TY - CONF TI - Contact relationships and petrography of the Williams Lake Granitoid Body, Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Allen, K. T2 - 8th Keck Geology Consortium Symposium C2 - 1995/// C3 - 8th Keck Geology Consortium Symposium CY - Pomona College, Pomona, California DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/4/1/ VL - 8 SP - 33–36 UR - https://keckgeology.org/files/pdf/symvol/8th/Ontario/wegmann_allen.pdf. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, by Cushman-Roisin AU - Robinson, W.A. AU - Cushman-Roisin, B. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 43 SE - 433–434 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE IMPACT OF TROPICAL FORCING ON EXTRATROPICAL PREDICTABILITY IN A SIMPLE GLOBAL-MODEL AU - QIN, JC AU - ROBINSON, WA T2 - Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences AB - The impact of tropical forcing on the predictability of the extratropical atmosphere is studied. Using a two-layer spectral model, numerical experiments and diagnostic analyses have been carried out to examine the enhancement of predictability gained through knowledge of the tropical forcing. It turns out that knowing the tropical forcing induces a modest but significant improvement in extended-range predictions in middle/high latitudes. Ale enhancement of predictability can be locally large in a zonally asymmetric climate. A robust response to tropical forcing in the model, however, does not necessarily imply a strong impact on extratropical predictions. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3895:TIOTFO>2.0.CO;2 VL - 52 IS - 22 SP - 3895-3910 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1995TH23800008&KeyUID=WOS:A1995TH23800008 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Barotropic model simulations of the North Pacific retrograde disturbances AU - Huang, Huei-Ping AU - Robinson, W.A. T2 - Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences AB - Branstator–Kushnir-type large-scale westward propagating waves are investigated using linear and nonlinear global barotropic models with an idealized zonally asymmetric basic state. Retrograde waves are found in the most unstable normal mode of the zonally asymmetric basic state with a jet in the Northern Hemisphere. West-ward propagating waves also exist in nonlinear equilibrium states under a wide range of supercriticality and in both periodic and chaotic regimes. The frequency of the most unstable mode remains as a peak in the frequency spectrum through the nonlinear equilibration process. That frequency matches the frequency of the westward propagating waves in the nonlinear equilibrium states. Local energetics analyses of the linear and nonlinear cases show that the barotropic energy conversion concentrated in the jet exit supplies the perturbation energy of the disturbances all over the globe. Under a traditional spherical-harmonic decomposition, the westward propagating waves consist of several spherical-harmonic components. In the weakly chaotic nonlinear equilibrium states, these components show higher regularity in time than the others and may possess higher predictability. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1630:bmsotn>2.0.co;2 VL - 52 IS - 10 SP - 1630-1641 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029412929&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photochemistry of ozone formation in Atlanta, GA-Models and measurements AU - Sillman, S. AU - Al-Wali, K.I. AU - Marsik, F.J. AU - Nowacki, P. AU - Samson, P.J. AU - Rodgers, M.O. AU - Garland, L.J. AU - Martinez, J.E. AU - Stoneking, C. AU - Imhoff, R. AU - Lee, J.H. AU - Newman, L. AU - Weinstein-Lloyd, J. AU - Aneja, V.P. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - Chemical measurements made during an air pollution event in Atlanta, GA have been compared with results from several photochemical simulations. Measurements included O3, primary reactive organic gases (ROG), aldehydes, PAN, total reactive nitrogen (NOy) and H2O2, with vertical profiles for primary ROG. Photochemical models using two different chemical representations and a range of assumptions about winds, vertical mixing and emissions were used to simulate the event. Results show that assumptions about vertical mixing can cause a variation in simulated surface concentrations of primary hydrocarbons of a factor of two or more. A tendency to underestimate isoprene was found in comparison with measured vertical profiles. The models tend to overestimate concentrations of HCHO, H202 and PAN in comparison with measurements. Peak O3 and concurrent NOy from helicopter measurements was used as a basis for evaluating individual model scenarios. Scenarios were developed with different O3 NOx- ROG sensitivity, but only the NOx- sensitive scenarios are consistent with measured O3, NOy and isoprene. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00217-M VL - 29 IS - 21 SP - 3055-3066 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028971276&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - OZONE KW - NITROGEN OXIDES KW - HYDROCARBONS KW - PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG KW - HYDROGEN KW - PEROXIDE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation of ozone and meteorology with hydrogen peroxide in urban and rural regions of North Carolina AU - Aneja, V.P. AU - Das, M. T2 - Journal of Applied Meteorology AB - Gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ozone (O3) along With other trace gases and meteorology were monitored in two distinct regimes of high- and low-NOx (urban and rural) areas in North Carolina during the summer of 1991 as part of the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS). Gas-phase hydrogen peroxide concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 to about 1.0 ppbv and from less than 0.05 to 2.0 ppbv at the urban and rural sites, respectively. A clear diurnal trend was observed at both locations, though at the urban site the H2O2 profile lagged the ozone profile by 2–3 h. At the rural site, high H2O2 concentrations were observed on certain nights. The various physical, chemical, and meteorological parameters affecting H2O2 concentrations were examined using observational-based statistical analysis. It was found that in the urban air, H2O2 concentrations increased with increasing temperature, solar radiation, and ozone concentrations but decreased with increasing NOx, carbon monoxide, and relative humidity. In the rural air, hydrogen peroxide concentrations were also found to be affected in a similar way. The results of a multivariate statistical analysis indicates that the gas-phase H2O2 concentration observed at the sites is dependent on the atmospheric chemistry and the dynamical characteristics of the sites. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1890:COOAMW>2.0.CO;2 VL - 34 IS - 8 SP - 1890-1898 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029501219&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrocarbon measurements during the 1992 southern oxidants study atlanta intensive: Protocol and quality assurance AU - Apel, E.C. AU - Calvert, J.G. AU - Zika, R. AU - Rodgers, M.O. AU - Aneja, V.P. AU - Meagher, J.F. AU - Lonneman, W.A. T2 - Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association AB - Abstract A major component of the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) 1992 Atlanta Intensive was the measurement of atmospheric nonmethane hydrocarbons. Ambient air samples were collected and analyzed by a network of strategically located automated gas chromatography (GC) systems (field systems). In addition, an extensive canister sampling network was deployed. Combined, more than 3000 chromatograms were recorded. The SOS science team targeted for quantitative analysis 56 compounds which may be substantial contributors to ozone formation or used as air mass tracers. A quality assurance program was instituted to ensure that good measurements were being made throughout the network for each target compound. Common, high-quality standards were used throughout the network. The performance of individual field systems was evaluated during the intensive through the analysis of challenge mixtures. This methodology helped to identify and correct analytical problems as they arose. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.1080/10473289.1995.10467383 VL - 45 IS - 7 SP - 521-528 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029049581&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vertical sampling and analysis of nonmethane hydrocarbons for ozone control in urban North Carolina AU - Lawrimore, J.H. AU - Das, M. AU - Aneja, V.P. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research AB - As part of an effort by the state of North Carolina to develop a State Implementation Plan for ozone control in the Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), vertical measurements of C2‐C10 hydrocarbons were made, in and above the surface inversion layer (SIL), as inputs to the urban airshed model (UAM). Three‐hour integrated ambient air samples were collected during August 1993 from 0500–0800 eastern daylight time (EDT). Additional samples were collected from 1200–1500 and 1700–2000 EDT on selected days. Vertical sampling was achieved from a 610‐m television tower located approximately 15 km southeast of the downtown area. Boundary layer wind and temperature profiles were determined by balloon soundings. For some compounds, e.g., propane, the average concentration was lower above the inversion layer (9.59 ppbC in the SIL and 2.08 ppbC above the SIL); however, other species such as 2‐methylpentane had higher concentrations above the inversion layer (1.28 ppbC in and 1.40 ppbC above the SIL). In addition, the vertical distributions of hydrocarbons within the convective boundary layer were compared to the vertical distribution estimated from calculations based on surface concentration, species reactivity, and eddy diffusivity. Compounds such as isoprene and N‐butane decreased as predicted by the equation, while others such as propane and benzene showed unexpected profiles. Calculations of propylene‐equivalent concentrations were used to estimate the effect of reactivity on the relative importance of individual hydrocarbons. The contribution of isoprene to the local hydrocarbon budget was analyzed and surface measurements were compared with data collected in Atlanta, Georgia, during the 1992 Southern Oxidants Study. Isoprene comprised more than 70% of the total propylene‐equivalent concentration in the afternoon in Raleigh but only 40% of the total in Atlanta. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.1029/95jd02367 VL - 100 IS - D11 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029505517&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of peptidyl membrane interactive molecules on Crassostrea virginica hemocyte function and Perkinsus marinus viability AU - Weeks-Perkins, B.A. AU - Tompkins, W.A. AU - Jaynes, J.M. AU - Kennedy Stoskopf, S. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Perkins, FO T2 - Conference on Modulators of the Immune Responses C2 - 1995/7// CY - Brekenridge Colorado DA - 1995/7// PY - 1995/7// ER - TY - CONF TI - Experimental Infection of Mice with a Canine-origin Borrelia isolate AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. AU - Geoli, F. AU - Meuten, D.J. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - American Society for Microbiology 95th General Meeting C2 - 1995/5// CY - Washington, DC DA - 1995/5// PY - 1995/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Risk Factors Associated with Thrombocytopenia in Horses AU - Sellon, D.C. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Millikin, E. AU - Palmer, K. AU - Covington, P. AU - Grindem, C. T2 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13th Annual Veterinary Medicine Forum C2 - 1995/5// DA - 1995/5// PY - 1995/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Retrospective analysis of 106 dogs with acute renal failure AU - Vaden, S.L. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Correa, M.T. AU - Jameson, P.H. AU - Williams, L. AU - Stumpf, N. AU - Breitschwerdt T2 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13th Annual Veterinary Medicine Forum C2 - 1995/5// DA - 1995/5// PY - 1995/5// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Movement Patterns and Migrations in Crabs: Telemetry of Juvenile and Adult Behaviour in Callinectes Sapidus and Maja Squinado AU - Hines, A.H. AU - Wolcott, T.G. AU - González-Gurriarán, E. AU - González-Escalante, J.L. AU - Freire, J. T2 - Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom AB - Late stage juveniles and adults of Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay, USA, and Maja squinado off the Ria de Arousa, Spain, were compared for ontogenetic changes in movement patterns (speed, distance, orientation) and habitat selection (depth, substrate) using ultra-sonic telemetry and published information. After settling in submerged grass beds in the lower Bay, 20-mm juvenile C. sapidus disperse long distances into low salinity sub-estuaries to feed and grow to maturity in two years. Within the Rhode River sub-estuary, juvenile C. sapidus moved with a mean speed of 12 m h 1 in nearshore shallows (1·1 m); whereas adults averaged 24 m h· 1 in the deeper (2·9 m) channel areas and moved freely in and out of the main estuary. Individuals of both life stages exhibited a pattern of slow meandering (juveniles, 2 m h 1 , adults 10 m h· 1 ) within a limited area, alternating with faster, directionally-oriented movement (both stages >50 m h· 1 ) between meandering sites. Juvenile and adult males over winter in deeper water nearby, while inseminated females migrate long distances into high salinity areas to incubate the eggs. Callinectes sapidus completes the migration cycle only once per 2·5-y generation. Maja squinado settles on rocks in shallow kelp forests in the coastal zone, where they grow to maturity in 2 y. Juveniles moved slowly (0·5 m h· 1 ) while meandering without directional orientation on shallow (4 m) small patch reefs during summer. After the pubertal moult in summer, adults also meandered slowly (1 m h· 1 ) mostly on rocks at slightly greater depth (7 m). In late summer and autumn, newly mature and older adults moved with directional orientation into deeper (10·40 m) water for the winter, until migrating back to the shallows for the summer; whereas juveniles remained inshore on rocks for the winter. Adult M. squinado live several years after puberty and complete the seasonal migratory cycle several times during their lives. DA - 1995/2// PY - 1995/2// DO - 10.1017/S0025315400015174 VL - 75 IS - 1 SP - 27-42 J2 - J. Mar. Biol. Ass. LA - en OP - SN - 0025-3154 1469-7769 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400015174 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling spatially and temporally distributed phenomena: New methods and tools for GRASS GIS AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Mitas, L. AU - Brown, W.M. AU - Gerdes, D.P. AU - Kosinovsky, R. AU - Baker, T. T2 - International Journal of Geographical Information Systems AB - Abstract The concept of GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) as an open system has created a favourable environment for integration of process based modelling and GIS. To support this integration a new generation of tools is being developed in the following areas: (a) interpolation from multidimensional scattered point data, (b) analysis of surfaces and hypersurfaces, (c) modelling of spatial processes and, (d) 3D dynamic visualization. Examples of two applications are given-spatial and temporal modelling of erosion and deposition, and multivariate interpolation and visualization