TY - CONF TI - A composite interval mapping method for locating multiple QTLs AU - Zeng, Z.-B. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production DA - 1994/// VL - 21 SP - 37–40 ER - TY - CONF TI - ZMAP---A QTL Cartographer AU - Basten, C.J. AU - Weir, B.S. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production DA - 1994/// VL - 22 SP - 65–66 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Waste reduction and recycling for the lodging industry AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M1 - AG‐473‐17 PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - AG‐473‐17 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Organizing a community recycling program. AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M1 - AG‐473‐11 PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - AG‐473‐11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing construction and demolition debris: A guide for builders, developers, and contractors AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M1 - AG‐473‐19 PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - AG‐473‐19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A low‐cost plastic bottle and jug baler AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M1 - AG‐473‐12. PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - AG‐473‐12. ER - TY - RPRT TI - Worms can recycle your garbage. AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M1 - AG‐473‐18 PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - AG‐473‐18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nuevo uso para el CO2: Desanimar a la mosca blanca. 1994 AU - Tripp, K.E. AU - Peet, M.M. T2 - Productores de Hortalizas DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// VL - 3 SP - 30–32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Day/Night temperature optima for tomato fruit development AU - Peet, M.M. A3 - NC State University DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M3 - Phytotron Report PB - NC State University ER - TY - CONF TI - High night temperature effects on tomato: Interactions with developmental stage and season AU - Peet, M.M. AU - Willits, D.H. T2 - Symposium on ‘Stress in the Tropical Environment’. Organized by Caribbean Basin Advisory Group and Pacific Basin Advisory Group A2 - Davenport, T.L. A2 - Harrington, H.M. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings: Plant Stress in the Tropical Environment CY - Kona, Hawaii DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/9/19/ SP - 118–122 PB - E.O. Painter Printing Co ER - TY - CHAP TI - Early spring wild herbal flower resources and its utilization in urban landscaping in Heilongjiang Province AU - Zhuo, L. AU - Yang, W. AU - Liu, W. T2 - New Studies on Forest Management and Forest Resource Exploitation in Northeast China-Zhong Guo Dong Bei Lin Qu (1990-1994) A2 - Yang, Cui Xiao A2 - Wen, Wang Qing PY - 1994/// SP - 286-290 PB - Heilongjiang Science & Technology Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Investigation and utilization of the wild fruit resources in Xiaoxing’an Mountains AU - Zhuo, L. AU - Liu, W. AU - Yang, W. T2 - New Studies on Forest Management and Forest Resource Exploitation in Northeast China-Zhong Guo Dong Bei Lin Qu (1990-1994) A2 - Yang, Cui Xiano A2 - Wen, Wang Qing PY - 1994/// SP - 266-270 PB - Heilongjiang Science & Technology Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - 128 Pollen characteristics and in vitro pollen germination of tomatoes grown at high night temperatures AU - Peet, Mary M. AU - Willits, Daniel H. AU - Bartholomew, Michael T2 - HortScience AB - Previous greenhouse studies in Raleigh have shown that nighttime cooling increases tomato fruit weights from 11% to 53%, depending on planting dates. The physiological mechanism was unclear, except that temperatures during fruitset were most critical. We report here on 3 experiments, 2 in greenhouses and 1 in the phytotron, comparing pollen characteristics of plants grown at differing night temperatures. In the greenhouse studies, nighttime temperatures were kept below 20°C for either the whole night or just the last half of the night. In the phytrotron studies night temperatures were 18, 22, 24 or 26°C, In both phytotron and greenhouse studies, there was considerable day-to-day variability in pollen characteristics and % germination. The most consistent effect in both types of studies was a decrease in total pollen and an increase in % abnormal pollen at high night temperatures. In the phytotron studies 20°C appeared optimal for both these characteristics. DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.5.446f VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 446f–446 SN - 0018-5345 2327-9834 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.446f ER - TY - JOUR TI - NIGHT TEMPERATURE RESPONSE CURVES FOR IN VITRO POLLEN GERMINATION, POLLEN CHARACTISTICS AND FRUITSET IN TOMATO AU - Bartholomew, Michael AU - Peet, Mary M. T2 - HortScience AB - Previous greenhouse studies in Raleigh have shown that nighttime cooling increases tomato fruit weights from 11% to 53%, depending on planting dates. The physiological mechanism was unclear, except that temperatures during fruitset were most critical We report here on a phytotron experiment comparing pollen characteristics and in vitro pollen germination of plants grown at night temperatures of 18, 22,24 or 26°C in a 12-hour photoperiod with 26°C day temperature in all treatments. There was considerable variability between sampling dates in pollen characteristics and % germination. The most consistent and significant effects were a decrease in total pollen and an increase in % abnormal pollen at high night temperatures. Number of seed present in the fruit also decreased with increasing night temperatures, indicating that the changes in pollen characteristics adversely affected seedset. Night temperatures of 22C appeared optimal for many of the pollen and growth characteristics measured, but fruit developed most rapidly at the higher night temperatures. DA - 1994/7// PY - 1994/7// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.7.728d VL - 29 IS - 7 SP - 728d-728 J2 - HortSci OP - SN - 0018-5345 2327-9834 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.728d DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presentation of Analysis of Variance Results and Graphical Data AU - Wehner, Todd C. AU - Shaw, Douglas V. T2 - HortScience AB - values of the independent variable, the model assumptions are violated and interpretation of the regression results is suspect. However, if heterogeneity of variance existed in the experiment, weighted least squares could be used for the analysis, resulting in different error bars for the plotted means. Although many commonly available graphing programs for computers permit calculating and presenting error bars in any combination, it may be better to show a single error bar-calculated using the pooled error for the experiment-for the whole graph. The pooled estimate of error also will have smaller variance itself, being based on more data, and will have more degrees of freedom. Another alternative is to present the 95% confidence limit as bands around the regression curve. In any case, the statistic presented (i.e., SD, SE, CI) should be clearly identified. Presentation of ANOVA and regression results Many authors include regression equations, significance levels for F ratios, and r 2 values in DA - 1994/6// PY - 1994/6// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.6.608 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 608 OP - SN - 0018-5345 2327-9834 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.6.608 DB - Crossref ER - TY - THES TI - Effectiveness of Community Forestry Grants in Pennsylvania AU - Fair, B.A. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// M3 - Master of Forest Resources Thesis PB - The Pennsylvania State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Seed Traces of ‘Venus’ and ‘Saturn’ Grapes AU - Clark, John R. AU - Irvin, Kelly M. AU - Fernandez, Gina E. T2 - Journal of Small Fruit & Viticulture AB - ABSTRACT Application of 150 or 300 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) to ‘Venus’ table grapes 7 days after bloom resulted in reduced seed trace number but did not reduce individual seed trace weight. Neither berry nor cluster weight were affected by GA3, although a slight increase in yield was found in one of two years. Pre-bloom applications to ‘Venus’ produced no seed trace number or weight reductions, although a combined pre- and post-bloom treatment reduced seed trace weight significantly in one year. ‘Saturn’ had a slight reduction in seed trace number following a pre-bloom application one year, and a greater reduction was seen following application of pre- and post-bloom GA3 that same year. Post-bloom and combined applications during the following season gave similar reductions in seed trace number. Berry weight was increased for ‘Venus’ but not affected for ‘Saturn’ following the combined pre- and post-bloom applications. DA - 1994/1/12/ PY - 1994/1/12/ DO - 10.1300/j065v02n01_03 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 11-19 J2 - Journal of Small Fruit & Viticulture LA - en OP - SN - 1052-0015 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j065v02n01_03 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth, Carbon Acquisition, and Source-Sink Relationships in `Titan' Red Raspberry AU - Fernandez, Gina E. AU - Pritts, Marvin P. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science AB - Seasonal changes in growth, mean maximal photosynthetic rates, and the temperature and light response curves of `Titan' red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) were obtained from potted plants grown under field conditions. Primocane dry weight accumulation increased steadily at the beginning and the end of the season, but growth slowed midseason during fruiting. The slower midseason dry-weight accumulation rate coincided with an increase in root dry weight. Primocane net assimilation rate (NAR) was highest early in the season. Floricane photosynthetic rates (A) were highest during the fruiting period, while primocane A remained steady throughout the season. Primocane and floricane leaflets displayed a midday depression in A under field conditions, with a partial recovery in the late afternoon. Photosynthetic rates of primocane and floricane leaves were very sensitive to temperature, exhibiting a decline from 15 to 40C. Light-response curves differed depending on cane type and time of year. A temporal convergence of sink demand from fruit, primocanes, and roots occurs when plants experience high temperatures. These factors may account for low red raspberry yield. DA - 1994/11// PY - 1994/11// DO - 10.21273/jashs.119.6.1163 VL - 119 IS - 6 SP - 1163-1168 OP - SN - 0003-1062 2327-9788 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1163 DB - Crossref KW - RUBUS KW - GROWTH ANALYSIS KW - PHOTOSYNTHESIS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf surface extracts ofSolanum berthaultii hawkes deter colorado potato beetle feeding AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Renwick, J. A. A. AU - Steffens, J. C. AU - Tingey, W. M. T2 - Journal of Chemical Ecology DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.1007/bf02059737 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 991-1007 KW - LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA KW - COLORADO POTATO BEETLE KW - COLEOPTERA KW - CHRYSOMELIDAE KW - SOLANUM-BERTHAULTII KW - GLANDULAR TRICHOMES KW - FEEDING DETERRENTS KW - HOST PREFERENCE KW - PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glandular trichomes of Solanum berthaultii alter host preference of the Colorado potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Tingey, Ward M. T2 - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata AB - Abstract Choice and no‐choice studies were conducted to determine how the glandular trichomes of the wild potato, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, affect host preference of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Given a feeding choice between S. tuberosum and S. berthaultii , larvae and adults preferred the foliage of S. tuberosum , but adults were more discriminating. When foliage of S. berthaultii was appressed to S. tuberosum leaflets, fewer adults fed on the appressed leaflets. When given a choice between ‘trichome‐intact’ and ‘trichome‐removed’ S. berthaultii foliage, adults preferred to feed on the latter. The preference for ‘trichome‐removed’ foliage and the percent of adults initiating feeding, increased with the degree of trichome removal. These studies provide evidence that the resistance of S. berthaultii is associated with feeding deterrents localized in the glandular trichomes, that S. berthaultii possesses more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle, and that the expression of resistance is dependent on the developmental stage of the insect. DA - 1994/3// PY - 1994/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb00750.x VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 217-225 KW - COLEOPTERA KW - CHRYSOMELIDAE KW - LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA KW - COLORADO POTATO BEETLE KW - SOLANACEAE KW - SOLANUM BERTHAULTII KW - PLANT RESISTANCE KW - GLANDULAR TRICHOMES KW - HOST PREFERENCE KW - BEHAVIOR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetics and incorporation of glandular trichomes and polyphenol oxidase activity into an advanced Solanum phureja-S.stenotomum diploid potato population AU - Vallejo, R.L. AU - Collins, W.W. AU - Schiavone, R.C. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 119 IS - 4 SP - 824-828 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028083593&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus Y and potato virus X in an advanced hybridSolanum phureja — S. Stenotomum diploid potato population AU - Vallejo, Roger L. AU - Collins, Wanda W. AU - Schiavone, Rocco D. AU - Lommel, Steven A. AU - Young, J. B. T2 - American Potato Journal DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// DO - 10.1007/BF02851431 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 617-628 J2 - American Potato Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0003-0589 1874-9380 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02851431 DB - Crossref KW - GENETIC RESISTANCE KW - IMMUNITY KW - SOLANUM SPP ER - TY - MGZN TI - Use of paclobutrazol to regulate shoot growth and flower development of 'Roseum Elegans' rhododendron AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Bir, R.E. AU - Conner, J.L. AU - Whitmann, E.P. T2 - Nursery Notes DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 28 SP - 67-73 M1 - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of paclobutrazol to regulate shoot growth and flower development of 'Roseum Elegans' rhododendron AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Bir, R.E. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 12 SP - 174–178 ER - TY - CONF TI - The North Carolina urban tree evaluation program AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Bir, R.E. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 39th Annual Report DA - 1994/// SP - 347–348 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Susceptibility of cultivars and hybrids of kousa dogwood to dogwood anthracnose and powdery mildew AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Grand, L.F. AU - Knighten, J.L. T2 - Nursery Notes DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 28 SP - 42-43 M1 - 5 ER - TY - CONF TI - Susceptibility of Cornus kousa cultivars and hybrids to anthracnose and powdery mildew AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Grand, L.F. AU - Knighten, J.L. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) DA - 1994/// SP - 21–27 ER - TY - CONF TI - Seed germination of three provenances of Rhododendron catawbiense: Influence of light and temperature AU - Rowe, D.B. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 39th Annual Report DA - 1994/// SP - 24–26 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Rooting euscaphis: Preliminary data AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Blazich, F.A. T2 - Nursery Notes DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 28 SP - 62-63 M1 - 5 ER - TY - CONF TI - Resistance of Cornus kousa taxa to dogwood anthracnose and powdery mildew AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Grand, L.F. AU - Knighten, J.L. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 39th Annual Report DA - 1994/// SP - 212–216 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural resistance of birch, cherry, and crabapple taxa to feeding by adult Japanese beetles AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Walgenbach, J.F. T2 - American Nurseryman DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 179 IS - 2 SP - 89-93 ER - TY - CONF TI - Growth and survival of 'Whitespire' birch grafted on five species of birch rootstocks AU - Whitman, E.P. AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 39th Annual Report DA - 1994/// SP - 162–164 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Growth and survival of 'Whitespire' Japanese birch grafted on five species of birch rootstocks AU - Whitman, E.P. AU - Ranney, T.G. T2 - Nursery Notes DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 28 SP - 55 M1 - 5 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Worms can recycle your garbage AU - Sherman, R. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - BOOK TI - Waste reduction programs for commercial/industrial solid waste AU - Albrecht, T. AU - Mouw, S. AU - Sherman, R. CN - TD897.75 .N8 W37 1994 DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Office of Waste Reduction, North Carolina Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources ER - TY - BOOK TI - Waste reduction and recycling for the lodging industry AU - Sherman, R. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - BOOK TI - Reducing commercial and industrial solid waste for community solid waste managers: Participant materials AU - Sherman, R. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Morgantown, VA: National Environmental Training Center for Small Communities ER - TY - BOOK TI - Organizing a community recycling program (AG; 473-11) AU - Sherman, R. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - BOOK TI - Managing construction and demolition debris: A guide for builders, developers, and contractors AU - Sherman, R. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - BOOK TI - A low-cost plastic bottle and jug baler AU - Sherman, R. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// PB - Raleigh, NC: Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neural networks for ultrasonic position control during blueberry pruning AU - Zheng, D. AU - Rohrbach, R. P. AU - Jasper, W. J. AU - White, M. W. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// IS - 941058 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF DIPLOID POTATO CLONES FOR RESISTANCE TO TUBER SOFT-ROT INDUCED BY STRAINS OF ERWINIA-CAROTOVORA SUBSP ATROSEPTICA, ERWINIA-CAROTOVORA SUBSP CAROTOVORA AND ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI AU - WOLTERS, PJ AU - COLLINS, WW T2 - POTATO RESEARCH DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1007/BF02358715 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 143-149 SN - 0014-3065 KW - SOLANUM PHUREJA KW - SOLANUM STENOTOMUM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chilling resistance of five cucurbit species AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Mirdad, Z. M. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// IS - 17 SP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seedling growth of catawba rhododendron. II. Photosynthesis and carbohydrate accumulation and export AU - Rowe, D. B. AU - Warren, S. L. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Pharr, D. M. T2 - HortScience DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 29 IS - 11 SP - 1303 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seedling growth of catawba rhododendron. I. Temperature optima, leaf area, and dry weight distribution AU - Rowe, D. B. AU - Warren, S. L. AU - Blazich, F. A. T2 - HortScience DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 29 IS - 11 SP - 1298 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed germination of three provenances of Rhododendron catawbiense: Influence of light and temperature AU - Rowe, D.B. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Ranney, T.G. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 155–158 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of poinsettia cultivars in 1993 at NCSU AU - Larson, R. A. AU - Fine, I. Y. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of paclobutrazol to regulate shoot growth and flower development of 'Roseum Elegans' rhododendron AU - Ranney, T. G. AU - Bir, R. E. AU - Conner, J. L. AU - Whitman, AU - E. P., T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 174 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spacing, root cell volume, and age affect production and economics of compact-growth-habit tomatoes AU - Kemble, J. M. AU - Davis, J. M. AU - Gardner, R. G. AU - Sanders, D. C. T2 - HortScience DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 29 IS - 12 SP - 1460 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root cell volume affects growth of compact-growth-habit tomato transplants AU - Kemble, J. M. AU - Davis, J. M. AU - Gardner, R. G. AU - Sanders, D. C. T2 - HortScience DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 261 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MANNITOL METABOLISM IN CELERY STRESSED BY EXCESS MACRONUTRIENTS AU - STOOP, JMH AU - PHARR, DM T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - The effect of excess macronutrients in the root environment on mannitol and sucrose metabolism was investigated in celery (Apium graveolens L. var dulce [Mill.] Pers.). Plant growth was inhibited progressively as macronutrient concentration in the media, as measured by electrical conductivity (E.C.), increased from 1.0 to 11.9 decisiemens m-1. Plants grown for 35 d at higher E.C. had a lower water content but similar dry weight in their roots, leaves, and petioles compared to plants grown at lower