TY - RPRT TI - The Worker Protection Standard for the use of agricultural pesticides on farms AU - Buhler, W. AU - Harris, K. A3 - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - AG-600-1 PB - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press SN - AG-600-1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Formula calibration method (plastic wallet card) AU - Buhler, W. A3 - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - AG-601-1 PB - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press SN - AG-601-1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 1/128th acre calibration method (plastic wallet card) AU - Buhler, W. A3 - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - AG-601-2 PB - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press SN - AG-601-2 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Sprayer calibration (spray tank decal) AU - Buhler, W. A3 - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - AG-601-3 PB - North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Press SN - AG-601-3 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Large‐scale organic materials composting AU - Sherman, R. A3 - NC State Cooperative Extension DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - AG‐593 PB - NC State Cooperative Extension SN - AG‐593 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ethylene Sampling Protocols for Greenhouse-Grown Crops AU - Blankenship, S. AU - Creswell, T. AU - Gibson, J.L. AU - Peet, M. AU - Whipker, B.E. T2 - N.C. Flower Growers’ Bulletin DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 8 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Bottom Line in Greenhouse Tomato Production AU - Estes, E.A. AU - Peet, M.M. DA - 1999/9// PY - 1999/9// M1 - 18 M3 - ARE Report SN - 18 ER - TY - CONF TI - Organic Greenhouse Vegetable Production AU - Miles, J.A. AU - Peet, M.M. T2 - Southeastern United States Greenhouse Vegetable Growers Conference and Trade Show A2 - Hochmuth, Robert C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings, Southeastern United States Greenhouse Vegetable Growers Conference and Trade Show CY - Tallahassee, Florida DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/5/19/ SP - 55–61 PB - Suwannee Valley Research and Extension Center ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ethylene pollution can kill your plants AU - Gibson, J.L. AU - Whipker, B.E. AU - Blankenship, S. AU - Boyette, M. AU - Creswell, T. AU - Miles, J. AU - Peet, M. T2 - GMPro DA - 1999/11// PY - 1999/11// SP - 55–63 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Carbohydrate levels in developing anthers and pollen of tomatoes exposed to heat stress and elevated CO2 AU - Pressman, E. AU - Peet, M. AU - Pharr, D.M. A3 - NC State University DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 141–142 M3 - Phytotron Report 1999 PB - NC State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effect of high temperature and high atmospheric CO2 on the development and germination of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) pollen: Associated carbohydrate changes and enzyme activities AU - Aloni, B. AU - Peet, M. AU - Pharr, M. AU - Karni, L. A3 - NC State University DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 97-100 M3 - Phytotron Report 1999 PB - NC State University ER - TY - SOUND TI - Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence To Model Leaf Photosynthesis In Greenhouse Pepper And Tomato AU - Willits, D.H. AU - Peet, M.M. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Heat stress effects on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) anther dehiscence and pollen characteristics AU - Sato, S. AU - Peet, M.M. T2 - Plant Biology '99: Annual Meeting of American Society of Plant Physiologists C2 - 1999/// CY - Baltimore, MD DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/7// ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing fertilizer media and biocontrol practices for organic greenhouse tomato production AU - Miles, J. AU - Peet, M.M. T2 - 28th National Agricultural Plastics Congress C2 - 1999/// CY - Tallahassee, Florida DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/5/19/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guide to symptoms of plant nutrient deficiencies AU - Hosier, S. AU - Bradley, L.K. A3 - The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// M1 - AZ1106 PB - The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension SN - AZ1106 UR - https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1106.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - USING CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE TO MODEL LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GREENHOUSE PEPPER AND TOMATO AU - Willits, D.H. AU - Peet, M.M. T2 - Acta Horticulturae DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.1999.507.36 VL - 12 IS - 507 SP - 311-317 J2 - Acta Hortic. OP - SN - 0567-7572 2406-6168 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.507.36 DB - Crossref KW - Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. KW - Capsicum annuum KW - fluorescence yield KW - carbon fixation KW - carbon assimilation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of bacterial rep-PCR genomic fingerprints using a backpropagation neural network AU - Tuang, Fei Ni AU - Rademaker, Jan L.W. AU - Alocilja, Evangelyn C. AU - Louws, Frank J. AU - Bruijn, Frans J. T2 - FEMS Microbiology Letters AB - A backpropagation neural network (BPN) was used to identify bacterial plant pathogens based on their genomic fingerprints. Genomic fingerprint data, comprised of complex DNA band patterns generated using BOX, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-primers (rep-PCR), were used to train three independent BPNs. 10 Strains of the genus Xanthomonas, each with a characteristic host plant range, were identified correctly using the three trained BPNs. When tested with fingerprints of bacterial strains not present in the training sets, the rejection rate was 100%, using the three BPN classifiers combined. Thus, BPN protocols can be employed to generate a powerful computer-based system for the identification of pathogenic bacteria in the genus Xanthomonas. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13740.x VL - 177 IS - 2 SP - 249-256 ER - TY - JOUR TI - 642 A Training Series in Organic Farming Systems AU - Creamer, N.G. AU - Baldwin, K.R. AU - Louws, F.J. T2 - HortScience AB - Consumer demand for organically produced food and the desire by many farmers to eliminate chemical fertilizers and pesticides is increasing the need for research and educational programs to support organic farmers. To date, the land-grant universities and the cooperative extension service have been viewed by organic farmers as unresponsive to this need. The primary reason for the unresponsiveness has been inadequate training and resource materials available to extension agents. In 1998, we conducted an intensive training for agriculture agents in North Carolina. Funding was provided by the USDA SARE Professional Development Program. More than 50 agents participated in a series of workshops that were offered together as a graduate course worth four NCSU credits. Much of the training was conducted on the Organic Unit at The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS), a 100-acre facility dedicated to research and education in organic farming systems. The hands-on training consisted of lectures, demonstrations, field trips, and class exercises. The topic areas included soil biology/ecology; crop rotation; organic nutrient management; composting; cover crop management; organic weed, insect, and disease management; appropriate tillage practices; organic greenhouse management; marketing organic produce; integrating animals into organic crop production systems; delivery systems for disseminating information to organic producers, and; social and community development aspects of sustainable agriculture. Unique features of the workshops were the interdisciplinary approach to teaching them, and the integration of information about interactions between production factors. The training was very well-received and will serve as a model for future extension programming. A training manual, slide sets, extension publications, and a Web site are being created to further support agents as they conduct programming in their own counties. