TY - JOUR TI - Physical localization of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) resistance locus Me7 in pepper (Capsicum annuum) AU - Changkwian, A. AU - Venkatesh, J. AU - Lee, J.-H. AU - Han, J.-W. AU - Kwon, J.-K. AU - Siddique, M.I. AU - Solomon, A.M. AU - Choi, G.-J. AU - Kim, E. AU - Seo, Y. AU - Kim, Y.-H. AU - Kang, B.-C. T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science AB - The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita severely reduces yields of pepper (Capsicum annuum) worldwide. A single dominant locus conferring RKN resistance, Me7, was previously mapped on the long arm of pepper chromosome P9. In the present study, the Me7 locus was fine mapped using an F2 population of 714 plants derived from a cross between the RKN-susceptible parent C. annuum ECW30R and the RKN-resistant parent C. annuum CM334. CM334 exhibits suppressed RKN juvenile movement, suppressed feeding site enlargement and significant reduction in gall formation compared with ECW30R. RKN resistance screening in the F2 population identified 558 resistant and 156 susceptible plants, which fit a 3:1 ratio confirming that this RKN resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. Using the C. annuum CM334 reference genome and BAC library sequencing, fine mapping of Me7 markers was performed. The Me7 locus was delimited between two markers G21U3 and G43U3 covering a physical interval of approximately 394.7 kb on the CM334 chromosome P9. Nine markers co-segregated with the Me7 gene. A cluster of 25 putative nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR)-type disease resistance genes were predicted in the delimited Me7 region. We propose that RKN resistance in CM334 is mediated by one or more of these NBS-LRR class R genes. The Me7-linked markers identified here will facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS) for RKN resistance in pepper breeding programs, as well as functional analysis of Me7 candidate genes in C. annuum. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.3389/fpls.2019.00886 VL - 10 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85069497776&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying candidate genes for Phytophthora capsici resistance in pepper (Capsicum annuum) via genotyping-by-sequencing-based QTL mapping and genome-wide association study AU - Siddique, Muhammad Irfan AU - Lee, Hea-Young AU - Ro, Na-Young AU - Han, Koeun AU - Venkatesh, Jelli AU - Solomon, Abate Mekonnen AU - Patil, Abhinandan Surgonda AU - Changkwian, Amornrat AU - Kwon, Jin-Kyung AU - Kang, Byoung-Cheorl T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Abstract Phytophthora capsici (Leon.) is a globally prevalent, devastating oomycete pathogen that causes root rot in pepper ( Capsicum annuum ). Several studies have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying resistance to P. capsici root rot (PcRR). However, breeding for pepper cultivars resistant to PcRR remains challenging due to the complexity of PcRR resistance. Here, we combined traditional QTL mapping with GWAS to broaden our understanding of PcRR resistance in pepper. Three major-effect loci ( 5.1 , 5.2 , and 5.3 ) conferring broad-spectrum resistance to three isolates of P. capsici were mapped to pepper chromosome P5. In addition, QTLs with epistatic interactions and minor effects specific to isolate and environment were detected on other chromosomes. GWAS detected 117 significant SNPs across the genome associated with PcRR resistance, including SNPs on chromosomes P5, P7, and P11 that colocalized with the QTLs identified here and in previous studies. Clusters of candidate nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) and receptor-like kinase (RLK) genes were predicted within the QTL and GWAS regions; such genes often function in disease resistance. These candidate genes lay the foundation for the molecular dissection of PcRR resistance. SNP markers associated with QTLs for PcRR resistance will be useful for marker-assisted breeding and genomic selection in pepper breeding. DA - 2019/7/10/ PY - 2019/7/10/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-019-46342-1 VL - 9 IS - 1 J2 - Sci Rep LA - en OP - SN - 2045-2322 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46342-1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Progress in the Implementation of Genomic Selection and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Sweetpotato AU - Oloka, B.M. AU - Pereira, G. da S. AU - Mollinari, M. AU - Gesteira, G.S. AU - Fraher, S. AU - Pecota, K. AU - Olukolu, B.A. AU - Yada, B. AU - Anyanga, M.O. AU - Chelangat, D. AU - Musana, P. AU - Alajo, A. AU - Ssali, R. AU - Campos, H. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. AU - Yencho, C. T2 - International Plant & Animal Genome 30 Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - International Plant & Animal Genome 30 Conference CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/1/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Categorizing floral consumers by taste preferences: logit regression AU - Knuth, M. AU - Wu, X. AU - Hall, C.R. AU - Palma, M.A. T2 - American Society of Horticultural Sciences Annual Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - American Society of Horticultural Sciences Annual Conference CY - Las Vegas, NV DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Is Trust a Risky Decision: A Replication AU - Knuth, M. AU - Kee, J. AU - Martinez, C. AU - Marwah, P. AU - Eckel, C. T2 - TExAS Symposium C2 - 2019/// C3 - TExAS Symposium CY - Waco, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - The dirt is in the details: sign complexity of garden retailer signage AU - Knuth, M. AU - Behe, B.K. AU - Huddleston, P.T. AU - Hall, C.R. T2 - American Society of Horticultural Sciences Annual Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - American Society of Horticultural Sciences Annual Conference CY - Las Vegas, NV DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Driving forces of change AU - Knuth, M. AU - Hall, C.R. T2 - Wholesale Florists & Florist Supplier Association Floral Distribution Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - Wholesale Florists & Florist Supplier Association Floral Distribution Conference CY - Miami, FL DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Categorizing floral consumers by taste preferences: clustering AU - Knuth, M. AU - Wu, X. AU - Hall, C.R. AU - Palma, M. T2 - Horticultural Sciences Departmental Poster Symposium C2 - 2019/// C3 - Horticultural Sciences Departmental Poster Symposium CY - College Station, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - What consumers REALLY want AU - Knuth, M. AU - Wu, X. AU - Hall, C.R. AU - Palma, M. T2 - Society of American Florists Annual Conference C2 - 2019/// C3 - Society of American Florists Annual Conference CY - Amelia Island, FL DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Water conservation + research + industry = changes to your business! AU - Knuth, M. AU - Behe, B.K. AU - Hall, C.R. AU - Huddleston, P.T. AU - Fernandez, R.T. T2 - Texas Nursery and Landscape Association Annual Meeting C2 - 2019/// C3 - Texas Nursery and Landscape Association Annual Meeting CY - Austin, TX DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits AU - Hall, Charles R. AU - Knuth, Melinda J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture AB - Abstract This paper provides evidence from the literature regarding the social benefits associated with plants and how they influence the physiological, psychological, and cognitive well-being constructs affecting quality of life. These benefits are segmented and discussed using the following categories: place or community attachment, reduced crime, disaster resilience, access to locally-produced foods, socialization of children and their school performance, and community therapeutic impacts. The equitable distribution of these green space benefits among local populations is also discussed. This research should be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to residential landscape consumers of the future. These findings also present evidence that municipal leaders and policymakers can use in justifying green infrastructure-related funding decisions, as well as grounds for the construction industry using biophilic design principles in ensuring the built environment offers opportunities for green space interactions. The green industry can play a pivotal role not only in providing plants of high quality for these applications but educating stakeholders regarding the benefits discussed herein. Index words:, benefits of plants, community, social benefits. DA - 2019/12/1/ PY - 2019/12/1/ DO - 10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 136-142 LA - en OP - SN - 0738-2898 2573-5586 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sit Back or Dig In: The Role of Activity Level in Landscape Market Segmentation AU - Knuth, Melinda AU - Behe, Bridget K. AU - Hall, Charles R. AU - Huddleston, Patricia T. AU - Fernandez, R. Thomas T2 - HortScience AB - Activity level, or the amount of action/interaction with a product, can be an indication of interest in a product category and influences purchases. Our goal was to assess the overall market for landscape plants using consumers’ activity level from the active/passive continuum proposed by Pine and Gilmore (2011). An online survey instrument was administered to invitees from a national online panel from 7 to 13 Sept. 2016 yielding 1543 useful responses. Factor analysis of 23 items adapted from a previous study revealed five factors, including one active factor and a separate passive factor. These two factors were used in the present study as a basis for a k-means cluster analysis. Two clusters emerged and were labeled “Active Engagement” and “Obligatory Passive Engagement” in landscape activities. We compared cluster means for all five factors and found the Active cluster purchased more plants of all types as well as had greater landscape pride and desire for a low (water) input landscape. Members of the Active cluster were from higher income and education households which were slightly larger and more likely to have Caucasian residents compared with the Passive cluster. In practice, retail employees and landscape professionals might initially ask about consumers’ activity level desired in the landscape as a screening question. Subsequent assistance in design and/or plant selection/purchase could then be tailored toward the desired activity level. DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019/10// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI14158-19 VL - 54 IS - 10 SP - 1818-1823 J2 - horts OP - SN - 0018-5345 2327-9834 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14158-19 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 2 Physiological Health Benefits AU - Hall, Charles R. AU - Knuth, Melinda J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture AB - Abstract This paper focused on providing evidence from the literature regarding the physiological health benefits associated with plants, thereby influencing the physiological, psychological, and cognitive well-being constructs affecting quality of life. These benefits are segmented and discussed using the following categories: better sleep, increased birthweights, decreased diabetes, decreased ocular discomfort, enhanced immunity, improved circadian functioning, improved rehabilitation, decreased cardiovascular and respiratory disease, decreased mortality, improved digestion, decreased allergies, increased physical activity, and improved cognitive development. This research should be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to residential landscape consumers of the future. These findings also present evidence that municipal leaders and policymakers can use in justifying green infrastructure-related funding decisions, as well as grounds for the construction industry using biophilic design principles in ensuring the built environment offers opportunities for green space interactions. The green industry can play a pivotal role not only in providing plants of high quality for these applications but educating stakeholders regarding the benefits discussed herein. Index words: benefits of plants, emotional health, mental health DA - 2019/6/1/ PY - 2019/6/1/ DO - 10.24266/0738-2898-37.2.63 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 63-73 LA - en OP - SN - 0738-2898 2573-5586 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-37.2.63 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: A Review of the Emotional and Mental Health Benefits of Plants AU - Hall, Charles AU - Knuth, Melinda T2 - Journal of Environmental Horticulture AB - Abstract Consumers have historically shown an inclination to purchase plants that enhance their quality of life, meaning they will purchase items that positively influence their social, physical, psychological, cognitive, environmental, and spiritual well-being. Plants in native and improved landscapes (and interiorscapes) have been documented to influence each of six quality of life constructs. This paper summarizes publications regarding the emotional and mental health benefits associated with plants, addressing reduced anxiety and stress, attention deficit recovery, fractals and visual response, decreased depression, enhanced memory retention, greater happiness and life satisfaction, mitigation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increased creativity, enhanced productivity and attention, reduced effects of dementia, and improved self-esteem. This research should be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to consumers of the future. Index words: benefits of plants, emotional health, mental health. DA - 2019/3/1/ PY - 2019/3/1/ DO - 10.24266/0738-2898-37.1.30 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 30-38 LA - en OP - SN - 0738-2898 2573-5586 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-37.1.30 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Linkage and QTL Analysis for Sweetpotato Virus Disease Resistance in a bi-parental Sweetpotato Population AU - Oloka, B.M. AU - Yada, B. AU - Olukolu, B. AU - Anyanga, M.O. AU - Chelangat, D. AU - Musana, P. AU - Alajo, A. AU - Da Silva Pereira, G. AU - Mollinari, M. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. AU - Yencho, C. T2 - Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXVII C2 - 2019/1// C3 - Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXVII CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// ER - TY - CONF TI - Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci of Storage Root Micronutrients (Iron and Zinc) in Cultivated Sweetpotato AU - Yada, B. AU - Oloka, B.M. AU - Olukolu, B.A. AU - Anyanga, M.O. AU - Chelangat, C. AU - Musana, P. AU - Alajo, A. AU - Da Silva Pereira, G. AU - Mollinari, M. AU - Zeng, Z.-B. AU - Yencho, G.C. T2 - Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXVII C2 - 2019/1// C3 - Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXVII CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// ER - TY - ER - TY - CHAP TI - Heavy Metals and Photosynthesis: Recent Developments AU - Souri, Zahra AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. AU - da‐Silva, Cristiane J. AU - Oliveira, Letúzia M. AU - Dari, Biswanath AU - Sihi, Debjani AU - Karimi, Naser T2 - Photosynthesis, Productivity and Environmental Stress AB - Heavy metals are among the main pollutants affecting plant photosynthesis. A broad literature screening reveals that heavy metals impair, in a type- and dose-dependent manner, many aspects related to the photosynthetic apparatus. This chapter explores how stomatal and mesophyll conductances, chloroplasts, photosynthetic pigments, photosystems I and II, photosynthetic enzymes, and the antioxidant defense mechanism are negatively affected by heavy metals. It also describes how hyperaccumulator plants cope with potential disturbances in photosynthesis upon heavy metal stress. PY - 2019/9/16/ DO - 10.1002/9781119501800.ch7 SP - 107-134 PB - Wiley UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119501800.ch7 ER - TY - CHAP TI - H2 O2, NO, and H2 S AU - da‐Silva, Cristiane J. AU - Rodrigues, Ana Claudia AU - Modolo, Luzia V. T2 - Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants AB - Plants produce a variety of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur either under physiological conditions or when are threatened. Among them, considerable attention has been directed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and most recently to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) particularly with respect to their involvement in plant response to abiotic stresses. This chapter highlights the main sources of these signaling molecules, the control of their homeostasis, the interaction among them, and biochemical events subsequently triggered in plant cells in response to several abiotic stress. Herein, it is intended to show the way H2O2, NO, and H2S tailor to fancily suit plants against environmental adverse conditions. PY - 2019/7/5/ DO - 10.1002/9781119468677.ch37 SP - 841-856 PB - Wiley UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119468677.ch37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does oxidative stress determine the thermal limits of the regeneration niche of Vriesea friburgensis and Alcantarea imperialis (Bromeliaceae) seedlings? AU - Duarte, Alexandre Aparecido AU - da-Silva, Cristiane Jovelina AU - Marques, Andréa Rodrigues AU - Modolo, Luzia Valentina AU - Lemos Filho, José Pires T2 - Journal of Thermal Biology AB - The predicted environmental changes may be detrimental to initial seedling growth, particularly the expected increase in air temperature. We therefore investigated the thermal limits for growth and development of Vriesea friburgensis and Alcantarea imperialis seedlings in the context of oxidative stress. The optimal temperatures for the growth of V. friburgensis and A. imperialis were 25 and 25–30 °C, respectively. Extreme temperatures (15, 30, or 35 °C) induced oxidative stress in both species with significant accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO). Under oxidative stress, the amount of chlorophyll decreased in both species, more prominently in V. friburgensis, while carotenoid levels dramatically increased in A. imperialis. Notably, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase increased in A. imperialis at extreme temperatures. Similar results were observed for V. friburgensis; however, the activity of CAT remained unaffected regardless of temperature. Seedlings of A. imperialis survived at a wider range of temperatures than V. friburgensis, which had greater than 40% mortality when growing at 30 °C. Overall, precise control of cellular H2O2 and NO levels takes place during the establishment of A. imperialis seedlings, allowing the species to cope with relatively high temperatures. The thermal limits of the fundamental niches of the species investigated, determined based on the ability of seedlings to cope with oxidative stress, were distinct from the realized niches of these species. The results suggest that recruitment success is dependent on the ability of seedlings to handle extreme temperature-triggered oxidative stress, which limits the regeneration niche. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.003 VL - 80 SP - 150-157 J2 - Journal of Thermal Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0306-4565 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plants of Achillea millefolium L. grown under colored shading nets have altered secondary metabolism T2 - Brazilian Journal of Biosciences DA - 2019/12/21/ PY - 2019/12/21/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with flavonoid in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) AU - Shreshtha, N. AU - Zhang, J. AU - Panthee, D.R. T2 - National Association of Plant Breeders Meeting C2 - 2019/8/25/ C3 - National Association of Plant Breeders Meeting CY - Callaway Gardens – Pine Mountain, GA DA - 2019/8/25/ PY - 2019/8/25/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Identification of the key carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes impacting tomato fruit lycopene content AU - Duduit, J.R. AU - Kosentka, P. AU - Panthee, D.R. AU - Perkins-Veazie, P. AU - Liu, W. T2 - National Association of Plant Breeders Meeting C2 - 2019/8/25/ C3 - National Association of Plant Breeders Meeting CY - Callaway Gardens – Pine Mountain, GA DA - 2019/8/25/ PY - 2019/8/25/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of co-dominant SCAR markers for detection of the Pto, Tm-22, I-3, and Sw5 genes in tomato AU - Zhang, J. AU - Panthee, D.R. T2 - Tomato Breeders Round Table Meeting C2 - 2019/11/17/ C3 - Tomato Breeders Round Table Meeting CY - Clearwater, FL DA - 2019/11/17/ PY - 2019/11/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for heat stress tolerance AU - Panthee, D.R. T2 - HortScience DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 54:S12-S12 ER - TY - CONF TI - New tomato hybrids improved for fruit quality and disease resistance at NC State University AU - Panthee, D.R. AU - Piotroski, A. T2 - Tomato Breeders Round Table Meeting C2 - 2019/11/17/ C3 - Tomato Breeders Round Table Meeting CY - Clearwater, FL DA - 2019/11/17/ PY - 2019/11/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding genetic resistance to bacterial wilt in tomatoes AU - Myers, J. AU - Silverman, E.J. AU - Kressin, J. AU - Panthee, D.R. T2 - National Association of Plant Breeders Meeting C2 - 2019/8/25/ C3 - National Association of Plant Breeders Meeting CY - Callaway Gardens – Pine Mountain, GA DA - 2019/8/25/ PY - 2019/8/25/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Collard Greens and Common Ground: A North Carolina Community Food Gardening Handbook AU - Boekelheide, D. AU - Bradley, L.K. A3 - NC State University Cooperative Extension DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ET - Revised M1 - AG-737 M3 - NC State Cooperative Extension PB - NC State University Cooperative Extension SN - AG-737 ER - TY - RPRT TI - How to Hire a Tree Care Professional AU - Bradley, L.K. AU - Neill, K. A3 - NC State University Cooperative Extension DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// M1 - AG-891 M3 - NC State Cooperative Extension PB - NC State University Cooperative Extension SN - AG-891 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Gardener's Guide to Soil Testing AU - Bradley, L.K. AU - Osmond, D. A3 - NC State University Cooperative Extension DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// M1 - AG-614 M3 - NC State Cooperative Extension PB - NC State University Cooperative Extension SN - AG-614 ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Gardener's Guide to Protecting Water Quality AU - Bradley, L.K. AU - Osmond, D. A3 - NC State University Cooperative Extension DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// M1 - AG-612 M3 - NC State Cooperative Extension PB - NC State University Cooperative Extension SN - AG-612 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Choosing and Using Edible Flowers AU - Lauderdale, C. AU - Bradley, L.K. A3 - NC State University Cooperative Extension DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// M1 - AG-790 M3 - NC State Cooperative Extension PB - NC State University Cooperative Extension SN - AG-790 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Caladiums for the Home Landscape AU - Evans, E. AU - Bradley, L.K. A3 - NC State University DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// ET - Revised M3 - Horticulture Information Leaflet PB - NC State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Growing Asparagus in a Home Garden AU - Saunders, D. AU - Bradley, L.K. A3 - NC State University Cooperative Extension DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// M1 - HIL-8002 M3 - NC State Cooperative Extension PB - NC State University Cooperative Extension SN - HIL-8002 UR - http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/home-garden-asparagus-production ER - TY - CONF TI - Structural restriction to Ralstonia solanacearum colonization and invasion in resistant tomato varieties AU - Planas Marques, M. AU - Kressin, J. AU - Kashyap, A. AU - Panthee, D.R. AU - Louws, F.J. AU - Coll, N.S. AU - Valls, M T2 - 2019 IS-MPMI XVIII Congress C2 - 2019/// C3 - Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 32 SP - 130–131 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural restriction to Ralstonia solanacearum colonization and invasion in resistant tomato varieties T2 - Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/34816003/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance to Non-Race 1 Verticillium dahliae in Tomatoes Suppresses Necrosis and Chlorosis Symptoms in Infected Plants T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/56007333/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effector profiles of Xanthomonas perforans and X. euvesicatoria provide insights into the evolution of host range and virulence in BLS pathogens T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/35502815/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effector profile analysis of the tomato and pepper pathogens Xanthomonas perforans and X. euvesicatoria T2 - Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/43810292/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comprehensive transcriptome analysis and functional characterization of PR-5 for its involvement in tomato Sw-7 resistance to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus AU - Padmanabhan, Chellappan AU - Ma, Qiyue AU - Shekasteband, Reza AU - Stewart, Kevin S AU - Hutton, Samuel F AU - Scott, John W AU - Fei, Zhangjun AU - Ling, Kai-Shu T2 - Scientific reports DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1-17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ty-6, a major begomovirus resistance gene on chromosome 10, is effective against Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Tomato mottle virus AU - Gill, Upinder AU - Scott, John W AU - Shekasteband, Reza AU - Ogundiwin, Eben AU - Schuit, Cees AU - Francis, David M AU - Sim, Sung-Chur AU - Smith, Hugh AU - Hutton, Samuel F T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 132 IS - 5 SP - 1543-1554 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Four bottlenecks restrict colonization and invasion by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in resistant tomato AU - Planas-Marquès, Marc AU - Kressin, Jonathan P AU - Kashyap, Anurag AU - Panthee, Dilip R AU - Louws, Frank J AU - Coll, Nuria S AU - Valls, Marc T2 - Journal of Experimental Botany AB - Ralstonia solanacearum is a bacterial vascular pathogen causing devastating bacterial wilt. In the field, resistance against this pathogen is quantitative and is available for breeders only in tomato and eggplant. To understand the basis of resistance to R. solanacearum in tomato, we investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of bacterial colonization using non-invasive live monitoring techniques coupled to grafting of susceptible and resistant varieties. We found four 'bottlenecks' that limit the bacterium in resistant tomato: root colonization, vertical movement from roots to shoots, circular vascular bundle invasion, and radial apoplastic spread in the cortex. Radial invasion of cortical extracellular spaces occurred mostly at late disease stages but was observed throughout plant infection. This study shows that resistance is expressed in both root and shoot tissues, and highlights the importance of structural constraints to bacterial spread as a resistance mechanism. It also shows that R. solanacearum is not only a vascular pathogen but spreads out of the xylem, occupying the plant apoplast niche. Our work will help elucidate the complex genetic determinants of resistance, setting the foundations to decipher the molecular mechanisms that limit pathogen colonization, which may provide new precision tools to fight bacterial wilt in the field. DA - 2019/12/24/ PY - 2019/12/24/ DO - 10.1093/jxb/erz562 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 2157-2171 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0957 1460-2431 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz562 DB - Crossref KW - Bacterial wilt KW - disease resistance KW - Ralstonia solanacearum KW - tomato KW - vascular pathogen KW - xylem ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptability of a U.S. purple-fleshed sweetpotato breeding population in Uganda AU - Musabyemungu, Anastasie AU - Wasswa, Peter AU - Alajo, Agnes AU - Chelagat, Doreen M. AU - Otema, Milton A. AU - Musana, Paul AU - Rukundo, Placide AU - Gibson, Paul AU - Edema, Richard AU - Pecota, Kenneth V. AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Yada, Benard T2 - Australian Journal of Crop Science AB - Purple-fleshed sweetpotato varieties are important for their nutraceutical value due primarily to their high anthocyanin content. These varieties also often have high dry matter content preferred by consumers and processors in sub-Saharan Africa. However, improved purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes are not available in Uganda. This study was conducted to evaluate the adaptability of purple-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes for storage root yield, dry matter and anthocyanin content in Uganda. A bi-parental population of 159 clones from the cross NCP06-020 NC09-188 introduced to Uganda from North Carolina State University was evaluated with three local checks in two sites and two seasons in Uganda. The trials were planted in two locations using alpha lattice design with two replicates and five sweetpotato vine cuttings per genotype. Storage roots and vines were harvested after five months and the agronomic characteristics were recorded. Dry matter and anthocyanin content of storage roots were analysed after harvesting. The mean storage root yield of clones across the two locations was 37.8 t/ha and 24.2 t/ha in the first season (2015A) and second season (2015B); respectively, with an overall mean of 31.0 t/ha. Storage root dry matter content ranged from 21.5 to 33.7% across locations and seasons with an overall mean of 29.1%. Storage root anthocyanin content across the two locations ranged from 0 to 12.6 mg/100g FW with the overall mean of 3.9 mg/100g FW. A total of ten genotypes showed significantly stable performance (P <= 0.001) across two locations and two seasons. Highly significant difference between genotypes for dry matter content, anthocyanin content and total storage root yields revealed significant genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which can be exploited for future crop improvement. DA - 2019/1/20/ PY - 2019/1/20/ DO - 10.21475/ajcs.19.13.01.p1023 VL - 13 IS - 01 SP - 17-25 J2 - Aust J Crop Sci OP - SN - 1835-2693 1835-2707 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.01.p1023 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - NC State’s Center of Excellence: Advancing Regulatory Science in Agriculture AU - Seth Carley, D. T2 - Plant Protection & Nutrition Conference C2 - 2019/5// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// ER - TY - MGZN TI - 5 Steps to creating a pollinator-friendly habitat on your golf course AU - Seth Carley, D. AU - Billeisen, T. T2 - North Carolina Turfgrass Magazine DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// ER - TY - MGZN TI - If weeds could talk: IPM Indicator weeds in home lawns AU - Seth Carley, D. AU - Adams, R. T2 - North Carolina Turfgrass Magazine DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Results of a multi-stakeholder workshop on incorporating the benefits of vegetative filter strips into aquatic risk assessment and risk management of pesticides AU - McConnell, L.L. AU - Seth Carley, D. AU - Tang, J.X. T2 - IUPAC International Congress of Crop Protection Chemistry. C2 - 2019/5// C3 - IUPAC International Congress of Crop Protection Chemistry CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// SP - 27 ER - TY - CONF TI - Results of a Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on Incorporating the Benefits of Vegetative Filter Strips into Aquatic Risk Assessment & Risk Management AU - Seth Carley, D. AU - Tang, J. AU - Fox, G. AU - Truman, C. AU - McConnell, L.L. T2 - American Chemical Society Meeting C2 - 2019/8// CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// ER - TY - SOUND TI - NC State’s New Center of Excellence for Regulatory Science in Agriculture AU - Seth Carley, D. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sustainable Re-Design at Historic Pinehurst No. 2 AU - Seth Carley, D. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture AU - Levine, S.L. AU - Giddings, J. AU - Valenti, T. AU - Cobb, G.P. AU - Seth Carley, D. AU - McConnell, L.L. T2 - Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management AB - Pesticide regulation requires regulatory authorities to assess the potential ecological risk of pesticides submitted for registration, and most risk assessment schemes use a tiered testing and assessment approach. Standardized ecotoxicity tests, environmental fate studies, and exposure models are used at lower tiers and follow well-defined methods for assessing risk. If a lower tier assessment indicates that the pesticide may pose an ecological risk, higher tier studies using more environmentally realistic conditions or assumptions can be performed to refine the risk assessment and inform risk management options. However, there is limited guidance in the United States on options to refine an assessment and how the data will be incorporated into the risk assessment and risk management processes. To overcome challenges to incorporation of higher tier data into ecological risk assessments and risk management of pesticides, a workshop was held in Raleigh, North Carolina. Attendees included representatives from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Department of Agriculture, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, universities, commodity groups, consultants, nonprofit organizations, and the crop protection industry. Key recommendations emphasized the need for 1) more effective, timely, open communication among registrants, risk assessors, and risk managers earlier in the registration process to identify specific protection goals, address areas of potential concern where higher tier studies or assessments may be required, and if a higher tier study is necessary that there is agreement on study design; 2) minimizing the complexity of study designs while retaining high value to the risk assessment and risk management process; 3) greater transparency regarding critical factors utilized in risk management decisions with clearly defined protection goals that are operational; and 4) retrospective analyses of success-failure learnings on the acceptability of higher tier studies to help inform registrants on how to improve the application of such studies to risk assessments and the risk management process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:714-725. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1002/ieam.4173 VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 714–725 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6852661 KW - Ecological risk assessment KW - Pesticides KW - Risk management KW - Higher tier data KW - Pyrethroid insecticides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experience Bees: Community Outreach Tool for Bee Conservation Efforts AU - Mata, M. AU - Seth Carley, D. AU - Hamblin, A. AU - Dubois, J.-J. T2 - Journal of Extension DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 57 IS - 5 SP - 26 UR - https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol57/iss5/26 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Tracking Invasive Species in the Southern United States AU - Seth Carley, D. DA - 2019/11/12/ PY - 2019/11/12/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Opening remarks for general session AU - Seth Carley, D. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// M3 - Keynote ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantile Regression Facilitates Simultaneous Selection of Negatively Correlated Floral Traits among BC1F1 Progeny of Male-fertile Hybrid Hibiscus Cultivars Lohengrin and Resi (H. syriacus × H. paramutabilis) AU - Chen, Hsuan AU - Xue, Lan AU - Li, Tong AU - Contreras, Ryan N. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science AB - Hibiscus syriacus is a woody shrub in the Malvaceae family that is common in landscapes due to its broad adaptability and variable ornamental characteristics. Interspecific hybridization has been used to improve Hibiscus by building novel floral traits, hybrid vigor, and hybrid infertility. A few interspecific hybrid Hibiscus cultivars ( H. syriacus × H. paramutabilis ), such as Lohengrin and Resi, are notable because of their vigorous vegetative growth, female infertility, and large flowers. However, little is known about the male fertility and breeding potential of these hybrid cultivars, which could increase flower size by backcrossing to H. syriacus . In this study, we estimated male fertility of the two hybrid cultivars by acetocarmine staining and in vivo pollination and assessed selection methods for floral traits, specifically flower size and petal number. A BC 1 F 1 population of 294 individuals was developed by crossing hybrid cultivars Lohengrin or Resi with a variety of double-flowered H. syriacus cultivars. A negative correlation between petal number and petal area was detected by quantile regression, which is a method that circumvents the problem of simple linear regression, which violates statistical assumptions. Quantile regression was used to build simultaneous selection thresholds for different levels of required stringency. As expected, the female fertility of hybrid cultivars was extremely low or zero; however, the male fertility of hybrid cultivars was not reduced compared with H. syriacus cultivars. A negative linear correlation between the petal number and petal area of the BC 1 F 1 individuals was observed. In addition, quantile regression was recommended to set a single selection threshold to be applied to the selection of two negatively correlated traits, which was more effective than independent selection of petal numbers and petal areas among progeny. DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.21273/jashs04569-18 VL - 144 IS - 1 SP - 70-76 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04569-18 KW - hybrid sterility KW - wide hybrid KW - ornamental plant breeding KW - woody plant breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in Genome Size, Ploidy, Stomata, and rDNA Signals in Althea AU - Lattier, Jason D. AU - Chen, Hsuan AU - Contreras, Ryan N. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science AB - Althea ( Hibiscus syriacus ) is a shrub prized for its winterhardiness and colorful summer flowers. Altheas are tetraploids (2 n = 4 x = 80); however, breeders have developed hexaploids and octoploids. Previous studies report anatomical variation among polyploids, including stomata size. The purpose of this study was 4-fold. First, identify genome size and ploidy variation in cultivars via flow cytometry and chromosome counts. Second, create a ploidy series consisting of 4 x , 5 x , 6 x , and 8 x cytotypes. Third, investigate the ploidy series for variation in stomatal guard cell lengths, stomatal density, and copy number of fluorescent ribosomal DNA (rDNA) signals. Fourth, investigate segregation patterns of rDNA signals in a subset of pentaploid seedlings. Flow cytometry revealed most cultivars to be tetraploid with holoploid 2C genome sizes from 4.55 ± 0.02 to 4.78 ± 0.06 pg. Five taxa (‘Aphrodite’, ‘Pink Giant’, ‘Minerva’, Azurri Satin ® , and Raspberry Smoothie™) were hexaploids (6.68 ± 0.13 to 7.05 ± 0.18 pg). Peppermint Smoothie™ was a cytochimera with tetraploid cells (4.61 ± 0.06 pg) and octoploid cells (8.98 ± 0.13 pg). To create pentaploids, reciprocal combinations were made between hexaploid ‘Pink Giant’ and tetraploid cultivars. To create octoploids, seedlings were treated with agar solutions containing 0.2% colchicine or 125 μM oryzalin. Guard cell lengths were significantly different among the four cytotypes: 4 x (27.36 ± 0.04 μm), 5 x (30.35 ± 1.28 μm), 6 x (35.59 ± 0.63 μm), and 8 x (40.48 ± 1.05 μm). Measurements of stomatal density revealed a precipitous decline in average density from the 4 x cytotype (398.22 ± 15.43 stomata/mm 2 ) to 5 x cytotype (194.06 ± 38.69 stomata/mm 2 ) but no significant difference among 5 x , 6 x , and 8 x cytotypes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed an increase in 5S and 45S rDNA signals that scaled with ploidy: 4 x (two 5S + four 45S), 6 x (three 5S + six 45S), and 8 x (four 5S + eight 45S). However, pentaploid (5 x ) seedlings exhibited random segregation of rDNA signals between the 4 x and 6 x cytotypes, including all six possible combinations (two 5S, three 5S) × (four 45S, five 45S, six 45S). DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.21273/jashs04618-18 VL - 144 IS - 2 SP - 130-140 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04618-18 KW - cytology KW - flow cytometry KW - fluorescent in situ hybridization KW - Hibiscus syriacus KW - holoploid 2C genome size KW - ploidy series KW - spindle-fiber inhibitors KW - stomata KW - 5S rDNA KW - 45S rDNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of the High Frequency of Triploid Potato Resulting from Tetraploid × Diploid Crosses AU - Graebner, Ryan C. AU - Chen, Hsuan AU - Contreras, Ryan N. AU - Haynes, Kathleen G. AU - Sathuvalli, Vidyasagar T2 - HortScience AB - Conventional wisdom regarding potato breeding indicates that a strong triploid block prevents the development of viable triploid seeds from crosses between tetraploid and diploid clones. However, in a recent set of crosses between elite tetraploid potatoes and an improved diploid hybrid population derived from group Stenotomum and group Phureja, 61.5% of the resulting clones were found to be triploid. If clones derived from one diploid parent suspected of producing a high frequency of unreduced gametes were excluded, then the frequency of triploid clones increased to 74.4%. Tubers of these triploids are generally intermediates of the two parental groups. Our findings indicate the possibility of using triploid potatoes in potato variety development programs and in genetic and genomic studies. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.21273/hortsci13797-18 VL - 54 IS - 7 SP - 1159-1163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13797-18 KW - Ploidy KW - unreduced gametes KW - triploid block KW - flow cytometry KW - chromosome count ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity survey of Mentha aquatica L. and Mentha suaveolens Ehrh., mint crop ancestors AU - Vining, Kelly J. AU - Pandelova, Iovanna AU - Hummer, Kim AU - Bassil, Nahla AU - Contreras, Ryan AU - Neill, Kristin AU - Chen, Hsuan AU - Parrish, Amber N. AU - Lange, Bernd Markus T2 - Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// DO - 10.1007/s10722-019-00750-4 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 825-845 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00750-4 KW - Mentha KW - Mint KW - Verticillium KW - SSR KW - Polyploidy KW - Essential oil ER - TY - CONF TI - Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Recovered from Environmental Samples on Three North Carolina Tomato Farms AU - Moore, R.G. AU - Ducharme, D.T. AU - Burris, K.P. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Jaykus, L.A. AU - Zheng, J. AU - Brown, E. AU - Bell, R.L. T2 - International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting C2 - 2019/// CY - Louisville, KY DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/7/21/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Prevalence and Fitness of Produce Outbreak Associated Salmonella enterica in Tomato Plants AU - Burris, K.P. AU - Simmons, O.D., III AU - Webb, H.M. AU - Moore, R.G. AU - Jaykus, L.A. AU - Zheng, J. AU - Reed, E. AU - Brown, E. AU - Bell, R.L. T2 - International Association for Food Protection C2 - 2019/// CY - Louisville, KY DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/7/21/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Embryogenic cell suspensions for high-capacity genetic transformation and regeneration of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) AU - Ondzighi-Assoume, Christine A. AU - Willis, Jonathan D. AU - Ouma, Wilson K. AU - Allen, Sara M. AU - King, Zachary AU - Parrott, Wayne A. AU - Liu, Wusheng AU - Burris, Jason N. AU - Lenaghan, Scott C. AU - Stewart, C. Neal T2 - Biotechnology for Biofuels AB - Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a North American prairie grassland species, is a potential lignocellulosic biofuel feedstock owing to its wide adaptability and biomass production. Production and genetic manipulation of switchgrass should be useful to improve its biomass composition and production for bioenergy applications. The goal of this project was to develop a high-throughput stable switchgrass transformation method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens with subsequent plant regeneration.Regenerable embryogenic cell suspension cultures were established from friable type II callus-derived inflorescences using two genotypes selected from the synthetic switchgrass variety 'Performer' tissue culture lines 32 and 605. The cell suspension cultures were composed of a heterogeneous fine mixture culture of single cells and aggregates. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 was optimum to transfer into cells the pANIC-10A vector with a hygromycin-selectable marker gene and a pporRFP orange fluorescent protein marker gene at an 85% transformation efficiency. Liquid cultures gave rise to embryogenic callus and then shoots, of which up to 94% formed roots. The resulting transgenic plants were phenotypically indistinguishable from the non-transgenic parent lines.The new cell suspension-based protocol enables high-throughput Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of switchgrass in which plants are recovered within 6-7 months from culture establishment. DA - 2019/12// PY - 2019/12// DO - 10.1186/s13068-019-1632-3 VL - 12 IS - 1 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1632-3 KW - Agrobacterium tumefaciens KW - Bioenergy KW - Cell suspension culture KW - Genetic engineering KW - Switchgrass KW - Transformation ER - TY - MGZN TI - Putting Dollars to Waste: Estimating the Value of On-Farm Food Loss AU - Dunning, Rebecca D. AU - Johnson, Lisa K. AU - Boys, Kathryn A. T2 - Choices DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 34 SP - 1-9 M1 - 1 UR - https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/283536/files/cmsarticle_671.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Food loss on the farm AU - Johnson, Lisa K. AU - Dunning, Rebecca D. T2 - The Economics of Food Loss in the Produce Industry PY - 2019/11/20/ DO - 10.4324/9780429264139-9 SP - 116-127 OP - PB - Routledge SN - 9780429264139 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429264139-9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) intraspecific and interspecific interference in soybean AU - Basinger, Nicholas T. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Hestir, Erin L. AU - Bertucci, Matthew B. AU - Brownie, Cavell T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at Clinton, NC, to quantify the effects of season-long interference of large crabgrass [ Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) on ‘AG6536’ soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Weed density treatments consisted of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants m −2 for A. palmeri and 0, 1, 2, 4, and 16 plants m −2 for D. sanguinalis with (interspecific interference) and without (intraspecific interference) soybean to determine the impacts on weed biomass, soybean biomass, and seed yield. Biomass per square meter increased with increasing weed density for both weed species with and without soybean present. Biomass per square meter of D. sanguinalis was 617% and 37% greater when grown without soybean than with soybean, for 1 and 16 plants m −2 respectively. Biomass per square meter of A. palmeri was 272% and 115% greater when grown without soybean than with soybean for 1 and 8 plants m −2 , respectively. Biomass per plant for D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri grown without soybean was greatest at the 1 plant m −2 density. Biomass per plant of D. sanguinalis plants across measured densities was 33% to 83% greater when grown without soybean compared with biomass per plant when soybean was present for 1 and 16 plants m −2 , respectively. Similarly, biomass per plant for A. palmeri was 56% to 74% greater when grown without soybean for 1 and 8 plants m −2 , respectively. Biomass per plant of either weed species was not affected by weed density when grown with soybean due to interspecific competition with soybean. Yield loss for soybean grown with A. palmeri ranged from 14% to 37% for densities of 1 to 8 plants m −2 , respectively, with a maximum yield loss estimate of 49%. Similarly, predicted loss for soybean grown with D. sanguinalis was 0 % to 37% for densities of 1 to 16 m −2 with a maximum yield loss estimate of 50%. Soybean biomass was not affected by weed species or density. Results from these studies indicate that A. palmeri is more competitive than D. sanguinalis at lower densities, but that similar yield loss can occur when densities greater than 4 plants m −2 of either weed are present. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2019.43 VL - 67 IS - 6 SP - 649-656 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Biomass KW - competition KW - rectangular hyperbola model KW - weed density KW - yield loss ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in breeding of cucumber and watermelon AU - Wehner, Todd AU - Naegele, Rachel T2 - ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.19103/AS.2019.0045.30 VL - 59 SP - 511-525 SN - 2059-6944 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Farmer harvest decisions and vegetable loss in primary production AU - Johnson, Lisa K. AU - Bloom, J. Dara AU - Dunning, Rebecca D. AU - Gunter, Chris C. AU - Boyette, Michael D. AU - Creamer, Nancy G. T2 - AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AB - The topic of food loss and waste has risen in importance since the revelation that an estimated 40% of food in America is never consumed. Losses at the field level, however, are not well understood, and economic and growing conditions that dictate decisions made by fruit and vegetable growers can determine how much food is left unharvested. Many strategies have been suggested to reduce food loss and waste, but their development has been informed by concerns at the consumer level, and may not motivate growers to reduce losses. This study sought to understand how growers make decisions regarding when to end the harvest, and explores growers' perceptions of strategies that would incentivize them to reduce losses. The authors conducted seventeen semi-structured interviews with mid-sized to large commercial vegetable growers in North Carolina. The resulting findings clarify the primary decision-making drivers affecting food loss in the field, including whether growers have an interested buyer, the quality of the produce, the available price, the financial risk of product rejection, and the priority of another field becoming mature and ready to harvest. Growers did not perceive losses to be of high enough volume or value to measure crops that were left unharvested in the field, though research indicates that the volume is actually significant. We also asked growers about their perceptions of strategies for reducing farm level losses that have been promoted in industry reports on the subject. These strategies include facilitating donation and supporting emerging markets that focus on imperfect produce. Neither of these aligned well with strategies that growers perceived as important, such as increasing demand, providing processing infrastructure, and facilitating a consistent market and prices. While some growers donate produce or participate in gleaning, these activities can be limited by continued negative perceptions. Findings from this research suggest that, in order to effectively reduce the loss of edible food at the farm level, growers must be included in the development of strategies, and those strategies must incentivize their participation in order to be effective. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019/11// DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102672 VL - 176 SP - SN - 1873-2267 KW - Food waste KW - Food loss KW - Primary production KW - Interviews KW - Farmers KW - Vegetable crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-throughput genotyping in onion reveals structure of genetic diversity and informative SNPs useful for molecular breeding AU - Villano, Clizia AU - Esposito, Salvatore AU - Carucci, Francesca AU - Iorizzo, Massimo AU - Frusciante, Luigi AU - Carputo, Domenico AU - Aversano, Riccardo T2 - Molecular Breeding DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1007/s11032-018-0912-0 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1380-3743 1572-9788 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11032-018-0912-0 KW - Allium sp KW - KASP KW - SNPs KW - Population structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence and Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Muscadine Grapes in Georgia and North Carolina AU - Jagdale, Ganpati B. AU - Severns, Paul M. AU - Brannen, Phillip M. AU - Cline, William O. T2 - PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS AB - Muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia, is native to the southeastern United States, but Georgia (GA) and North Carolina (NC) are the largest North American producers. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have become a significant factor affecting the health, quality, production, and maintenance of bunch grapes (V. labrusca, V. vinifera), but little is known about muscadine PPNs. A systematic survey was conducted of PPNs infesting eight and 11 muscadine grape vineyards in GA and NC in August and October 2018, respectively. The most frequently detected PPNs across all samples from both states were Helicotylenchus (90%), Mesocriconema (72%), and Xiphinema (58%). However, 5 Hemicycliophora and 710 Scutellonema nematodes/100 cm 3 of soil were found only in GA, whereas only 1 Belonolaimus nematode/100 cm 3 of soil was found only in NC. Ordination of the nematode communities from the samples collected in GA and NC yielded groupings that aligned with the state of origin. Multivariate tests for group membership indicated that several genera were statistically associated with either NC or GA muscadines, and the PPN communities distinctly differed between states. Because muscadine grapes do not have established nematode thresholds, it is not known whether these nematode species are negatively impacting mature grapes. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1094/PHP-06-19-0042-S VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 194-199 SN - 1535-1025 KW - nematology KW - small fruits KW - Helicotylenchus KW - Mesocriconema KW - Xiphinema ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interference of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Density in Grafted and Nongrafted Watermelon T2 - Weed Science AB - Abstract Watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] grafting is commonly used for management of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens; however, little research exists describing the effect of grafting on the weed-competitive ability of watermelon. Field experiments determined the response in yield, fruit number, and fruit quality of grafted and nongrafted watermelon exposed to increasing densities of Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson). Grafting treatments included ‘Exclamation’ triploid (seedless) watermelon grafted on two interspecific hybrid squash rootstocks ‘Carnivor’ and ‘Kazako’, with nongrafted Exclamation as the control. Weed treatments included A. palmeri at densities of 1, 2, 3, and 4 A. palmeri plants per watermelon planting hole (0.76-m row) and a weed-free control. Increasing A. palmeri densities caused significant reductions (P <0.05) in marketable watermelon yield and marketable fruit number. Watermelon yield reduction was described by a rectangular hyperbola model, and 4 A. palmeri plants planting hole −1 reduced marketable yield 41%, 38%, and 65% for Exclamation, Carnivor, and Kazako, respectively. Neither grafting treatment nor A. palmeri density had a biologically meaningful effect on soluble solids content or on the incidence of hollow heart in watermelon fruit. Amaranthus palmeri seed and biomass production was similar across weed population densities, but seed number per female A. palmeri decreased according to a two-parameter exponential decay equation. Thus, increasing weed population densities resulted in increased intraspecific competition among A. palmeri plants. While grafting may offer benefits for disease resistance, no benefits regarding weed-competitive ability were observed, and a consistent yield penalty was associated with grafting, even in weed-free treatments. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2018.77 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.77 KW - Carlene Chase KW - University of Florida KW - Competition KW - Cucurbitaceae KW - seed production KW - vegetable ER - TY - JOUR TI - Critical Period for Weed Control in Grafted and Nongrafted Watermelon Grown in Plasticulture T2 - Weed Science AB - Abstract Field experiments determined the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in grafted and nongrafted watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai] grown in plasticulture. Transplant types included ‘Exclamation’ seedless watermelon as the nongrafted control as well as Exclamation grafted onto two interspecific hybrid squash (ISH) rootstocks, ‘Carnivor’ and ‘Kazako’. To simulate weed emergence throughout the season, establishment treatments (EST) consisted of two seedlings each of common purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.), large crabgrass [ Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus L.) transplanted in a 15 by 15 cm square centered on watermelon plants at 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6 wk after watermelon transplanting (WATr) and remained until the final watermelon harvest at 11 WATr. To simulate weed control at different times in the season, removal treatments (REM) consisted of two seedlings of the same weed species transplanted in a 15 by 15 cm square centered on watermelon plants on the same day of watermelon transplanting and allowed to remain until 2, 3, 4, 6, and 11 WATr, at which time they were removed. Season-long weedy and weed-free controls were included for both EST and REM studies in both years. For all transplant types, aboveground biomass of weeds decreased as weed establishment was delayed and increased as weed removal was delayed. The predicted CPWC for nongrafted Exclamation and Carnivor required only a single weed removal between 2.3 and 2.5 WATr and 1.9 and 2.6 WATr, respectively, while predicted CPWC for Kazako rootstock occurred from 0.3 to 2.6 WATr. Our study results suggest that weed control for this mixed population of weeds would be similar between nongrafted Exclamation and Exclamation grafted onto Carnivor. But the observed CPWC of Exclamation grafted onto Kazako suggests that CPWC may vary with specific rootstock–scion combinations. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2018.76 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.76 KW - Carlene Chase KW - University of Florida KW - Competition KW - establishment KW - interference KW - removal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inference of Population Genetic Structure and High Linkage Disequilibrium Among Alternaria spp. Collected from Tomato and Potato Using Genotyping by Sequencing AU - Adhikari, Tika B. AU - Knaus, Brian J. AU - Grünwald, Niklaus J. AU - Halterman, Dennis AU - Louws, Frank J. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - ABSTRACT Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is considered a powerful tool to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are useful to characterize closely related genomes of plant species and plant pathogens. We applied GBS to determine genome-wide variations in a panel of 187 isolates of three closely related Alternaria spp. that cause diseases on tomato and potato in North Carolina (NC) and Wisconsin (WI). To compare genetic variations, reads were mapped to both A. alternata and A. solani draft reference genomes and detected dramatic differences in SNPs among them. Comparison of A. linariae and A. solani populations by principal component analysis revealed the first (83.8% of variation) and second (8.0% of variation) components contained A. linariae from tomato in NC and A. solani from potato in WI, respectively, providing evidence of population structure. Genetic differentiation (Hedrick’s G’ ST ) in A. linariae populations from Haywood, Macon, and Madison counties in NC were little or no differentiated (G’ ST 0.0 - 0.2). However, A. linariae population from Swain county appeared to be highly differentiated (G’ ST > 0.8). To measure the strength of the linkage disequilibrium (LD), we also calculated the allelic association between pairs of loci. Lewontin’s D (measures the fraction of allelic variations) and physical distances provided evidence of linkage throughout the entire genome, consistent with the hypothesis of non-random association of alleles among loci. Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of clonal populations on a genome-wide scale and microevolutionary factors that might play an important role in population structure. Although we found limited genetic diversity, the three Alternaria spp. studied here are genetically distinct and each species is preferentially associated with one host. DA - 2019/11/1/ PY - 2019/11/1/ DO - 10.1101/827790 VL - 11 UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827790v1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing Rate-reducing Foliar Resistance to Anthracnose Crown rot and Fruit rot in Strawberry. AU - Jacobs, Raymond L. AU - Adhikari, Tika AU - Pattison, Jeremy AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Fernandez, Gina AU - Louws, Frank T2 - Plant Disease AB - Anthracnose fruit rot and anthracnose crown rot (ACR) caused by two species complexes of the fungus referred to as Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, respectively, are major pathogens of strawberry in North Carolina. Anthracnose epidemics are common when susceptible cultivars and asymptomatic planting stocks carrying quiescent Colletotrichum infection or hemibiotrophic infection (HBI) are planted. The main objective of this study was to assess resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry. Strawberry cultivars and breeding lines were spray inoculated with isolates of C. acutatum or C. gloeosporioides. Four epidemiological parameters providing estimates of rate-reducing resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry cultivars and lines were evaluated in repeated experiments in controlled environments in a greenhouse. HBI severity, measured as the percentage of total leaf area covered by acervuli, was estimated visually and by image analysis. ACR severity was rated weekly for wilt symptoms, and relative area under disease progress curve scores were calculated for comparing strawberry cultivars and lines. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.005) in HBI severity were found among strawberry genotypes; however, the correlations were not remarkable between Colletotrichum species (r = 0.4251). Although significant variation in resistance was observed for ACR, this was also weakly correlated (r = 0.2430) with resistance to C. gloeosporioides HBI. Overall, rate-reducing resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry identified in this study could be utilized in breeding programs to develop durable resistance to anthracnose in North Carolina. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1094/pdis-04-19-0687-re VL - 8 KW - etiology KW - fungi KW - fruit KW - pathogen detection KW - small fruits KW - techniques ER - TY - JOUR TI - Governance and innovations in local food system development: A bottom-up approach in North Carolina AU - Chojnacki, Krystal M. AU - Creamer, Nancy T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AB - Governance is a collaborative and systemic approach to governing that fosters innovation and inclusiveness of a broad combination of actors, processes, and instruments (Jordan, Wurzel, & Zito, 2005). It draws from the energy, expertise, and resources of the collaborative to employ more sustainable, bottom-up policy solutions. The growth in popularity of local foods and community-based food systems as a pushback to the globalization of our food industry has given rise to a network of coalitions, institutions, and actors in North Carolina that are engaging in local food system development and governance to create a place-based local food economy in the state. The case reviews the Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS), a trans­disciplinary, interinstitutional collaboration between the state’s two land-grant institutions, (North Carolina State University and North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University), and the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, as an active and prominent stakeholder in the process of local food system governance. The Farm to Fork Initiative, now over 10 years in operation, is reviewed to provide both insight into and reflection of a bottom-up approach to creating a local food economy through governance, innovation, and the implementation of community-based food system initiatives. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.5304/jafscd.2019.091.034 VL - 9 SP - 239-240 SN - 2152-0801 KW - Governance KW - Food System Governance KW - Local Food KW - Local Food Economy KW - Regional Food Systems KW - Sustainable Agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative trait loci and differential gene expression analyses reveal the genetic basis for negatively associated β-carotene and starch content in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] AU - Gemenet, Dorcus C. AU - da Silva Pereira, Guilherme AU - De Boeck, Bert AU - Wood, Joshua C. AU - Mollinari, Marcelo AU - Olukolu, Bode A. AU - Diaz, Federico AU - Mosquera, Veronica AU - Ssali, Reuben T. AU - David, Maria AU - Kitavi, Mercy N. AU - Burgos, Gabriela AU - Felde, Thomas Zum AU - Ghislain, Marc AU - Carey, Edward AU - Swanckaert, Jolien AU - Coin, Lachlan J. M. AU - Fei, Zhangjun AU - Hamilton, John P. AU - Yada, Benard AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Zeng, Zhao-Bang AU - Mwanga, Robert O. M. AU - Khan, Awais AU - Gruneberg, Wolfgang J. AU - Buell, C. Robin T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics AB - β-Carotene content in sweetpotato is associated with the Orange and phytoene synthase genes; due to physical linkage of phytoene synthase with sucrose synthase, β-carotene and starch content are negatively correlated. In populations depending on sweetpotato for food security, starch is an important source of calories, while β-carotene is an important source of provitamin A. The negative association between the two traits contributes to the low nutritional quality of sweetpotato consumed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a biparental mapping population of 315 F1 progeny generated from a cross between an orange-fleshed and a non-orange-fleshed sweetpotato variety, we identified two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on linkage group (LG) three (LG3) and twelve (LG12) affecting starch, β-carotene, and their correlated traits, dry matter and flesh color. Analysis of parental haplotypes indicated that these two regions acted pleiotropically to reduce starch content and increase β-carotene in genotypes carrying the orange-fleshed parental haplotype at the LG3 locus. Phytoene synthase and sucrose synthase, the rate-limiting and linked genes located within the QTL on LG3 involved in the carotenoid and starch biosynthesis, respectively, were differentially expressed in Beauregard versus Tanzania storage roots. The Orange gene, the molecular switch for chromoplast biogenesis, located within the QTL on LG12 while not differentially expressed was expressed in developing roots of the parental genotypes. We conclude that these two QTL regions act together in a cis and trans manner to inhibit starch biosynthesis in amyloplasts and enhance chromoplast biogenesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and accumulation in orange-fleshed sweetpotato. Understanding the genetic basis of this negative association between starch and β-carotene will inform future sweetpotato breeding strategies targeting sweetpotato for food and nutritional security. DA - 2019/10/8/ PY - 2019/10/8/ DO - 10.1007/s00122-019-03437-7 VL - 133 IS - 1 SP - 23-36 J2 - Theor Appl Genet LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5752 1432-2242 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03437-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unraveling the Hexaploid Sweetpotato Inheritance Using Ultra-Dense Multilocus Mapping AU - Mollinari, Marcelo AU - Olukolu, Bode A. AU - Pereira, Guilherme da S. AU - Khan, Awais AU - Gemenet, Dorcus AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Zeng, Zhao-Bang T2 - G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics AB - The hexaploid sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., 2n = 6x = 90) is an important staple food crop worldwide and plays a vital role in alleviating famine in developing countries. Due to its high ploidy level, genetic studies in sweetpotato lag behind major diploid crops significantly. We built an ultra-dense multilocus integrated genetic map and characterized the inheritance system in a sweetpotato full-sib family using our newly developed software, MAPpoly. The resulting genetic map revealed 96.5% collinearity between I. batatas and its diploid relative I. trifida We computed the genotypic probabilities across the whole genome for all individuals in the mapping population and inferred their complete hexaploid haplotypes. We provide evidence that most of the meiotic configurations (73.3%) were resolved in bivalents, although a small portion of multivalent signatures (15.7%), among other inconclusive configurations (11.0%), were also observed. Except for low levels of preferential pairing in linkage group 2, we observed a hexasomic inheritance mechanism in all linkage groups. We propose that the hexasomic-bivalent inheritance promotes stability to the allelic transmission in sweetpotato. DA - 2019/11/15/ PY - 2019/11/15/ DO - 10.1534/g3.119.400620 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 281-292 J2 - G3 LA - en OP - SN - 2160-1836 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400620 DB - Crossref KW - Polyploidy KW - Genetic Linkage KW - Hexasomic Inheritance KW - Haplotyping KW - Preferential Pairing KW - Multivalent ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient Cycling in Organic Field Crops in Canada and the United States AU - Carr, Patrick M. AU - Cavigelli, Michel A. AU - Darby, Heather AU - Delate, Kathleen AU - Eberly, Jed O. AU - Gramig, Greta G. AU - Heckman, Joseph R. AU - Mallory, Ellen B. AU - Reeve, Jennifer R. AU - Silva, Erin M. AU - Suchoff, David H. AU - Woodley, Alex L. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Organic farmers have identified soil fertility and weed management as the two highest research priority areas. No review exists of research on soil nutrient management in organic field crop systems. We conducted a comprehensive review to identify the principles and factors governing nutrient management, knowledge gaps, and future research needs in organic grain and other field crop systems in Canada and the United States. We compared results from research conducted in different climates, soils, and crop rotational sequences. Results indicate that (i) dual‐use cover/green manure crops and/or animal manure are the most common sources of plant available N and other nutrients in organic field crop systems; (ii) soil nutrient deficiencies can develop through sole reliance on cover/green manure crops; (iii) dependence on animal manure can lead to N and P excesses; (iv) conventional soil testing procedures may not accurately predict crop nutrient needs; (v) greater knowledge of microbial processes governing nutrient cycling is needed; and (vi) better understanding of the impact of weeds on soil fertility may create weed and nutrient management synergies. Knowledge gaps include a lack in understanding of how the soil and plant biomes influence nutrient‐use efficiency and how crop diversity and rotations impact soil fertility, sustainability, and resilience in organic field crop systems. Likewise, interactions between weeds, crops, soil fertility, and weed management strategies are poorly understood. Core Ideas Soil, climate, fertility sources, and land use impact organic nutrient management strategies. Cover/green manure crops and animal manures are used to maintain soil fertility on organic farms. Conventional soil testing may not be ideally suited to organic systems. Tracking soil nutrient temporal changes can improve comprehensive nutrient management plans. More research of how weeds and soil microbial community structure/function impact nutrient cycling and crop production is needed. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2019.04.0275 VL - 111 IS - 6 SP - 2769-2785 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agronomic Practices Affecting Nicotine Concentration in Flue-Cured Tobacco: A Review AU - Henry, Josh B. AU - Vann, Matthew C. AU - Lewis, Ramsey S. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Proposed regulations mandating lower nicotine concentrations in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) products will likely require changes in tobacco production to reduce nicotine while maintaining yield and quality. The agronomic practices used for tobacco production have a significant impact on the synthesis and accumulation of nicotine in flue‐cured tobacco. Nicotine is the primary alkaloid in flue‐cured tobacco and is one of the main reasons for its commercial production. Most agronomic practices that improve plant health and yield have a positive effect on nicotine production and accumulation. Some of the most important factors that affect nicotine concentrations are N fertilization, planting density, topping practices, sucker control, and harvesting practices. The amount of N available to the plant has a substantial effect on nicotine, as N is a primary component of the nicotine molecule. Factors leading to higher N uptake lead to higher nicotine concentrations. Plant and leaf densities within the field also have a significant effect on nicotine, where increasing densities leads to lower nicotine concentrations. Flowering and sucker production are both significant sinks of energy and other resources. Eliminating the inflorescence via topping and controlling suckers lead to higher nicotine concentrations. In fact, substantial nicotine synthesis and accumulation occurs in the days and weeks following topping. This comprehensive review discusses the agronomic factors affecting alkaloid production in flue‐cured tobacco, and how these factors can be adjusted to manipulate the ultimate nicotine concentration. Core Ideas Proposed regulations may require lower tobacco nicotine concentrations. Production practices and timing significantly influence nicotine and leaf quality. Nitrogen fertility, crop density, growth regulation, and harvesting are paramount. Low density, high N, and increased maturity enhance nicotine accumulation. Flowers and axillary shoots are sinks that limit foliar nicotine concentrations. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2019.04.0268 VL - 111 IS - 6 SP - 3067-3075 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological controls over the abundances of terrestrial ammonia oxidizers AU - Xiao, Rui AU - Qiu, Yunpeng AU - Tao, Jinjin AU - Zhang, Xuelin AU - Chen, Huaihai AU - Reberg-Horton, S. Chris AU - Shi, Wei AU - Shew, H. David AU - Zhang, Yi AU - Hu, Shuijin T2 - GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AB - Abstract Aim Ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) are the primary agents for nitrification, converting ammonia (NH 4 + ) into nitrate (NO 3 − ) and modulating plant nitrogen (N) utilization and terrestrial N retention. However, there is still lack of a unifying framework describing the patterns of global AOA and AOB distribution. In particular, biotic interactions are rarely integrated into any of the conceptual models. Location World‐wide. Time period 2005–2016. Major taxa studied Ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria. Methods A meta‐analysis and synthesis were conducted to obtain a general picture of global AOA and AOB distribution and identify the primary driving factors. A microcosm experiment was then conducted to assess effects of relative carbon to nitrogen availability for heterotrophic microbes on AOA and AOB in two distinct soils. A mesocosm experiment was further carried out to characterize the effects of plant roots and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on AOA and AOB abundances using hyphae‐ or root‐ingrowth techniques. Results Our meta‐analysis showed that soil carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios explained the most variance in AOA and AOB abundances, although soil pH had a significant effect. Experimental results demonstrated that high cellulose and mineral N inputs increased total microbial biomass and microbial activities, but inhibited AOA and AOB, suggesting microbial inhibition of AOA and AOB. Also, AMF and roots suppressed AOA and AOB, respectively. Main conclusions Our study provides convincing evidence illustrating that relative carbon to nitrogen availability can predominantly affect the abundances of AOA and AOB. Our experimental results further validate that biotic competition among plants, heterotrophic microbes and ammonia oxidizers for substrate N is the predominant control upon AOA and AOB abundances. Together, these findings provide new insights into the role of abiotic and biotic factors in modulating terrestrial AOA and AOB abundances and their potential applications for management of nitrification in an increasing reactive N world. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1111/geb.13030 KW - ammonia-oxidizing archaea KW - ammonia-oxidizing bacteria KW - competition KW - meta-analysis KW - nitrification KW - soil C KW - N ratio ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consumer Horticulture Advancement: Identifying Critical Research Areas and Cultivating Collaborations AU - Bumgarner, Natalie AU - Dorn, Sheri AU - McGinnis, Esther AU - Bennett, Pam AU - Bauske, Ellen AU - Krishnan, Sarada AU - Bradley, Lucy T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - Many fields of research converge to assess the impact of plants on human health, well-being, and nutrition. However, even with a recent history of horticulturists contributing to human–plant interaction work, much of the current research is conducted outside the context of horticulture and specifically outside of consumer horticulture (CH). To connect CH to research being conducted by other disciplines that explore the role of plants in improving human quality of life, a workshop was held on 1 Aug. 2018 in Washington, DC, at the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) annual conference. The workshop focused on current food science, nutrition, and crop-breeding efforts to enhance nutrition and flavor, and human health and well-being research related to nature and plant interactions in an increasingly urban population. Following these presentations regarding potential research linkages and collaboration opportunities, a facilitated discussion identified ways to improve future CH research and foster collaborative work. Action items identified included connecting research and vocabulary to help cultivate an interest in plants in younger generations; supporting awareness of collaborative opportunities with health, nutrition, urban planning, and public health practitioners; ensuring CH is known to administrators; and taking responsibility for initiating communication with colleagues in these areas. DA - 2019/12// PY - 2019/12// DO - 10.21273/HORTTECH04422-19 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 769-776 SN - 1943-7714 KW - gardening KW - greenspace KW - health KW - nature KW - nutrition KW - well-being ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent advances in banana (musa spp.) biofortification to alleviate vitamin A deficiency AU - Amah, Delphine AU - Biljon, Angeline AU - Brown, Allan AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope AU - Swennen, Rony AU - Labuschagne, Maryke T2 - CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION AB - Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies that disproportionately affects low income populations in developing countries. Traditional breeding and modern biotechnology have significant potential to enhance micronutrient bioavailability in crops through biofortification. Bananas (Musa spp.) are economically important fruit crops grown throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where VAD is most prevalent. Some banana genotypes are rich in provitamin A carotenoids (pVACs), providing an opportunity to use bananas as a readily available vehicle for provitamin A delivery. This review summarizes the progress made in carotenoid research in bananas relative to banana diversity and the use of conventional breeding and transgenic approaches aimed at banana biofortification to address vitamin A deficiency. Existing reports on sampling strategies, pVAC retention and bioavailability are also evaluated as essential components for a successful banana biofortification effort. The wide variability of pVACs reported in banana cultivars coupled with recent advances in unraveling the diversity and genetic improvement of this globally important but often-neglected staple fruit crop underscores their importance in biofortification schemes. DA - 2019/11/30/ PY - 2019/11/30/ DO - 10.1080/10408398.2018.1495175 VL - 59 IS - 21 SP - 3498-3510 SN - 1549-7852 KW - Banana KW - biofortification KW - micronutrient deficiency KW - provitamin A ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimizing Plant Spacing and Harvest Time for Yield and Glucosinolate Accumulation in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale L.) Grown in a Hydroponic System AU - Lam, Vu Phong AU - Choi, Jaeyun AU - Kim, Sungjin AU - Park, Jongseok AU - Hernandez, Ricardo T2 - HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of plant spacing (14-, 20-, and 31-cm) on the lateral branch length, shoot fresh and dry weights, yield, and glucosinolate content of watercress at 35 and 56 days after transplanting (DAT) in a hydroponic culture system. Two-week-old seedlings were transplanted into three deep flow technique systems in a greenhouse with three plant spacing treatments: 31-cm (36 plants per bed), 20-cm (72 plants per bed), and 14-cm (144 plants per bed). Each treatment had three beds and the size of each bed was 3.24 m2. The lateral branch length, shoot fresh and dry weights, and yield were measured, and glucosinolate concentration in leaves and stems of watercress was analyzed at 35 and 56 DAT. Both lateral branch length and yield per unit area were significantly reduced by increasing plant spacing, whereas the shoot fresh and dry weights were significantly increased. The total concentration of glucosinolate in the shoots was higher at 56 DAT than at 35 DAT. Furthermore, at 35 DAT, the glucosinolate concentration was the highest in the leaves and stems of plants grown under 14-cm and 31-cm spacing, respectively, than under other spacing treatments. However, at 56 DAT, the total glucosinolate concentration was higher in the leaves and stems of plants grown under 20- and 31-cm spacing and under 14- and 20-cm spacing, respectively. The highest total glucosinolate content per shoot in a unit area was observed under 14-cm spacing at 35 DAT (6.58 mmol/shoot DW/m2) and under 20-cm spacing at 56 DAT (51.99 mmol/shoot DW/m2). These results suggest that watercress yield could be optimized by growing plants under 14-cm spacing and harvesting at 35 DAT, whereas growing plants under 20-cm spacing and harvesting at 56 DAT would be an optimal method for increasing glucosinolate content without negatively affecting the growth of plants grown under a hydroponic culture system in a greenhouse. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.7235/HORT.20190073 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 733-743 SN - 2465-8588 KW - days after transplanting KW - deep flow technique KW - greenhouse KW - shoot fresh and dry weight KW - unit area ER - TY - JOUR TI - South and Central America Cut Flower Production and Postharvest Survey AU - Loyola, Cristian E. AU - Dole, John M. AU - Dunning, Rebecca T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - Imports of cut flowers into the United States have doubled in the last 20 years and come mainly from Colombia and Ecuador. We surveyed the cut flower industry in South and Central America, focusing on Colombia and Ecuador, to determine their production and postharvest problems. We received a total of 51 responses, of which 62% of the respondents had 100 or more employees. The most commonly grown or handled crops were rose ( Rosa hybrids), carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ), chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum ), alstroemeria ( Alstroemeria cultivars), gerbera ( Gerbera jamesonii ), and hydrangea ( Hydrangea species), in order of ranking. The most significant production problem was insect management, with disease management and crop timing the next most important issues. The most important species-specific issues in production were phytosanitary problems, disease (causal organism not specified), leaf miner (Lepidoptera, Symphyta, or Diptera), and thrips (Thysanoptera). The main overall postharvest problem was temperature management, followed by hydration and flower food management and botrytis ( Botrytis cinerea ). In regard to on-farm postharvest handling, damage to the flowers was the most mentioned issue. For the postharvest during storage and transport phase, temperature management, air transport, damage, and botrytis were the most important problems. The most mentioned customer complaints were damage, botrytis, and phytosanitary problems. The results of this survey can be used by researchers to focus their work on topics of most need. Improved production and postharvest handling will support the continued growth of the cut flower industry. DA - 2019/12// PY - 2019/12// DO - 10.21273/HORTTECH04484-19 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 898-905 SN - 1943-7714 KW - carnation KW - chrysanthemum KW - diseases KW - hydration KW - insects KW - rose KW - temperature KW - timing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Influences on the Relationship between Fall and Spring Vigor in Hairy Vetch AU - Kucek, Lisa Kissing AU - Riday, Heathcliffe AU - Ehlke, Nancy AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris AU - Maul, Jude AU - Mirsky, Steven B. AU - Pelzer, Chris J. AU - Poskaitis, Megan AU - Ryan, Matthew R. AU - Seehaver, Sarah AU - Wayman, Sandra AU - Wiering, Nicholas T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) is a commonly grown legume cover crop in the United States. Critical breeding goals for the species include increasing early fall vigor and spring biomass production. To ascertain genetic improvement for these traits, we explored the relationship between fall and spring vigor. Moreover, we evaluated the variation in genotypic performance across multiple environments and assessed how weather variables affected germplasm performance. The relationship between fall and spring vigor differed by winter weather conditions. In warmer locations, top‐performing genotypes in the fall were the top performers in the spring, allowing simultaneous selection for both traits of interest. Environments with colder winter conditions, however, did not show linear relationships between fall and spring vigor. At cold sites, the most and least vigorous plants in the fall tended to underperform in the spring. Results suggest that fall vigor is not a linear predictor of spring vigor in cold environments, and consequently, breeding programs should screen and select for both traits in cold climates. Genotype × environment interaction (GE) heavily contributed to spring vigor performance. In our dataset, days below freezing without snow cover, days below freezing, minimum daily temperature, and freezing degree days were related to the signal in GE. As a result, breeding programs would benefit from dividing selection sites according to the severity of winter conditions. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2018.09.0569 VL - 59 IS - 6 SP - 2443-2454 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of particle length to width ratio on sieving accuracy and precision AU - Bartley, Paul C., III AU - Jackson, Brian E. AU - Fonteno, William C. T2 - POWDER TECHNOLOGY AB - The physical, hydrological, and physico-chemical properties of horticultural substrates are influenced by particle shape and size. Sieve analysis is the predominate method utilized to characterize the particle size distribution of horticultural substrates. However, the effect of particle length on sieve analysis results have only been speculated. Laser cut particles with eight different length to width (L:W) ratios were sorted by sieves for agitation times ranging from 1 min to 5 min. To quantify the effect of L:W ratio and agitation time, the means (mid-point) and standard deviations of particle distributions were compared. Particles with a 1:1 L:W ratio were the most accurately sorted particles, containing midpoints most similar to true sieve size. As particle length increased, distribution midpoints and standard deviation increased. Elongated particles, 2:1 L:W ratio and greater, may cause the particle size distribution to skew positively. Increasing agitation time influences the probability of a particle and open sieve aperture converging in an orientation which allows it passage and can improve sieve accuracy and precision. By improving the consistency of sieving protocols, the accuracy of sieve analysis could potentially be improved. However, alternative instruments should be evaluated to improve the characterization of horticultural substrates. If, in the future, the characteristics of elongated or complex-shaped particles are desired, it may prove more beneficial to refine engineering practices than rely on sieving to precisely sort and isolate them. DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019/10// DO - 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.07.016 VL - 355 SP - 349-354 SN - 1873-328X KW - Agitation time KW - Growing media KW - L:W ratio KW - Particle size analysis KW - Particle size distribution KW - Particle shape KW - Physical property ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Influence of Postemergence Herbicide Timing and Frequency on Weed Control and Soybean Yield AU - Mahoney, Denis J. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Hare, Andrew T. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Vann, Matthew C. AU - Burgos, Nilda R. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Core Ideas Optimizing herbicide timing and frequency for weed control in soybean is critical. Two or more postemergence herbicide applications were required in twin- and narrow-row soybean. Herbicide programs generally provided similar soybean yield. More intensive herbicide programs did not reduce economic returns. Understanding optimal herbicide timing and frequency is critical for mitigating weed seed return to the soil seedbank and maximizing crop yields. Research was conducted over 2016–2018 in North Carolina to determine postemergence-only herbicide application timing and the frequency necessary for adequate weed control, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield, and economic return in twin- and narrow-row soybean. Predominant weeds included common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.Watson), and Texas millet [Urochloa texana (Buckley) R.D.Webster]. Four postemergence timings included early (EPOST), mid-postemergence, late, and very late postemergence (VLPOST) applications in various combinations. An untreated control was included for comparison. Regardless of planting pattern, broadleaf weed control was 9 to 48% higher when herbicides were applied two or more times than with single EPOST or VLPOST-only applications. Generally, two to three applications were needed to provide 100% annual grass control, whereas single applications only provided 71 to 92% control. Applying herbicides increased yield by 21 to 46% when compared with untreated soybean. In treated soybean, yield following the VLPOST treatment was generally lower than under other regimes. Trends for economic return were similar to those of yield. The data illustrate that multiple postemergence applications are needed for adequate weed control and do not adversely affect net returns. Although yields were protected with the EPOST-only treatment, caution must be taken to mitigate returning weed seed to the soil seedbank, as control for this treatment was lower than when herbicides were applied multiple times. DA - 2019/11/21/ PY - 2019/11/21/ DO - 10.2134/cftm2019.05.0036 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Nutrient Disorders of Cannabis sativa AU - Cockson, Paul AU - Landis, Hunter AU - Smith, Turner AU - Hicks, Kristin AU - Whipker, Brian E. T2 - APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL AB - Essential plant nutrients are needed at crop-specific concentrations to obtain optimum growth or yield. Plant tissue (foliar) analysis is the standard method for measuring those levels in crops. Symptoms of nutrient deficiency occur when those tissue concentrations fall to a level where growth or yield is negatively impacted and can serve as a visual diagnostic tool for growers and researchers. Both nutrient deficiency symptoms and their corresponding plant tissue concentrations have not been established for cannabis. To establish nutrient concentrations when deficiency or toxicity symptoms are expressed, Cannabis sativa ‘T1’ plants were grown in silica sand culture, and control plants received a complete modified Hoagland’s all-nitrate solution, whereas nutrient-deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula withholding a single nutrient. Toxicity treatments were induced by increasing the element tenfold higher than the complete nutrient formula. Plants were monitored daily and, once symptoms manifested, plant tissue analysis of all essential elements was performed by most recent mature leaf (MRML) tissue analysis, and descriptions and photographs of nutrient disorder symptomology were taken. Symptoms and progressions were tracked through initial, intermediate, and advanced stages. Information in this study can be used to diagnose nutrient disorders in Cannabis sativa. DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019/10// DO - 10.3390/app9204432 VL - 9 IS - 20 SP - SN - 2076-3417 KW - macronutrients KW - micronutrients KW - cannabis KW - deficiency KW - toxicity KW - fertility KW - symptomology KW - hemp KW - diagnostics KW - plant tissue analysis KW - CBD KW - THC KW - foliar ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two Loci, RiAF3 and RiAF4, Contribute to the Annual-Fruiting Trait in Rubus AU - Jibran, Rubina AU - Spencer, Jessica AU - Fernandez, Gina AU - Monfort, Amparo AU - Mnejja, Mourad AU - Dzierzon, Helge AU - Tahir, Jibran AU - Davies, Kevin AU - Chagné, David AU - Foster, Toshi M. AU - al., T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science AB - Most Rubus species have a biennial cycle of flowering and fruiting with an intervening period of winter dormancy, in common with many perennial fruit crops. Annual-fruiting (AF) varieties of raspberry (Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis L.) and blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus) are able to flower and fruit in one growing season, without the intervening dormant period normally required in biennial-fruiting (BF) varieties. We used a red raspberry (R. idaeus) population segregating for AF obtained from a cross between NC493 and 'Chilliwack' to identify genetic factors controlling AF. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was used to generate saturated linkage maps in both parents. Trait mapping in this population indicated that AF is controlled by two newly identified loci (RiAF3 and RiAF4) located on Rubus linkage groups (LGs) 3 and 4. The location of these loci was analyzed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on independent red raspberry and blackberry populations segregating for the AF trait. This confirmed that AF in Rubus is regulated by loci on LG 3 and 4, in addition to a previously reported locus on LG 7. Comparative RNAseq analysis at the time of floral bud differentiation in an AF and a BF variety revealed candidate genes potentially regulating the trait. DA - 2019/10/25/ PY - 2019/10/25/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2019.01341 VL - 10 J2 - Front. Plant Sci. OP - SN - 1664-462X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01341 DB - Crossref KW - marker-assisted selection KW - primocane KW - floricane KW - comparative mapping KW - RNA sequencing KW - annual-fruiting KW - biennial-fruiting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlled Environment Food Production for Urban Agriculture AU - Gomez, Celina AU - Currey, Christopher J. AU - Dickson, Ryan W. AU - Kim, Hye-Ji AU - Hernandez, Ricardo AU - Sabeh, Nadia C. AU - Raudales, Rosa E. AU - Brumfield, Robin G. AU - Laury-Shaw, Angela AU - Wilke, Adam AU - Lopez, Roberto AU - Burnett, Stephanie E. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - The recent increased market demand for locally grown produce is generating interest in the application of techniques developed for controlled environment agriculture (CEA) to urban agriculture (UA). Controlled environments have great potential to revolutionize urban food systems, as they offer unique opportunities for year-round production, optimizing resource-use efficiency, and for helping to overcome significant challenges associated with the high costs of production in urban settings. For urban growers to benefit from CEA, results from studies evaluating the application of controlled environments for commercial food production should be considered. This review includes a discussion of current and potential applications of CEA for UA, references discussing appropriate methods for selecting and controlling the physical plant production environment, resource management strategies, considerations to improve economic viability, opportunities to address food safety concerns, and the potential social benefits from applying CEA techniques to UA. Author’s viewpoints about the future of CEA for urban food production are presented at the end of this review. DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI14073-19 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - 1448-1458 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Turfgrass Clippings from Mulching Versus Side Discharge Mower Operation AU - Miller, Grady L. AU - Pinnix, Garland D. AU - Bartley, Paul C. AU - McCauley, Raymond K. AU - Jackson, Brian E. T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Core Ideas Mulching lawn mowers may not reduce turfgrass clipping size and subsequent rate of clipping decomposition for nutrient recycling. Mower size/horsepower and turfgrass species can influence turfgrass clipping size. Lawn mower deck design and mode of operation can influence clipping size and distribution on the turfgrass surface. Mower design and operation have been based on reducing clipping size to enhance filtering into the turfgrass canopy away from the surface. Reduced clippings on the surface can increase surface uniformity, a primary goal for lawn mower use. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of mulching mower units to reduce clipping particle size compared with traditional side-discharge mower units. Three commercially available mowers of different horsepower/size were tested in mulching and side-discharge modes of operation to evaluate clipping parameters from tall fescue and zoysiagrass maintained under typical home-lawn conditions. Turfgrass species and mower size had a greater impact on clipping length and specific projected area than mode of operation. Tall fescue clippings were 28% longer than zoysiagrass and had a 34% greater specific projected area. A medium or large mower produced clippings 28 to 31% shorter than the small mower and decreased the specific projected area by 19 to 32%. Mulching operation did not decrease clipping size as hypothesized. Instead, mulching resulted in average increases of 9 and 0.2% in clipping length and specific projected area, respectively. A side discharge mode of operation may result in fewer clippings on the surface, increasing surface uniformity compared to a mulching mode of operation. DA - 2019/10/17/ PY - 2019/10/17/ DO - 10.2134/cftm2019.06.0050 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of diagnostic SNP markers for quality assurance and control in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] breeding programs AU - Gemenet, Dorcus C AU - Kitavi, Mercy N AU - David, Maria AU - Ndege, Dorcah AU - Ssali, Reuben T AU - Swanckaert, Jolien AU - Makunde, Godwill AU - Yencho, G Craig AU - Gruneberg, Wolfgang AU - Carey, Edward AU - Mwanga, Robert O AU - Andrade, Maria I AU - Heck, Simon AU - Campos, Hugo AB - Abstract Quality assurance and control (QA/QC) is an essential element of a breeding program’s optimization efforts towards increased genetic gains. Due to auto-hexaploid genome complexity, a low-cost marker platform for routine QA/QC in sweetpotato breeding programs is still unavailable. We used 662 parents of the International Potato Center (CIP)’s global breeding program spanning Peru, Uganda, Mozambique and Ghana, to develop a low-density highly informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker set to be deployed for routine QA/QC. Segregation of the selected 30 SNPs (two SNPs per base chromosome) in a recombined breeding population was evaluated using 282 progeny from some of the parents above. The progeny were replicated from in-vitro , screenhouse and field, and the selected SNP-set was confirmed to identify relatively similar mislabeling error rates as a high density SNP-set of 10,159 markers. Six additional trait-specific markers were added to the selected SNP set from previous quantitative trait loci mapping. The 36-SNP set will be deployed for QA/QC in breeding pipelines and in fingerprinting of advanced clones or released varieties to monitor genetic gains in famers fields. The study also enabled evaluation of CIP’s global breeding population structure and the effect of some of the most devastating biotic stresses like sweetpotato virus disease on genetic variation management. These results will inform future deployment of genomic selection in sweetpotato. Key Message A 36-SNP diagnostic marker set has been developed for quality assurance and control to support global sweetpotato breeding optimization efforts. Breeding population structure is shaped by sweetpotato virus disease prevalence. DA - 2019/10/31/ PY - 2019/10/31/ DO - 10.1101/826792 VL - 10 UR - https://doi.org/10.1101/826792 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Carrot Nuclear Genome and Comparative Analysis AU - Iorizzo, Massimo AU - Macko-Podgorni, Alicja AU - Senalik, Douglas AU - Van Deynze, Allen AU - Simon, Philipp W. T2 - CARROT GENOME AB - The first draft of the carrot genome of an orange inbred line, “DC-27,” was published in 2014. However, the genome assembly was fragmented and not assembled to the chromosome level, which limited its application for comprehensive genetic and genomic analyses. In 2016, a high-quality chromosome level, genome assembly of a doubled-haploid orange carrot DH1 was published, which rapidly advanced carrot genetic and genomic studies. The sequenced genome enabled the ability to identify candidate genes underlying important agronomic and nutrition-related traits such as root development, the accumulation of terpenoids, β-carotenes, and anthocyanins. Genome-level contributions include the clarification of phylogenetic relationships within carrot germplasm and the elucidation of the evolutionary history within the Euasterid II and Euasterid I clades. In this chapter, a description of the history of efforts made to characterize the carrot genome in the pre- and post-genomic era and the partners involved in the development of the high-quality carrot genome assembly are also described. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_11 SP - 187-204 SN - 2199-479X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carrot Molecular Genetics and Mapping AU - Iorizzo, Massimo AU - Ellison, Shelby AU - Pottorff, Marti AU - Cavagnaro, Pablo F. T2 - CARROT GENOME AB - Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an important root vegetable crop that is consumed worldwide and is appreciated for its taste and nutritional content (e.g., provitamin A carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, and other minerals). Carrot genetic research has improved vastly over the past few decades due to advancements in molecular genomic resources developed for carrot. The increasing availability of DNA sequences such as expressed sequence tags (ESTs), creation of a physical map, sequencing of the carrot genome, and the numerous advancements in DNA genotyping has enabled the study of phenotypic variation of crop traits through the development of genetic linkage maps, which enable the ability to identify QTLs and their underlying genetic basis. In addition, the creation of genetic and genomic tools for carrot has enabled the study of diversity within carrot populations and germplasm collections, enabled genome-wide association studies (GWASs), characterization of populations at the species level, and comparative genomics with other crops and model species. Combined, these tools will advance the breeding process for carrot by enabling a targeted approach to improving traits by utilizing marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_7 SP - 101-117 SN - 2199-479X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas perforans Populations from Tomato in North Carolina AU - Adhikari, Pragya AU - Adhikari, Tika B. AU - Timilsina, Sujan AU - Meadows, Inga AU - Jones, Jeffrey B. AU - Panthee, Dilip R. AU - Louws, Frank J. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp. is one of the most devastating diseases of tomato in North Carolina (NC). In total, 290 strains of Xanthomonas spp. from tomato in NC collected over 2 years (2015 and 2016) were analyzed for phenotypic and genetic diversity. In vitro copper and streptomycin sensitivity assays revealed that >95% (n = 290) of the strains were copper tolerant in both years, whereas 25% (n = 127) and 46% (n = 163) were streptomycin tolerant in 2016 and 2015, respectively. Using BOX repetitive element PCR assay, fingerprint patterns showed four haplotypes (H1, H2, H3, and H4) among the strains analyzed. The multiplex real-time quantitative PCR on a subset of representative strains (n = 45) targeting the highly conserved hrcN gene identified Xanthomonas strains from tomato in NC that belonged to X. perforans. Race profiling of the representative strains (n = 45) on tomato and pepper differentials confirmed that ∼9 and 91% of strains are tomato races T3 and T4, respectively. Additionally, PCR assays and sequence alignments confirmed that the copL, copA, copB (copLAB copper tolerance gene cluster), and avrXv4 genes are present in the strains analyzed. Phylogenetic and comparative sequence analyses of six genomic regions (elongation factor G [fusA], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A [gapA], citrate synthase [gltA], gyrase subunit B [gyrB], ABC transporter sugar permease [lacF], and GTP binding protein [lepA]) suggested that 13 and 74% of X. perforans strains from NC were genetically similar to races T3 and T4 from Florida, respectively. Our results provide insights that bacterial spot management practices in tomato should focus on deploying resistance genes to combat emerging pathogenic races of X. perforans and overcome the challenges currently posed by intense use of copper-based bactericides. DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-01-19-0019-R VL - 109 IS - 9 SP - 1533-1543 SN - 1943-7684 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-19-0019-r KW - population biology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shifts in the Composition and Activities of Denitrifiers Dominate CO2 Stimulation of N2O Emissions AU - Qiu, Yunpeng AU - Jiang, Yu AU - Guo, Lijin AU - Zhang, Lin AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Zobel, Richard W. AU - Reberg-Horton, S. Chris AU - Shew, H. David AU - Hui, Shuijin T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) often increases soil N2O emissions, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. One hypothesis suggests that high N2O emissions may stem from increased denitrification induced by CO2 enhancement of plant carbon (C) allocation belowground. However, direct evidence illustrating linkages among N2O emissions, plant C allocation, and denitrifying microbes under eCO2 is still lacking. We examined the impact of eCO2 on plant C allocation to roots and their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and its subsequent effects on N2O emissions and denitrifying microbes in the presence of two distinct N sources, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N). Our results showed that the form of the N inputs dominated the effects of eCO2 on N2O emissions: eCO2 significantly increased N2O emissions with NO3--N inputs but had no effect with NH4+-N inputs. eCO2 increased plant biomass N more with NH4+-N than with NO3--N inputs, likely reducing microbial access to available N under NH4+-N inputs and/or contributing to higher N2O emissions under NO3--N inputs. eCO2 enhanced root and mycorrhizal N uptake and also increased N2O emissions under NO3--N inputs. Further, eCO2 enhancement of N2O emissions under NO3--N inputs concurred with a shift in the soil denitrifier community composition in favor of N2O-producing (nirK- and nirS-type) over N2O-consuming (nosZ-type) denitrifiers. Together, these results indicate that eCO2 stimulated N2O emissions mainly through altering plant N preference in favor of NH4+ over NO3- and thus stimulating soil denitrifiers and their activities. These findings suggest that effective management of N sources may mitigate N2O emissions by negating the eCO2 stimulation of soil denitrifying microbes and their activities. DA - 2019/10/1/ PY - 2019/10/1/ DO - 10.1021/acs.est.9b02983 VL - 53 IS - 19 SP - 11204-11213 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carrot Carotenoid Genetics and Genomics AU - Simon, Philipp W. AU - Geoffriau, Emmanuel AU - Ellison, Shelby AU - Iorizzo, Massimo T2 - CARROT GENOME AB - Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis, and they are the ultimate source of all dietary vitamin A. They account for the striking diversity of orange, yellow, and red carrot storage root color, and this likely contributes to the fact that carotenoids are the most extensively studied class of compounds in carrot, where their biosynthesis and accumulation have been evaluated across diverse genetic backgrounds and environments. Many genes in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway (MEP) and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways have been identified and characterized in carrot, and genes in those pathways are expressed in carrot roots of all colors, including white carrots which contain at most trace amounts of carotenoids. The active functioning of genes in the carotenoid pathway in carrot roots of all colors should be expected since pathway products serve as precursors for hormones important in plant development. 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) in the MEP pathway and the phytoene synthase and lycopene β-cyclase (PSY, LCYB) genes in the carotenoid pathway provide some level of overall regulation or modulation of these respective pathways, and these genes are incrementally upregulated in carrots with higher carotenoid content but variation in their expression does not account for the diverse content and composition of carotenoids in different colors of carrots. In contrast, genetic polymorphism in the Y and Y2 genes accounts for much for the variation in carotenoids accumulated in white, yellow, and orange carrots, and with the sequencing of the carrot genome, the genetic basis for these genes is becoming revealed. A candidate for the Y gene, DCAR_032551, is not a member of either the MEP or carotenoid biosynthesis pathway but rather a regulator of photosystem development and carotenoid storage. A clear candidate for the Y2 gene has not been identified, but no carotenoid biosynthetic gene was found in the genomic region defined by fine mapping of Y2. The Or gene, which regulates chromoplast development in other crops, was also recently associated with the presence of carotenoids in carrot. The discovery of genes outside the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway that contributes to carotenoid colors of carrots is but one exciting consequence of sequencing the carrot genome. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_14 SP - 247-260 SN - 2199-479X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carrot Organelle Genomes: Organization, Diversity, and Inheritance AU - Spooner, David M. AU - Simon, Philipp W. AU - Senalik, Douglas AU - Iorizzo, Massimo T2 - CARROT GENOME AB - Cultivated carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is one of about 25–40 related wild species in the genus Daucus depending on the classification. It is part of a widely distributed and taxonomically complex family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) containing 466 genera and 3820 species that is one of the largest families of seed plants. Members of the Apiaceae, particularly the genus Daucus, have been the subject of intensive recent molecular studies on the structure and genetics of plastids and mitochondria. This chapter summarizes organellar (plastids and mitochondria) structure, function, mutational rates, and inter-organelle DNA transfer in the Apiaceae and inheritance in the genus Daucus, with a wider focus on the Apiaceae and the sister family Araliaceae, and places these data in the context of other studies in the angiosperms. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_12 SP - 205-223 SN - 2199-479X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carrot Genetics, Omics and Breeding Toolboxes AU - Bostan, Hamed AU - Senalik, Douglas AU - Simon, Philipp W. AU - Iorizzo, Massimo T2 - CARROT GENOME AB - Today, researchers routinely generate and analyze large and complex omics, genetics and breeding datasets for both model and nonmodel crop species including carrot. This has resulted in the massive production and availability of omics data, which opened multiple challenges to store, organize and make those data available to the research and breeding communities. The value of these resources increases significantly when it is organized, annotated, effectively integrated with other data and made available to browse, query and analyze. In this chapter, we summarize the available omics, genetics and breeding resources for carrot and other Daucus species in different public and private databases. We also discuss the challenges for collecting, integrating and interpreting this data with a focus on the lack of dedicated, centralized and user-friendly bioinformatics platforms, breeding toolboxes and infrastructures for the carrot genome. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_13 SP - 225-245 SN - 2199-479X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carrot Anthocyanin Diversity, Genetics, and Genomics AU - Cavagnaro, Pablo F. AU - Iorizzo, Massimo T2 - CARROT GENOME AB - Purple carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) accumulate anthocyanins in their roots, petioles, and other plant parts. These flavonoid pigments represent an excellent dietary source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, carrot anthocyanins are also used as food dyes. Compositional variation in carrot root, mainly with regard to the content of acylated (AA) and non-acylated anthocyanins (NAA), strongly influences the bioavailability and chemical stability of these pigments, therefore conditioning their potential use as nutraceutical agents or as food colorants. In this context, genetic diversity analysis for root anthocyanin composition is relevant for selecting materials for either purpose. Also, knowledge on the genetic basis underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis and modification is expected to aid in the development of new varieties with high nutraceutical or for extracting food dyes. In the last decades, germplasm collections have been characterized for anthocyanin content and composition. Various simply inherited traits for root and petiole anthocyanin pigmentation and acylation, including P1, P3 and Raa1, and QTL for root anthocyanins, have been described and mapped to two regions of chromosome 3, in different genetic backgrounds. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analyses have facilitated the discovery of candidate regulatory genes for root and petiole pigmentation associated with the P3 region in chromosome 3, as well as structural genes involved in anthocyanin glycosylation and acylation. In this chapter, we reviewed recent advances in diversity, genetic, and genomic studies related to carrot anthocyanin pigmentation. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_15 SP - 261-277 SN - 2199-479X ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Nozzle Selection and Carrier Volume on Weed Control in Soybean in North Carolina AU - Mahoney, Denis J. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Hare, Andrew T. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Vann, Matthew C. AU - Burgos, Nilda R. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Core Ideas Nozzle selection did not affect PRE or POST herbicide efficacy. Carrier volumes from 7.5 to 60 gal/acre generally provided similar weed control. Soybean yield was not affected by nozzle selection or carrier volume. Lower carrier volumes may provide increased farm efficiency. DA - 2019/10/17/ PY - 2019/10/17/ DO - 10.2134/cftm2019.05.0037 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linkage Analysis and Haplotype Phasing in Experimental Autopolyploid Populations with High Ploidy Level Using Hidden Markov Models AU - Mollinari, Marcelo AU - Garcia, Antonio Augusto Franco T2 - G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics AB - Abstract Modern SNP genotyping technologies allow measurement of the relative abundance of different alleles for a given locus and consequently estimation of their allele dosage, opening a new road for genetic studies in autopolyploids. Despite advances in genetic linkage analysis in autotetraploids, there is a lack of statistical models to perform linkage analysis in organisms with higher ploidy levels. In this paper, we present a statistical method to estimate recombination fractions and infer linkage phases in full-sib populations of autopolyploid species with even ploidy levels for a set of SNP markers using hidden Markov models. Our method uses efficient two-point procedures to reduce the search space for the best linkage phase configuration and reestimate the final parameters by maximizing the likelihood of the Markov chain. To evaluate the method, and demonstrate its properties, we rely on simulations of autotetraploid, autohexaploid and autooctaploid populations and on a real tetraploid potato data set. The results show the reliability of our approach, including situations with complex linkage phase scenarios in hexaploid and octaploid populations. DA - 2019/8/12/ PY - 2019/8/12/ DO - 10.1534/g3.119.400378 VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - 3297-3314 J2 - G3 LA - en OP - SN - 2160-1836 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400378 DB - Crossref KW - Polyploidy KW - Recombination KW - Fraction KW - Bivalent Pairing KW - Multilocus KW - Analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissecting the genetic control of root and leaf tissue-specific anthocyanin pigmentation in carrot (Daucus carota L.) AU - Bannoud, Florencia AU - Ellison, Shelby AU - Paolinelli, Marcos AU - Horejsi, Thomas AU - Senalik, Douglas AU - Fanzone, Martin AU - Iorizzo, Massimo AU - Simon, Philipp W. AU - Cavagnaro, Pablo F. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.1007/s00122-019-03366-5 VL - 132 IS - 9 SP - 2485-2507 SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in anthocyanin profiles of 27 genotypes of red cabbage over two growing seasons AU - Strauch, Renee C. AU - Mengist, Molla F. AU - Pan, Kevin AU - Yousef, Gad G. AU - Iorizzo, Massimo AU - Brown, Allan F. AU - Lila, Mary Ann T2 - FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Acylated anthocyanins, such as those found in red cabbage, are more heat-, light-, and alkaline pH-stable than non-acylated anthocyanins, making them attractive for a variety of commercial applications. A UPLC-DAD-MSE method with an optimized chromatographic strategy was used to identify 29 red cabbage anthocyanins, predominantly acylated and glucosylated cyanidin derivatives. Anthocyanin profiles of 27 red cabbage genotypes harvested in consecutive growing seasons were measured and assessed for variation. Three unique anthocyanin profile fingerprints were identified through hierarchical clustering analysis. PCA analysis identified anthocyanin accumulation traits and genotypes with high diversity which can be utilized in future investigations into the genetic and molecular basis for anthocyanin production, acylation, and diversity. DA - 2019/12/15/ PY - 2019/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125289 VL - 301 SP - SN - 1873-7072 KW - Red cabbage KW - Acylated anthocyanin KW - Breeding population KW - HPLC-DAD-MSE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Genetic Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight and Bacterial Leaf Streak in Intermediate Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) AU - Bajgain, Prabin AU - Zhang, Xiaofei AU - Turner, M. Kathryn AU - Curland, Rebecca D. AU - Heim, Brett AU - Dill-Macky, Ruth AU - Ishimaru, Carol A. AU - Anderson, James A. T2 - AGRONOMY-BASEL AB - Intermediate wheatgrass (IWG, Thinopyrum intermedium, (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey subsp. intermedium, 2n = 6x = 42) is a novel perennial crop currently undergoing domestication efforts. It offers remarkable ecosystem services and yields higher relative to other perennial grain crops. While IWG is mostly resistant to Fusarium head blight (FHB), identifying genomic regions associated with resistance will help protect the crop from potential disease epidemics. An IWG biparental population of 108 individuals was developed by crossing parents differing in their response to FHB and bacterial leaf streak (BLS). The population was screened for disease reaction over three years using isolates collected from IWG plants in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Linkage maps representing the 21 IWG chromosomes were constructed from 4622 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers, with one SNP at every 0.74 cM. Interval mapping identified 15 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance and 11 with BLS resistance. Models with two or three QTL combinations reduced FHB disease severity by up to 15%, and BLS by up to 17%. When markers associated with FHB resistance were used as cofactors in genomic selection models, trait predictive ability improved by 24–125%. These genomic regions and genetic markers associated with FHB and BLS resistance can also be used to safeguard annual cereal grains through gene introgression and selective breeding. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.3390/agronomy9080429 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - SN - 2073-4395 KW - intermediate wheatgrass KW - crop domestication KW - fusarium head blight KW - bacterial leaf streak KW - QTL KW - disease resistance mapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute Freeze-Dried Mango Consumption With a High-Fat Meal has Minimal Effects on Postprandial Metabolism, Inflammation and Antioxidant Enzymes AU - O'Hara, Crystal AU - Ojo, Babajide AU - Emerson, Sam R. AU - Simenson, Ashley J. AU - Peterson, Sandra AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope AU - Payton, Mark E. AU - Hermann, Janice AU - Smith, Brenda J. AU - Lucas, Edralin A. T2 - NUTRITION AND METABOLIC INSIGHTS AB - Objective: Postprandial fluxes in oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose, and lipids, particularly after a high-fat meal (HFM), have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study is to determine whether acute freeze-dried mango consumption modulates the postprandial response to an HFM. We hypothesized that the addition of mango, which is a rich source of many bioactive components, to an HFM would lower postprandial triglycerides, glucose, and inflammation, and increase antioxidant enzymes, compared to a standard HFM alone. Methods: In a randomized cross-over study, 24 healthy adult males (18-25 years old) consumed a typical American breakfast (670 kcal; 58% fat) with or without the freeze-dried mango pulp (50 g). Lipids, glucose, antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory markers were assessed at baseline/fasting and 1, 2, and 4 hours after the HFM. Results: Addition of mango resulted in lower glucose (95.8 ± 4.4 mg/dL; P = .002) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; 58.4 ± 2.7 mg/dL; P = .01) 1 hour post-HFM compared to control (glucose: 104.8 ± 5.4 mg/dL; HDL-C: 55.2 ± 2.3 mg/dL), although no differences were observed in triglycerides ( P = .88 for interaction). No significant meal × time interactions were detected in markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, P = .17; interleukin-6, P = .30) or antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, P = .77; glutathione peroxidase, P = .36; catalase, P = .32) in the postprandial period. Conclusions: When added to an HFM, acute mango consumption had modest beneficial effects on postprandial glucose and HDL-C responses, but did not alter triglyceride, inflammatory, or antioxidant enzymes. DA - 2019/8/19/ PY - 2019/8/19/ DO - 10.1177/1178638819869946 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1178-6388 KW - Mango KW - postprandial KW - glucose KW - inflammation KW - antioxidant enzymes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of aridity on soil microbial communities and functions across soil depths on the Mongolian Plateau AU - Chen, Dima AU - Saleem, Muhammad AU - Cheng, Junhui AU - Mi, Jia AU - Chu, Pengfei AU - Tuvshintogtokh, Indree AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Bai, Yongfei T2 - FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Arid and semi‐arid grassland ecosystems cover about 15% of the global land surface and provide vital soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration. Although half of the soil C and N is stored in deep soils (below 30 cm), no regional‐scale study of microbial properties and their functions through the soil profile has been conducted in these drylands. To explore the distribution and determinants of microbial properties and C and N mineralization rates through soil profile along aridity gradient at a regional scale, we investigated these variables for four soil layers (0–20, 20–40, 40–60 and 60–100 cm) in 132 plots on the Mongolia Plateau. Soil microbial properties (biomass and bacteria:fungi ratio) and C and N mineralization rates decreased with increasing soil depth and aridity at the regional scale. Aridity‐induced declines in soil microbial properties mainly resulted from the negative effects of aridity on ANPP/root biomass and soil organic C (SOC) in the surface soil layers (0–20 and 20–40 cm) but from the direct and indirect (via SOC and soil C/N) negative effects of aridity in the deep soil layers (40–60 and 60–100 cm). Aridity‐induced declines in soil C mineralization rates mainly resulted from the negative indirect effect of aridity on SOC and microbial properties in each soil layer, with weaker effects of SOC and stronger effects of soil microbes in the deep soil layers. Aridity‐induced declines in soil N mineralization rates mainly resulted from the negative indirect effect of aridity on SOC in the three soil layers above 60 cm and mainly resulted from the negative direct effect of aridity in the 60–100 cm soil layer. Aridity via direct or indirect effects strongly determined the patterns of soil microbial properties and C and N mineralization throughout soil profiles on the Mongolian Plateau. These findings suggest that the increases in aridity are likely to induce changes in soil micro‐organisms and their associated functions across soil depths of semi‐arid grasslands, and future models should consider the dynamic interactions between substrates and microbial properties across soil depths in global drylands. A plain language summary is available for this article. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1111/1365-2435.13359 VL - 33 IS - 8 SP - 1561-1571 SN - 1365-2435 KW - biogeographical patterns KW - depth profile KW - microbial community structure KW - semi-arid grasslands KW - soil carbon mineralization KW - soil nitrogen mineralization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic Selection with Allele Dosage in Panicum maximum Jacq. AU - Lara, Leticia A. de C. AU - Santos, Mateus F. AU - Jank, Liana AU - Chiari, Lucimara AU - Vilela, Mariane de M. AU - Amadeu, Rodrigo R. AU - Santos, Jhonathan P. R. AU - Pereira, Guilherme da S. AU - Zeng, Zhao-Bang AU - Garcia, Antonio Augusto F. T2 - G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS AB - Genomic selection is an efficient approach to get shorter breeding cycles in recurrent selection programs and greater genetic gains with selection of superior individuals. Despite advances in genotyping techniques, genetic studies for polyploid species have been limited to a rough approximation of studies in diploid species. The major challenge is to distinguish the different types of heterozygotes present in polyploid populations. In this work, we evaluated different genomic prediction models applied to a recurrent selection population of 530 genotypes of Panicum maximum, an autotetraploid forage grass. We also investigated the effect of the allele dosage in the prediction, i.e., considering tetraploid (GS-TD) or diploid (GS-DD) allele dosage. A longitudinal linear mixed model was fitted for each one of the six phenotypic traits, considering different covariance matrices for genetic and residual effects. A total of 41,424 genotyping-by-sequencing markers were obtained using 96-plex and Pst1 restriction enzyme, and quantitative genotype calling was performed. Six predictive models were generalized to tetraploid species and predictive ability was estimated by a replicated fivefold cross-validation process. GS-TD and GS-DD models were performed considering 1,223 informative markers. Overall, GS-TD data yielded higher predictive abilities than with GS-DD data. However, different predictive models had similar predictive ability performance. In this work, we provide bioinformatic and modeling guidelines to consider tetraploid dosage and observed that genomic selection may lead to additional gains in recurrent selection program of P. maximum. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1534/g3.118.200986 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 2463-2475 SN - 2160-1836 KW - Plant Breeding KW - Guinea Grass KW - Quantitative Genotyping KW - Polyploidy KW - Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) KW - Recurrent Genomic Selection KW - Genomic Prediction KW - GenPred KW - Shared Data Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-Wide Association Study of Yield Component Traits in Intermediate Wheatgrass and Implications in Genomic Selection and Breeding AU - Bajgain, Prabin AU - Zhang, Xiaofei AU - Anderson, James A. T2 - G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS AB - Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium, IWG) is a perennial grain crop with high biomass and grain yield, long seeds, and resistance to pests and diseases. It also reduces soil erosion, nitrate and mineral leaching into underground water tables, and sequesters carbon in its roots. The domestication timeline of IWG as a grain crop spans only 3 decades, hence it lags annual grain crops in yield and seed characteristics. One approach to improve its agronomic traits is by using molecular markers to uncover marker-trait associations. In this study, we performed association mapping on IWG breeding germplasm from the third recurrent selection cycle at the University of Minnesota. The IWG population was phenotyped in St Paul, MN in 2017 and 2018, and in Crookston, MN in 2018 for grain yield, seed length, width and weight, spike length and weight, and number of spikelets per spike. Strong positive correlations were observed among most trait pairs, with correlations as high as 0.76. Genotyping using high throughput sequencing identified 8,899 high-quality genome-wide SNPs which were combined with phenotypic data in association mapping to discover regions associated with the yield component traits. We detected 154 genetic loci associated with these traits of which 19 were shared between at least two traits. Prediction of breeding values using significant loci as fixed effects in genomic selection model improved predictive abilities by up to 14%. Genetic mapping of agronomic traits followed by using genomic selection to predict breeding values can assist breeders in selecting superior genotypes to accelerate IWG domestication. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1534/g3.119.400073 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 2429-2439 SN - 2160-1836 KW - QTL KW - GWAS KW - genomic selection KW - domestication KW - intermediate wheatgrass KW - Genomic Prediction KW - GenPred KW - Shared Data Resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variable colonization by the hemlock woolly adelgid suggests infestation is associated with hemlock host species AU - Leppanen, Christy AU - Fordyce, James A. AU - LeBude, Anthony V. AU - Ranney, Thomas G. AU - Simberloff, Daniel T2 - BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS DA - 2019/9// PY - 2019/9// DO - 10.1007/s10530-019-02020-x VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 2891-2906 SN - 1573-1464 KW - Adelges tsugae KW - Asian hemlock KW - Biocontrol KW - Biological invasions KW - Eastern hemlock KW - Host resistance KW - Invasive species management KW - Tsuga spp ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the air pollution tolerance index of ornamentals growing in an industrial area compared to a less polluted area AU - Ahmad, Iftikhar AU - Abdullah, Bilal AU - Dole, John Martin AU - Shahid, Muhammad AU - Ziaf, Khurram T2 - HORTICULTURE ENVIRONMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1007/s13580-019-00141-9 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 595-601 SN - 2211-3460 KW - Ascorbic acid content KW - Industrial pollutants KW - Leaf chlorophyll content KW - Leaf extract pH KW - Ornamental plants KW - Pollution tolerance KW - Relative water content ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytogenetics, Ploidy, and Genome Sizes of Camellia and Related Genera AU - Hembree, William G. AU - Ranney, Thomas G. AU - Jackson, Brian E. AU - Weathington, Mark T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Camellia L., the most speciose member of the diverse tea family Theaceae, has a long and complex horticultural history. Extensive cultivation and hybridization have produced thousands of varieties of Camellia , including commercially important crops such as cultivated tea, oilseed, and iconic flowering shrubs. Cytogenetics of Camellia and related genera is complicated; chromosome number and ploidy can vary widely between species, and interspecific and interploid hybridization occurs. However, specific information regarding cytogenetics of many species, cultivars, and modern hybrids is lacking. The objectives of this study were to compile a consolidated literature review of the cytogenetics of Camellia and related genera and to determine chromosome numbers, ploidy, and genome sizes of specific accessions of selected species, cultivars, and interspecific and interploid hybrids. A review of the existing literature regarding Theaceae cytogenetics is presented as a consolidated reference comprising 362 taxa. Genome sizes were determined with flow cytometry using propidium iodide as a fluorochrome and Pisum sativum ‘Ctirad' and Magnolia virginiana ‘Jim Wilson’ as internal standards. Chromosome numbers of selected taxa were determined using traditional cytology and were used to calibrate genome sizes with ploidy level. Our results confirmed a base chromosome number of x = 15 for Theeae including Camellia , x = 17 for Stewartiae, and x = 18 for Gordoniae. Surveyed camellias ranged from 2 n = 2 x = 30 to 2 n = 8 x = 120, including diploids, triploids, tetraploids, pentaploids, hexaploids, and octoploids. Previously uncharacterized taxa such as Camellia azalea , C. amplexicaulis , C. chrysanthoides , C. cordifolia , C. cucphuongensis , C. flava , C. nanyongensis , and C. trichoclada were found to be diploid. Ploidy was also newly determined for Schima argentea , S. khasiana , S. remotiserrata , and S. sinensis (all diploids). Both diploid and triploid Stewartia ovata were found, and a ploidy series was discovered for Polyspora that ranged from diploid to octoploid. Ploidy determinations were used to confirm or challenge the validity of putative interploid hybrids. Monoploid genome sizes varied among subfamily and genera, with 1C x values ranging from 0.80 pg for Franklinia to a mean of 3.13 pg for Camellia , demonstrating differential rates of genome expansion independent of ploidy . Within Camellia, monoploid genome sizes varied among subgenera, sections, and some species (range, 2.70–3.55 pg). This study provides a consolidated and expanded knowledgebase of ploidy, genome sizes, hybridity, and reproductive pathways for specific accessions of Camellia and related genera that will enhance opportunities and strategies for future breeding and improvement within Theaceae. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI13923-19 VL - 54 IS - 7 SP - 1124-1142 SN - 2327-9834 KW - cytology KW - DNA content KW - flow cytometry KW - chromosomes KW - plant breeding KW - polyploidy KW - Hartia KW - Polyspora KW - Pyrenaria KW - Stewartia KW - taxonomy KW - Theaceae KW - Tutcheria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consumer Perception of Skinning Injury in Sweetpotatoes and Implications for Marketability: An Experimental Auction AU - Collort, Alba J. AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Ward, Jason K. T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - Skinning of sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas ) storage roots is one of the greatest concerns of sweetpotato producers. Although skinning injury is very common, the severity of the injury can vary widely. At an undefined threshold, sweetpotatoes with skinning injury are no longer sold for fresh consumption. The objectives of this study were to examine how skinning injury influences consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sweetpotatoes and to identify differences in valuations when the extent of skinning injury is labeled. Image analysis was used to quantify skinning injury and then an incentive-compatible, nonhypothetical laboratory experimental auction was conducted to collect data on consumers’ WTP for five categories of sweetpotatoes: 0% to <1% skinning injury, 1.0% to 3.0%, 3.1% to 5.0%, 5.1% to 7.5%, and 7.6% to 10.0%. On average, consumers were willing to pay the most for sweetpotatoes with 0% to <1% skinning injury (up to $1.51/lb to $1.67/lb) and the least for sweetpotatoes with 7.6% to 10% (up to $0.76/lb to $0.85/lb), yet mean WTP values were nonzero for all skinning levels. Moreover, when the extent of skinning was labeled (relative to when they bid blindly), consumers were willing to pay price premiums for sweetpotatoes with low skinning injury levels (0% to 5%) and discounted sweetpotatoes with the highest skinning injury level (7.6% to 10.0%), suggesting that skinning levels of 7.6% and above may not be acceptable by consumers. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.21273/HORTTECH04355-19 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 468-475 SN - 1943-7714 KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - willingness-to-pay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling domestication traits of intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) AU - Larson, Steve AU - DeHaan, Lee AU - Poland, Jesse AU - Zhang, Xiaofei AU - Dorn, Kevin AU - Kantarski, Traci AU - Anderson, James AU - Schmutz, Jeremy AU - Grimwood, Jane AU - Jenkins, Jerry AU - Shu, Shengqiang AU - Crain, Jared AU - Robbins, Matthew AU - Jensen, Kevin T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB - Allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), abbreviated IWG, is an outcrossing perennial grass belonging to the tertiary gene pool of wheat. Perenniality would be valuable option for grain production, but attempts to introgress this complex trait from wheat-Thinopyrum hybrids have not been commercially successful. Efforts to breed IWG itself as a dual-purpose forage and grain crop have demonstrated useful progress and applications, but grain yields are significantly less than wheat. Therefore, genetic and physical maps have been developed to accelerate domestication of IWG. Herein, these maps were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes associated with IWG grain production traits in a family of 266 full-sib progenies derived from two heterozygous parents, M26 and M35. Transgressive segregation was observed for 17 traits related to seed size, shattering, threshing, inflorescence capacity, fertility, stem size, and flowering time. A total of 111 QTLs were detected in 36 different regions using 3826 genotype-by-sequence markers in 21 linkage groups. The most prominent QTL had a LOD score of 15 with synergistic effects of 29% and 22% over the family means for seed retention and percentage of naked seeds, respectively. Many QTLs aligned with one or more IWG gene models corresponding to 42 possible domestication orthogenes including the wheat Q and RHT genes. A cluster of seed-size and fertility QTLs showed possible alignment to a putative Z self-incompatibility gene, which could have detrimental grain-yield effects when genetic variability is low. These findings elucidate pathways and possible hurdles in the domestication of IWG. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1007/s00122-019-03357-6 VL - 132 IS - 8 SP - 2325-2351 SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interspecific and intraspecific interference of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) in sweetpotato AU - Basinger, Nicholas T. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Hestir, Erin L. AU - Waldschmidt, Matthew D. AU - Smith, Stephen C. AU - Brownie, Cavell T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Clinton, NC, to determine the interspecific and intraspecific interference of Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) or large crabgrass [ Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] in ‘Covington’ sweetpotato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. Amaranthus palmeri and D. sanguinalis were established 1 d after sweetpotato transplanting and maintained season-long at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 0, 1, 2, 4, 16 plants m −1 of row in the presence and absence of sweetpotato, respectively. Predicted yield loss for sweetpotato was 35% to 76% for D. sanguinalis at 1 to 16 plants m −1 of row and 50% to 79% for A. palmeri at 1 to 8 plants m −1 of row. Weed dry biomass per meter of row increased linearly with increasing weed density. Individual dry biomass of A. palmeri and D. sanguinalis was not affected by weed density when grown in the presence of sweetpotato. When grown without sweetpotato, individual weed dry biomass decreased 71% and 62% from 1 to 4 plants m −1 row for A. palmeri and D. sanguinalis , respectively. Individual weed dry biomass was not affected above 4 plants m −1 row to the highest densities of 8 and 16 plants m −1 row for A. palmeri and D. sanguinalis , respectively. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2019.16 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 426-432 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Carlene Chase KW - University of Florida KW - Biomass KW - competition KW - linear-plateau model KW - rectangular hyperbola model KW - weed density KW - yield loss ER - TY - JOUR TI - Restricted Phosphorus Fertilization Increases the Betacyanin Concentration and Red Foliage Coloration of Alternanthera AU - Henry, Josh B. AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope AU - McCall, Ingram AU - Whipker, Brian E. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Phosphorus (P) deficiency commonly results in the development of red-to-purple coloration in plant foliage, typically attributed to anthocyanins. Betacyanins are a red pigment found in some plant species that do not produce anthocyanins, including Alternanthera sp. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of P nutrition on the betacyanin concentration and subsequent foliar coloration of ‘Purple Prince’, ‘Brazilian Red Hots’, and ‘Little Ruby’ alternanthera ( Alternanthera brasiliana ). The purpose of this study was to determine whether P fertilization management could enhance the coloration and aesthetic appeal of alternanthera. Custom fertilizers provided P concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg·L −1 P. One-half of the plants from each P concentration were restricted to 0 mg·L −1 P 1 month after transplant to determine whether adequate size could be attained before withholding P. Differences in P response were observed among cultivars for hue, betacyanin content, and plant size. Concentrations ≤5 mg·L −1 P resulted in plants that were more compact in terms of plant height and diameter, had deeper red foliage coloration, and greater foliar betacyanins compared with plants grown with greater P concentrations. Plants initially grown with 5 or 10 mg·L −1 P attained marketable size before P restriction and developed more red pigmentation compared with plants grown with P for the remaining duration of the study. Regression analysis demonstrated height was maximized with 3 to 8 mg·L −1 P, diameter with 4.1 to 8.4 mg·L −1 P, and branching with 10.0 mg·L −1 P. Foliar betacyanin concentrations were greatest in plants grown without P, reaching 269 mg/100 g fresh weight, whereas plants grown with 10 or 20 mg·L −1 P were 95% less (averaged ≈13 mg/100 g fresh weight). This study demonstrates that P restriction can benefit the aesthetic appeal of alternanthera and provides the first confirmation that P nutrition is associated with betacyanin accumulation. DA - 2019/7// PY - 2019/7// DO - 10.21273/JASHS04702-19 VL - 144 IS - 4 SP - 264-273 SN - 2327-9788 KW - anthocyanin KW - betalain KW - floriculture KW - nutrition KW - phosphate KW - pigments ER - TY - BOOK TI - Cucurbits AU - Wehner, T.C. AU - Naegele, R. AU - Myers, J. AU - Crosby, K. AU - Dhillon, N.P.S. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// SP - 225 PB - CAB International ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome of ‘Charleston Gray’, the principal American watermelon cultivar, and genetic characterization of 1,365 accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System watermelon collection AU - Wu, Shan AU - Wang, Xin AU - Reddy, Umesh AU - Sun, Honghe AU - Bao, Kan AU - Gao, Lei AU - Mao, Linyong AU - Patel, Takshay AU - Ortiz, Carlos AU - Abburi, Venkata L. AU - Nimmakayala, Padma AU - Branham, Sandra AU - Wechter, Pat AU - Massey, Laura AU - Ling, Kai‐Shu AU - Kousik, Chandrasekar AU - Hammar, Sue A. AU - Tadmor, Yaakov AU - Portnoy, Vitaly AU - Gur, Amit AU - Katzir, Nurit AU - Guner, Nihat AU - Davis, Angela AU - Hernandez, Alvaro G. AU - Wright, Chris L. AU - McGregor, Cecilia AU - Jarret, Robert AU - Zhang, Xingping AU - Xu, Yong AU - Wehner, Todd C. AU - Grumet, Rebecca AU - Levi, Amnon AU - Fei, Zhangjun T2 - Plant Biotechnology Journal AB - Years of selection for desirable fruit quality traits in dessert watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) has resulted in a narrow genetic base in modern cultivars. Development of novel genomic and genetic resources offers great potential to expand genetic diversity and improve important traits in watermelon. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence of watermelon cultivar 'Charleston Gray', a principal American dessert watermelon, to complement the existing reference genome from '97103', an East Asian cultivar. Comparative analyses between genomes of 'Charleston Gray' and '97103' revealed genomic variants that may underlie phenotypic differences between the two cultivars. We then genotyped 1365 watermelon plant introduction (PI) lines maintained at the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). These PI lines were collected throughout the world and belong to three Citrullus species, C. lanatus, C. mucosospermus and C. amarus. Approximately 25 000 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were derived from the GBS data using the 'Charleston Gray' genome as the reference. Population genomic analyses using these SNPs discovered a close relationship between C. lanatus and C. mucosospermus and identified four major groups in these two species correlated to their geographic locations. Citrullus amarus was found to have a distinct genetic makeup compared to C. lanatus and C. mucosospermus. The SNPs also enabled identification of genomic regions associated with important fruit quality and disease resistance traits through genome-wide association studies. The high-quality 'Charleston Gray' genome and the genotyping data of this large collection of watermelon accessions provide valuable resources for facilitating watermelon research, breeding and improvement. DA - 2019/5/7/ PY - 2019/5/7/ DO - 10.1111/pbi.13136 VL - 5 J2 - Plant Biotechnol J LA - en OP - SN - 1467-7644 1467-7652 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13136 DB - Crossref KW - watermelon KW - 'Charleston Gray' KW - genome sequence KW - genetic diversity KW - Citrullus germplasm KW - genotyping-by-sequencing KW - genome-wide association study KW - disease resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - 3D point cloud data to quantitatively characterize size and shape of shrub crops AU - Jiang, Yu AU - Li, Changying AU - Takeda, Fumiomi AU - Kramer, Elizabeth A. AU - Ashrafi, Hamid AU - Hunter, Jamal T2 - HORTICULTURE RESEARCH AB - Size and shape are important properties of shrub crops such as blueberries, and they can be particularly useful for evaluating bush architecture suited to mechanical harvesting. The overall goal of this study was to develop a 3D imaging approach to measure size-related traits and bush shape that are relevant to mechanical harvesting. 3D point clouds were acquired for 367 bushes from five genotype groups. Point cloud data were preprocessed to obtain clean bush points for characterizing bush architecture, including bush morphology (height, width, and volume), crown size, and shape descriptors (path curve λ and five shape indices). One-dimensional traits (height, width, and crown size) had high correlations (R2 = 0.88-0.95) between proposed method and manual measurements, whereas bush volume showed relatively lower correlations (R2 = 0.78-0.85). These correlations suggested that the present approach was accurate in measuring one-dimensional size traits and acceptable in estimating three-dimensional bush volume. Statistical results demonstrated that the five genotype groups were statistically different in crown size and bush shape. The differences matched with human evaluation regarding optimal bush architecture for mechanical harvesting. In particular, a visualization tool could be generated using crown size and path curve λ, which showed great potential of determining bush architecture suitable for mechanical harvesting quickly. Therefore, the processing pipeline of 3D point cloud data presented in this study is an effective tool for blueberry breeding programs (in particular for mechanical harvesting) and farm management. DA - 2019/4/6/ PY - 2019/4/6/ DO - 10.1038/s41438-019-0123-9 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2052-7276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A probabilistic census-travel model to predict introduction sites of exotic plant, animal and human pathogens AU - Gottwald, Tim AU - Luo, Weiqi AU - Posny, Drew AU - Riley, Tim AU - Louws, Frank T2 - PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - International travel offers an extensive network for new and recurring human-mediated introductions of exotic infectious pathogens and biota, freeing geographical constraints. We present a predictive census-travel model that integrates international travel with endpoint census data and epidemiological characteristics to predict points of introduction. Population demographics, inbound and outbound travel patterns, and quantification of source strength by country are combined to estimate and rank risk of introduction at user-scalable land parcel areas (e.g. state, county, zip code, census tract, gridded landscapes (1 mi 2 , 5 km 2 , etc.)). This risk ranking by parcel can be used to develop pathogen surveillance programmes, and has been incorporated in multiple US state/federal surveillance protocols. The census-travel model is versatile and independent of pathosystems, and applies a risk algorithm to generate risk maps for plant, human and animal contagions at different spatial scales. An interactive, user-friendly interface is available online (https://epi-models.shinyapps.io/Census_Travel/) to provide ease-of-use for regulatory agencies for early detection of high-risk exotics. The interface allows users to parametrize and run the model without knowledge of background code and underpinning data. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. DA - 2019/7/8/ PY - 2019/7/8/ DO - 10.1098/rstb.2018.0260 VL - 374 IS - 1776 SP - SN - 1471-2970 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0260 KW - census-travel model KW - introductions KW - exotic KW - contagion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unraveling the hexaploid sweetpotato inheritance using ultra-dense multilocus mapping AU - Mollinari, Marcelo AU - Olukolu, Bode A. AU - S. Pereira Guilherme, AU - Khan, Awais AU - Gemenet, Dorcus AU - Yencho, Craig AU - Zeng, Zhao-Bang AB - Abstract The hexaploid sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., 2n = 6x = 90) is an important staple food crop worldwide and has a vital role in alleviating famine in developing countries. Due to its high ploidy level, genetic studies in sweetpotato lag behind major diploid crops significantly. We built an ultra-dense multilocus integrated genetic map and characterized the inheritance system in a sweetpotato full-sib family using our newly implemented software, MAPpoly. The resulting genetic map revealed 96.5% collinearity between I. batatas and its diploid relative I. trifida. We computed the genotypic probabilities across the whole genome for all individuals in the mapping population and inferred their complete hexaploid haplotypes. We provide evidence that most of the meiotic configurations (73.3%) were resolved in bivalents, although a small portion of multivalent signatures (15.7%), among other inconclusive configurations (11.0%) were also observed. Except for low levels of preferential pairing in linkage group 2, we observed a hexasomic inheritance mechanism in all linkage groups. We propose that the hexasomic-bivalent inheritance promotes stability to the allelic transmission in sweetpotato. DA - 2019/7/2/ PY - 2019/7/2/ DO - 10.1101/689638 VL - 7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1101/689638 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of rootstock and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield in watermelon AU - Suchoff, David H. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Gunter, Christopher C. AU - Hassell, Richard L. AU - Louws, Frank J. T2 - JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Herbaceous grafting can be used to manage numerous soilborne pathogens in cucurbits. Rootstocks have been reported to increase the growth of the scion possibly due to more efficient use of nitrogen compared with non-grafted plants. The first objective of this study was to determine if the commercial rootstocks ‘Strongtosa’, ‘Carnivor’, or ‘Macis’ improve growth and production of the watermelon ‘Melody’ scion. The second objective was to determine whether these rootstocks have different nitrogen requirements in open-field production compared with non-grafted ‘Melody’. Field studies were conducted in 2013 and 2014 on the Sandhills Research Station in Jackson Springs, North Carolina. Nitrogen fertiliser was applied via drip irrigation at 0, 84, 126, 168, and 252 kg⋅ha−1. A linear relationship between nitrogen rate and rootstock cultivar existed; however, in all cases the non-grafted plants produced more than all grafted plants. Average fruit weight from the non-grafted plants was also higher than the grafted plants. Fruit from ‘Carnivor’- and ‘Strongtosa’-grafted plants had higher flesh firmness compared with non-grafted ‘Melody’. Our findings suggest that rootstocks do not increase yield or growth in the scion nor do they require different nitrogen application rates. However, some rootstocks do improve overall fruit quality. DA - 2019/11/2/ PY - 2019/11/2/ DO - 10.1080/14620316.2019.1624629 VL - 94 IS - 6 SP - 798-804 SN - 2380-4084 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2019.1624629 KW - Herbaceous grafting KW - Melody KW - Strongtosa KW - Carnivor KW - Macis KW - Citrullus lanatus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of corm soaks with preharvest foliar application of moringa leaf extract for improving growth and yield of cut Freesia hybrida AU - Ahmad, Iftikhar AU - Tanveer, Muhammad U. AU - Liaqat, Madiha AU - Dole, John M. T2 - SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE AB - Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is an organic bio-stimulant that can enhance crop growth and alleviate various stresses. The use of MLE might address a number of production issues on freesia, which is a popular bulbous cut flower grown and shipped worldwide. A field study was conducted to compare the effects of corm soaking with preharvest foliar applications of MLE on various morphological, physiological and yield attributes of freesia (Freesia hybrida L.). Two experiments were conducted; in experiment I, corms were soaked in 1%, 2%, 5% or 10% MLE solution for 24 h followed by air drying before planting, while in experiment II, untreated corms were planted and MLE at 1%, 2%, 3% or 5% was sprayed until runoff at 30 and 60 days after planting. Corms soaked in 5% MLE exhibited rapid 50% sprouting (3.2 d earlier compared to control), produced tallest plants (58.6 cm) with shortest production time (9 d earlier than control), highest number of leaves per plant (21.6), leaf area (109.2 cm2), leaf total chlorophyll contents (64.1 SPAD), stem diameter (4.3 mm), number of flowers per stem (6.6), number of marketable stems (3.1) and longest vase life (9 d), while flower diameter was highest (36.7 mm) when corms were treated with 2% MLE. In experiment II, foliar application of 3% MLE at 30 and 60 d after planting produced the tallest plants (16.3 cm taller than control) with shortest production time (9 d earlier than control), greatest leaf area (88.6 cm2), leaf total chlorophyll contents (57.02 SPAD), flower diameter (34.9 mm), number of leaves per plant (21.9), stem length (53.3 cm), stem diameter (3.9 mm), number of flowers per stem (6.5), and number of marketable stems (2.8) with longest vase life (3.3 d longer than control). Results demonstrated that MLE application significantly improved growth, quality and yield of Freesia hybrida by providing growth substances and minerals required for optimal growth and may be used by the growers as corm soak or foliar application for high quality cut freesia production. Among application methods, corm soaks were better than foliar applications. DA - 2019/8/25/ PY - 2019/8/25/ DO - 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.074 VL - 254 SP - 21-25 SN - 1879-1018 KW - Cut flower KW - Natural plant extracts KW - Plant growth regulators KW - Stress mitigation ER - TY - JOUR TI - North American Specialty Cut Flower Production and Postharvest Survey AU - Loyola, Cristian E. AU - Dole, John M. AU - Dunning, Rebecca T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - In the United States and Canada, there has been an increase in the demand for local specialty cut flowers and a corresponding increase in production. To assess the needs of the industry, we electronically surveyed 1098 cut flower producers and handlers in the United States and Canada regarding their current cut flower production and postharvest problems, and customer issues. We received a total of 210 responses, resulting in a 19% response rate. The results showed that the main production problem was insect management; crop timing was the second most important problem and disease management was the third. Crop timing encompasses a range of related issues such as determining the correct harvest stage, harvest windows that are too short, flowering all at once, or lack of control when the crop is ready to harvest. The main postharvest problems were temperature management, hydration, and flower food management. Timing and stem length were the two most mentioned species-specific production issues, with each one listed by 10% or more of the respondents for eight of the total 31 species. Regarding on-farm postharvest handling, hydration and vase life were the two most mentioned issues; they were reported for five and three species, respectively. For postharvest during storage and transport, damage and hydration were the most common issues; these were listed for three species each. The most commonly mentioned customer complaints were vase life and shattering, which were reported for six and two species, respectively. These results will allow researchers and businesses to focus on the major cut flower production and postharvest issues and on crops that are most in need of improvement in North America. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.21273/HORTTECH04270-19 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 338-359 SN - 1943-7714 KW - botrytis KW - hydration KW - pests KW - temperature KW - timing KW - zinnia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield and Disease Resistance for Three Bacterial Wilt-resistant Tomato Rootstocks AU - Suchoff, David H. AU - Louws, Frank J. AU - Gunter, Christopher C. T2 - HORTTECHNOLOGY AB - Interest and use of grafted tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) in the United States continues to grow. Pioneered in Asia, herbaceous grafting is a commonly used cultural practice to manage many soilborne pathogens. Bacterial wilt (BW), caused by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum , is an aggressive soilborne pathogen that affects tomato grown in the southeastern United States. Traditional fumigation methods have limited effectiveness in the management of this pathogen. The present study was conducted to compare the bacterial wilt resistance of three commercially available tomato rootstocks, which are purported to be resistant to bacterial wilt: ‘Cheong Gang’, ‘RST-04-106-T’, and ‘Shield’. The determinate hybrid tomato ‘Red Mountain’, which is susceptible to bacterial wilt, was used as the scion and nongrafted control. Three locations were used over 2 years in North Carolina: an on-farm site with a history of bacterial wilt and two North Carolina Department of Agriculture Research Stations with no recent history of bacterial wilt. No disease symptoms were observed in any of the three grafted treatments, whereas the nongrafted controls showed between 30% and 80% disease incidence at the on-farm location. The resultant rootstock-imparted resistance improved marketable yields by between 88% and 125% compared with the nongrafted plants. When grown in locations lacking BW there were no yield benefits to grafting with any of the three rootstocks. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.21273/HORTTECH04318-19 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 330-337 SN - 1943-7714 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04318-19 KW - grafting KW - on-farm KW - Ralstonia solanacearum KW - Solanum lycopersicum KW - yield ER - TY - CHAP TI - Weed Control, Sustainability, Hazards and Risks in Sweetpotato Cropping Systems AU - Monks, D.W. AU - Jennings, K.M. AU - Meyers, S.L. AU - Smith, T.P. AU - Korres, N. T2 - Weed Control: Sustainability, Hazards, and Risks in Cropping Systems Worldwide A2 - Korres, N. A2 - Burgos, N.R. A2 - Duke, S.O. PY - 2019/// ET - 1st PB - CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Pine Bark Substrate Age on Performance and Leaching of Nursery Preemergence Herbicides AU - Stewart, Cody J. AU - Marble, S. Christopher AU - Jackson, Brian AU - Pearson, Brian J. AU - Wilson, P. Christopher AU - Lauer, Dwight K. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - The objective of these experiments was to determine if preemergence herbicides perform similarly across pine bark that was aged for varying lengths of time including 0, 4, 8, and 12 months after bark removal from harvested trees. Three preemergence herbicides were evaluated for three separate weed species, including 1) Cardamine flexuosa With. (bittercress) with isoxaben, 2) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass) with prodiamine, and 3) Oxalis stricta L. (woodsorrel) with dimethenamid-P. Leaching of herbicides through substrates was evaluated for prodiamine. Weed growth in the various substrates was variable, but few differences were detected in weed growth among the pine bark substrates evaluated. For isoxaben and prodiamine, weed control was similar among the pine bark substrates in most cases when label rates were applied. Although some differences were detected in prodiamine performance across different pine bark ages, a high level of control was achieved in all cases at rates well below manufacturer recommendations. Prodiamine leaching was minimal in all substrates. It would be recommended that growers test substrates for physical properties before use so that irrigation and other production inputs could be modified if needed. In most cases, growers should expect similar performance of preemergence herbicides regardless of pine bark substrate age. DA - 2019/5// PY - 2019/5// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI13748-18 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 896-902 SN - 2327-9834 KW - preemergence KW - postemergence KW - soilless substrate KW - pine bark KW - substrate age KW - ornamental ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coccinonectria pachysandricola, Causal Agent of a New Foliar Blight Disease of Sarcococca hookeriana AU - Salgado-Salazar, Catalina AU - Shiskoff, Nina AU - LeBlanc, Nicholas AU - Ismaiel, Adnan A. AU - Collins, Maxton AU - Cubeta, Marc A. AU - Crouch, Jo Anne T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Woody plants of the Buxaceae, including species of Buxus, Pachysandra, and Sarcococca, are widely grown evergreen shrubs and groundcovers. Severe leaf spot symptoms were observed on S. hookeriana at the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, DC, in 2016. Affected plants were growing adjacent to P. terminalis exhibiting Volutella blight symptoms. Fungi isolated from both hosts were identical based on morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analysis and were identified as Coccinonectria pachysandricola (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales), causal agent of Volutella blight of Pachysandra species. Pathogenicity tests established that Co. pachysandricola isolated from both hosts caused disease symptoms on P. terminalis and S. hookeriana, but not on B. sempervirens. Artificial inoculations with Pseudonectria foliicola, causal agent of Volutella blight of B. sempervirens, did not result in disease on P. terminalis or S. hookeriana. Wounding enhanced infection by Co. pachysandricola and Ps. foliicola on all hosts tested but was not required for disease development. Genome assemblies were generated for the Buxaceae pathogens that cause Volutella diseases: Co. pachysandricola, Ps. buxi, and Ps. foliicola; these ranged in size from 25.7 to 28.5 Mb. To our knowledge, this foliar blight of S. hookeriana represents a new disease for this host and is capable of causing considerable damage to infected plants. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1676-RE VL - 103 IS - 6 SP - 1337-1346 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - First Report of Anthracnose Causing Both Crown and Fruit Rot of Strawberry by Colletotrichum siamense in North Carolina AU - Adhikari, T. B. AU - Chacon, J. G. AU - Fernandez, G. E. AU - Louws, F. J. T2 - Plant Disease AB - HomePlant DiseaseVol. 103, No. 7First Report of Anthracnose Causing Both Crown and Fruit Rot of Strawberry by Colletotrichum siamense in North Carolina PreviousNext DISEASE NOTESFirst Report of Anthracnose Causing Both Crown and Fruit Rot of Strawberry by Colletotrichum siamense in North CarolinaT. B. Adhikari, J. G. Chacon, G. E. Fernandez, and F. J. LouwsT. B. Adhikari†Corresponding author: T. B. Adhikari; E-mail Address: [email protected]http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-6875Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695Search for more papers by this author, J. G. ChaconDepartment of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695Search for more papers by this author, G. E. FernandezDepartment of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695Search for more papers by this author, and F. J. LouwsDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695Search for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations T. B. Adhikari1 † J. G. Chacon2 G. E. Fernandez2 F. J. Louws1 2 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 2Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Published Online:10 May 2019https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-19-0314-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Anthracnose fruit rot and anthracnose crown rot of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), caused by Colletotrichum spp., have been mainly associated with the C. acutatum complex (Baroncelli et al. 2015; Damm et al. 2012) and the C. gloeosporioides complex (Weir et al. 2012), respectively. In September 2017, typical symptoms of anthracnose were observed on strawberry plants in a propagation greenhouse in North Carolina, U.S.A. Symptoms that appeared were crown rotting, wilting, and stunting. Small pieces (2 mm2) of necrotic tissue were cut with a sterile scalpel from the crown lesion. Approximately 15% of the plants showed such typical symptoms. The diseased segment was surface sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 s and placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Hyphal tips from colonies emerging from the edge of the tissue were transferred onto fresh APDA Petri plates and incubated at 25°C. Morphological characteristics after 7 days of incubation showed light-gray to whitish aerial mycelium. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, fusiform with obtuse ends, cylindrical, 13.2 to 17.5 µm long, and 4.9 to 7.5 µm wide. These characteristics of conidia were matched with some species belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex including C. siamense (Weir et al. 2012). For accurate identification, genomic DNA of isolate 28244 was extracted and amplified with partial sequences of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and manganese-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) primer sets (Weir et al. 2012). Sequencing of the purified polymerase chain reaction products was performed at the Genomic Sciences Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (White et al. 1990). Sequences of the amplified regions of isolate 28244 were deposited to GenBank (accession nos. MH722310 to MH722314). Additionally, sequences of 22 Colletotrichum species within the C. gloeosporioides complex (Weir et al. 2012) were retrieved from GenBank. Jukes–Cantor neighbor-joining trees inferred from the concatenated sequences (ACT, CHS, GAPDH, ITS, and SOD2) placed isolate 28244 from North Carolina within the same cluster of C. siamense including isolate BRSP09 from Bangladesh (Gupta et al. 2018). These sequences were compared with the GenBank database using BLASTn and revealed a high percentage of similarity (>99%). To confirm pathogenicity of the fungus, Koch’s postulates were performed by three methods. Three-month-old strawberry plants of cultivar ‘Camarosa’ were either spray inoculated on leaves with a conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) or injected (10 μl) into the crown of each plant. Ten plants inoculated with distilled water served as controls. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h and placed in the greenhouse at 28°C. Leaf and crown rot symptoms were monitored weekly after inoculation. No symptoms or spores developed on leaves, which was also confirmed by a paraquat assay after the first 3 weeks. However, dark brown necrotic lesions were observed on the crowns 4 weeks after inoculation. The fungus was reisolated from the inoculated crown tissues. In another experiment, 10 immature (half-green and half-yellow) strawberry fruit (cv. ‘Chandler’) were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol and then 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s and rinsed with sterile distilled water three times. Fruit was injected with 10 μl of conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) and placed in a plastic crisper container. Sterile distilled water–inoculated fruits served as controls. Fruits in the containers were incubated at 25°C in the dark. All experiments were conducted twice. Fruit rot symptoms were observed on fruits 3 days after inoculation, and the control fruits remained asymptomatic. Within the C. gloeosporioides species complex, C. aenigma, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. theobromicola were previously reported on strawberries (Baroncelli et al. 2015; Weir et al. 2012). More recently, C. siamense has been reported to cause crown rot of strawberry in Bangladesh (Gupta et al. 2018) and fruit rot on strawberry in Brazil (Capobiango et al. 2016). To our best knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose causing both crown and fruit rot of strawberry by C. siamense, one of the species within the C. gloeosporioides complex, in North Carolina. This disease can seriously affect strawberry fruit quality and yield and is capable of producing resistance to Fungicide Resistance Action Committee code 11 fungicides (Hu et al. 2015); thus, effective disease management strategies should be investigated and implemented.