TY - CONF TI - Surface Evidence of Seismogenic Activity in the Vila Franca de Xira Fault (Tagus Valley, Portugal), C2 - 2002/// C3 - XXVIII General Assembly European Seismological Commission DA - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Paleoseismicity evidence in the Lower Tagus Valley? An example of misinterpretation of geological data C2 - 2002/// C3 - 3rd Geophysics and Geodesy Port.- Spain Meeting DA - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tides on the West Florida Shelf AU - He, Ruoying AU - Weisberg, Robert H. T2 - Journal of Physical Oceanography AB - The principal semidiurnal (M2 and S2) and diurnal (K1 and O1) tidal constituents are described on the west Florida continental shelf (WFS) using a combination of in situ measurements and a three-dimensional, primitive equation numerical model. The measurements are of sea level and currents along the coastline and across the shelf, respectively. The model extends from west of the Mississippi River to the Florida Keys with an open boundary arcing between. It is along this open boundary that the regional model is forced by a global tide model. Standard barotropic tidal analyses are performed for both the data and the model, and quantifiable metrics are provided for comparison. Based on these comparisons, the authors present coamplitude and cophase charts for sea level and velocity hodographs for currents. The semidiurnal constituents show marked spatial variability, whereas the diurnal constituents are spatially more uniform. Apalachicola Bay is a demarcation point for the semidiurnal tides that are well developed to the southeast along the WFS but are minimal to the west. The largest semidiurnal tides are in the Florida Big Bend and Florida Bay regions with a relative minimum in between just to the south of Tampa Bay. These spatial distributions may be explained on the basis of local geometry. A Lagrangian Stokes drift, coherently directed toward the northwest, is identified but is of relatively small magnitude when compared with the potential for particle transport by seasonal and synoptic-scale forcing. Bottom stress-induced tidal mixing is examined and estimates are made of the bottom logarithmic layer height by the M2 tidal currents. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3455:totwfs>2.0.co;2 VL - 32 IS - 12 SP - 3455-3473 ER - TY - JOUR TI - West Florida shelf circulation and temperature budget for the 1999 spring transition AU - He, Ruoying AU - Weisberg, Robert H. T2 - Continental Shelf Research AB - Mid-latitude continental shelves undergo a spring transition as the net surface heat flux changes from cooling to warming. Using in situ data and a numerical circulation model we investigate the circulation and temperature budget on the West Florida Continental Shelf (WFS) for the spring transition of 1999. The model is a regional adaptation of the primitive equation, Princeton Ocean Model forced by NCEP reanalysis wind and heat flux fields and by river inflows. Based on agreements between the modeled and observed fields we use the model to draw inferences on how the surface momentum and heat fluxes affect the seasonal and synoptic scale variability. We account for a strong southeastward current at mid-shelf by the baroclinic response to combined wind and buoyancy forcing, and we show how this local forcing leads to annually occurring cold and low salinity tongues. Through term-by-term analyses of the temperature budget we describe the WFS temperature evolution in spring. Heat flux largely controls the seasonal transition, whereas ocean circulation largely controls the synoptic scale variability. These two processes, however, are closely linked. Bottom topography and coastline geometry are important in generating regions of convergence and divergence. Rivers contribute to the local hydrography and are important ecologically. Along with upwelling, river inflows facilitate frontal aggregation of nutrients and the spring formation of a high concentration chlorophyll plume near the shelf break (the so-called ‘Green River’) coinciding with the cold, low salinity tongues. These features originate by local, shelf-wide forcing; the Loop Current is not an essential ingredient. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1016/s0278-4343(01)00085-1 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 719-748 ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling of West Florida Shelf Circulation for Spring 1999 AU - He, Ruoying AU - Weisberg, Robert H. AB - Mid-latitude continental shelves undergo a spring transition as the net surface heat flux changes from cooling to warming. Using in-situ data and a numerical circulation model we investigate the circulation and temperature budget on the West Florida Continental Shelf (WFS) for the spring transition of 1999. The model is a regional adaptation of the primitive equation, Princeton Ocean Model forced by NCEP re-analysis wind and heat flux fields and by river inflows. Based on agreements between the modeled and observed fields we use the model to draw inferences on how the surface momentum and heat fluxes affect the seasonal and synoptic scale variability. We account for a strong southeastward current at mid-shelf by the baroclinic response to combined wind and buoyancy forcing, and we show how this local forcing leads to annually occurring cold and low salinity tongues. Through term-by-term analyses of the temperature budget we describe the WFS temperature evolution in spring. Heat flux largely controls the seasonal transition, whereas ocean circulation largely controls the synoptic scale variability. Rivers contribute to the local hydrography and are important ecologically. Along with upwelling, river inflows facilitate frontal aggregation of nutrients and the spring formation of a high concentration chlorophyll plume near the shelf break (the so-called `Green River'), coinciding with the cold, low salinity tongues. These features originate by local, shelf-wide forcing; the Loop Current is not an essential ingredient for spring transition of 1999. C2 - 2002/7// C3 - Estuarine and Coastal Modeling (2001) DA - 2002/7// DO - 10.1061/40628(268)3 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers ER - TY - CONF TI - An HF-Radar test deployment amidst an ADCP array on the West Florida shelf AU - Kelly, FJ AU - Bonner, JS AU - Perez, JC AU - Adams, JS AU - Prouty, D AU - Trujillo, D AU - Weisberg, RH AU - Luther, ME AU - He, R AU - Cole, R AU - others T2 - IEEE C2 - 2002/// C3 - OCEANS'02 MTS/IEEE DA - 2002/// VL - 2 SP - 692-698 ER - TY - CONF TI - A coastal ocean observing system and modeling program for the West Florida Shelf AU - Weisberg, Robert AU - He, Ruoying AU - Luther, Mark AU - Walsh, John AU - Cole, Rick AU - Donovan, Jeff AU - Merz, Cliff AU - Subramanian, Vembu T2 - IEEE C2 - 2002/// C3 - OCEANS'02 MTS/IEEE DA - 2002/// VL - 1 SP - 530-534 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Digital landslide inventory for the Cowlitz County urban corridor—Kelso to Woodland, Washington (Coweeman River to Lewis River)—Field review AU - Wegmann, K.W. AU - Walsh, T. AU - Norman, D. AU - McElroy, P. A3 - Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - North Atlantic SST forcing of the NAO and relationships with intrinsic hemispheric variability AU - Peng, SL AU - Robinson, WA AU - Li, SL T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Large (100‐member) ensembles of GCM experiments are conducted to examine the atmospheric response to a North Atlantic SST tripole with warm anomalies off the US Eastcoast and cold anomalies north of 40°N and south of 25°N. The response varies seasonally with the model's intrinsic variability, producing a strong NAO pattern only in February–April, the same months in which the model's internal variability projects strongly on the NAO. The response is significantly different for positive and negative SST tripoles, reproducing nonlinearity present in observational composites. The anomalous surface heat flux associated with the strong late‐winter/spring response implies a significantly reduced damping of the SST anomaly, and in some areas even a positive thermal feedback between the atmosphere and the ocean. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1029/2001GL014043 VL - 29 IS - 8 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000178886800011&KeyUID=WOS:000178886800011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the midlatitude thermal response to tropical warmth AU - Robinson, WA T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - Observations reveal a global‐scale thermal response to El Niño and La Niña, featuring a band of tropospheric anomalies opposite in sign to those in the tropics. When an idealized dynamical model is forced by increased tropical heating, a similar response, with an enhanced subtropical thermal gradient, results. In the idealized model, this response is produced by changes in transient eddy fluxes of heat and momentum, and consequent changes in the mean meridional circulation. The similarity between the two‐level model results and those from observations, as well as the zonally averaged behavior of a GCM, suggests that the same dynamics operate in nature. This represents a tropical‐midlatitude teleconnection distinct from and in addition to that mediated by stationary Rossby wave trains. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1029/2001GL014158 VL - 29 IS - 8 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000178886800097&KeyUID=WOS:000178886800097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - General circulation model simulations of recent cooling in the east-central United States AU - Robinson, WA AU - Reudy, R AU - Hansen, JE T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres AB - In ensembles of retrospective general circulation model (GCM) simulations, surface temperatures in the east‐central United States cool between 1951 and 1997. This cooling, which is broadly consistent with observed surface temperatures, is present in GCM experiments driven by observed time varying sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific, whether or not increasing greenhouse gases and other time varying climate forcings are included. Here we focus on ensembles with fixed radiative forcing and with observed varying SST in different regions. In these experiments the trend and variability in east‐central U.S. surface temperatures are tied to tropical Pacific SSTs. Warm tropical Pacific SSTs cool U.S. temperatures by diminishing solar heating through an increase in cloud cover. These associations are embedded within a year‐round response to warm tropical Pacific SST that features tropospheric warming throughout the tropics and regions of tropospheric cooling in midlatitudes. Precipitable water vapor over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean and the tropospheric thermal gradient across the Gulf Coast of the United States increase when the tropical Pacific is warm. In observations, recent warming in the tropical Pacific is also associated with increased precipitable water over the southeast United States. The observed cooling in the east‐central United States, relative to the rest of the globe, is accompanied by increased cloud cover, though year‐to‐year variations in cloud cover, U.S. surface temperatures, and tropical Pacific SST are less tightly coupled in observations than in the GCM. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1029/2001JD001577 VL - 107 IS - D24 SP - ACL 4-1-ACL 4-14 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000181253700012&KeyUID=WOS:000181253700012 KW - global warming KW - U. S. climate KW - global climate model (GCM) KW - sea surface temperature KW - cloud cover KW - climate change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation AU - Kushnir, Y AU - Robinson, WA AU - Blade, I AU - Hall, NMJ AU - Peng, S AU - Sutton, R T2 - Journal of Climate AB - The advances in our understanding of extratropical atmosphere–ocean interaction over the past decade and a half are examined, focusing on the atmospheric response to sea surface temperature anomalies. The main goal of the paper is to assess what was learned from general circulation model (GCM) experiments over the recent two decades or so. Observational evidence regarding the nature of the interaction and dynamical theory of atmospheric anomalies forced by surface thermal anomalies is reviewed. Three types of GCM experiments used to address this problem are then examined: models with fixed climatological conditions and idealized, stationary SST anomalies; models with seasonally evolving climatology forced with realistic, time-varying SST anomalies; and models coupled to an interactive ocean. From representative recent studies, it is argued that the extratropical atmosphere does respond to changes in underlying SST although the response is small compared to internal (unforced) variability. Two types of interactions govern the response. One is an eddy-mediated process, in which a baroclinic response to thermal forcing induces and combines with changes in the position or strength of the storm tracks. This process can lead to an equivalent barotropic response that feeds back positively on the ocean mixed layer temperature. The other is a linear, thermodynamic interaction in which an equivalent-barotropic low-frequency atmospheric anomaly forces a change in SST and then experiences reduced surface thermal damping due to the SST adjustment. Both processes contribute to an increase in variance and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric anomalies and, in fact, may act together in the natural system. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2233:AGRTES>2.0.CO;2 VL - 15 IS - 16 SP - 2233-2256 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000177529400007&KeyUID=WOS:000177529400007 ER - TY - CONF TI - The Immunomodulatory Effects Of Triamcinolone On Peripheral Blood Phagocytosis And Tgf-b Mrna Expression In Hybrid Striped Bass AU - Johnson, AK AU - Choi, K AU - Harms, Ca AU - Levine, Jf AU - Law, M T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Baseline Landcover Analysis To Evaluate Risk Of Mycobacterium Bovis Transmission In White-Tailed Deer And Cattle In Northeastern Michigan AU - Porter-Spalding, Keneene J. AU - Kennedy-Stokopf, S. AU - Levine, J. T2 - NCSU CVM Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Furosemide Continuous Rate Infusion in the Horse AU - Johansson, A.M. AU - Gardner, S.Y. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Papich, M.G. AU - LaFevers, D.H. AU - Goldman, R.B. AU - Sheets, M.K. AU - Atkins, C.E. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural diets of vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea AU - A., Schnetzer AU - D., Steinberg T2 - Marine Biology DA - 2002/7/1/ PY - 2002/7/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00227-002-0815-8 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 89-99 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0815-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Active transport of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen by vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea AU - Schnetzer, A AU - Steinberg, DK T2 - Marine Ecology Progress Series AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 234:71-84 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps234071 Active transport of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen by vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea Astrid Schnetzer1,*, Deborah K. Steinberg2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, Los Angeles,California 90089-0371, USA 2Virginia Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA *E-mail: astrids@usc.edu ABSTRACT: Diel vertically migrating zooplankton can contribute significantly to dissolved carbon and nutrient export by respiring and excreting surface-ingested particulate organic matter below the mixed layer. Active export of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) due to defecation at depth has rarely been considered in export budgets. We measured the gut passage time (GPT) of common migrant species at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site, using the gut fluorescence method, to determine whether GPT is slow enough to allow active export of POC and PON to depth. Mean GPT for the copepods Pleuromamma xiphias and Euchirella messinensis was 191 and 114 min, respectively, and for the euphausiids Thysanopoda aequalis and Euphausia brevis (analyzed together) was 41 min, exceeding previously reported GPT for non-migrating zooplankton by a factor of 6. Between 18 and 81% of the initial gut pigment was retained in zooplankton guts upon descent below a mixed layer of 150 m. By comparing pigment ingestion rates (gut fluorescence technique) with total ingestion rates (CHN analysis of fecal material), we estimated that 71 to 85% of the migrant diet originated from non-plant material, which we included in our estimates of active POC/PON export. We applied the mean weight-specific active POC/PON export rate for the species examined to the total migratory zooplankton biomass using data from the BATS zooplankton time-series. Mean active POC (PON) flux at BATS was 0.94 mgC m-2 d-1 (0.18 mgN m-2 d-1) and the maximum was 5.27 mgC m-2 d-1 (1.02 mgN m-2 d-1), corresponding to a mean of 3% (4%) and a maximum of 18% (20%) of the mean gravitational POC (PON) flux measured by sediment traps at 150 m. Migrants also contributed significantly to passive flux via production of sinking fecal pellets during the night in surface waters. This passive flux exceeded active POC flux by ~10-fold. Freshly released feces by migrators at depth could be a valuable food source for mesopelagic organisms, in contrast to feces produced in surface waters which decompose while settling through the water column. KEY WORDS: Zooplankton · Vertical migration · Gut evacuation rate · Gut fluorescence · Particulate organic carbon · Particulate organic nitrogen · Export flux · Sargasso Sea · Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 234. Online publication date: June 03, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps234071 VL - 234 SP - 71-84 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps234071 KW - zooplankton KW - vertical migration KW - gut evacuation rate KW - gut fluorescence KW - particulate organic carbon KW - particulate organic nitrogen KW - export flux KW - Sargasso sea KW - Bermuda Atlantic time-series study (BATS) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal Succession of the PAH-Mineralizing Bacteria in Creosote-Impacted Intertidal Sediments AU - Montgomery, Michael T. AU - Osburn, Chris L. AU - Boyd, Thomas J. AU - Smith, David C. AU - Mueller, James G. T2 - Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal AB - (2002). Seasonal Succession of the PAH-Mineralizing Bacteria in Creosote-Impacted Intertidal Sediments. