TY - JOUR TI - Structural integrity of RNA and translational integrity of ribosomes in nuclease-treated cell-free protein synthesizing systems prepared from wheat germ and rabbit reticulocytes AU - Kennedy, T.D. AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Lane, B.G T2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry DA - 1981/// PY - 1981/// VL - 256 SP - 5802–5809 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Complex organization of repetitive DNA families as analyzed with cloned DNA fragments AU - Cuellar, R.E. AU - Thompson, W.F. T2 - Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book PY - 1981/// VL - 80 SP - 81–82 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single copy DNA homologies in Atriplex. II. Hybrid thermal stabilities and molecular phylogeny AU - Belford, H.S. AU - Thompson, W.F. T2 - Heredity AB - Single copy DNA sequence homologies were measured by interspecific molecular hybridization and thermal denaturation techniques for eight species of the genus Atriplex and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Thermal stability profiles for Atriplex interspecific hybrids indicated more base pair mismatch than has been observed in most previously reported intrageneric comparisons of animal DNA. On the assumption that sequence divergence by base substitution is proportional to the time which has elapsed subsequent to speciation, the data are interpreted as indicating that lines leading to many modern Atriplex species probably originated during a single period of rapid speciation. This group includes C3 and C4 photosynthetic types from both subgenera. Thus the molecular data do not support the classical subgeneric distinction, and it is no longer necessary to postulate a polyphyletic origin for C4 photosynthesis within Atriplex. DA - 1981/2// PY - 1981/2// DO - 10.1038/hdy.1981.10 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 109–122 ER - TY - CHAP TI - DNA hybridization techniques for the study of plant evolution AU - Belford, H.S. AU - Thompson, W.F. AU - Stein, D.B. T2 - Phytochemistry and Angiosperm Phylogeny A2 - Young, D.A. A2 - Seigler, D.S. PY - 1981/// SP - 1–18 PB - Praeger Scientific ER - TY - CHAP TI - The nuclear genome: Structure and Function AU - Thompson, W.F. AU - Murray, M.G. T2 - The Biochemistry of Plants A2 - Marcus, A. PY - 1981/// VL - 6 SP - 1–81 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary sequence divergence within repeated DNA families of higher plant genomes AU - Preisler, Richard S. AU - Thompson, William F. T2 - Journal of Molecular Evolution DA - 1981/3// PY - 1981/3// DO - 10.1007/bf01732677 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 78-84 J2 - J Mol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2844 1432-1432 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01732677 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary sequence divergence within repeated DNA families of higher plant genomes AU - Preisler, Richard S. AU - Thompson, William F. T2 - Journal of Molecular Evolution DA - 1981/3// PY - 1981/3// DO - 10.1007/bf01732678 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 85-93 J2 - J Mol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2844 1432-1432 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01732678 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clone banks of the mung bean, pea and spinach chloroplast genomes AU - Palmer, Jeffrey D. AU - Thompson, William F. T2 - Gene AB - All but one of the PstI restriction fragments from mung bean, pea, and spinach chloroplast DNAs have been stably cloned into pBR322. Large fragments (15–54 kb) were cloned at low efficiencies which decreased with increasing fragment length. However, plasmids containing fragments above 25–30 kb were too unstable to be useful. In particular, pBR322 derivatives containing the largest mung bean and spinach fragments (34 kb and 54 kb, respectively) are extremely unstable and rapidly delete parts of the plasmid sequence. The SalI fragments of mung bean chloroplast DNA which cover the 34-kb PstI fragment have been cloned into pBR322. Similarly, the XhoI fragments of spinach chloroplast DNA which cover all but 0.9 kb of the 54-kb PstI fragment have been cloned into pACYC177. After a search of several thousand recombinants we were unable to recover a clone containing a 12.2-kb pea chloroplast PstI fragment and suggest that some property of its sequence may be inimical to the cloning process. The identity of the cloned fragments to native chloroplast DNA restriction fragments is demonstrated by restriction analysis and by the ability to construct detailed restriction maps of the mung bean and pea chloroplast genomes. DA - 1981/10// PY - 1981/10// DO - 10.1016/0378-1119(81)90100-1 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 21-26 J2 - Gene LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1119 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(81)90100-1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rearrangements in the chloroplast genomes of mung bean and pea AU - Palmer, J. D. AU - Thompson, W. F. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - We have mapped all the cleavage sites for the restriction endonucleases Bst EII, Kpn I, Pst I, Pvu II, Sac I, Sal I, Sma I, and Xho I on the circular chloroplast chromosomes from mung bean and pea. The mung bean chloroplast genome measures 150 kilobase pairs (kb) in length; it includes two identical sequences of 23 kb that contain the ribosomal genes and are arranged as an inverted repeat separated by single-copy regions of 21 and 83 kb. The pea chloroplast genome is only 120 kb in size, has only one set of ribosomal genes, and does not possess any detectable repeated sequences. The mung bean inverted repeat structure is common to all other nonleguminous higher plant chloroplast genomes studied, whereas the pea structure has been found only in the closely related legume Vicia faba . We conclude from these data that loss of one copy of the inverted repeat sequence has occurred only rarely during the evolution of the Angiosperms, and in the case of the legumes after the divergence of the mung bean line from the pea- Vicia line. We present hybridization data indicating that rearrangements that change the linear order of homologous sequences within the chloroplast genome have been quite frequent during the course of legume evolution. DA - 1981/9/1/ PY - 1981/9/1/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5533 VL - 78 IS - 9 SP - 5533-5537 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.9.5533 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ancient repeated sequences in the pea and mung bean genomes and implications for genome evolution AU - Murray, Michael G. AU - Peters, Debra L. AU - Thompson, William F. T2 - Journal of Molecular Evolution DA - 1981/1// PY - 1981/1// DO - 10.1007/bf01792422 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 31-42 J2 - J Mol Evol LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2844 1432-1432 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01792422 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single copy DNA homologies in Atriplex. I. Cross reactivity estimates and the role of deletions in genome evolution AU - Belford, Heather S AU - Thompson, William F T2 - Heredity AB - Genome sizes and single copy complexity values have been estimated for eight Atriplex species and spinach by analysis of DNA reassociation kinetics. These values, together with measurements of interspecific hybridization carried out with purified single copy tracers, have been used to estimate the absolute amount of single copy DNA which is composed of homologous sequences in various species. The data show a large variation in cross reactivity for different species pairs which is best explained by postulating that these genomes were subject to extensive deletion during evolution of different lineages. At most, only about 5 × 107 nucleotide pairs of single copy DNA (about 10 times the amount in an E. coli genome) appear to be necessary to specify phenotypic features common to Atriplex species. DA - 1981/2// PY - 1981/2// DO - 10.1038/hdy.1981.9 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 91-108 J2 - Heredity LA - en OP - SN - 0018-067X 1365-2540 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1981.9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the opportunity for polymorphism with sex-linkage or haplodiploidy AU - Curtsinger, J. W. T2 - Genetics DA - 1981/// PY - 1981/// VL - 96 IS - 3 SP - 995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF EMBRYO TRANSFER ON GENETIC CHANGE IN DAIRY-CATTLE AU - MCDANIEL, BT AU - CASSELL, BG T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Impact of embryo transfer on rate of genetic gain was examined for a) development of bulls for progeny test, b) development of replacement females, and c) progeny testing of dams of bulls and replacement females.Increased selection intensity by embryo transfer potentially could improve genetic merit of bull dams by 17% when applied to production of sires for progeny test.Additional benefits would arise from increased availability of sisters to such bulls.Genetic merit of dams of replacement females increases more than genetic merit of dams of bulls with embryo transfer.However, current costs of embryo transfer limit its application to production