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Baroncelli, R. et al. 2015. PLoS One 10:e0129140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129140 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarCapobiango, N. P. et al. 2016. Plant Dis. 100:859. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1121-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarDamm, U. et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:37. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0010 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarGupta, D. R. et al. 2018. Plant Dis. 103:580. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-18-1461-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarHu, et al. 2015. Plant Dis. 99:806. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-14-1077-RE Link, ISI, Google ScholarWeir, B. S., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:115. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0011 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarWhite, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Crossref, Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 103, No. 7 July 2019SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionApple cultivar Joya Cripps Red lesions caused by Colletotrichum fructicola (Nodet et al.). Photo credit: P. Nodet. Symptoms of Lotus powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe takamatsui (Zhou et al.). Photo credit: C. Liang. Symptoms of tar spot (Phyllachora maydis) on maize leaves (Dalla Lana et al.). Photo credit: F. Dalla Lana. Metrics Article History Issue Date: 20 Jun 2019Published: 10 May 2019First Look: 4 Mar 2019Accepted: 13 Feb 2019 Pages: 1775-1775 Information© 2019 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordsfungismall fruitsetiologyThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Cited byComparative characterization and expression analysis revealed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes differentially responding to Colletotrichum fructicola in woodland and cultivated strawberriesJournal of Berry Research, Vol. 17Different responses to elevated temperature in the representative strains of strawberry pathogenic Colletotrichum spp.from eastern China9 December 2022 | Mycological Progress, Vol. 22, No. 1Identification and Observation of Infection Processes of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Pearl Plum Anthracnose in Guangxi, ChinaRong Huang, Qing Gui, Yujie Zhang, Wenxiu Sun, Lihua Tang, Suiping Huang, Tangxun Guo, Qili Li, Jianyou Mo, Huiye Huang, Mingzhong Fan, Zongbin Zhang, and Tom Hsiang20 November 2022 | Plant Disease, Vol. 106, No. 12Colletotrichum species pathogenic to strawberry: discovery history, global diversity, prevalence in China, and the host range of top two species16 November 2022 | Phytopathology Research, Vol. 4, No. 1Comparative Analysis of the Microbial Community Structures Between Healthy and Anthracnose-Infected Strawberry Rhizosphere Soils Using Illumina Sequencing Technology in Yunnan Province, Southwest of China16 May 2022 | Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 13Characterization of Colletotrichum siamense causing crown rot of strawberry in Jingzhou, Hubei Province18 August 2021 | Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, Vol. 49, No. 3Resistance to Azoxystrobin and Thiophanate-Methyl Is Widespread in Colletotrichum spp. Isolates From the Mid-Atlantic Strawberry FieldsQiuchen Luo, Anita Schoeneberg, and Mengjun Hu15 September 2021 | Plant Disease, Vol. 105, No. 8Diversity and Cross-Infection Potential of Colletotrichum Causing Fruit Rots in Mixed-Fruit Orchards in KentuckyMadison J. Eaton, Shanice Edwards, Harrison A. Inocencio, Franklin J. Machado, Etta M. Nuckles, Mark Farman, Nicole A. Gauthier, and Lisa J. Vaillancourt26 February 2021 | Plant Disease, Vol. 105, No. 4Diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose in Taiwan and description of a new species, Colletotrichum miaoliense sp. nov.4 September 2020 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, No. 1 DA - 2019/5/10/ PY - 2019/5/10/ DO - 10.1094/pdis-02-19-0314-pdn VL - 5 SP - PDIS-02-19-0314 J2 - Plant Disease LA - en OP - SN - 0191-2917 1943-7692 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-19-0314-pdn DB - Crossref KW - fungi KW - small fruits KW - etiology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation and potential coinfection of Wolbachia among widespread Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) populations AU - Chu, Chia-Ching AU - Hoffmann, Mark AU - Braswell, W. Evan AU - Pelz-Stelinski, Kirsten S. T2 - INSECT SCIENCE AB - Wolbachia can profoundly influence the survival, reproduction, and defenses of insect hosts. These interactions could potentially be harnessed for managing pests or insect-transmitted diseases. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is a phloem-feeding pest capable of transmitting the putative causal agent of citrus greening, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Like many insects, D. citri is also infected with Wolbachia (wDi). Recent studies indicate that the relative abundance of wDi could be associated with the abundance of CLas, and that wDi may contribute to regulating expression of phage lytic cycle genes in CLas, suggesting the need for better understanding of wDi biology in general. This study investigated the genetic diversity of wDi among D. citri in populations spanning eleven countries and two U.S. territories. Six Wolbachia genes, wsp, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, and hcpA, were sequenced and compared across samples. Two prevalent wDi strains were identified across the samples, and screening of clone libraries revealed possible coinfection of wDi strains in specific populations. D. citri mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOI) were more divergent between D. citri populations that were infected with different wDi strains or had different infection statuses (single infection vs. coinfection). While we could not eliminate the possibility that maternal transmission may contribute to such patterns, it is also possible that wDi may induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in their host. These findings should contribute to the understanding of wDi population ecology, which may facilitate manipulation of this endosymbiont for management of citrus greening disease worldwide. DA - 2019/8// PY - 2019/8// DO - 10.1111/1744-7917.12566 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 671-682 SN - 1744-7917 KW - bacteria KW - genetic diversity KW - Huanglongbing KW - plant disease KW - superinfection KW - vertically transmitted endosymbionts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of rate and timing of indaziflam on ‘Sunbelt’ and muscadine grape AU - Basinger, Nicholas T. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Mitchem, Wayne E. T2 - Weed Technology AB - Abstract Studies were conducted at six locations across North Carolina to determine tolerance of ‘Sunbelt’ grape (bunch grape) and muscadine grape (‘Carlos’, ‘Triumph’, ‘Summit’) to indaziflam herbicide. Treatments included indaziflam (0, 50, 73 g ai ha –1 ) or flumioxazin (213 g ai ha –1 ) applied alone in April, and sequential applications of indaziflam (36, 50, 73 g ai ha –1 ) or flumioxazin (213 g ai ha –1 ) applied in April followed by the same rate applied in June. No crop injury was observed across locations. Muscadine yield was not affected by herbicide treatments. Yield of ‘Sunbelt’ grape increased with sequential applications of indaziflam at 73 g ha –1 when compared to a single application of indaziflam at 50 g ha –1 or flumioxazin at 213 g ha –1 in 2015. Sequential applications of flumioxazin at 213 g ha –1 reduced ‘Sunbelt’ yield compared to a single application of indaziflam at 73 g ha –1 in 2016. Trunk cross-sectional area was unaffected by herbicide treatments. Fruit quality (soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and pH) for muscadine and bunch grape was not affected by herbicide treatments. Indaziflam was safe to use at registered rates and could be integrated into weed management programs for southern US vineyards. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1017/wet.2018.117 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 380-385 KW - Bradley Hanson KW - University of California KW - Davis KW - Flumioxazin KW - indaziflam KW - bunch grape KW - Vitis labrusca L KW - muscadine grape KW - Vitis rotundifolia Michx KW - Crop safety KW - vegetation-free strip KW - vineyard floor management KW - vineyard maintenance KW - vineyard weed management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance of southern highbush and rabbiteye blueberry cultivars to saflufenacil AU - Aldridge, Ryan B. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Monks, David W. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Mehra, Lucky K. T2 - Weed Technology AB - Abstract Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine tolerance of blueberry to saflufenacil. Greenhouse studies included five saflufenacil rates (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g ai ha −1 ) and three southern highbush blueberry cultivars (‘Legacy’, ‘New Hanover’, and ‘O’Neal’) and one rabbiteye blueberry cultivar (‘Columbus’). Saflufenacil treatments were soil applied into each pot when blueberry plants were approximately 30-cm tall. Visible injury (purpling/reddening of foliage and leaf abscission) ranged from 3% to 12%, 3% to 42%, 0% to 43%, and 0% to 29% with saflufenacil from 50 to 400 g ha −1 in Columbus, Legacy, New Hanover, and O’Neal, respectively, at 28 d after treatment. Regardless of injury, plant growth (change in height), soil plant analysis development, and whole-plant dry biomass of all cultivars did not differ among saflufenacil rates. Field studies were conducted in Burgaw, NC, to determine the tolerance of nonbearing (&lt;3-yr-old and not mature enough to produce fruit) and bearing (&gt;3-yr-old and mature enough to produce fruit) southern highbush blueberry (‘Duke’) to saflufenacil application at pre-budbreak or during the vegetative growth stage. Treatments included three rates of saflufenacil (50, 100, and 200 g ha −1 ), glyphosate (870 g ae ha −1 ), glufosinate (1096 g ai ha −1 ), glyphosate (870 g ha −1 ) + saflufenacil (50 g ha −1 ), glufosinate (1096 g ha −1 ) + saflufenacil (50 g ha −1 ), and hexazinone (1,120 g ai ha −1 ), applied POST-directed to the soil surface beneath blueberry plants in a 76-cm band on both sides of the blueberry planting row. The maximum injury from treatments containing saflufenacil was ≤11% in both nonbearing and bearing blueberry. No negative effects on plant growth or fruit yield were observed from any treatments. Results from both greenhouse and field studies suggest that saflufenacil applied at 50 (1X commercial use rate) and 100 g ha −1 is safe to use in blueberry. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1017/wet.2018.115 VL - 3 SP - 1-6 KW - Injury KW - leaf abscission KW - reddening foliage KW - small fruit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcription Coactivator ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) Regulates Leafy Head Formation in Chinese Cabbage T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science AB - Leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinensis cv. Bre) results from leaf curvature, which is under the tight control of genes involved in the adaxial-abaxial patterning during leaf development. The transcriptional coactivator ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) binds to the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes formed around ATPases such as BRAHMA (BRM) in order to regulate transcription in various aspects of leaf development such as cell proliferation, leaf primordia expansion, and leaf adaxial/abaxial patterning in Arabidopsis. However, its regulatory function in Chinese cabbage remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the expression patterns of the Chinese cabbage AN3 gene (BrAN3) before and after leafy head formation, and produced BrAN3 gene silencing plants by using the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)-derived vector in order to explore its potential function in leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage. We found that BrAN3 had distinct expression patterns in the leaves of Chinese cabbage at the rosette and heading stages. We also found silencing of BrAN3 stimulated leafy head formation at the early stage. Transcriptome analysis indicated that silencing of BrAN3 modulated the hormone signaling pathways of auxin, ethylene, GA, JA, ABA, BR, CK, and SA in Chinese cabbage. Our study offers unique insights into the function of BrAN3 in leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage. DA - 2019/4/30/ PY - 2019/4/30/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2019.00520 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00520 KW - AN3 KW - BRM KW - leafy head formation KW - VIGS KW - transcriptome analysis KW - Chinese cabbage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening for Resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in the Watermelon Germplasm AU - Guner, Nihat AU - Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Zvezdana AU - Rivera-Burgos, Luis A. AU - Wehner, Todd C. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - The Florida strain of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV-FL) is one of the major viral diseases of watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. Although some screening has been performed for ZYMV resistance in watermelon, the germplasm collection has not been screened extensively for resistance. The objectives of this study were to screen the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) watermelon germplasm collection for ZYMV resistance and to verify the disease rating for the most resistant and most susceptible accessions. We used a randomized complete block with four replications, 1613 PI accessions, and 41 cultivars. ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Crimson Sweet’ susceptible controls were used to verify that the ZYMV inoculum was virulent. After the last rating, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the presence of a virus in the plant tissue. The PI accessions with high resistance to ZYMV-FL that also exhibited resistance to other watermelon viruses were PI 595203, PI 386015, PI 386016, PI 386024, PI 386025, PI 386026, PI 244018, PI 244019, PI 485583, PI 494528, and PI 494529. The ZYMV-FL retest of the most resistant 46 PI accessions showed that there were some escapes. Sixteen resistant PI accessions had a rating of 3.0 or less for the average and maximum ratings: PI 595203, PI 537277, PI 560016, PI 386016, PI 386019, PI 485580, PI 494529, PI 595200, PI 494528, PI 595201, PI 386025, PI 494530, PI 386015, PI 386021, PI 386026, and PI 596662. Overall, PI 595203 had the highest resistance according to both the germplasm screening and the retest studies. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI13325-18 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 206-211 SN - 2327-9834 KW - Citrullus KW - germplasm KW - plant introduction KW - strain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citrulline and Arginine Are Moderately Heritable in Two Red-fleshed Watermelon Populations AU - Hartman, Jordan L. AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope AU - Wehner, Todd C. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Watermelon fruit [ Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Matsum & Nakai] is a natural source of phytonutrients, including lycopene, citrulline, and arginine. Two segregating, highly outcrossed North Carolina watermelon populations, NC High Yield (NCHYW) and NC Small Fruit (NCSFW), were evaluated for these traits and for indicators of ripeness (pH and soluble solids content). Parents tested in 2015 (N SF = 300, N HY = 300) were sampled for the above and offspring were tested in 2016 if the sampled fruit of the parents were of qualifying ripeness [soluble solids concentration (SSC) ≥8, pH 5.5–6.5], resulting in 251 families (N SF = 72, N HY = 175). Narrow-sense heritability was estimated in each of the populations using the methods of 1) parent-offspring regression and 2) variance of half-sibling family means. Heritability for citrulline in NCHYW was moderate in both parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations (38% and 43%), as was arginine (40% and 44%) and lycopene (46% and 47%, respectively). Estimates for these traits in NCSFW were considerably different, with parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations for citrulline (65% and 22%), arginine (9% and 20%), and lycopene (44% and 68%). In NCHYW, moderate phenotypic correlations were found between SSC and citrulline (0.40), arginine (0.40), their combination (0.45), and lycopene (0.30) all of which were significant, except lycopene. Lycopene was significantly and weakly correlated to citrulline (0.22), but was not correlated to arginine (0.06). Similar correlations were found in NCSFW; SSC was significantly correlated to citrulline (0.24), arginine (0.18), and their combination (0.23), whereas lycopene was slightly correlated to citrulline (0.15) and not significantly correlated to arginine. Based on these heritabilities and phenotypic correlations, tandem selection for high lycopene and citrulline content may be accomplished efficiently using progeny rows with minimal replication using the NCSFW population, whereas replication with multiple years, rows, and locations may be necessary for creating stable lines using the NCHYW population. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI13715-18 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 200-205 SN - 2327-9834 KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - narrow-sense heritability KW - lycopene KW - soluble solids KW - fruit pH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Citrulline and Arginine Content of Taxa of Cucurbitaceae AU - Hartman, Jordan L. AU - Wehner, Todd C. AU - Ma, Guoying AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope T2 - HORTICULTURAE AB - Watermelon is the most significant, natural plant source of L-citrulline, a non-proteinaceous amino acid that benefits cardiovascular health and increases vasodilation in many tissues of the body. Watermelon is a member of the Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, melon, pumpkin, and cucumber. It is possible that other cucurbits could be good sources of citrulline or of arginine, its direct precursor. Twenty-one cultigens were evaluated in triplicate at two locations in North Carolina to estimate citrulline and arginine amounts and variation due to cultigen, replication, and environment. Cultigens containing the highest amount of citrulline (based on LS means) in g/kg fresh weight were ’Crimson Sweet’ watermelon (2.85), ’Dixielee’ watermelon (2.43), casaba-type melon (0.86), mouse melon (0.64), and horned melon rind (0.45). Additionally, mouse melon, horned melon, and bitter gourd (arils) may be interesting sources of arginine-family amino acids, perhaps because of their large seed and aril content relative to mesocarp. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.3390/horticulturae5010022 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2311-7524 KW - Survey KW - Cucurbits KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - phytonutrients KW - Cucumis sativus KW - Cucumis melo KW - Melothria scabra KW - Cucumis metuliferus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winter Pea, Crimson Clover, and Hairy Vetch Planted in Mixture with Small Grains in the Southeast United States AU - Vann, R. A. AU - Reberg-Horton, S. C. AU - Castillo, M. S. AU - McGee, R. J. AU - Mirsky, S. B. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Core Ideas Legume and small grain cover crops are combined in mixture to provide N fertility and weed suppression for the following cash crop. In environments where winter pea growth is not restricted by cold, winter pea can produce as much biomass in mixture with small grains as crimson clover and hairy vetch. Hairy vetch was the most competitive legume with the small grains across environments and restricted small grain biomass production. The variability in total biomass composition across environments in this study demonstrates the importance of site specific cover crop species selection and mixture seeding rate recommendations. Legume and small grain cover crop mixtures may simultaneously fix N and suppress weeds. Studies were conducted from 2015 to 2017 in Maryland and North Carolina to compare winter pea ( Pisum sativum L.) to crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum ) and hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) for cover crop use in mixture with small grains. Five winter pea genotypes, one crimson clover cultivar, and one hairy vetch cultivar were screened in mixture with barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), oats ( Avena sativa ), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Cold injury of the pea genotypes in Maryland severely impacted pea biomass. Peas were able to recover from cold injury in North Carolina. A robustly growing small grain aided in legume cold tolerance in some environments. In the Coastal Plain environments, all legume genotypes generally contributed to at least 50% of mixture biomass production. In the Maryland and Piedmont environments, the small grain dominated the cover crop mixture. Oats were generally more competitive with the legume species than barley or wheat. In the North Carolina Coastal Plain and Piedmont, several winter pea genotypes produced as much biomass in mixture as crimson clover and hairy vetch. Hairy vetch was the most competitive legume with the small grains across environments. The variability in total biomass composition across environments in this study demonstrates the importance of site specific cover crop species selection and mixture seeding rate recommendations. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2018.03.0202 VL - 111 IS - 2 SP - 805-815 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequencing-Based Bin Map Construction of a Tomato Mapping Population, Facilitating High-Resolution Quantitative Trait Loci Detection AU - Gonda, Itay AU - Ashrafi, Hamid AU - Lyon, David A. AU - Strickler, Susan R. AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. AU - Ma, Qiyue AU - Sun, Honghe AU - Stoffel, Kevin AU - Powell, Adrian F. AU - Futrell, Stephanie AU - Thannhauser, Theodore W. AU - Fei, Zhangjun AU - Van Deynze, Allen E. AU - Mueller, Lukas A. AU - Giovannoni, James J. AU - Foolad, Majid R. T2 - PLANT GENOME AB - Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) was employed to construct a highly saturated genetic linkage map of a tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from a cross between cultivar NC EBR‐1 and the wild tomato S. pimpinellifolium L. accession LA2093. A pipeline was developed to convert single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data into genomic bins, which could be used for fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and identification of candidate genes. The pipeline, implemented in a python script named SNPbinner, adopts a hidden Markov model approach for calculation of recombination breakpoints followed by genomic bins construction. The total length of the newly developed high‐resolution genetic map was 1.2‐fold larger than previously estimated based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based markers. The map was used to verify and refine QTL previously identified for two fruit quality traits in the RIL population, fruit weight (FW) and fruit lycopene content (LYC). Two well‐described FW QTL ( fw2.2 and fw3.2 ) were localized precisely at their known underlying causative genes, and the QTL intervals were decreased by two‐ to tenfold. A major QTL for LYC content ( Lyc12.1 ) was verified at high resolution and its underlying causative gene was determined to be ζ ‐carotene isomerase ( SlZISO ). The RIL population, the high resolution genetic map, and the easy‐to‐use genotyping pipeline, SNPbinner, are made publicly available. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.3835/plantgenome2018.02.0010 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1940-3372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Turnip Tolerance to Preplant Incorporated Trifluralin AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Culpepper, Stanley AU - Batts, Roger B. AU - Bellinder, Robin T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Field research was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Georgia, New York, and North Carolina to evaluate the effect of trifluralin PPI on turnip root production. Treatments included trifluralin PPI at 0, 0.42, 0.56, 0.84, 1.12, 1.68, 2.24, and 3.36 kg ai ha −1 . Aboveground injury to turnip varied by location and increased from 0% to 85% as trifluralin rate increased from 0.42 to 3.36 kg ha −1 . Trifluralin at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ha −1 caused ≤7% injury, except at Clayton, NC, and Freeville, NY, where injury ≤32%. Trifluralin at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ha −1 reduced turnip root yield ≤11% at all locations, except Clinton, NC, where yield was reduced 29% and 43% by 0.56 and 0.84 kg ha −1 , respectively. Turnip roots were not injured internally by trifluralin. Our research results suggest that up to 0.84 kg ha −1 trifluralin PPI is safe to use in turnip roots. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1017/wet.2018.66 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 123-127 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Trifluralin KW - turnip, Brassica rapa L. 'Purple Top White Globe' KW - Crop injury KW - herbicide KW - yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of Palmer Amaranth and Sweetpotato to Flumioxazin/Pyroxasulfone AU - Beam, Shawn C. AU - Chaudhari, Sushila AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Waidschmidt, Mathew AU - Main, Effrey L. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the tolerance of sweetpotato and Palmer amaranth control to a premix of flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone pretransplant (PREtr) followed by (fb) irrigation. Greenhouse studies were conducted in a factorial arrangement of four herbicide rates (flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone PREtr at 105/133 and 57/72 g ai ha –1 , S -metolachlor PREtr 803 g ai ha –1 , nontreated) by three irrigation timings [2, 5, and 14 d after transplanting (DAP)]. Field studies were conducted in a factorial arrangement of seven herbicide treatments (flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone PREtr at 40/51, 57/72, 63/80, and 105/133 g ha –1 , 107 g ha –1 flumioxazin PREtr fb 803 g ha –1 S -metolachlor 7 to 10 DAP, and season-long weedy and weed-free checks) by three 1.9-cm irrigation timings (0 to 2, 3 to 5, or 14 DAP). In greenhouse studies, flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone reduced sweetpotato vine length and shoot and storage root fresh biomass compared to the nontreated check and S -metolachlor. Irrigation timing had no influence on vine length and root fresh biomass. In field studies, Palmer amaranth control was≥91% season-long regardless of flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone rate or irrigation timing. At 38 DAP, sweetpotato injury was≤37 and≤9% at locations 1 and 2, respectively. Visual estimates of sweetpotato injury from flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone were greater when irrigation timing was delayed 3 to 5 or 14 DAP (22 and 20%, respectively) compared to 0 to 2 DAP (7%) at location 1 but similar at location 2. Irrigation timing did not influence no.1, jumbo, or marketable yields or root length-to-width ratio. With the exception of 105/133 g ha –1 , all rates of flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone resulted in marketable sweetpotato yield and root length-to-width ratio similar to flumioxazin fb S -metolachlor or the weed-free checks. In conclusion, flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone PREtr at 40/51, 57/72, and 63/80 g ha –1 has potential for use in sweetpotato for Palmer amaranth control without causing significant crop injury and yield reduction. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1017/wet.2018.80 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 128-134 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Peter J. Dittmar, University of Florida KW - Flumioxazin KW - pyroxasulfone KW - S-metolachlor KW - Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Watson AMAPA KW - sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam KW - Application rate KW - crop injury KW - herbicide efficacy KW - storage root shape KW - timing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance of Resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum in Strawberry AU - Jacobs, Raymond L. AU - Adhikari, Tika B. AU - Pattison, Jeremy AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Fernandez, Gina E. AU - Louws, Frank J. T2 - Phytopathology AB - Information on the inheritance of resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum hemibiotrophic infections (HBI) in strawberry leaf tissue and the genetic control of anthracnose crown rot (ACR) in crown tissue are relatively unknown. Six parental genotypes were crossed in a half-diallel mating design to generate 15 full-sib families. HBI and ACR experiments were conducted concurrently. Both seedlings and parental clones were inoculated with 1 × 106 conidia/ml of C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum. Percent sporulating leaf area, wilt symptoms, and relative area under the disease progress curve were calculated to characterize resistance among genotypes and full-sib families. Low dominance/additive variance ratios for C. acutatum HBI (0.13) and C. gloeosporioides ACR (0.20) were observed, indicating additive genetic control of resistance to these traits. Heritability estimates were low for C. acutatum HBI (0.25) and C. gloeosporioides HBI (0.16) but moderate for C. gloeosporioides ACR (0.61). A high genetic correlation (rA = 0.98) between resistance to C. acutatum HBI and C. gloeosporioides HBI was observed, suggesting that resistance to these two Colletotrichum spp. may be controlled by common genes in strawberry leaf tissue. In contrast, negative genetic correlations between ACR and both HBI traits (rA = -0.85 and -0.61) suggest that resistance in crown tissue is inherited independently of resistance in leaf tissue in the populations tested. Overall, these findings provide valuable insight into the genetic basis of resistance, and the evaluation and deployment of resistance to HBIs and ACR in strawberry breeding programs. DA - 2019/3// PY - 2019/3// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-08-18-0283-R VL - 109 IS - 3 SP - 428-435 J2 - Phytopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0031-949X 1943-7684 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-18-0283-R DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance of Sweetpotato to Herbicides Applied in Plant Propagation Beds AU - Smith, Stephen C. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Reberg-Horton, S. Chris T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to determine sweetpotato tolerance to herbicides applied to plant propagation beds. Herbicide treatments included PRE application of flumioxazin (107 g ai ha −1 ), S -metolachlor (800 g ai ha −1 ), fomesafen (280 g ai ha −1 ), flumioxazin plus S -metolachlor (107 g ai ha −1 + 800 g ai ha −1 ), fomesafen plus S -metolachlor (280 g ai ha −1 + 800 g ai ha −1 ), fluridone (1,120 or 2,240 g ai ha −1 ), fluridone plus S -metolachlor (1,120 g ai ha −1 + 800 g ai ha −1 ), napropamide (1,120 g ai ha −1 ), clomazone (420 g ai ha −1 ), linuron (560 g ai ha −1 ), linuron plus S -metolachlor (560 g ai ha −1 + 800 g ai ha −1 ), bicyclopyrone (38 or 49.7 g ai ha −1 ), pyroxasulfone (149 g ai ha −1 ), pre-mix of flumioxazin plus pyroxasulfone (81.8 g ai ha −1 + 104.2 g ai ha −1 ), or metribuzin (294 g ai ha −1 ). Paraquat plus non-ionic surfactant (280 g ai ha −1 + 0.25% v/v) POST was also included. After plants in the propagation bed were cut and sweetpotato slip number, length, and weight had been determined, the slips were then transplanted to containers and placed either in the greenhouse or on an outdoor pad to determine any effects from the herbicide treatments on initial sweetpotato growth. Sweetpotato slip number, length, and/or weight were affected by flumioxazin with or without S -metolachlor, S -metolachlor with or without fomesafen, clomazone, and all fluridone treatments. In the greenhouse studies, initial root growth of plants after transplanting was inhibited by fluridone (1,120 g ai ha −1 ) and fluridone plus S -metolachlor. However, by 5 wk after transplanting few differences were observed between treatments. Fomesafen, linuron with or without S -metolachlor, bicyclopyrone (38 or 49.7 g ai ha −1 ), pyroxasulfone with or without flumioxazin, metribuzin, and paraquat did not cause injury to sweetpotato slips in any of the studies conducted. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1017/wet.2018.103 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 147-152 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Peter J. Dittmar, University of Florida KW - Bicyclopyrone KW - clomazone KW - flumioxazin KW - fluridone KW - fomesafen KW - linuron KW - S-metolachlor KW - metribuzin KW - napropamide KW - paraquat KW - pyroxasulfone KW - sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas L. KW - Slip beds KW - plant production beds KW - sweetpotato production beds ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Status and Future of the Strawberry Industry in the United States AU - Samtani, Jayesh B. AU - Rom, Curt R. AU - Friedrich, Heather AU - Fennimore, Steven A. AU - Finn, Chad E. AU - Petran, Andrew AU - Wallace, Russell W. AU - Pritts, Marvin P. AU - Fernandez, Gina AU - Chase, Carlene A. AU - Kubota, Chieri AU - Bergefurd, Brad T2 - HortTechnology AB - Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa ) production practices followed by growers in the United States vary by region. Understanding the challenges, needs, and opportunities in each region is essential to guide research, policy, and marketing strategies for the strawberry industry across the country, and to enable the development of general and region-specific educational and production tools. This review divided the United States into eight distinct geographic regions and an indoor controlled or protected environment production system. Current production systems, markets, cultivars, trends, and future directions for each region are discussed. A common trend across all regions is the increasing use of protected culture strawberry production with both day-neutral and short-day cultivars for season extension to meet consumer demand for year-round availability. All regions experience challenges with pests and obtaining adequate harvest labor. Increasing consumer demand for berries, climate change-induced weather variability, high pesticide use, labor and immigration policies, and land availability impact regional production, thus facilitating the adoption of new technologies such as robotics and network communications to assist with strawberry harvesting in open-field production and production under controlled-environment agriculture and protected culture. DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.21273/HORTTECH04135-18 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 11-24 J2 - hortte OP - SN - 1063-0198 1943-7714 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04135-18 DB - Crossref KW - annual hill production KW - market KW - conventional KW - organic KW - perennial matted row ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of species, clone, propagation method, and animal waste application during establishment on growth and productivity of 21-year-old Paulownia trees AU - Bergmann, B.A. AU - Ghezehei, S.B. T2 - Env Ecol Res DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 12–18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CAD1 and CCR2 protein complex formation in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa AU - Yan, Xiaojing AU - Liu, Jie AU - Kim, Hoon AU - Liu, Baoguang AU - Huang, Xiong AU - Yang, Zhichang AU - Lin, Ying-Chung Jimmy AU - Chen, Hao AU - Yang, Chenmin AU - Wang, Jack P. AU - Muddiman, David C. AU - Ralph, John AU - Sederoff, Ronald R. AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Lignin is the major phenolic polymer in plant secondary cell walls and is polymerized from monomeric subunits, the monolignols. Eleven enzyme families are implicated in monolignol biosynthesis. Here, we studied the functions of members of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) families in wood formation in Populus trichocarpa, including the regulatory effects of their transcripts and protein activities on monolignol biosynthesis. Enzyme activity assays from stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) proteins showed that RNAi suppression of PtrCAD1 in P. trichocarpa transgenics caused a reduction in SDX CCR activity. RNAi suppression of PtrCCR2, the only CCR member highly expressed in SDX, caused a reciprocal reduction in SDX protein CAD activities. The enzyme assays of mixed and coexpressed recombinant proteins supported physical interactions between PtrCAD1 and PtrCCR2. Biomolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation experiments supported a hypothesis of PtrCAD1/PtrCCR2 heterodimer formation. These results provide evidence for the formation of PtrCAD1/PtrCCR2 protein complexes in monolignol biosynthesis in planta. DA - 2019/4// PY - 2019/4// DO - 10.1111/nph.15505 VL - 222 IS - 1 SP - 244-260 SN - 1469-8137 KW - co-immunoprecipitation KW - enzyme activity KW - monolignol biosynthetic pathway KW - nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) KW - Populus trichocarpa KW - stem-differentiating xylem protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Benzyladenine and gibberellic acid pulses improve flower quality and extend vase life of cut dahlias AU - Bergmann, Ben A. AU - Ahmad, Iftikhar AU - Dole, John M. T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE AB - A 24-h pulse of cut dahlias in a solution containing both benzyladenine and gibberellic acid at 10–20 mg L −1 improved flower quality after 4 d in the vase and prolonged vase life regardless of handling method (dry packed or held in water from harvest through delivery). DA - 2019/2// PY - 2019/2// DO - 10.1139/cjps-2018-0126 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - 97-101 SN - 1918-1833 KW - Cut flowers KW - Dahlia Cav. KW - postharvest handling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct and indirect effects of nitrogen enrichment on soil organisms and carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid grassland AU - Chen, Dima AU - Xing, Wen AU - Lan, Zhichun AU - Saleem, Muhammad AU - Wu, Yunqiqige AU - Hu, Shuijin AU - Bai, Yongfei T2 - FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Semi‐arid grasslands on the Mongolian Plateau are expected to experience high inputs of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen in this century. It remains unclear, however, how soil organisms and nutrient cycling are directly affected by N enrichment (i.e., without mediation by plant input to soil) vs. indirectly affected via changes in plant‐related inputs to soils resulting from N enrichment. To test the direct and indirect effects of N enrichment on soil organisms (bacteria, fungi and nematodes) and their associated C and N mineralization, in 2010, we designated two subplots (with plants and without plants) in every plot of a six‐level N‐enrichment experiment established in 1999 in a semi‐arid grassland. In 2014, 4 years after subplots with and without plant were established, N enrichment had substantially altered the soil bacterial, fungal and nematode community structures due to declines in biomass or abundance whether plants had been removed or not. N enrichment also reduced the diversity of these groups (except for fungi) and the soil C mineralization rate and induced a hump‐shaped response of soil N mineralization. As expected, plant removal decreased the biomass or abundance of soil organisms and C and N mineralization rates due to declines in soil substrates or food resources. Analyses of plant‐removal‐induced changes (ratios of without‐ to with‐plant subplots) showed that micro‐organisms and C and N mineralization rates were not enhanced as N enrichment increased but that nematodes were enhanced as N enrichment increased, indicating that the effects of plant removal on soil organisms and mineralization depended on trophic level and nutrient status. Surprisingly, there was no statistical interaction between N enrichment and plant removal for most variables, indicating that plant‐related inputs did not qualitatively change the effects of N enrichment on soil organisms or mineralization. Structural equation modelling confirmed that changes in soil communities and mineralization rates were more affected by the direct effects of N enrichment (via soil acidification and increased N availability) than by plant‐related indirect effects. Our results provide insight into how future changes in N deposition and vegetation may modify below‐ground communities and processes in grassland ecosystems. A plain language summary is available for this article. DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1111/1365-2435.13226 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 175-187 SN - 1365-2435 KW - below-ground carbon allocation KW - below-ground communities KW - mass ratio hypothesis KW - plant-soil interactions KW - soil acidification KW - soil food web KW - trophic groups ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTLs associated with flesh quality traits in an elitexelite watermelon population AU - Fall, Leigh Ann AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope AU - Ma, Guoying AU - McGregor, Cecilia T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1007/s10681-019-2356-y VL - 215 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1573-5060 KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - Brix KW - Sugar KW - Fructose KW - Sucrose KW - Glucose KW - Lycopene KW - Citrulline KW - Arginine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expanding Leaf Tissue Nutrient Survey Ranges for Greenhouse Cannabidiol-Hemp AU - Landis, Hunter AU - Hicks, Kristin AU - Cockson, Paul AU - Henry, Josh B. AU - Smith, James T. AU - Whipker, Brian E. T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Core Ideas Leaf tissue nutrient concentration survey values do not exist for greenhouse CBD-hemp. Growers can use these ranges as a nutrient management tool for CBD-hemp stock plants. Different leaf tissue nutrient concentrations have been found in CBD-hemp cultivars. There are no researched nutrient recommendations specific to greenhouse CBD-hemp. CBD-hemp products have great market potential. DA - 2019/1/24/ PY - 2019/1/24/ DO - 10.2134/cftm2018.09.0081 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Covariance of Environments in the Potato National Chip Processing Trial AU - Schmitz Carley, Cari A. AU - Coombs, Joseph J. AU - Clough, Mark E. AU - De Jong, Walter S. AU - Douches, David S. AU - Haynes, Kathleen G. AU - Higgins, Charles R. AU - Holm, David G. AU - Miller, J. Creighton AU - Navarro, Felix M. AU - Novy, Richard G. AU - Palta, Jiwan P. AU - Parish, David L. AU - Porter, Gregory A. AU - Sathuvalli, Vidyasagar R. AU - Thompson, Asunta L. AU - Yencho, G. Craig AU - Zotarelli, Lincoln AU - Endelman, Jeffrey B. T2 - Crop Science AB - The National Chip Processing Trial is a collaborative effort between public breeding programs and the potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) industry to identify new clones with broad adaptation. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic covariance of trial locations, based on 337 clones evaluated in 10 states from 2011 to 2016. Three models were considered: (I) assuming a uniform genetic correlation between locations within a year, (II) using a factor‐analytic (FA) model of the total genetic covariance of environments (location–year combinations), and (III) using a FA model of the additive genetic covariance based on 5278 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. With Model I, the genetic correlation between locations was 0.50 for vine maturity, 0.54 for tuber yield, and 0.72 for specific gravity. The Akaike information criterion decreased as model complexity increased, from Models I to II to III, for maturity and yield but not specific gravity. Of the 10 states in the dataset, Florida stood out for having environments with substantial (up to 88%) genetic variance unexplained by the latent factors. Linear discriminants (LD) of the factor loadings were used to visualize the genetic correlation between locations. For vine maturity, LD1 separated Florida from the other locations, and LD2 separated the remaining southern locations from the northern ones. For yield, LD1 separated Texas from the other locations. This study has created a foundation for the design of more efficient trialing and selection programs for the US potato community. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2018.05.0314 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - 107 LA - en OP - SN - 0011-183X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.05.0314 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Cluster of MYB Transcription Factors Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Root and Petiole AU - Iorizzo, Massimo AU - Cavagnaro, Pablo F. AU - Bostan, Hamed AU - Zhao, Yunyang AU - Zhang, Jianhui AU - Simon, Philipp W. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Purple carrots can accumulate large quantities of anthocyanins in their roots and –in some genetic backgrounds- petioles, and therefore they represent an excellent dietary source of antioxidant phytonutrients. In a previous study, using linkage analysis in a carrot F2 mapping population segregating for root and petiole anthocyanin pigmentation, we identified a region in chromosome 3 with co-localized QTL for all anthocyanin pigments of the carrot root, whereas petiole pigmentation segregated as a single dominant gene and mapped to one of these “root pigmentation” regions conditioning anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the present study, we performed fine mapping combined with gene expression analyses (RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR) to identify candidate genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation in the carrot root and petiole. Fine mapping was performed in four carrot populations with different genetic backgrounds and patterns of pigmentation. The regions controlling root and petiole pigmentation in chromosome 3 were delimited to 541 kb and 535 kb, respectively. Genome wide prediction of transcription factor families known to regulate the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway coupled with orthologous and phylogenetic analyses enabled the identification of a cluster of six MYB transcription factors, denominated DcMYB6 to DcMYB11, associated with the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. No anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were present in this region. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that upregulation of DcMYB7 was always associated with anthocyanin pigmentation in both root and petiole tissues, whereas DcMYB11 was only upregulated with pigmentation in petioles. In the petiole, the level of expression of DcMYB11 was higher than DcMYB7. DcMYB6, a gene previously suggested as a key regulator of carrot anthocyanin biosynthesis, was not consistently associated with pigmentation in either tissue. These results strongly suggest that DcMYB7 is a candidate gene for root anthocyanin pigmentation in all the genetic backgrounds included in this study. DcMYB11 is a candidate gene for petiole pigmentation in all the purple carrot sources in this study. Since DcMYB7 is co-expressed with DcMYB11 in purple petioles, the latter gene may act also as a co-regulator of anthocyanin pigmentation in the petioles. This study provides linkage-mapping and functional evidence for the candidacy of these genes for the regulation of carrot anthocyanin biosynthesis. DA - 2019/1/14/ PY - 2019/1/14/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2018.01927 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - Daucus carota L. KW - anthocyanin accumulation KW - root and petiole KW - regulation KW - fine mapping KW - transcriptome KW - candidate genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - In situ sprayed bioresponsive immunotherapeutic gel for post-surgical cancer treatment AU - Chen, Qian AU - Wang, Chao AU - Zhang, Xudong AU - Chen, Guojun AU - Hu, Quanyin AU - Li, Hongjun AU - Wang, Jinqiang AU - Wen, Di AU - Zhang, Yuqi AU - Lu, Yifei AU - Yang, Guang AU - Jiang, Chen AU - Wang, Jun AU - Dotti, Gianpietro AU - Gu, Zhen T2 - NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY AB - Cancer recurrence after surgical resection remains a significant cause of treatment failure. Here, we have developed an in situ formed immunotherapeutic bioresponsive gel that controls both local tumour recurrence after surgery and development of distant tumours. Briefly, calcium carbonate nanoparticles pre-loaded with the anti-CD47 antibody are encapsulated in the fibrin gel and scavenge H+ in the surgical wound, allowing polarization of tumour-associated macrophages to the M1-like phenotype. The released anti-CD47 antibody blocks the 'don't eat me' signal in cancer cells, thereby increasing phagocytosis of cancer cells by macrophages. Macrophages can promote effective antigen presentation and initiate T cell mediated immune responses that control tumour growth. Our findings indicate that the immunotherapeutic fibrin gel 'awakens' the host innate and adaptive immune systems to inhibit both local tumour recurrence post surgery and potential metastatic spread. DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1038/s41565-018-0319-4 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 89-+ SN - 1748-3395 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of grafting on nitrogen use in determinate field-grown tomatoes AU - Suchoff, David H. AU - Gunter, Christopher C. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Hassell, Richard L. AU - Louws, Frank J. T2 - JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Grafting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) onto disease resistant rootstocks has grown in use in North America over the past two decades. Rootstocks have traditionally been bred and used for their resistance packages to numerous soil-borne diseases but some rootstocks appear to improve scion yield and vigour in comparison to non-grafted plants in conditions lacking disease challenge. In this study, the tomato rootstocks ‘Maxifort’ or ‘RST-106’ were used to determine if vigour improved ‘Tribute’ scion traits, especially yield, and if marketable yield could be maintained in grafted plants at reduced nitrogen fertiliser inputs. Plants were grown in an open-field plasticulture production system at five rates of nitrogen from 0 kg ha⁻¹ to 224 kg ha⁻¹ applied via drip irrigation. Marketable yield was significantly affected by nitrogen rate and rootstock in both years. ‘Tribute’ grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ rootstock had the greatest, most consistent impact and increased marketable yield 15% and 30% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, compared to the non-grafted ‘Tribute’. Our findings suggest that some rootstocks can increase scion growth and yield but do not differentially respond to decreased nitrogen rates. DA - 2019/1/2/ PY - 2019/1/2/ DO - 10.1080/14620316.2018.1450645 VL - 94 IS - 1 SP - 102-109 SN - 2380-4084 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2018.1450645 KW - rootstock KW - herbaceous grafting KW - Maxifort KW - RST-106 KW - Solanum lycopersicum KW - Tribute ER - TY - JOUR TI - STAYGREEN, STAY HEALTHY: a loss-of-susceptibility mutation in the STAYGREEN gene provides durable, broad-spectrum disease resistances for over 50 years of US cucumber production AU - Wang, Yuhui AU - Tan, Junyi AU - Wu, Zhiming AU - VandenLangenberg, Kyle AU - Wehner, Todd C. AU - Wen, Changlong AU - Zheng, Xiangyang AU - Owens, Ken AU - Thornton, Alyson AU - Bang, Hailey H. AU - Hoeft, Eric AU - Kraan, Peter A. G. AU - Suelmann, Jos AU - Pan, Junsong AU - Weng, Yiqun T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - The Gy14 cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is resistant to oomyceteous downy mildew (DM), bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS) and fungal anthracnose (AR) pathogens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for the disease resistances in Gy14 and further map-based cloning identified a candidate gene for the resistant loci, which was validated and functionally characterized by spatial-temporal gene expression profiling, allelic diversity and phylogenetic analysis, as well as local association studies. We showed that the triple-disease resistances in Gy14 were controlled by the cucumber STAYGREEN (CsSGR) gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region resulted in a nonsynonymous amino acid substitution in the CsSGR protein, and thus disease resistance. Genes in the chlorophyll degradation pathway showed differential expression between resistant and susceptible lines in response to pathogen inoculation. The causal SNP was significantly associated with disease resistances in natural and breeding populations. The resistance allele has undergone selection in cucumber breeding. The durable, broad-spectrum disease resistance is caused by a loss-of-susceptibility mutation of CsSGR. Probably, this is achieved through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species over-accumulation and phytotoxic catabolite over-buildup in the chlorophyll degradation pathway. The CsSGR-mediated host resistance represents a novel function of this highly conserved gene in plants. DA - 2019/1// PY - 2019/1// DO - 10.1111/nph.15353 VL - 221 IS - 1 SP - 415-430 SN - 1469-8137 KW - broad-spectrum resistance KW - cucumber (Cucumis sativus) KW - durable resistance KW - loss-of-susceptibility KW - R gene KW - staygreen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local sourcing and the military: Lessons learned through a university-based initiative to increase local procurement at a US military base AU - Dunning, Rebecca AU - Day, John AU - Creamer, Nancy T2 - RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS AB - Abstract The volume of food purchased by the American military makes it perhaps the single largest intermediated market for food in the USA. Consequently, it is not surprising that those seeking to enhance the economic viability of small and mid-scale farms may view military bases as a promising market for locally produced foods. This is a challenging prospect, however, due to the centralized structure of military command, the nature of the military procurement system and federal mandates to obtain products that maximize value at the lowest available cost. This paper describes the US military food procurement system and the work of a 3-yr initiative to increase the amount of locally produced, source-identified products used at a North Carolina military installation. Our experiences serve as a cautionary tale, with this paper designed as both a primer on ‘how it works’ for food procurement at the federal and base level, and a description of our largely unsuccessful attempts to increase the volume of local food products from small-/mid-scale producers moving through the supply chain into base dining halls and restaurants. Based on our experiences, we also make recommendations on possible entry points for local food and farm advocates to work within the existing system to localize food procurement. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.1017/s174217051700045x VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 250-258 SN - 1742-1713 KW - Food system KW - local food KW - military KW - procurement KW - supply chain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distributor intermediation in the farm to food service value chain AU - Givens, Graham AU - Dunning, Rebecca T2 - RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS AB - Abstract Short food supply chains, such as those of fruit and vegetable farmers delivering fresh product directly to restaurants, promise potentially higher returns to primary producers by avoiding the expense of intermediary distributors. Direct farm-to-chef supply chains also present a lower barrier to entry for small and beginning farmers, who are often scaled-out of the restaurant market by the volume requirements of food service distributors. High transactions costs for direct exchange, however, impede growth in this type of market channel. This From the Field paper describes an ongoing initiative by a regional food service distributor to play an active and collaborative role in the farm to food service supply chain, acting as a value chain partner to identify produce items desired by chefs, supply this market intelligence to growers and to garner commitments from farmers to grow and chefs to buy these products in upcoming seasons. By the eighth month of the effort, the distributor had assigned one of its produce buyers to act as a local specialist, working directly with chefs and local growers; and had initiated a series of mini local food shows to provide chefs and growers opportunities for face-to-face communication. The ultimate objective—to garner product-specific commitments from chefs and from growers—remains a work in progress. DA - 2019/6// PY - 2019/6// DO - 10.1017/s1742170517000746 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 268-270 SN - 1742-1713 KW - Farm-to-chef KW - food service KW - local food KW - supply chain KW - value chain ER -