TY - BOOK TI - QTL Cartographer: a reference manual and tutorial for QTL mapping AU - Basten, C.J. AU - Weir, B.S. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Department of Statistics, NC State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of genetic relationships of central American and Mexican pines using RAPD markers that distinguish species AU - Furman, BJ AU - Grattapaglia, D AU - Dvorak, WS AU - OMalley, DM T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Phylogenetic relationships were inferred for six Central American and Mexican pine species by analysing RAPD marker differences among pooled DNA samples. This population level pooling strategy discounts low‐frequency allelic variation within taxa, thus obtaining a ‘cumulative genotype’ to compare among taxa. We used the morphologically based taxonomy of pines as the basis for inference concerning molecular marker divergence. Only RAPD polymorphisms that were repeatable and intensely amplified were used. The resulting data set was found to have strong hierarchical structure. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using both neighbour‐joining and maximum parsimony. The phylogenetic relationships indicated by analysis of the pine RAPD data provide new insights on pine taxonomy. The phylogenetic analyses of the RAPD marker data placed Pinus tecunumanii and P. patula clearly into two different subgroups, strongly supporting the classification of P. tecunumanii as a distinct species, and raise a new set of issues concerning the distinctions between Pinus tecunumanii and P. caribaea . Phylogenetically informative RAPD markers will be useful tools to address ex‐situ conservation issues that involve taxonomic identification and species admixture. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00183.x VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 321-331 SN - 0962-1083 KW - RAPD KW - DNA pooling KW - pinus KW - phylogenetics KW - taxonomy KW - tropical forestry ER - TY - PAT TI - Method of detecting toxins using host cells expressing an urf13-T gene AU - Levings, C. S. AU - Dewey, R. E. AU - Braun, C. J. C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The contribution of new mutations to genotype-environment interaction for fitness in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Fry, J. D. AU - Heinsohn, S. L. AU - MacKay, T. F.C. T2 - Evolution DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2307/2410700 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2316-2327 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction of a plant intron into the luciferase gene of Photinus pyralis AU - Mankin, S. L. AU - Allen, G. C AU - Thompson, William T2 - Plant Molecular Biology Reporter DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1007/bf02812270 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 186–196 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sites of rDNA transcription are widely AU - Thompson, W. F. AU - Bevan, A. F. AU - Wells, B. AU - Shaw, P. T2 - Plant Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 12 IS - 1997 SP - 571-581 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Statistical issues in the search for genes? AU - Doerge, R. W. AU - Zeng, Z. B. AU - Weir, B. S. T2 - Statistical Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 12 IS - 1997 SP - 195-219 ER - TY - PAT TI - Recombinant baculovirus with insecticidal activity C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - PAT TI - Maize cytoplasmic male sterility type T (cms-T) mitochondria DNA C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence tag site and host range assays demonstrate that Radopholus similis and R-citrophilus are not reproductively isolated AU - Kaplan, D. T. AU - Vanderspool, M. C. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 421-429 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative genetic analysis of divergence in male secondary sexual traits between Drosophila simulans and Drosophila mauritiana AU - True, , JR AU - Liu, JJ AU - Stam, LF AU - Zeng, ZB AU - Laurie, CC T2 - EVOLUTION DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.2307/2411157 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 816-832 SN - 0014-3820 KW - genitalia KW - interspecific divergence KW - morphological evolution KW - quantitative trait loci mapping KW - sexual dimorphism ER - TY - PAT TI - Method of eliminating genetic routes for bacteriophage evolution and products produced thereby AU - Klaenhammer, T. R. AU - Moineau, S. C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance, gene expression, and lignin characterization in a mutant pine deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase AU - MacKay, JJ AU - OMalley, DM AU - Presnell, T AU - Booker, FL AU - Campbell, MM AU - Whetten, RW AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - We have discovered a mutant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in which expression of the gene encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) is severely reduced. The products of CAD, cinnamyl alcohols, are the precursors of lignin, a major cell wall polymer of plant vascular tissues. Lignin composition in this mutant shows dramatic modifications, including increased incorporation of the substrate of CAD (coniferaldehyde), indicating that CAD may modulate lignin composition in pine. The recessive cad-n1 allele, which causes this phenotype, was discovered in a tree heterozygous for this mutant allele. It is inherited as a simple Mendelian locus that maps to the same genomic region as the cad locus. In mutant plants, CAD activity and abundance of cad RNA transcript are low, and free CAD substrate accumulates to a high level. The wood of the mutant is brown, whereas the wood in wild types is nearly white. The wood phenotype resembles that of brown midrib (bm) mutants and some transgenic plants in which xylem is red-brown due to a reduction in CAD activity. However, unlike transgenics with reduced CAD, the pine mutant has decreased lignin content. Wood in which the composition of lignin varies beyond previous expectations still provides vascular function and mechanical support. DA - 1997/7/22/ PY - 1997/7/22/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.94.15.8255 VL - 94 IS - 15 SP - 8255-8260 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of staphylococcus species and subspecies by the chaperonin 60 gene identification method and reverse checkerboard hybridization AU - Goh, S. H. AU - Santucci, Z. AU - Kloos, W. E. AU - Faltyn, M. AU - George, C. G. AU - Driedger, D. AU - Hemmingsen, S. M. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 35 IS - 12 SP - 3116-3121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome similarity implies that citrus-parasitic burrowing nematodes do not represent a unique species AU - Kaplan, D. T. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 430-440 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetics of soybean-Heterodera glycines interactions AU - Dong, K. AU - Barker, K. R. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 509-522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CIS elements that contribute to geminivirus transcriptional regulation and the efficiency of DNA replication AU - Eagle, P. A. AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. K. T2 - Journal of Virology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 71 IS - 9 SP - 6947-6955 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The evolution of the conserved ATPase domain (CAD): Reconstructing the history of an ancient protein module AU - Swaffield, JC AU - Purugganan, MD T2 - JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.1007/PL00006259 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 549-563 SN - 0022-2844 KW - AAA proteins KW - ATPase KW - proteasome KW - NSF KW - Sec KW - Pas KW - metalloprotease ER - TY - JOUR TI - The dark-adaptation response of the de-etiolated pea mutant lip1 is modulated by external signals and endogenous programs AU - Frances, S AU - Thompson, WF T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract The lip1 mutant of pea (Pisum sativum L.) exhibits a de-etiolated phenotype. When grown in darkness, lip1 plants have several characteristics normally associated only with light-grown plants. Young wild-type (WT) seedlings accumulate high levels of transcripts from plastid-related genes (such as those encoding chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, ferredoxin, and the small subunit of Rubisco) only in the light. In contrast, regardless of the light conditions under which the plants are grown, young mutant seedlings accumulate transcript levels equal to or greater than those seen in light-grown WT seedlings of the same age. Under some conditions, light-grown lip1 seedlings failed to respond to dark treatment. The largest response to darkness observed in the mutant occurred when older seedlings were first grown under low-light conditions before transfer to darkness. The mutant's inability to respond to darkness is not due to a gross disturbance in the circadian