of nitrogen concentrations in the Chesapeake Bay. DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// DO - 10.1080/02693799508902048 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 433-446 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029502912&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reservoir Competence of the Rice Rat (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi AU - Levin, Michael AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Apperson, Charles S. AU - Norris, Douglas E. AU - Howard, Peter B. T2 - Journal of Medical Entomology AB - Journal Article Reservoir Competence of the Rice Rat (Rodentia: Cricetidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi Get access Michael Levin, Michael Levin Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jay F. Levine, Jay F. Levine Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Charles S. Apperson, Charles S. Apperson 1 Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 1Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Douglas E. Norris, Douglas E. Norris Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peter B. Howard Peter B. Howard Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27606 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 32, Issue 2, 1 March 1995, Pages 138–142, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138 Published: 01 March 1995 Article history Received: 10 January 1994 Accepted: 17 August 1994 Published: 01 March 1995 DA - 1995/3/1/ PY - 1995/3/1/ DO - 10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 138-142 LA - en OP - SN - 1938-2928 0022-2585 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.2.138 DB - Crossref KW - BORRELIA BURGDORFERI KW - RESERVOIR COMPETENCE KW - RICE RAT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ixodes-borne Borrelia spp infections AU - Levine, J. F. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1995/// PY - 1995/// VL - 207 IS - 6 SP - 768 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of hyperthermia in vitro on stress protein synthesisand accumulation in oyster haemocytes AU - Tirard, C.T. AU - Grossfeld, R.M. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. T2 - Fish & Shellfish Immunology AB - Haemocytes comprise a major component of the non-specific defence mechanismsin marine bivalves. Induction of stress protein (SP) synthesis and accumulation of SPs was studied in vitro to define the metabolic response of oyster (C. virginica) haemocytes to acute temperature changes. An acute cold shock to near freezing had no significant effect on protein synthesis. However, a comparable heat shock of 20–28° C above the acclimation temperature of 20° C provoked a robust increase in synthesis of several SPs, especially those of about 70 (SP70), 37, 34 and 32 kDa. This response persisted for at least 24 h, during which time both isoforms of SP70-like immunoreactivity accumulated. Concomitantly, there was a decrease in the synthesis, but not in the level, of an actin-like protein of about 45 kDa. The extent of SP synthesis induction also was directly dependent on the duration of the preceding hyperthermia. Extending the duration of heat shock necessitated a longer recovery period, during which time amino acid incorporation returned towards or beyond the initial control values and cell viability was retained. After a severe heat shock at 46° C for 1 h, the predominant protein made for several days was SP70, which is known to be essential for stress tolerance in other biological systems. The results suggest that oyster haemocytes are remarkably resilient, and that SPs may contribute to their ability to resist or repair heat-evoked damage. This molecular adaptability could permit them to maintain immune surveillance during or immediately following serious threats to survival of these sessile ectotherms. DA - 1995/1// PY - 1995/1// DO - 10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 9-25 J2 - Fish & Shellfish Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 1050-4648 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8 DB - Crossref KW - OYSTERS KW - CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA KW - HEMOCYTES KW - IMMUNE KW - STRESS PROTEINS KW - HYPERTHERMIA ER - TY - JOUR TI - MEASUREMENTS OF NITRIC-OXIDE FLUX FROM AN UPPER COASTAL-PLAIN, NORTH-CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL SOIL AU - ANEJA, VP AU - ROBARGE, WP AU - HOLBROOK, BD T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Agricultural soil NO flux measurements (using a dynamic chamber technique) were made from 18 August to 1 September 1993 in the Upper Coastal Plain region of North Carolina in an effort to determine the role of natural emissions of NO on rural atmospheric photochemistry. Overall average NO flux rates increased proportionally to the level of applied fertilizer nitrogen in the agricultural soil. The soybean, cotton, and corn field measurements revealed an average NO flux of 1.79 (range −1.0–6.9) ng N m−2 s−1; 3.77 (range −0.1–38.0) ng Nm−2s−1; and 8.05 (range −0.5−52.8) ng N m−2s−1 respectively. There was a positive correlation between NO concentration near the soil surface (∼ 50 cm) and NO flux. A significant negative correlation between NO flux and ambient O3 concentration, however, supports