TY - MGZN TI - Keppra Seizure Drug Study Service Dog Opens Awareness, Opens Hearts AU - Nettifee Osborne, J.A. T2 - CVM Magazine DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Technician Case Report AU - Nettifee, J.A. T2 - ACVIM 2008 C2 - 2008/// C3 - ACVIM 2008 DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - The Technician’s Role in Veterinary Clinical Trials AU - Nettifee, J.A. T2 - North Carolina Veterinary Conference 2008 C2 - 2008/// C3 - North Carolina Veterinary Conference 2008 DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Viverrids AU - Moresco, A. AU - Larsen, S. AB - This chapter contains section titled: Taxonomy and Biology Related to Anesthesia and Handling Anatomy and Physiology Related to Anesthesia Analgesia Physical Restraint Techniques Drug Delivery Vascular Access Sites Endotracheal Intubation Field Techniques and Strategies Body Weight Ranges for Commonly Encountered Species Anesthetic Induction Agents Complications Recovery References DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/9780470376478.ch37 SE - 429-435 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84889460337&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A dog with squamous cell carcinoma in the middle ear AU - Yoshikawa, H. AU - Mayer, M.N. AU - Linn, K.A. AU - Dickinson, R.M. AU - Carr, A.P. T2 - The Canadian veterinary journal / La Revue veterinaire canadienne C2 - PMC2519907 DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 877–879 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Canine Influenza AU - Landolt, G.A. AU - Lunn, K.F. T2 - Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy A2 - Bonagura, J.D. A2 - Kirk, R.W. PY - 2008/// ET - 14th Edition SP - 1291–1294 PB - Saunders Elsevier SN - 9781437711523 9780721694979 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Managing the Patient with Polyuria and Polydipsia AU - Lunn, K.F. T2 - Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy A2 - Bonagura, J.D. A2 - Kirk, R.W. PY - 2008/// ET - 14th Edition SP - 844–850 PB - Saunders Elsevier SN - 9781437711523 9780721694979 ER - TY - CONF TI - Acute upper airway presentation in cats: nothing to sneeze at AU - Cohn, L.A. AU - Hawkins, E.C. T2 - Infectious Diseases Symposium, North American Veterinary Conference and Western Veterinary Conference C2 - 2008/// C3 - Western Veterinary Conference 2008 CY - Las Vegas, NV DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - The conundrum of the contagious canine cough AU - Hawkins, E.C. AU - Cohn, L.A. T2 - Infectious Diseases Symposium, North American Veterinary Conference and Western Veterinary Conference C2 - 2008/// C3 - Western Veterinary Conference 2008 CY - Las Vegas, NV DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - What constitutes good educational research? A consideration of ethics, methods, and theory AU - Bradley, K.D. AU - Royal, K.D. AU - Cunningham, J.C. AU - Eli, J.A. AU - Weber, J. T2 - Mid-Western Educational Research Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 26-35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An investigation of honesty check items in higher education course evaluations AU - Bradley, K.D. AU - Royal, K.D. AU - Bradley, W.B. T2 - Journal of College Teaching and Learning AB - The reliability and validity of course evaluations in higher education is often assumed. The typical Likert-type surveys utilized when students' evaluate the course and instructor often overlook measurement issues, or deal with them in an ineffective manner. Given the importance that is placed on higher education course evaluations, with results impacting such events as merit raises and promotion, the proper construction and use of evaluation tools is a critical issue. In an effort to assure 'honesty' in student responses, many institutions include items written positively and negatively, which are intended to measure the same construct. Using 537 course evaluations for a mathematics faculty member at a Midwest college, an item analysis is conducted with attention given to means and standard deviations, frequency counts, nonparametric correlations and tests of significant differences between questions that should, in theory, produce a similar measure or exactly opposite. A contention is made that the way the item is asked does matter, at least in some instances, and it should not be assumed that an item written in the positive and negative should directly correlate. The survey research community and institutions utilizing similar rating scale instruments will benefit from the results of this study, as well as the education community in general. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.19030/tlc.v5i8.1240 VL - 5 IS - 8 SP - 39–48 ER - TY - CONF TI - Duration of infection and efficacy of doxycycline treatment in dogs experimentally co-infected with anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis AU - Beall, M.J. AU - Gaunt, S.D. AU - Chandrashekar, R. AU - DeBisceglie, K AU - Thatcher, B AU - Diniz, PPVP AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - 26th Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum C2 - 2008/// C3 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine CY - San Antonio, TX DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/6/4/ VL - 22 SP - 703 M1 - 3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of cytauxzoon felis AU - Birkenheuer, A.J. AU - Cohn, L.A. AU - Levy, M.G. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. AU - Marr, H.S. T2 - 26th Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum C2 - 2008/// C3 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine CY - San Antonio, TX DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/6/4/ VL - 22 SP - 703–704 M1 - 3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Experimental E-canis infection in dogs: Antibody responses pre- and post-treatment AU - Stillman, B.A. AU - Caterina-DeBisceglie, K. AU - Bradley, J. AU - Saucier, J AU - Breitschwerdt, EB AU - Gaunt, SD AU - O'Connor, T AU - Chandrashekar, R T2 - 26th Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum C2 - 2008/// C3 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine CY - San Antonio, TX DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/6/4/ VL - 22 SP - 781–782 M1 - 3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Dynamics of exposure to vector-borne organisms in dogs in North America: 2004-2006 AU - Diniz, P.P.V.P. AU - Morgado, M AU - Hegarty, BC AU - Cherry, N AU - Sullivan, M AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - 26th Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum C2 - 2008/// C3 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine CY - San Antonio, TX DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/6/4/ VL - 22 SP - 784 M1 - 3 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Diagnostic procedures in the examination of the equine alimentary system AU - Jones, S.L. AU - Pease, A.P. T2 - Large Animal Internal Medicine A2 - Smith, B.P. PY - 2008/// ET - 4th edition. SP - 667–676 PB - Mosby-Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surveillance for Zoonotic Vector-Borne Infections Using Sick Dogs from Southeastern Brazil AU - Diniz, Pedro Paulo Vissotto de Paiva AU - Schwartz, Denise Saretta AU - de Morais, Helio Silva Autran AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward Bealmear T2 - Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases AB - For many vector-borne organisms, dogs can be used as sentinels to estimate the risk of human infection. The objective of this study was to use dogs as sentinels for multiple vector-borne organisms in order to evaluate the potential for human infection with these agents in southeastern Brazil. Blood from 198 sick dogs with clinicopathological abnormalities consistent with tick-borne infections were selected at the São Paulo State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Botucatu