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 479-479. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1080/20025891108040 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 479-479 J2 - Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal LA - en OP - SN - 1532-0383 1549-7887 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20025891108040 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multivariate interpolation of precipitation using regularized spline with tension AU - Hofierka, J. AU - Mitasova, H. AU - Parajka, J. AU - Mitas, L. T2 - Transactions in GIS DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 135-150 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036204081&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State AU - Wegmann, KW AU - Pazzaglia, FJ T2 - GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN AB - Research Article| June 01, 2002 Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Karl W. Wegmann; Karl W. Wegmann 1Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington 98504, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Frank J. Pazzaglia Frank J. Pazzaglia 1Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington 98504, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (2002) 114 (6): 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0731:HSTCCA>2.0.CO;2 Article history received: 30 Mar 2001 rev-recd: 18 Jan 2002 accepted: 05 Feb 2002 first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Karl W. Wegmann, Frank J. Pazzaglia; Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. GSA Bulletin 2002;; 114 (6): 731–744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0731:HSTCCA>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The ∼400 km2 Clearwater River basin, located on the Pacific flank of the actively uplifting Olympic Mountains of western Washington State, contains a well-preserved flight of Holocene fluvial terraces. We have collected a large data set of numeric ages from these terraces that is used to elucidate the geomorphic, fluvial, active tectonic, and climatic processes that operate at Holocene spatial and temporal scales. Detailed field mapping reveals three prominent Holocene straths and their overlying terrace deposits. Terrace ages fall into three broad ranges: ca. 9000–11 000 yr B.P. (Qt4), 4000–8000 yr B.P. (Qt5), and 0–3000 yr B.P. (Qt6). Terrace deposit stratigraphy, sedimentology, and age distributions allow us to consider two alternative models for their genesis. The favored model states that the terrace ages are coincident with lateral incision of the Clearwater channel, emplacement of the terrace alluvium, and the carving of the straths. Vertical incision of the Clearwater channel was primarily relegated to the brief (∼1000 yr) intervals when we have no record of terraces. Alternatively, the straths were carved as the channel incised vertically during the brief time periods between dated terrace deposits, and the terrace ages record a subsequent long time of alluviation atop the straths and concomitant termination of vertical incision. In both models, we envision a Clearwater River channel at or near capacity with a temporally variable rate of both lateral and vertical incision. Small deviations from this at-capacity condition are driven by variations in the liberation and delivery of hillslope sediment to the channel. We consider several causes for variable hillslope sediment flux in this tectonically active setting including Holocene climate change and ground accelerations related to earthquakes. Holocene rates of vertical incision are reconstructed along nearly the entire Clearwater Valley from the wide distribution of dated terraces. Incision rates clearly increase upstream, mimicking a pattern documented for Pleistocene terraces in the same basin; however, the rates are 2–3 times those determined for the Pleistocene terraces. The faster Holocene incision rates may be interpreted in terms of an increase in the rates of rock uplift. However, we favor an alternative explanation in which the Holocene rates represent a channel rapidly reacquiring its stable, graded concavity following protracted periods of time in the Pleistocene when it could not accomplish any vertical incision into tectonically uplifted bedrock because the channel was raised above the bedrock valley bottom by climatically induced alluviation. These results illustrate how, even in tectonically active settings, representative rates of rock uplift inferred from studies of river incision should be integrated over at least one glacial-interglacial cycle. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0731:HSTCCA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 114 IS - 6 SP - 731-744 SN - 1943-2674 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879886551&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - geomorphology KW - Holocene KW - paleoclimate KW - radiocarbon dating KW - terraces ER - TY - RPRT TI - Fluvial record of plate-boundary deformation in the Olympic Mountains AU - Pazzaglia, F. J. AU - Brandon, M. T. AU - Wegmann, K. W. A3 - Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 256 SP - 223-256 PB - Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lewis and Clark and the scientific method AU - McConnell, D. A. AU - Owens, K. T2 - Electronic Journal of Science Education DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 6 IS - 4 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Open source GIS: A grass GIS approach AU - Neteler, M. AU - Mitasova, H. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers SN - 1402070888 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of aerosol size representations on modeling aerosol-cloud interactions AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Easter, R. C. AU - Ghan, S. J. AU - Abdul-Razzak, H. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 107 SP - 4558 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetative and sexual reproduction in Pfiesteria spp. (Dinophyceae) cultured with algal prey, and inferences for their classification. AU - Parrow, M. AU - Burkholder, J. M. AU - Deamer, N. J. AU - Zhang, C. T2 - Harmful Algae AB - Algal-fed clonal zoospore cultures of Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae enabled description of certain conserved morphological and reproductive features. Common modes of reproduction (especially via division cysts) were documented in herbivorous P. piscicida and P. shumwayae using cultures fed algal prey, together with supporting photography and flow cytometric DNA measurements. Other cysts were characterized such as vacuolate cysts in starved P. piscicida cultures and temporary cysts in both species fed algal prey. This study also represents the first report of sexual reproduction in Pfiesteria spp. cultures fed algal prey rather than live fish; the first report of a technique for cell cycle synchronization for these heterotrophic dinoflagellates; and the first information on storage products of cells released from Pfiesteria reproductive cysts. Sexual reproduction in algal-fed P. piscicida clonal cultures was evidenced by fusing gametes, cells with two longitudinal flagella, and nuclear cyclosis. Both isogamous and anisogamous fusions were observed, and resulting cells with two trailing flagella (i.e., planozygotes and planomeiocytes) sometimes comprised ≥50% of the flagellated cells. These cells continued feeding activity and eventually (hours) lost their flagella and formed cysts. Nuclear cyclosis and a subsequent cell division were observed in thin-walled reproductive cysts prior to release of two flagellated cells. One gamete fusion event was also documented in 1 of 20 algal-fed clones of P. shumwayae, with an aplanozygote as the product. We obtained high cell synchrony (≥90% 1C) in the tested cultures using our preferential lysis technique and tracked the decline in lipid content of excysted zoospore populations over time. The data from this study were considered together with previous research to gain insights about relationships between Pfiesteria spp. and other heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Pfiesteria spp. should be regarded as free-living predators rather than parasites because they are prey generalists without demonstrated “host” specificity and their flagellated feeding stages are not morphologically distinct from swimming stages. Although they originally were placed within the Dinamoebales because amoebae can predominate, this study as well as other published research consistently has shown that the dominant stage varies depending on culture conditions, prey type/availability and strains. The peridinoid plate structure of each Pfiesteria species, which thus far has been conserved across culture conditions and strains, supports placement of Pfiesteria spp. within the Peridiniales. At the species level, plate structure (differing by one precingular plate) and molecular data (18S rDNA) indicate that the two Pfiesteria spp. are closely related in comparison to species grouped within other genera. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/s1568-9883(02)00009-4 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 5-33 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chronic effects of toxic microalgae on finfish, shellfish, and human health AU - Burkholder, J. M. T2 - Conservation medicine: Ecological health in practice PY - 2002/// SP - 229-249 PB - Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press SN - 0195150937 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synopsis of the Hell Creek (uppermost Cretaceous) dinosaur assemblage AU - Russell, D. A. AU - Manabe, M. T2 - Special Papers (Geological Society of America) AB - The characteristics of the late Maastrichtian Hell Creek dinosaur assemblage can be understood as resulting in part from the influences of an unusually broad, rich coastal plain with limited niches available for large herbivorous dinosaurs. They could further stem from a regional vegetational change from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated forests and the displacement toward the north of a low-diversity, southerly chasmosaurine-hadrosaurine-dominated assemblage due to a regional warming trend. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.169 VL - 361 IS - 2002 SP - 169-176 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The life cycle and toxicity of Pfiesteria piscicida revisited AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY AB - Despite use of excellent molecular techniques, Litaker et al. (2002) cannot provide insights about the life history of toxic Pfiesteria piscicida because they showed no data in support of having used toxic strains; rather they presented evidence that they used non‐inducible strains. Litaker et al. did not find amoeboid stages or a chrysophyte‐like cyst stage in several cultures and unequivocally concluded that the stages do not exist in all P. piscicida strains. Thus, they did not consider the tenet that absence of evidence does not constitute proof of absence. Apparent discrepancies between the research by Litaker et al. and previous research on Pfiesteria can be resolved as follows: First, Litaker et al. did not use toxic strains. We have reported findings (similar to Litaker et al.) showing few amoeboid transformations in non‐inducible strains, which manifest some but not all of the forms that have been documented in some toxic strains. We, and others, have documented active toxicity to fish, transformations to amoebae, and chrysophyte‐like cysts in some clonal toxic strains. Second, the data from several recent publications, which were available but not mentioned by Litaker et al. or by Coats (2002) in accompanying commentary, have verified P. piscicida amoebae, chrysophyte‐like cysts, and other stages in some toxic strains through a combination of approaches including PCR data from clonal cultures. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.02096.x VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 1261-1267 SN - 1529-8817 KW - amoebae KW - dinoflagellates KW - division cysts KW - life cycles KW - nuclear cyclosis KW - Pfiesteria KW - sexual reproduction KW - toxic zoospores KW - vegetative reproduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic global patterns of nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and iron availability and phytoplankton community composition from remote sensing data AU - Kamykowski, D. AU - Zentara, S. J. AU - Morrison, J. M. AU - Switzer, A. C. T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 1077-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil nitric oxide emissions: Lab and field measurements and comparison AU - Tabachow, RM AU - Roelle, PA AU - Peirce, JJ AU - Aneja, VP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE AB - Equipment and procedures are developed and implemented to measure nitric oxide (NO) emissions from unamended and municipal wastewater treatment plant biosolids-amended soil in controlled laboratory experiments and in situ field experiments. NO plays an important role in the formation of tropospheric ozone. Minimization of NO flux from soil is advantageous, protecting air quality as well as conserving valued nitrogen fertilizers. Controlled laboratory and in situ field measurements of soil NO flux were conducted on similar soil types under similar water-filled pore space (WFPS) and temperature conditions. The difference in NO emissions between the lab and the field measurements was statistically significant within the WFPS range (18.1 to 45.3%) and temperature range (12 to 28°C) studied. The soil NO flux measured in the lab ranged from 2.5 to 62.9 ng-N/m2s) compared to 2.8 to 128.1 ng-N/(m2s) for field measurements. The NO flux from biosolids amended soil was significantly higher than unamended soil. Temperature relationships modeling NO flux for the lab and field experiments are developed and compared to the EPA's BEIS2 model. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1089/109287502760271526 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 205-214 SN - 1092-8758 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0242488928&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - lab tests KW - field tests KW - nitric oxide KW - soil emissions KW - tropospheric ozone KW - biosolids KW - BEIS2 KW - modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Orographic influences on rainfall and track deflection associated with the passage of a tropical cyclone AU - Lin, YL AU - Ensley, DB AU - Chiao, S AU - Huang, CY T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - In this study, a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model [Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)] was adopted to simulate Supertyphoon Bilis (2000) and investigate the dynamics of orographic rain and track deflection accompanying the storm as it passes the Central Mountain Range (CMR) of Taiwan. Both the storm track and its associated orographic rainfall distribution are well predicted by the numerical model. The intensity of the storm is underpredicted, resulting in a discontinuous track, due to the lack of specifying a “bogus” vortex at the time of model initialization. Cyclonic curvature of the storm track over the island topography track as well as major circulation features are similar to previous studies of landfalling typhoons affecting Taiwan. The model overpredicts the total amount of accumulated rainfall. Generalization of the flux model proposed in a 2001 study by Lin and coauthors is used to help predict and understand the observed rainfall distribution by calculating both the orographic and general vertical moisture fluxes from COAMPS model-predicted wind and moisture fields. The vertical moisture flux calculated from the 15-km-resolution simulation compares reasonably well to the actual, storm-observed rainfall distribution. Results of the flux model using 5-km COAMPS model output are not necessarily better than those using the coarser 15-km-resolution results. The overall consistency between the observed rainfall distribution and that predicted by the moisture flux model of Lin and coauthors indicates that the rainfall occurring in the vicinity of the topography was strongly controlled by orographic forcing, rather than being associated with the original rainbands accompanying the typhoon as it moved onshore. Analysis of simulation control parameters from previous studies of tropical cyclones (TCs) passing over Taiwan's CMR implies that track continuity is strongly linked to Vmax/Nh and Vmax/Rf, where Vmax and R are the maximum tangential wind and radius of the tropical cyclone, N the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, h the maximum mountain height, and f the Coriolis parameter. It appears that track continuity (discontinuity) is associated with higher (lower) values of these two control parameters. Numerical estimates of these two control parameters from observational data and the numerical simulation results for Supertyphoon Bilis produce results consistent with the findings shown here. Physically, Vmax/Nh represents the vortex-Froude number (linearity) of the outer circulation of the vortex, and Vmax/Rf represents the intensity (inertial stability) of the vortex. It is hypothesized that when these two control parameters are small, orographic blocking forces a greater percentage of flow around the mountain, instead of allowing the flow to pass over the topography. The vortex becomes unstable, subsequently resulting in a discontinuous surface and near-surface storm track. Analysis of control parameters from previous studies of landfalling typhoons affecting Taiwan also indicates that a westward-moving TC tends to be deflected to the north (south) when Vmax/Nh is large (small). The dependence of TC track deflection on the basic-flow Froude number (U/Nh) is not revealed by parameter analysis of the previous studies. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2929:OIORAT>2.0.CO;2 VL - 130 IS - 12 SP - 2929-2950 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NWP biases in freezing rain forecasts AU - Lackmann, G. M. AU - Ek, M. B. AU - Keeter, K. T2 - Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 83 IS - 9 SP - 1274-1275 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monsoon-forced chlorophyll distribution and primary production in the South China Sea: observations and a numerical study AU - Liu, KK AU - Chao, SY AU - Shaw, PT AU - Gong, GC AU - Chen, CC AU - Tang, TY T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS AB - Although the South China Sea (SCS) exchanges water constantly with the western Philippine Sea, its nutricline is much shallower and its chlorophyll level in surface waters is twice as high. Analysis of CZCS-SeaWiFS data and shipboard data reveals a strong seasonality of chlorophyll in the SCS in three upwelling regions. A three-dimensional numerical model with coupled physics and biogeochemistry is developed to study the effect of monsoonal forcing on nutrient upwelling and phytoplankton growth in the SCS. The model has a horizontal resolution of 0.41 in the domain 2–24.81N and 99–124.61E and 21 layers in the vertical. The circulation is driven by monthly climatological winds. The nitrogen-based ecosystem model has four compartments: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus. The chlorophyll-to-phytoplankton ratio depends on light and DIN availability. The biological equations and parameters are taken from previous modeling studies of the Sargasso Sea. The model simulates the nitrate profile, the strong subsurface chlorophyll maximum, and the primary production in the central basin with reasonable success. It also generates intense chlorophyll patches in the monsoon-driven upwelling regions northwest of Luzon and north of the Sunda Shelf in winter and off the east coast of Vietnam in summer. The results are in reasonable agreement with shipboard observations and CZCS-SeaWiFS data. The primary production derived from SeaWiFS data shows a strong peak in winter and weak peak in summer with an annual mean of 354 mg C m � 2 d � 1 for the whole basin. The modeled primary production displays seasonal variation resembling the trend derived from SeaWiFS data, but the magnitude (280 mg C m � 2 d � 1 ) is smaller by 20%. The model also predicts an export fraction of 12% from the primary production in the euphotic zone. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00035-3 VL - 49 IS - 8 SP - 1387-1412 SN - 0967-0637 KW - South China Sea KW - monsoons KW - upwelling KW - chlorophyll KW - primary production KW - modeling ER - TY - CONF TI - Migration of adult female blue crabs from mating areas to the maternity suite: When, where, and who cares? AU - Wolcott, T. G. AU - Wolcott, D. L. AU - Hines, A. H. AU - Medici, D. A. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Integrative and Comparative Biology DA - 2002/// VL - 42 SP - 1337 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence of the Gulf Stream's influence on tropical cyclone intensity AU - Bright, RJ AU - Xie, L AU - Pietrafesa, LJ T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Historical storm data and satellite imagery are analyzed to determine the intensity changes and storm‐related characteristics of 53 coastal and landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) from Florida to North Carolina that passed over the Gulf Stream (GS) during the period 1944–2000. It appears that less intense storms (Category 2 or weaker), as well as those occurring earlier in the Atlantic hurricane season, are more likely to be strengthened by the GS. In addition, 81% of the Category 2 or weaker storms that intensified based on both maximum wind speed (MWS) and minimum central pressure (MCP) had tracks approximately parallel to the GS, while 3 of the 5 major (Category 3–5) hurricanes that intensified based on both MWS and MCP tracked perpendicular to the GS. The presence of an upstream mid‐latitude trough could have contributed to the intensification of the weaker TCs by steering them along the GS. DA - 2002/8/28/ PY - 2002/8/28/ DO - 10.1029/2002gl014920 VL - 29 IS - 16 SP - SN - 0094-8276 KW - hurricane intensity KW - tropical cyclone intensity KW - climatology KW - Gulf Stream KW - air-sea interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling nitric oxide emissions from biosolid amended soils AU - Roelle, PA AU - Aneja, VP AU - Mathur, R AU - Vukovich, J AU - Peirce, J T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Utilizing a state-of-the-art mobile laboratory in conjunction with a dynamic flow-through chamber system, nitric oxide concentrations [NO] were measured and NO fluxes were calculated during the summer, winter and spring of 1999/2000. The field site where these measurements were conducted was an agricultural soil amended with biosolids from a municipal wastewater treatment facility. These NO flux values were then used to assess the impact of including biosolid amended soils as a land-use class in an air quality model. The average NO flux from this biosolid amended soil was found to be exponentially dependent on soil temperature [NO Flux (ngNm−2s−1)=1.07exp(0.14Tsoil); R2=0.81—NO Flux=71.3ngNm−2s−1 at 30°C]. Comparing this relationship to results of the widely applied biogenic emissions inventory system (BEIS2) model revealed that for this field site, if the BEIS2 model was used, the NO emissions would have been underestimated by a factor of 26. Using this newly developed NO flux algorithm, combined with North Carolina Division of Water Quality statistics on how many biosolid amended acres are permitted per county, county-based NO inventories from these biosolid amended soils were calculated. Results from this study indicate that county-level biogenic NO emissions can increase by as much as 18% when biosolid amended soils are included as a land-use class. The multiscale air quality simulation platform (MAQSIP) was then used to determine differences in ozone (O3) and odd-reactive nitrogen compounds (NOy) between models run with and without the biosolid amended acreages included in the inventory. Results showed that during the daytime, when atmospheric mixing heights are typically at their greatest, any increase in O3 or NOy concentrations predicted by the model were small (<3%). In some locations during late evening/early morning hours, ozone was found to be consumed by as much as 11%. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00655-6 VL - 36 IS - 36-37 SP - 5687-5696 SN - 1352-2310 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036888563&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - nitric oxide KW - air quality modeling KW - biogenic emissions KW - biosolids KW - ozone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamics of the elevated land plume over the Arabian Sea and the Northern Indian Ocean during northeasterly monsoons and during the Indian Ocean experiment (INDOEX) AU - Raman, S AU - Niyogi, DDS AU - Simpson, M AU - Pelon, J T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - We describe the dynamics of the formation of an elevated land plume over the Arabian Sea and northern Indian Ocean observed during the 1999 Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). The presence of the elevated plume above the marine boundary layer for a depth of about 2000 m could be inferred from the thermodynamic profiles of the lower troposphere obtained from research vessels in 1997, 1998, and 1999, and in the lidar data obtained from aircraft during the INDOEX. Formation of the elevated plume was investigated further using a three‐dimensional high‐resolution mesoscale modeling system. The plume extends for hundreds of kilometers and its strength and coherence is influenced by the diurnal variation of the upwind continental boundary layer. DA - 2002/8/31/ PY - 2002/8/31/ DO - 10.1029/2001gl014193 VL - 29 IS - 16 SP - SN - 0094-8276 KW - Indian ocean KW - Air/Sea Interactions KW - Land/Atmosphere Interactions KW - Marine Meteorology KW - Boundary layer processes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water AU - Spruill, TB AU - Showers, WJ AU - Howe, SS T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - A study was conducted to determine if nitrate sources in ground water (fertilizer on crops, fertilizer on golf courses, irrigation spray from hog (Sus scrofa) wastes, and leachate from poultry litter and septic systems) could be classified with 80% or greater success. Two statistical classification-tree models were devised from 48 water samples containing nitrate from five source categories. Model 1 was constructed by evaluating 32 variables and selecting four primary predictor variables (delta 15N, nitrate to ammonia ratio, sodium to potassium ratio, and zinc) to identify nitrate sources. A delta 15N value of nitrate plus potassium > 18.2 indicated animal sources; a value < 18.2 indicated inorganic or soil organic N. A nitrate to ammonia ratio > 575 indicated inorganic fertilizer on agricultural crops; a ratio < 575 indicated nitrate from golf courses. A sodium to potassium ratio > 3.2 indicated septic-system wastes; a ratio < 3.2 indicated spray or poultry wastes. A value for zinc > 2.8 indicated spray wastes from hog lagoons; a value < 2.8 indicated poultry wastes. Model 2 was devised by using all variables except delta 15N. This model also included four variables (sodium plus potassium, nitrate to ammonia ratio, calcium to magnesium ratio, and sodium to potassium ratio) to distinguish categories. Both models were able to distinguish all five source categories with better than 80% overall success and with 71 to 100% success in individual categories using the learning samples. Seventeen water samples that were not used in model development were tested using Model 2 for three categories, and all were correctly classified. Classification-tree models show great potential in identifying sources of contamination and variables important in the source-identification process. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2002.1538 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 1538-1549 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Petrology of spinel peridotite xenoliths from northeastern Brazil: lithosphere with a high geothermal gradient imparted by Fernando de Noronha plume AU - Fodor, RV AU - Sial, AN AU - Gandhok, G T2 - JOURNAL OF SOUTH AMERICAN EARTH SCIENCES AB - Spinel lherzolite, harzburgite, and clinopyroxenite xenoliths and pyroxene megacrysts in Tertiary alkalic basalts of northeastern Brazil (∼30–13 Ma; K–Ar ages) provide information about melting, metasomatism, and geothermal gradients in subcontinental lithosphere as related to magmatism in that region since the Atlantic opening. That magmatism includes the xenoliths' host basalts, which have origins with the Fernando de Noronha plume, and regional tholeiitic basalts emplaced during continental rifting beginning ∼200 Ma. Peridotite textures are largely protogranular, but some are porphyroclastic. Mineral compositions show correlations among Mg#s, Cr#s, and pyroxene Cr2O3, Al2O3, and Na2O which suggest an upper-mantle history of varying melting and basalt extraction. Pyroxene equilibration temperatures range from ∼800–1250 °C and represent a high geotherm, ∼70–80 mW/m2, or ∼12 °C/km across the spinel stability field. Porphyroclastic xenoliths have the highest equilibration temperatures, >1150 °C. The equilibration temperatures do not correlate with the peridotite melting indicators (e.g. Cr#s; Cr2O3). In addition, Fe and Ti enrichments in minerals of porphyroclastic xenoliths, and light rare-earth element (LREE) enrichments, greatest in protogranular xenoliths (e.g. La(n) 2–16), each identify a metasomatic history for northeastern Brazil lithosphere. Several of these xenolith features, particularly the geotherm they represent, can be linked to the Fernando de Noronha hotspot during Tertiary. The high geotherm likely originated as northeastern Brazil ‘passed’ over the plume. It was overprinted on subcontinental lithospheric mantle with existing melting characteristics that were possibly acquired during the earlier magmatism (e.g. Mesozoic) that attended the opening of the central Atlantic. The clinopyroxenite and the pyroxene megacrysts coexisting with the peridotite xenoliths likely represent Fernando de Noronha plume-derived basaltic melts that veined deformed lithosphere near plume margins to locally metasomatize that peridotite (porphyroclastic) with Fe and Ti. The LREE enrichments are probably also largely attributable to the plume, from which small percentage melts metasomatized the lithosphere to varying degrees, particularly the ‘cooler’, shallower level (protogranular) peridotite. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/S0895-9811(02)00032-9 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 199-214 SN - 0895-9811 KW - peridotite xenoliths KW - Brazil KW - mantle composition KW - mineral composition KW - geotherm KW - plume ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observations of wave-generated vortex ripples on the North Carolina continental shelf AU - Ardhuin, F. AU - Drake, T. G. AU - Herbers, T. H. C. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 107 IS - C10 SP - 3143-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interannual and decadal variability of landfalling tropical cyclones in the southeast coastal states of the United States AU - Xie, L AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Wu, KJ T2 - ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1007/s00376-002-0007-y VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 677-686 SN - 1861-9533 KW - tropical cyclone KW - empirical mode decomposition KW - El Nino KW - decadal variability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions between the toxic estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and two species of bivalve molluscs AU - Springer, JJ AU - Shumway, SE AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 245:1-10 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps245001 Interactions between the toxic estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and two species of bivalve molluscs Jeffrey J. Springer1,*, Sandra E. Shumway2, JoAnn M. Burkholder1, Howard B. Glasgow1 1Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, 620 Hutton Street, Suite 104, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA 2Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA *Email: jeff_springer@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: Toxic strains of Pfiesteria spp. produce toxin(s) that can cause finfish death, but much less is known about impacts of Pfiesteria on shellfish. Here we conducted 4 experiments to examine interactions between shellfish and toxic (actively toxic or TOX-A from finfish-killing cultures and potentially toxic or TOX-B from cultures without finfish) and non-inducible (NON-IND, apparently incapable of killing fish via a toxic effect) strains of P. piscicida. First (Expt 1), we documented direct physical attack by P. piscicida TOX-A, TOX-B, and NON-IND zoospores on larvae of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819) and the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). Within 5 min zoospores swarmed around larvae that had discarded their vela, and attached with their peduncles. Within 15 min they had penetrated into the shellfish visceral cavity and had begun to feed aggressively; after 30 min all shellfish tissues except the adductor muscle had been consumed. Second, we tested the response of scallop larvae to P. piscicida (TOX-A or TOX-B) or cryptomonads (as controls) that were held in dialysis tubing (0.22 µm porosity) to prevent direct contact. After 60 min larval survival was 0% in the TOX-A treatment, 100% in the cryptomonad control, and intermediate in TOX-B and TOX-B + cryptomonad treatments. The data indicate a toxic effect of P. piscicida zoospores on the larvae, separate from the physical effect shown in Expt 1. Third, we compared grazing by juvenile and adult oysters on TOX-A, TOX-B, and NON-IND P. piscicida zoospores from the medium. After 60 min, grazing by juvenile oysters significantly differed as NON-IND >> TOX-B >> TOX-A. In contrast, adult oysters grazed significantly fewer TOX-A zoospores and maintained comparable grazing on TOX-B and NON-IND zoospores. Thus juvenile oysters, but not adults, were sensitive to residual toxicity of TOX-B zoospores, and both life-history stages were sensitive to TOX-A zoospores. The adverse effects of toxic strains on larval survival and juvenile grazing indicate that P. piscicida could potentially affect shellfish recruitment. Fourth, we assessed zoospore survival after passage through the digestive tract of adult oysters. The feces contained many temporary cysts from zoospores, and within 24 h >75% of the cysts produced motile cells. The data indicate that adult oysters would be poor biocontrol agents of P. piscicida, given the high survival of ingested zoospores following gut passage and fecal elimination; and that oysters could act as vectors of toxic P. piscicida strains if transported from affected estuaries to other waters. KEY WORDS: Argopecten irradians · Crassostrea virginica · Oyster · Pfiesteria · Scallop · Shellfish · Temporary cyst · Toxic dinoflagellate Full text in pdf format NextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 245. Online publication date: December 18, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps245001 VL - 245 SP - 1-10 SN - 1616-1599 KW - Argopecten irradians KW - Crassostrea virginica KW - oyster KW - Pfiesteria KW - scallop KW - shellfish KW - temporary cyst KW - toxic dinoflagellate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrieval of aerosol properties from moments of the particle size distribution for kernels involving the step function: cloud droplet activation AU - Wright, DL AU - Yu, SC AU - Kasibhatla, PS AU - McGraw, R AU - Schwartz, SE AU - Saxena, VK AU - Yue, GK T2 - JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE AB - Aerosol properties such as the number of particles that activate to form cloud drops and the mass contained within specified size ranges (as in the PM 2.5 and PM 10 regulatory standards) require integration over only part of the full size range of the particle distribution function (PDF) and may be formally expressed as integrals over kernels involving the Heaviside step function. Determination of these properties requires essentially that the size spectrum be partitioned into two (or more) portions, and poses a special challenge for aerosol modeling with the method of moments. To assess the ability of moment-based methods to treat kernels involving step functions, several algorithms for the estimation of aerosol properties associated with cloud activation have been evaluated. For 240 measured continental distributions employed here as test cases, the full size spectrum of the PDF was partitioned into three distinct portions based upon characteristic critical radii for activation in cumulus and stratiform clouds, and mass- and number-concentration metrics were evaluated for each portion. The first six radial moments yielded results accurate to within about 10% or better, on average, and the numbers of particles activated as cloud drops and the aerosol mass taken into cloud water were estimated to an accuracy of 5% or better. Of the moment-based approaches