clock. We conclude that environmental signals (light) and endogenous programs (developmental and circadian) regulate gene expression in both WT and mutant plants. However, mutant seedlings exhibit a developmentally regulated and exaggerated response to light. In addition, the effect of the mutation may be greatest during a brief period early in development. DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.1104/pp.115.1.23 VL - 115 IS - 1 SP - 23-28 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex-specific quantitative trait loci affecting longevity in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Nuzhdin, SV AU - Pasyukova, EG AU - Dilda, CL AU - Zeng, ZB AU - Mackay, TFC T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Senescence, the decline in survivorship and fertility with increasing age, is a near-universal property of organisms. Senescence and limited lifespan are thought to arise because weak natural selection late in life allows the accumulation of mutations with deleterious late-age effects that are either neutral (the mutation accumulation hypothesis) or beneficial (the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis) early in life. Analyses of Drosophila spontaneous mutations, patterns of segregating variation and covariation, and lines selected for late-age fertility have implicated both classes of mutation in the evolution of aging, but neither their relative contributions nor the properties of individual loci that cause aging in nature are known. To begin to dissect the multiple genetic causes of quantitative variation in lifespan, we have conducted a genome-wide screen for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting lifespan that segregate among a panel of recombinant inbred lines using a dense molecular marker map. Five autosomal QTLs were mapped by composite interval mapping and by sequential multiple marker analysis. The QTLs had large sex-specific effects on lifespan and age-specific effects on survivorship and mortality and mapped to the same regions as candidate genes with fertility, cellular aging, stress resistance and male-specific effects. Late age-of-onset QTL effects are consistent with the mutation accumulation hypothesis for the evolution of senescence, and sex-specific QTL effects suggest a novel mechanism for maintaining genetic variation for lifespan. DA - 1997/9/2/ PY - 1997/9/2/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9734 VL - 94 IS - 18 SP - 9734-9739 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative genetics of ovariole number in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Segregating variation and fitness AU - Wayne, M. L. AU - Hackett, J. B. AU - Mackay, T. F. C. T2 - Evolution DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2307/2411045 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 1156-1163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular and cytogenetic analyses of stably and unstably expressed transgene loci in tobacco AU - Iglesias, VA AU - Moscone, EA AU - Papp, I AU - Neuhuber, F AU - Michalowski, S AU - Phelan, T AU - Spiker, S AU - Matzke, M AU - Matzke, AJM T2 - PLANT CELL AB - To study the influence of genomic context on transgene expression, we have determined the T-DNA structure, flanking DNA sequences, and chromosomal location of four independent transgene loci in tobacco. Two of these loci were stably expressed in the homozygous condition over many generations, whereas the other two loci became unstable after several generations of homozygosity. The stably expressed loci comprised relatively simple T-DNA arrangements that were flanked on at least one side by plant DNA containing AT-rich regions that bind to nuclear matrices in vitro. Of the unstably expressed loci, one consisted of multiple incomplete T-DNA copies, and the second contained a single intact T-DNA; in both cases, however, binary vector sequences were directly contiguous to a right T-DNA border. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that the two stably expressed inserts were present in the vicinity of telomeres. The two unstably expressed inserts occupied intercalary and paracentromeric locations, respectively. Results on the stability of transgene expression in F1 progeny obtained by intercrossing the four lines and the sensitivity of the four transgene loci to inactivation in the presence of an unlinked "trans-silencing" locus are also presented. The findings are discussed in the context of repetitive DNA sequences and the allotetraploid nature of the tobacco genome. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1105/tpc.9.8.1251 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 1251-1264 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low mutation rates of microsatellite loci in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Schug, MD AU - Mackay, TFC AU - Aquadro, CF T2 - NATURE GENETICS DA - 1997/1// PY - 1997/1// DO - 10.1038/ng0197-99 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 99-102 SN - 1061-4036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome segment Xq25 26.1 in advanced human ovarian carcinomas AU - Choi, C. AU - Cho, S. H. AU - Horikawa, I. AU - Berchuck, A. AU - Wang, N. AU - Cedrone, E. AU - Jhung, S. W. AU - Lee, J. B. AU - Kerr, J. AU - Chenevix Trench, G. AU - Kim, S. Y. AU - Barrett, J. C. AU - Koi, M. T2 - Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 234-242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence of direct polyploidization in the mitotic parthenogenetic Meloidogyne microcephala, through doubling of its somatic chromosome number AU - Triantaphyllou, A. C. AU - Hirschmann, H. T2 - Fundamental and Applied Nematology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 385-391 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of post transcriptionally suppressed transgene expression that confers resistance to tobacco etch virus infection in tobacco AU - Tanzer, M. M. AU - Thompson, William AU - Law, M. D. AU - Wernsman, E. A. AU - Uknes, S. T2 - Plant Cell AB - Tobacco lines expressing transgenes that encode tobacco etch virus (TEV) coat protein (CP) mRNA with or without nonsense codons give rise to TEV-resistant tissues that have reduced levels of TEV CP mRNA while maintaining high levels of transgene transcriptional activity. Two phenotypes for virus resistance in the lines containing the transgene have been described: immune (no virus infection) and recovery (initial systemic symptoms followed by gradual recovery over several weeks). Here, we show that at early times in development, immune lines are susceptible to TEV infection and accumulate full-length CP mRNA. Therefore, immune lines also exhibit meiotic resetting, as is seen in the recovery lines, providing molecular evidence for a common mechanism of gene silencing and virus resistance in both cases. We also investigated the characteristics of two sets of low molecular weight RNAs that appear only in silenced tissue. One set has nearly intact 5[prime] ends, lacks poly(A) tails, and is associated with polyribosomes; the second set contains the 3[prime] end of the mRNA. Treating silenced leaf tissue with cycloheximide resulted in decreased levels of full-length mRNA and an increase in the levels of the low molecular weight RNAs, supporting a cytoplasmic decay mechanism that does not require ongoing translation. Surprisingly, mRNA from the transgene containing nonsense codons was associated with more ribosomes than expected, possibly resulting from translation from a start codon downstream of the introduced translational stop codons. We present a hypothesis for transgene/viral RNA degradation in which RNA degradation occurs in the cytoplasm while in association with polyribosomes. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1105/tpc.9.8.1411 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 1411–1423 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of a yield quantitative trait locus on chromosome five of maize by fine mapping AU - Graham, GI AU - Wolff, DW AU - Stuber, CW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - In an earlier study for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) a maize ( Zea mays L.) population generated from the cross B73 × Mo17, a major effect on grain yield and yield related traits was detected on chromosome 5. This chromosomal region has also shown significant associations with grain yield in several other studies. These findings have, thus, provided the impetus to further characterize this segment. A set of BC 2 S 1 lines was created, each containing an intrugressed segment of Mo17 in a B73 background. A reciprocal set of lines, each with a B73 donor segment in a Mo17 background, also was created. These BC 2 S 1 lines were genotyped by means of 16 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and two isozyme markers that mapped to the targeted region on chromosome 5. From field data based on testcrosses of these lines, this one large region on chromosome 5 was dissected into at least two smaller QTLs. Effects at these two QTLs appear to act in a dominant manner, each showing significance in one testcross but not the other. These genetic factors are in repulsion phase linkage and their effects support the dominance theory of heterosis. One other segment in this region on chromosome 5 showed a significant association with yield, but it was not consistently expressed and may be spurious. The largest of these three segments has been mapped to a 27.5‐centimorgan (cM) interval near Amp3 . if the observed results are indicative of the true complexity associated with QTLs having large effects, marker‐aided breeding involving such regions could be difficult, particularly if the marker‐aided breeding is based on early generation (backcross, F 2 , or F 3 ) data, where the intricate nature of a region cannot be resolved. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050033x VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1601-1610 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and analysis of North American triticale genetic resources AU - Furman, BJ AU - Qualset, CO AU - Skovmand, B AU - Heaton, JH AU - Corke, H AU - Wesenberg, DM T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - A collection of more than 3000 accessions of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack), called the North American Triticale Genetic Resources Collection (NATGRC), was assembled from 10 active and inactive breeding programs in the USA, Canada, and Mexico for the purposes of conservation, characterization, evaluation, and documentation. Since triticale has no wild ancestors and hybrid parentage is often unknown, preservation of unique gene combinations is essential for continued utilization. The origin groups that comprised the whole collection were evaluated in field plots for 2 yr at Davis, CA. Accessions were predominantly secondary hexaploid triticales having spring growth habit. The collection was classified for spike type and 38% had spikes typical of complete (Beagle type) and 30% were substituted (Armadillo type) triticale. The Shannon‐Weaver diversity index (H′), computed for seven qualitative traits, was 1.275 for the whole colleclion. The most diverse group was from Manitoba (1.404) and the least diverse groups were from Oregon (0.822) and CIMMYT (0.867). Overtrait mean coefficients of variation for eight quantitative traits gave similar diversity ratings as H′ for each of the origin groups ( r = 0.74*), suggesting that simply scored traits may be useful for assessing overall diversity in large genetic resource collections. Principal components (PC) analysis of quantitative traits showed differentiation, but considerable commonality, among the Canada, Mexico, and USA groups. The CA‐Davis group included hybrid derivatives from CA‐Jenkins × CIMMYT groups that clustered intermediate to those groups, suggesting a genetic basis for the phenotypic clustering. The PC analysis showed that the Beagle and Armadillo types differed in several quantitative traits, showing that this classification is a useful descriptor for hexaploid triticale. The NATGRC is conserved at USDA, Aberdeen, ID, and CIMMYT, Mexico. Researchers are urged to use and contribute to this collection. The formation of a European‐based collection emphasizing winter growth habit is recommended. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060046x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1951-1959 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacteriophage-triggered defense systems: Phage adaptation and design improvements AU - Djordjevic, G. M. AU - Klaenhammer, T. R. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 63 IS - 11 SP - 4370-4376 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RRB1 and RRB2 encode maize retinoblastoma-related proteins that interact with a plant D-type cyclin and geminivirus replication protein AU - Ach, RA AU - Durfee, T AU - Miller, AB AU - Taranto, P AU - HanleyBowdoin, L AU - Zambryski, PC AU - Gruissem, W T2 - MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY AB - Unlike mammalian and yeast cells, little is known about how plants regulate G1 progression and entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. In mammalian cells, a key regulator of this process is the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB). In contrast, G1 control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not utilize an RB-like protein. We report here the cloning of cDNAs from two Zea mays genes, RRB1 and RRB2, that encode RB-related proteins. Further, RRB2 transcripts are alternatively spliced to yield two proteins with different C termini. At least one RRB gene is expressed in all the tissues examined, with the highest levels seen in the shoot apex. RRB1 is a 96-kDa nuclear protein that can physically interact with two mammalian DNA tumor virus oncoproteins, simian virus 40 large-T antigen and adenovirus E1A, and with a plant D-type cyclin. These associations are abolished by mutation of a conserved cysteine residue in RRB1 that is also essential for RB function. RRB1 binding potential is also sensitive to deletions in the conserved A and B domains, although differences exist in these effects compared to those of human RB. RRB1 can also bind to the AL1 protein from tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), a protein which is essential for TGMV DNA replication. These results suggest that G1 regulation in plant cells is controlled by a mechanism which is much more similar to that found in mammalian cells than that in yeast. DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.1128/MCB.17.9.5077 VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - 5077-5086 SN - 0270-7306 ER - TY - JOUR TI - North Carolina producers' adoption of waste management practices AU - Hoban, T. J. AU - Clifford, W. B. AU - Futreal, M. R. AU - McMillan, M. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - 332-339 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of a genomic region in a Lactococcus bacteriophage that is involved in its sensitivity to the phage defense mechanism AbiA AU - Dinsmore, PK AU - Klaenhammer, TR T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - A spontaneous mutant of the lactococcal phage phi31 that is insensitive to the phage defense mechanism AbiA was characterized in an effort to identify the phage factor(s) involved in sensitivity of phi31 to AbiA. A point mutation was localized in the genome of the AbiA-insensitive phage (phi31A) by heteroduplex analysis of a 9-kb region. The mutation (G to T) was within a 738-bp open reading frame (ORF245) and resulted in an arginine-to-leucine change in the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein. The mutant phi31A-ORF245 reduced the sensitivity of phi31 to AbiA when present in trans, indicating that the mutation in ORF245 is responsible for the AbiA insensitivity of phi31A. Transcription of ORF245 occurs early in the phage infection cycles of phi31 and phi31A and is unaffected by AbiA. Expansion of the phi31 sequence revealed ORF169 (immediately upstream of ORF245) and ORF71 (which ends 84 bp upstream of ORF169). Two inverted repeats lie within the 84-bp region between ORF71 and ORF169. Sequence analysis of an independently isolated AbiA-insensitive phage, phi31B, identified a mutation (G to A) in one of the inverted repeats. A 118-bp fragment from phi31, encompassing the 84-bp region between ORF71 and ORF169, eliminates AbiA activity against phi31 when present in trans, establishing a relationship between AbiA and this fragment. The study of this region of phage phi31 has identified an open reading frame (ORF245) and a 118-bp DNA fragment that interact with AbiA and are likely to be involved in the sensitivity of this phage to AbiA. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1128/jb.179.9.2949-2957.1997 VL - 179 IS - 9 SP - 2949-2957 SN - 0021-9193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Germ line transposition of the copia retrotransposon in Drosophila melanogaster is restricted to males by tissue-specific control of copia RNA levels AU - Pasyukova, E. AU - Nuzhdin, Sergey V. AU - Li, W. AU - Flavell, A. J. T2 - Molecular and General Genetics DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 255 IS - 1 SP - 115-124 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic and molecular analysis of smooth, a quantitative trait locus affecting bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Lage, P. Z. AU - Shrimpton, A. D. AU - Flavell, A. J. AU - Mackay, T. F. C. AU - Brown, A. J. L. T2 - Genetics DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 146 IS - 2 SP - 607-618 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic analysis of parasitism in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines AU - Dong, K. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Genetics DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 146 IS - 4 SP - 1311-1318 ER - TY - JOUR TI - General formulas for obtaining the MLEs and the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix in mapping quantitative trait loci when using the EM algorithm AU - Kao, CH AU - Zeng, ZB T2 - BIOMETRICS AB - We present in this paper general formulas for deriving the maximum likelihood estimates and the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the positions and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a finite normal mixture model when the EM algorithm is used for mapping QTLs. The general formulas are based on two matrices D and Q, where D is the genetic design matrix, characterizing the genetic effects of the QTLs, and Q is the conditional probability matrix of QTL genotypes given flanking marker genotypes, containing the information on QTL positions. With the general formulas, it is relatively easy to extend QTL mapping analysis to using multiple marker intervals simultaneously for mapping multiple QTLs, for analyzing QTL epistasis, and for estimating the heritability of quantitative traits. Simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of the estimates of the asymptotic variances of QTL positions and effects. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.2307/2533965 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 653-665 SN - 0006-341X KW - asymptotic variance-covariance matrix KW - EM algorithm KW - epistasis KW - gene mapping KW - general formulas KW - heritability KW - maximum likelihood KW - normal mixture model KW - quantitative trait loci ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining information from data in mapping analysis: use of multiple markers and multiple traits AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Animal Biotechnology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/10495399709525876 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 145-150 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altering developmental trajectories in mice by restricted index selection AU - Atchley, W. R. AU - Xu, S. AU - Cowley, D. E. T2 - Genetics DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 146 IS - 2 SP - 629-640 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A natural classification of the basic helix-loop-helix class of transcription factors AU - Atchley, WR AU - Fitch, WM T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - A natural (evolutionary) classification is provided for 242 basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) motif-containing proteins. Phylogenetic analyses of amino acid sequences describe the patterns of evolutionary change within the motif and delimit evolutionary lineages. These evolutionary lineages represent well known functional groups of proteins and can be further arranged into five groups based on binding to DNA at the hexanucleotide E-box, the amino acid patterns in other components of the motif, and the presence/absence of a leucine zipper. The hypothesized ancestral amino acid sequence for the bHLH transcription factor family is given together with the ancestral sequences of the subgroups. It is suggested that bHLH proteins containing a leucine zipper are not a natural, monophyletic group. DA - 1997/5/13/ PY - 1997/5/13/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5172 VL - 94 IS - 10 SP - 5172-5176 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two domains of the AL1 protein mediate geminivirus origin recognition AU - Gladfelter, HJ AU - Eagle, PA AU - Fontes, EPB AU - Batts, L AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - VIROLOGY AB - The geminiviruses tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) and bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) have bipartite genomes. Their A and B DNA components containcis-acting sequences that function as origins of replication, while their A components encode thetrans-acting replication proteins—AL1 and AL3. Earlier experiments demonstrated that virus-specific interactions between thecis- andtrans-acting functions are required for TGMV and BGMV replication and that the AL1 proteins of the two viruses specifically bind their respective origins. In the current study, characterization of AL1 and AL3 proteins produced from plant expression cassettes in transient replication assays revealed that interaction between AL1 and the origin is responsible for virus-specific replication. The AL3 protein does not contribute to specificity but can be preferred by its cognate AL1 protein when replication is impaired. Analysis of chimeric proteins showed that two regions of AL1 act as specificity determinants during replication. The first domain is located between amino acids 1 and 116 and recognizes the AL1 origin binding site. The second region, which is between amino acids 121 and 209, is not dependent on the known AL1 DNA binding site. Analysis of wild type and chimeric proteins in transient transcription assays showed that AL1 also represses its own promoter in a virus-specific manner. Transcriptional specificity is conferred primarily by AL1 amino acids 1–93 with amino acids 121–209 making a smaller contribution. Together, these results demonstrated that the virus-specific interactions of AL1 during replication and transcription are complex, involving at least two discreet domains of the protein. DA - 1997/12/8/ PY - 1997/12/8/ DO - 10.1006/viro.1997.8869 VL - 239 IS - 1 SP - 186-197 SN - 0042-6822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subcellular localization of celery mannitol dehydrogenase - A cytosolic metabolic enzyme in nuclei AU - Yamamoto, YT AU - Zamski, E AU - Williamson, JD AU - Conkling, MA AU - Pharr, DM T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract Mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) is the first enzyme in mannitol catabolism in celery (Apium graveolens L. var dulce [Mill] Pers. Cv Florida 638). Mannitol is an important photoassimilate, as well as providing plants with resistance to salt and osmotic stress. Previous work has shown that expression of the celery Mtd gene is regulated by many factors, such as hexose sugars, salt and osmotic stress, and salicylic acid. Furthermore, MTD is present in cells of sink organs, phloem cells, and mannitol-grown suspension cultures. Immunogold localization and biochemical analyses presented here demonstrate that celery MTD is localized in the cytosol and nuclei. Although the cellular density of MTD varies among different cell types, densities of nuclear and cytosolic MTD in a given cell are approximately equal. Biochemical analyses of nuclear extracts from mannitol-grown cultured cells confirmed that the nuclear-localized MTD is enzymatically active. The function(s) of nuclear-localized MTD is unknown. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1104/pp.115.4.1397 VL - 115 IS - 4 SP - 1397-1403 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation AU - Kawecki, TJ AU - Barton, NH AU - Fry, JD T2 - JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1007/s000360050032 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 407-429 SN - 1420-9101 KW - ecological niche KW - fitness KW - heterogeneous environment KW - mutation load KW - specialisation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Light-regulated changes in abundance and polyribosome association of ferredoxin mRNA are dependent on photosynthesis AU - Petracek, M. E. AU - Dickey, L. F. AU - Huber, S. C. AU - Thompson, William T2 - Plant Cell DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2307/3870586 VL - 9 IS - 12 SP - 2291–2300 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance of resistance to race 0 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae from the flue-cured tobacco cultivar Coker 371-Gold AU - Carlson, S. R. AU - Wolff, M. F. AU - Shew, H. D. AU - Wernsman, E. A. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Black shank, caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, is a widespread and severe disease of tobacco throughout the southeastern United States. Partial resistance derived from the cigar tobacco cultivar Florida 301 has been the primary means of reducing losses to the disease for many years. The recently released tobacco cultivar, Coker 371-Gold (C 371-G), was found to provide an additional source of resistance to P. parasitica var. nicotianae. Although the resistance in C 371-G is being used widely by breeders, the origin and inheritance of this resistance mechanism was unknown. Two populations of doubled haploid lines derived from C 371-G were used to determine that C 371-G possesses a single, dominant gene designated Ph, which confers a very high level of resistance to race 0 of P. parasitica var. nicotianae. A greenhouse inoculation procedure was developed that provided an efficient means of screening for the presence of this resistance gene prior to selection in the field, and confirmed that Ph provides complete resistance to race 0 but no resistance to race 1 of P. parasitica var. nicotianae. Because Florida 301 resistance is effective against both races of the pathogen that occur in the major tobacco growing areas of the United States, combination of these two sources of resistance should provide enhanced protection of new tobacco cultivars to P. parasitica var. nicotianae. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1269 VL - 81 IS - 11 SP - 1269-1274 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative analysis of BiP gene expression in maize endosperm AU - Wrobel, RL AU - OBrian, GR AU - Boston, RS T2 - GENE AB - Binding protein (BiP) is the endoplasmic reticulum member of the highly conserved HSP70 (heat shock protein 70) family of molecular chaperones. We have isolated and characterized two different BiP cDNA clones corresponding to genes expressed in immature kernels. These two cDNAs share extensive sequence similarity but map to unlinked loci in the maize genome. A comparison of the aa sequences predicted from the cDNA clones revealed only six aa differences between them. Investigation of gene-specific expression was carried out by RNA gel blot analysis. RNAs corresponding to both cDNA clones were present in increased amounts in the endosperm of floury-2 (fl2), Mucronate (Mc) and Defective endosperm-B30 (De*-B30) maize mutants, which produce abnormal storage proteins. Similar increases in RNAs corresponding to both probes were detected in cells treated with either of two agents that interfere with protein folding, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC) and tunicamycin. Investigation of the genomic complexity of the BiP genes by Southern blot analysis revealed several cross-hybridizing bands. These results are suggestive that the BiP genes expressed in endosperm are coordinately regulated members of a more complex maize BiP multigene family. DA - 1997/12/19/ PY - 1997/12/19/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00529-5 VL - 204 IS - 1-2 SP - 105-113 SN - 0378-1119 KW - molecular chaperone KW - floury-2 KW - GRP78 KW - HSP70 KW - b-70 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accumulation of transposable elements in laboratory lines of Drosophila melanogaster AU - Nuzhdin, SV AU - Pasyukova, EG AU - Mackay, TFC T2 - GENETICA DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1023/A:1018381512384 VL - 100 IS - 1-3 SP - 167-175 SN - 1573-6857 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A gene conservation plan for Loblolly pine AU - Namkoong, G. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 433-437 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The tomato RBCS3A promoter requires integration into the chromatin for correct organ-specific regulation AU - Meier, I AU - Groning, B AU - Michalowski, S AU - Spiker, S T2 - FEBS LETTERS AB - In tomato, the RBCS1 , RBCS2 and RBCS3A genes, encoding the small subunit of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, are expressed in leaves and light‐grown seedlings, but only RBCS1 and RBCS2 are expressed in developing tomato fruits. The activities of the three promoters have been compared in transgenic plants and after transient transformation. Fruit‐specific repression of the RBCS3A promoter was observed in transgenic plants, but not after ballistic transient transformation, indicating that chromatin integration is necessary for its correct organ‐specific regulation. In addition, matrix attachment regions have been identified in the RBCS1, RBCS2 and RBCS3A promoters. This is the second case in plants of absence of correct regulation of a plasmid‐borne plant promoter and correlating potential nuclear matrix attachment of the gene. DA - 1997/9/22/ PY - 1997/9/22/ DO - 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01102-2 VL - 415 IS - 1 SP - 91-95 SN - 0014-5793 KW - chromatin KW - matrix attachment region KW - organ-specific KW - RBCS promoter KW - tomato ER - TY - JOUR TI - The MADS-box floral homeotic gene lineages predate the origin of seed plants: Phylogenetic and molecular clock estimates AU - Purugganan, MD T2 - JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1007/PL00006244 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 392-396 SN - 1432-1432 KW - floral homeotic genes KW - flowers KW - development KW - evolution KW - MADS-box ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sugar repression of mannitol dehydrogenase activity in celery cells AU - Prata, RTN AU - Williamson, JD AU - Conkling, MA AU - Pharr, DM T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract We present evidence that the activity of the mannitol-catabolizing enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) is repressed by sugars in cultured celery (Apium graveolens L.) cells. Furthermore, this sugar repression appears to be mediated by hexokinases (HKs) in a manner comparable to the reported sugar repression of photosynthetic genes. Glucose (Glc)-grown cell cultures expressed little MTD activity during active growth, but underwent a marked increase in MTD activity, protein, and RNA upon Glc starvation. Replenishment of Glc in the medium resulted in decreased MTD activity, protein, and RNA within 12 h. Addition of mannoheptulose, a competitive inhibitor of HK, derepressed MTD activity in Glc-grown cultures. In contrast, the addition of the sugar analog 2-deoxyglucose, which is phosphorylated by HK but not further metabolized, repressed MTD activity in mannitol-grown cultures. Collectively, these data suggest that HK and sugar phosphorylation are involved in signaling MTD repression. In vivo repression of MTD activity by galactose (Gal), which is not a substrate of HK, appeared to be an exception to this hypothesis. Further analyses, however, showed that the products of Gal catabolism, Glc and fructose, rather than Gal itself, were correlated with MTD repression. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1104/pp.114.1.307 VL - 114 IS - 1 SP - 307-314 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and temporal responses of the maize catalases to low temperature AU - Auh, CK AU - Scandalios, JG T2 - PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010120.x VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 149-156 SN - 1399-3054 KW - catalase KW - chilling stress KW - embryonic axis KW - gene expression KW - maize KW - scutellum KW - Zea mays ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ribotype delineation and description of Staphylococcus sciuri subspecies and their potential as reservoirs of methicillin resistance and staphylolytic enzyme genes AU - Kloos, WE AU - Ballard, DN AU - Webster, JA AU - Hubner, RJ AU - Tomasz, A AU - Couto, I AU - Sloan, GL AU - Dehart, HP AU - Fiedler, F AU - Schubert, K AU - deLencastre, H AU - Sanches, IS AU - Heath, HE AU - Leblanc, PA AU - Ljungh, A T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY AB - Three subspecies of Staphylococcus sciuri, S. sciuri subsp. sciuri Kloos, Schleifer, and Smith 1976, 23AL emend. Kloos et al. 1997 [corrected], S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus subsp. nov., and S. sciuri subsp. rodentium subsp. nov., are described on the basis of their ribotype patterns, DNA-DNA liquid hybridization data, and phenotypic characteristics. Normalized ribotyping subdivided the S. sciuri patterns into three blocks of patterns, each corresponding to a subspecies. Each subspecies formed a separate, well-defined DNA similarity group when DNA-DNA hybridizations were conducted under stringent (70 degrees C) reassociation conditions. S. sciuri subsp. sciuri could be distinguished from the other subspecies on the basis of its ability to produce acid from D-cellobiose, alkaline phosphatase activity, and inability to produce either clumping factor or protein A. S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus could be distinguished by its ability to produce acid aerobically from D-xylose and maltose, inability to produce acid from D-melezitose, and smaller colony size on P agar. S. sciuri subsp. rodentium could be distinguished by its positive reaction in the latex agglutination test for clumping factor and/or protein A and generally higher frequencies and levels of oxacillin and methicillin resistance. All 40 strains of S. sciuri tested (including representatives of all three subspecies) hybridized with the mecA gene probe. All strains of S. sciuri subsp. sciuri, 79% of the strains of S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus and 89% of the strains of S. sciuri subsp. rodentium exhibited extracellular, staphylolytic enzyme activity. This activity was associated with an enzyme(s) that immunoblotted with a lysostaphin-specific monoclonal antibody; however, only three strains hybridized with a lysostaphin (end) gene probe. The type strain of S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus is DD 791 (= ATCC 700058), and the type strain of S. sciuri subsp. rodentium is DD 4761 (= ATCC 700061). DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1099/00207713-47-2-313 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 313-323 SN - 0020-7713 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Non-optimal growth temperatures and antioxidants in the leaves of Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench .2. Short-term acclimation AU - Badiani, M AU - Paolacci, AR AU - Fusari, A AU - DOvidio, R AU - Scandalios, JG AU - Porceddu, E AU - Sermanni, GG T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - In pursuing previous studies on