E.C. Macronutrient concentrations of leaves, roots, and petioles were not affected by the imposed stress, indicating that the macronutrient stress resulted in a water-deficit stress response rather than a salt-specific response. Mannitol accumulated in sink tissues and was accompanied by a drastic decrease in activity of mannitol-1-oxidoreductase. Sucrose concentration and activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in sink tissues were not affected by the macronutrient stress. Mature leaves exhibited increased concentrations of both mannitol and sucrose, together with increased activity of mannose-6-phosphate reductase and sucrose phosphate synthase, in response to macronutrient stress. Thus, mannitol accumulation in osmotically stressed celery is regulated by diminished catabolism in sink tissues and increased capacity for mannitol biosynthesis in source leaves. DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// DO - 10.1104/pp.106.2.503 VL - 106 IS - 2 SP - 503-511 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat Tolerance of Five Taxa of Birch (Betula): Physiological Responses to Supraoptimal Leaf Temperatures AU - Ranney, Thomas G. AU - Peet, Mary M. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science AB - Leaf gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used as indexes for evaluating heat tolerance among five taxa of birch: paper ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), European ( B. pendula Roth.), Japanese ( B. platyphylla var. japonica Hara. cv. Whitespire), Himalayan ( B. jacquemontii Spach.), and river ( B. nigra L. cv. Heritage). Gas-exchange measurements were conducted on individual leaves at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40C. River birch maintained the highest net photosynthetic rates (P n ) at high temperatures, while P n of paper birch was reduced the most. Further study of river and paper birch indicated that the reduced P n at high temperatures and the differential sensitivity between taxa resulted from several factors. Inhibition of P n at higher temperatures was due largely to nonstomatal limitations for both taxa. Increases in respiration rates, decreases in maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II ( F V / F M ), and possible reductions in light energy directed to PS II ( F 0 quenching) were apparent for both taxa. The capacity of river birch to maintain greater P n at higher temperatures seemed to result from a lower Q 10 for dark respiration and possibly greater thermotolerance of the Calvin cycle as indicated by a lack of nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching with increasing temperatures. Thermal injury, as indicated by a rapid increase in minimal, dark-acclimated ( F 0 ) fluorescence, was not evident for either paper or river birch until temperatures reached ≈49C and was similar for both taxa. DA - 1994/3// PY - 1994/3// DO - 10.21273/jashs.119.2.243 VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 243-248 J2 - jashs OP - SN - 0003-1062 2327-9788 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.243 DB - Crossref KW - BETULA NIGRA KW - BETULA PAPYRIFERA KW - BETULA PENDULA KW - BETULA PLATYPHYLLA VAR JAPONICA KW - BETULA JACQUEMONTII KW - CARBON EXCHANGE RATE KW - CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE KW - GAS EXCHANGE KW - HIGH TEMPERATURE KW - PHOTOSYNTHESIS KW - QUENCHING KW - RESPIRATION ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth substrate and nutrient salt environment alter mannitol-to-hexose partitioning in celery petioles AU - Stoop, J. M. H. AU - Pharr, D. M. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 237 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential tolerance of eleven Prunus taxa to root zone flooding AU - Ranney, T. G. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 138 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARATIVE FLOOD TOLERANCE OF BIRCH ROOTSTOCKS AU - RANNEY, TG AU - BIR, RE T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - The potential for enhancing flood tolerance of birches by using better adapted rootstock was evaluated. Survival, growth, and physiological responses were compared among flooded and nonflooded container-grown Japanese birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara. `Whitespire') trees grafted onto each of four rootstock: paper birch (B. papyrifera Marsh), European birch (B.pendula Roth.), river birch (B. nigra L.), and `Whitespire' Japanese birch. Separate studies were conducted in Fall 1991 and Spring 1992. Results showed no consistent differences in net photosynthesis (P n ) or survival among nonflooded plants regardless of rootstock or season, nor, were any symptoms of graft incompatibility evident. Flooding the root system for as long as 44 days revealed considerable differences among the four rootstock, with similar trends for fall and spring. Plants on river birch rootstock typically had one of the highest P rates and stomatal conductance (g,) and, in certain cases, greater mean shoot growth rates and survival of plants subjected to prolonged flooding. Although plants with European birch rootstock had survival rates similar to those of plants with river birch rootstock, plants on European birch rootstock had lower P n under prolonged flooding, fewer late-formed roots, lower root-tip density after flooding, more abscissed leaves, and greater inhibition of shoot growth of plants flooded the previous fall. Paper and Japanese birch rootstock were most sensitive to flooding and had the lowest survival rate after flooding. However, plants on paper birch rootstock were the only plants whose P n did not increase significantly when flooding ended; they had the most abscissed leaves during spring flooding and the greatest inhibition of shoot growth in the spring after flooding the previous fall. The four rootstock ranked from most to least flood tolerant were river > European > Japanese > paper. DA - 1994/1// PY - 1994/1// DO - 10.21273/jashs.119.1.43 VL - 119 IS - 1 SP - 43-48 SN - 0003-1062 KW - BETULA-NIGRA KW - BETULA-PAPYRIFERA KW - BETULA PENDULA KW - BETULA-PLATYPHYLLA VAR KW - JAPONICA-WHITESPIRE KW - CARBON EXCHANGE RATE KW - GAS EXCHANGE KW - HYPOXIA KW - INUNDATION KW - PHOTOSYNTHESIS KW - WATERLOGGING ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strawberry plasticulture in North Carolina. II. Preplant, planting and postplant considerations for growing 'Chandler' strawberry on black plastic mulch AU - Poling, E. B. T2 - Journal of Small Fruit & Viticulture AB - Abstract North Carolina is experiencing a revitalization of the strawberry industry due to the adoption of plasticulture technologies and the California cultivar ‘Chandler,’ which produces excellent yields and fruit quality on black plastic mulch. With this system berries can be harvested in just 7 to 8 months after planting. The spring harvest season can last up to 6 weeks in most years. Strawberry plasticulture growers in North Carolina typically experience yields of 17,000 to 18,000 lbs/acre (19,054 to 20,174 kg/ha). Cash expenses for the system are approximately $4345/acre ($10,736/ha). The system requires both an overhead sprinkler system for blossom and bud frost/freeze protection, and drip irrigation for supplying water and fertilizer in the prebloom, bloom and fruiting periods. Sandy loam and clay loam soils are ideal for forming the 10-inch-high (25.4 cm) beds with bedding machines. Usually 33% of the N, 50% of the K and all of the P is applied preplant with the remaining N and K being applied through the drip irrigation system. Problems associated with the plasticulture system include higher initial investment relative to matted row production, and only one fruiting season is possible with the anthracnose-susceptible California strawberry cv. Chandler in the southeastern United States. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1300/j065v02n03_06 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strawberry plasticulture in North Carolina. I. Developing a competitive horticultural industry requires "experts", not "participatory groups" AU - Poling, E. B. T2 - Journal of Small Fruit & Viticulture AB - Abstract The United States land-grant university system has been coming under increasing criticism by a number of extension professionals as well as senior horticulturists for its primary emphasis on basic research at the expense of applied research and service to horticultural industries. Once-strong extension/research/producer ties have been weakened, and this could result in further declines in general public support for land-grant universities. New approaches, including a “participatory model,” have been proposed as a mechanism to provide public feedback to land-grant scientists on relevant areas of basic science and encourage implementation of new technologies. However, our present expert/student relationship between research scientists and grower would be altered if the participatory model were to be adopted. Recognizing the limitations of existing horticultural production systems and visualizing new purposes for technology is the work of “experts,” not committees. The experience in North Carolina has been that a commodity specialist wim a split research/extension appointment (20/80) is capable of providing leadership and guidance to the scientific community on the problems and research needs of industry. In the case of introducing North Carolina fanners to “strawberry plasticulture,” the split appointment specialist had a role in: (1) identifying useful technologiacl innovations from outside the university community (“reverse technology”); (2) conducting localized testing on promising new “hybrid growing systems”; and, (3) extending new research findings to industry. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1300/j065v02n03_02 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rooting 'Yoshino' cryptomeria stem cuttings as influenced by growth stage, branch order, and IBA treatment AU - Jull, L. G. AU - Warren, S. L. AU - Blazich, F. A. T2 - HortScience DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 29 IS - 12 SP - 1532 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preemergence herbicide evaluations on selected spring and summer flowering bulbs and perennials AU - Skroch, W. A. AU - Catanzaro, C. J. AU - Hertogh, A. A. de AU - Gallitano, L. B. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 80 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of harvest date and 2C storage on floral development of Dutch-grown Astilbe AU - Pemberton, G. H. AU - Hertogh, A. A. de T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 144 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CURRENT AND FUTURE AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY EDUCATION NEEDS OF THE UNITED-STATES EXTENSION SERVICE AU - PERRY, KB T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - A national system of extension programming that meets the basic meteorology needs of all agriculture with additional regional programming for particular crops is needed. Such a national system could be developed to optimize the capabilities of Federal and State agencies, and private sector entities. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and State Cooperative Extension Services should be lead agencies in this system by designating agricultural meteorology as a programming area and providing leadership for state programs. The agricultural industry needs educational programs to improve the use of existing meteorological information and to prepare to use new information and technologies as they become available. Many agricultural producers and related agribusiness managers lack a complete understanding of the data analyses and forecast products that are now available. They do not know how to access these products or how to apply them in their management systems. Agricultural producers need to learn how to use weather-driven models as a component in their daily decision making. Extension personnel should work cooperatively with research counterparts and private sector agricultural meteorologists to improve linkages that bring agricultural weather information to the agribusiness community. DA - 1994/6// PY - 1994/6// DO - 10.1016/0168-1923(94)90078-7 VL - 69 IS - 1-2 SP - 33-38 SN - 0168-1923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A set of cucumbers to represent the American market AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// IS - 17 SP - 12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A seed dryer for cucumber seeds AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Humphries, E. G. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// IS - 17 SP - 54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - WATERMELON SEEDLING GROWTH, FRUIT YIELD, AND QUALITY FOLLOWING PRETRANSPLANT NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONING AU - SCHULTHEIS, , JR AU - DUFAULT, RJ T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Pretransplant nutritional conditioning (PNC) of transplants during greenhouse production may improve recovery from transplanting stress and enhance earliness and yield of watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus ( Thumb. ) Matsum. & Nakai]. Two greenhouse experiments (Expts. 1 and 2) and field experiments in South Carolina and North Carolina (Expt. 3) were conducted to evaluate N and P PNC effects on watermelon seedling growth and their effects on fruit yield and quality. `Queen of Hearts' triploid and `Crimson Sweet' diploid watermelon seedlings were fertilized with N from calcium nitrate at 25, 75, or 225 mg·liter –1 and P from calcium phosphate at 5, 15, or 45 mg·liter –1 . In the greenhouse, most variation in the shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf count, leaf area, transplant height, and root dry weight in `Queen of Hearts' and `Crimson Sweet' was attributed to N. Cultivar interacted with N, affecting all seedling growth variables, but not leaf area in Expt. 2. To a lesser extent, in Expt. 1, but not in Expt. 2, P interacted with cultivar, N, or cultivar × N and affected shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf count and leaf area. In the field, transplant shock increased linearly with N, regardless of cultivar or field location. The effect of PNC on plant growth diminished as the growing season progressed. For both cultivars at both locations, N and P PNC did not affect time to first staminate flower, fruit set, fruit width or length, soluble solids concentration, or yield. Vining at Charleston for both cultivars was 2 days earlier when N was at 75 rather than 25 mg·liter –1 , without further change with the high N rate. At Clinton, the first pistillate flower was delayed linearly the higher the N rate for `Crimson Sweet'. At Charleston, hollow heart in the `Queen of Hearts' increased nearly 3 times when N PNC rate was tripled (from 75 or 225 mg·liter –1 ), while N had no effect on