the hypothesis that soil emissions of NO contribute to local production of O3 in rural areas. DA - 1995/11// PY - 1995/11// DO - 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00089-H VL - 29 IS - 21 SP - 3037-3042 SN - 1352-2310 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028971274&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - NATURAL EMISSIONS KW - NITRIC OXIDE KW - AGRICULTURAL SOILS ER - TY - JOUR TI - NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBLE ROLE OF LOCAL METEOROLOGY IN BHOPAL GAS ACCIDENT AU - BOYBEYI, Z AU - RAMAN, S AU - ZANNETTI, P T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Two numerical models were coupled in this study; a three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model and a three-dimensional Monte Carlo dispersion model. The dispersion of methyl isocyanate gas from the Bhopal accident was examined using the coupled models. A series of numerical experiments were performed to investigate the possible role of the surface induced mesoscale circulations and various environmental parameters on this industrial gas episode. The temporal and spatial variations of the wind and turbulence fields were simulated by the mesoscale model. The dispersion of the accidentally released methyl isocyanate gas was then evaluated by the Monte Carlo model using these wind and turbulence fields. The numerical experiments suggest that the reported complex dispersion of the gas at Bhopal could have resulted from the interaction of thermally forced mesoscale circulations. Results especially point to the effect of the Bhopal urban heat island which dominated the local circulation and trapped the gas over Bhopal city. The calm ambient winds, clear skies, and stable nocturnal atmospheric conditions that prevailed during the accident are consistent with the formation of an urban heat island effect over Bhopal. DA - 1995/3// PY - 1995/3// DO - 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00279-T VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 479-496 SN - 1352-2310 KW - MESOSCALE MODELING KW - AIR POLLUTION KW - LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE DISPERSION KW - MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUE KW - URBAN HEAT ISLAND KW - COUPLED MODEL KW - BHOPAL GAS ACCIDENT ER - TY - JOUR TI - ROLE OF VEGETATION IN GENERATION OF MESOSCALE CIRCULATION AU - HONG, XD AU - LEACH, MJ AU - RAMAN, S T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - A soil-vegetation module is incorporated into a two-dimensional mesoscale model for simulating mesoscale circulations that develop due to changes in surface characteristics. The model was verified by evaluating the diurnal changes of heat fluxes, surface temperature, soil moisture and soil water content with different vegetation covers using a one-dimensional version. Thermally induced mesoscale circulations between vegetated and bare soil areas are simulated with the two-dimensional model using three different types of bare soil adjacent to the vegetated area. The properties of the vegetation breeze, which are similar to that of a sea breeze, are investigated. The intensity of the vegetation breeze circulation is directly related to the characteristics of the bare soil. There is a strong relationship between surface fluxes and the intensity of the vegetation breeze circulation. More soil moisture is transferred to the atmosphere over the vegetated area than over the bare soil area. The effect of vegetation on planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure is presented by comparing the differences of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), eddy diffusivity and boundary layer height between vegetated area and bare soil area. The effect of bare soil properties on PBL structure is also described. DA - 1995/8// PY - 1995/8// DO - 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00241-C VL - 29 IS - 16 SP - 2163-2176 SN - 1352-2310 KW - VEGETATION FORCING KW - SURFACE ENERGY BUDGET KW - SOIL MOISTURE KW - MESOSCALE CIRCULATION KW - BOUNDARY LAYER ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE SILICA BALANCE IN THE WORLD OCEAN - A REESTIMATE AU - TREGUER, P AU - NELSON, DM AU - VANBENNEKOM, AJ AU - DEMASTER, DJ AU - LEYNAERT, A AU - QUEGUINER, B T2 - SCIENCE AB - The net inputs of silicic acid (dissolved silica) to the world ocean have been revised to 6.1 +/- 2.0 teramoles of silicon per year (1 teramole = 10(12) moles). The major contribution (about 80 percent) comes from rivers, whose world average silicic acid concentration is 150 micromolar. These inputs are reasonably balanced by the net ouputs of biogenic silica of 7.1 +/- 1.8 teramoles of silicon per year in modern marine sediments. The gross production of biogenic silica (the transformation of dissolved silicate to particulate skeletal material) in surface waters was estimated to be 240 +/- 40 teramoles of silicon per year, and the preservation ratio (opal accumulation in sediment/gross production in surface waters) averages 3 percent. In the world ocean the residence time of silicon, relative to total biological uptake in surface waters, is about 400 years. DA - 1995/4/21/ PY - 1995/4/21/ DO - 10.1126/science.268.5209.375 VL - 268 IS - 5209 SP - 375-379 SN - 0036-8075 ER -