evaluated, the multiple isomomental distribution aerosol surrogate (MIDAS) (Wright, J. Aerosol Sci. 31 (2000) 1) technique performed best. Accurate results were also obtained with the randomized minimization search technique (RMST) (Yue et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 (1997) 651; Heintzenberg et al., Appl. Opt. 20 (1981) 1308). DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0021-8502(01)00172-0 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 319-337 SN - 0021-8502 KW - moments KW - modeling KW - cloud activation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of current shear on Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) population dynamics: a numerical study AU - Liu, G AU - Janowitz, GS AU - Kamykowski, D T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 231:47-66 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps231047 Influence of current shear on Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) population dynamics: a numerical study Gang Liu, Gerald S. Janowitz*, Daniel Kamykowski Department of Marine, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA *Corresponding author. E-mail: janowitz@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: A time-dependent, 2-dimensional population dynamics model which incorporates current shear has been developed based on a time-dependent, 1-dimensional population dynamics model reported in an earlier study. Vertical shear in the horizontal velocity is shown to influence the cross-shelf distribution of a 2-dimensional filament of Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) cells, which alters position in the vertical due to environmentally acclimated diel vertical migration. Three different vertical nitrogen distribution patterns are considered in the simulations: a surface nutrient plume, a bottom nutrient plume, and a uniform concentration in the water column. The simulations demonstrate that G. breve¹s vertical migratory behavior tends to maintain population coherency despite the tendency of shear in the current to disperse the population, and that the shear can contribute to predictable cell cycling within the aggregation. The simulations also show that the vertical distribution pattern of the external nutrient source has significantly influenced the horizontal advection, dispersion and cellular attributes of a G. breve population using the modeled swimming rules. KEY WORDS: Model · Dinoflagellate · Gymnodinium breve · Population dynamics · Behavior · Nutrients Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 231. Online publication date: April 23, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps231047 VL - 231 SP - 47-66 SN - 0171-8630 KW - model KW - dinoflagellate KW - Gymnodinium breve KW - population dynamics KW - behavior KW - nutrients ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flow cytometric determination of zoospore DNA content and population DNA distribution in cultured Pfiesteria spp. (Pyrrhophyta) (vol 267, pg 35, 2002) AU - Parrow, MW AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY DA - 2002/2/28/ PY - 2002/2/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00018-7 VL - 268 IS - 2 SP - 261-261 SN - 0022-0981 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a photochemical grid model using estimates of concentration probability density functions AU - Hanna, , SR AU - Davis, JM T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - A method for evaluating photochemical grid models based on the estimation of the probability density function (PDF) of the variations in ozone concentrations is described and demonstrated. It is assumed that the ozone concentration PDF is determined from 100 Monte Carlo uncertainty runs based on uncertainties in photochemical grid model input variables. The exercise involves the Urban Airshed Model with Variable grid (UAM-V) as applied to the July 1995 Ozone Transport Assessment Group episode in the eastern US. The focus is on the distribution of model residuals (observed concentration minus model-predicted ensemble mean concentration) for 66 ozone monitors on the OTAG domain. It is concluded that the distribution of observed model residuals is within the 95% range of expected uncertainty, suggesting that the model is performing adequately. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00163-2 VL - 36 IS - 11 SP - 1793-1798 SN - 1873-2844 KW - model evaluation KW - Monte Carlo uncertainty KW - ozone model KW - concentration PDFs KW - statistical model performance measures ER - TY - JOUR TI - The winter/spring 1996 OMP current, meteorological, sea state and coastal sea level fields AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Flagg, CN AU - Xie, L AU - Weatherly, GL AU - Morrison, JM T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The time series of atmospheric winds, coastal sea level, surface gravity waves, currents, water temperature, and salinity for the period February–May 1996 across the OMP moored array defined a well-organized physical oceanographic system. The M2 tide, a frictionally modified Poincare wave, was manifested as a clockwise-rotating, elliptically polarized wave, with predominantly cross-shelf orientation of the ellipse, and an axis ratio of ∼0.6 in upper layer waters and in offshore waters. However, bottom friction compressed and rotated the tidal ellipses in shallow and near-bottom waters. Elliptically polarized, clockwise-rotating motions were evident at near-inertial (∼20 h) and diurnal (∼24 h) periods. The wind field was dominated by 2–14 day events centered about 4–8 days. Due to the location and track of mesoscale atmospheric events, the wind field over the southern portion of the array was far more energetic than over the northern portion. The winds prior to 17 April had higher variances than after 17 April. Sub-diurnal frequency currents were dynamically responsive to the wind field at all locations and were stronger in the southern portion of the array. The shelf-wide, southward drift of Middle Atlantic Bight waters contributed to the weekly to monthly scales of motion. Shelf-wide, the record length means were generally southward, with an offshore component in near-bottom waters. However, a significant finding was that near the 21 m isobath on the north line of moorings, just south of the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, the mean flow was into the Bay, providing a means for the import of marine sediment into the estuary. In the southeastern-most corner of the array, north of Diamond Shoals in 36 m of water, the flows were persistently directed offshore. Following southward wind events, an inability to propagate Kelvin waves northward along the coast traps a buildup of water against Diamond Shoals such that the only way for it to relax is through a geostrophically balanced offshore transport of shelf waters. The Chesapeake Bay Plume and Middle Atlantic Bight Waters often breached Diamond Shoals and invaded the South Atlantic Bight during the passage of movement northward with southward-directed wind events, particularly extra-tropical cyclones. Following the mid-April transition to persistent northward winds, Carolina Capes Water moved northward across Diamond Shoals and induced a transition from well-mixed wintertime to vertically stratified summertime hydrographic conditions. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00166-2 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4331-4354 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Ocean Margins Program: an interdisciplinary study of carbon sources, transformations, and sinks in a temperate continental margin system AU - Verity, PG AU - Bauer, JE AU - Flagg, CN AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Repeta, DJ T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The cycling of carbon on the US east coast shelf and upper slope has been studied for 20 years in a variety of interdisciplinary programs focused on the Mid and South Atlantic Bights. The culmination of this research was a comprehensive field study conducted in 1996 to ascertain whether the Cape Hatteras shelf was a net source or sink for atmospheric CO2, and the associated transformations and pathways of inorganic and organic carbon. The rationale, objectives, design, and overview of the Ocean Margins Program are given here as a framework to interpret the results of the papers presented in this special issue. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00120-0 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4273-4295 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing the utility of vertebrate remains in recognizing patterns in fluvial deposits: An example from the lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta AU - Straight, WH AU - Eberth, DA T2 - PALAIOS AB - Other| October 01, 2002 Testing the Utility of Vertebrate Remains in Recognizing Patterns in Fluvial Deposits: An Example from the Lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta WILLIAM H. STRAIGHT; WILLIAM H. STRAIGHT 1Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Box 8208, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar DAVID A. EBERTH DAVID A. EBERTH 2Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller AB T0J 0Y0, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information WILLIAM H. STRAIGHT 1Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Box 8208, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 DAVID A. EBERTH 2Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller AB T0J 0Y0, Canada Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Accepted: 10 Mar 2002 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1938-5323 Print ISSN: 0883-1351 Society for Sedimentary Geology PALAIOS (2002) 17 (5): 472–490. https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0472:TTUOVR>2.0.CO;2 Article history Accepted: 10 Mar 2002 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation WILLIAM H. STRAIGHT, DAVID A. EBERTH; Testing the Utility of Vertebrate Remains in Recognizing Patterns in Fluvial Deposits: An Example from the Lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta. PALAIOS 2002;; 17 (5): 472–490. doi: https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0472:TTUOVR>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyPALAIOS Search Advanced Search Abstract Depositional cycles in fluvial successions are described here as chronostratigraphic packages of strata founded on a laterally extensive, scour-based, amalgamated channel-sand body, overlain by mudrocks, isolated channel fills, avulsion and splay complexes, and paleosols. Ten packages are described from the lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), one of a succession of clastic wedges filling the Alberta foreland basin in south-central Alberta. The structure of these packages is consistent with the fall-rise-fall cycle of base-level described in other studies, but the package-bounding scours and internal surfaces are discontinuous and difficult to trace in the mudrock-dominated strata. Terrestrial vertebrate fossils are preserved in relatively fossiliferous, facies-independent horizons 1 to 3 m thick that statistically correlate with the stratigraphic position of package scours and surfaces. Fossiliferous horizons formed as a result of attritional accumulation under an optimum, relatively low, regional deposition rate. Not only do these horizons aid in locating package surfaces, but they also provide insight to the interaction of the package-scale, base-level oscillation with the larger-scale fluctuation in accommodation associated with the formation of the clastic wedge. As such, fossiliferous horizons in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation make better boundary markers than do paleosols, splays, coal seams, or even the surfaces associated with package structure. Therefore, the vertebrate fossil record may supply a means of stratigraphically evaluating sections in other locations in which typical sedimentological and architectural cues for surfaces are absent. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0472:TTUOVR>2.0.CO;2 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 472-490 SN - 0883-1351 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Springtime hydrography of the southern Middle Atlantic Bight and the onset of seasonal stratification AU - Flagg, CN AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Weatherly, GL T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The Ocean Margins Program was a major multi-disciplinary observational effort in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), focusing on the transformation, retention, and export of biogenic materials from the shelf. The observational effort peaked in the spring and summer of 1996 with four ship-based surveys, augmented by an array of 26 moorings supporting 126 temperature and 118 salinity sensors. The data from the cruises and moored array are used to describe how the springtime hydrographic evolution takes place in an area in which five water masses locally vie for dominance and that is subject to strong wind stress, heat flux, and offshore forcing. The results show that the region is subject to large-scale intrusions from both the north and south, which materially affect the timing and development of stratified conditions. The intrusions from the north are wind driven and provide cold, moderately saline, unstratifed water, delaying the development of stratified conditions. Intrusions also occur from the south, where warmer and generally more saline waters from the South Atlantic Bight are driven into the area by alongshore winds and/or intrusions of Gulf Stream waters pushed shoreward by Gulf Stream frontal eddies. In 1996, an intrusion of saline water from the south, combined with a reversal of the alongshore winds from the north, slowed the southward flow of cold MAB water, and subsequently caused low-salinity Virginia Coastal Waters to spread out from the coastal plume over the denser water from the north. With the reduced alongshelf flow and an initial stratification provided by the low-salinity coastal water, solar insolation and sensible heat fluxes were then able to warm the surface layer, permanently establishing the seasonal thermocline/halocline for the area not directly impacted by intrusions from the Gulf Stream and South Atlantic Bight. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00121-2 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4297-4329 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of sulfate aerosols in modifying the cloud albedo: a closure experiment AU - Menon, S AU - Saxena, VK AU - Durkee, P AU - Wenny, BN AU - Nielsen, K T2 - ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AB - At a remote mountain-top location in the southeastern US, measurements were made to estimate the contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to the cloud albedo. The influence of the long-range transport of anthropogenic emissions on cloud microphysical and optical properties at the mountain top site was investigated. The sources of the cloud forming air masses were determined from back-trajectory analysis. Cloud water sulfate content was used as a surrogate for anthropogenic pollution. The effects of particulate sulfate on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, cloud droplet number concentration (N), cloud droplet effective radii (Reff) and cloud albedo were analyzed. A non-linear relationship between CCN and sulfate mass was obtained with a lowered sensitivity of CCN at high values of sulfate. Differences in N and sulfate from polluted to less polluted type air masses were much larger than that in Reff. This could be due to the variability in cloud liquid water content (LWC) as Reff is more related to LWC and cloud thickness than is N. The variability in cloud liquid water path (LWP) results in the optical depth being more sensitive to changes in Reff than to N for differences in cloud pollutant content. As part of a “closure experiment”, the cloud albedo calculated from in situ measurements for a 3-year period (1993–1995) compared well with that inferred from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. This accomplishes the objective of our closure experiment and proves that albedo of non-precipitating, thin, isolated clouds can be resolved against the dark forested background by AVHRR. The cloud reflectivity inferred from satellite measurements and that calculated from in situ observations were found to vary with the cloud water sulfate and N. Non-linear increases in satellite inferred cloud albedo with LWP suggest the importance of determining the contribution of cloud dynamic feedbacks on the indirect effect. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00140-5 VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - 169-187 SN - 1873-2895 KW - sulfate aerosols KW - cloud microphysics KW - cloud reflectivity KW - satellite retrievals KW - closure experiment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precooking and cooling of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonas pelamis): A numerical simulation AU - Zhang, J. AU - Farkas, B. E. AU - Hale, S. A. T2 - Food Science & Technology = Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & -Technologie AB - A numerical simulation of the commercial tuna precooking and cooling process was developed as an aid to improving these critical thermal processing steps. Using the finite element method, a two-dimensional model of a tuna consisting of three regions, muscle, backbone, and viscera, was developed. Results from previous research on thermal properties of skipjack tuna were applied in the model. Preprocessor software, GAMBIT 1.1, and commercial finite element software, FIDAP 8.52, were used. The model was tested via comparison with experimental data collected in a commercial processing facility and a pilot plant. Good agreement between the simulation and experimental results was obtained. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1006/fstl.2002.0912 VL - 35 IS - 7 SP - 607-616 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic carbon deposition on the North Carolina continental slope off Cape Hatteras (USA) AU - Thomas, CJ AU - Blair, NE AU - Alperin, MJ AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Jahnke, RA AU - Martens, CS AU - Mayer, L T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - The continental slope off Cape Hatteras, NC is a region of high sediment accumulation and organic matter deposition. Sediment accumulation rates range from 3 to 151 cm kyr−1. Organic carbon deposition rates are 5–13 moles C m−2 yr−1, the highest reported for the slope off the eastern US. Burial efficiencies are 3–40%. The organic matter deposited is marine in origin and a mix of old and young particles. High organic carbon deposition rates support remineralization throughout the upper 2–3 m of sediment. Deep bioirrigation to depths of 60–100 cm within the seabed affects the biogeochemistry of the sediments by extending the zone of sulfate reduction and by steepening DIC porewater gradients through the non-local exchange of porewater. Stable and radiocarbon isotope mixing curves for porewater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) indicate that the dominant source of DIC accumulating in the upper 2–3 m of the seabed is of nearly uniform δ13C (−21.10‰) and Δ14C (−546‰). DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00135-2 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4687-4709 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New enantiornithine bird from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Alabama AU - Chiappe, LM AU - Lamb, JP AU - Ericson, PGP T2 - JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AB - (2002). New enantiornithine bird from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 170-174. DA - 2002/3/14/ PY - 2002/3/14/ DO - 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0170:NEBFTM]2.0.CO;2 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 170-174 SN - 0272-4634 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Model representation of freezing and melting precipitation: Implications for winter weather forecasting AU - Lackmann, GM AU - Keeter, K AU - Lee, LG AU - Ek, MB T2 - WEATHER AND FORECASTING AB - During episodes of sustained moderate or heavy precipitation in conjunction with near-freezing temperatures and weak horizontal temperature advection, the latent heat released (absorbed) by the freezing (melting) of falling precipitation may alter thermal profiles sufficiently to affect the type and amount of freezing or frozen precipitation observed at the surface. Representation of these processes by operational numerical weather prediction models is incomplete; forecaster knowledge of these model limitations can therefore be advantageous during winter weather forecasting. The Eta Model employs a sophisticated land surface model (LSM) to represent physical processes at the lower-atmospheric interface. When considering the thermodynamic effect of melting or freezing precipitation at the surface, it is shown that limitations in the current version of the Eta LSM can contribute to biases in lower-tropospheric temperature forecasts. The Eta LSM determines the precipitation type reaching the surface from the air temperature at the lowest model level; subfreezing (above freezing) temperatures are assumed to correspond to snow (rain) reaching the surface. There is currently no requirement for consistency between the LSM and the Eta grid-scale precipitation scheme. In freezing-rain situations, the lowest model air temperature is typically below freezing, and the Eta LSM will therefore determine that snow is falling. As a result, a cold bias develops that is partly caused by the neglected latent heat release accompanying the freezing of raindrops at the surface. In addition, alterations in surface characteristics caused by erroneous snowfall accumulation in the model may also contribute to temperature biases. In an analogous fashion, warm biases can develop in cases with melting snow and above-freezing air temperatures near the surface (the LSM assumes rain). An example case is presented in which model misrepresentation of freezing rain is hypothesized to have contributed to a lower-tropospheric cold bias. A simple temperature correction, based on the first law of thermodynamics, is applied to lower-tropospheric model temperature forecasts; the neglect of latent heat released by freezing rain in the model is shown to contribute substantially to a cold bias in near-surface temperature forecasts. The development of a spurious snow cover likely exacerbated the bias. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)017<1016:MROFAM>2.0.CO;2 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 1016-1033 SN - 0882-8156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mineral associations and nutritional quality of organic matter in shelf and upper slope sediments off Cape Hatteras, USA: a case of unusually high loadings AU - Mayer, L AU - Benninger, L AU - Bock, M AU - DeMaster, D AU - Roberts, Q AU - Martens, C T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Relationships among organic carbon (OC), enzymatically hydrolyzable amino acid (EHAA) concentrations and mineral surface area (SFA) were assessed for sediments from the shelf and slope region near Cape Hatteras, USA. Grain size, measured here as mineral-specific surface area, explained 55% of the variance in organic matter concentrations. Organic loadings, as ratios of organic carbon to surface area (OC:SFA), decrease with water column and core depth. OC:SFA ratios in this region are comparable to those found in areas with anoxic water columns, and are the highest reported for shelf-slope sediments underlying oxygenated water columns. With increasing water-column depth, organic matter becomes progressively incorporated into low-density (<2.4 g cm−3), organomineral aggregates, reflecting the increase in clay content in sediments with water-column depth. Organic coverage of mineral surfaces was determined by gas sorption methods; throughout the depth range minerals are essentially bare of organic coatings, in spite of high organic loadings. EHAA concentrations increase with water-column depth in a similar fashion as OC concentrations, and help to support intense heterotrophic communities at depth. Rapidly decreasing ratios of EHAA to total organic matter with water-column depth are consistent with previous inferences that largely refractory organic matter is exported from the shelf to the slope. Significant burial of EHAA downcore indicates protection of enzymatically hydrolyzable biopolymers with depth. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00130-3 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4587-4597 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources, composition, and consequences AU - Anderson, DM AU - Glibert, PM AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - ESTUARIES DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1007/BF02804901 VL - 25 IS - 4B SP - 704-726 SN - 0160-8347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flow cytometric determination of zoospore DNA content and population DNA distribution in cultured Pfiesteria spp. (Pyrrhophyta) AU - Parrow, MW AU - Burkholder, JA T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AB - The relative cellular DNA content from 23 different clonal cultures of Pfiesteria spp. zoospores was determined using a DNA fluorochrome and flow cytometry. Significant differences between Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae were detected, both in mean zoospore DNA content and population cell cycle DNA distribution. Intraspecific differences in DNA content were found between clonal zoospore cultures established from different geographical regions. Long-term cultures (years) of P. piscicida were available for testing, and a negative correlation was observed between zoospore DNA content and time in culture. Zoospore cell cycle-related DNA distributions were also markedly different between the two species in these clonal cultures. In most cultures tested, P. piscicida zoospores exhibited bimodal DNA flow histograms with G1-S-G2+M distributions, typical of eukaryotic asynchronously cycling cells. In contrast, cultures of P. shumwayae zoospores exhibited one DNA peak distribution, indicative of synchronized cells. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that P. shumwayae zoospores are interphasic cells, and mitosis in zoospore cultures of this species predominantly occurs as benthic or adherent non-motile division cysts. Light microscopy observations of the nuclear condition of electrostatically sorted zoospores of each Pfiesteria species also support this hypothesis. If highly conserved, this disparity in modes of vegetative reproduction would ramify the population dynamics of the two Pfiesteria species. DA - 2002/1/3/ PY - 2002/1/3/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00343-4 VL - 267 IS - 1 SP - 35-51 SN - 0022-0981 KW - cell cycle KW - dinoflagellates KW - flow cytometry KW - P. piscicida KW - P. shumwayae KW - SYTOX green ER - TY - JOUR TI - Escalation and extinction selectivity: morphology versus isotopic reconstruction of bivalve metabolism. AU - Dietl, G. P. AU - Kelley, P. H. AU - Barrick, R. AU - Showers, W. T2 - Evolution AB - Studies that have tested and failed to support the hypothesis that escalated species (e.g., those with predation-resistant adaptations) are more susceptible to elimination during mass extinctions have concentrated on the distribution and degree of morphological defenses in molluscan species. This morphological approach to determining level of escalation in bivalves may be oversimplified because it does not account for metabolic rate, which is an important measure of escalation that is less readily accessible for fossils. Shell growth rates in living bivalves are positively correlated with metabolic rate and thus are potential indicators of level of escalation. To evaluate this approach, we used oxygen isotopes to reconstruct shell growth rates for two bivalve species (Macrocallista marylandica and Glossus markoei) from Miocene-aged sediments of Maryland. Although both species are classified as non-escalated based on morphology, the isotopic data indicate that M. marylandica was a faster-growing species with a higher metabolic rate and G. markoei was a slower-growing species with a lower metabolic rate. Based on these results, we predict that some morphologically non-escalated species in previous tests of extinction selectivity should be reclassified as escalated because of their fast shell growth rates (i.e., high metabolic rates). Studies that evaluate the level of escalation of a fauna should take into account the energetic physiology of taxa to avoid misleading results. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01338.x VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 284-291 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deposition of bomb (14)C in continental slope sediments of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: assessing organic matter sources and burial rates AU - DeMaster, DJ AU - Thomas, CJ AU - Blair, NE AU - Fornes, WL AU - Plaia, G AU - Levin, LA T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - As part of the Ocean Margins Program (OMP), organic carbon 14C measurements have been made on benthic fauna and kasten core sediments from the North Carolina continental slope. These analyses are used to evaluate the nature and burial flux of organic matter in the OMP study area off Cape Hatteras. Despite the fact that surface sediment 14C contents ranged from −41 to −215 per mil, the benthic fauna (primarily polychaetes) all contained significant amounts of bomb-14C (body tissue 14C contents ranging from +20 to +82 per mil). Bomb-14C clearly is reaching the seabed on the North Carolina slope, and the labile planktonic material carrying this signal is a primary source of nutrition to the benthic ecosystem. The enrichment of 14C in benthic faunal tissue relative to the 14C content of bulk surface-sediment organic matter (a difference of ∼150 per mil) is attributed to a combination of particle selection and selective digestive processes. Organic carbon burial rates from 12 stations on the North Carolina slope varied from 0.02 to 1.7 mol of C m−2 yr−1, with a mean value of 0.7 mol of C m−2 yr−1. The accumulation of organic matter on the upper slope accounts for <1% of the primary production in the entire continental margin system. The North Carolina margin was deliberately selected because of its potential for offshore transport and high sediment deposition rates, and even in this environment, burial of organic carbon accounts for a very small fraction of the primary production occurring in surface waters. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00134-0 VL - 49 IS - 20 SP - 4667-4685 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin resistance management: Stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea AU - Gould, F AU - Blair, N AU - Reid, M AU - Rennie, TL AU - Lopez, J AU - Micinski, S T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Data have been lacking on the proportion of Helicovera zea larvae that develop on noncotton host plants that can serve as a refuge from selection pressure for adaptation to transgenic cotton varieties that produce a toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis . We found that individual H. zea moths that develop as larvae on cotton and other plants with C 3 physiology have a different ratio of 13 C to 12 C than moths that develop on plants with C 4 physiology, such as corn. We used this finding in determining the minimum percentage of moths that developed on noncotton hosts in two cotton-growing areas. Our results indicate that local corn can serve as a refuge for H. zea in midsummer. Our results contrast dramatically with the prevailing hypothesis that the large majority of late-season moths are produced from larvae feeding on cotton, soybean, and other C 3 plants. Typically, <50% of moths captured in August through October have isotope ratios indicative of larval feeding on C 3 plants. In one October sample, 100% of the moths originated from C 4 hosts even though C 4 crops were harvested at least 1 mo earlier, and no common wild C 4 hosts were available. These findings support other research indicating that many late-season H. zea moths captured in Louisiana and Texas are migrants whose larvae developed on corn in more northern locations. Our isotope data on moths collected in Texas early in the season indicate that the majority of overwintering H. zea do not originate from cotton-feeding larvae and may be migrants from Mexico. Non-Bt corn in Mexico and the U.S. corn belt appears to serve as an important refuge for H. zea . DA - 2002/12/24/ PY - 2002/12/24/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.242382499 VL - 99 IS - 26 SP - 16581-16586 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A numerical investigation of slanted convection and subsurface anticyclone generation in an Arctic baroclinic current system AU - Chao, S. Y. AU - Shaw, P. T. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 107 IS - C3 SP - 3019-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of land-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate system: relevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effect of greenhouse gases AU - Pielke, RA AU - Marland, G AU - Betts, RA AU - Chase, TN AU - Eastman, JL AU - Niles, JO AU - Niyogi, DDS AU - Running, SW T2 - PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES AB - Our paper documents that land-use change impacts regional and global climate through the surface-energy budget, as well as through the carbon cycle. The surface-energy budget effects may be more important than the carbon-cycle effects. However, land-use impacts on climate cannot be adequately quantified with the usual metric of 'global warming potential'. A new metric is needed to quantify the human disturbance of the Earth's surface-energy budget. This 'regional climate change potential' could offer a new metric for developing a more inclusive climate protocol. This concept would also implicitly provide a mechanism to monitor potential local-scale environmental changes that could influence biodiversity. DA - 2002/8/15/ PY - 2002/8/15/ DO - 10.1098/rsta.2002.1027 VL - 360 IS - 1797 SP - 1705-1719 SN - 1364-503X KW - global climate change KW - regional climate change KW - landscape change KW - landscape dynamics KW - climate-system dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Swine wastewater treatment in anaerobic digesters with floating medium AU - Cheng, J. AU - Liu, B. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - A 20L attachedgrowth anaerobic system with floating plastic Ballast rings as a medium has been studied forswine wastewater [chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 1,925 to 2,033 mg/L; total suspended solids (TSS) = 1,051 to 1,184mg/L] treatment at the mesophilic temperature of 35C. The plastic Ballast rings had a specific surface area of 108 m 2 /m 3and a density of 0.98 g/cm 3 and filled the upper half of the anaerobic digesters. The porosity of the filled portion of the digesterswas 0.86. Performance of the anaerobic digesters was evaluated for organics decomposition and methane production withtwo different hydraulic retention times (HRTs): 10 days and 5 days. When HRT was 10 days in the anaerobic digesters, removalof COD, total organic carbon (TOC), TSS, and volatile suspended solids (VSS) was 65%, 55%, 69%, and 70%, respectively.Methane yield was 0.23 m 3 CH4 per kg COD removed. As the HRT was reduced to 5 days, the removal of COD, TOC, TSS,and VSS decreased to 55%, 48%, 57%, and 60%, respectively. Methane yield was 0.24 m 3 CH4/kg CODrem. Higher HRT inthe anaerobic digester resulted in higher organics degradation efficiency. However, higher rates of methane production andorganics decomposition were obtained in the digester with lower HRT. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.13031/2013.8842 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 799-805 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrate source identification using delta N-15 in a ground water plume near an intensive swine operation AU - Karr, JD AU - Showers, WJ AU - Hinson, TH T2 - GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION AB - Abstract Nitrate‐contaminated ground water beneath and adjacent to an intensive swine ( Sus scrofa domesticus ) production facility in the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina was analyzed for δ 15 N of nitrate (δ 15 N‐NO 3 ). Results show that the isotopic signal of animal waste nitrogen is readily identifiable and traceable in nitrate in this ground water. The widespread land application of animal wastes from intensive livestock operations constitutes a potential source of nitrogen contamination to natural water throughout large regions of the United States and other countries. The site of the present study has been suspected as a nitrate contamination source to nearby domestic supply wells and has been monitored for several years by government and private water quality investigators through sampling of observation wells, ditches, and streams. δ 15 N of nitrate allowed direct identification of animal waste‐produced nitrate in 11 of 14 wells sampled in this study, as well as recognition of nitrate contributions from non‐animal waste agricultural sources in remaining wells. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00314.x VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 68-75 SN - 1745-6592 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low abundance of the dinoflagellates, Pfiesteria piscicida, P-shumwayae, and Cryptoperidiniopsis spp., in South Carolina tidal creeks and open estuaries AU - Lewitus, AJ AU - Hayes, KC AU - Willis, BM AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Holland, AF AU - Maier, PP AU - Rublee, PA AU - Magnien, R T2 - ESTUARIES DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1007/BF02804892 VL - 25 IS - 4A SP - 586-597 SN - 0160-8347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grazing by microzooplankton on Pfiesteria piscicida cultures with different histories of toxicity AU - Stoecker, DK AU - Parrow, MW AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB T2 - AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AB - AME Aquatic Microbial Ecology Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials AME 28:79-85 (2002) - doi:10.3354/ame028079 Grazing by microzooplankton on Pfiesteria piscicida cultures with different histories of toxicity Diane K. Stoecker1,*, Matthew W. Parrow2, JoAnn M. Burkholder2, Howard B. Glasgow Jr.2 1University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA 2Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA *E-mail: stoecker@hpl.umces.edu ABSTRACT: Susceptibility of actively toxic (TOX-A) zoospores, temporarily non-toxic (TOX-B) zoospores, and zoospores non-inducible to toxicity (NON-IND) of Pfiesteria piscicida to microzooplankton grazing was compared in a laboratory experiment. Zoospores from all cultures were ingested by microzooplankton, but community grazing coefficients for TOX-A were <20% of those for TOX-B or NON-IND zoospores in 6 h incubations. Tintinnids and strobilidiid ciliates that fed on P. piscicida declined in incubations containing TOX-A zoospores. There was no decline in a strombidiid ciliate or heterotrophic dinoflagellate populations that fed on TOX-A zoospores. These data suggest that, although microzooplankton grazing on non-toxic zoospores can be a significant source of mortality to planktonic populations of P. piscicida, grazing on toxic or very recently toxic zoospores is relatively low. KEY WORDS: Pfiesteria piscicida · Zoospores · Toxicity · Microzooplankton · Grazing Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AME Vol. 28, No. 1. Online publication date: May 16, 2002 Print ISSN: 0948-3055; Online ISSN: 1616-1564 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/5/16/ PY - 2002/5/16/ DO - 10.3354/ame028079 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 79-85 SN - 1616-1564 KW - Pfiesteria piscicida KW - zoospores KW - toxicity KW - microzooplankton KW - grazing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the nutrient inputs to a coastal lagoon: the case of the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal AU - Da Silva, J. F. AU - Duck, R. W. AU - Hopkins, T. S. AU - Rodrigues, M. T2 - Hydrobiologia DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 475 IS - 1 SP - 379-385 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adopting drought indices for estimating soil moisture: A North Carolina case study AU - Sims, AP AU - Niyogi, DDS AU - Raman, S T2 - GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB - Soil moisture availability has a significant impact on environmental processes of different scales. Errors in initializing soil moisture in numerical weather forecasting models tend to cause errors in short‐term weather and medium range predictions. We study the use of two drought indices: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for estimating soil moisture. SPI and PDSI values are compared for three climate divisions: western mountains, central piedmont, and the coastal plain in North Carolina, USA. Results suggest SPI to be more representative of short‐term precipitation and soil moisture variation and hence a better indicator of soil wetness. A regression equation that uses SPI is proposed to estimate soil moisture. DA - 2002/4/15/ PY - 2002/4/15/ DO - 10.1029/2001gl013343 VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - SN - 0094-8276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal variations in carbon and nitrogen constituents in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) as influenced by increased temperature and water-column nitrate AU - Touchette, BW AU - Burkholder, JM T2 - BOTANICA MARINA AB - Fluctuations in nitrogen and carbon compounds were examined over an autumn growing season in the submersed marine angiosperm Zostera marina L. (eelgrass). The experimental design included replicated controls (ambient NO3−, typically < 2 μM), increased water-column nitrate (8 μMNO3− above ambient, pulsed daily), increased environmental temperature (3 to 4 °C above 20-year weekly means), and combined increased water-column nitrate and temperature. Above- and belowground tissues were collected weekly to biweekly and assayed for total soluble carbohydrates, non-reducing carbohydrates, starch, α-cellulose, lipids, free amino acids, total protein, tissue nitrate, tissue nitrite, and tissue ammonium. Tissue nitrate declined, and amino acids, proteins, lipids, and cellulose increased as the growing season progressed in both control and treated plants. In addition, there were seasonal quadratic responses for tissue ammonium, soluble carbohydrates, and non-reducing sugars, with maxima during periods of optimal plant growth (mid- to late September). Increased temperature promoted periodic increases in amino acids and soluble carbohydrates, but decreased accumulation of α-cellulose by the end of the experiment. Moreover, increases in water-column nitrate led to periodic increases in tissue ammonium and amino acids, as well as decreases in non-reducing sugars. Toward the end of the experiment, increases in soluble carbohydrates for plants grown under higher temperatures may have been associated with an extension of the growing season. In contrast, decreased non-reducing sugars in nitrate-enriched plants may have resulted from an increased carbon demand during nitrate assimilation/reduction, as well as a reallocation of carbon to enhance amino acid synthesis. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1515/BOT.2002.004 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 23-34 SN - 0006-8055 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nearshore circulation revealed by wastewater discharge from a submarine outfall, Aveiro Coast, Portugal AU - Da Silva, J. F. AU - Duck, R. W. AU - Hopkins, T. S. AU - Anderson, J. M. T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 983-988 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isotopic analysis of dinosaur bones AU - Showers, WJ AU - Barrick, R AU - Genna, B T2 - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFeaturesNEXTPeer Reviewed: Isotopic Analysis of Dinosaur BonesA new pyrolysis technique provides direct evidence that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded.William J. Showers, Reese Barrick, and Bernard GennaCite this: Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 5, 142 A–150 APublication Date (Web):March 1, 2002Publication History Published online1 March 2002Published inissue 1 March 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/ac021968bRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1803Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (10 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Anatomy Get e-Alerts DA - 2002/3/1/ PY - 2002/3/1/ DO - 10.1021/ac021968b VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 142A-150A SN - 0003-2700 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus AU - Kendall, MS AU - Wolcott, DL AU - Wolcott, TG AU - Hines, AH T2 - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 230:235-240 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps230235 Influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Matthew S. Kendall1,*, Donna L. Wolcott2, Thomas G. Wolcott2, Anson H. Hines3 1NOAA/NOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA 2North Carolina State University, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, PO Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA 3Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA *E-mail: matt.kendall@noaa.gov ABSTRACT: Laboratory experiments were used to determine the influence of male Callinectes sapidus (Rathburn) size (larger vs smaller than the size limit of the hard crab fishery in Chesapeake Bay, which is 127 mm carapace width) and mating history (recently mated males with depleted seminal stores vs those with fully recovered resources) on number of sperm transferred to females. Females mated by males with fully recovered seminal resources received significantly more sperm than those mated with males that had mated once previously, regardless of male size. No significant difference was found between the number of sperm delivered by small and large males with similar mating history. The sperm content of ejaculates from these laboratory experiments was compared to sperm received by females collected in the field. Only 11% of field-collected females received an amount of sperm as large as that delivered by the fully recovered males in our laboratory experiments. Of the field collected females, 77% received much less sperm, similar to or below the number delivered by depleted males in our laboratory experiments. KEY WORDS: Blue crab · Reproduction · Male size · Mating history · Ejaculate contents Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 230. Online publication date: April 05, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps230235 VL - 230 SP - 235-240 SN - 0171-8630 KW - blue crab KW - reproduction KW - male size KW - mating history KW - ejaculate contents ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cold-frontal potential vorticity maxima, the low-level jet, and moisture transport in extratropical cyclones AU - Lackmann, GM T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - An elongated cold-frontal maximum in the lower-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) field accompanies some midlatitude cyclones. These PV maxima are often of diabatic origin, and are hypothesized to contribute substantially to the strength of the low-level jet (LLJ) and moisture transport in the cyclone warm sector. Diagnosis of a representative cyclone event from the central United States during February 1997 is presented with the goals of (i) elucidating the mechanisms of development and propagation of the cold-frontal PV band, and (ii) clarifying the relation between this PV maximum and the LLJ. A confluent upper trough and modest surface cyclone followed a track from the south-central United States northeastward into southern Ontario between 26 and 28 February 1997, accompanied by flooding and widespread straight-line wind damage. A LLJ, with maximum wind speeds in excess of 35 m s−1, was positioned at the western extremity of the cyclone warm sector, immediately east of an elongated PV maximum in the lower troposphere. Results of an Ertel PV budget confirm the importance of latent heat release to the development and eastward propagation of the PV band. Cancellation was observed between the vertical PV advection, which yielded negative (positive) tendencies beneath (above) the cold-frontal PV maximum, and the nonadvective PV tendency, which was positive (negative) beneath (above) the level of maximum heating. The nonadvective PV flux is directed opposite the absolute vorticity vector; therefore vertical wind shear (associated with westward-tilting absolute vorticity vectors) led to eastward nonadvective propagation of the PV maximum. Quasigeostrophic PV inversion indicates that the cold-frontal PV maximum contributed between 15% and 40% to the strength of the LLJ within the cyclone warm sector. The results of this study suggest that a complex interdependence can exist between cold-frontal rainbands, lower-tropospheric PV maxima, the LLJ, and warm-sector moisture transport. The implications of this linkage for numerical weather forecasting are discussed. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0059:CFPVMT>2.0.CO;2 VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 59-74 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water, heat and freshwater flux out of the northern Indian Ocean in September-October 1995 AU - Shi, W AU - Morrison, JM AU - Bryden, HL T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Transindian Hydrographic Section I1 (I1) is the northernmost of the zonal sections carried out during the WOCE Indian Ocean Expedition of 1994–1995. It crosses the southern boundaries of both the Bay of Bengal (I1e) in the east and the Arabian Sea (I1w) in the west. From I1, heat, freshwater and water-mass budgets are computed for the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Unfortunately, unlike the flow in the Atlantic and Pacific, the flow through I1 experiences considerable seasonal variability due to the annual reversal of the monsoonal winds. Therefore, at best we can expect to compute a “snapshot” of the heat and freshwater flux at the end of the SW Monsoon. But at least the timing of this section was chosen to coincide in the period where the mean circulation is most like the “normal” subtropical gyres found at mid-latitudes in the other oceans. During WOCE I1 both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal acted as heat sources. The mechanisms of the heat exportation in these two basins differed slightly from each other with the deep-ocean flow playing an important role in exporting heat from the Arabian Sea. The total heat transport out of the Arabian Sea was 0.60±0.27 PW. Of the 0.60 PW heat transport, a total of 0.28 PW was exported below 2000 m. The monsoonally driven southward surface flow accounted for the remaining 50% of the total heat export. Meanwhile, the Bay of Bengal was exporting heat at a rate of 0.63±0.16 PW, with half of the heat export due to surface flow and the other half due to meridional overturning at mid-depths. Meanwhile, the Arabian Sea was importing freshwater at a rate of 0.38±0.09×106 m3 s−1 while the Bay of Bengal was exporting freshwater at a rate of 0.38±0.08×106 m3 s−1. The mechanisms for the freshwater transport from the two basins were fundamentally different. In the Arabian Sea, vertical recirculation cells in the upper and deep ocean contributed to the freshwater import across I1w with the deep cell accounting for ∼25% of the total freshwater transport. In the Bay of Bengal, most of the freshwater export occurred in the surface layer because of strong southward Ekman surface flow and fresh surface waters from river runoff and monsoon rainfall. The role the horizontal circulation plays in the heat and freshwater transport across I1 was different in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The horizontal circulation contributed 0.06 PW of the total heat transport in contrast to −0.60 PW of the total heat transport crossing I1w and ∼30% of the freshwater transport across I1w in the Arabian Sea. In the Bay of Bengal, the horizontal circulation contributed ∼20% heat transport and ∼45% of the freshwater transport across I1e. The difference in horizontal circulation between the two basins is predominately due to the role of the Somali Current in the Arabian Sea. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00154-0 VL - 49 IS - 7-8 SP - 1231-1252 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Carolina Zone: overview of Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic peri-Gondwanan terranes along the eastern flank of the southern Appalachians AU - Hibbard, JP AU - Stoddard, EF AU - Secor, DT AU - Dennis, AJ T2 - EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS AB - The Carolina Zone is an amalgamation of mainly Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic metaigneous-dominated terranes that are clustered along the eastern flank of the southern Appalachians. These terranes are distinguished from other divisions of the orogen by a commonality in gross geologic content and by their close spatial association. They are considered exotic relative to Laurentia on the basis of stratigraphic and tectonic evolution, paleontology, and position in the orogen analogous to that of exotic terranes in the northern Appalachians. They are probably peri-Gondwanan in origin. Within this first-order identity, the terranes exhibit remarkable heterogeneity, with respect to deposition, magmatism, and tectonothermal overprint. The depositional–magmatic history of the zone is viewed in three broad stages, including: (I) pre-600 Ma, (II) ca. 590–560 Ma, and (III) younger than ca. 550 Ma. Although each stage records significant felsic volcanism, there are few compelling stratigraphic linkages between terranes. Stage III plutonism may form a link between the two largest terranes in the zone. The isotopic evolution of the zone reflects the stratigraphic heterogeneity; isotopically juvenile magmatism in some terranes is coeval with more crustally evolved magmatism in others. The tectonothermal history of the zone is heterogeneous, producing a patchwork of suprastructural and infrastructural elements of different ages. Major tectonothermal events responsible for this pattern span the Neoproterozoic–earliest Cambrian, the Late Ordovician–Silurian, and the late Paleozoic. Evidence for regionally extensive events in the zone is sparse and such a fundamental concept as its time of accretion to Laurentia is speculative. The central Piedmont shear zone, a late Paleozoic ductile thrust that defines the western limit of the Carolina Zone, marks the final emplacement of the zone against Laurentian elements. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00079-4 VL - 57 IS - 3-4 SP - 299-339 SN - 1872-6828 KW - Carolina zone KW - Carolina terrane KW - southern Appalachians KW - Neoproterozoic arcs KW - peri-Gondwanan terranes ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Reply to comments on 'Isotopic analysis of dinosaur bones' AU - Showers, W. J. AU - Genna, B. AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVDepartmentsNEXTLetters to the Editor: Reply to Comments on "Isotopic Analysis of Dinosaur Bones"William J. Showers and Bernard GennaCite this: Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 13, 352 APublication Date (Web):July 1, 2002Publication History Published online1 July 2002Published inissue 1 July 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/ac022060oRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (30 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Anatomy Get e-Alerts DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1021/ac022060o SP - 352A ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat transports in the Indian Ocean estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry and model simulations AU - Manghnani, V AU - Morrison, JM AU - Xie, LA AU - Subrahmanyam, B T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Estimates of the heat budget of the Indian Ocean computed using TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) sea-level anomalies and the Miami Isopycnal Coordinate Ocean Model are compared to study the redistribution of heat in the Indian Ocean. In particular, the horizontal heat transport and heat storage are used because they typically change on time scales of months or years or longer, and are therefore a predictable element of the climate system. The results show that T/P-derived heat storage is weaker than that derived from the model but has similar spatial structure and temporal evolution. Complex principal component analysis shows that there are two main modes of heat content redistribution in the Indian Ocean. The most dominant mode has an annual signal peaking in the boreal summer, and depicts the response to strong southwest monsoon winds. This involves offshore propagation of heat in the northern Indian Ocean and southward propagation of heat across the equator. The other main mode of heat content redistribution in the Indian Ocean results from westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves. This process is prominent in the boreal fall to spring, and represents the dynamic readjustment of the Indian Ocean to near-equatorial wind forcing. This mode indirectly relates to the dipole mode index in the Indian Ocean. The minima of this time series coincide with the occurrence of the anomalous dipole structure in the equatorial Indian Ocean. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00153-9 VL - 49 IS - 7-8 SP - 1459-1480 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficient conservative global transport schemes for climate and atmospheric chemistry models AU - Nair, RD AU - Scroggs, JS AU - Semazzi, FHM T2 - MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AB - A computationally efficient mass-conservative transport scheme over the sphere is proposed and tested. The scheme combines a conservative finite-volume method with an efficient semi-Lagrangian scheme based on the dimension splitting “cascade” method. In the regions near the poles where the conservative cascade procedure breaks down, a globally conservative, but locally approximate scheme is used. This procedure is currently restricted to polar meridional Courant numbers less than one. The resulting conservative cascade scheme is evaluated using a solid-body rotation test and deformational flow test, and found to be both accurate and efficient. Compared to the traditional semi-Lagrangian scheme employing a bicubic-Lagrange interpolator, the proposed scheme is considerably more accurate and almost twice as fast while conserving mass exactly. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2059:ECGTSF>2.0.CO;2 VL - 130 IS - 8 SP - 2059-2073 SN - 0027-0644 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density-dependent predation and implications for stock enhancement with Japanese flounder AU - Kellison, GT AU - Eggleston, DB AU - Tanaka, M T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY AB - In laboratory predation trials kinsen-gani crab Matuta lunaris rarely preyed on hatchery-reared (HR) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, even at extremely elevated prey densities (c. 90 fish m−2), but fed readily on sacrificed Japanese founder. This suggests that under similar conditions in the wild predator-prey interactions between kinsen-gani and juvenile Japanese flounder are likely to be weak. Larger Japanese flounder readily cannibalized smaller conspecifics, suggesting that within-release group cannibalism may contribute considerably to post-release mortality of HR Japanese flounder when sufficient size variation exists within groups of released fish. Kinsen-gani presence had no effect on within-release group cannibalism rates of large Japanese flounder on small Japanese flounder. Within-release group cannibalism rates were significantly affected by densities of smaller (prey) fish, implying that the number of fish released (and thus post-release densities) in stock enhancement programmes may significantly affect post-release mortality rates. The probability of within-release group cannibalism increased rapidly as the cannibal-to-prey size ratio exceeded 1.6, suggesting that minimizing size variation of released HR individuals will reduce post-release cannibalism rates. These results have implications for Japanese flounder stock enhancement release strategies, and may be applicable to other finfish stock enhancement programmes. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1006/jfbi.2002.1913 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 968-980 SN - 1095-8649 KW - density-dependence KW - cannibalism KW - Paralichthys olivaceus KW - kinsen-gani KW - Matuta lunaris KW - stock enhancement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bay of Bengal nutrient-rich benthic layer AU - Gordon, AL AU - Giulivi, CF AU - Takahashi, T AU - Sutherland, S AU - Morrison, J AU - Olson, D T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - A nutrient- and carbon-rich, oxygen-poor benthic layer is observed in the lower 100 m of the central and western Bay of Bengal, at depths between 3400 to 4000 m. The observed ratios for the biogeochemical anomalies in the benthic layer water are similar to those observed for phytoplankton blooms in open oceans and hence suggest that the source of the high silica, phosphate, nitrate and carbon is likely to be due to decomposition of marine plankton deposited on the Ganges fan. While similar sediment types are expected to exist across a more extensive area of the Bay of Bengal, accumulation of nutrients only within a confined pool of bottom water is due to a greater degree of ventilation elsewhere. To the north of the nutrient-rich benthic pool, in shallower water, inflow of water from West Australian Basin minimizes anomalous benthic properties. To the south, in deeper water, ventilation by bottom water of the Central Indian Basin lifts the Bay of Bengal nutrient-rich benthic water off the sea floor. Thus the nutrient-rich benthic layer occupies zone between better ventilated regions. A counter-clockwise flow of bottom water is suggested for the Bay of Bengal, with nutrient-rich bottom water flowing westward south of Sri Lanka. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00161-8 VL - 49 IS - 7-8 SP - 1411-1421 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The accumulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the marine silica budget AU - DeMaster, DJ T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - In many of the recent marine silica budgets (e.g., Science 268 (1995) 375), a majority of the world's biogenic silica accumulation is attributed to the siliceous-ooze deposits in the Antarctic deep sea. Based on 230Th-normalized sediment accumulation rates as well as comparative studies of silica preservation (seabed accumulation compared to surface biogenic production), the rate of biogenic silica accumulation in Antarctic siliceous-ooze deposits has been over-estimated by as much as 35%. The current estimate for silica accumulation in these high-latitude deposits is 3.1×1012 mol yr−1 (as compared to previous values of 4.1–4.8×1012 mol yr−1). To maintain balance between silicate supply and biogenic silica removal in the oceans, an additional repository is needed. Evidence from continental shelf and upper slope sediments suggests that biogenic silica accumulation in continental margin deposits may account for a much larger fraction of the marine silica burial than previously thought, compensating for the diminished accumulation in the Antarctic deep sea. If biogenic silica accumulation in continental margin sediments replaces nearly a third of the silica accumulation in the Antarctic deep sea, the marine cycles of organic matter and biogenic silica are coupled to a greater extent than reported in previous budgets. Plusieurs travaux récents (e.g. The silica balance in the world ocean: A re-estimate. Science, 268, 375-379) montrent que la majorité des dépots sédimentaires de silice biogéne (=opale) de l’océan mondial intervient dans l’Océan Antarctique abyssal. En normalisant les vitesses d’accumulation des sédiments par la technique au 230 Th nous montrons que le flux d’accumulation de l’opale dans l’Antarctique est de 3,1 E12 moles par an, soit de 35% inférieur aux estimations antérieures (4,1 à 4,8 E12 mol par an). Si les apports nets de silicium dans l’océan sont compensés par les dépots nets d’opale biogéne (hypothèse du cycle du silicium à l’état stationnaire) un autre puite d’opale doit exister dans l’océan. Nos données tendent à montrer que ce puits pourrait se trouver dans les marges continentales de l’océan mondial, contrairement à ce que l’on pensait jusqu’à présent. Si l’accumulation d’opale dans ces marges remplace environ 1/3 du dépot sédimentaire abyssal en Antarctique, ceci signifie que les cycles océanique de la matière organique et de la silice biogène sont plus couplés qu’il n’était généralement admis. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00076-0 VL - 49 IS - 16 SP - 3155-3167 SN - 0967-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reply to comment on "numerical investigation of lake bed seepage patterns: effects of porous medium and lake properties"' by Genereux, D., and Bandopadhyay, I., 2001. Journal of Hydrology 241, 286-303 AU - Genereux, D AU - Bandopadhyay, I T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - Seawater intrusion (SI) is an increased threat to the groundwater resource in coastal regions. The cut-off wall is widely used to arrest the advance of a seawater wedge, but it is likely to cause groundwater contamination in landward aquifers. In order to alleviate the contamination problem, we proposed a new variable-permeability cut-off wall (VPFW) with a semi-permeable section at the bottom of the physical barrier. This study is the first to investigate the spatial distributions and transient behaviors of SI and nitrate pollution at field scale under the joint effects of physical barriers and denitrification. Results show the dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases almost synchronously with the intrusion of SW near the sea boundary, and the denitrification of NO3− and retreat of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) wedge occurred in the inland aquifer. Notably, the freshwater discharge flux and nitrate discharge flux for the developed VPFW increase by 35% and 20%, respectively, while the enrichment ratio of specific volume of nitrate contamination zone (SVNR) went down by 15% on average compared with the traditional cut-off wall. Four indices were proposed to quantify the impervious barrier: heights (H), relative hydraulic conductivities (K*), and control effectiveness of SI and nitrate pollution. Moreover, we found the control effectiveness for SI and nitrate pollution was continually enhanced with the reduction of K* and increase of H; however, excessive reduction and increase may result in the opposite impacts. The optimal K* and H for the VPFW can be determined with the required value of the reduction rate of saltwater wedge length (SWR) and SVNR; but all cut-off wall cases fail to meet the demand. The results show that the VPFW is much more effective in controlling SI and nitrate pollution in comparison with the traditional cut-off wall. DA - 2002/2/28/ PY - 2002/2/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00572-8 VL - 258 IS - 1-4 SP - 265-266 SN - 0022-1694 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonhydrostatic aspects of coastal upwelling meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries AU - Chao, SY AU - Shaw, PT T2 - TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Coastal upwelling meanders and filaments are common features off eastern ocean boundaries. Their growth is reinvestigated here in using a nonhydrostatic three-dimensional model and a reduced-gravity model, with the objective of assessing contributions from two mechanisms that emerge in the nonhydrostatic regime. The first mechanism is caused by the vertical projection of the Coriolis force in the momentum equation. It is found that the vertical Coriol is force often acts as a restoring force against numerical damping off eastern ocean boundaries and thus enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. The second mechanism arises from unstable ocean stratification when the cold upwelled water intrudes seaward over the warmlayer. The unstable stratification, albeit transient, further enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. It is concluded that although nonhydrostatic effects do not change our understanding of how meanders and filaments grow, the realism can be enhanced using a nonhydrostatic model in so far as meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries are concerned. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.00228.x VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 63-75 SN - 0280-6495 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discovery of the toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria in northern European waters AU - Jakobsen, KS AU - Tengs, T AU - Vatne, A AU - Bowers, HA AU - Oldach, DW AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Rublee, PA AU - Klaveness, D T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Several dinoflagellate strains of the genus Pfiesteria were isolated by culturing techniques from sediment samples taken in the Oslofjord region of Norway. Pfiesteria piscicida, well known as a fish killer from the Atlantic coast of America, was identified by genetic methods and light microscopy. The related species Pfiesteria shumwayae was attracted from the sediment by the presence of fish, and has proved toxic. This present survey demonstrates the wide distribution of these potentially harmful species, but so far they have not been connected with fish kills in Europe. DA - 2002/1/22/ PY - 2002/1/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2001.1852 VL - 269 IS - 1487 SP - 211-214 SN - 1471-2954 KW - Pfiesteria KW - Europe KW - toxic algae KW - environmental polymerase chain reaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical tracing of interbasin groundwater transfer in the lowland rainforest of Costa Rica AU - Genereux, DP AU - Wood, SJ AU - Pringle, CM T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - Chemical data from several hundred surface water and groundwater samples collected mainly during baseflow over 4.5 years were used to detect and quantify the natural interbasin transfer of deep groundwater into watersheds at La Selva Biological Station, a research site in the lowland rainforest of Costa Rica. Most of the variability in major ion concentrations at La Selva can be explained by mixing of two chemically and hydrologically distinct waters: high-solute bedrock groundwater, and low-solute local water draining from hillslope soils within the study watersheds. Several lines of evidence indicate that high-solute bedrock groundwater represents subsurface interbasin transfer into the study site. The fraction of water due to interbasin transfer (fwater) ranged from zero to about 0.49 for major streams at La Selva; fwater values were even higher (up to 0.84) for small riparian seeps and shallow groundwater near the Salto stream. The relative contribution of major ions by interbasin transfer was even more significant than of water itself. fwater values of 0.49 and 0.84 correspond to fCl values of 0.92 and 0.99, respectively (fCl, the fraction of dissolved chloride in a water sample that is due to interbasin transfer, is approximately equal to the fraction of all major ions contributed to the sample by interbasin transfer, given the observed linear correlation between Cl and other major ions). fwater and fCl of streams and riparian seeps varied on both long (monthly/seasonal) and short (storm event) time scales, in each case decreasing as conditions at La Selva became wetter. The high fwater values found in riparian groundwater and seeps indicate that local water and bedrock groundwater derived from interbasin transfer mix in the shallow subsurface at La Selva, not just in stream channels. With fwater values up to 0.84, it appears that some areas of riparian wetland may be maintained largely by interbasin transfer. This large interbasin transfer significantly affects both terrestrial (e.g. wetland) and aquatic ecosystems. Results suggest the importance of a regional approach to land use planning in this and similar environments. Complete protection of lowland streams, wetlands, and ecosystems in this hydrogeologic setting requires protection of a deep interbasin groundwater system whose precise volume, boundaries, and recharge areas are presently unknown. DA - 2002/2/28/ PY - 2002/2/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00568-6 VL - 258 IS - 1-4 SP - 163-178 SN - 1879-2707 KW - groundwater KW - watershed KW - chemical tracer KW - rainforest KW - streamflow KW - wetland ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abiotic variability and biocomplexity in the northern Adriatic, some research perspectives. AU - Hopkins, T. S. T2 - Biologia Marina Mediterranea DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1-47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Western hemisphere knowledge partnerships AU - Malone, TF T2 - INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW AB - An overarching challenge of the 21st century is the pursuit of an economically equitable balance between an exponentially expanding human system on planet Earth and the finite system of renewable natural resources supporting that human system. The combination of rapidly growing human knowledge and revolutionary technologies for sharing knowledge provides an effective tool for addressing; (1) population growth and (2) gains in individual economic productivity that are driving expansion of the human system. An environmentally sustainable, economically equitable, and socially stable global society is within reach as an array of local and regional communities possessing those characteristics. Western Hemisphere Knowledge Partnerships offer an attractive way to demonstrate the potential of The Knowledge Age to mount an international response to this 21st century challenge. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.2747/0020-6814.44.12.1134 VL - 44 IS - 12 SP - 1134-1140 SN - 1938-2839 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Volatile organic compounds in some urban locations in United States AU - Mohamed, MF AU - Kang, DW AU - Aneja, VP T2 - CHEMOSPHERE AB - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been determined to be human risk factors in urban environments, as well as primary contributors to the formation of photochemical oxidants. Ambient air quality measurements of 54 VOCs including hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and carbonyls were conducted in or near 13 urban locations in the United States during September 1996 to August 1997. Air samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency-approved methods. The target compounds most commonly found were benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene. These aromatic compounds were highly correlated and proportionally related in a manner suggesting that the primary contributors were mobile sources in all the urban locations studied. Concentrations of total hydrocarbons ranged between 1.39 and 11.93 parts per billion, by volume (ppbv). Ambient air levels of halogenated hydrocarbons appeared to exhibit unique spatial variations, and no single factor seemed to explain trends for this group of compounds. The highest halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from 0.24 ppbv for methylene chloride to 1.22 ppbv for chloromethane. At participating urban locations for the year of data considered, levels of carbonyls were higher than the level of the other organic compound groups, suggesting that emissions from motor vehicles and photochemical reactions strongly influence ambient air concentrations of carbonyls. Of the most prevalent carbonyls, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant compounds, ranging from 1.5-7.4 ppbv for formaldehyde, to 0.8-2.7 ppbv for acetaldehyde. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00107-8 VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - 863-882 SN - 0045-6535 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036595008&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - volatile organic compounds KW - hydrocarbons KW - carbonyls KW - halocarbons KW - air toxics KW - urban atmosphere ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic tracers in Amazon shelf waters during Amasseds AU - Karr, JD AU - Showers, WJ T2 - OCEANOLOGICA ACTA AB - Abstract A detailed hydrographic survey of the water column of the Amazon shelf was performed using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to determine the source and fate of waters on the shelf. δ 18 O-H 2 O and δ D measurements were made on water column samples from approximately 60 stations (three depths per station) which were each collected during four Amasseds (A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study) cruises: I8909-August 1989, falling river discharge; I9002-March 1990, rising river discharge; I9004-May 1990, peak discharge; I9113-November 1991, minimum discharge. Isotopes were compared with salinity and temperature measurements in order to identify water masses and mixing. The characteristics (salinity, temperature, δ 18 O, δ D and d ) are proposed for the following end-number water masses: river water, open ocean surface water (0–100 m) and open ocean intermediate water (> 300 m). River water: salinity = 0; temperature ≈ 27–29 °C; δ 18 O = –4.2 to –6.8 per mil; δ D ≈ –22.1 to –38.9 per mil; d =  9.4 to 17.0 per mil (compare to d  = 10 for Meteoric Water Line). Open ocean surface water (≈ 0–100 m): salinity ≈ 35 to 37; temperature ≈ 25–29 °C; δ 18 O ≈ –1 to +2 per mil; δ D ≈ –3.6 to +10.2 per mil. Open ocean intermediate water (≳300 m): salinity = 34.6 to 35.0; temperature = 4.8 to 9.6 °C; δ 18 O = –0.2 to +0.3 per mil; δ D = –8.72 to –0.95 per mil. Amazon river water follows a seasonal isotopic cycle in response to basin hydrologic processes. River water mixes with equatorial surface ocean water and intermediate ocean waters originating in mid-to-high southern latitudes. Near-surface waters in the region of North Brazil Current retroflection were identical in isotope–salinity space to waters on the outer shelf during November 1991. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01183-0 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 71-78 SN - 0399-1784 KW - Amazon KW - isotope KW - O-18 KW - deuterium KW - hydrography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pfiesteria shumwayae (Pfiesteriaceae) in New Zealand AU - Rhodes, LL AU - Burkholder, JM AU - Glasgow, HB AU - Rublee, PA AU - Allen, C AU - Adamson, JE T2 - NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH AB - Abstract Pfiesteria shumwayae Steidinger et Burkholder is now known to be present in New Zealand and occurs in estuaries around the country. The presence of Pfiesteria was initially determined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based detection assay, using oligonucleotide primers targeted at ribosomal DNA extracted from estuarine water and sediments. Presence was confirmed by isolation from fresh sediments in the presence offish (Oreochromis mossambicus), followed by identification by scanning electron microscopy. The New Zealand isolates of P. shumwayae were ichthyotoxic in bioassays, but there is no historic evidence offish kills in New Zealand associated with the dinoflagellate. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1080/00288330.2002.9517117 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 621-630 SN - 1175-8805 KW - Pfiesteria KW - dinoflagellate KW - estuarine KW - fish kills KW - molecular probes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transport and digestive alteration of uniformly C-13-labeled diatoms in mudflat sediments AU - Thomas, CJ AU - Blair, NE T2 - JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH AB - Uniformly 13 C-labeled diatoms were used to elucidate the effect deposit feeders have on the distribution and composition of phytodetritus within the seabed. Mudflat infauna contained in microcosms reacted quickly to the emplacement of labeled diatoms onto the sediment-water interface by moving the phytodetritus nonlocally during feeding and hoeing activities. Although redistribution of tracer was rapid, not all infauna exposed to the tracer ingested it. Using four species of deposit-feeding annelids that had ingested the 13 C-labeled phytodetritus during the microcosm experiment, molecular-level, digestive alterations of 13 C-labeled diatoms were documented. Fecal material produced by the deposit feeders had 13 C amino acid signatures distinctly different from that of the diatom. Alterations in the amino acid composition of the diatom were correlated to the gut morphology and digestive physiology of the polychaete taxa. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1357/002224002762231205 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 517-535 SN - 1543-9542 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensitivity of monsoon circulation and precipitation over India to model horizontal resolution and orographic effects AU - Wu, YH AU - Raman, S AU - Mohanty, UC AU - Madala, RV T2 - METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - Abstract A triple‐nested regional weather prediction model was used to investigate the effects of the model horizontal resolution and orography on southwest monsoon precipitation over India. Numerical experiments with different resolution topography and different horizontal resolution model domains were conducted. Simulation results indicate that both the distribution and intensity of simulated southwest monsoon precipitation over India is highly sensitive to model horizontal resolution and topography. The model with a finer resolution is able to predict mesoscale organization of rainfall over the land mass. Rainfall predicted over the coarse domain is much less than that observed owing to its unrealistic representation of orographic effects and mesoscale forcings. Simulated wind speed, surface pressure, and latent and sensible heat flux distributions are also sensitive to the model resolution. Larger values and more detailed structure of the distribution of the wind speed and latent and sensible heat fluxes are simulated in the finer domains. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1017/S1350482702003080 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 345-356 SN - 1350-4827 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitric oxide emissions from soils amended with municipal waste biosolids AU - Roelle, PA AU - Aneja, VP T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Land spreading nitrogen-rich municipal waste biosolids (NO3 -No256 mg N kg � 1 dry weight, NH3-NB23,080 mg Nk g � 1 dry weight, Total Kjeldahl NB41,700 mg N kg � 1 dry weight) to human food and non-food chain land is a practice followed throughout the US. This practice may lead to the recovery and utilization of the nitrogen by vegetation, but it may also lead to emissions of biogenic nitric oxide (NO), which may enhance ozone pollution in the lower levels of the troposphere. Recent global estimates of biogenic NO emissions from soils are cited in the literature, which are based on field measurements of NO emissions from various agricultural and non-agricultural fields. However, biogenic emissions of NO from soils amended with biosolids are lacking. Utilizing a state-of-the-art mobile laboratory and a dynamic flow-through chamber system, in-situ concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) were measured during the spring/summer of 1999 and winter/spring of 2000 from an agricultural soil which is routinely amended with municipal waste biosolids. The average NO flux for the late spring/summer time period (10 June 1999–5 August 1999) was 69.4734.9 ng N m � 2 s � 1 . Biosolids were applied during September 1999 and the field site was sampled again during winter/spring 2000 (28 February 2000–9 March 2000), during which the average flux was 3.671.7 ng N m � 2 s � 1 . The same field site was sampled again in late spring (2–9 June 2000) and the average flux was 64.8741.0 ng N m � 2 s � 1 .A n observationally based model, developed as part of this study, found that summer accounted for 60% of the yearly emission while fall, winter and spring accounted for 20%, 4% and 16% respectively. Field experiments were conducted which indicated that the application of biosolids increases the emissions of NO and that techniques to estimate biogenic NO emissions would, on a yearly average, underestimate the NO flux from this field by a factor of 26. Soil temperature and % water filled pore space (%WFPS) were observed to be significant variables for predicting NO emissions, however %WFPS was found to be most significant during high soil temperature conditions. In the range of pH values found at this site (5.870.3), pH was not observed to be a significant parameter in predicting NO emissions. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00415-0 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 137-147 SN - 1873-2844 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036136766&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - biosolids KW - nitric oxide KW - nitrogen cycling KW - soil emissions KW - tropospheric ozone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrological land surface response in a tropical regime and a midlatitudinal regime AU - Niyogi, DDS AU - Xue, YK AU - Raman, S T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY AB - A statistical‐dynamical study was performed on the role of hydrometeorological interactions in the midlatitudes and the semiarid Tropics. For this, observations from two field experiments, the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (FIFE) and the Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)‐Sahel, representative of the midlatitudes and the semiarid tropical conditions, and simulated results from a land surface model, Simplified Simple Biosphere (SSiB) model were statistically analyzed for direct and interaction effects. The study objectives were to test the hypothesis that there are significant differences in the land surface processes in the semiarid tropical and midlatitudinal regimes and to identify the nature of the differences in the evapotranspiration exchanges for the two biogeographical domains. Results suggest there are similarities in the direct responses but the interactions or the indirect feedback pathways could be very different. The arid tropical regimes are dominated through vegetative pathways (via variables such leaf area index, stomatal resistance, and vegetal cover); the midlatitudes show soil wetness (moisture)‐related feedback. In addition, for the midlatitudinal case, the vegetation and the soil surface acted in unison, leading to more interactive exchanges between the vegetation and the soil surface. The water-stressed semiarid tropical surface, on the other hand, showed response either directly between the vegetation and the atmosphere or between the soil and the atmosphere with very little interaction between the vegetation and the soil variables. Thus, the semiarid Tropics would require explicit bare ground and vegetation fluxes consideration, whereas the effective (combined vegetation and soil fluxes) surface representation used in various models may be more valid for the midlatitudinal case. This result also implied that with higher resource (water) availability the surface invested more in the surrounding environment. On the other hand, with poor resource availability (such as water stress in the tropical site), the surface components retain individual resources without sharing. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0039:HLSRIA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 39-56 SN - 1525-755X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flux of larval fish around Cape Hatteras AU - Grothues, TM AU - Cowen, RK AU - Pietrafesa, LJ AU - Bignami, F AU - Weatherly, GL AU - Flagg, CN T2 - LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY AB - Convergence of shelf water flows from the Middle and South Atlantic Bights (MAB and SAB) upon Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, presents a potential barrier to the exchange of fish larvae between bights. Impinging water often turns northeastward with the Gulf Stream, and larvae of both cool temperate and warm temperate/subtropical shelf fishes suffer expatriation. Transient oceanographic features exist, however, facilitating shelf retention, cross‐bight exchange, and return of expatriated larvae. The impact of these features is mitigated by specific distribution with relation to hydrography, resulting in a selective permeability of this barrier. Dynamic oceanography may result in dynamic recruitment success. We measured the springtime (1996) flux of seven larval fish species assemblages across the confluence by coupling measured water mass/depth specific larval fish concentration with water mass transport values obtained from an extensive moored instrument survey. Strong flows of shallow shelf water from the MAB to the SAB dominated transport of MAB spawned larvae even for groups with highest concentrations in waters without strong net flows. Most of these larvae passed from the MAB or the open sea into the study region shelf and from there into the SAB. Net flow of SAB water into the convergence retained SAB‐affiliated larvae arriving from the south, but nearshore MAB flows transported low numbers from the MAB to the SAB. The importance of this is tied to the unknown point of introduction of these SAB larvae to MAB waters (e.g., well north of the confluence), but northward exchange of SAB‐spawned fish was always prevented along the southern MAB shelf. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.4319/lo.2002.47.1.0165 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 165-175 SN - 0024-3590 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of ammonia emissions from soils in the upper coastal plain, North Carolina AU - Roelle, PA AU - Aneja, VP T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - A dynamic flow-through chamber system was used to measure fluxes of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N, where NH3-N=(14/17)NH3) from soil surfaces. The research site was located in eastern North Carolina (35.9°N latitude; 77.7°W longitude) and measurements were conducted during spring and winter 2000, in order to assess the NH3 source strength of intensively managed agricultural soils and the physiochemical properties which control these emissions. Soil temperature (Tsoil), soil pH, soil moisture, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN=organic N+NH3-N+NH4+-N) were monitored throughout both research periods. Soil temperature was found to explain the largest variability in soil NH3 emissions (Log10 NH3-N Flux=0.054Tsoil+0.66; R2=0.71), suggesting that an approach similar in design to the biogenic emissions inventory system land use and temperature model for NO emissions, might be effective for modeling biogenic NH3 emissions. Soil nitrogen was also significant in predicting NH3 flux [NH3 Flux=55.5(NH3-N)−160, R2=0.86; NH3 Flux=0.6(TKN)−410, R2=0.27], but only after the two days with the heaviest rainfall were removed from the regression, emphasizing the role of soil moisture in controlling the transfer of gases across the soil/air interface. Soil pH remained relatively constant throughout both research periods and therefore did not serve as a useful predictor of NH3 flux. A rain event, followed by a drying period produced a characteristic pulse in ammonia emissions. This pulsing phenomenon has been observed for other trace gases by various researchers. This research location was the site of a commercial hog operation, which allowed for the comparison of soil and lagoon emissions (lagoon emissions were based on an algorithm developed by Aneja et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 11,535). An analysis of the source strengths confirmed that lagoon emissions are a larger flux source (average lagoon flux ∼18,137 ng N m−2 s−1; average soil flux ∼54 ng N m−2 s−1); however soil surfaces make up a larger fraction of a commercial hog operation than the lagoon surfaces, and as a result they cannot be neglected when developing and apportioning NH3 emissions. A yearly average of ammonia emissions at this site revealed that soil emissions represent approximately 28% of the lagoon emissions. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00355-7 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 1087-1097 SN - 1873-2844 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036150359&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - ammonia KW - dynamic flow-through chamber system KW - soil emissions KW - agriculture KW - gas flux ER -