hollow heart in `Crimson Sweet'. In contrast, at Clinton, hollow heart in either cultivar was affected by P PNC, not N. PNC with 25N–5P (in mg·liter –1 ) can be used to reduce seedling growth and produce a more compact plant for easier handling, yet not reduce fruit quality or yield. DA - 1994/11// PY - 1994/11// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.11.1264 VL - 29 IS - 11 SP - 1264-1268 SN - 0018-5345 KW - CITRULLUS LANATUS KW - CUCURBITACEAE KW - TRANSPLANT KW - HARDENING KW - SEEDLESS KW - TRIPLOID KW - MELON KW - CUCURBIT KW - NITROGEN KW - PHOSPHORUS ER - TY - JOUR TI - SELECTIVE BEE ATTRACTANTS DID NOT IMPROVE CUCUMBER AND WATERMELON YIELD AU - SCHULTHEIS, , JR AU - AMBROSE, JT AU - BAMBARA, SB AU - MANGUM, WA T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - The effectiveness of two commercial bee attractants, Bee-Scent and Beeline, for enhancing pollination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] was evaluated by counting the number of bee visitations to blossoms of cucumber and watermelon and their effect(s) on fruit quality, yield, and crop profitability. In 1989, Bee-Scent was tested in a commercial pickling cucumber field. In 1990, watermelon plots were sprayed with Bee-Scent and Beeline and compared with a nontreated control. The compounds did not improve bee visitations for either pickling cucumbers or watermelons. There was no significant improvement in cucumber or watermelon yield or monetary returns. DA - 1994/3// PY - 1994/3// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.3.155 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 155-158 SN - 0018-5345 KW - CITRULLUS-LANATUS KW - CUCUMIS-SATIVUS KW - POLLINATION KW - BEE-SCENT KW - BEELINE KW - HONEY BEE KW - APIS-MELLIFERA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive and damage potentials of two populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis on sweetpotato and related comparisons with Meloidogyne javanica on tomato AU - Walters, S. A. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 830 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the U.S. cucumber germplasm collection for root size using a subjective rating technique AU - Walters, S. Alan AU - Wehner, Todd C. T2 - Euphytica DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1007/BF00023574 VL - 79 IS - 1-2 SP - 39-43 J2 - Euphytica LA - en OP - SN - 0014-2336 1573-5060 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00023574 DB - Crossref KW - CUCUMIS SATIVUS KW - ROOTS KW - VEGETABLE BREEDING KW - CUCUMBER KW - ROOT SIZE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the U.S. Cucumber Germplasm Collection for Early Flowering AU - Walters, S. A. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Plant Breeding AB - Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate 866 cultigens (718 accessions, 38 breeding lines, and 110 new and obsolete cultivars) of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) for early staminate flower production. Complete data were obtained for 866 cultigens. The study was conducted on plants that were part of a root‐knot nematode experiment. Plants were grown from seeds in greenhouses in each of 3 seasons with 2 replications per season. There were significant differences for mean time of flowering over all cultigens among the 3 seasons. Days from planting to first staminate flower ranged from 26 to 45, with a mean of 35 for all cultigens. Root‐knot nematode infestation may be related to flowering, since early‐flowering cultigens had more root galling. The earliest flowering cultigen was PI 249561 (26 days to flowering); the latest was PI 470254 (45 days to flowering). DA - 1994/4// PY - 1994/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1994.tb00676.x VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - 234-238 J2 - Plant Breeding LA - en OP - SN - 0179-9541 1439-0523 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1994.tb00676.x DB - Crossref KW - CUCUMIS-SATIVUS KW - VEGETABLE BREEDING KW - FLOWERING KW - EARLY POLLENIZER KW - ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE INFESTATION ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus in suppressing Rotylenchulus reniformis on tomato AU - Walters, S. A. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 600 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of two inoculum preparation methods for Rotylenchulus reniformis AU - Walters, S. A. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 778 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF 5 MAJOR MELOIDOGYNE SPECIES IN THE UNITED-STATES AU - WALTERS, SA AU - BARKER, KR T2 - PLANT DISEASE DA - 1994/8// PY - 1994/8// DO - 10.1094/PD-78-0772 VL - 78 IS - 8 SP - 772-774 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Branch inducement in apple stooled shoots by summer leaf removal and tipping AU - Ouellette, D. R. AU - Young, E. T2 - HortScience DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 29 IS - 12 SP - 1478 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Targeted mapping and linkage analysis of morphological isozyme, and RAPD markers in peach AU - Chaparro, J. X. AU - Werner, D. J. AU - O'Malley, D. AU - Sederoff, R. R. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 87 IS - 7 SP - 805 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pesticide recordkeeping AU - Bailey, D. A. AU - Baker, J. R. AU - Jones, R. K. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Family and clonal variation in susceptibility of Pinus radiata to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in relation to in vitro shoot growth rate AU - Bergmann, B. A. AU - Stomp, A. M. T2 - New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF GENOTYPE ON ROOTING OF HYPOCOTYLS AND IN-VITRO PRODUCED SHOOTS OF PINUS-RADIATA AU - BERGMANN, BA AU - STOMP, AM T2 - PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE DA - 1994/12// PY - 1994/12// DO - 10.1007/BF00035970 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 195-202 SN - 0167-6857 KW - ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS KW - TISSUE CULTURE ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF GENOTYPE ON IN-VITRO ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT FORMATION IN PINUS-RADIATA AND CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PAIRS OF PHENOTYPIC TRAITS DURING IN-VITRO SHOOT DEVELOPMENT AU - BERGMANN, BA AU - STOMP, AM T2 - PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE DA - 1994/12// PY - 1994/12// DO - 10.1007/BF00035969 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 185-194 SN - 0167-6857 KW - CLONE KW - EARLY SELECTION KW - FAMILY KW - TISSUE CULTURE ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRIP FERTIGATION WITH NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM AND POSTHARVEST SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL SOFT-ROT OF BELL PEPPERS AU - CARBALLO, SJ AU - BLANKENSHIP, SM AU - SANDERS, DC AU - RITCHIE, DF T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - Abstract In 1991 and 1992, drip irrigation was used to apply various rates and timings of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) to black polyethylene plastic‐mulched bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to determine the effect on fruit quality and susceptibility to postharvest bacterial soft rot (Ervinia carotovora subsp. carotovora). Neither rate nor application timing affected total yield in either year. In 1991, the high fertilizer rate (266–309 kg/ha of N and K, respectively) increased class 1 yield in the first harvest and reduced total discards. In 1992, a year with a colder than average spring, the low fertilizer rate (70–81 kg/ha of NK) increased class 1 yield in the first harvest. Mid‐ or late‐season fertigation produced more second harvest yield and less discards than the first harvest in 1991, but not in 1992. Fruits of plants fertilized with high N and K rates had greater N and dry matter concentration. No differences in color or wall thickness at harvest were detected among treatments. Stored fruits turned red slower with the late season low fertilizer rate. There were no differences in rate of weight loss during storage at 10°C. No differences in progression of bacterial soft rot were detected among treatments in 1991, but the higher fertigation rates or late timing application increased resistance in 1992. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1080/01904169409364797 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - 1175-1191 SN - 1532-4087 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bedding plant performance during the drought of '93 AU - Bailey, D. A. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SULFONYLUREA SELECTIVITY AND SAFENER ACTIVITY IN LANDMARK AND MERIT SWEET CORN AU - BURTON, JD AU - MANESS, EP AU - MONKS, DW AU - ROBINSON, DK T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - The sulfonylurea herbicides primisulfuron and nicosulfuron are phytotoxic to the sweet corn cultivar Merit, whereas most other cultivars, including ′Landmark,′ are relatively resistant. The mechanism of herbicide resistance between ′Merit′ and Landmark was studied. The sensitivity of acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity to primisulfuron and nicosulfuron in protein extracts from Merit and Landmark was compared as a possible mechanism of resistance. The rates of ALS activity from the two varieties were similar, at 0.58 and 0.57 μmol · (mg protein · hr)−1 for Merit and Landmark, respectively. Enzyme activity from both varieties was sensitive to herbicide inhibition. I50 values for primisulfuron were 16 and 12 nM for inhibition of ALS activity from Merit and Landmark, respectively. I50 values for nicosulfuron were 340 and 295 nM for inhibition of ALS activity from Merit and Landmark, respectively. The relative levels of primisulfuron and nicosulfuron metabolism in Merit and Landmark were also considered as a mechanism of resistance. Excised shoots from Landmark had a much greater capacity to metabolize primisulfuron and nicosulfuron than Merit. With Merit, after 8 hr, 8.3 and 13.3% of the extracted radioactivity was found as primisulfuron and nicosulfuron metabolites, respectively, whereas 60.5 and 63.5% of the extracted radioactivity in Landmark was found as primisulfuron and nicosulfuron metabolites, respectively. The effect of the safener BAS 145 138 on ALS activity and herbicide metabolism in both cultivars was also studied. BAS 145 138 did not affect ALS activity or herbicide sensitivity in either species. BAS 145 138 did not affect primisulfuron or nicosulfuron metabolism in Merit, whereas BAS 145 138 increased the metabolism of both herbicides in Landmark. Safener treatment increased the metabolism of primisulfuron from 33% in untreated to 49% in treated Landmark seedlings. The metabolism of nicosulfuron increased from 61% in the untreated Landmark to 84% in the treated seedlings. Because ALS activity from both Merit and Landmark was equally sensitive to both nicosulfuron and primisulfuron, differential sensitivity at the proposed biochemical site of action does not account for the observed selectivity at the whole plant level. The greater level of sulfonylurea metabolism in Landmark than Merit suggests that resistance to these herbicides is due to metabolic detoxication of the parent herbicide. BAS 145 138 enhanced herbicide metabolism in Landmark but not Merit. DA - 1994/3// PY - 1994/3// DO - 10.1006/pest.1994.1017 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 163-172 SN - 0048-3575 ER - TY - JOUR TI - LUFFA SPONGE GOURD PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR TEMPERATE CLIMATES AU - DAVIS, JM T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - The objective of 2 years of field studies was to begin development of a luffa sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) production system for a cool, temperate climate by studying the effects of planting date, planting method, in-row spacing (30.5, 61, and 91 cm), and pruning techniques on yield and quality of luffa sponge gourds. High yields of mature gourds were obtained when transplants were field-set as soon as the danger of frost had past. Highest marketable yields were obtained when plants were spaced 30.5 cm apart in the row and the first four lateral shoots were removed. Plants spaced 91 cm apart produced gourds with the largest diameter, whereas plants with 30.5-cm in-row spacing produced the highest yields of gourds with bath sponge diameters (5.1-7.6 cm). Plants spaced 91 cm apart and topped at node six obtained high fiber density, strong fibers, and excellent visual appeal, but low yields. Yields were competitive with yields obtained in warmer climates. DA - 1994/4// PY - 1994/4// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.4.263 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 263-266 SN - 0018-5345 KW - LOOFA KW - LOOFAH KW - LUFFA-AEGYPTIACA KW - LUFFA-CYLINDRICA KW - CULTURAL PRACTICES KW - FLOWERING KW - YIELDS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection of cold-injured blueberry stems by Botryosphaeria dothidea AU - Cline, W. O. T2 - Plant Disease DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1094/pd-78-1010a VL - 78 IS - 10 SP - 1010 ER - TY - JOUR TI - HARVEST MATURITY AFFECTS FRUIT YIELD, SIZE, AND GRADE OF FRESH-MARKET TOMATO CULTIVARS AU - DAVIS, JM AU - GARDNER, RG T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Eight staked, determinate tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars were harvested when green (before breaker stage) or when pink (breaker stage and riper) in two replicated field studies. In general, total yield and average fruit size were reduced when fruit were harvested at the green stage. Harvest maturity had only a small effect on occurrence of most fruit defects, except fruit cracking, which was more severe for pink than for green fruit in the early season experiment. Although total yields for pink harvested fruit were higher than for green harvested fruit in the early season study, the high incidence of fruit crack in pink fruit resulted in similar yields of U.S. combination grade (U.S. no. 1 and U.S. no. 2) fruit for both treatments. Because the largest fruit often bring a premium price, harvesting fruit when pink probably will result in a higher price per kilogram than harvesting fruit when green. Fruit harvested green, however, are generally firmer, more crack resistant, and require fewer harvests than fruit harvested pink. DA - 1994/6// PY - 1994/6// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.6.613 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 613-615 SN - 0018-5345 KW - LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM KW - CULTIVARS KW - POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY KW - VINE-RIPE ER - TY - JOUR TI - COMPARISON OF MULCHES FOR FRESH-MARKET BASIL PRODUCTION AU - DAVIS, JM T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Using various mulches for small-scale, commercial basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) production was examined. Sweet basil and bush basil, on raised beds with drip irrigation, were grown on bare ground or mulched with black polyethylene, wheat straw, hardwood bark, or mixed wood chips. Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia spp.) was highest for both basils grown with wheat straw and for sweet basil grown on bare ground or with back polyethylene mulch. Both basils grown with hardwood and pine bark mulches had few soft ret symptoms. All mulches provided acceptable weed control. Yields throughout the growing season were highest with black polyethylene mulch and lowest with hardwood and pine bark mulches. DA - 1994/4// PY - 1994/4// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.29.4.267 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 267-268 SN - 0018-5345 KW - OCIMUM-BASILICUM KW - SWEET BASIL KW - BUSH BASIL KW - POLYETHYLENE KW - STRAW KW - HARDWOOD BARK KW - PINE BARK ER - TY - JOUR TI - A HUMIC-ACID IMPROVES GROWTH OF TOMATO SEEDLING IN SOLUTION CULTURE AU - DAVID, PP AU - NELSON, PV AU - SANDERS, DC T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - Abstract The effects of humic acid (HA) on nutrient accumulation and growth of tomato seedlings were evaluated in a solution of limited nutrient availability in a greenhouse. HA additions were made to the nutrient solution at rates of 0, 640, 1280, or 2560 mg/L. The addition of 1280 mg/L HA produced significant increases in shoot accumulation of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn as well as increased accumulation of N, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu in roots. Fresh and dry weights of roots were also increased, However, on comparing nutrient accumulation in plants treated with 1280 mg/L HA and those given an additional supply of nutrients equivalent to those supplied by HA at the 1280 mg/L rate, shoots accumulated more N, P, K, Fe, and Cu, while roots accumulated more K and Ca. Therefore these increases do not appear to be associated with nutrients contained in HA. Eectrolyte leakage, as an indication of membrane permeability, did not differ as a consequence of HA additions. However, electrolyte leakage correlated positively with HA rate. A shift in solution pH from 5.8 to 7.0 had no effect upon on nutrient accumulation or growth of tomato seedlings. The interaction of pH and addition of HA was not significant. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1080/01904169409364717 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 173-184 SN - 1532-4087 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Propagation of Fraser fir AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Hinesley, L. E. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 112 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of maize leaf nitrate reductase activity involves both gene expression and protein phosphorylation AU - Huber, J. L. AU - Redinbaugh, M. G. AU - Huber, S. C. AU - Campbell, W. H. T2 - Plant Physiology AB - Nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) activity increased at the beginning of the photoperiod in mature green maize (Zea mays L.) leaves as a result of increased enzyme protein level and protein dephosphorylation. In vitro experiments suggested that phosphorylation of maize leaf NR affected sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition, as shown previously in spinach. When excised leaves were fed 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate, NR was phosphorylated on seryl residues in both the light and dark. Tryptic peptide mapping of NR labeled in vivo indicated three major 32P-phosphopeptide fragments, and labeling of all three was reduced when leaves were illuminated. Maize leaf NR mRNA levels that were low at the end of the dark period peaked within 2 h in the light and decreased thereafter, and NR activity generally remained high. It appears that light signals, rather than an endogenous rhythm, account primarily for diurnal variations in NR mRNA levels. Overall, regulation of NR activity in mature maize leaves in response to light signals appears to involve control of gene expression, enzyme protein synthesis, and reversible protein phosphorylation. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1104/pp.106.4.1667 VL - 106 IS - 4 SP - 1667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVOLUTION OF A WEATHER-BASED PEANUT LEAF-SPOT SPRAY ADVISORY IN NORTH-CAROLINA AU - BAILEY, JE AU - JOHNSON, GL AU - TOTH, SJ T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - A weather-based leaf spot spray «advisory» was deployed in North Carolina beginning in 1983 to help growers time fungicide applications to improve the management of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola). Volunteer growers collected weather data that county extension staff used to compute spray advisories. In spite of the logistical difficulties in spraying according to a daily advisory, over 80% of peanut growers surveyed used these advisories in making spray decisions some, most, or all of the time. In an effort to give growers more time to respond to leaf spot spray recommendations, a method was developed to predict advisories 2 days in advance DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.1094/PD-78-0530 VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - 530-535 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A taxonomic research update of cultivated liriopogons AU - Fantz, P. R. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Propagation of Atlantic white cedar by stem cuttings AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Snelling, L. K. T2 - HortScience DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 217 ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE MAIZE (ZEA-MAYS L) CAT1 CATALASE PROMOTER DISPLAYS DIFFERENTIAL BINDING OF NUCLEAR PROTEINS ISOLATED FROM GERMINATED AND DEVELOPING EMBRYOS AND FROM EMBRYOS GROWN IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF ABSCISIC-ACID AU - WILLIAMSON, JD AU - SCANDALIOS, JG T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - We previously demonstrated that amounts of Cat1 RNA in developing immature maize (Zea mays L.) embryos change in parallel with endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content. In excised immature embryos, addition of ABA leads to a large increase in Cat1 RNA accumulation. The Cat1 transcript, however, also accumulates to high amounts in scutella of germinating embryos, where ABA content is low and decreasing. Here we show that application of ABA to germinated embryos no longer results in the up-regulation of the Cat1 transcript accumulation that is seen during embryogenesis. This suggests that factors other than ABA control Cat1 expression at this developmental stage. Using band-shift and southwestern analyses, we show that the change in sensitivity to ABA is paralleled by changes in nuclear proteins binding to a 28-bp region of the Cat1 promoter in vitro. One protein (CAT1BP-20) shows increased accumulation in the absence of ABA, suggesting that a repressor-mediated mechanism accounts for at least a portion of the ABA regulation of Cat1. DA - 1994/12// PY - 1994/12// DO - 10.1104/pp.106.4.1373 VL - 106 IS - 4 SP - 1373-1380 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Genetics DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// VL - 136 IS - 4 SP - 1457-1468 ER -