long-term acclimation to non-optimal, non-stressing growth temperatures (Badiani et al., 1993 b; Paolacci et al., 1997; Fusari et al., in press), the foliar antioxidant status and the photosynthetic capacity were evaluated in two sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] cultivars of different agroclimatic provenance, namely Aralba and ICSV 112, which were grown at the near-optimal temperature of 27 ± 0.3 °C and then gradually (1°Ch−1) and transiently (up to 120 h) exposed to suboptimal, 17 ± 0.4 °C, or supraoptimal, 37 ± 0.1 °C, temperatures, under moderate light intensity and ad libitum water and mineral nutrition. Comparative analysis of short-term and long-term responses to non-optimal growth temperatures suggested that: i) even realistic, i.e. limited and gradual, upward or downward shifts from the normative growth temperature, incapable of causing evident stress symptoms, might per se enhance the formation of reactive oxygen species whose effect, albeit not drastic, appear to be more noxious during the early stages of the exposure; ii) this disthermia-driven oxidative burst triggers almost immediate and extensive changes in all of the major antioxidant metabolites and scavenging enzymes. This could be aimed at preparing plant tissues in case moderate disthermia flows into authentic temperature stress; iii) certain short-term antioxidant changes persist beyond the relief of the disthermic regimes; and iv) however, in case the exposure to non-optimal growth temperatures becomes chronic, long-term adjustment processes take place, consisting of increases in protective pigments, ascorbic acid and glutathione, but without the involvement of antioxidant enzymes. Such a strategy might be aimed at keeping disthermia-dependent oxidative stress under control at the lowest possible price in terms of metabolic resources. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1016/S0176-1617(97)80005-3 VL - 151 IS - 4 SP - 409-421 SN - 0176-1617 KW - Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cvs. Aralba and ICSV 112 KW - limited disthermia KW - non-optimal temperature KW - antioxidants KW - photosynthesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular cloning, expression and subcellular localization of a BiP homolog from rice endosperm tissue AU - Muench, DG AU - Wu, YJ AU - Zhang, YS AU - Li, , XX AU - Boston, RS AU - Okita, TW T2 - PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY AB - The ER luminal binding protein, BiP, has been linked to prolamine protein body formation in rice. To obtain further information on the possible role of this chaperone in protein body formation we have cloned and sequenced a BiP cDNA homolog from rice endosperm. The rice sequence is very similar to the maize BiP exhibiting 92% nu-cleotide identity and 96% deduced amino acid sequence identity in the coding region. Substantial amino acid sequence homology exists between rice BiP and BiP homo-logs from several other plant and animal species including long stretches of conservation through the amino-terminal ATPase domain. Considerable variation, however, is observed within the putative carboxy-terminal peptide-bind-ing domain between the plant and nonplant BiP sequences. A single band of approximately 2.4 kb was visible when RNA gel blots of total RNA purified from seed tissue were probed with radiolabeled rice BiP cDNA. This band increased in intensity during seed development up to 10 days after flowering, and then decreased gradually until seed maturity. Protein gel blots indicated that BiP polypeptide accumulation parallels that of the prolamine polypeptides throughout seed development. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that BiP is localized in a non-stochastic fashion in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex of developing endosperm cells. It is abundant on the periphery of the protein inclusion body but not in the central portion of the protein body or in the cisternal ER membranes connecting the protein bodies. These data support a model which proposes that BiP associates with the newly synthesized prolamine polypeptide to facilitate its folding and assembly into a protein inclusion body, and is then recycled. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029183 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 404-412 SN - 0032-0781 KW - BiP-Endosperm KW - prolamine KW - protein body rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping quantitative trait loci with dominant and missing markers in various crosses from two inbred lines AU - Jiang, CJ AU - Zeng, ZB T2 - GENETICA DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1023/A:1018394410659 VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 47-58 SN - 0016-6707 KW - dominant markers KW - genetic mapping KW - Markov chain KW - missing data KW - quantitative trait loci ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetically engineered large animal model for studying cone photoreceptor survival and degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa AU - Petters, RM AU - Alexander, CA AU - Wells, KD AU - Collins, EB AU - Sommer, , JR AU - Blanton, MR AU - Rojas, G AU - Hao, Y AU - Flowers, WL AU - Banin, E AU - Cideciyan, AV AU - Jacobson, SG AU - Wong, F T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1038/nbt1097-965 VL - 15 IS - 10 SP - 965-970 SN - 1087-0156 KW - transgenic swine KW - retinal degeneration KW - rhodopsin mutation KW - night blindness KW - eye disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developmental quantitative genetics, conditional epigenetic variability and growth in mice AU - Atchley, W. R. AU - Zhu, J. T2 - Genetics DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 147 IS - 2 SP - 765-776 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A triggered-suicide system designed as a defense against bacteriophages AU - Djordjevic, GM AU - OSullivan, DJ AU - Walker, SA AU - Conkling, MA AU - Klaenhammer, TR T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - A novel bacteriophage protection system for Lactococcus lactis based on a genetic trap, in which a strictly phage-inducible promoter isolated from the lytic phage phi31 is used to activate a bacterial suicide system after infection, was developed. The lethal gene of the suicide system consists of the three-gene restriction cassette LlaIR+, which is lethal across a wide range of gram-positive bacteria. The phage-inducible trigger promoter (phi31P) and the LlaIR+ restriction cassette were cloned in Escherichia coli on a high-copy-number replicon to generate pTRK414H. Restriction activity was not apparent in E. coli or L. lactis prior to phage infection. In phage challenges of L. lactis(pTRK414H) with phi31, the efficiency of plaquing was lowered to 10(-4) and accompanied by a fourfold reduction in burst size. Center-of-infection assays revealed that only 15% of infected cells released progeny phage. In addition to phage phi31, the phi31P/LlaIR+ suicide cassette also inhibited four phi31-derived recombinant phages at levels at least 10-fold greater than that of phi31. The phi31P/LlaIR+-based suicide system is a genetically engineered form of abortive infection that traps and eliminates phages potentially evolving in fermentation environments by destroying the phage genome and killing the propagation host. This type of phage-triggered suicide system could be designed for any bacterium-phage combination, given a universal lethal gene and an inducible promoter which is triggered by the infecting bacteriophage. DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.1128/jb.179.21.6741-6748.1997 VL - 179 IS - 21 SP - 6741-6748 SN - 0021-9193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A defective signal peptide tethers the floury-2 zein to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane AU - Gillikin, JW AU - Zhang, F AU - Coleman, CE AU - Bass, HW AU - Larkins, BA AU - Boston, RS T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract The maize (Zea mays L.) floury-2 (fl2) mutation is associated with a general decrease in storage protein synthesis, altered protein body morphology, and the synthesis of a novel 24-kD α--zein storage protein. Unlike storage proteins in normal kernels and the majority of storage proteins in fl2 kernels, the 24-kD α--zein contains a signal peptide that would normally be removed during protein synthesis and processing. The expected processing site of this α--zein reveals a putative mutation alaine-&gt;valine (Ala-&gt;Val) that is not found at other junctions between signal sequences and mature proteins. To investigate the impact of such a mutation on signal peptide cleavage, we have assayed the 24-kD fl2 α--zein in a co-translational processing system in vitro. Translation of RNA from fl2 kernels or synthetic RNA encoding the fl2 α--zein in the presence of microsomes yielded a 24-kD polypeptide. A normal signal peptide sequence, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, restored the capacity of the RNA to direct synthesis of a properly processed protein in a cell-free system. Both the fl2 α--zein and the fl2 α--zein (Val-&gt;Ala) were translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The processed fl2 α--zein (Val-&gt;Ala) was localized in the soluble portion of the microsomes, whereas the fl2 α--zein co-fractionated with the microsomal membranes. By remaining anchored to protein body membranes during endosperm maturation, the fl2 zein may thus constrain storage protein packing and perturb protein body morphology. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1104/pp.114.1.345 VL - 114 IS - 1 SP - 345-352 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus chromogenes genomic DNA and its taxonomic, epidemiologic and ecologic applications in veterinary medicine AU - Shimizu, A AU - Kloos, WE AU - Berkhoff, HA AU - George, CG AU - Ballard, DN T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE AB - One hundred and thirty-eight strains of Staphylococcus hyicus and 21 strains of S. chromogenes isolated from animals were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after restriction endonuclease SmaI digestion of chromosomal DNA. Eighty-eight strains of S. hyicus from pigs with or without exudative epidermitis (EE) generated 16 to 26 fragments in the size range of <1 to 485 kb, and yielded 39 different patterns. With regard to the strains from pigs with EE, PFGE patterns differed according to the country of origin. Outbreaks of EE occurring on four separate pig farms in Japan involved S. hyicus with different PFGE patterns. The PFGE patterns shown by S. hyicus strains from 4 kinds of animals were compared. Strains from pigs differed from those isolated from chickens (n=45; 18 to 24 fragments of <1 to 425 kb), cows (n=3; 17 to 19 fragments of <1 to 475 kb), and goats (n=2; 16 or 17 fragments of <1 to 1,125 kb). Also, each of the chicken, cow and goat strains had a host-specific fragment. The results suggest that PFGE analysis might be a useful marker for distinguishing ecovars within S. hyicus. In contrast, strains of S. chromogenes from pigs and cows generated 17 to 24 fragments ranging from <1 to 545 kb. The PFGE patterns of S. chromogenes strains were more highly conserved than those of S. hyicus. S. chromogenes strains could be distinguished from S. hyicus strains by fragments within the range of 305 to 545 kb. The results indicate that PFGE analysis could be used to distinguish between S. hyicus and S. chromogenes. We conclude that PFGE analysis is a useful tool not only for species or strain identification but also for epidemiologic or ecologic studies of S. hyicus and S. chromogenes. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1292/jvms.59.443 VL - 59 IS - 6 SP - 443-450 SN - 0916-7250 KW - genomic DNA fingerprinting KW - pulsed-field gel electrophoresis KW - Staphylococcus chromogenes KW - Staphylococcus hyicus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of UV-light on the expression of the Cat2 and Cat3 catalase genes in maize AU - Boldt, R AU - Scandalios, JG T2 - FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE AB - The effects of UV (ultraviolet) -irradiation on the expression of the antioxidant genes Cat2 and Cat3, encoding the CAT-2 and CAT-3 catalases in maize were examined. Cat2 and Cat3 transcript accumulation was analyzed in leaves of maize seedlings grown under different light conditions, and subsequently exposed to UV-light. Under DD-(constant darkness) and LL- (continuous light) conditions, as well as under a 12h D/L- (dark/light) photoperiod, the Cat2 mRNA was expressed at low and constant levels. In contrast, Cat3 transcript accumulation was constant and about 10 times higher than that of Cat2 under DD or LL, while the expression of Cat3 exhibits a typical circadian rhythm under a 12h D/L photoperiod. UV- light pulses in the range of 290 to 400 nm strongly induce the expression of Cat2. Upon removing the UV-B portion (290-310 nm) of the UV-spectrum the maximal Cat2 transcript level was reduced by about 60%. On applying UV-light of the same quality in addition to visible light, the expression of Cat2 was induced. DNA damage caused by UV-light and induction mediated by a UV-light photosensory system are suggested. Further, it is suggested that the Cat3 circadian rhythm may be regulated by a blue light/UV-A and a UV-B photoreceptor. If DD and LL grown plants that exhibit no circadian oscillation, were exposed to constant UV-light in the range of 290 to 400 nm a circadian rhythm was induced; indicating that UV-light may function as an additional environmental cue to entrain the Cat3 circadian rhythm. Since, Cat2 and Cat3 showed distinct responses to UV light, it is suggested that both genes may act to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by UV-light to protect the plant from oxidative damage. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00111-1 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 505-514 SN - 1873-4596 KW - UV-light KW - photooxidative stress KW - Zea mays KW - Cat2 KW - Cat3 KW - free radicals KW - circadian rhythm KW - photoreceptor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abnormal lignin in a loblolly pine mutant AU - Ralph, J AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Hatfield, RD AU - OMalley, DM AU - Whetten, RW AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - SCIENCE AB - Novel lignin is formed in a mutant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) severely depleted in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.195), which converts coniferaldehyde to coniferyl alcohol, the primary lignin precursor in pines. Dihydroconiferyl alcohol, a monomer not normally associated with the lignin biosynthetic pathway, is the major component of the mutant's lignin, accounting for approximately 30 percent (versus approximately 3 percent in normal pine) of the units. The level of aldehydes, including new 2-methoxybenzaldehydes, is also increased. The mutant pines grew normally indicating that, even within a species, extensive variations in lignin composition need not disrupt the essential functions of lignin. DA - 1997/7/11/ PY - 1997/7/11/ DO - 10.1126/science.277.5323.235 VL - 277 IS - 5323 SP - 235-239 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular chaperone activity of er-resident proteins in seeds AU - Boston, R. S. AU - Gillikin, J. W. AU - Wrobel, R. L. AU - Zhang, F. T2 - Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry and Physiology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 16 IS - 1997 SP - 3-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional domains of a geminivirus replication protein AU - Orozco, B. M. AU - Miller, A. B. AU - Settlage, S. B. AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, Linda T2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry AB - Tomato golden mosaic virus, a member of the geminivirus family, has a single-stranded DNA genome that is replicated and transcribed in infected plant cells through the concerted action of viral and host factors. One viral protein, AL1, contributes to both processes by binding to a directly repeated, double-stranded DNA sequence located in the overlapping (+) strand origin of replication and AL1 promoter. The AL1 protein, which occurs as a multimeric complex in solution, also catalyzes DNA cleavage during initiation of rolling circle replication. To identify the tomato golden mosaic virus AL1 domains that mediate protein oligomerization, DNA binding, and DNA cleavage, a series of truncated AL1 proteins were produced in a baculovirus expression system and assayed for each activity. These experiments localized the AL1 oligomerization domain between amino acids 121 and 181, the DNA binding domain between amino acids 1 and 181, and the DNA cleavage domain between amino acids 1 and 120. Deletion of the first 29 amino acids of AL1 abolished DNA binding and DNA cleavage, demonstrating that an intact N terminus is required for both activities. The observation that the DNA binding domain includes the oligomerization domain suggested that AL1-AL1 protein interaction may be a prerequisite for DNA binding but not for DNA cleavage. The significance of these results for AL1 function during geminivirus replication and transcription is discussed. Tomato golden mosaic virus, a member of the geminivirus family, has a single-stranded DNA genome that is replicated and transcribed in infected plant cells through the concerted action of viral and host factors. One viral protein, AL1, contributes to both processes by binding to a directly repeated, double-stranded DNA sequence located in the overlapping (+) strand origin of replication and AL1 promoter. The AL1 protein, which occurs as a multimeric complex in solution, also catalyzes DNA cleavage during initiation of rolling circle replication. To identify the tomato golden mosaic virus AL1 domains that mediate protein oligomerization, DNA binding, and DNA cleavage, a series of truncated AL1 proteins were produced in a baculovirus expression system and assayed for each activity. These experiments localized the AL1 oligomerization domain between amino acids 121 and 181, the DNA binding domain between amino acids 1 and 181, and the DNA cleavage domain between amino acids 1 and 120. Deletion of the first 29 amino acids of AL1 abolished DNA binding and DNA cleavage, demonstrating that an intact N terminus is required for both activities. The observation that the DNA binding domain includes the oligomerization domain suggested that AL1-AL1 protein interaction may be a prerequisite for DNA binding but not for DNA cleavage. The significance of these results for AL1 function during geminivirus replication and transcription is discussed. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1074/jbc.272.15.9840 VL - 272 IS - 15 SP - 9840–9846 ER - TY - PAT TI - Phage defense rotation strategy AU - Klaenhammer, T. R. AU - Sing, W. D. AU - Hill, C. J. C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genes and gene expression in Lactococcus bacteriophages AU - Djordjevic, GM AU - Klaenhammer, TR T2 - INTERNATIONAL DAIRY JOURNAL AB - Lactococcus lactis is extensively used in the production of cheese and cultured dairy products in industrial fermentations worldwide. Bacteriophage infection of L. lactis imposes a constant threat to the fermentation industry and represents the major cause of fermentation failure. Numerous phage defense strategies have been developed over the years to protect industrial starter cultures, particularly L. lactis. Numerous genes from lactococcal bacteriophages have been cloned and characterized and mechanisms that regulate their expression elucidated. Complete genome sequences of several L. lactis bacteriophages have also been determined. This accumulation of genetic information on lactococcal bacteriophages has led to a better understanding of the phage life cycle, host interactions, relationships between lactococcal phages, and possible patterns of phage evolution. These advances in molecular biology of lactococcal bacteriophages will be discussed with a view towards the development of novel and more effective phage defenses. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00060-5 VL - 7 IS - 8-9 SP - 489-508 SN - 0958-6946 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A deletion in an indole synthase gene is responsible for the DIMBOA-deficient phenotype of bxbx maize AU - Melanson, D AU - Chilton, MD AU - MastersMoore, D AU - Chilton, WS T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - The biosynthesis of DIMBOA, a pesticidal secondary metabolite of maize, branches off the tryptophan pathway. We have previously demonstrated that indole is the last intermediate common to both the tryptophan and hydroxamic acid pathways. The earliest discovered mutant in the DIMBOA pathway, bxbx (benzoxazineless), is deficient in the production of DIMBOA and related compounds. This paper presents evidence that a gene identified by Kramer and Koziel [Kramer, V. C. & Koziel, M. G. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 27, 1183–1188] as maize tryptophan synthase α ( TSA ) is the site of the genetic lesion in the DIMBOA-deficient mutant maize line bxbx . We demonstrate that the TSA gene has sustained a 924-bp deletion in bxbx compared with its counterpart in wild-type maize. We report that the TSA gene maps to the same location as the bxbx mutation, on the short arm of chromosome 4. We present evidence that the very early and very high level of expression of TSA corresponds to the timing and level of DIMBOA biosynthesis but is strikingly different from the expression of the maize tryptophan synthase β ( TSB ) genes. We show that feeding indole to bxbx seedlings restores their ability to synthesize DIMBOA. We conclude that the maize enzyme initially named tryptophan synthase α in fact is a DIMBOA biosynthetic enzyme, and we propose that it be renamed indole synthase. This work confirms and enlarges upon the findings of Frey et al. [Frey, M. Chomet, P., Glawischniq, E., Stettner, C., Grün, S., Winklmair, A., Eisenreich, W., Bacher, A., Meeley, R. B., Briggs, S. P., Simcox, K. & Gierl, A. (1997) Science 277, 696–699], which appeared while the present paper was in review. DA - 1997/11/25/ PY - 1997/11/25/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13345 VL - 94 IS - 24 SP - 13345-13350 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of the maize catalases to light AU - Polidoros, AN AU - Scandalios, JG T2 - FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE AB - The three maize catalase genes respond differentially to light signals. Expression of Cat1 is light independent while expression of Cat2 and Cat3 is light responsive. Upon exposure to light there is rapid accumulation of CAT-2 protein in leaves, due to both increased transcript accumulation and increased translation of the Cat2 message. Short UV light pulses also cause a strong transient induction of Cat2 gene expression, while long term exposure to UV does not affect the rate of Cat2 transcription. The Cat3 gene of maize exhibits a transcriptionally regulated circadian rhythm. The induction of the Cat3 circadian expression in etiolated leaves is probably regulated by a very low fluence phytochrome response; the involvement of a blue light/UV-A and a UV-B photoreceptor is also possible. Regulatory elements located on the Cat3 promoter have recently been identified and their significance in the complex light response of the gene is being investigated. Possible physiological role(s) of the light responding maize catalases Cat2 and Cat3 are discussed. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00110-X VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 497-504 SN - 1873-4596 KW - Zea mays KW - catalase KW - light regulation KW - UV light KW - free radicals KW - circadian rhythm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marker-assisted selection in maize AU - Stuber, CW T2 - ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/10495399709525871 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 91-97 SN - 1049-5398 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction AU - Scandalios, JG T2 - FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE AB - Post-harvest applications of UV-C radiation have proven very efficient in reducing the development of post-harvest diseases in many species including lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Several studies suggest that UV-C radiation is effective not only because of its disinfecting effect but also because it may stimulate plant defenses. Pre-harvest treatment with UV-C radiation may thus offer an interesting potential for lettuce protection, provided that application doses are effective while excluding any harmful effects on the plants. Here we provide evidence that 0.85 kJ m−2 and 1.70 kJ m−2 represent doses of UV-C radiation that are not deleterious for lettuce plants. We used several criteria to evaluated the effect of UV-C radiation on the plant, including histological observations; the concentration of malondialdehyde, an indicator of membrane integrity, as well as parameters derived from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, such as maximal efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the Performance Index of Strasser. We observed that a single dose of 0.85 kJ m−2 slightly increased plant resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea L.) while a single dose of 1.70 kJ m−2 had the opposite effect. When a 0.85 kJ m−2 dose was applied 4 times, at two-day intervals, there was an increase in the total phenol content of leaves, and in PAL, CAT, and MDAHR activities. Leaves inoculated 2 days after the latter UV-C treatment showed significantly decreased sensitivity (−30%) when compared to the control. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00106-8 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 471-472 SN - 0891-5849 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Drosophila muscle-specific gene related to the mouse quaking locus AU - Fyrberg, C AU - Becker, J AU - Barthmaier, P AU - Mahaffey, J AU - Fyrberg, E T2 - GENE AB - We have characterized a novel muscle-specific gene of Drosophila melanogaster, defined by enhancer trap strain 24B of Brand and Perrimon (1993). We show that transcripts of the gene accumulate within presumptive mesoderm and persist within developing muscles, strongly suggesting that the encoded protein is involved in muscle cell determination and differentiation. cDNA sequences reveal that the Drosophila protein is similar to quaking (64% identity over 210 amino acids), a protein essential for mouse embryogenesis, and gld-1 (53% identity over 162 amino acids) a germ-line-specific tumor suppressing protein of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrate that the Drosophila gene resides within the 93F chromosome subdivision, and describe its physical map. Finally, we have used the gene, which we have named quaking-related 93F (qkr93F), to identify a family of closely related KH domains. DA - 1997/9/15/ PY - 1997/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00278-3 VL - 197 IS - 1-2 SP - 315-323 SN - 0378-1119 KW - muscle KW - mesoderm KW - Drosophila genetics KW - nucleic acid binding protein KW - KH domain ER -