and tested for DNA and/or antibodies against specific vector-borne pathogens. At least one organism was detected in 88% of the dogs, and Ehrlichia canis DNA was amplified from 78% of the blood samples. Bartonella spp. seroreactivity was found in 3.6%. Leishmania chagasi antibodies were detected in 1% of the dogs. There was no serological or polymerase chain reaction evidence of infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Rickettsia rickettsii. The full E. canis 16S rRNA gene sequence of one of the Brazilian strains obtained in this study was identical to the causative agent of human ehrlichiosis in Venezuela. Ehrlichia canis may pose a human health hazard and may be undiagnosed in southeastern Brazil, whereas exposure to the other organisms examined in this study is presumably infrequent. DA - 2008/1/2/ PY - 2008/1/2/ DO - 10.1089/vbz.2007.0129 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 689–698 SN - 1530-3667 1557-7759 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2007.0129 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Signs of colic AU - Blikslager, A.T. T2 - The ultimate horse lover : the best experts' advice for a happy, healthy horse with stories and photos of awe-inspiring equines A2 - Becker, M. PY - 2008/// SP - 208–210 PB - Health Communications ER - TY - CHAP TI - Better Management Practices for Flow-Through Aquaculture Systems AU - Fornshell, Gary AU - Hinshaw, Jeffrey M. T2 - Environmental Best Management Practices for Aquaculture A2 - Tucker, Craig S. A2 - Hargreaves, John A. AB - This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Flow-Through System Hydrology Site Selection Feeds and Feeding Solids Management Solids Disposal Fish Escape Predator Control Mortality Removal and Disposal Facility Operation and Maintenance References PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/9780813818672.ch9 SP - 331–388 PB - Wiley-Blackwell SN - 9780813818672 9780813820279 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780813818672.ch9 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Veterinary Board Exam Review Flash Cards AU - Tefft, K.M. A3 - Côté, E A3 - Montgomery, J.E. A3 - Montgomery, J.B. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// PB - Veterinary Board Games ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing pain associated with colic AU - Blikslager, A.T. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 3 SP - 294–307 ER - TY - JOUR TI - W1738 Gastroprotective Properties of Cobiprostone Against Acid and NSAID-Induced Mucosal Injury in Porcine Gastric Mucosa AU - Nighot, Meghali P. AU - Ueno, Ryuji AU - Roerig, Birgit AU - Ryan, Kathleen A. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Moeser, Adam J. T2 - Gastroenterology AB - Background: Alpha 1 protease inhibitor (A1-PI) is the major circulating serine protease inhibitor.It is are critical factor in various inflammatory conditions, in particular in A1-PI deficiency in humans.Here, we analyzed the mucosal and systemic A1-PI levels with respect to two major etiological risk factors for gastroduodenal diseases, H. pylori infection and intake of low-dose aspirin.Patients and Methods: The study included 20 volunteers (H.pylori-positive and -negative: n=10) who received 2x50mg aspirin/day for 7 days.H. pyloripositive subjects underwent eradication therapy and repeated the protocol.Blood and tissue samples were obtained at day 0, 1, 3 and 7, and A1-PI levels were subsequently determined by ELISA.Results: Basal mucosal A1-PI expression were between 30 -75 pg/10µg total protein in H. pylori-negative subjects, and found to be similar in antral, corpus and duodenal mucosa.In H. pylori-infected subjects, A1-PI levels were significantly increased in antrum (mean: 111 vs. 37.4 pg/10µg protein; p=0.019), whereas corresponding corpus, duodenum and serum levels were unchanged.Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that infiltrating immune cells and antral surface epithelium contributed to elevated A1-PI expression in H. pylori-infected subjects.The concomitant use of low-dose aspirin in all three groups was associated with no alterations of mucosal A1-PI levels, but a 2-fold induction of peripheral A1-PI levels that were identified in both H. pylori-infected (p=0.004) and -noninfected subjects (p=0.009).Conclusions: H. pylori infection leads to an induction of antral A1-PI levels, while low dose aspirin specifically increases circulating A1-PI levels, thus suggesting an effect of aspirin on hepatocytes.Both these anti-inflammatory mechanisms expand the pathophysiological importance of A1-PI to the gastrointestinal tract beyond its established role in A1-PI deficiency. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/S0016-5085(08)63293-X VL - 134 IS - 4 SP - A-705 J2 - Gastroenterology LA - en OP - SN - 0016-5085 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(08)63293-X DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - W1268 Mechanism of Astrovirus Induced Diarrhea AU - Nighot, Prashant K. AU - Koci, Matthew D. AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Ali, Rizwana AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - Gastroenterology DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/S0016-5085(08)63119-4 VL - 134 IS - 4 SP - A-668 J2 - Gastroenterology LA - en OP - SN - 0016-5085 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(08)63119-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - T1298 Comparison of the Effects of a COX-2 Selective Inhibitor (Firocoxib) and a Traditional NSAID (Flunixin Meglumine) On Recovery of Ischemic-Injured Equine Jejunum AU - Cook, Vanessa AU - Meyer, Colleen T. AU - Campbell, Nigel AU - Davis, Jennifer AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - Gastroenterology DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62455-5 VL - 134 IS - 4 SP - A-525-A-526 J2 - Gastroenterology LA - en OP - SN - 0016-5085 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62455-5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unilateral improvement in glomerular filtration rate after permanent drainage of a perinephric pseudocyst in a cat AU - McCord, Kelly AU - Steyn, Philip F. AU - Lunn, Katharine F. T2 - Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery AB - A 12-year-old, 6 kg, castrated male Siamese-cross cat was referred for investigation of an abdominal mass. The cat was found to have a left perinephric pseudocyst (PNP), accompanied by azotemia, with a small right kidney detected on ultrasound. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined by renal scintigraphy and was found to be low, with the left kidney contributing 64% of the total GFR. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage of the PNP did not improve the GFR, and fluid reaccumulated within a short period of time. Laparoscopic fenestration of the cyst capsule was performed to allow for permanent drainage. The PNP did not recur, renal values progressively improved, and 8 months after the capsulotomy the GFR of the left kidney had increased by 50%, while renal function remained static on the right side. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.11.002 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 280-283 J2 - Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery LA - en OP - SN - 1098-612X 1532-2750 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.11.002 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Characterization of Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii Genotype III AU - Cadenas, M. B. AU - Bradley, J. AU - Maggi, R. G. AU - Takara, M. AU - Hegarty, B. C. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT The molecular characterization of a Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype III strain (NCSU strain 06-CO1) isolated from the blood of a military working dog diagnosed with endocarditis is reported in this study. Several genes were amplified and sequenced for comparative sequence similarity with other strains. DA - 2008/3/26/ PY - 2008/3/26/ DO - 10.1128/JCM.02456-07 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1858-1860 J2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0095-1137 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02456-07 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treating the Mare with Placentitis: A Clinical Approach AU - Macpherson, Margo L. AU - Bailey, C. Scott T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science AB - Placentitis is a challenging condition in the mare to both diagnose and treat. The identification of clinical signs, use of ultrasonography, and interpretation of laboratory values (serum progestin and mammary secretion electrolytes) will be described. Current therapies for treating placental infections will be discussed. In addition, recommendations for managing the postpartum mare and neonate will be provided. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.10.008 VL - 28 IS - 11 SP - 703-708 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2008.10.008 DB - Crossref KW - Equine KW - Mare KW - Placentitis KW - Pregnancy KW - Treatment KW - Ultrasound ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vaginoscopic urinary catheter placement in female dogs AU - DeLillo, Daniel AU - Hansen, Bernie T2 - Lab Animal DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1038/laban0508-201 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 201-202 J2 - Lab Anim LA - en OP - SN - 0093-7355 1548-4475 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0508-201 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - T1250 Luminal Uptake of L-Arginine By C. Parvum Infected Porcine Ileum Is Promoted By Epithelial Induction of Arginase II and Stimulates Prostaglandin-Dependent Secretory Diarrhea AU - Gookin, Jody L. AU - Foster, Derek M. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. AU - Stone (Coccaro), Maria R. T2 - Gastroenterology DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62407-5 VL - 134 IS - 4 SP - A-515-A-516 J2 - Gastroenterology LA - en OP - SN - 0016-5085 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62407-5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of Vinblastine for Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors AU - Rassnick, K.M. AU - Bailey, D.B. AU - Flory, A.B. AU - Balkman, C.E. AU - Kiselow, M.A. AU - Intile, J.L. AU - Autio, K. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - The optimal dosage and clinical efficacy of vinblastine (VBL) for treatment of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs has not been established.Single-agent VBL has antitumor activity against MCTs in dogs.Fifty-one dogs with nonresectable grade II or III cutaneous MCTs.Prospective, open clinical trial. Dogs were systematically allocated (by hospital record number) to receive IV treatment with VBL at a dosage of 2.0 mg/m2 (weekly for 4 treatments then biweekly for 4 treatments; VBL 2.0) or treatment with VBL at a dosage of 3.5 mg/m2 (biweekly for 5 treatments; VBL 3.5). The primary outcome measure was reduction in tumor size.Twenty-five dogs were allocated to the VBL 2.0 group and 26 were allocated to the VBL 3.5 group. In the VBL 2.0 group, 3 (12%) had a partial response (PR) for a median of 77 days (range, 48-229 days). Overall response rate in the VBL 3.5 group was 27%. One dog (4%) had a complete response for 63 days and 6 dogs (23%) had a PR for a median of 28 days (range, 28-78 days). Toxicoses were uncommon in the VBL 2.0 group. Twelve (46%) dogs in the VBL 3.5 group had < 500 neutrophils/microL 7 days after treatment; 2 dogs with neutropenia developed concurrent fevers.VBL, when used as a single-agent, has activity against MCTs in dogs although the response rate is lower than those reported for VBL-containing combination protocols. Further, findings suggest VBL at a dosage of 3.5 mg/m2 should be considered for use in future phase II/III trials. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0195.x VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 1390-1396 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0195.x DB - Crossref KW - Chemotherapy KW - Dog KW - Oncology ER - TY - JOUR TI - The density of small tight junction pores varies among cell types and is increased by expression of claudin-2 AU - Van Itallie, C. M. AU - Holmes, J. AU - Bridges, A. AU - Gookin, J. L. AU - Coccaro, M. R. AU - Proctor, W. AU - Colegio, O. R. AU - Anderson, J. M. T2 - Journal of Cell Science AB - Epithelial tight junctions contain size- and charge-selective pores that control the paracellular movement of charged and noncharged solutes. Claudins influence the charge selectivity and electrical resistance of junctions, but there is no direct evidence describing pore composition or whether pore size or density differs among cell types. To characterize paracellular pores independent of influences from charge selectivity, we profiled the ;apparent permeabilities' (P(app)) of a continuous series of noncharged polyethylene glycols (PEGs) across monolayers of five different epithelial cell lines and porcine ileum. We also characterized P(app) of high and low electrical resistance MDCK cell monolayers expressing heterologous claudins. P(app) profiling confirms that the paracellular barrier to noncharged solutes can be modeled as two distinct pathways: high-capacity small pores and a size-independent pathway allowing flux of larger solutes. All cell lines and ileum share a pore aperture of radius 4 A. Using P(app) of a PEG of radius 3.5 A to report the relative pore number provides the novel insight that pore density along the junction varies among cell types and is not necessarily related to electrical resistance. Expression of claudin-2 results in a selective increase in pore number but not size and has no effect on the permeability of PEGs that are larger than the pores; however, neither knockdown of claudin-2 nor overexpression of several other claudins altered either the number of small pores or their size. We speculate that permeability of all small solutes is proportional to pore number but that small electrolytes are subject to further selectivity by the profile of claudins expressed, explaining the dissociation between the P(app) for noncharged solutes and electrical resistance. Although claudins are likely to be components of the small pores, other factors might regulate pore number. DA - 2008/1/15/ PY - 2008/1/15/ DO - 10.1242/jcs.021485 VL - 121 IS - 3 SP - 298-305 J2 - Journal of Cell Science LA - en OP - SN - 0021-9533 1477-9137 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.021485 DB - Crossref KW - claudin KW - tight junctions KW - paracellular permeability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of left ventricular filling pressure by use of Doppler echocardiography in healthy anesthetized dogs subjected to acute volume loading AU - Schober, K.E. AU - Bonagura, J.D. AU - Scansen, B.A. AU - Stern, J.A. AU - Ponzio, N.M. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To identify Doppler echocardiographic (DE) variables that correlate with left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP). Animals —7 healthy dogs (1 to 3 years old). Procedures —Dogs were anesthetized and instrumented to measure left atrial pressure (LAP), left ventricular pressures, and cardiac output. Nine DE variables of LVFP derived from diastolic time intervals, transmitral and pulmonary venous flow, and tissue Doppler images were measured over a range of hemodynamic states induced by volume loading and right atrial pacing. Associations between simultaneous invasive measures of LVFP and DE measures of LVFP were determined by use of regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to predict increases in mean LAP on the basis of DE variables. Results —Mean LAP was correlated with several DE variables: the ratio between peak velocity during early diastolic transmitral flow and left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time (peak E:IVRT) during sinus rhythm and during right atrial pacing, IVRT, the ratio between late diastolic transmitral flow velocity and pulmonary venous flow duration, and the interval between onset of early diastolic mitral annulus motion and onset of early diastolic transmitral flow. Cutoff values of 2.20 and 2.17, for peak E:IVRT in dogs with sinus rhythm and atrial pacing predicted increases in mean LAP (≥ 15 mm Hg) with sensitivities of 90% and 100% and specificities of 92% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Doppler echocardiography can be used to predict an increase in LVFP in healthy anesthetized dogs subjected to volume loading. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.8.1034 VL - 69 IS - 8 SP - 1034-1049 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-49749119138&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acquired pulmonary artery stenosis in four dogs AU - Scansen, B.A. AU - Schober, K.E. AU - Bonagura, J.D. AU - Smeak, D.D. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Case Description —4 dogs with acquired pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) were examined for various clinical signs. One was a mixed-breed dog with congenital valvular PAS that subsequently developed peripheral PAS, one was a Golden Retriever with pulmonary valve fibrosarcoma, one was a Pembroke Welsh Corgi in which the left pulmonary artery had inadvertently been ligated during surgery for correction of patent ductus arteriosus, and one was a Boston Terrier with a heart-base mass compressing the pulmonary arteries. Clinical Findings —All 4 dogs were evaluated with 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography to characterize the nature and severity of the stenoses; other diagnostic tests were also performed. Treatment and Outcome —The mixed-breed dog with valvular and peripheral PAS was euthanized, surgical resection of the pulmonic valve mass was performed in the Golden Retriever, corrective surgery was performed on the Pembroke Welsh Corgi with left pulmonary artery ligation, and the Boston Terrier with the heart-base mass was managed medically. Clinical Relevance —Acquired PAS in dogs may manifest as a clinically silent heart murmur, syncope, or right-sided heart failure. The diagnosis is made on the basis of imaging findings, particularly results of 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Treatment may include surgical, interventional, or medical modalities and is targeted at resolving the inciting cause. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2460/javma.232.8.1172 VL - 232 IS - 8 SP - 1172-1180 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-43249115842&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Congenital Heart Disease AU - Bonagura, John D. T2 - Handbook of Small Animal Practice DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3949-5.50012-1 SP - 82-93 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882900280&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions in a Dog AU - Yoshikawa, Hiroto AU - Watanabe, Kazuhiro AU - Ozawa, Tsuyoshi T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Science AB - We found odontoclastic resorptive lesions on premolars and molars in a 4- year-old miniature dachshund. The teeth had been extracted because the dentin was resorbed. In some teeth, the roots had been replaced by hard tissue, and so we amputated the crowns and curetted roots and alveolar bone. Histopathological examination revealed that the dentin was resorbed by odontoclasts and was replaced with bony tissue. Ten months later we found resorptive lesions in other teeth, and we treated them along with the first treatment. At the time of writing, since this is the first report of a dog with the same lesion in other teeth after the first treatment, we hope to establish better treatment and prevention methods. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1292/jvms.70.103 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 103-105 J2 - J. Vet. Med. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0916-7250 1347-7439 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.70.103 DB - Crossref KW - canine KW - neck lesion KW - odontoclastic resorptive lesions ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Dog with Osteosarcoma which Metastasized to the Eye Months before Metastasis to Other Organs AU - Yoshikawa, Hiroto AU - Nakamoto, Yuya AU - Ozawa, Tsuyoshi AU - Dickinson, Ryan M. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Science AB - A 9-year-old male Shih Tzu with osteosarcoma had a forelimb amputation and underwent chemotherapy. During chemotherapy, the right eye was enucleated due to refractory glaucoma, and was diagnosed as anterior uveal malignant melanoma. The dog lived for 4 months after the enucleation without treatment. After the dog died, the mass in the eye was re-evaluated immunohistochemically, and it was diagnosed as metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma. Metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma to the anterior chamber is quite rare, and the clinical course which showed clinically detectable metastases to the eye before systemic multi-organ metastases was quite unique. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1292/jvms.70.825 VL - 70 IS - 8 SP - 825-828 J2 - J. Vet. Med. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0916-7250 1347-7439 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.70.825 DB - Crossref KW - canine KW - metastasis to the eye KW - osteosarcoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complications associated with the use of vascular access ports in dogs receiving external beam radiation therapy AU - Mayer, Monique N. AU - Grier, Candace K. AU - Yoshikawa, Hiroto AU - Ringwood, P. Brendon T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Objective —To assess the perioperative and postoperative complications associated with use of vascular access ports (VAPs) in the jugular and lateral saphenous veins of dogs requiring frequent anesthetic episodes for radiation therapy. Design —Cohort study. Animals —40 dogs referred to a veterinary teaching hospital. Procedures —VAPs were used in 23 dogs, and intravenous catheters inserted in a peripheral vein were used in 17 dogs. The frequency of perioperative and postoperative complications associated with VAP use and the frequency of infection associated with intravenous catheter use were recorded. Results of bacterial culture of VAP tips and amount of time required for VAP placement and removal and for anesthetic induction were also recorded. Results —VAP-associated perioperative complications included malposition of the catheter tip in 4 of 23 (17.4%) dogs. The VAP-associated postoperative complications included seroma formation in 7 (30.4%) dogs, breakage of port-anchoring sutures in 3 (13.0%) dogs, suspected fatal catheter-related septicemia in 1 (4.3%) dog, and temporary partial withdrawal occlusion in 18 of 255 (7.1%) anesthetic episodes. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Placement of VAPs provided ready access in dogs receiving radiation therapy. Most complications were minor and self-limiting; however, a low risk of serious complications existed. Use of fluoroscopy to assess position of the catheter tip is recommended to decrease the risk of malposition. Immediate removal of a VAP is recommended when clinical signs of infection develop. Removal of a VAP at the completion of radiation therapy should be performed unless the benefit of continued vascular access outweighs the risks. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.2460/javma.233.1.96 VL - 233 IS - 1 SP - 96-103 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.1.96 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of reproductive status on thermal ecology and vegetation use of female Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) in southwestern lower Michigan AU - Foster, M.A. AU - Bissell, K.M. AU - Campa, H. AU - Harrison, T.M. T2 - Herpetological Review DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Topographical characterization of cone photoreceptors and the area centralis of the canine retina AU - Mowat, F.M. AU - Petersen-Jones, S.M. AU - Williamson, H. AU - Williams, D.L. AU - Luthert, P.J. AU - Ali, R.R. AU - Bainbridge, J.W. T2 - Molecular Vision DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 14 SP - 2518–2527 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equine colic | La colica degli equini AU - Blikslager, A.T. T2 - Ippologia DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 21-33 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349887661&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arginine activates intestinal p70S6k and protein synthesis in piglet rotavirus enteritis AU - Corl, B.A. AU - Odle, J. AU - Niu, X. AU - Moeser, A.J. AU - Gatlin, L.A. AU - Phillips, O.T. AU - Blikslager, A.T. AU - Rhoads, J.M. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 138 IS - 1 SP - 24-29 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38149032281&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine AU - Cook, V. L. AU - Shults, J. Jones AU - McDowell, M. AU - Campbell, N. B. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Blikslager, A. T. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - Summary Reasons for performing study : Absorption of endotoxin across ischaemic‐injured mucosa is a major cause of mortality after colic surgery. Recent studies have shown that flunixin meglumine retards mucosal repair. Systemic lidocaine has been used to treat post operative ileus, but it also has novel anti‐inflammatory effects that could improve mucosal recovery after ischaemic injury. Hypothesis : Systemic lidocaine ameliorates the deleterious negative effects of flunixin meglumine on recovery of mucosal barrier function. Methods : Horses were treated i.v. immediately before anaesthesia with either 0.9% saline 1 ml/50 kg bwt, flunixin meglumine 1 mg/kg bwt every 12 h or lidocaine 1.3 mg/kg bwt loading dose followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/min constant rate infusion, or both flunixin meglumine and lidocaine, with 6 horses allocated randomly to each group. Two sections of jejunum were subjected to 2 h of ischaemia by temporary occlusion of the local blood supply, via a midline celiotomy. Horses were monitored with a behavioural pain score and were subjected to euthanasia 18 h after reversal of ischaemia. Ischaemic‐injured and control jejunum was mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and permeability to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results : In ischaemic‐injured jejunum TER was significantly higher in horses treated with saline, lidocaine or lidocaine and flunixin meglumine combined, compared to horses treated with flunixin meglumine. In ischaemic‐injured jejunum LPS permeability was significantly increased in horses treated with flunixin meglumine alone. Behavioural pain scores did not increase significantly after surgery in horses treated with flunixin meglumine. Conclusions : Treatment with systemic lidocaine ameliorated the inhibitory effects of flunixin meglumine on recovery of the mucosal barrier from ischaemic injury, when the 2 treatments were combined. The mechanism of lidocaine in improving mucosal repair has not yet been elucidated. Potential relevance : Recovery of ischaemic‐injured jejunum in post operative colic cases may be improved when treatment with flunixin meglumine is combined with lidocaine. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.2746/042516408x293574 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 353-357 SN - 0425-1644 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/042516408X293574 KW - horse KW - colic KW - ischaemia KW - lidocaine KW - mucosal repair ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stomach Perforation in Tiger Salamanders, (Ambystoma tigrinum), after Nightcrawler (Lumbricus terrestvis) Consumption AU - Henson-Ramsey, Heather AU - Harms, Craig AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - ABSTRACT This report describes two separate occurrences of stomach perforation and morbidity in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) after consumption of a whole live nightcrawler (Lumbricus terrestris). Nightcrawlers are commonly fed to captive tiger salamanders, however, they are non-native and are therefore not natural prey species. Additionally, the typical response of nightcrawlers to noxious environments, mucus production and burrowing, may facilitate gastric perforation in predators. These findings suggest that it may be safer to feed portions rather than whole earthworms to salamanders. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.18.3-4.127 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 127-129 J2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery LA - en OP - SN - 1529-9651 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.18.3-4.127 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries AU - Crognale, MA AU - Eckert, SA AU - Levenson, DH AU - Harms, CA T2 - Endangered Species Research AB - ESR Endangered Species Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials ESR 5:249-256 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00112 Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries Michael A. Crognale1,*, Scott A. Eckert2, David H. Levenson3, Craig A. Harms4 1University of Nevada, Reno, Dept. of Psychology and Program in Biomedical Engineering, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA 2Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST), Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences Marine Laboratory, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA 3National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California 92037, USA 4Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA *Email: mcrognale@unr.edu ABSTRACT: Leatherback and other marine turtles are classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), largely due to anthropogenic factors (e.g. poaching, habitat destruction and incidental mortality in fisheries). A need to understand the visual capacities of marine turtles has arisen from mortality caused by attraction of these turtles to chemiluminescent lights used by swordfish longline fisheries. Finding light sources that do not attract turtles, but enhance swordfish catch, could remove a major source of anthropogenic mortality to the Critically Endangered leatherback sea turtle. Using field-adapted non-invasive electrophysiology (corneal electroretinogram), we determined that leatherback spectral sensitivities differ significantly from those of green and loggerhead turtles with peak sensitivity in the shorter wavelengths. Leatherback temporal sensitivities also differ greatly from those of green turtles and peak at lower frequencies. Our results show that while leatherback and swordfish spectral sensitivities are similar, temporal response frequencies are very different. This difference provides a possible means to reduce the attraction of leatherbacks to swordfish longline gear by switching to electroluminescent attractants that use rapidly flickering light sources. Light sources flickered at >16 Hz should be difficult for leatherbacks to detect as flickering, while remaining readily seen as flickering by swordfish. KEY WORDS: Leatherback · Spectral and temporal sensitivity · Bycatch reduction · Fisheries ·Electroretinogram · Photopigments · Flicker Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Crognale MA, Eckert SA, Levenson DH, Harms CA (2008) Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of bycatch by pelagic longline fisheries. Endang Species Res 5:249-256. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00112 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in ESR Vol. 5, No. 2-3. Online publication date: December 23, 2008 Print ISSN: 1863-5407; Online ISSN: 1613-4796 Copyright © 2008 Inter-Research. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3354/esr00112 VL - 5 SP - 249-256 J2 - Endang. Species Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1863-5407 1613-4796 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00112 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The pemphigoid complex - A literature review,Der pemphigoid-komplex - Eine literaturübersicht AU - Fischer, N.M. AU - Olivry, T. AU - Mueller, R.S. T2 - Kleintierpraxis DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 53 IS - 10 SP - 635-643 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55349136612&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy AU - Goehring, L.S. AU - Lunn, D.P. T2 - Current Therapy in Equine Medicine A2 - Robinson, NE PY - 2008/// ET - 6th SP - 177–181 PB - Saunders ER - TY - CHAP TI - Equine respiratory viruses AU - Landolt, G. AU - Lunn, D.P. T2 - Large Animal Medicine A2 - Smith, B. PY - 2008/// ET - 6th SP - 542–550 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Age on Serum Antibody Titers after Rabies and Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Horses AU - Muirhead, T.L. AU - McClure, J.T. AU - Wichtel, J.J. AU - Stryhn, H. AU - Markham, Frederick R. J. AU - McFarlane, D. AU - Lunn, D.P. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - The proportion of geriatric horses within the equine population has increased in the past decade, but there is limited information on the immune function of these animals.Aged horses will have a lesser increase in serum antibody response to vaccination.Thirty-four aged healthy horses (> or = 20 years) and 29 younger adult horses (4-12 years) of various breeds.All horses were vaccinated with vaccines of killed rabies and influenza virus. Horses in each age group were allocated to receive either rabies or influenza booster vaccine 4 weeks after the initial vaccination. Serum samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, and 24 weeks. Rabies serum neutralization titers and equine influenza virus specific antibody sub-isotypes (IgGa, IgGb, IgG(T), and IgA) as well as single radial hemolysis (SRH) titers were determined.Rabies antibody titers were similar in the 2 age groups at all sampling times. Aged horses had higher IgGa and IgGb influenza antibody titers before vaccination than younger horses but similar titers after vaccination (P= .004 and P= .0027, respectively). Younger horses had significantly greater increases in titer than aged horses at all sampling times for IgGa (P= .001) and at 8 and 24 weeks for IgGb (P= .041 and .01, respectively). There was no detectable serum IgG(T) at any time point. A significant booster vaccine effect was seen for both antirabies and anti-influenza titers. Anti-influenza titer before vaccination also had a significant effect on subsequent antibody response.Healthy aged horses generated a primary immune response to a killed rabies vaccine similar to that of younger adult horses. Aged horses had a significantly reduced anamnestic response to influenza vaccine. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0091.x VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 654-661 SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0091.x KW - equine KW - geriatric KW - immune response KW - immunosenescence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of sampling instrument and processing technique on DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 via polymerase chain reaction assay AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Kado-Fong, Helen AU - Maggs, David J. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To assess effects of disease severity, sampling instrument, and processing technique on extracted DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) via PCR assay. Sample Population —Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells grown in vitro and conjunctival samples from 40 eyes of 20 cats. Procedures —Samples of CRFK cells (collected by use of a swab or cytology brush, with or without suspension in PBS solution) underwent DNA extraction; DNA yield was quantified spectrophotometrically. In affected cats, signs of herpetic disease were subjectively assessed. Conjunctival swab and brush samples were collected bilaterally for measurement of DNA concentration; a defined mass (DM) of DNA and defined volume (DV) of sample were assessed for FHV-1 via PCR assays. Results —For CRFK cells, DNA yields from unsuspended swabs and brushes were greater than for suspended swabs and brushes; suspended swab samples yielded less DNA than suspended brush samples. For conjunctival samples, DNA yields from swabs were greater than for brushes. Clinical score was not correlated with double-stranded DNA yield collected via either sampling instrument; however, cats with FHV-1–positive assay results had higher clinical scores than cats with FHV-1–negative results. Detection of FHV-1 in swab and brush samples was similar. Double-stranded DNA yield and FHV-1 detection were inversely related via DM-PCR assay. The DV-PCR assay had a significantly higher FHV-1 detection rate than the DM-PCR assay. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —The DV-PCR assay of DNA extracted from an unsuspended swab sample was the preferred method for assessment of conjunctival shedding of FHV-1 in cats. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.811 VL - 69 IS - 6 SP - 811-817 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.6.811 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of acepromazine, butorphanol, or N-butylscopolammonium bromide on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious horses AU - Sanchez, L. Chris AU - Elfenbein, Johanna R. AU - Robertson, Sheilah A. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - To evaluate effects of butorphanol, acepromazine, and N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious, healthy horses.6 adult horses.Visceral nociception was evaluated by use of colorectal distention (CRD) and duodenal distention (DD) threshold. Somatic nociception was evaluated via thermal threshold (TT). Nose-to-ground height, heart rate, and respiratory rate were also measured. Each horse received each treatment in randomized order; investigators were not aware of treatments. Butorphanol was administered IV as a bolus (18 microg/kg) followed by constant rate infusion at 13 microg/kg/h for 2 hours, whereas acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg), NBB (0.3 mg/kg), and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (2 mL) were administered IV as a bolus followed by constant rate infusion with saline solution (10 mL/h) for 2 hours. Variables were measured before and for 3 hours after treatment. Data were analyzed by use of a 3-factor ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni t test for multiple comparisons.Nose-to-ground height decreased after acepromazine. Respiratory rate decreased after acepromazine and increased after butorphanol. Heart rate increased briefly after NBB. Some horses had an increase in TT after butorphanol and acepromazine, but there was not a significant treatment effect over time. Drug effect on DD or motility was not evident. The CRD threshold increased significantly at 5, 65, 155, and 185 minutes after acepromazine and from 5 to 65 minutes after NBB.Each drug caused predictable changes in sedation and vital signs, but consistent anti-nociceptive effects were not evident. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.5.579 VL - 69 IS - 5 SP - 579-585 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.5.579 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypoglycemia and Hyperlactatemia Associated with Lymphoma in an Angus Cow AU - Elfenbein, J. AU - Credille, B. AU - Camus, M. AU - LeRoy, B. AU - Blas-Machado, U. AU - Woolums, A. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - A 7-year-old Angus cow was examined for fever and apparent respiratory disease of 2 weeks duration that was nonresponsive to administration of antimicrobials. The cow was purchased from a commercial Angus breeder 6 months before examination and was housed on pasture with 60 other adult cows and 30 calves. Approximately 2 weeks before the cow's examination, 9 of the 30 calves and 1 other adult cow developed clinical signs of respiratory disease. At that time, each calf and affected adult cows were treated with florfenicola (20 mg/kg IM once). All other treated animals improved with antimicrobial therapy. Owing to poor initial response to therapy, the owner treated the cow that was subsequently referred for evaluation with a second 20 mg/kg dose of florfenicol and 2 additional doses of 40 mg/kg IM at 3-day interval. Over the 2-week interval before examination, the cow lost body condition despite a good appetite. On examination, the cow was quiet, alert, and responsive and had a body condition score of 3/9. The cow was febrile (rectal temperature 106.3°F) and tachypneic (respiratory rate 96 breaths/min [bpm]) with a normal heart rate (80 bpm). Vulvar mucous membranes were pink and moist with a capillary refill time of 2 seconds. No cardiac murmurs or arrhythmias were noted on thoracic auscultation. Increased breath sounds were noted in all lung fields. There was no nasal discharge. Size of prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes was within normal limits. Rumenal contractions were decreased and mucoid discharge was present from the rectum consistent with decreased fecal production. Transrectal palpation revealed a gravid uterus with a 4-month-old fetus. Initial laboratory testing revealed anemia (PCV 21.5%; reference range, 24–46%) and hypoproteinemia (total solids 6.5 g/dL; reference range, 6.7–7.5 g/dL). The buffy coat layer within the microhematocrit tube was prominent. Serum biochemical analysis revealed hypoproteinemia (total protein, 6.2 g/dL; reference range, 6.8–7.6 g/dL), hypoglycemia (glucose, 5 mg/dL; reference range, 44–102 mg/dL), hyperkalemia (potassium, 5.8 mmol/L; reference range, 3.6–4.7 mmol/L), hypochloremia (chloride, 91 mmol/L; reference range, 98–109 mmol/L), high anion gap metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate, 11 mmol/L; reference range, 22–31 mmol/L; anion gap, 45 mmol/L; reference range, 16–23 mmol/L), and elevated activity of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT, 71 U/L; reference range,1 15–39 U/L), and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, 120.6 U/L; reference range,1 12–53 U/L). There was hyposthenuria (urine specific gravity [USG], 1.002) and aciduria (pH 5.0) with no glucose or ketones. Blood pH was 7.45 (reference range, 7.35–7.45) with a decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration (bicarbonate, 10.3 mmol/L; reference range, 22–31 mmol/L), hyperlactatemia (lactate, 17.7 mmol/L; reference range, 0.56–2.22 mmol/L), hypocapnia (PaCO2, 14.9 mmHg; reference range, 35–44 mmHg), hypoxemia (PaO2, 84.9 mmHg; reference range, > 85 mmHg), and a low base excess (− 14.0 mmol/L; reference range, 4–6 mmol/L). These findings were interpreted to represent a mixed titration-type metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, with the metabolic acidosis owing to hyperlactatemia, and the respiratory alkalosis owing to hyperventilation associated with tachypnea caused by severe hyperthermia. It was also possible that the blood gas results represented respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis, but because in most cases compensation does not bring the blood pH into the normal range, a mixed disorder was considered more likely. In order to confirm the profound hypoglycemia and rule-out the possibility of preanalytical consumption of glucose by the leukocytes, the cow's blood glucose was also measured with a patient-side glucometerb but was below the limit of detection for the instrument. Microscopic evaluation of a Wright's-stained peripheral blood smear (Fig 1) revealed a marked leukocytosis (the estimated nucleated cell count was 50,000 cells/μL). Eighty-one percent of the cells were characterized as poorly differentiated lymphocytes, with 18% nondegenerate neutrophils, and 1% monocytes. There was marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis within the presumptive lymphoid population. The majority of these cells were large and ranged from 10 to 20 μm in diameter with a high nucleus : cytoplasm ratio and contained a small amount of basophilic, finely granular cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane was ovoid to polygonal and often had a single indention. The chromatin pattern was variably clumped and coarsely granular, and occasionally a single nucleolus was present. Additionally, the erythrocytes appeared mildly decreased in number with unremarkable morphology and no evidence for regeneration (polychromasia and/or basophilic stippling). The platelet concentration and morphology was within normal limits. The microscopic findings were most compatible with lymphoid neoplasia (either stage Vb lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and a mild, nonregenerative anemia. Modified Wright's stain of a blood smear from the cow. Neoplastic lymphoid cells are shown with a high N : C ratio, basophilic cytoplasm, and irregularly shaped nuclei, with variably clumped chromatin. Also present are mature erythrocytes, platelets, and a single segmented neutrophil. The inset shows a neoplastic cell with a deep nuclear cleft. × 1,000 magnification; scale bar = 150 μm. Transthoracic ultrasound revealed no significant abnormalities. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed an enlarged liver extending past the 13th rib. The abomasal wall was disrupted by a cauliflower-shaped mass of mixed echogenicity. No other important abnormalities were noted. Transrectal ultrasound revealed a live fetus of approximately 4 months gestational age with a heart rate of 160 bpm. Although neoplasia was the top differential diagnosis for the cow's problems, and seemed likely given the results of examination of the direct blood smear, treatment was attempted to maintain the cow's life until calving. The cow was treated initially with 500 mL of 50% dextrose IV, flunixin meglumine at 1.1 mg/kg IV, and oxytetracyclinec at 9 mg/kg SC. Polyionic isotonic fluids with added dextrose (Acetated Ringer's solution at a rate of 100 mL/kg/day with 2.5% dextrose) were administered IV for 18 hours. The cow was fed free choice coastal Bermuda grass hay, free choice water, and concentrate (1 pound of 12% sweet feed). The cow remained tachypneic overnight (respiratory rate 44–60 bpm). The following morning, the cow was quiet, alert, and responsive. Rectal temperature was within normal limits (101.5°F), and there was mild tachycardia and tachypnea (heart rate 84 bpm, respiratory rate 36 bpm). Laboratory testing revealed worsening of the anemia and hypoproteinemia (PCV 18%; total protein 5.7 g/dL), resolution of the hyperkalemia and hypochloremia but continued hypoglycemia (glucose, 27 mg/dL). Repeat arterial blood gas analysis revealed mild acidemia (pH 7.34), persistent hyperlactatemia (lactate, 16.4 mmol/L), persistently decreased bicarbonate (bicarbonate, 9.8 mmol/L), persistent hypocapnia (PaCO2, 18.2 mmHg), normal oxygenation (PaO2, 95.7 mmHg), and further decrease in base excess (− 16.4 mmol/L). The lack of improvement in the hyperlactatemia despite volume resuscitation and lack of severe anemia and hypoxemia causing tissue anoxia indicated