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.34.3.558c VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 558C-558 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Heterosis in Vegetable Crops AU - Coors, James G. AU - Pandey, Shivaji AU - Hallauer, A. R. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops AB - This chapter uses heterosis to mean hybrid vigor relative to the better parent, or where inbreeding depression is severe, to the comparable open pollinated cultivars. Although there is heterosis expressed for yield traits in many of the vegetable crops, a primary advantage of hybrid cultivars is the protection they provide for proprietary lines developed by plant breeders. Self-pollinated crops that produce few seeds per cross make it difficult to produce hybrids economically. Vegetable crops such as legumes and lettuce are important in the USA. Many crops in the Solanaceae are self pollinated and are adaptable to hybrid production. Eggplant, pepper, and tomato are examples of successful use of hybrids. Most hybrids are produced by hand emasculation and hand pollination; however, it may be possible to produce seeds less expensively using male sterility or exserted stigma genes to increase the number of seeds and reduce the time required per cross. PY - 1999/// DO - 10.2134/1999.geneticsandexploitation.c36 OP - PB - American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America SN - 9780891182559 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1999.geneticsandexploitation.c36 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wild fruit resources and exploitation in Xiaoxing’an Mountains AU - Lihuan, Zhuo AU - Ling, Wang AU - Quanshe, Chen AU - Wusheng, Liu T2 - Journal of Forestry Research DA - 1999/3// PY - 1999/3// DO - 10.1007/bf02855475 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 31-33 J2 - Journal of Forestry Research LA - en OP - SN - 1007-662X 1993-0607 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02855475 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Desert gardening for beginners: how to grow vegetables, flowers and herbs in an arid climate AU - Cromell, C. AU - Guy, L. AU - Bradley, L.K. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// SP - 104 PB - Master Gardener Press UR - http://cals.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/mgpress/dgfb.htm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studies on seed dormancy of broad leaf mustard and garden cress AU - Panthee, D.R. T2 - Nepalese Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 3 SP - 30–35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative trait loci for polyamine content in an RFLP-mapped potato population and their relationship to tuberization AU - Davies, Peter J. AU - Simko, Ivan AU - Mueller, Suzanne M. AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Lewis, Candice AU - McMurry, Susan AU - Taylor, Mark A. AU - Ewing, Elmer E. T2 - Physiologia Plantarum AB - DNA‐based genetic markers are now widely used by geneticists to locate genes for quantitative traits, and may also serve as a valuable tool for dissecting complex physiological phenomena. Van den Berg et al. (1996a QTL analysis of potato tuberization. Theor Appl Gen 93: 307–316), using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)‐mapped populations of potato, detected eleven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tuberization. Taylor et al. (1992 Expression and sequence analysis of cDNAs induced during the early stages of tuberisation in different organs of the potato plant [ Solanum tuberosum L.]. Plant Mol Biol 20: 641–651) have identified one of the genes associated with tuberization as that for the enzyme S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMdc), an enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Chromosomal loci for SAMdc and arginine decarboxylase were established on the potato and tomato chromosomal maps, respectively, by hybridizing cDNA probes for these genes to RFLP digests. The polyamine content of leaves from an RFLP‐mapped potato population was analyzed by fluorescence detection following HPLC, with quantitation using an internal standard. The data were analyzed by the ‘qGene’ statistical program, and QTLs for polyamines were detected on seven chromosomes. At least six QTLs were found for spermine, two for spermidine, and two for putrescine. A spermidine QTL was on chromosome 5 linked to marker TG441 , very close to the place where SAMdc mapped. There was some congruence between QTLs for spermine and those previously detected for tuberization and dormancy, but relationships were not consistent. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.106210.x VL - 106 IS - 2 SP - 210-218 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Big Green AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Warren, S.L. T2 - American Nurseryman DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 190 IS - 9 SP - 68-72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Propagation of Quercus myrsinifolia and Q. canbyi by stem cuttings AU - McGuigan, P.J. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Ranney, T.G. T2 - American Nurseryman DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 189 IS - 2 SP - 90-91 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nitrogen nutrition of containerized Thuja x ‘Green Giant’ AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Blazich, F.A. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 44th Annual Report DA - 1999/// SP - 42–45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biorational and conventional plant protectants reduce feeding by adult Japanese beetles AU - Witt, J.D. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Baker, J.R. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 203-206 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil physical properties and potato yield in no-till, subsurface-till, and conventional-till systems AU - Mundy, C. AU - Creamer, N. G. AU - Crozier, C. R. AU - Wilson, L. G. AU - Morse, R. D. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A report on the NCSU 1998 poinsettia trials AU - Larson, R. A. AU - McCall, I. F. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of fertilizer concentration on growth of double impatiens AU - Whipker, B. E. AU - Dasoju, S. AU - Dosmann, M. S. AU - Iles, J. K. T2 - HortTechnology AB - Double impatiens ( Impatiens wallerana Hook.) `Blackberry Ice' (variegated-leaf) and `Purple Magic' (green-leaf) were grown on flood benches and irrigated with 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg·L -1 (ppm) N to study the effect of fertility on growth and development. Electrical conductivity (EC) levels at week 9 were similar for both cultivars at each fertilizer rate, except for the 100 mg·L -1 N where EC levels of `Blackberry Ice' were more than double those of `Purple Magic'. This indicated that the nutrient demands were less for `Blackberry Ice' and fertilization rates lower than 100 mg·L -1 N would be required. After nine weeks, plants grown with 100 mg·L -1 N had a 22% larger plant diameter than plants grown with either 50 or 200 mg·L -1 N. Fertilization rates of 50 mg·L -1 N resulted in plants which were covered with a higher percentage of blooms per unit of leaf area, but the plants were smaller. Plant tissue dry weight (leaf, bud, stem, and total) increased to the highest level at 100 mg·L -1 N, then decreased with further increases in fertilization rate. For maximum shoot growth with flood irrigation, growers should apply 100 mg·L -1 N when growing `Purple Magic' double impatiens and a fertilization rate between 50 and 100 mg·L -1 N for `Blackberry Ice'. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.21273/horttech.9.3.425 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seedling growth of Atlantic white-cedar as influenced by photoperiod and day/night temperature AU - Jull, L. G. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Hinesley, L. E. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 107 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed germination of two provenances of Atlantic white-cedar as influenced by stratification, temperature, and light AU - Jull, L. G. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Hinesley, L. E. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 158 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of stratification, temperature, and light on seed germination of selected provenances of Atlantic white-cedar AU - Jull, L. G. AU - Blazich, F. A. T2 - Atlantic white-cedar : ecology and management symposium DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - -27 SP - 33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse crop stress management AU - Peet, Mary T2 - Acta Horticulturae DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.1999.481.77 IS - 481 SP - 643 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop loss to eight diseases of watermelon in North Carolina AU - Shetty, N. V. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - 22 SP - 47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed germination of Rhododendron chapmanii: Influence of light and temperature AU - Arocha, L. O. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Warren, S. L. AU - Thetford, M. AU - Berry, J. B. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing irrigation by electrical conductivity AU - Bilderback, Theodore AU - Warren, S. L. AU - Daniels, J. H. T2 - Acta Horticulturae DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.1999.481.47 IS - 481 SP - 403 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shading and IBA treatment does not improve rooting of stem cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides ‘Emerald Sentinel’ AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Ranney, T.G. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 123-125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research progress report: The effect of B-Nine, Bonzi, and Sumagic on the growth of ornamental cabbage and kale AU - Gibson, J. L. AU - Whipker, B. E. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research progress report: Ornamental cabbage and kale fertilization study AU - Gibson, J. L. AU - Whipker, B. E. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ethylene: Sources, Effects, and Prevention for Greenhouse-Grown Crops AU - Gibson, J.L. AU - Whipker, B.E. AU - Blankenship, S. AU - Boyette, M. AU - Creswell, T. AU - Miles, J. AU - Peet, M. T2 - North Carolina Flower Growers’ Bulletin DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atlantic white-cedar wetland restoration project at Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge AU - Hinesley, E. AU - Wicker, M. T2 - Atlantic white-cedar : ecology and management symposium DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// IS - -27 SP - 27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant breeding efforts in Stokesia, Cercis, and Buddleia at North Carolina State AU - Werner, D. J. T2 - Combined Proceedings (International Plant Propagators' Society) DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 49 IS - 1999 SP - 459-460 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Phytophthora blight of peppers and cucurbits AU - Louws, F. AU - Holmes, G. AU - Ristaino, J. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Barbieria DC AU - Fantz, P. R. T2 - Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana. Vol. 5: Eriocaulaceae-Lentibulariaceae A2 - J. A. Steyermark, P. E. Berry A2 - K. Yatskievych, A2 - Holst, B. K. CN - QK273 .F56 1995 PY - 1999/// SP - 262-263 PB - St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden ER - TY - CONF TI - Cultivar-groups in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) AU - Fantz, P. R. AU - Rouse, R. J. AU - Bilderback, T. E. A2 - S. Andrews, A.C. Leslie A2 - Alexander, C. C2 - 1999/// C3 - Taxonomy of cultivated plants: Third international symposium: Proceedings of the meeting held in Edinburgh, Scotland, 20-26 July 1998 CN - SB317.53 .I68 1998 DA - 1999/// SP - 325-334 PB - Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens SN - 190034789X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Clitoria AU - Fantz, P. R. T2 - Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana. Vol. 5: Eriocaulaceae-Lentibulariaceae A2 - J. A. Steyermark, P. E. Berry A2 - K. Yatskievych, A2 - Holst, B. K. CN - QK273 .F56 1995 PY - 1999/// SP - 280-287 PB - St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden ER - TY - CHAP TI - Centrosema AU - Fantz, P. R. T2 - Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana: Vol. 5: Eriocaulaceae-Lentibulariaceae A2 - J. A. Steyermark, P. E. Berry A2 - K. Yatskievych, A2 - Holst, B. K. CN - QK273 .F56 1995 PY - 1999/// SP - 271-276 PB - St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden ER - TY - BOOK TI - Large-scale organic materials composting AU - Sherman, R. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// PB - Raleigh: N.C. Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Secondary seed dormancy of Rhododendron catawbiense and Rhododendron maximum AU - Glenn, C. T. AU - Blazich, F. A. AU - Warren, S. L. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 1-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen nutrition of containerized Thuja x ‘Green Giant’ AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Ranney, T.G. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 76-79 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Damage assessment in Christmas tree plantations following vegetation control with sheep and geese AU - Mueller, J.P. AU - Poore, M.H. AU - Skroch, W.A. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 11-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of peat, shade, and seedling size on growth of Atlantic white cedar transplants AU - Hinesley, L. E. AU - Snelling, L. K. AU - Pierce, G. L. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 5-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cotton response to temperature and pyrithiobac AU - Jennings, K. M. AU - Culpepper, A. S. AU - York, A. C. T2 - Journal of Cotton Science DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 132-138 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Little heterosis for yield and yield components in hybrids of six cucumber inbreds AU - Cramer, CS AU - Wehner, TC T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1023/A:1003764621072 VL - 110 IS - 2 SP - 99-108 SN - 0014-2336 KW - combining ability KW - correlation KW - Cucurbitaceae KW - Cucumis sativus KW - earliness KW - fruit shape KW - inbreeding depression KW - quantitative genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing rhododendron flowering AU - Bir, R. E. T2 - Nursery Management & Production DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of mannitol dehydrogenase: Relationship to plant growth and stress tolerance AU - Pharr, D. M. AU - Prata, R. T. N. AU - Jennings, D. B. AU - Williamson, J. D. AU - Zamski, E. AU - Yamamoto, Y. T. AU - Conkling, M. A. T2 - HortScience DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 1027-1032 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mountain supreme early blight-resistant hybrid tomato and its parents, NC EBR-3 and NC EBR-4 AU - Gardner, R. G. AU - Shoemaker, P. B. T2 - HortScience DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 745-746 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of seedpiece spacing and population on yield, internal quality, and economic performance of Atlantic, Superior, and Snowden potato varieties in eastern North Carolina AU - Creamer, NG AU - Crozier, CR AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/BF02853623 VL - 76 IS - 5 SP - 257-261 SN - 0003-0589 KW - stand establishment KW - heat necrosis KW - hollow heart KW - Solanum tuberosum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse and field resistance in cucumber to root-knot nematodes AU - Walters, SA AU - Wehner, TC AU - Barker, KR T2 - NEMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Ten cultigens were evaluated for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria races 1 and 2, and M. javanica under greenhouse and field conditions. Resistance to M. arenaria races 1 and 2, and M. javanica was verified in Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii line LJ 90430 and to M. arenaria race 2 in C. sativus var. sativus Southern Pickler and Mincu in a greenhouse test. Another cultigen of C. sativus var. hardwickii (PI 215589) was found to be resistant to M. arenaria race 2 but not to other root-knot nematode species tested. LJ 90430 is the cultigen of choice to develop root-knot nematode