of replacement females when increased yield is the sole source of added income.Increases in generation interval offset improvement in rate of genetic gain per generation from progeny testing females.Therefore, mass selection on own performance and pedigree produce a higher rate of genetic gain per year than progeny testing females.Application of embryo transfer to selection schemes for multiple traits may prove beneficial. DA - 1981/// PY - 1981/// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82873-1 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 2484-2492 SN - 0022-0302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL EFFECTS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF SELECTION - A REVIEW AU - ROBISON, OW T2 - LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - The experimental evidence concerning the existence and importance of maternal effects in beef cattle, dairy cattle and swine is reviewed. It is clear that maternal effects are important in all three species. Unless management programs and selection methods take maternal effects into consideration, selection efficiency will be reduced. Some suggestions are given for altering management programs to increase production and selection efficiency. On passe en revue les faits expérimentaux concernant l'existence et l'importance des effets maternels chez les bovins, les ovins et les pores. Il est clair que ces effets sont importants dans les trois espèces. Si les programmes de conduite des animaux et les méthodes de sélection ne les prennent pas en compte, l'efficacité de la sélection sera diminuée. On propose quelques modifications des programmes de conduite des animaux afin d'accroître l'efficacité de la production et de la sélection. Es wird über das experimentelle Ergebnis bezüglich des Vorhandenseins und der Bedeutung maternaler Effekte bei Fleisch- und Milchrindern und Schweinen berichtet. Es ist eindeutig, dass die maternalen Effekte für alle drei Tierarten bedeutsam sind. Wenn Managementprogramme und Selektionsmethoden die maternalen Effekte unberücksichtigt lassen, wird der Selektionserfolg reduziert sein. Es werden einige Anregungen für veränderte Managementprogramme gegeben mit dem Ziel, Produktion und Selektionserfolg zu erhöhen. DA - 1981/// PY - 1981/// DO - 10.1016/0301-6226(81)90016-6 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 121-137 SN - 0301-6226 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ESTIMATION OF DIRECT AND MATERNAL ADDITIVE AND HETEROTIC EFFECTS FROM CROSSBREEDING EXPERIMENTS IN ANIMALS AU - ROBISON, OW AU - MCDANIEL, BT AU - RINCON, EJ T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - A model is proposed for the estimation of genetic effects from crossbreeding data. Analyses of variance and appropriate F-tests allow estimation of the importance of various effects. Deviations from the model provide evidence about the existence of epistasis and(or) linkage effects. This procedure has three advantages over conventional analyses of crossbreeding data: (1) It is a less complex statistical procedure; (2) It provides a clearer understanding of the genetic components; (3) It allows prediction of breed crosses that were not included in the data set. This model was applied to data from the long-term dairy crossbreeding project conducted at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. Breed additive genetic superiorities of Holsteins over Ayrshires and Brown Swiss were 759 and 857 kg for milk yield (P<.01), 555 and 556 kg for fat-corrected milk yield (P<.05) and —.30 and —.44 for fat percentage (P<.01), respectively. Differences between Brown Swiss and Ayrshires were small. The nonadditive genetic effects measured by regression on the expected percentage of heterozygotic loci were important for Brown Swiss × Holstein and Ayrshire × Holstein crosses. Complete Brown Swiss × Holstein heterozygosity resulted in increases of 341 kg in milk (P<.05), 16.2 kg in milk fat (P<.01) and 378 kg in fat-corrected milk (P<.05). For Ayrshire × Holstein crosses, the heterosis contributions for milk fat and fat-corrected milk (P<.05) were 13.6 and 299 kg, respectively. Holstein maternal contributions for production traits exceeded those for Ayrshires and Brown Swiss by 607 (P<.01) and 476 kg (P<.01) for milk yield, 16.9 (P<.05) and 12.1 kg (NS) for fat yield and 494 (P<.01) and 375 kg (P<.05) for fat-corrected milk yield, but were .17 (P<.05) and .15% (NS) lower for fat percentage. There was no evidence that epistasis and linkage contributed significantly to differences among breed groups. DA - 1981/// PY - 1981/// DO - 10.2527/jas1981.52144x VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 44-50 SN - 0021-8812 ER -