetric NAO responses developed in the AGCM_ML are in part due to active extratropical SST feedbacks. Diagnostic experiments using a linear model further illustrate that, in the absence of transient-eddy feedbacks, an idealized tropical heating induces anomalous flows that are qualitatively similar in early and late winter, with a trough southeast of Newfoundland and a ridge to the northeast. The enhanced seasonality in the SST-induced coupled response likely arises from the seasonal modulation of transient-eddy feedbacks on the heating-forced anomalous flow. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1175/JCLI-3270.1 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 480-496 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000227305600007&KeyUID=WOS:000227305600007 ER - TY - CONF TI - Polar stratospheric clouds observed by a lidar at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5° S, 68.0° W) AU - Simpson, S.E. AU - Chu, X. AU - Liu, A.Z. AU - Robinson, W. AU - Nott, G.J. AU - Diettrich, J. AU - Espy, P.J. AU - Shanklin, J. AB - The University of Illinois Fe (iron) Boltzmann temperature lidar was operated at the South Pole (90°S) from November 1999 to October 2001, and then at the Rothera Station (67.5°S, 68.0°W) from December 2002 to March 2005. This lidar transmits two UV wavelengths at 372 and 374 nm, and is able to measure the middle and upper atmosphere temperature, Fe density, polar mesospheric clouds (PMC), and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). In this paper, we analyze the PSC data collected in the winters and springs of 2003 and 2004 at Rothera, and compare them with the PSC data collected at the South Pole in the 2000 and 2001. PSCs were observed in the range of 15-28 km during the seasons from May/June to October at both locations. The PSC backscatter ratio, width, and altitude at Rothera are comparable to those at the South Pole. However, Rothera PSCs occur less frequently (~17.7%) and in shorter periods, compared to PSCs at the South Pole (~64.9%). At Rothera, PSC occurrence frequency in 2004 is only half of that in 2003, which is likely due to warmer stratospheric temperatures in 2004 associated with changes of the polar vortex. These are the first ground-based lidar observations of PSC at Rothera, and also the first in West Antarctica. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering DA - 2005/// DO - 10.1117/12.620399 VL - 5887 SP - 1-13 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29244462322&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observations of gravity wave breakdown into ripples associated with dynamical instabilities AU - Li, F AU - Liu, AZ AU - Swenson, GR AU - Hecht, JH AU - Robinson, WA T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres AB - The breakdown of a high‐frequency quasi‐monochromatic gravity wave into small‐scale ripples in OH airglow was observed on the night of 28 October 2003 at Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N, 156.3°W). The ripples lasted ∼20 min. The phase fronts of the ripples were parallel to the phase fronts of the breaking wave. The mechanism for the ripple generation is investigated using simultaneous wind and temperature measurements made by a sodium (Na) lidar. The observations suggest that the wave breaking and the subsequent appearance of ripples were related to dynamical (or Kelvin‐Helmholtz) instabilities. The characteristics of the ripples, including the alignment of the phase fronts with respect to the wind shear, the motion of the ripples, and the horizontal separation of the ripple fronts were consistent with their attribution to Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows. It is likely that the dynamical instability was initiated by the superposition of the background wind shear and the shear induced by the wave. The wind shear, the mean wind acceleration, and the propagation of the breaking wave were found to be in the same direction, suggesting that wave‐mean flow interactions contributed significantly to the generation of the strong (>40 m/s/km) wind shear and instability. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2004JD004849 VL - 110 IS - D9 SP - 1-12 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000228367000001&KeyUID=WOS:000228367000001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms of ENSO-forcing of hemispherically symmetric precipitation variability AU - Seager, R AU - Harnik, N AU - Robinson, WA AU - Kushnir, Y AU - Ting, M AU - Huang, HP AU - Velez, J T2 - Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society AB - The patterns of precipitation anomalies forced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation during northern hemisphere winter and spring are remarkably hemispherically symmetric and, in the midlatitudes, have a prominent zonally symmetric component. Observations of global precipitation variability and the moisture budget within atmospheric reanalyses are examined to argue that the zonally symmetric component is caused by interactions between transient eddies and tropically-forced changes in the subtropical jets. During El Niño events the jets strengthen in each hemisphere and shift equatorward. Changes in the subtropical jet influence the transient-eddy momentum fluxes and the eddy-driven mean meridional circulation. During El Niño events, eddy-driven ascent in the midlatitudes of each hemisphere is accompanied by low-level convergence and brings increased precipitation. These changes in the transient-eddy and stationary-eddy moisture fluxes almost exactly cancel each other and, in sum, do not contribute to the zonal-mean precipitation anomalies. Propagation of anomalous stationary waves disrupts the zonal symmetry. Flow around the deeper Aleutian Low and the eastward extension of the Pacific jet stream supply the moisture for increased precipitation over the eastern North Pacific and the western seaboard of the United States, while transient-eddy moisture convergence supplies the moisture for increased precipitation over the southern United States. In each case, increased precipitation is fundamentally caused by anomalous ascent forced by anomalous heat and vorticity fluxes. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1256/qj.04.96 VL - 131 IS - 608 SP - 1501-1527 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000230262500010&KeyUID=WOS:000230262500010 KW - ENSO KW - precipitation KW - symmetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - ENSO-driven warming and cooling of the midlatitude troposphere AU - Robinson, W. T2 - Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 86 IS - 10 SP - 1420-1421 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27844459538&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atmospheric stability in a generalized barotropic model AU - Mitas, CM AU - Robinson, WA T2 - Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences AB - Abstract An empirical modification of conventional barotropic dynamics is implemented to study the low-frequency variability (LFV) of the upper troposphere. Using the conservation of potential vorticity, generalized spectral barotropic operators that apply at single isentropic levels are constructed. In initial value calculations the empirical model shows improvement in skill compared to the conventional barotropic model, but it does not do significantly better than persistence. For short times, however, the empirically modified model shows a much closer resemblance to the observed streamfunction tendency. Overall, it is a significantly more accurate representation of the atmosphere than the conventional barotropic model. Normal, optimal, and singular modes of the modified model are calculated. The modes of the empirically modified model are more stable and more difficult to excite than those of the barotropic model. These results are consistent with previous studies that found barotropic dynamics deficient for the quantitative description of LFV. The singular modes of the modified operator have very similar patterns but explain less variance than those of the barotropic operator, which is consistent with the difficulty in detecting optimal patterns in observations. The modified barotropic operator is also more normal than the barotropic operator, and thus less variable. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1175/JAS-3375.1 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 476-491 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000227012200012&KeyUID=WOS:000227012200012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of three probing techniques in a three-dimensional air quality model AU - Zhang, Yang T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Probing techniques are useful to provide diagnostic evaluations of air quality models and to indicate the responses of model predictions to changes in emissions. Three probing tools are available in a three‐dimensional air quality model, CAMx: the Decoupled Direct Method (DDM), the Ozone Source Attribution Technology (OSAT), and Process Analysis (PA). These tools are evaluated in terms of consistency, complementarity, accuracy and robustness, and computational requirements using the 7–15 July 1995 O 3 episode over the eastern United States. The NO x ‐ versus VOC‐sensitivity of O 3 chemistry and relative role of chemistry and transport predicted by the three tools are qualitatively consistent, except that OSAT predicts an NO x ‐limited O 3 chemistry at a few locations where both DDM and PA predict a VOC‐sensitive O 3 chemistry. DDM and OSAT agree well on the top 10 contributors to O 3 formation, but they predict different rankings, with greater importance given to biogenic VOC emissions by DDM and greater importance given to surface anthropogenic NO x emissions by OSAT. The major difference in the DDM and OSAT predictions on the relative impact of sources is that DDM predicts both positive and negative sensitivities whereas OSAT always predicts positive contributions. Compared to the single‐perturbation method (brute force method), DDM predicts accurate model responses under the 25% VOC or NO x emission reduction scenarios but inaccurate results under the 75% NO x emission reduction scenario. OSAT predicts accurate model responses under the 25% VOC emission reduction scenario, but inaccurate responses under the 25% and 75% NO x emission reduction scenarios. While these tools provide valuable and complementary information regarding O 3 formation, each of them has limitations in terms of its design and application for the design of emission control strategies. DDM is suitable for such an application for small‐to‐moderate emission reductions of <40%. OSAT leads to incorrect results for VOC‐limited areas because it does not account for the titration/inhibition effect of NO x and/or VOC. PA provides an in‐depth understanding of the processes involved in controlling O 3 formation locally. It can be used to understand some of the differences between the results of OSAT and DDM. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2004JD005248 VL - 110 IS - D2 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005248 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Value-based Ensemble Analysis and Potential Individual Versus Simultaneous Climate Change Effects on Agriculture AU - Mera, Roberto AU - Niyogi, D. AU - Semazzi, F.H.M. T2 - 15th Conference on Applied Climatology C2 - 2005/// CY - Savannah, Georgia DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/6// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bivalves as biomonitors in the Neuse River AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Lewis, T. AU - Taylor, S. AU - Stoskopf, M. AU - Shea, D. AU - Showers, W. AU - Eads, C. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Effects of Electrofishing On Survival and Behavior of Native Freshwater Mussels AU - Holliman, F.M. AU - Kwak, T.J. AU - Cope, WG AU - Levine, J.F. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// ER - TY - CONF TI - Spring Viremia of Carp in the United States: Current Status and Diagnostics AU - Shivappa, R. AU - Kozlowicz, S. AU - Rolland, J. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Asian Fisheries Society 6th Annual Meeting C2 - 2005/10// CY - Sri Lanka DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessment of the Impact of Highway Runoff on the Health of Freshwater Mussels AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Cope, G. AU - Stoskopf, M. AU - Bogan, M AU - Gustafson, L AU - Showers, B. AU - Shea, D. AU - Eads, C. AU - Lazaro, P AU - Thorsen, W AU - Forestier, D AU - Anderson, EF A3 - North Carolina Department of Transportation DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// M1 - FHWA/NC/2004-03 M3 - Final Report PB - North Carolina Department of Transportation SN - FHWA/NC/2004-03 UR - https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37846 ER - TY - CONF TI - Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage Due to Environmental Exposure to PCBs in Asiatic Clams AU - Lehmann, DW AU - Heltsley, Rm AU - Shea, D AU - Levine, Jf AU - Law, Jm C2 - 2005/11// CY - Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Baltimore, MD DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of Electrofishing on Survival and Behavior of Native Freshwater Mussels AU - Holliman, F.M. AU - Kwak, T.J. AU - Cope, WG AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting C2 - 2005/9// CY - Anchorage, Alaska DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterization of Salmonella Fecal Isolates From a Commercial Laying Hen Complex By Serotype, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis AU - Li, X. AU - Payne, Jb AU - Santos, Fbo AU - Levine, JF AU - Sheldon, Bw T2 - Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting C2 - 2005/7// CY - Auburn, Alabama DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// ER - TY - CONF TI - Conservation genetics of the endangered genus Alasmidonta (Unionidae: Anodontinae) in North America AU - Huang, Y. AU - Raley, M.E. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Bogan, A.E. T2 - Flow-Weighted Mean Concentrations (FWMCS) C2 - 2005/5// CY - Minneapolis, Minnesota, US DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Physiochemical Conditions on the Valve Movement Response of Asian clams: Implications for Broadband Biomonitoring of Surface Waters AU - Turner, P.M. AU - Cope, W.G. AU - Shea, D. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Moody, R T2 - Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) C2 - 2005/11// CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterization of Salmonella Isolates From A Commercial Laying Hen Complex by Serotype, Antibiotic Susceptibility Test and PFGE AU - Li, X AU - Levine, Jf AU - Sheldon, Bw T2 - Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting C2 - 2005/7// CY - Auburn, Alabama DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// ER - TY - CONF TI - In vitro Sensitivity and Specificity Analysis of Spring Viremia of Carp Virus Diagnostic Tests AU - Shivappa, R. AU - Kozlowicz, S. AU - Corsin, F. AU - Levine, JF T2 - 30th Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop C2 - 2005/6// CY - Shepardstown, West Virginia DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Copepod grazing impact on the trophic structure of the microbial assemblage of the San Pedro Channel, California AU - Schnetzer, Astrid AU - Caron, David A. T2 - Journal of Plankton Research AB - In August 2002 and March 2003 the trophic structure of the microbial assemblage from the San Pedro Channel, California was studied following the experimental alteration of the number of copepods. Changes in the abundance/biomass of microorganisms <80 μm during 3-day incubations were monitored in (i) the absence of metazoa >80 μm, (ii) the presence of natural abundances of metazoa and (iii) the presence of an elevated number of copepods. Prokaryotes and small-sized eukaryotes (<4 μm) dominated plankton biomass during both experimental months. Diatoms numerically dominated the 10–80 μm plankton in August 2002, but ciliate and heterotrophic dinoflagellate biomass generally exceeded diatom biomass on both dates. Ingestion of protozooplankton (predominantly ciliates) contributed substantially to copepod daily carbon rations. The adult copepod assemblage removed 4.6 and 36% per day of the microzooplankton standing stocks (10–80 μm size fraction) in August and March, respectively. Elevated copepod grazing pressure on protozooplankton resulted in increased biomass of nanoplankton (<5 μm) presumably via a trophic cascade. Accordingly, the copepod–protozoan trophic link appears to be a key factor structuring the planktonic microbial assemblage in the San Pedro Channel. DA - 2005/10/1/ PY - 2005/10/1/ DO - 10.1093/plankt/fbi049 VL - 27 IS - 10 SP - 959-971 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi049 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Design and use of a highly responsive and rigidly controllable hypoxia exposure system AU - Lehmann, D AU - Levine, J AU - Law, J T2 - Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology A2 - Ostrander, G.K. PY - 2005/1/27/ DO - 10.1201/9780203501597.ch31 VL - 2 PB - CRC Press SN - 9781566706643 9780203501597 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203501597.ch31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A different kind of foreshock AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. T2 - Nature AB - Underwater sound recordings have been used to monitor transform faults in the equatorial Pacific, implicating a mechanism of foreshock generation distinct from that on most continental fault systems. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1038/434445a VL - 434 IS - 7032 SP - 445-447 J2 - Nature LA - en OP - SN - 0028-0836 1476-4687 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/434445a DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dust and pollution: A recipe for enhanced ocean fertilization? AU - Meskhidze, N. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - For Fe contained in aeolian dust to act as a micronutrient for oceanic phytoplankton, some fraction of it must first be transformed (mobilized) into a form soluble in ocean water. Fe solubilization in deliquesced mineral dust aerosols emanating from East Asia during the springtime outflow conditions is investigated here with a Lagrangian box model of the gas and aqueous‐phase chemistry. The model simulates the scavenging of soluble and reactive gaseous species by mineral dust aerosols, chemical reactions of these species and mineral dust ions in deliquesced solution, and dissolution of Fe‐III oxides that occurs as a result of the acid mobilization. The calculations indicate that mineral calcite (CaCO 3 ) strongly buffers deliquesced dust aerosols with a pH that remains close to 8 until the amount of acid added to the aerosol solution exceeds CaCO 3 alkalinity. SO 2 pollutant emissions are a potential source of acidity to advecting dust from East Asia. The model is used to simulate the chemical evolution of dust plumes formed from two contrasting documented Gobi‐desert storms that advected dust to Fe‐limited regions of the North Pacific Ocean (NPO). These calculations indicate that only plumes with relatively high initial SO 2 ‐to‐dust ratios are capable of delivering significant amounts of bioavailable Fe to the NPO. The estimated change in phytoplankton population inferred from the model‐calculated inputs of bioavailable Fe for these two episodes is consistent with the satellite‐measured chlorophyll a concentrations in the NPO. Model simulations indicate that (1) large dust advection episodes, that can export vast amounts of mineral dust to the open ocean, should have insignificant dissolved iron fraction (DIF) as the amount of SO 2 required to acidify such dust plumes is about an order of magnitude higher than what can typically be entrained in the plume during its advection; (2) smaller dust plumes will generally have higher DIFs because they require lower amounts of SO 2 and, even if such small plumes may not cause algae blooms, they could still be important sources of dissolved Fe to the NPO. The calculations suggest that future changes in SO 2 ‐pollutant emissions from East Asia, either up or down, may affect the productivity of the NPO. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2004JD005082 VL - 110 IS - D3 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005082 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a new cloud droplet activation parameterization with in situ data from CRYSTAL-FACE and CSTRIPE AU - Meskhidze, Nicholas T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - The accuracy of the 2003 prognostic, physically based aerosol activation parameterization of A. Nenes and J. H. Seinfeld (NS) with modifications introduced by C. Fountoukis and A. Nenes in 2005 (modified NS) is evaluated against extensive microphysical data sets collected on board the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft for cumuliform and stratiform clouds of marine and continental origin. The cumuliform cloud data were collected during NASA's Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL‐FACE, Key West, Florida, July 2002), while the stratiform cloud data were gathered during Coastal Stratocumulus Imposed Perturbation Experiment (CSTRIPE, Monterey, California, July 2003). In situ data sets of aerosol size distribution, chemical composition, and updraft velocities are used as input for the NS parameterization, and the evaluation is carried out by comparing predicted cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) with observations. This is the first known study in which a prognostic cloud droplet activation parameterization has been evaluated against a wide range of observations. On average, predicted droplet concentration in adiabatic regions is within ∼20% of observations at the base of cumuliform clouds and ∼30% of observations at different altitudes throughout the stratiform clouds, all within experimental uncertainty. Furthermore, CDNC is well parameterized using either a single mean updraft velocity or by weighting droplet nucleation rates with a Gaussian probability density function of w . This study suggests that for nonprecipitating warm clouds of variable microphysics, aerosol composition, and size distribution the modified NS parameterization can accurately predict cloud droplet activation and can be successfully implemented for describing the aerosol activation process in global climate models. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2004JD005703 VL - 110 IS - D16 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005703 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between western North Pacific typhoon activity and Tibetan Plateau winter and spring snow cover AU - Xie, Lian T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - [1] The annual frequency of western North Pacific (WNP) typhoons and the number of landfall typhoons in China are shown to negatively correlate with the Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TP-SC) during the preceding winter and spring. When TP-SC was above normal, fewer typhoons formed in the WNP and made landfall in China, and vice versa. The observed seasonal lag correlation between the TP-SC and the WNP typhoon activity suggests the existence of a seasonal memory of the East Asia – West Pacific regional climate system which provides a means for the seasonal prediction of WNP typhoon activity and typhoon landfall frequency in China. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2005GL023237 VL - 32 IS - 16 J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023237 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of Atlantic sea surface temperature dipole mode on hurricanes: Implications for the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season AU - Xie, Lian T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Results from this study indicate that the dipole mode of tropical Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is correlated with the overall activity of hurricanes as well as with the annual hurricane landfall frequency along the southeast coast of the United States. The tropical Atlantic SST dipole mode could affect hurricanes in at least three ways: 1) modulating the weather in West Saharan Africa; 2) influencing the local SST and hence the atmosphere‐ocean environment in the hurricane main development region; 3) coupling with the tropical and subtropical atmospheric circulation that controls the steering of hurricanes. The warm tropical North Atlantic and cool tropical South Atlantic waters are likely one of the main causes for Florida's hurricane havoc in 2004. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2004GL021702 VL - 32 IS - 3 J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021702 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds: Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact AU - Twohy, Cynthia H. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Data from nine stratocumulus clouds in the northeastern Pacific Ocean were analyzed to determine the effect of aerosol particles on cloud microphysical and radiative properties. Seven nighttime and two daytime cases were included. The number concentration of below‐cloud aerosol particles (>0.10 μm diameter) was highly correlated with cloud droplet number concentration. Droplet number concentrations were typically about 75% of particle number concentration in the range of particle concentrations studied (≤400 cm −3 ). Particle number was anticorrelated with droplet size and with liquid water content in drizzle‐sized drops. Radiative impact also depends upon cloud liquid water content and geometric thickness. Although most variability in these macroscopic properties of the clouds could be attributed to variability in the large‐scale environment, a weak anticorrelation between particle concentration and cloud geometric thickness was observed. Because of these variations, no correlation between calculated cloud optical thickness or albedo and particle concentration was detectable for the data set as a whole. For regions with comparable liquid water contents in an individual cloud, higher particle concentrations did correspond to increased cloud optical thickness. These results verify that higher particle concentrations do directly affect the microphysics of stratiform clouds. However, the constant liquid water path assumption usually invoked in the Twomey aerosol indirect effect may not be valid. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2004JD005116 VL - 110 IS - D8 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005116 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The twentieth-century pluvial in the western United States AU - Woodhouse, Connie A. AU - Kunkel, Kenneth E. AU - Easterling, David R. AU - Cook, Edward R. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Persistent, widespread wet conditions in the western United States in the early twentieth century have been noted in a number of studies. Here, we investigate the character of this pluvial, which covered a roughly 9‐state region and lasted about 13 years. Paleoclimatic data used to evaluate the period in a long‐term context indicate that the twentieth‐century pluvial is an extremely rare event, as previous studies have suggested, even when assessed in the context of a 1186‐year reconstruction of regional drought. An analysis of twentieth‐century climate data, characterizing precipitation seasonality, intensity, and frequency, shows that the pluvial was primarily a result of winter season, heavy to moderately heavy precipitation events, during a handful of extremely wet winters. Temperatures were also anomalously cool. The combination of duration, intensity, and spatial extent make this an unusual event, not only in twentieth century, but in the past 12 centuries. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1029/2005GL022413 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - n/a-n/a J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022413 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Initial observations of the 2005 Alexandrium fundyense bloom in southern New England: General patterns and mechanisms AU - Anderson, Donald M. AU - Keafer, Bruce A. AU - McGillicuddy, Dennis J., Jr. AU - Mickelson, Michael J. AU - Keay, Kenneth E. AU - Scott Libby, P. AU - Manning, James P. AU - Mayo, Charles A. AU - Whittaker, David K. AU - Michael Hickey, J. AU - He, Ruoying AU - Lynch, Daniel R. AU - Smith, Keston W. T2 - Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography AB - From May to July, 2005, an extensive bloom of Alexandrium fundyense occurred along the coast of southern New England. The outbreak eventually closed shellfish beds from central Maine to Massachusetts, including Nantucket Island and portions of Martha's Vineyard, and resulted in the closure of 40,000 km2 of offshore federal waters as well. The coastal Alexandrium bloom was exceptional in several ways: high toxin levels were measured farther south than ever before in New England; levels of toxicity in many locations were higher than previously observed at those stations; for the first time toxicity at some locations was above quarantine levels; cell concentrations far exceeded those observed in the coastal waters of southern New England in the past; and for the first time in the region the governors of Maine and Massachusetts officially declared the red tide to be a disaster, clearing the way for federal assistance. Initial observations suggest that several factors contributed to this bloom. Abundant rainfall and heavy snowmelt substantially increased the amount of fresh water entering the Gulf of Maine. Combined with other freshwater inputs, we hypothesize that this provided macro- and micro-nutrients, a stratified water column, and a transport mechanism that led to high cell abundances and broad, region-wide dispersal of the organism. Warm temperatures in western waters also would have favored A. fundyense growth. In addition, several storms with strong winds out of the northeast occurred at times when cells were abundant and in locations where the winds could advect them into Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays and keep them there, leading to high cell concentrations and toxicity. Another contributing factor may have been the high abundance of newly deposited cysts in western Gulf of Maine sediments, as documented in a fall 2004 survey. Here, we evaluate this bloom and the patterns of toxicity in light of the conceptual models for A. fundyense dynamics developed during the Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB)–Gulf of Maine (GOM) program. Several features of the 2005 bloom conform to the mechanisms proposed in those models, including the alongshore transport of cells in major water masses and episodic intrusions of cells toward shore due to downwelling-favorable wind forcings. The models need to be refined and expanded, however, based on new data and observations. For example, it is now clear that cells and bloom patches can reach the outer side of Cape Cod and even Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. Transport to the coastal waters of Rhode Island and even Connecticut/Long Island is also possible. A critical modification also may be necessary in terms of mechanisms through which A. fundyense cells occur in Massachusetts Bay. In the past, toxicity only developed when blooms were transported from the north and into the bay via the western segment of the Maine Coastal Current. Now, it is possible that the bay might serve as a source of cells through the germination of cysts deposited in those waters during the 2005 bloom. If proven in subsequent surveys, this potential for in situ bloom development could have major implications on the timing and extent of toxicity within Massachusetts Bay and southern New England waters in future years. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.09.004 VL - 52 IS - 19-21 SP - 2856-2876 J2 - Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography LA - en OP - SN - 0967-0645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.09.004 DB - Crossref KW - Alexandrium fundyense KW - cysts KW - Gulf of Maine KW - PSP KW - harmful algal blooms KW - red tides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of iron solubility from observations and a global aerosol model AU - Luo, Chao AU - Mahowald, N. M. AU - Meskhidze, N. AU - Chen, Y. AU - Siefert, R. L. AU - Baker, A. R. AU - Johansen, A. M. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - Mineral aerosol deposition is the dominant source of iron to the open ocean. Soil iron is typically insoluble and understanding the atmospheric processes that convert insoluble iron to the more soluble forms observed over the oceans is crucial. In this paper, we model several proposed processes for the conversion of Fe(III) to Fe(II), and compare with cruise observations. The comparisons show that the model results in similar averaged magnitudes of iron solubility as measured during 8 cruises in 2001–2003. Comparisons show that results of cases including cloud, SO 2 and hematite processing are better than the other approaches used using the reaction rates we assume in this paper; unfortunately the reaction rates are not well known, and this hampers our ability to conclusive show one process is more likely than another. The total soluble iron deposited to the global ocean is estimated by the model to range from 0.36 to 1.6 Tg y −1 , with 0.88 Tg y −1 being the mean estimate; however there are large uncertainties in these estimates. Comparison shows that the regions with largest differences between the model simulations and observations of iron solubility are in the Southern Atlantic near South America coast and North Atlantic near Spain coast. More observations in these areas or in the South Pacific will help us identify the most important processes. Additionally, laboratory experiments that constrain the reaction rates of different compounds that will result in a net solubilization of iron in aerosols are required to better constrain iron processing in the atmosphere. Additionally, knowing what forms of iron are most bioavailable will assist atmospheric scientists in providing better budgets of iron deposited to the ocean surfaces. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1029/2005JD006059 VL - 110 IS - D23 J2 - J. Geophys. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0148-0227 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006059 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sound-channel observations of ice-generated tremor in the Indian Ocean AU - Chapp, Emily AU - Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. AU - Tolstoy, Maya T2 - Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems AB - Mid to low southern latitude hydrophone stations within the Indian Ocean have recorded two distinct types of low‐frequency (<100 Hz) tremor that can be correlated with drifting icebergs and glacial features along the Wilkes Land coast of eastern Antarctica. The most common of these signals is a variable harmonic tremor (VHT), with spectral peaks that exhibit frequency fluctuations through time. These signals typically display a 4 to 10 Hz fundamental frequency and may have as many as ten harmonic bands. Individual VHT signal packets have durations of up to ∼30 min and occur throughout the year in clusters that continue for hours to days. A second, less commonly observed signal is characterized by shorter duration (25 to 90 s) pulses with a convex‐upward spectrogram appearance. These cusped pulse tremors (CPT) often exhibit a near‐uniform pulse spacing, with episodes continuing for minutes to hours. Tremor received levels at hydrophones near 32°S, 114°E and 7°S, 72°E reach as high as 142 and 133 dB re 1 μPa (peak to peak), respectively. Propagation likely occurs as a sea surface–reflected phase at high latitudes and a sound channel phase north of the convergence zone, with low‐frequency transmission loss estimates suggesting maximum acoustic source levels of ∼245 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m. Source locations for a subset of the loudest VHT signals correlate with the satellite‐derived locations of a large iceberg (B‐15D) that migrated westward along the Wilkes Land shelf region during 2002 and early 2003. Most VHT sources, however, cannot be correlated with known iceberg locations, suggesting that these signals also may be sourced from smaller unnamed icebergs and/or associated with outlet glaciers distributed along the Wilkes Land coast. CPT signals have a more limited spatial distribution, originating from five specific regions where ice streams are observed. The harmonic nature of both signal types is consistent with the resonance of an ice layer or fluid‐filled cavity within an ice mass. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1029/2004GC000889 VL - 6 IS - 6 J2 - Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. LA - en OP - SN - 1525-2027 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000889 DB - Crossref KW - Antarctica KW - hydroacoustics KW - tremor KW - marine geology and geophysics : general or miscellaneous KW - oceanography : general : ocean acoustics KW - geographic location : Antarctica ER - TY - CONF TI - On Sea-Level Variability on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States AU - Pietrafesa, L. J. AU - Xie, L. AU - Dickey, D. A. T2 - Solutions to Coastal Disasters Conference 2005 AB - Coastal inhabitants experience sea level rise and fall, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly and so on, governed by the astronomical tides, and a host of other factors. Meanwhile, there has been an accelerated migration into these zones by the populace of the United States (US). The recent census of the US indicates that greater than 50% of the nation's population resides in the coastal zone including the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards, the Gulf of Mexico, the Great Lakes, Alaska and Hawaii. Accompanying and facilitating the migration has been property development which has been increasing at an increasing rate. Meanwhile, reports of sea level rise and thus encroachment of the coastal ocean into these developed areas is raising serious concerns. But, what are the rates of variability, and the overall trends, over local to regional to global spatial scales? These are questions which coastal scientists, managers, builders, planners, developers, residents, and public officials, amongst others, would like to have answered factually. And this point cannot be overemphasized. However, in order to properly answer the questions posed regarding future adjustments in sea level, we must know past and present rates of rise. In this report, we will delve into these questions attempt to provide factual estimates based on the actual records. We will focus on the eastern seaboard of the US from Atlantic City, New Jersey to Charleston, South Carolina. C2 - 2005/5/2/ C3 - Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2005 DA - 2005/5/2/ DO - 10.1061/40774(176)5 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784407745 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40774(176)5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactive nitrogen oxides in the southeast United States national parks: source identification, origin, and process budget AU - Tong, Daniel Quansong AU - Kang, Daiwen AU - Aneja, Viney P. AU - Ray, John D. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - We present in this study both measurement-based and modeling analyses for elucidation of source attribution, influence areas, and process budget of reactive nitrogen oxides at two rural southeast United States sites (Great Smoky Mountains national park (GRSM) and Mammoth Cave national park (MACA)). Availability of nitrogen oxides is considered as the limiting factor to ozone production in these areas and the relative source contribution of reactive nitrogen oxides from point or mobile sources is important in understanding why these areas have high ozone. Using two independent observation-based techniques, multiple linear regression analysis and emission inventory analysis, we demonstrate that point sources contribute a minimum of 23% of total NOy at GRSM and 27% at MACA. The influence areas for these two sites, or origins of nitrogen oxides, are investigated using trajectory-cluster analysis. The result shows that air masses from the West and Southwest sweep over GRSM most frequently, while pollutants transported from the eastern half (i.e., East, Northeast, and Southeast) have limited influence (<10% out of all air masses) on air quality at GRSM. The processes responsible for formation and removal of reactive nitrogen oxides are investigated using a comprehensive 3-D air quality model (Multiscale Air Quality SImulation Platform (MAQSIP)). The NOy contribution associated with chemical transformations to NOz and O3, based on process budget analysis, is as follows: 32% and 84% for NOz, and 26% and 80% for O3 at GRSM and MACA, respectively. The similarity between NOz and O3 process budgets suggests a close association between nitrogen oxides and effective O3 production at these rural locations. DA - 2005/1// PY - 2005/1// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.035 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 315-327 J2 - Atmospheric Environment LA - en OP - SN - 1352-2310 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.035 DB - Crossref KW - nitrogen oxides KW - ozone KW - atmospheric chemistry KW - budget analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Iron and Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation in Humic Lake Water AU - Maloney, Kelly O. AU - Morris, Donald P. AU - Moses, Carl O. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1007/s10533-005-1675-3 VL - 75 IS - 3 SP - 393-407 KW - anoxia KW - dissolved organic carbon (DOC) KW - hypolimnion KW - iron (Fe) KW - sediment KW - temperate lake KW - UVR absorbance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide and methylhydroperoxide in coastal waters AU - O'Sullivan, Daniel W. AU - Neale, Patrick J. AU - Coffin, Richard B. AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Osburn, Christopher L. T2 - Marine Chemistry AB - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been observed in significant concentrations in many natural waters. Because hydrogen peroxide can act as an oxidant and reductant, it participates in an extensive suite of reactions in surface waters. Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a secondary photochemical product of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) photolysis. Apparent quantum yields for the photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide were determined in laboratory irradiations of filtered surface waters from several locations in the Chesapeake Bay and in Arctic coastal waters with varying levels of CDOM. The apparent quantum yield for H2O2 decreases by about an order of magnitude from 280 nm to 500 nm, and the majority of H2O2 production occurs at wavelengths less than 340 nm. The apparent quantum yield for H2O2 production at 290 nm ranged from 4.2 × 10− 4 to 2.1 × 10− 6 mol H2O2 (mol photons)− 1 from freshwater to marine waters. A linear relationship was found between the production of H2O2 and change in CDOM absorbance characterized as photobleaching (loss of absorbance). No significant relationship was observed between DOC concentration and peroxide production. Methylhydroperoxide (CH3O2H) was the only short chain peroxide produced during the irradiations, and its production is at least an order magnitude less than that of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxide production was greatest in waters containing significant amounts of terrigenous C in the form of humic substances. Surface waters whose synchronous fluorescence spectra indicated the presence of polyaromatic and/or extensive conjugated compounds exhibited the greatest peroxide production. CDOM photobleaching is not significantly linked to apparent quantum yields for peroxide production. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.04.003 VL - 97 IS - 1-2 SP - 14-33 KW - hydrogen peroxide KW - organic peroxides KW - photochemistry KW - seawater ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessing coastal hazards using recent 3D evolution of beach geomorphology based on lidar and RTK-GPS surveys AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Overton, M.F. AU - Harmon, R.S. AU - Berstein, D. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference DA - 2005/// DO - 10.1142/9789812701916-0255 VL - 2005-January SP - 3162-3172 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84950311360&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Dynamic Earth chemistry AU - Kimberly., Michael M. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// PB - Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of individual and pooled sampling methods for detecting bacterial pathogens of fish AU - Mumford, S AU - Patterson, C AU - Evered, J AU - Brunson, R AU - Levine, J AU - Winton, J T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Examination of finfish populations for viral and bacterial pathogens is an important component of fish disease control programs worldwide. Two methods are commonly used for collecting tissue samples for bacteriological culture, the currently accepted standards for detection of bacterial fish pathogens. The method specified in the Office International des Epizooties Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals permits combining renal and splenic tissues from as many as 5 fish into pooled samples. The American Fisheries Society (AFS) Blue Book/US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Inspection Manual specifies the use of a bacteriological loop for collecting samples from the kidney of individual fish. An alternative would be to more fully utilize the pooled samples taken for virology. If implemented, this approach would provide substantial savings in labor and materials. To compare the relative performance of the AFS/USFWS method and this alternative approach, cultures of Yersinia ruckeri were used to establish low-level infections in groups of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were sampled by both methods. Yersinia ruckeri was cultured from 22 of 37 groups by at least 1 method. The loop method yielded 18 positive groups, with 1 group positive in the loop samples but negative in the pooled samples. The pooled samples produced 21 positive groups, with 4 groups positive in the pooled samples but negative in the loop samples. There was statistically significant agreement (Spearman coefficient 0.80, P < 0.001) in the relative ability of the 2 sampling methods to permit detection of low-level bacterial infections of rainbow trout. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1177/104063870501700401 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 305-310 SN - 1943-4936 KW - bacteria KW - disease KW - fish KW - pooling KW - sampling KW - trout KW - Yersinia ER - TY - JOUR TI - How students think: Implications for learning in introductory geoscience courses AU - McConnell, D. A. AU - Steer, D. N. AU - Owens, K. AU - Knight, C. T2 - Journal of Geoscience Education AB - Non-major students in introductory geoscience classes exhibit a wide range of intellectual development. Approximately half of these students do not have the skills to understand the abstract scientific concepts traditionally discussed in introductory classes. Many geological concepts will remain unlearned without appropriate activities that build on a foundation of concrete examples. The good news is that these same students can improve their logical thinking skills when they participate in challenging in-class collaborative learning exercises with their more intellectually sophisticated peers. While the exercises themselves are important in promoting the development of higher-order thinking skills, the group interaction also appears to be a significant contributor to the improvement of reasoning. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.5408/mcconnell_v53p462 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 462-470 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenging students ideas about earth structure using a model-based, conceptual change approach in a large class setting AU - Steer, D. N. AU - Knight, C. AU - Owens, K. AU - McConnell, D. A. T2 - Journal of Geoscience Education AB - A model-based, conceptual change approach to teaching was found to improve student understanding of earth structure in a large (100+ student) inquiry-based, general education setting. Results from paired pre- and post-instruction sketches indicated that 19% (n = 18/97) of the students began the class with naïve preconceptions of the structure of the interior of the Earth. Many of the remaining students (95%; n = 75/79) began the lesson believing that the crust is several hundred kilometers thick. Peer discussion and instruction appeared to be effective in eliminating most naive preconceptions. Analyses of post-instruction sketches indicated that 3% (n = 3/97) of all students retained naïve preconceptions, 18% (n = 18/97) changed their views from naïve to the “thick crust” view, 58% (n = 58/97) began to recognize the relative scales of the boundaries with 30% (n = 28/97) drawing the sketch with scaled boundaries. Many of the students (65%; n = 76/117) could correctly answer formative earth structure conceptual questions that were asked five lessons after the earth structure lesson was taught. A comparison of pre- and post-course conceptual test question responses indicated that 13–20% more students could correctly answer similar questions two months after the model-based, conceptual change plate tectonics lessons were taught. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.5408/1089-9995-53.4.415 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 415-421 ER - TY - CONF TI - Teacher education collaboration across higher education institutions: A case study AU - Broadway, F. AU - Coyner, S. AU - Foos, A. AU - McConnell, D. AU - Owens, K. C2 - 2005/// C3 - Ohio Systemic Initiative, Project SUSTAIN DA - 2005/// SP - 7-24 PB - Project SUSTAIN ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella henselae and Rickettsia seroreactivity in a sick cat population from North Carolina AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Radulovic, S. AU - Hanby, S. B. AU - Kordick, D. L. AU - Perle, K. M. D. la T2 - International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 287 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial character of the gaseous and particulate state compound correlation of urban atmospheric pollution in winter and summer AU - Xu, XD AU - Shi, XH AU - Xie, L AU - Ding, GA AU - Miao, QJ AU - Ma, JZ AU - Zheng, XD T2 - SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES D-EARTH SCIENCES DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1360/05yd0393 VL - 48 SP - 64-79 SN - 1006-9313 KW - aerosol KW - correlation structure KW - principal component analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamics of orographic rain associated with the passage of a tropical cyclone over a mesoscale mountain AU - Witcraft, N. C. AU - Lin, Y. L. AU - Kuo, Y. H. T2 - Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3319/TAO.2005.16.5.1133(A) VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 1133-1161 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypes and Antibiotic Resistance ofSalmonellaNewport Isolates from U.S. Market Oysters AU - Brands, Danielle A. AU - Billington, Stephen J. AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Joens, Lynn A. T2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease AB - The consumption of raw oysters contributes to food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis. Prevalence studies in our laboratory have shown that Salmonella spp. were present in 7.4% of U.S. market oysters, with the majority (78/101) of isolates being of the Salmonella enterica Newport serovar. E-tests were performed to assess the susceptibility of the S. Newport oyster isolates to antibiotics used for treatment of Salmonella infections. The oyster isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin, Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole, and Ciprofloxacin, while for the most part they were resistant to Ampicillin and Tetracycline. Consistent with the uniform antibiotic susceptibility profile of these isolates, only three pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles were identified among the isolates. Of these three profiles, one was present in 63 of the 78 isolates, indicating not only the presence of S. Newport in oysters, but the predominance of a single PFGE type. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.111 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 111-114 J2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease LA - en OP - SN - 1535-3141 1556-7125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2005.2.111 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Renal biopsy: A retrospective study of methods and complications in 283 dogs and 65 cats AU - Vaden, SL AU - Levine, JE AU - Lees, GE AU - Groman, RP AU - Grauer, GE AU - Forrester, SD T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Renal biopsy often is required to establish a definitive diagnosis in dogs and cats with renal disease. In this retrospective study, we determined the complications of renal biopsy as well as factors that may be associated with development of complications and procurement of adequate renal biopsy specimens in 283 dogs and 65 cats. Data extracted from medical records at 4 institutions were evaluated using logistic regression. Proteinuria was the most common indication for renal biopsy in dogs. Complications were reported in 13.4 and 18.5% of dogs and cats, respectively. The most common complication was severe hemorrhage; hydronephrosis and death were uncommon. Dogs that developed complications after renal biopsy were more likely to have been 4 to <7 years of age and >9 years, to weigh ≤5 kg, and to have serum creatinine concentrations >5 mg/dL. The majority of biopsies from both dogs (87.6%) and cats (86.2%) were considered to be of satisfactory quality. Biopsies from dogs were more likely to be of high quality if they were obtained when the patient was under general anesthesia and more likely to contain only renal cortex if they were obtained by surgery. We concluded that renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure, with a low frequency of severe complications. Hospital practices and patient variables have the potential to impact both the quality of the specimen obtained and the rate of complications. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[794:RBARSO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 794-801 SN - 1939-1676 KW - kidney biopsy KW - renal biopsy quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Origin and propagation of a disturbance associated with an African easterly wave as a precursor of Hurricane Alberto (2000) AU - Lin, YL AU - Robertson, KE AU - Hill, CM T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract In this study, it is proposed that mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) and a mesovortex (MV) were embedded within a wavelike disturbance over North Africa that led to the genesis of Hurricane Alberto (2000). The wavelike disturbance observed may be classified as an African easterly wave (AEW). Based on the cloud-top area and brightness values observed from infrared satellite data, four genesis and three lysis stages are identified within a cycle of moist convection associated with the pre-Alberto disturbance. The availability of water vapor is the most essential factor controlling the convective cycle of the pre-Alberto disturbance over the African continent. The presence of significant topography also contributes to the generation or decay of the associated MCCs through regulation of the water vapor supply. Further analysis of Meteosat satellite imagery reveals that the incipient disturbances for 23 of 34 eastern Atlantic tropical cyclones originated from the Ethiopian highlands (EH) region during the period of 1990–2001. The pre-Alberto disturbance was found to have exhibited characteristics of an AEW. At the EH, there existed two modes of disturbance development: a stationary mode and a propagating mode. The stationary mode corresponded with the generation of moist convection over the EH triggered by diurnally variant sensible heating, while the propagating mode corresponded with the generation and propagation of MVs and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) from the lee side of the EH over a period of about 2 to 3 days. These components of the disturbance propagated westward together within an AEW train at an average speed of 11.6 m s−1. The average wavelength was roughly estimated to be about 2200 km. To prove that disturbances generated at the EH are indeed AEWs, the NCAR Regional Climate Model Version 3.0 is adopted to simulate the event. The simulated fields showed that both the propagating wave and stationary mountain wave modes were present, the convection was generated over the EH, and the pre-Alberto disturbance was generated near the lee of the EH. In addition, the convective cycle detected from NCEP reanalysis data was also reflected in the simulated fields. The simulated AEW possesses similar wave characteristics as the observed pre-Alberto disturbance. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1175/MWR3035.1 VL - 133 IS - 11 SP - 3276-3298 SN - 1520-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New avian remains from the Eocene of Momgolia and the phylogenetic position of the Eogfruidaelia (Aves, Gruoidea) AU - Clarke, J. A. AU - Norell, M. A. AU - Dashzeveg, D. T2 - American Museum Novitates DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// IS - 3494 SP - 17- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex AU - Schweitzer, MH AU - Wittmeyer, JL AU - Horner, , JR T2 - SCIENCE AB - Unambiguous indicators of gender in dinosaurs are usually lost during fossilization, along with other aspects of soft tissue anatomy. We report the presence of endosteally derived bone tissues lining the interior marrow cavities of portions of Tyrannosaurus rex (Museum of the Rockies specimen number 1125) hindlimb elements, and we hypothesize that these tissues are homologous to specialized avian tissues known as medullary bone. Because medullary bone is unique to female birds, its discovery in extinct dinosaurs solidifies the link between dinosaurs and birds, suggests similar reproductive strategies, and provides an objective means of gender differentiation in dinosaurs. DA - 2005/6/3/ PY - 2005/6/3/ DO - 10.1126/science.1112158 VL - 308 IS - 5727 SP - 1456-1460 SN - 0036-8075 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enriched components in the Hawaiian plume: Evidence from Kahoolawe Volcano, Hawaii AU - Huang, SC AU - Frey, FA AU - Blichert-Toft, J AU - Fodor, RV AU - Bauer, GR AU - Xu, GP T2 - GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS AB - The geochemical differences between individual Hawaiian shields provide clues to the magma source components in the Hawaiian plume. Lavas from Koolau (Makapuu-stage) and Kahoolawe volcanoes define the enriched, i.e., relatively high 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd, extreme for Hawaiian shield lavas. There are, however, important geochemical differences between these shields; Kahoolawe lavas lack the relatively high SiO2, low CaO, and high Sr/Nb and La/Nb that are characteristic of Makapuu-stage Koolau lavas, and they are offset from other Hawaiian shield lavas to high 87Sr/86Sr at a given 143Nd/144Nd. Consequently, a varying role for recycled plagioclase-rich gabbro is inferred, in particular, lower amounts of the low 87Sr/86Sr component in Kahoolawe lavas. Also, lavas from Loa-trend volcanoes, such as Kahoolawe, define trends ranging toward high 208Pb*/206Pb* and 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd and 176Hf/177Hf. Such trends are consistent with variable amounts of recycled sediment sampled by Loa-trend volcanoes, with the largest proportion in Makapuu-stage Koolau lavas. Therefore the enriched component in the Hawaiian plume, the Koolau component, is recycled oceanic crust, which is heterogeneous because of varying proportions of sediment, basalt, and gabbro. Hawaiian shield-stage lavas range widely in 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 176Hf/177Hf, and 206Pb/204Pb, but they have similar ratios of Sr/Nd, Nd/Hf, and Hf/Pb, each varying by a factor of <3 among the Hawaiian shields. This observation has important consequences. Namely, the similar Hf/Pb ratios are inconsistent with a two-component (i.e., Kea and Koolau) mixing model for explaining the hyperbolic trend of 176Hf/177Hf versus 206Pb/204Pb defined by shield lavas. Such a model requires end-members with very different Hf/Pb (a factor of 15 to 40), but this is not observed; therefore a third component must be involved. On the basis of trends of 208Pb*/206Pb* versus 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, and 176Hf/177Hf, we infer that Loa and Kea trend shield lavas contain variable amounts of the Loihi source component. DA - 2005/11/15/ PY - 2005/11/15/ DO - 10.1029/2005gc001012 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1525-2027 KW - Hawaiian plume KW - Kahoolawe Volcano KW - major elements KW - recycled gabbro KW - Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopes KW - trace elements KW - geochemistry : composition of the mantle KW - geochemistry : major and trace element geochemistry KW - geochemistry : radiogenic isotope geochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - A high-precision model of first-order reversal curve (FORC) functions for single-domain ferromagnets with uniaxial anisotropy AU - Newell, AJ T2 - GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS AB - Plots of the first‐order reversal curve (FORC) function are used to characterize ferromagnetic particles in rocks. The function is based on classical Preisach theory, which represents magnetic hysteresis by elementary loops with displacement H u and half width H c . Using analytical and numerical integration of single‐particle magnetization curves, a high‐precision FORC function is calculated for a sample with randomly oriented, noninteracting, elongated single‐domain (SD) particles. Some properties of the FORC function are independent of the distribution of particle orientations and shapes. There is a negative peak near the H u axis, and the FORC function is identically zero for H u > 0. The negative peak, previously attributed to particle interactions, is due to the increasing slope of a reversible magnetization curve near a jump. This peak is seen in experimental FORC functions of SD samples but not of samples with larger particles, probably because of Barkhausen jumps. The second feature is not seen in any experimental FORC function. A spread of the function to H u > 0 can be caused by particle interactions or nonuniform magnetization. DA - 2005/5/28/ PY - 2005/5/28/ DO - 10.1029/2004gc000877 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1525-2027 KW - hysteresis KW - geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : environmental magnetism KW - geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : magnetic mineralogy and petrology KW - geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : rock and mineral magnetism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surf zone entrainment, along-shore transport, and human health implications of pollution from tidal outlets AU - Grant, S. B. AU - Kim, J. H. AU - Jones, B. H. AU - Jenkins, S. A. AU - Wasyl, J. AU - Cudaback, C. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 110 IS - C10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistence of labile organic matter and microbial biomass in Antarctic shelf sediments: evidence of a sediment 'food bank' AU - Mincks, S. L. AU - Smith, C. R. AU - Demaster, D. J. T2 - Marine Ecology Progress Series DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 300 SP - 19- ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the accuracy of semi-Lagrangian numerical simulation of internal gravity wave motion in the atmosphere AU - Semazzi, FHM AU - Scroggs, JS AU - Pouliot, GA AU - McKee-Burrows, AL AU - Norman, M AU - Poojary, V AU - Tsai, YM T2 - JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN AB - We have investigated the accuracy ofthe semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian (SISL) method in simulating internal gravity wave (IGW) motion. We have focused on the relative accuracy of the hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic IGW solutions. The analysis is based on a linearized model and a Global Circulation Model-Dynamic Core (GCM-DC) with a stretched grid.The nonhydrostatic version of the GCM-DC model produces the familiar IGW train disturbance anchored to an isolated hypothetical mountain. The wave has a distinct tilt away from the vertical direction, which is consistent with classical theory. For the hydrostatic version of the model, the axis of the resulting IGW train rests nearly perpendicular to the mountain top, thus again consistent with classical theory. Increasing the time step from 10 s; Courant number (Cn) = 0.5; to 60 s (Cn = 3.0), results in stable solutions for both the hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic versions of the model. The nonhydrostatic solution is in close agreement with the control run however, the hydrostatic solution exhibits large phase truncation errors.The solutions for the one-dimensional linearized SISL model confirm the GCM-DC results that the nonhydrostatic IGW train is less damped and shifted by the SISL scheme than the corresponding hydrostatic IGW motion. The linear solutions indicate very high accuracy of the physical mode of the solution, but it rapidly deteriorates when Cn exceeds unity. As Δt → 0 the amplitude of the computational mode tends to zero and its frequency to infinity. However, as Δt → ∞, the frequency of the computational SISL mode asymptotically approaches the value of the frequency of the corresponding SISL physical mode. Furthermore, the amplitude of the SISL computational mode is directly proportional to the size of the time step. Therefore, at large time steps, the amplification of the computational mode could offset some of the numerical damping of the physical mode by the SISL scheme. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.2151/jmsj.83.851 VL - 83 IS - 5 SP - 851-869 SN - 2186-9057 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observations and numerical simulations of urban heat island and sea breeze circulations over New York City AU - Childs, PP AU - Raman, S T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2700-0 VL - 162 IS - 10 SP - 1955-1980 SN - 0033-4553 KW - urban heat island KW - sea breeze KW - TKE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Micrometeorology and atmospheric boundary layer AU - Arya, SP T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2690-y VL - 162 IS - 10 SP - 1721-1745 SN - 1420-9136 KW - atmospheric boundary layer KW - eddy diffusivity KW - energy budget and fluxes KW - micrometeorology KW - Reynolds stresses KW - surface layer, and turbulence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metropolitan-scale transport and dispersion from the New York World Trade Center following September 11, 2001. Part II: An application of the CALPUFF plume model AU - Gilliam, RC AU - Huber, AH AU - Raman, S T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2702-y VL - 162 IS - 10 SP - 2005-2028 SN - 1420-9136 KW - dispersion modeling KW - CALPUFF KW - CALMET KW - plume modeling KW - sea breeze KW - particulate matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metropolitan-scale transport and dispersion from the New York World Trade Center following September 11, 2001. Part I: An evaluation of the CALMET meteorological model AU - Gilliam, RC AU - Childs, PP AU - Huber, AH AU - Raman, S T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2701-z VL - 162 IS - 10 SP - 1981-2003 SN - 1420-9136 KW - dispersion modeling KW - CALPUFF KW - CALMET KW - plume modeling KW - sea breeze KW - ARPS KW - MM5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Indirect effects of recreational fishing on behavior of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus AU - Parsons, DM AU - Eggleston, DB T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 303:235-244 (2005) - doi:10.3354/meps303235 Indirect effects of recreational fishing on behavior of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus Darren M. Parsons*, David B. Eggleston North Carolina State University, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA *Email: darren.parsons@clear.net.nz ABSTRACT: Sublethal disturbance may lead to behavioral modifications that have detrimental consequences for the individual. Sublethal disturbance is an indirect effect of fishing that has seldom been examined. In summer 2003, we conducted surveys on the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the Florida Keys, USA, before and after a 2 d mini-season exclusively for recreational sport-divers to assess the frequency of injured lobsters. We also conducted (1) a tethering experiment to assess the influence of disturbance and injury on predation-induced mortality, and (2) Y-maze laboratory experiments to assess the effect of injury and disturbance on the shelter choice of conspecifics. Injury surveys revealed an immediate increase (to 27.16%) in the percentage of injured lobsters from pre- to post mini-season within patch reef habitats, but only a small increase in injured lobsters amongst patch head habitats. Tethering trials revealed that injured lobsters were more likely to succumb to predation than uninjured controls, while the shelter choice experiments demonstrated that the usual ability to attract conspecifics was altered by injury. Considering the ability of this fishery to unintentionally injure >25% of the lobster population in patch reef habitats in just 2 d, the potential population consequences to spiny lobsters must be examined. KEY WORDS: Indirect behavioral disturbance · Sublethal injury · Unobserved mortality · Predation · Limb damage · Recreational fishing · Panulirus argus · Caribbean spiny lobster · Florida Keys Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 303. Online publication date: November 21, 2005 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2005 Inter-Research. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3354/meps303235 VL - 303 SP - 235-244 SN - 0171-8630 KW - indirect behavioral disturbance KW - sublethal injury KW - unobserved mortality KW - predation KW - limb damage KW - recreational fishing KW - Panulirus argus KW - Caribbean spiny lobster KW - Florida keys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatology and interannual variability of North Atlantic hurricane tracks AU - Xie, L AU - Yan, TZ AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Morrison, JM AU - Karl, T T2 - JOURNAL OF CLIMATE AB - Abstract The spatial and temporal variability of North Atlantic hurricane tracks and its possible association with the annual hurricane landfall frequency along the U.S. East Coast are studied using principal component analysis (PCA) of hurricane track density function (HTDF). The results show that, in addition to the well-documented effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and vertical wind shear (VWS), North Atlantic HTDF is strongly modulated by the dipole mode (DM) of Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) as well as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO). Specifically, it was found that Atlantic SST DM is the only index that is associated with all top three empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the Atlantic HTDF. ENSO and tropical Atlantic VWS are significantly correlated with the first and the third EOF of the HTDF over the North Atlantic Ocean. The second EOF of North Atlantic HTDF, which represents the “zonal gradient” of North Atlantic hurricane track density, showed no significant correlation with ENSO or with tropical Atlantic VWS. Instead, it is associated with the Atlantic SST DM, and extratropical processes including NAO and AO. Since for a given hurricane season, the preferred hurricane track pattern, together with the overall basinwide hurricane activity, collectively determines the hurricane landfall frequency, the results provide a foundation for the construction of a statistical model that projects the annual number of hurricanes striking the eastern seaboard of the United States. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1175/jcli3560.1 VL - 18 IS - 24 SP - 5370-5381 SN - 0894-8755 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in world ocean nitrate availability through the 20th century AU - Kamykowski, D AU - Zentara, SJ T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS AB - Conceptual models linking climate change with fluctuations in fish population abundances are based on how cyclic patterns in air–sea interactions influence pelagic food web dynamics. The effect of changing mixed layer dynamics on phytoplankton light and nutrient exposure is a prominent focal point in the overall mechanism. The Extended Reconstruction (ER) of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) version one (ERSSTv1) and version two (ERSSTv2) monthly time series from 1854 to 2003, interpreted with the aid of a historically based global Nitrate Depletion Temperature (NDT) climatology, provide a qualitative tool for examining relative temporal and spatial patterns in nitrate availability in normal salinity areas of the world ocean. After an analysis of local NDT variability at four time series stations demonstrated temporal stability compared to SST, [SST–NDT] as a Nitrate Availability Index (NAI) was calculated for April (boreal spring or austral fall) and October (boreal fall and austral spring) for the whole ERSSTv1 data set and for selected years of the ERSSTv2 data set using the global NDT climatology. The more negative the NAI difference, the greater the expected surface nitrate. The more positive the NAI difference, the greater the intensity of temperature stratification between the surface and the nitracline and thus the less likely that nitrate mixed to the surface. The records from April and October both showed that decreased nitrate availability, defined by both smaller negative NAI differences and larger positive NAI differences, generally though not universally occurred throughout the 20th century in association with global warming. The greatest decreases in nitrate availability occurred in two warming events in the time periods 1909–1937 and 1977–present in the Northern Hemisphere and 1926–1937 and 1950–1990 in the Southern Hemisphere. Different areas of the world ocean were affected in each warming event. Prominent exceptions in the ERSSTv1 analysis where 20th century nitrate availability actually increased in at least one season were in western parts of the South Indian, the North Pacific, the equatorial Pacific, the South Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the South Atlantic and in eastern parts of the South Pacific and South Atlantic. The ERSSTv2 analysis also showed increased 20th century nitrate availability in the eastern subarctic Pacific. The nitrate availability trends resulting from the present analysis agree with various literature reports on regional changes in plant nutrient availability, on increased occurrences of harmful algal blooms often associated with dinoflagellates that are better able to access subsurface nitrate pools, and on decadal changes in marine fisheries. They also raise concerns about the resilience of historical patterns of pelagic community structure and function in response to a warming trend continuing into the 21st century. DA - 2005/9// PY - 2005/9// DO - 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.007 VL - 52 IS - 9 SP - 1719-1744 SN - 1879-0119 KW - sea surface temperature KW - nitrate KW - temporal variations KW - climate change KW - global warming KW - fisheries KW - world ocean KW - 70 degrees N-70 degrees S ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of incipient latent heat release on the precipitation distribution of the 24-25 January 2000 US East Coast cyclone AU - Brennan, MJ AU - Lackmann, GM T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract The role of a diabatically produced lower-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) maximum in determining the precipitation distribution of the 24–25 January 2000 U.S. East Coast cyclone is investigated. Operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models performed poorly with this storm, even within 24 h of the event, as they were unable to properly forecast the westward extent of heavy precipitation over the Carolinas and mid-Atlantic. The development of an area of incipient precipitation (IP) around 0600 UTC 24 January over the southeastern United States prior to rapid cyclogenesis was also poorly forecasted by the operational NWP models. It is hypothesized that the lower-tropospheric diabatic PV maximum initially produced by the IP was important to subsequent inland moisture transport over the Carolinas and mid-Atlantic. A PV budget confirms that latent heat release in the midtroposphere associated with the IP led to the initial formation of a PV maximum in the lower troposphere that propagated eastward in association with the IP to the Atlantic coast late on 24 January. The impact of this PV maximum on the westward moisture transport was quantified by piecewise Ertel PV inversion. Results from the inversion show that the balanced flow associated with this evolving cyclonic PV maximum contributed substantially to the onshore moisture flux into the Carolinas and Virginia. The balanced flow associated with the PV anomaly also contributed to quasigeostrophic forcing for ascent in the region. These findings suggest that accurate numerical prediction of the precipitation distribution in this event requires adequate representation of the IP and its associated impacts on the PV distribution. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1175/MWR2959.1 VL - 133 IS - 7 SP - 1913-1937 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The dog as a sentinel for human infection: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 antibodies in dogs from southeastern and mid-Atlantic states AU - Duncan, AW AU - Correa, MT AU - Levine, JF AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - Lyme disease is the most frequently reported human vector-associated disease in the United States. Infection occurs after the bite of an Ixodid tick that is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs have often been reported to serve as effective sentinel animals to assess the risk of human B. burgdorferi infection. Based on published data of human Lyme disease case numbers and our clinical impressions, we hypothesized that canine exposure to B. burgdorferi would be lower in North Carolina when compared to the exposure in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated B. burgdorferi exposure status utilizing a specific and sensitive C6 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our convenience sample included 1,666 canine serum samples submitted to the Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from North Carolina (n = 987), Virginia (n = 472), Maryland (n = 167), and Pennsylvania (n = 40). Comparisons among states were made using the Chisquare test or the Fisher's exact test; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. A Chi-square test for trend was used to determine if there was an increase in the frequency of seroreactors associated with the geographical origin of the samples. The proportion of seroreactive dogs in North Carolina was markedly lower (p < 0.008) than that observed in dogs from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. These results support the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi transmission seems to occur infrequently in North Carolina dogs as compared to dogs residing in other southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Furthermore, they support the utility of dogs as a sentinel to characterize the risk of B. burgdorferi transmission to humans in a defined geographical location. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1089/vbz.2005.5.101 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 101-109 SN - 1557-7759 KW - Borrelia burgdorferi C6 KW - dogs KW - lyme disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity analysis of photochemical indicators for O-3 chemistry using automatic differentiation AU - Zhang, Y AU - Bischof, CH AU - Easter, RC AU - Wu, PT T2 - JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1007/s10874-005-5440-8 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 1-41 SN - 0167-7764 KW - automatic differentiation KW - mixed-phase chemistry KW - photochemical indicators KW - sensitivity analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactive effects of episodic hypoxia and cannibalism on juvenile blue crab mortality AU - Eggleston, DB AU - Bell, GW AU - Amavisca, AD T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - We hypothesized that as the spatial extent of hypoxic bottom water increased, (1) adult blue crab predator densities would increase in shallow habitats as they avoided hypoxia, and that (2) juvenile blue crabs, which use shallow unvegetated habitat as a predation refuge from adult conspecifics, would experience increased mortality rates during crowding by cannibalistic adult blue crabs. These hypotheses were tested along a depth gradient of sandy-mud shoreline in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA using a combination of (1) hydrographic measurements to characterize the spatial extent of hypoxia, (2) beach seines to quantify the density of adult blue crab predators in relatively shallow water as a function of 1, and (3) tethering experiments to quantify relative rates of predation on juvenile blue crabs as a function of 1 and 2. During our seven tethering experiments, the NRE study site experienced a range of DO scenarios including normoxia, chronic hypoxia, and hypoxic upwelling. No known predators of juvenile blue crabs, other than adult conspecifics, were collected in any of our shallow-water seines. During the transition from normoxia to chronic hypoxia, blue crab predator densities in shallow refuge habitats increased 4-fold, and relative mortality rates of juvenile blue crabs in shallow habitats increased exponentially with the density of adult conspecifics. Conversely, during hypoxic upwelling events, the density of adult blue crabs in shallow water declined, which may explain why the relative mortality of juvenile crabs did not increase significantly with the increasing spatial extent of hypoxia. Thus, juvenile blue crabs may be relatively safe from adult conspecifics during hypoxic upwelling events, but not during chronic hypoxia. These experimental results highlight the need to consider the effects of dynamic water quality on mobile consumers emigrating from degraded habitats when considering indirect trophic impacts beyond the immediate area of impact. DA - 2005/11/22/ PY - 2005/11/22/ DO - 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.04.023 VL - 325 IS - 1 SP - 18-26 SN - 0022-0981 KW - blue crab KW - hypoxia KW - indirect effects KW - predation KW - tethering KW - trophic interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of non-methane volatile organic compounds at swine facilities in eastern North Carolina AU - Blunden, J AU - Aneja, VP AU - Lonneman, WA T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Samples were collected and analyzed in a field study to characterize C2–C12 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted at five swine facilities in Eastern North Carolina between April 2002 and February 2003. Two sites employed conventional lagoon and field spray technologies, while three sites utilized various alternative waste treatment technologies in an effort to substantially reduce gaseous compound emissions, odor, and pathogens from these swine facilities. More than 100 compounds, including various paraffins, olefins, aromatics, ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons, phenols, and sulfides were positively identified and quantified by Gas Chromatographic/Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID) analysis and confirmed by Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). GC/MS analysis of one particularly complex sample collected assisted in providing identification and retention times for 17 sulfur-type VOCs including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide as well as many other VOCs. Highest VOC concentration levels measured at each of the facilities were near the hog barn ventilation fans. Total measured VOCs at the hog barns were typically dominated by oxygenated hydrocarbons (HCs), i.e., ethanol, methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone. These compounds, in addition to other oxygenated VOCs measured at the various sites, generally represented ∼37–73% of net total measured VOCs that were emitted from the hog barns at the various sites. Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide, both recognized as malodorous compounds, were determined to have higher concentration levels at the barns than the background at every farm sampled with the exception of one farm during the warm sampling season. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.053 VL - 39 IS - 36 SP - 6707-6718 SN - 1873-2844 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-26844482025&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - CAFOs KW - swine KW - VOCs KW - odor KW - dimethyl sulfide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beijing air pollution project to benefit 2008 Olympic Games AU - Xu, XD AU - Xie, LA AU - Ding, GA AU - Bian, LG T2 - BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1175/BAMS-86-11-1543 VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 1543-1545 SN - 1520-0477 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of a 3-D enhancement of the Universal Soil Loss Equation for prediction of soil erosion and sediment deposition AU - Warren, SD AU - Mitasova, H AU - Hohmann, MG AU - Landsberger, S AU - Iskander, FY AU - Ruzycki, TS AU - Senseman, GM T2 - CATENA AB - A study was conducted on three U.S. military training areas to validate the Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition (USPED) model, a 3-dimensional enhancement to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The USPED model differs from other USLE-based models in the manner in which it handles the influence of topography on the erosion process. As a result, the USPED model predicts both erosion and deposition, while most other USLE-based models are limited to predictions of erosion only. Erosion and deposition from a small watershed at Fort Hood, Texas, USA was quantified using 137Cs, a radioactive isotope found in soils around the world as a result of fallout from post-World War II nuclear testing. We compared 137Cs-derived erosion/deposition measurements with estimates derived from the USPED model and two applications of the USLE. Soil erosion and sediment deposition estimates generated by the USPED model were more accurate and less biased than results of the USLE applications. Both applications of the USLE consistently and significantly overestimated soil erosion; the USPED model did not. The USPED model was subsequently applied to Camp Guernsey, Wyoming, USA and Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, USA. Model estimates of soil erosion and sediment deposition were compared with field estimates of the same parameters. Based on 3 levels of soil erosion and 3 levels of sediment deposition, the model results agreed with field estimates 76 and 89% of the time at the two locations, respectively. DA - 2005/12/30/ PY - 2005/12/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.catena.2005.08.010 VL - 64 IS - 2-3 SP - 281-296 SN - 1872-6887 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29244443457&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - erosion modeling KW - Cs-137 KW - USLE KW - unit stream power theory KW - sediment deposition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unnatural selection: Effects of a male-focused size-selective fishery on reproductive potential of a blue crab population AU - Carver, Adina Motz AU - Wolcott, Thomas G. AU - Wolcott, Donna L. AU - Hines, Anson H. T2 - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology AB - A male-focused size-selective fishery, like the one targeting the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S., has the potential to reduce the average size of the males in the population, reduce the density of males in the population, and/or raise the ratio of females to males. All of these may affect the mating dynamics of the population by reducing the amount of sperm that males provide to females and decreasing the number of males available for copulation. We investigated the effect of the fishery on a blue crab population in upper Chesapeake Bay by collecting crabs in areas of markedly different fishing pressure. Crabs were taken as individuals and as mating pairs, which permitted assessing the size of males currently mating in nature, and the seminal resources they possess and transfer to females. Average size of males in subpopulations that have been subjected to heavier fishing pressure is indeed smaller, and the smaller males pass less sperm and accessory fluid to females than would larger males if they were still present. Some males in pre-copulatory pairs are as sperm depleted as males that had just completed copulation, indicating that they are mating more frequently than they can replace their seminal resources. The most sperm-depleted males in the population are not even pairing or attempting to mate. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.06.013 VL - 319 IS - 1-2 SP - 29-41 J2 - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0981 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.06.013 DB - Crossref KW - blue crab KW - Callinectes supidus KW - sex ratio KW - sperm limitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The timing and route of movement and migration of post-copulatory female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, from the upper Chesapeake Bay AU - Aguilar, R. AU - Hines, A.H. AU - Wolcott, T.G. AU - Wolcott, D.L. AU - Kramer, M.A. AU - Lipcius, R.N. T2 - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology AB - The movement of mature female blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun from lower salinity areas to spawn near the mouths of estuaries is well documented, but specific details of the post-copulatory phase of their migratory behavior are poorly understood in Chesapeake Bay. To test the hypotheses about the timing and route of this migration, we conducted a mark–recapture study of mature females released in a mesohaline portion of the upper Chesapeake Bay. From June 1999 to October 2002, 1440 mature female blue crabs were obtained from fishers, tagged, and released in the vicinity of the Rhode River, Maryland, approximately 200 km distant from the mouth of the Bay. As of the end of 2002, 167 crabs were recaptured (11.6%), with considerable variation in recapture rates among years. All recaptures except one (in Flagler Beach, Florida) were caught within the Chesapeake Bay proper. Recaptures of female crabs released at monthly intervals from June–November indicated that migration occurred during a short fall period rather than over the prolonged period of summer to fall mating. The distances traveled by crabs before recapture differed significantly among release months. On average, crabs released in September and October traveled greater distances than crabs released in earlier months (June–August). Depths of recapture sites differed significantly among months, with shallow depths in June–August increasing in September to a maximum in November. The locations and bathymetry of recapture sites showed that female crabs used areas near the deep channel, especially the eastern shoulder, of the Bay as a migration corridor to the spawning areas of the lower estuary. The distinct fall season and route of migration should provide valuable management information for protecting the declining spawning stock of Chesapeake blue crabs. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.08.030 VL - 319 IS - 1-2 SP - 117-128 J2 - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0981 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.08.030 DB - Crossref KW - Callinectes sapidus KW - Chesapeake Bay KW - female blue crab KW - mark-recapture KW - migration KW - tagging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Numerical simulation of mesoscale circulations in a region of contrasting soil types AU - Raman, S AU - Sims, A AU - Ellis, R AU - Boyles, R T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2689-4 VL - 162 IS - 8-9 SP - 1689-1714 SN - 1420-9136 KW - mesoscale circulations KW - North Carolina KW - MM5 KW - soil variation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Liquid holding capacity and instrumental and sensory texture properties of herring (Clupea harengus L.) related to biological and chemical parameters AU - Nielsen, D AU - Hyldig, G AU - Nielsen, J AU - Nielsen, HH T2 - JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES AB - ABSTRACT Instrumental texture measurements done on raw herring fillets only partly describe the sensory texture of marinated herring fillets. Sensory texture parameters of marinated fillets were related to instrumental texture measurements of raw fillets by three different data analysis approaches. Uniaxial compression measurements were used as a single parameter, as compression curves or fitted to polynomials. Data from all three methods were related to sensory firmness ( r = 0.310–0.366, P < 0.05). Elasticity could be predicted from the maximum compression force ( r = 0.181, P < 0.05). The compression curve contained information correlating with all the measured sensory texture parameters ( r = 0.102–0.310, P < 0.05), while the fitted polynomials, in addition to firmness, could predict fatty mouthfeel ( r = 0.201, P < 0.05). The most information about the sensory texture was obtained from the compression curves. This study shows that the texture properties of herring are highly intercorrelated and can be regarded as a multivariate complex of parameters. The liquid holding capacity (LHC), defined as the moisture held after a low centrifuge speed expressible moisture measurement, and the texture of herring are influenced by a variety of factors, e.g., spawning time of year, gonad maturity, body size, age and lipid content ( P < 0.05). Increases in body weight, age and lipid content are intercorrelated and result in marinated fillets being more firm, elastic, juicy and fatty. Decreases in these factors will give marinated fillets that are perceived to be gritty and with low intensities of firmness, elasticity, juiciness and fatty mouthfeel. DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2005.00006.x VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 119-138 SN - 1745-4603 KW - biology KW - composition KW - herring KW - liquid holding capacity KW - sensory KW - texture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lightning activity related to satellite and radar observations of a mesoscale convective system over Texas on 7-8 April 2002 AU - Dotzek, N AU - Rabin, RM AU - Carey, LD AU - MacGorman, DR AU - McCormick, TL AU - Demetriades, NW AU - Murphy, MJ AU - Holle, RL T2 - ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AB - A multi-sensor study of the leading-line, trailing-stratiform (LLTS) mesoscale convective system (MCS) that developed over Texas in the afternoon of 7 April 2002 is presented. The analysis relies mainly on operationally available data sources such as GOES East satellite imagery, WSR-88D radar data and NLDN cloud-to-ground flash data. In addition, total lightning information in three dimensions from the LDAR II network in the Dallas–Ft. Worth region is used. GOES East satellite imagery revealed several ring-like cloud top structures with a diameter of about 100 km during MCS formation. The Throckmorton tornadic supercell, which had formed just ahead of the developing linear MCS, was characterized by a high CG+ percentage below a V-shaped cloud top overshoot north of the tornado swath. There were indications of the presence of a tilted electrical dipole in this storm. Also this supercell had low average CG− first stroke currents and flash multiplicities. Interestingly, especially the average CG+ flash multiplicity in the Throckmorton storm showed oscillations with an estimated period of about 15 min. Later on, in the mature LLTS MCS, the radar versus lightning activity comparison revealed two dominant discharge regions at the back of the convective leading edge and a gentle descent of the upper intracloud lightning region into the trailing stratiform region, apparently coupled to hydrometeor sedimentation. There was evidence for an inverted dipole in the stratiform region of the LLTS MCS, and CG+ flashes from the stratiform region had high first return stroke peak currents. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.020 VL - 76 IS - 1-4 SP - 127-166 SN - 1873-2895 KW - MCS KW - severe thunderstorm KW - lightning KW - satellite KW - radar ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geospatial analysis of a coastal sand dune field evolution: Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina AU - Mitasova, H AU - Overton, M AU - Harmon, RS T2 - GEOMORPHOLOGY AB - Preservation and effective management of highly dynamic coastal features located in areas under development pressures requires in-depth understanding of their evolution. Modern geospatial technologies such as lidar, real time kinematic GPS, and three-dimensional GIS provide tools for efficient acquisition of high resolution data, geospatial analysis, feature extraction, and quantification of change. These techniques were applied to the Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina, the largest active dune field on the east coast of the United States, with the goal to quantify its deflation and rapid horizontal migration. Digitized contours, photogrammetric, lidar and GPS point data were used to compute a multitemporal elevation model of the dune field capturing its evolution for the period of 1974– 2004. In addition, peak elevation data were available for 1915 and 1953. Analysis revealed possible rapid growth of the dune complex between 1915–1953, followed by a slower rate of deflation that continues today. The main dune peak grew from 20.1 m in 1915 to 41.8 m in 1953 and has since eroded to 21.9 m in 2004. Two of the smaller peaks within the dune complex have recently gained elevation, approaching the current height of the main dune. Steady annual rate of main peak elevation loss since 1953 suggests that increase in the number of visitors after the park was established in 1974 had little effect on the rate of dune deflation. Horizontal dune migration of 3–6 m/yr in southerly direction has carried the sand out of the park boundaries and threatened several houses. As a result, the south dune section was removed and the sand was placed at the northern end of the park to serve as a potential source. Sand fencing has been an effective management strategy for both slowing the dune migration and forcing growth in dune elevation. Understanding the causes of the current movements can point to potential solutions and suggest new perspectives on management of the dune as a tourist attraction and as a recreation site, while preserving its unique geomorphic character and dynamic behavior. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.06.001 VL - 72 IS - 1-4 SP - 204-221 SN - 1872-695X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-28744438601&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - DEM KW - sand dunes KW - migration rates KW - lidar KW - GIS KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early events in seminal fluid and sperm storage in the female blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun: Effects of male mating history, male size, and season AU - Wolcott, Donna L. AU - Hopkins, C. Wynne Bost AU - Wolcott, Thomas G. T2 - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology AB - Male blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, transfer sperm and seminal fluid to their mates. The quantity of both of these components can vary, and may be particularly reduced in the ejaculate of males that have recently mated. While the potential consequences for fitness of receiving less sperm are obvious, the same is not true of seminal fluid; its role in the blue crab, other than as a sperm plug, is not known. We documented the changes in seminal fluid over time following controlled matings in the laboratory. By allowing males to mate repeatedly in quick succession, we were able to manipulate both the amount of sperm and of seminal fluid that females received. We measured the initial amount of seminal fluid and sperm transferred, and followed the number and viability of sperm, and condition of the spermathecal organs and ovaries, in cohorts of females held for various times post-mating. Females whose mates had mated recently received only about 33% as much ejaculate as those whose mates had full sperm stores. Sperm viability was unaffected, and regardless of male mating history, sperm number declined nearly 50% prior to brood production. We found that all seminal fluid is gone by 5 weeks post-mating, making it unlikely that it plays a role during long-term storage of sperm. The amount of ejaculate was independent of the size of the mate. The spermathecal organs themselves lose 86% of their mass prior to brood production, and this allowed us to develop a staging system for spermathecal condition that was useful for estimating reproductive timing in a field population in North Carolina. Essentially all field-caught females had mated, but sperm viability, sperm number, and ejaculate weight varied with season. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.01.001 VL - 319 IS - 1-2 SP - 43-55 J2 - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0981 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.01.001 DB - Crossref KW - blue crab KW - Callinectes sapidus KW - reproduction KW - seminal fluid KW - sperm limitation KW - sperm viability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do habitat corridors influence animal dispersal and colonization in estuarine systems? AU - Darcy, MC AU - Eggleston, DB T2 - LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1007/s10980-005-3704-y VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 841-855 SN - 0921-2973 KW - bay scallops KW - colonization KW - corridor KW - dispersal KW - estuarine macrofauna KW - grass shrimp KW - interpatch distance KW - recruitment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. Part 2: Hydrostatic mesoscale numerical simulations of supergradient wind flow and streamwise ageostrophic frontogenesis AU - Kaplan, M. L. AU - Huffman, A. W. AU - Lux, K. M. AU - Cetola, J. D. AU - Charney, J. J. AU - Riordan, A. J. AU - Lin, Y. L. AU - Waight, K. T. T2 - Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/s00703-004-0079-6 VL - 88 IS - 04-Mar SP - 153-173 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. Part 1: A 44-case study synoptic observational analyses AU - Kaplan, ML AU - Huffman, AW AU - Lux, KM AU - Charney, JJ AU - Riordan, AJ AU - Lin, YL T2 - METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1007/s00703-004-0080-0 VL - 88 IS - 3-4 SP - 129-152 SN - 1436-5065 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Brief biography of Professor M.P. Singh AU - Sharan, M AU - Raman, S T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2676-9 VL - 162 IS - 8-9 SP - 1401-1403 SN - 0033-4553 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observation based analysis for the determination of equilibrium time constant between ammonia, acid gases, and fine particles AU - Baek, BH AU - Aneja, VP T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION AB - Experimental measurements of ammonia, acid gases, and the inorganic components of atmospheric aerosols were made at a commercial hog farm in eastern North Carolina from May 1998 to June 1999 by an annular denuder system (ADS). The ADS consisted of a cyclone separator, one diffusion denuder coated with sodium carbonate, another diffusion denuder with citric acid, and a filter pack containing Teflon and nylon filters in series. The equilibrium time constant for transfer between ammonia, acid gases, and aerosol phase of ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride was determined based on kinetic rate constants (kN as the rate constant of ammonium nitrate aerosol: 2.04 × 10-4 m³/µmole/sec; kCl as the rate constant of ammonium chloride aerosol: 3.44 × 10-4 m³/µmole/sec) and the observed inorganic components of atmospheric aerosols. The equilibrium time constant was determined based on kinetic rate constants and the observed inorganic components of atmospheric aerosols. The equilibrium time constant has a wide range of values, with an average value of 15.26 (±10.94) minutes for ambient equilibrium time between ammonia, nitric acid gas and ammonium nitrate aerosol; and 8.22 (±6.81) minutes for ammonia, hydrochloric acid, and ammonium chloride. Significant correlations were determined between comparisons of equilibrium time constant estimates with meteorological parameters, such as ambient temperature and relative humidity. The predicted chemical compositions in the particle by EQUISOLV II Model are in good agreement with the observed chemical composition at the experimental site. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1504/IJEP.2005.006864 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 239-247 SN - 1741-5101 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18944405808&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - equilibrium time constant KW - ammonia-ammonium nitrate KW - ammonia-ammonium chloride KW - gas-to-particle conversion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrate movement in shallow ground water from swine-lagoon-effluent spray fields managed under current application regulations AU - Israel, DW AU - Showers, WJ AU - Fountain, M AU - Fountain, J T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Rapid increases in the swine (Sus scrofa domestica) population in the 1990s and associated potential for nitrate N pollution of surface waters led the state of North Carolina to adopt stringent waste management regulations in 1993. Our objectives were to characterize (i) nitrate N movement from waste application fields (WAFs) in shallow ground water, and (ii) soil, hydrologic, and biological factors influencing the amount of nitrate N in the adjacent stream. A ground water monitoring study was conducted for 36 mo on a swine farm managed under new regulations. Water table contours and lack of vertical gradients indicated horizontal flow over most of the site. Nitrate N concentrations in water from shallow wells in WAFs averaged 30 +/- 19 mg L(-1) and delta15N ratios for nitrate N were between +20 and +25 per mil. Nitrate N concentration decreased from field-edge to streamside wells by 22 to 99%. Measurement of delta18O and delta15N enrichment of nitrate in ground water throughout the WAF-riparian system indicated that denitrification has not caused significant 15N enrichment of nitrate. Over a 24-mo period, delta15N ratios for nitrate N in the stream approached delta15N ratios for nitrate N in ground water beneath WAFs indicating delivery of some waste-derived nitrate N to the stream in shallow ground water. Nitrate N concentrations in the stream were relatively low, averaging 1 mg L(-1). Dilution of high nitrate N water in shallow horizontal flow paths with low nitrate N water from deeper horizontal flow paths at or near the stream, some denitrification as ground water discharges through the stream bottom, and some denitrification in riparian zone contributed to this low nitrate N concentration. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2004.0338 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 1828-1842 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contaminant-free cultivation of Pfiesteria shumwayae (Dinophyceae) on a fish cell line AU - Parrow, MW AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Deamer, NJ AU - Ramsdell, JS T2 - AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AB - AME Aquatic Microbial Ecology Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials AME 39:97-105 (2005) - doi:10.3354/ame039097 Contaminant-free cultivation of Pfiesteria shumwayae (Dinophyceae) on a fish cell line Matthew W. Parrow1,*, JoAnn M. Burkholder1, Nora J. Deamer1, John S. Ramsdell2 1Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, 620 Hutton Street, Suite 104, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA2Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412-9110, USA *Email: mwparrow@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: Geographically distinct strains of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria shumwayae were cultivated on a fish cell line in the apparent absence of bacteria and other microbial contaminants. Cultures were established with a high rate of success by inoculating single purified P. shumwayae cells into fish cell cultures containing a simple saltwater medium suitable for both cell types, and resulting isolates were serially cultivated on fish cells for months without visible signs of abnormality or reduced viability. P. shumwayae fed phagocytically on the fish cells and exhibited higher cell production than reported using other culturing methods. Compared to previous methods of studying the interaction between Pfiesteria spp. and fishes, this system enabled closer and more direct observation of the dinoflagellates and was also more economical and sustainable as a culturing method. The absence of bacteria and other contaminating microorganisms should facilitate important physiological and biochemical investigations. The methods used were inadequate for cultivating strains of P. piscicida, suggesting a possible difference in nutritional requirements between the 2 Pfiesteria species. KEY WORDS: Pfiesteria spp. · Fish cell line · Dinoflagellate culture Full article in pdf format PreviousExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AME Vol. 39, No. 1. Online publication date: April 28, 2005 Print ISSN: 0948-3055; Online ISSN: 1616-1564 Copyright © 2005 Inter-Research. DA - 2005/4/28/ PY - 2005/4/28/ DO - 10.3354/ame039097 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 97-105 SN - 0948-3055 KW - Pfiesteria spp. KW - fish cell line KW - dinoflagellate culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - An ozone climatology: relationship between meteorology and ozone in the Southeast USA AU - O’Connor, J.R. AU - Roelle, P.A. AU - Aneja, Viney T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION AB - A statistical analysis of ozone (O3) concentrations and meteorological parameters was performed to determine the relationship between meteorological changes and ambient O3 concentrations in the Southeast United States. The correlation between average daily maximum O3 concentration and various meteorological variables was analysed on a monthly basis from April through October during 1980-1994. The correlations were strongest during the summer months, particularly June, July, and August. Analysis of long term O3 concentration trends indicates increasing trends during the 1980s and decreasing trends during the early 1990s. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1504/IJEP.2005.006855 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 123-139 SN - 1741-5101 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18844379376&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - ozone KW - climatology KW - seasonal trends KW - meteorological variables KW - regional analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - A tidal prism water quality model for small coastal basins AU - Kuo, AY AU - Park, K AU - Kim, SC AU - Lin, JG T2 - COASTAL MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract A tidal prism water quality model (TPWQM) was developed to provide a tool for government agencies for water quality management of small coastal basins. It simulates physical transport using the concept of tidal flushing, includes one of the most sophisticated representations of eutrophication processes in water column and benthic sediment, and employs an innovative solution scheme that is simple, accurate, and computationally efficient. The predictive capability of the water column portion of TPWQM was demonstrated through successful calibration and validation of the model with extensive data sets collected from Lynnhaven Bay, Virginia. The model's general applicability was examined for four other Virginia coastal basins. One value (0.3) of the returning ratio, the only calibration parameter for physical transport, is applicable to all five coastal basins and probably would be adequate for other Virginia coastal basins without further calibration. The values of kinetic parameters determined for Lynnhaven Bay are applicable to at least two of the other four coastal basins. The model underpredicts chlorophyll-a, total carbon, and total phosphorus in two of the tested basins, which is more likely the result of underpredicted nonpoint source loads than the inaccuracy of the kinetic coefficients. Therefore, the set of kinetic coefficients may be applicable to all the Virginia coastal basins with basin-specific refinement in the estimation of nonpoint source loads. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1080/08920750590883015 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 101-117 SN - 1521-0421 KW - eutrophication KW - small coastal basins KW - tidal prism KW - Virginia KW - water quality model ER - TY - JOUR TI - A paired-watershed budget study to quantify interbasin groundwater flow in a lowland rain forest, Costa Rica AU - Genereux, DP AU - Jordan, MT AU - Carbonell, D T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - A paired‐watershed budget study was used to quantify the annual water and major ion (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, and sulfate) budgets of two adjacent lowland rain forest watersheds in Costa Rica. Interbasin groundwater flow (IGF) accounted for about two thirds of the water input and about 97% of the solute input (an average over the six major ions) to one watershed but little or none of the inputs to the adjacent watershed in which IGF was at most marginally distinguishable from zero. Results underscore the significance of IGF as a potential control on the hydrology and water quality of lowland watersheds, the spatial complexity of its occurrence in lowlands (where its influence may range from dominating to negligible on adjacent watersheds), and the importance of accounting for IGF in the design and execution of watershed studies and in water management. DA - 2005/4/16/ PY - 2005/4/16/ DO - 10.1029/2004wr003635 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - SN - 0043-1397 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of Atlantic sea surface temperature dipole mode on hurricanes: Implications for the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season AU - Xie, L. AU - Yan, T. Z. AU - Pietrafesa, L. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 32 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between western North Pacific typhoon activity and Tibetan Plateau winter and spring snow cover AU - Xie, L. AU - Yan, T. Z. AU - Pietrafesa, L. J. AU - Karl, T. AU - Xu, X. D. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 32 IS - 16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reference ranges for hemolymph chemistries from Elliptio complanata of North Carolina AU - Gustafson, LL AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Showers, W AU - Cope, G AU - Eads, C AU - Linnehan, R AU - Kwak, TJ AU - Andersen, B AU - Levine, JF T2 - DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB - Hemolymph chemistries may be useful nonlethal measures of bivalve health. The prognostic value of hemolymph, however, depends on a comparison of chemistry results to reference ranges from healthy individuals. Currently, knowledge of expected hemolymph values in healthy and unhealthy freshwater mussels is extremely limited. The purpose of this study was to develop a set of reference ranges for clinical evaluation of hemolymph from a freshwater mussel species common to southeastern USA. We collected hemolymph from 380 Elliptio complanata from 19 apparently healthy populations from northwest of Raleigh, North Carolina, during May through July 2001. We present reference ranges for hemolymph parameters ammonia, glucose, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bicarbonate, protein and cell count, and for tissue glycogen. We compare the subpopulations of mussels from regions with an agricultural riparian buffer to those surrounded predominantly by forested lands. We further present correlations noted between hemolymph chemistries and physical or physiologic parameters. The only statistically significant differences between populations contiguous to agricultural and forested lands were in hemolymph calcium and glucose concentrations. Other statistically significant correlations identified were between gravidity and hemolymph protein concentration and tissue glycogen content, as well as between gravidity and parasite burden, and between shell length and hemolymph glucose, AST, calcium and bicarbonate concentrations. The results of this study will aid the interpretation of health measures from populations of E. complanata of similar geographic and seasonal origin. DA - 2005/6/30/ PY - 2005/6/30/ DO - 10.3354/dao065167 VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 167-176 SN - 1616-1580 KW - Elliptio complanata KW - hemolymph KW - hematology KW - reference ranges ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reconstructing the palaeodiet of Florida Mammut americanum via low-magnification stereomicroscopy AU - Green, JL AU - Semprebon, GM AU - Solounias, N T2 - PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY AB - A large sample (N = 76) of Pleistocene mastodon (Mammut americanum) teeth from a variety of localities in Florida were analyzed for dental enamel microwear features via low-magnification stereomicroscopy. Second upper and lower molars were used for dental dietary reconstruction purposes to allow comparison of results to an extensive molar microwear database comprised of extant taxa with well-studied diets. Deciduous premolars and permanent molars were tested for consistency of enamel scar patterns. We used both Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests to test for differences across the tooth row in: (1) average pit frequency, (2) average scratch frequency, (3) scratch textural properties, and presence or absence of (4) gouges, (5) large pits, and (6) cross scratches. Of these variables, only the gouges showed significant between-tooth differences at p < .05. A Mann–Whitney test reveals that the anterior-most premolar (DP2) has significantly fewer gouges than do the other cheek teeth (especially the molars), but that there are no significant differences in gouging between any other pair of teeth. This difference may reflect ontogenetic dietary change but needs to be studied further. Stereoscopic microwear results were compared to an extant herbivore microwear trophic triangle representing average scratch and pit morphospaces for extant taxa, including graminivores, folivores, and frugivores. Enamel scar patterns for M. americanum for six microwear variables are consistent with a browsing diet but apparently one unlike that of typical extant browsing forms. Evidence for extensive bark consumption and some fruit consumption is presented. Cluster analysis reveals a clear segregation of M. americanum from typical extant browsing forms, from grazing or mixed feeding forms, and from extant African and Indian elephants. Euclidean distance comparisons reveal a dietary profile most similar to that of the extant Diceros bicornis (black rhino), a well-known browser with a prehensile lip that is used for gathering twigs into its mouth. Our results are consistent with reports for Florida mastodons showing a preponderance of twigs such as Taxodium (bald cypress) in preserved digesta. DA - 2005/7/25/ PY - 2005/7/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.026 VL - 223 IS - 1-2 SP - 34-48 SN - 1872-616X KW - Mammut americanum KW - diet KW - Palaeoecology KW - microscope methods KW - Pleistocene KW - Florida ER - TY - JOUR TI - Orographic effects on a conditionally unstable flow over an idealized three-dimensional mesoscale mountain AU - Chen, S. H. AU - Lin, Y. L. T2 - Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 88 IS - 02-Jan SP - 21- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a nonlethal technique for hemolymph collection in Elliptio complanata, a freshwater bivalve (Mollusca: Unionidae) AU - Gustafson, LL AU - Stoskopf, MK AU - Bogan, AE AU - Showers, W AU - Kwak, TJ AU - Hanlon, S AU - Levine, JF T2 - Diseases of Aquatic Organisms AB - Hemolymph, the circulatory fluid of bivalves, transports nutrients, respiratory gases, enzymes, metabolic wastes, and toxicants throughout the body. Hemolymph can provide information pertinent to health assessment of animals or populations, but is not commonly used in freshwater bivalves partly because of the lack of tested, practical techniques for its nonlethal collection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemolymph collection on the growth and survival of Elliptio complanata, a freshwater bivalve (Unionidae). We describe a simple technique for the collection of hemolymph from the anterior adductor muscle sinus of E. complanata. To evaluate the effect of hemolymph sampling on mussel survival and growth, 30 mussels sampled using the technique and 30 unsampled controls were followed for 3 mo post collection. Nine animals were sampled 3 times over 7 mo to monitor effects of repeated sampling. No negative impacts on survival or growth were observed in either the singly or repeatedly sampled animals. We also compared the composition of hemolymph collected from the adductor muscle sinus with that collected from the ventricle of the heart. Calcium levels and cell count of hemolymph obtained from the adductor sinus and ventricle were significantly different. There was no significant difference between collection sites for magnesium, phosphorus, ammonia, protein, sodium, potassium, or chloride. We conclude that collection of hemolymph from the adductor sinus is safe for sampled E. complanata and should be explored as a relatively non-invasive, and potentially useful, approach to the evaluation of freshwater mussel health. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.3354/dao065159 VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 159–165 SN - 0177-5103 1616-1580 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao065159 KW - unionidae KW - freshwater mussels KW - hemolymph KW - nonlethal sampling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cold-air cyclogenesis along the Gulf-Stream front: investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development, frontal structure, and track AU - Businger, S AU - Graziano, TM AU - Kaplan, ML AU - Rozumalski, RA T2 - METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1007/s00703-003-0050-y VL - 88 IS - 1-2 SP - 65-90 SN - 0177-7971 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An objective climatology of Carolina coastal fronts AU - Appel, KW AU - Riordan, AJ AU - Holley, TA T2 - WEATHER AND FORECASTING AB - Abstract This study describes a simple objective method to identify cases of coastal frontogenesis offshore of the Carolinas and to characterize the sensible weather associated with frontal passage at measurement sites near the coast. The identification method, based on surface hourly data from offshore and adjacent land stations, was applied to an 11-yr dataset (1984–94). A total of 379 coastal fronts was found, 70 of which eventually made landfall along the North Carolina coast; 112 that remained offshore, and 197 were termed diurnal since they remained offshore but disappeared during daylight hours. Results show that most coastal and offshore sites experience a wind shift of about 40°–70° and a warming of about 2°–3°C during the hour of frontal passage. Exceptions include sites near colder waters where the rates are markedly reduced and frontal passage is often less discernible. Excluding diurnal fronts, just over half the cases were associated with cold-air damming (CAD) during the cold season of 16 October–15 April. Most of these winter cases linked with CAD were onshore fronts. During the warm season, most fronts were diurnal, but the association with CAD was still significant. To explore the synoptic-scale environment, composite maps for the cold season were generated for all three frontal subtypes from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. Results show a strong surface anticyclone centered north of the region of frontogenesis for all three composites. However, several features in the synoptic-scale regimes appear to differentiate the three frontal types. For example, cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico and onshore southeasterly low-level flow along the southeast Atlantic coast accompanied by warm advection distinguish onshore fronts from the other two types. The offshore fronts are accompanied by more nearly zonal flow aloft and a surface anticyclone that stalls near the New England coastline. Finally, the diurnal type is associated with much weaker pressure and height fields and an east–west elongated surface anticyclone centered much farther south than in the other cases. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1175/waf869.1 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 439-455 SN - 1520-0434 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The combined effects of Gulf Stream-induced baroclinicity and upper-level vorticity on US east coast extratropical cyclogenesis AU - Jacobs, NA AU - Lackmann, GM AU - Raman, S T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract The Atlantic Surface Cyclone Intensification Index (ASCII) is a forecast index that quantifies the strength of low-level baroclinicity in the coastal region of the Carolinas. It is based on the gradient between the coldest 24-h average air temperature at Cape Hatteras and Wilmington, North Carolina, and the temperature at the western boundary of the Gulf Stream. The resulting prestorm baroclinic index (PSBI) is used to forecast the probability that a cyclone in the domain will exhibit rapid cyclogenesis. The initial ASCII study covered the years 1982–90. This dataset was recently expanded to cover the years 1991–2002, which doubled the number of cyclone events in the sample. These additional data provide similar position and slope of the linear regression fits to the previous values, and explain as much as 30% of the variance in cyclone deepening rate. Despite operational value, the neglect of upper-tropospheric forcing as a predictor in the original ASCII formulation precludes explanation of a large fraction of the deepening rate variance. Here, a modified index is derived in which an approximate measure of upper-level forcing is included. The 1991–2002 cyclone events were separated into bins of “strongly forced,” “moderately forced,” and “weakly forced” based on the strength of the nearest upstream maximum of 500-mb absolute vorticity associated with the surface low. This separation method reduced the scatter and further isolated the contributions of surface forcing versus upper-level forcing on extratropical cyclogenesis. Results of the combined upper-level index and surface PSBI demonstrate that as much as 74% of the deepening rate variance can be explained for cases with stronger upper-level forcing. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1175/MWR2969.1 VL - 133 IS - 8 SP - 2494-2501 SN - 1520-0493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of Early Jurassic dinosaur-bearing volcaniclastic deposits from Toundoute (Province of Ouarzazate, Haut-Atlas-Morocco) AU - Montenat, C AU - Monbaron, M AU - Allain, R AU - Aquesbi, N AU - Dejax, J AU - Hernandez, J AU - Russell, D AU - Taquet, P T2 - ECLOGAE GEOLOGICAE HELVETIAE AB - Le gisement de dinosauriens du Jurassique inférieur de Toundoute, à sauropode primitif (Tazoudasaurus naimi), est examiné sous ses aspects stratigraphiques, sédimentologiques et paléoenvironnementaux. Les couches continentales détritiques à dinosaures, succédant en continuité à des niveaux marins carbonatés trés peu épais du Lias inférieur (Hettangien-Sinémurien probables), sont rapportées au Lias moyen-supérieur. Les dépôts continentaux contiennent une part importante de produits volcanoclastiques différents des basaltes triasiques. Les centres d’émission, non connus, étaient sans doute proches. La sédimentation continentale, de type chenaux fluviatiles – plaine d’inondation, refléte un climat chaud à périodes alternativement humides et séches, ces derniéres étant fortement marquées. Les deux niveaux à ossements correspondent à des coulées boueuses ayant charrié des ossements et portions de carcasses (os en connexion) sur de courtes distances. Ce mode de transport a préservé les ossements de l’érosion et favorisé un enfouissement rapide permettant leur conservation. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/s00015-005-1161-x VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 261-270 SN - 0012-9402 KW - dinosaurs KW - Early Jurassic KW - Morocco KW - Haut-Atlas KW - volcanics KW - continental sediments ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling and predicting complex space-time structures and patterns of coastal wind fields AU - Fuentes, M AU - Chen, L AU - Davis, JM AU - Lackmann, GM T2 - ENVIRONMETRICS AB - Abstract A statistical technique is developed for wind field mapping that can be used to improve either the assimilation of surface wind observations into a model initial field or the accuracy of post‐processing algorithms run on meteorological model output. The observed wind field at any particular location is treated as a function of the true (but unknown) wind and measurement error. The wind field from numerical weather prediction models is treated as a function of a linear and multiplicative bias and a term which represents random deviations with respect to the true wind process. A Bayesian approach is taken to provide information about the true underlying wind field, which is modeled as a stochastic process with a non‐stationary and non‐separable covariance. The method is applied to forecast wind fields from a widely used mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model (MM5). The statistical model tests are carried out for the wind speed over the Chesapeake Bay and the surrounding region for 21 July 2002. Coastal wind observations that have not been used in the MM5 initial conditions or forecasts are used in conjunction with the MM5 forecast wind field (valid at the same time that the observations were available) in a post‐processing technique that combined these two sources of information to predict the true wind field. Based on the mean square error, this procedure provides a substantial correction to the MM5 wind field forecast over the Chesapeake Bay region. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1002/env.714 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 449-464 SN - 1099-095X KW - Bayesian inference KW - Fourier transform KW - geostatistics KW - meteorological mesoscale model (MM5) KW - non-separable models KW - non-stationary models KW - wind fields ER - TY - JOUR TI - Formation mechanisms for convection over the Ligurian Sea during MAP IOP-8 AU - Lin, YL AU - Reeves, HD AU - Chen, SY AU - Chiao, S T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - Abstract The dynamical impacts of an unusually strong stable layer that developed over the Po Valley and northern Ligurian Sea during Mesoscale Alpine Program (MAP) intensive observation period 8 (IOP-8) on the formation of convection over the Ligurian Sea are explored. Based on numerically simulated equivalent potential temperature, wind vectors, and by a trajectory analysis of parcels both beneath and above the stable layer, it is shown that the stable layer behaved as a material surface or “effective mountain” to the airstreams impinging on it from the south. Additional analyses show that the leading edge of the stable layer was collocated with maxima in upward motion and a strong positive moisture flux. Hence, it was further argued and demonstrated through inspection of soundings upstream of the cold dome and trajectory analyses that lifting by the stable layer enhanced convective activities over the Ligurian Sea. Finally, processes contributing to the maintenance of the stable layer during IOP-8 were explored. It was found that the differential advection of a warm, less stable air mass on top of a cooler, more stable air mass helped maintain the stable layer. The Ligurian Apennines made a secondary contribution to the stagnation of the cool air in the Po Valley by partially blocking this air mass from exiting the valley to the south. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1175/MWR2970.1 VL - 133 IS - 8 SP - 2227-2245 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of moist froude number and CAPE on a conditionally unstable flow over a mesoscale mountain ridge AU - Chen, SH AU - Lin, YL T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AB - Abstract In this study, idealized simulations are performed for a conditionally unstable flow over a two-dimensional mountain ridge in order to investigate the propagation and types of cloud precipitation systems controlled by the unsaturated moist Froude number (Fw) and the convective available potential energy (CAPE). A two-dimensional moist flow regime diagram, based on Fw and CAPE, is proposed for a conditionally unstable flow passing over a two-dimensional mesoscale mountain ridge. The characteristics of these flow regimes are 1) regime I: flow with an upstream-propagating convective system and an early, slowly moving convective system over the mountain; 2) regime II: flow with a long-lasting orographic convective system over the mountain peak, upslope, or lee slope; 3) regime III: flow with an orographic convective or mixed convective and stratiform precipitation system over the mountain and a downstream-propagating convective system; and 4) regime IV: flow with an orographic stratiform precipitation system over the mountain and possibly a downstream-propagating cloud system. Note that the fourth regime was not included in the flow regimes proposed by Chu and Lin and Chen and Lin. The propagation of the convective systems is explained by the orographic blocking and density current forcing associated with the cold-air outflow produced by evaporative cooling acting against the basic flow, which then determines the propagation and cloud types of the simulated precipitation systems. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1175/JAS-3380.1 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 331-350 SN - 1520-0469 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex AU - Schweitzer, MH AU - Wittmeyer, JL AU - Horner, , JR AU - Toporski, JK T2 - SCIENCE AB - Soft tissues are preserved within hindlimb elements of Tyrannosaurus rex (Museum of the Rockies specimen 1125). Removal of the mineral phase reveals transparent, flexible, hollow blood vessels containing small round microstructures that can be expressed from the vessels into solution. Some regions of the demineralized bone matrix are highly fibrous, and the matrix possesses elasticity and resilience. Three populations of microstructures have cell-like morphology. Thus, some dinosaurian soft tissues may retain some of their original flexibility, elasticity, and resilience. DA - 2005/3/25/ PY - 2005/3/25/ DO - 10.1126/science.1108397 VL - 307 IS - 5717 SP - 1952-1955 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shallow perched groundwater, a flux of deep CO2, and near-surface water-rock interaction in Northeastern Jordan: An example of positive feedback and Darwin's "warm little pond" AU - Kimberley, MM AU - Abu-Jaber, N T2 - PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH AB - Abstract Darwin's “warm little pond”, where he envisioned life began, was perhaps metaphorical. However, it included the notion of separation, just as the Galapagos Islands are separated from mainland South America. We have studied a location where simple life flourishes far from other abundant life, i.e., a permanently damp surficial zone that is surrounded by stark desert in NE Jordan. NE Jordan is a young basaltic plateau with fresh outcrops. However, a positive-feedback process has produced local weathering at Biyar el Ghussein in the Tulul al Ashaqif area. Calcite, smectites, and goethite occur with parent minerals. Water that is inducing this weathering has come from rainfall, but the isotopic composition of abundant carbonate veins reveals a deep source, i.e., volcanogenic CO 2 . A local coincidence of groundwater and rising CO 2 is inducing a positive-feedback process, enhancing a weakly perched water table through weathering of basalt. Additional perched water dissolves more volcanogenic CO 2 , accelerating decomposition of the basalt, and enlarging the aquiclude. DA - 2005/6/30/ PY - 2005/6/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.precamres.2005.03.006 VL - 137 IS - 3-4 SP - 273-280 SN - 1872-7433 KW - shallow perched groundwater KW - warm little pond KW - Northeastern Jordan ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sedimentation and carbon burial on the northern California continental shelf: the signatures of land-use change AU - Leithold, EL AU - Perkey, DW AU - Blair, NE AU - Creamer, TN T2 - CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH AB - The burial of organic carbon (OC) on continental margins is strongly coupled to the supply and accumulation of inorganic mineral particles. It follows that carbon burial on the margins should be impacted by changes in riverine sediment delivery, yet these impacts have not been well documented. In this study, an ∼2000-year record of sedimentation and carbon burial on the continental shelf offshore from the Eel River in northern California was examined. The record reveals a 6–11-fold increase in the rate of sediment accumulation on the mid-shelf beginning about 1955, and a concomitant decrease in grain size and increase in flood-layer preservation. At the same time, the age of buried wood fragments abruptly decreased and their stable carbon isotopic composition became enriched in 13C. We argue that these changes can be explained largely as the result of altered land use in the Eel watershed during the past century and its impacts on shelf sediment dispersal processes. Sedimentary OC on the Eel shelf consists primarily of discrete wood fragments associated with coarse-silt- and sand-sized particles, and of organic matter strongly bound to clay-sized mineral grains. The clay fraction is a particularly sensitive recorder of environmental change in the Eel system. Above the 1955 horizon, the clay fraction shows an abrupt decrease in OC concentration and loading (OC content normalized to particle surface area) attendant with the increased accumulation rate. Kerogen carbon constitutes a relatively constant proportion of the clay-associated OC throughout the ∼2000-year record. Increases in mass wasting and input of bedrock material following the onset of intensive industrial logging in the Eel watershed may have resulted in a lower loading of terrestrial plant OC in the clay fraction deposited after 1955 as suggested by isotopic mass balance calculations. The Eel River is representative of small mountainous watersheds worldwide that deliver a major portion of the sediment and carbon flux to the margins and that have been strongly impacted by land-use change during the past century. Our results suggest that such changes leave a distinctive mark in both the sedimentological and geochemical records preserved offshore. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1016/j.csr.2004.09.015 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 349-371 SN - 1873-6955 KW - Eel River KW - shelf sedimentation KW - organic carbon KW - carbon isotopes KW - land use ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preservation of bone collagen from the late cretaceous period studied by immunological techniques and atomic force microscopy AU - Avci, R AU - Schweitzer, MH AU - Boyd, RD AU - Wittmeyer, JL AU - Arce, FT AU - Calvo, JO T2 - LANGMUIR AB - Late Cretaceous avian bone tissues from Argentina demonstrate exceptional preservation. Skeletal elements are preserved in partial articulation and suspended in three dimensions in a medium-grained sandstone matrix, indicating unusual perimortem taphonomic conditions. Preservation extends to the microstructural and molecular levels. Bone tissues respond to collagenase digestion and histochemical stains. In situ immunohistochemistry localizes binding sites for avian collagen antibodies in fossil tissues. Immunohistochemical studies do not, however, guarantee the preservation of molecular integrity. A protein may retain sufficient antigenicity for antibody binding even though degradation may render it incapable of original function. Therefore, we have applied atomic force microscopy to address the integrity and functionality of retained organic structures. Collagen pull-off measurements not only support immunochemical evidence for collagen preservation for antibody recognition but also imply preservation of the whole molecular integrity. No appreciable differences in collagen pull-off properties were measured between fossil and extant bone samples under physiological conditions. DA - 2005/4/12/ PY - 2005/4/12/ DO - 10.1021/la047682e VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 3584-3590 SN - 0743-7463 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of three probing techniques in a three-dimensional air quality model AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Vijayaraghavan, K. AU - Seigneur, C. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 110 IS - D2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer during INDOEX (1999) AU - Simpson, M AU - Raman, S T2 - JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE AB - The development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer over the Arabian Sea during the Intensive Field Phase of the Indian Ocean Experiment (1999) is investigated. A hypothesis for the generation of the pollution gradient is presented. Infrared satellite images show the formation of the pollution gradient as the leading edge of a polluted air mass in the marine boundary layer and also its propagation over the Arabian Sea and the northern Indian Ocean. Aerosol data measured from two research vessels over the Arabian Sea show a variation in the concentrations caused by the passage of this pollution gradient. Depth of the pollution gradient was found to be about 800 m. A numerical model was used to simulate the development of this gradient and its propagation over the ocean. Results show that its formation and structure are significantly influenced by the diurnal cycle of coastal sea-land breeze circulations along India’s west coast. Transport of aerosols and gases over the Arabian Sea in the lower troposphere from land sources appears to be through this mechanism with the other being the elevated land plume. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1007/bf02702005 VL - 114 IS - 1 SP - 3-16 SN - 0973-774X KW - INDOEX KW - pollution gradient KW - marine boundary layer KW - northeast monsoon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Control parameters for the influence of a mesoscale mountain range on cyclone track continuity and deflection AU - Lin, YL AU - Chen, SY AU - Hill, CM AU - Huang, CY T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AB - Abstract In this study prospective control parameters are identified for diagnosing the continuity and deflection of cyclone tracks across a mesoscale mountain range. Based on idealized simulations of a westward-moving cyclone, it was found that the cyclone track becomes a discontinuous (continuous) track and the cyclone experiences more (less) deflection with a combination of small (large) values of Vmax/Nh, U/Nh, R/Ly, U/fLx, and Vmax/fR, and large (small) value of h/Lx. The symbols are defined as follows: Vmax the maximum tangential wind, N the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, h the mountain height, U the basic wind speed, R the radius of Vmax, f the Coriolis parameter, and Lx and Ly the horizontal scales of the mountain in x and y directions, respectively. A conceptual model is proposed to explain track deflection and continuity for a westward-moving cyclone encountering idealized topography representative of the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan. With weak orographic blocking, a cyclone crosses over the mountain range with some northward deflection. With moderate orographic blocking, northward deflection of a cyclone is greater upstream of the mountain range and a secondary, leeside vortex forms to the southwest of the mountain range, indicative of discontinuity in the cyclone track. With strong orographic blocking, a westward-moving cyclone is deflected southward and a secondary cyclone forms to the northwest of the mountain range. The northward or southward deflection of a cyclone track is explained by the orographic blocking on the outer circulation of the cyclone. DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.1175/JAS3439.1 VL - 62 IS - 6 SP - 1849-1866 SN - 0022-4928 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple method to improve ensemble-based ozone forecasts AU - Pagowski, M. AU - Grell, G. A. AU - McKeen, S. A. AU - Devenyi, D. AU - Wilczak, J. M. AU - Bouchet, V. AU - Gong, W. AU - Mchenry, J. AU - Peckham, S. AU - Mcqueen, J. AU - Moffet, R. AU - Tang, Y. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 32 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling of ammonia emissions from soils AU - Roelle, PA AU - Aneja, VP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE AB - Using a dynamic flow-through chamber system in conjunction with a Thermo Environmental 17C Chemiluminescence ammonia (NH3) analyzer, emissions from slurry-amended, that is, effluent from the lagoon (∼33 kg N ha-1) and nonamended soils were calculated at a swine farm in eastern North Carolina. The average NH3-N flux values during the period when the soils were not amended with any slurry were ∼54 ng N m-2 s-1, while the average NH3-N flux values measured immediately following the application of slurry to the soil were 1723.9 ng N m-2 s-1. An empirical model relating soil temperature to NH3 flux for nonamended soils explained over 70% of the variability in NH3 emissions; however, a similar empirical model relating soil temperature to NH3 flux for slurry-amended soils was able to explain only 39% of the variability in NH3 emissions. A mass transport model, based on physical and chemical processes to estimate NH3 emissions from recently amended soils is also presented and compared and contrasted to the empirical model. The variables used in the mechanistic model are pH, soil temperature, and total ammoniacal nitrogen content. When using the mass transport model, the percentage difference between predicted and measured values for the nonamended and slurry-amended soils were 164 and 16%, respectively, indicating that the mechanistic model is only applicable for periods when nitrification/denitrification, plant uptake, and immobilization are small enough in comparison to the chemical and physical processes following slurry application that they can be ignored. The percentage of the nitrogen (N) applied, which was emitted as NH3, increased at its greatest rate immediately following slurry application (1–2 days) and then began to level out at a value of approximately 20% by day 4. Previous laboratory studies found these volatilization events to be short lived (few days–2 weeks), and this study corroborates those findings. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1089/ees.2005.22.58 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 58-72 SN - 1557-9018 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-11444269556&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - ammonia KW - biogenic emissions KW - agricultural emissions KW - modeling KW - nitrogen KW - dynamic flow-through chamber ER - TY - JOUR TI - Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous AU - Clarke, J. A. AU - Tambussi, C. P. AU - Noriega, J. I. AU - Erickson, G. M. AU - Ketcham, R. A. T2 - Nature DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 433 IS - 7023 SP - 305-308 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Telemetry and ocean observing buoy system a new buoy system to support storm surge predictions for Charleston county, South Carolina AU - Kinder, J. A. AU - Sweet, W. V. T2 - Sea Technology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 17- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species-specific avoidance responses by blue crabs and fish to chronic and episodic hypoxia AU - Bell, GW AU - Eggleston, DB T2 - MARINE BIOLOGY DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1007/s00227-004-1483-7 VL - 146 IS - 4 SP - 761-770 SN - 0025-3162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a real-time remote monitoring network (RTRM) and shipborne sampling to characterize a dinoflagellate bloom in the Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, USA AU - Springer, JJ AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glibert, PM AU - Reed, RE T2 - HARMFUL ALGAE AB - The spatial-temporal distribution of a dinoflagellate bloom dominated or co-dominated by Prorocentrum minimum was examined during autumn through early spring in a warm temperate, eutrophic estuary. The developing bloom was first detected from a web-based alert provided by a network of real-time remote monitoring (RTRM) platforms indicating elevated dissolved oxygen and pH levels in upper reaches of the estuary. RTRM data were used to augment shipboard sampling, allowing for an in-depth characterization of bloom initiation, development, movement, and dissipation. Prolonged drought conditions leading to elevated salinities, and relatively high nutrient concentrations from upstream inputs and other sources, likely pre-disposed the upper estuary for bloom development. Over a 7-month period (October 2001–April 2002), the bloom moved toward the northern shore of the mesohaline estuary, intensified under favorable conditions, and finally dissipated after a major storm. Bloom location and transport were influenced by prevailing wind structure and periods of elevated rainfall. Chlorophyll a within bloom areas averaged 106 ± 13 μg L−1 (mean ± 1 S.E.; maximum, 803 μg L−1), in comparison to 20 ± 1 μg L−1 outside the bloom. There were significant positive relationships between dinoflagellate abundance and TN and TP. Ammonium, NO3−, and SRP concentrations did not decrease within the main bloom, suggesting that upstream inputs and other sources provided nutrient-replete conditions. In addition, PAM fluorometric measurements (09:00–13:00 h) of maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) were consistently 0.6–0.8 within the bloom until late March, providing little evidence of photo-physiological stress as would have been expected under nutrient-limiting conditions. Nitrogen uptake kinetics were estimated for P. minimum during the period when that species was dominant (October–December 2001), based on literature values for N uptake by an earlier P. minimum bloom (winter 1999) in the Neuse Estuary. The analysis suggests that NH4+ was the major N species that supported the bloom. Considering the chlorophyll a concentrations during October and December and the estimated N uptake rates, phytoplankton biomass was estimated to have doubled once per day. Bloom displacement (January–February) coincided with higher diversity of heterotrophic dinoflagellate species as P. minimum abundance decreased. This research shows the value of RTRM in bloom detection and tracking, and advances understanding of dinoflagellate bloom dynamics in eutrophic estuaries. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2004.08.017 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 533-551 SN - 1878-1470 KW - dinoflagellate bloom KW - drought KW - Neuse Estuary KW - nutrients KW - Prorocentrum minimum KW - real-time remote monitoring ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in oysters in the United States AU - Brands, DA AU - Inman, AE AU - Gerba, CP AU - Mare, CJ AU - Billington, SJ AU - Saif, LA AU - Levine, JF AU - Joens, LA T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - Food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis can be attributed, in part, to the consumption of raw oysters. To determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in oysters, oysters harvested from 36 U.S. bays (12 each from the West, East, and Gulf coasts in the summer of 2002, and 12 bays, four per coast, in the winter of 2002-2003) were tested. Salmonella was isolated from oysters from each coast of the United States, and 7.4% of all oysters tested contained Salmonella. Isolation tended to be bay specific, with some bays having a high prevalence of Salmonella, while other bays had none. Differences in the percentage of oysters from which Salmonella was isolated were observed between the summer and winter months, with winter numbers much lower probably due to a variety of weather-related events. The vast majority (78/101) of Salmonella isolates from oysters were Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, a major human pathogen, confirming the human health hazard of raw oyster consumption. Contrary to previous findings, no relationship was found between the isolation of fecal coliforms and Salmonella from oysters, indicating a necessity for specific monitoring for Salmonella and other pathogens rather than the current reliance on fecal coliform testing. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1128/AEM.71.2.893-897.2005 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 893-897 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intramolecular carbon isotopic composition of monosodium glutamate: Biochemical pathways and product source identification AU - Savidge, WB AU - Blair, NE T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Monosodium glutamate (MSG) obtained as trade samples from several manufacturers was studied to determine the range of its intramolecular 13C/12C composition. Although the carbon isotopic composition of the total MSG molecule did not differ among manufacturers in most instances, significant differences were observed in the isotopic composition of the alpha-carboxyl carbon, suggesting that different proprietary strains of industrial microorganisms or MSG purification methods may impart unique isotopic fingerprints upon their products. The 13C depletion of the alpha-carboxyl carbon relative to the rest of the molecule helps constrain the identity of the potential anapleurotic carboxylating enzymes responsible for its fixation. DA - 2005/1/26/ PY - 2005/1/26/ DO - 10.1021/jf040200k VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 197-201 SN - 1520-5118 KW - monosodium glutamate KW - carbon isotopes KW - anapleurotic pathway KW - intramolecular isotope distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endogenous swimming rhythms underlying secondary dispersal of early juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus AU - Forward, RB AU - Reyns, NB AU - Diaz, H AU - Cohen, JH AU - Eggleston, DB T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, megalopae settle in seagrass or other complex submerged aquatic habitats in estuaries, where they metamorphose to the first juvenile (J1) crab stage. Within tidal areas, early juveniles (J1–2) leave such nursery areas by undergoing secondary dispersal during nocturnal flood tides. The present study determined whether J1–2 blue crabs have a biological rhythm in vertical swimming activity that contributes to secondary dispersal. Endogenous rhythms in vertical swimming were determined for (1) J1–2 crabs collected from two estuaries with semi-diurnal tides, (2) J1 crabs that metamorphosed from the megalopal stage in the laboratory the day after collection, and (3) premolt megalopae that metamorphosed to J1 crabs under constant conditions during the experiment. In all cases, a circadian rhythm was present in which crabs swam vertically during the time of night in the field. The time of peak vertical swimming did not correspond to the time of flood tide at the collection sites, but did consistently occur at night, with a mean around midnight. While responses to environmental factors probably control the onset and end of vertical swimming by early juvenile blue crabs during flood tides in tidal areas, a circadian rhythm underlies secondary dispersal at night. DA - 2005/3/9/ PY - 2005/3/9/ DO - 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.10.005 VL - 316 IS - 1 SP - 91-100 SN - 0022-0981 KW - blue crabs KW - Callinectes sapidus KW - circadian rhythms KW - horizontal transport KW - secondary dispersal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demonstration of toxicity to fish and to mammalian cells by Pfiesteria species: Comparison of assay methods and strains AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Gordon, AS AU - Moeller, PD AU - Mac Law, J AU - Coyne, KJ AU - Lewitus, AJ AU - Ramsdell, JS AU - Marshall, HG AU - Deamer, NJ AU - Cary, SC AU - Kempton, JW AU - Morton, SL AU - Rublee, PA T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Toxicity and its detection in the dinoflagellate fish predators Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae depend on the strain and the use of reliable assays. Two assays, standardized fish bioassays (SFBs) with juvenile fish and fish microassays (FMAs) with larval fish, were compared for their utility to detect toxic Pfiesteria. The comparison included strains with confirmed toxicity, negative controls (noninducible Pfiesteria strains and a related nontoxic cryptoperidiniopsoid dinoflagellate), and P. shumwayae strain CCMP2089, which previously had been reported as nontoxic. SFBs, standardized by using toxic Pfiesteria (coupled with tests confirming Pfiesteria toxin) and conditions conducive to toxicity expression, reliably detected actively toxic Pfiesteria, but FMAs did not. Pfiesteria toxin was found in fish- and algae-fed clonal Pfiesteria cultures, including CCMP2089, but not in controls. In contrast, noninducible Pfiesteria and cryptoperidiniopsoids caused no juvenile fish mortality in SFBs even at high densities, and low larval fish mortality by physical attack in FMAs. Filtrate from toxic strains of Pfiesteria spp. in bacteria-free media was cytotoxic. Toxicity was enhanced by bacteria and other prey, especially live fish. Purified Pfiesteria toxin extract adversely affected mammalian cells as well as fish, and it caused fish death at environmentally relevant cell densities. These data show the importance of testing multiple strains when assessing the potential for toxicity at the genus or species level, using appropriate culturing techniques and assays. DA - 2005/3/1/ PY - 2005/3/1/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.0500168102 VL - 102 IS - 9 SP - 3471-3476 SN - 0027-8424 KW - toxigenic dinoflagellates KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - Pfiesteria shumwayae ER - TY - JOUR TI - An assessment of the ability of three-dimensional air quality models with current thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict aerosol NO3- AU - Yu, SC AU - Dennis, R AU - Roselle, S AU - Nenes, A AU - Walker, J AU - Eder, B AU - Schere, K AU - Swall, J AU - Robarge, W T2 - JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB - The partitioning of total nitrate (TNO 3 ) and total ammonium (TNH 4 ) between gas and aerosol phases is studied with two thermodynamic equilibrium models, ISORROPIA and the aerosol inorganics model (AIM), and three data sets: high time resolution measurement data from the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment (summer case) and the 2002 Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS) Supersite Experiment (winter case), and 12‐hour measurement data from the Clinton site, North Carolina, in 1999. At the Atlanta site, both models reproduced a large percentage of the observed aerosol NH 4 + and HNO 3 (NH 4 + : >94% and HNO 3 : >86%) within a factor of 1.5, whereas neither model reproduced a majority of observed aerosol NO 3 − and NH 3 (NO 3 − : <48% and NH 3 : <51%) within a factor of 2. At the Pittsburgh site, both models reproduced more than 76% of observed NO 3 − within a factor of 2. At the Clinton site, both models performed a little better on aerosol NO 3 − (47–58% within a factor of 1.5) than at the Atlanta site but worse than at the Pittsburgh site. Sensitivity test of thermodynamic models with Gaussian random errors indicates that in many cases, measurement errors in SO 4 2− and TNH 4 can explain a major fraction of the discrepancies between the equilibrium model predictions and observations in partitioning of TNO 3 . Comparison of predictions of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with the observations over the continental United States indicates that the performance of the 3‐D model for NO 3 − , HNO 3 , NH 4 + , and NH 3 strongly depends on its performance for TNO 3 , TNH 4 , and SO 4 2− . Tests show that errors associated with SO 4 2− and TNH 4 predictions of the 3‐D model can result in the thermodynamic model calculation replicating only 47% and 60% of base case NO 3 − within a factor of 2 for summer and winter cases, respectively. It was found that errors in TNH 4 are more critical than errors in SO 4 2− to prediction of NO 3 − . DA - 2005/2/24/ PY - 2005/2/24/ DO - 10.1029/2004jd004718 VL - 110 IS - D7 SP - SN - 2169-8996 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactive nitrogen oxides in the southeast United States national parks: source identification, origin, and process budget AU - Tong, D. Q. AU - Kang, D. W. AU - Aneja, Viney AU - Ray, J. D. T2 - Atmospheric Environment DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2004.09.035 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 315–327 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coastal ocean observing technology transfer to educators AU - Spence, L AU - Schaeffer, BA AU - Thomas, C AU - Hathaway, TK AU - Olsen, M T2 - MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL AB - Coastal ocean observing systems provide an opportunity to connect scientific concepts, technology and careers to education. These systems also provide outreach opportunities for researchers to connect beyond their peers to the public. Use of real/near real-time coastal ocean observational data has local relevance and can generate excitement for teachers and students about the changes and patterns in the ocean environment. New collaborations, strategies and models must be forged between scientists and educators to meet challenges and provide benefits. Challenges include the identification of connections between coastal ocean observing science and precollege science standards and curricula, the design of effective professional development workshops to transfer technology to teachers, the development of Web-based observation data that is accessible to teachers and their students, and the construction and testing of model inquiry lessons, which include use of real/near real-time observations data and GIS maps. Benefits include outreach opportunities for researchers, inquiry-driven applications for precollege students and the introduction of coastal ocean observing to students with the outcome of a highly trained and diverse work force in ocean sciences for the future. Effective strategies for transfer require new opportunities for engagement between scientists and educators, sharing of credit, evaluations, and solid technical reviews of all products to ensure scientific and educational accuracy. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.4031/002533205787465931 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 78-82 SN - 0025-3324 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weather and climate: The M.P. Singh volume - Part II AU - Sharan, M AU - Raman, S T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2791-7 VL - 162 IS - 10 SP - 1715-1718 SN - 0033-4553 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The deciduous premolars of Mammut americanum (Mammalia, Proboscidea) AU - Green, JL AU - Hulbert, RC T2 - JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Deciduous premolars of Mammut americanum have received relatively little study, and previous work was based on small sample sizes. We present morphologic descriptions and quantitative data for a sample of over 135 deciduous premolars of M. americanum from Florida. Most second and third deciduous premolars are bilophodont, although a few anomalous teeth deviate from this pattern to a varying degree. Although the premolars are morphologically similar to the adult molars in many respects, differences in development of cingula, orientation of lophs and lophids, and relative strengths of enamel crests are observed. Distal cingula and stylar cusps are the most variable portions of the crown. Crown length increases distally along the tooth row, with no observed overlap in length between adjacent teeth. DA - 2005/9/30/ PY - 2005/9/30/ DO - 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0702:TDPOMA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 702-715 SN - 1937-2809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subtidal inner-shelf circulation near Point Conception, California AU - Cudaback, C. N. AU - Washburn, L. AU - Dever, E. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 110 IS - C10 SP - C10007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous spline approximation and topographic analysis for lidar elevation data in open-source GIS AU - Mitasova, H AU - Mitas, L AU - Harmon, RS T2 - IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS AB - Application of a spline approximation method to computation and analysis of lidar-based digital elevation models is investigated to determine its accuracy and capability to create surfaces at different levels of detail. Quadtree segmentation that adapts to the spatial heterogeneity of data points makes the method feasible for large datasets. The results demonstrate the importance of smoothing for the surface accuracy and noise reduction. A tension parameter is effective for tuning the level of detail in the elevation surface. Simultaneous computation of topographic parameters is applied to extraction of sand dunes' features for assessment of dune migration and beach erosion. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1109/LGRS.2005.848533 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 375-379 SN - 1558-0571 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27744590597&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - change detection KW - lidar KW - open-source geographic information system (GIS) KW - spline KW - topographic analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expandng horizons wth an NWS internship course AU - Brennan, MJ AU - Keeter, K AU - Riordan, AJ AU - Lackmann, GM T2 - BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY AB - M eteorology students at North Carolina State University (NCSU) participated in an experimental internship course during the spring of 2004 that allowed them to gain an operational perspective on meteorology by experiencing the everyday duties of the staff at the collocated National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast Offi ce (WFO) in Raleigh. Th e course was designed to meet several goals, which included allowing students to contribute to operational forecasting, gain profi ciency with routine NWS duties and soft ware tools, and sample the broad array of work performed by the NWS. Students also were exposed to operational meteorology and NWS careers and received assistance in pursuing such a career. During the semester, fi ve senior undergraduate and fi ve graduate students enrolled in the course. Th ey attended NWS training sessions, “shadowed” NWS staff , performed routine NWS duties, and assisted NWS staff during high-impact weather events. Overall, the students and NWS staff were decidedly positive about the course, which was again off ered during the spring of 2005. As the fi eld of atmospheric science continues to advance and diversify, courses of this type can play an increasingly vital role in education and professional development. In describing the new course, we hope to encourage others who may be contemplating a similar program, especially since many WFOs are located on college campuses, an arrangement that makes this type of experience feasible. Th e internship course was a natural extension of the 17 consecutive years of NOAA-funded collaboration between NCSU and the Raleigh WFO, which moved to the NCSU campus in 1994. Th e course was designed for students interested in an NWS career. Th e hands-on experience should help students decide whether an NWS career is something they might wish to pursue. Secondly, the course provided experience that will be invaluable when they apply for an entry-level NWS position. Students were selected for the course by the evaluation of a written statement of interest by NWS personnel and an interview with the NWS science operations offi cer and other NWS staff . Th e course required students to work at least 16 hours alongside NWS personnel performing routine shift duties and to maintain a journal documenting their experiences. Students initially observed NWS personnel during their shift s and gained experience with manual analysis of surface and upper-air maps, composing the state weather summary, and gathering and disseminating climate and hydrological data. With time, students became independently profi cient with these duties. In addition, the students traveled to NWS equipment sites and attended special sessions for hands-on experience with the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS), seasonal familiarization with severe and winter weather forecast problems, offi ce safety, and applying for NWS jobs. DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1407 VL - 86 IS - 10 SP - 1407-1409 SN - 1520-0477 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weather and climate: The M.P. Singh Volume - Part I - Preface AU - Sharan, M AU - Raman, S T2 - PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1007/s00024-005-2675-x VL - 162 IS - 8-9 SP - 1397-1400 SN - 1420-9136 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish movement in a temperate marine reserve: New insights through application of acoustic tracking AU - Parsons, D AU - Egli, D T2 - MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL AB - In this review we present the progression of research that has led to the current level of understanding of snapper ( Pagrus auratus: Sparidae) movement and protection effects in NE New Zealand marine reserves. Mark and recapture, florescent elastomer tags, acoustic tracking at varying spatial scales and geolocation tags were applied to examine fish behavior. Results from each method revealed new insight into teleost behavior. This advocates the importance of using the appropriate method depending on the spatial and temporal scales, to avoid making premature conclusions. We propose that the continuum of movement behaviors observed may have resulted partially from a range of factors that change once a marine reserve is established. Examining movement and response to protection in no-take reserves is crucial to provide a scientific basis for efficient future marine reserve design. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.4031/002533205787521703 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 56-63 SN - 1948-1209 ER -