resistant cucumbers, since it has multiple root-knot nematode resistance and is cross-compatible with cucumber. Greenhouse and field data were positively correlated (r = 0.74) over both years. Experiment repeatabilities were calculated from the cultigens infected with root-knot nematodes under both greenhouse and field conditions. Four environments (greenhouse and field over 2 years) were used in the analysis. Repeatabilities were high in all instances (ranging from 0.83-0.99) and indicated that the environment (field or greenhouse) was not an important factor in assessing root-knot nematode resistance for the cultigens evaluated. Resistenz von Gurkengegen Wurzelgallennematoden im Gewachshaus undim Freiland - Unter Gewachshausund Freilandbedingungen wurden zehn Cultigene auf ihre Resistenz gegen Meloidogyne arenaria Rassen 1 und 2 und gegen M. javanica gepruft. Bei Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii Linie LJ 90430 wurde im Gewachshausversuch Resistenz gegen M. arenaria Rassen 1 und 2 sowie gegen M. javanica nachgewiesen, und in C. sativus var. sativus "Southern Pickler" und "Mincu" Resistenz gegen M. arenaria Rasse 2. Cultigen C. sativus var. hardwickii (PI 215589) war resistent gegen M. arenaria Rasse 2 aber nicht gegen die anderen gepruften Arten von Wurzelgallennematoden. LJ 90430 ist das Cultigen der Wahl bei der Entwicklung von Gurken, die gegen Wurzelgallennematoden resistent sind, da es multiple Resistenzen gegen Wurzelgallennematoden besitzt und kreuzungsvertraglich mit Gurke ist. Die Ergebnisse der Gewachshaus- und Feldversuche waren uber beide Versuchsjahre hin positiv korreliert (r = 0,74). Ausgehend von den Cultigenen, die im Gewachshaus und im Freiland mit Wurzelgallennematoden infiziert waren, wurden die Wiederholbarkeiten der Versuche berechnet. Dabei wurden vier verschiedene Umweltbedingungen (Gewachshaus und Freiland uber zwei Jahre) verwendet. Die Wiederholbarkeiten waren in allen Fallen hoch (0,83-0,99) und zeigten an, dass die Umwelt (Freiland oder Gewachshaus) kein wichtiger Faktor bei der Bestimmung der Resistenz gegen Wurzelgallennematoden bei den gepruften Cultigenen war. DA - 1999/6// PY - 1999/6// DO - 10.1163/156854199508270 VL - 1 IS - 1999 June SP - 279-284 SN - 1388-5545 KW - Cucumis sativus KW - cucurbit KW - disease resistance KW - Meloidogyne arenaria KW - M. hapla KW - M. incognita KW - M. javanica KW - vegetable breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating the genetic architecture of quantitative traits AU - Zeng, ZB AU - Kao, CH AU - Basten, CJ T2 - GENETICAL RESEARCH AB - Understanding and estimating the structure and parameters associated with the genetic architecture of quantitative traits is a major research focus in quantitative genetics. With the availability of a well-saturated genetic map of molecular markers, it is possible to identify a major part of the structure of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and to estimate the associated parameters. Multiple interval mapping, which was recently proposed for simultaneously mapping multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL), is well suited to the identification and estimation of the genetic architecture parameters, including the number, genomic positions, effects and interactions of significant QTL and their contribution to the genetic variance. With multiple traits and multiple environments involved in a QTL mapping experiment, pleiotropic effects and QTL by environment interactions can also be estimated. We review the method and discuss issues associated with multiple interval mapping, such as likelihood analysis, model selection, stopping rules and parameter estimation. The potential power and advantages of the method for mapping multiple QTL and estimating the genetic architecture are discussed. We also point out potential problems and difficulties in resolving the details of the genetic architecture as well as other areas that require further investigation. One application of the analysis is to improve genome-wide marker-assisted selection, particularly when the information about epistasis is used for selection with mating. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.1017/S0016672399004255 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 279-289 SN - 0016-6723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of randomly-obtained matrix attachment regions (MARs) from higher plants AU - Michalowski, SM AU - Allen, GC AU - Hall, GE AU - Thompson, WF AU - Spiker, S T2 - BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Matrix attachment regions (MARs) can be operationally defined as DNA fragments that bind to the nuclear matrix. We have created a library of randomly obtained MARs from tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) by cloning DNA fragments that co-isolate with nuclear matrixes prepared by a method involving lithium diiodosalicylate. The interactions of several of the cloned MARs with nuclear matrixes were tested by an in vitro binding assay in which genomic DNA was used as competitor. Based on this assay, the MARs were classified as strong, medium, and weak binders. Examples of each of the binding classes were further studied by in vitro binding using self- and cross-competition. Estimates of dissociation constants for several MARs ranged from 6 to 11 nM and correlated inversely with binding strength. The number of binding sites per matrix for several MARs ranged from 4 x 10(5) to 9 x 10(5) and correlated directly with binding strength. We conclude that binding strength, as we have measured it, is a function of both numbers of binding sites and affinity for the sites. The tobacco MARs were sequenced and analyzed for overall AT content, for distribution of AT-rich regions, and for the abundance of several MAR-related motifs. Previously identified MAR motifs correlate to various degrees with binding strength. Notably, the Drosophila topoisomerase II motif does not correlate with binding strength of the tobacco MARs. A newly identified motif, the "90%AT Box," correlates better with binding strength than any of the previously identified motifs we investigated. DA - 1999/9/28/ PY - 1999/9/28/ DO - 10.1021/bi991142c VL - 38 IS - 39 SP - 12795-12804 SN - 0006-2960 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of polygenes affecting wing shape on chromosome 3 in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Weber, K. AU - Eisman, R. AU - Morey, L. AU - Patty, A. AU - Sparks, J. AU - Tausek, M. AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Genetics DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 153 IS - 2 SP - 773-786 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The three Ds of PCR-based genomic analysis of phytobacteria: Diversity, detection, and disease diagnosis AU - Louws, FJ AU - Rademaker, JLW AU - Bruijn, FJ T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - The advent of molecular biology in general and the polymerase chain reaction in particular have greatly facilitated genomic analyses of microorganisms, provide enhanced capability to characterize and classify strains, and facilitate research to assess the genetic diversity of populations. The diversity of large populations can be assessed in a relatively efficient manner using rep-PCR-, AFLP-, and AP-PCR/RAPD-based genomic fingerprinting methods, especially when combined with computer-assisted pattern analysis. Genetic diversity maps provide a framework to understand the taxonomy, population structure, and dynamics of phytobacteria and provide a high-resolution framework to devise sensitive, specific, and rapid methods for pathogen detection, plant disease diagnosis, as well as management of disease risk. A variety of PCR-based fingerprinting protocols such as rDNA-based PCR, ITS-PCR, ARDRA, T-RFLPs, and tRNA-PCR have been devised, and numerous innovative approaches using specific primers have been adopted to enhance both the detection and identification of phytobacteria. PCR-based protocols, combined with computer-based analysis, have provided novel fundamental knowledge of the ecology and population dynamics of bacterial pathogens, and present exciting new opportunities for basic and applied studies in plant pathology. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.81 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 81-125 SN - 1545-2107 KW - population structure KW - polymerase chain reaction KW - genomic fingerprinting KW - informatics KW - disease management KW - phylogeny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield response of watermelon to planting density, planting pattern, and polyethylene mulch AU - Sanders, DC AU - Cure, JD AU - Schultheis, , JR T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - One or two plants per hill of `Prince Charles' and `Royal Jubilee' watermelon were grown with drip fertigation at five in-row spacings, with or without polyethylene mulch, in four location × year combinations (environments). Rows were 1.5 m apart and in-row spacings were 45, 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm. `Royal Jubilee' yielded more than `Prince Charles' in all environments, and the highest yields were associated with low percent culls and high fruit numbers per hectare. Highest yields of marketable fruits (≥4.5 kg/melon) were obtained using polyethylene mulch and areas per plant between 0.4 and 0.9 m 2 . Average weight per melon, however, was ≥9 kg only at areas per plant >0.9 to 1.0 m 2 . Unless there is a market for small fruits (≥4.5–9 kg), optimum area per plant was ≈1.0 m 2 . Results for one plant per hill at one in-row spacing were similar to those for the alternative planting pattern of two plants per hill at half the in-row spacing, thus supporting the feasibility of using the more economical alternative planting pattern. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.34.7.1221 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 1221-1223 SN - 2327-9834 KW - plant population KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - transplant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testcross performance of three selection cycles from four pickling cucumber populations AU - Cramer, CS AU - Wehner, TC T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Progress was measured in four populations of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) improved by recurrent selection. The populations were the North Carolina wide base pickle (NCWBP), medium base pickle (NCMBP), elite pickle 1 (NCEP1), and hardwickii 1 (NCH1). Families from each of three cycles (early, intermediate, and late) from each population were randomly chosen and crossed with Gy 14 to produce gynoecious hybrids. Gy 14 is a gynoecious inbred used commonly as a female parent in the production of pickling cucumber hybrids. Once the plants had 10% oversized (>51 mm in diameter) fruit, plots were sprayed with paraquat to simulate once-over harvest. Selection cycles were evaluated for total, early, and marketable yield, and fruit shape. Testcross performance for fruit shape rating increased over cycles for the NCWBP and NCMBP populations when tested in either season. Testcross performance for total and early yield of the NCEP1 population tested in the spring decreased with selection, but remained constant over cycles in the summer season. The majority of yield traits in each population remained unchanged across selection cycles. Of the four populations studied, the NCMBP population had the greatest gain (7%) in testcross performance over cycles and averaged over all traits. In addition, testcross performance for fruit shape rating had the greatest gain (11%) with selection and averaged over populations. Years and seasons greatly influenced testcross performance for fruit yield and shape rating. In most instances, the fruit yield and shape of Gy 14 was higher than the testcross performance of population-cycle combinations. The performance of several families exceeded that of Gy 14 when testcross combinations were made. Those families could be selected for use in the development of elite cultivars. Chemical name used: 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium ion (paraquat). DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.21273/jashs.124.3.257 VL - 124 IS - 3 SP - 257-261 SN - 0003-1062 KW - Cucumis sativus KW - Cucurbitaceae KW - earliness KW - fruit shape KW - recurrent selection KW - yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mineral nutrient and carbohydrate status of loblolly pine during mist propagation as influenced by stock plant nitrogen fertility AU - Rowe, DB AU - Blazich, FA AU - Weir, RJ T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Hedged stock plants of four full-sib families [27-2 × 27-5, 27-3 × 27-1, 27-2 × 27-1, and 27-6 × 27-1 (designated B, G, R, and W)] of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) were fertilized daily with a complete nutrient solution containing N at 10, 25, 40, 55, or 70 mg·L –1 . In May, terminal softwood stem cuttings were taken and placed under intermittent mist. Families were combined to form composite poor-rooting (BR) and good-rooting (GW) families. At 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sticking, cuttings were evaluated for rooting and analyzed for mineral nutrient and carbohydrate content. Percent rooting by week 12 for cuttings from stock plants receiving N between 25 to 70 mg·L –1 was 28% to 33%, whereas significantly fewer (17%) cuttings from plants receiving 10 mg·L –1 had rooted. By week 12, 98% of cuttings taken from stock plants receiving N at 10 mg·L –1 were alive, while significantly fewer (81% and 82%) of the more succulent cuttings receiving 55 and 70 mg·L –1 , respectively, had survived. Nearly all increases in cutting height occurred within the first 3 weeks. In contrast, top dry weight increased steadily throughout the experiment. There were no significant differences in rooting between the two composite families until week 12, when 32% of cuttings from family GW had rooted compared with 24% for family BR. Survival of cuttings was greater for the poor-rooting family (BR) (94%) than for the good-rooting family (GW) (82%) after 12 weeks. Levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and individual soluble sugars were initially higher in cuttings taken from stock plants that received higher rates of N, whereas the reverse was true for starch content. With the exception of sucrose, content of TNC and soluble carbohydrates generally increased over time. Starch was nearly depleted by week 3, but had increased by weeks 6 and 9. No correlation was found between TNC: N ratios and rooting percentage. Family GW contained greater quantities of myo-inositol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), and TNC than did family BR. Mineral nutrient content was generally greater in cuttings taken from stock plants that received higher rates of N; these cuttings also maintained higher levels throughout the 12-week rooting period. As with the soluble carbohydrates, the good-rooting composite family (GW) contained greater amounts of all mineral nutrients than did the poor-rooting family BR. DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999/12// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.34.7.1279 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 1279-1285 SN - 0018-5345 KW - Pinus taeda KW - Pinaceae KW - conifer KW - adventitious rooting KW - stem cuttings KW - hedged stock plants ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-row plant spacing and date of harvest of 'Beauregard' sweetpotato affect yield and return on investment AU - Schultheis, J. R. AU - Walters, S. A. AU - Adams, D. E. T2 - HortScience DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 1229-1233 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potato production on wide beds: Impact on held and selected soil physical characteristics AU - Mundy, C AU - Creamer, NG AU - Crozier, CR AU - Wilson, LG T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1007/BF02910004 VL - 76 IS - 6 SP - 323-330 SN - 1874-9380 KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - soil moisture KW - soil temperature KW - yield KW - compaction KW - Atlantic KW - North Carolina KW - cone index ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple interval mapping for quantitative trait loci AU - Kao, C. H. AU - Zeng, Z. B. AU - Teasdale, R. D. T2 - Genetics DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 152 IS - 3 SP - 1203-1216 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NC 109 tomato breeding line: 'Mountain Fresh' F-1 hybrid AU - Gardner, R. G. T2 - HortScience DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 941-942 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monte Verde tomato AU - Gardner, R. G. T2 - HortScience DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 940 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Galactosyl-sucrose metabolism and UDP-galactose pyrophosphorylase from Cucumis melo L-fruit AU - Feusi, M. E. S. AU - Burton, J. D. AU - Williamson, J. D. AU - Pharr, D. M. T2 - Physiologia Plantarum AB - In muskmelon ( Cucumis melo L.), sink tissues receive stachyose, raffinose and sucrose through phloem translocation of carbohydrates that are formed as products of leaf photosynthesis. Melon fruits accumulate sucrose massively during the final stages of maturation. This sucrose is derived partially from the catabolism of raffinose saccharides. Rapid galactose metabolism is required, because liberation of free galactose is the first step in the metabolic utilization of the raffinose sugars. The current study demonstrates that the enzyme UDP‐glucose‐hexose‐1‐P uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12), the central enzyme in the classical Lelior pathway, is not the central enzyme in galactose metabolism in muskmelon fruit. Rather, a broad substrate specificity UDP‐galactose pyrophosphorylase (PPase) serves the same functional role. This enzyme accepts either UDP‐galactose or UDP‐glucose as a substrate and is different from a UDP‐glucose PPase with more strict substrate specificity for UDP‐glucose that is also present in melon tissue. UDP‐galactose PPase was purified 113‐fold from melon tissue and was shown to be a 54 kDa (size exclusion chromatography) to 68 kDa (SDS‐PAGE) protein that is enzymatically active as a monomer. We also present evidence that the enzyme likely accepts UDP‐galactose and UDP‐glucose at the same catalytic site. Polyclonal antibodies prepared against this protein reacted with numerous other antigens in melon extracts, apparently as a result of the presence of common antigenic epitopes. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.106102.x VL - 106 IS - 1 SP - 9-16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic and soil filters for reclamation and reuse of water AU - House, CH AU - Bergmann, BA AU - Stomp, AM AU - Frederick, DJ T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AB - Reclamation and reuse of water and nutrients at their source provide the opportunity to use simple, less costly technologies and lessens potentials for catastrophic effects due to centralized treatment system failures. The combination of multiple treatment environments within constructed wetlands can provide water quality suitable for reuse. A current project in rural Chatham County, NC, uses simple, aesthetically pleasing treatment components constructed both outdoors and indoors to reclaim domestic sewage for toilet flushing, landscape irrigation and aesthetic water features. A courtyard containing constructed wetlands and a solarium with modular soil filter components and aquatic chambers are designed to treat sewage from within a small business facility and to provide recreational space for its 60 employees. The combination of vertical flow and horizontal flow constructed wetlands with fill and draw controls provides the necessary environments for nitrification–denitrification, removal of organic materials and phosphorus adsorption reactions. The system is designed to treat and reuse 4500 l day−1 (1200 gal day−1) of domestic sewage from the business. Some of the plants used are selectively bred or genetically engineered to maximize their water reclamation potential. Utilization of simple treatment and reuse technology has permitted the business owner to renovate an abandoned and deteriorating school building into a home for two thriving and internationally based businesses and to protect the water quality of a nearby reservoir. DA - 1999/1// PY - 1999/1// DO - 10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00052-4 VL - 12 IS - 1-2 SP - 27-38 SN - 0925-8574 KW - reuse KW - constructed wetlands KW - vertical flow KW - soil filter KW - fill and draw KW - reclamation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Susceptibility of Paulownia elongata to Agrobacterium and production of transgenic calli and hairy roots by in vitro inoculation AU - Bergmann, Ben AU - Lin, X. AU - Whetten, R. T2 - Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1023/A:1026481926560 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 45–51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiphasic analysis of xanthomonads causing bacterial spot disease on tomato and pepper in the Caribbean and Central America: Evidence for common lineages within and between countries AU - Bouzar, H AU - Jones, JB AU - Stall, RE AU - Louws, FJ AU - Schneider, M AU - Rademaker, JLW AU - Bruijn, FJ AU - Jackson, LE T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Four hundred thirty-three xanthomonad strains isolated from tomato or pepper plants from 32 different fields in four Caribbean and Central American countries were screened for the ability to hydrolyze starch and sodium polypectate and for resistance to copper and streptomycin. Of these, 95 representative strains were further characterized by various phnetic tests, and 63 of these strains were then analyzed by genomic fingerprinting. Most of the strains (>90%) were tolerant to copper. However, there was much more variability in sensitivity to streptomycin. All strains in Guadeloupe and 93% of the strains in Barbados were sensitive to streptomycin. The majority of strains were typical Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria group A strains. In Barbados, however, a unique group of strains was identified that was serologically similar to group A strains but was amylolytic. These strains were designated A1. The occurrence of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria group B strains in Central America was found to be limited to two fields in Costa Rica and one in Guatemala. No group B strains were identified in the Caribbean, in contrast to common occurrence in the central United States and in South America. T3 strains were not found in this study, despite the recent increase of such strains in Florida and Mexico. Unique strains from Costa Rica belonging to the X. gardneri group were identified. Little linkage was found among phenotypic and rep-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) genomic fingerprinting profiles of the pathogens except at the species/pathovar level; strains displaying virtually identical fingerprint profiles were found to correspond to distinct races and vice versa. The rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting analyses suggest that certain lineages may have evolved or predominated in specific regions or specific countries. DA - 1999/4// PY - 1999/4// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.4.328 VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 328-335 SN - 0031-949X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ethylene and carbon dioxide production in detached fruit of selected pepper cultivars AU - Villavicencio, L. AU - Blankenship, S. M. AU - Sanders, D. C. AU - Swallow, W. H. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - 402-406 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of soil calcium and pH on seed germination and subsequent growth of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) AU - Pierce, GL AU - Warren, SL AU - Mikkelsen, RL AU - Linker, HM T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Large crabgrass is a problem weed in horticultural crops, particularly in turfgrass in the southeastern United States. If growth of large crabgrass could be suppressed via soil pH or calcium levels, control of this weed in turfgrass might be improved while minimizing herbicide usage. To determine the effect of soil calcium and pH on germination and growth of large crabgrass, seeds were sown in a loamy sand soil amended with calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ) that established a range of soil pH from 4.8 to 7.8. Seeds were also sown in soil amended similarly with calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ), which does not affect pH, that established a range of exchangeable Ca levels corresponding to the Ca range in CaCO 3 from pH 4.8 to 7.8. Seed germination of large crabgrass was unaffected by pH when soil was amended with CaCO 3 , whereas seed germination decreased with increasing pH when soil was amended with MgCO 3 . Crabgrass germination was not affected by Ca (CaSO 4 ) independent of pH changes. Increasing soil pH reduced shoot and root dry weights of seedlings regardless of material used to raise pH. Maximum shoot dry weights occurred at pH 4.8 in the unamended soil, whereas maximum root dry weights occurred at ranges from pH 5.8 to 6.3 for CaCO 3 and pH 5.3 to 5.8 for MgCO 3 . Shoot and root dry weights were not affected by Ca when soil was amended with CaSO 4 . By raising soil pH levels, the growth of large crabgrass and its ability to compete with turfgrass may be reduced. Raising exchangeable Ca does not appear to be an effective management tool for control of this weed species. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00041968 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 421-424 SN - 0890-037X KW - large crabgrass KW - Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. #(3) DIGSA KW - calcifuge KW - integrated pest management KW - integrated weed management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of apple superficial scald, soft scald, core flush, and greasiness is reduced by MCP AU - Fan, XT AU - Mattheis, JP T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - 1-Methylcyclopropene (MCP) was used to evaluate the role of ethylene in development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) physiological disorders during storage. Granny Smith, Red Chief Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit were treated with MCP at a concentration of 1 microL L(-)(1) for 12 h at 20 degrees C. For all varieties stored at 0 degrees C, ethylene production and respiration rates were reduced for several months following MCP treatment, and firmness and titratable acidity of treated fruit were higher compared to controls. Apples treated with MCP did not develop superficial scald or peel greasiness through 6 months storage plus ripening at 20 degrees C for 7 days. Core flush was not observed in MCP-treated fruit until 6 months after treatment when the incidence was still lower compared to control fruit. MCP delayed the rise in production of alpha-farnesene and reduced accumulation of its oxidation products. DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.1021/jf981176b VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - 3063-3068 SN - 0021-8561 KW - apple KW - conjugated trienes KW - core flush KW - ethylene KW - alpha-farnesene KW - greasiness KW - 1-methylcyclopropene KW - 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one KW - soft scald KW - superficial scald ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carolina Ruby sweetpotato AU - Collins, W. W. AU - Pecota, K. V. AU - Yencho, G. C. T2 - HortScience DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 155-156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Matrix attachment regions increase transgene expression levels and stability in transgenic rice plants and their progeny AU - Vain, P AU - Worland, B AU - Kohli, A AU - Snape, JW AU - Christou, P AU - Allen, GC AU - Thompson, WF T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - Summary To investigate the effect of matrix attachment regions (MARs) on transgene expression levels and stability in cereal crops, we generated 83 independent transgenic rice callus lines containing a gusA expression cassette either as a simple expression unit, or flanked with MARs from tobacco (Rb7) or yeast (ARS1). Transgenic rice plants were regenerated from these callus lines and analysed at the structural and expression levels over two generations. In the first generation (T 0 ), both Rb7 and ARS1 MARs significantly increased transgene expression levels. In the populations of plants containing MARs, we observed a significant reduction in the number of non‐expressing lines compared to the population of plants without MARs. However, variation in β‐glucuronidase (GUS) expression levels between independent lines was similar both in the presence and absence of flanking MARs. In the presence of MARs, GUS activity increased in proportion to transgene copy number up to 20 copies, but was generally reduced in lines carrying a higher copy number. In the population of plants without MARs, there was no correlation between expression level and transgene copy number. In the second generation (T 1 ), transgene expression levels were significantly correlated with those of the T 0 parents. The Rb7 MARs significantly improved the stability of transgene expression levels over two generations, and therefore appear to offer protection against transgene silencing. Our study shows that the exploitation of MARs may be an important strategy for stabilising transgene expression levels in genetically engineered cereals. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00446.x VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 233-242 SN - 0960-7412 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A tobacco matrix attachment region reduces the loss of transgene expression in the progeny of transgenic tobacco plants AU - Ulker, B AU - Allen, GC AU - Thompson, WF AU - Spiker, S AU - Weissinger, AK T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - Summary The RB7 matrix attachment region (MAR), when flanking a uidA ( GUS ) reporter gene, has been previously shown to increase uidA gene expression by 60‐fold in stably transformed tobacco suspension cell lines. We have now used the same co‐transformation procedure to determine the effect of flanking MARs on uidA gene expression in tobacco plants. The neomycin phosphotransferase selection gene and uidA reporter gene on separate plasmids were co‐transformed into seedlings by microprojectile bombardment. In primary transgenic plants, the average uidA expression in plants with MARs was twofold greater than in control plants without MARs, but there was no effect on variation of expression. GUS activity was not proportional to the number of integrated uidA transgenes over the entire range of copy numbers. However, in the lower part of the copy number range, MAR lines show a tendency for expression to increase with copy number. Transgene expression in backcross progenies of the MAR‐containing lines averaged threefold higher than in control progenies. MARs also reduced the loss of transgene expression in the BC 1 generation. Sixty‐three per cent of the 21 MAR‐containing primary transformants, but only 20% of the 14 control primary transformants, produced backcross progenies in which no loss of transgene expression was observed. These observations are discussed in the context of homology‐dependent gene silencing. DA - 1999/5// PY - 1999/5// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00453.x VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 253-263 SN - 1365-313X ER - TY - JOUR TI - New cultivars need to be documented AU - Fantz, P. R. T2 - Nursery Notes (North Carolina Association of Nurserymen) DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 17,-19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Propagation of Magnolia virginiana ‘Santa Rosa’ by semi-hardwood cuttings AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Ranney, T.G. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 47-48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prohexadione-Ca: A promising chemical for controlling vegetative growth of apples AU - Unrath, C. R. T2 - HortScience DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 1197-1200 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metolachlor and simazine in surface runoff water from a simulated container plant nursery AU - Mahnken, G. E. AU - Skroch, W. A. AU - Leidy, R. B. AU - Sheets, T. J. T2 - Weed Technology DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 799-806 ER - TY - JOUR TI - L-methylcyclopropene inhibits apple ripening AU - Fan, X. T. AU - Blankenship, S. M. AU - Mattheis, J. P. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// VL - 124 IS - 6 SP - 690-695 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America - List 25 - 1999 AU - Wehner, TC T2 - HORTSCIENCE DA - 1999/10// PY - 1999/10// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.34.6.957 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 957-1012 SN - 0018-5345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of phosphate adsorption on clay minerals for soilless root media AU - Oh, YM AU - Hesterberg, DL AU - Nelson, PV T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract The greenhouse industry aims to decrease phosphate discharge to help reduce eutrophication of surface waters, to reduce fertilizer consumption, and to maintain a more constant level of plant‐available phosphate. Iron and aluminum oxides and some aluminosilicate minerals are efficient sorbents for phosphate. The phosphate adsorption characteristics of synthetic hematite (α‐Fe2O3), goethite (α‐FeOOH), and allophane (Si3Al4O12 nH2O), and a commercial alumina (A12O3) were evaluated to determine their potential for reducing phosphate leaching from soilless root media. The pH dependence of phosphate adsorption and maximum adsorption capacities were determined by reacting each mineral with various levels of phosphate between pH 4.0 and 9.0 in a 10 mM potassium chloride (KCl) background solution. Adsorbed phosphate was determined by loss from solution. Adsorption envelopes (adsorbed phosphate versus pH) showed a decrease in phosphate adsorption with increasing pH, particularly for alumina and allophane, and at greater added phosphate concentrations. The maximum adsorption capacities per unit mass of the minerals at pH 5.4 decreased in the order allophane > alumina ? goethite > hematite. When expressed on a surface area basis, the order of maximum adsorption capacity remains the same except that alumina exceeded that of goethite. The allophane, goethite, and alumina sorbed enough phosphate that 3 to 9 g of these minerals would retain the amount of phosphate required for a high nutrient element requiring plant such as chrysanthemum. DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1080/00103629909370243 VL - 30 IS - 5-6 SP - 747-756 SN - 0010-3624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Availability of heavy metals in compost-amended soil AU - Baldwin, KR AU - Shelton, JE T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - Composted municipal wastes can be applied to cropland to supply nutrients and improve soil physical properties, but farmers are concerned about heavy metal availability. Three municipal composts were applied at 0, 25, 50 and 100 × 106 g ha−1 in 1994 to an unlimed and limed (pH 6.5) Dyke clay (clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Rhodudults), and burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was planted in 1994 and 1995. The composts were municipal solid waste (MSWC), wastewater biosolids (WBC) and co-composted municipal solid waste/wastewater biosolids (COC). Leaf samples were collected three times in each year and analyzed for heavy metal concentration. Soil samples were collected three times in each year, extracted with DTPA and extracts were analyzed for heavy metal concentration. With the exception of Cd in 1994 cured burley leaves, Cd, Ni, and Pb concentrations were generally undetectable for all treatments in both years. When leaf Cu and Zn concentrations in cured leaves from COC and WBC in 1994 were regressed against amounts of Cu and Zn applied with respective compost treatments, mean leaf Cu and Zn were significantly higher in COC (215 mg Cu kg−1 and 738 mg Zn kg−1) than in WBC (173 mg Cu kg−1 and 499 mg Zn kg−1) treatments. Because compost Cu and Zn concentrations in MSWC (53 mg Cu kg−1 and 96 mg Zn kg−1) were much lower than in other composts, cured leaf Cu and Zn in MSWC treatments were not compared with cured leaf Cu and Zn in COC or WBC treatments. DTPA-extractable Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu concentrations increased with increasing soil pH at the 100 × 106 g ha−1 rates of COC addition in September, 1994. Higher metal composts were associated with higher metal extractability than were lower metal composts: when equal rates of metal addition to soil from different composts were compared, DTPA-extractable Cu and Pb concentrations in September 1994, were significantly higher in COC than in WBC treatments, and DTPA-extractable Cd concentration was significantly lower in MSWC treatments than in COC or WBC treatments. DA - 1999/7// PY - 1999/7// DO - 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00174-6 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 1-14 SN - 1873-2976 KW - compost KW - metals KW - biosolids KW - sludge KW - waste ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America - List 24 - 1999 AU - Wehner, TC T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - This list of the North American vegetable cultivars was developed using the database of cultivars registered with the American Seed Trade Association, as well as published descriptions from scientific journals and seed catalogs. Assistant editors responsible for each crop were instructed to obtain as much information as possible about the cultivars available to North American growers. The crop species are listed alphabetically, with cultivars listed alphabetically within each of those. The information about each cultivar is presented in a standard format that includes the cultivar name, experimental designation, breeder, vendor, parents, plant characteristics, disease and other resistances, similar cultivars, areas of adaptation, plant variety protection information, and year of release. In many cases, complete information was not available for the cultivars included in the list. Cultivars listed here were generally released since 1988, when the last vegetable DA - 1999/8// PY - 1999/8// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.34.5.763 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 763-806 SN - 2327-9834 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PATHSAS: A SAS computer program for path coefficient analysis of quantitative data AU - Cramer, CS AU - Wehner, TC AU - Donaghy, SB T2 - JOURNAL OF HEREDITY DA - 1999/// PY - 1999/// DO - 10.1093/jhered/90.1.260 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - 260-262 SN - 0022-1503 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat tolerance of selected provenances of Atlantic white cedar AU - Jull, LG AU - Ranney, TG AU - Blazich, FA T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Seedlings of six provenances of Atlantic white cedar [ Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.] (Escambia Co., Ala., Santa Rosa Co., Fla., Wayne Co., N.C., Burlington Co., N.J., New London Co., Conn., and Barnstable Co., Mass.) were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 12 weeks under 16-hour photoperiods with 16-hour days/8-hour nights of 22/18 °C, 26/22 °C, 30/26 °C, 34/30 °C or 38/34 °C. Considerable variation in height, foliage color, and overall plant size was observed among plants from the various provenances. Seedlings from the two most northern provenances (Massachusetts and Connecticut) were most heat sensitive as indicated by decreasing growth rates at temperature regimes >22/18 °C. In contrast, plants from New Jersey and the three southern provenances (North Carolina, Florida, and Alabama) exhibited greater heat tolerance as indicated by steady or increasing growth rates and greater top and root dry weights as temperature regimes increased above 22/18 °C. Growth rates of seedlings from the four aforementioned provenances decreased rapidly at temperature regimes >30/26 °C suggesting low species tolerance to high temperatures. There were no significant differences in seedling dry matter production among provenances when temperature regimes were ≥34/30 °C. Net shoot photosynthesis and dark respiration of plants did not vary by provenance; however, net photosynthesis was temperature sensitive and decreased at temperature regimes >26/22 °C. Foliar respiration rates increased as temperature increased from 22/18 °C to 26/22 °C, but then remained relatively constant or decreased at higher temperature regimes. Plants at temperatures ≥34/30 °C exhibited severe stunting, chlorosis, and necrosis on branch tips. However, tissue concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn generally increased with temperature regimes >30/26 °C indicating that mineral nutrient concentration was not a limiting factor at high temperatures. DA - 1999/9// PY - 1999/9// DO - 10.21273/jashs.124.5.492 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 492-497 SN - 0003-1062 KW - Chamaecyparis thyoides KW - conifer KW - native plants KW - high temperature KW - photosynthesis KW - respiration KW - mineral nutrient concentration ER -