type B lactic acidosis. The slight improvement in the hypoglycemia despite glucose supplementation indicated impaired gluconeogenesis. The cow became recumbent and lethargic and was euthanized. Gross necropsy revealed enlarged liver, spleen, abomasal wall, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. The pancreas was normal. There were multiple bleeding ulcers within the abomasal mucosa. Microscopically, there was infiltration of neoplastic lymphoid cells within the liver, spleen, abomasal wall, lymph nodes, and kidneys causing disruption of normal tissue architecture. This was consistent with multicentric lymphoma. Serum AGID was positive for bovine leukosis virus confirming a diagnosis of enzootic bovine lymphosarcoma. Concurrent hypoglycemia and hyperlactatemia secondary to enzootic bovine lymphosarcoma in a cow is unusual. Lactic acidosis is a rare and highly fatal complication of hematopoeitic neoplasms in human patients with a 7% survival rate with chemotherapy.2–7 The precise mechanism is unknown but defective glycolytic processes, liver failure, and renal failure all have been implicated.3 Some neoplastic cells overexpress hexokinase, a rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme with a high affinity for glucose, which may increase uptake and utilization of glucose resulting in overproduction of lactate despite adequate tissue oxygenation.3,7 Upregulation of hexokinase is typically induced by insulin although insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) also induce its expression in neoplastic cells. IGFs have been measured in plasma of humans with lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia secondary to hematopoeitic neoplasms. Total IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 are typically decreased in these patients whereas free forms and IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 are typically increased. These findings have led to the hypothesis that glycolytic pathways are altered in tumor cells secondary to the IGF and receptor expression.7 In addition to increased glycolysis in neoplastic cells, hepatic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis. The primary site of lactate metabolism occurs in the liver although other tissues such as skeletal muscle and the kidney are capable of its metabolism.8–10 Lactate is converted either to pyruvate in tissues to enter the Krebs cycle or enters the Cori cycle in the liver to be retransformed to glucose for rapid utilization by peripheral tissues.10 Decreases in liver function occurring in acute hepatic failure can contribute to lactic acidosis although hepatic failure can be present in the absence of lactic acidosis.8 In acute hepatic failure secondary to lymphoma in humans, there is an 83% case fatality rate and 100% of the people had lactic acidosis, 96% had hepatomegaly, and 82, 85, and 97% of cases had increased activity in blood of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase, respectively.5 In these people, the liver was heavily infiltrated with neoplastic cells causing hepatic failure and the syndrome of increased liver enzymes, lactic acidosis, hepatomegaly, and a rapidly fatal course. There are sporadic reports of hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis occurring in people secondary to malignant neoplasms.2–7 Forty-three of 53 patients with lactic acidosis secondary to leukemia and lymphoma had hepatic involvement and 20 of 53 had hypoglycemia.7 Neither the hypoglycemia nor the lactic acidosis responds to glucose, glucagon, or fluid resuscitation therapy in these patients. Many of these patients become tachypneic and have reduced PaCO2 owing to respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis. Rapid intervention with chemotherapeutic agents is the only effective treatment for the lactic acidosis by causing a reduction in the tumor burden and decreased production of lactate; however, the syndrome is ultimately associated with a poor prognosis. The cow in this report exhibited a syndrome similar to that seen in people with hematopoeitic neoplasms. The hyperlactatemia was not responsive to fluid supplementation suggesting poor tissue perfusion did not play a role in the development of hyperlactatemia and there were no signs of tissue anoxia indicating type B lactic acidosis likely secondary to neoplasia. The minimal improvement in the hypoglycemia with therapy suggested a hypermetabolic process likely secondary to neoplasia. The cow's tachypnea reduced in response to reduction in body temperature but the PaCO2 did not increase concomitantly. Severe concurrent hepatic disease was also present based on laboratory test results, hepatomegaly, and hepatic lymphoma identified on histopathology. It is speculated that decreased hepatic metabolism of lactate into glucose owing to neoplasia-induced hepatic failure and increased rate of glycolysis and lactate production by neoplastic cells were the causes of the hyperlactatemia and hypoglycemia in the cow in the current report. The failure of the cow to respond to treatment is consistent with the syndrome in humans and reflects the poor prognosis associated with this disease. aNuFlor, Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp, Union, NJ bAccu-Check Advantage Meter, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN cLiquamycin, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0184.x VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 1441-1443 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0184.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of positive reinforcement conditioning to monitor pregnancy in an unanesthetized snow leopard (Uncia uncia) via transabdominal ultrasound AU - Broder, Jacqueline M. AU - MacFadden, Annabell J. AU - Cosens, Lindsay M. AU - Rosenstein, Diana S. AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - Zoo Biology AB - Abstract Closely monitoring snow leopard ( Uncia uncia ) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard ( U. uncia ). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound. Zoo Biol 27:78–85, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1002/zoo.20164 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 78-85 J2 - Zoo Biol. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-3188 1098-2361 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20164 DB - Crossref KW - desensitization KW - fetal development KW - operant conditioning KW - pregnancy detection KW - primiparous ER - TY - JOUR TI - Report of the 3rd Havemeyer workshop on allergic diseases of the Horse, Hólar, Iceland, June 2007 AU - Marti, E. AU - Gerber, V. AU - Wilson, A.D. AU - Lavoie, J.P. AU - Horohov, D. AU - Crameri, R. AU - Lunn, D.P. AU - Antczak, D. AU - Björnsdóttir, S. AU - Björnsdóttir, T.S. AU - Cunningham, F. AU - Dérer, M. AU - Frey, R. AU - Hamza, E. AU - Horin, P. AU - Heimann, M. AU - Kolm-Stark, G. AU - Ólafsdóttir, G. AU - Ramery, E. AU - Russell, C. AU - Schaffartzik, A. AU - Svansson, V. AU - Torsteinsdóttir, S. AU - Wagner, B. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Allergic diseases occur in most mammals, although some species such as humans, dogs and horses seem to be more prone to develop allergies than others. In horses, insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), an allergic dermatitis caused by bites of midges, and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), a hyperreactivity to stable born dust and allergens, are the two most prevalent allergic diseases. Allergic diseases involve the interaction of three major factors: (i) genetic constitution, (ii) exposure to allergens, and (iii) a dysregulation of the immune response determined by (i) and (ii). However, other environmental factors such as infectious diseases, contact with endotoxin and degree of infestation with endoparasites have been shown to influence the prevalence of allergic diseases in humans. How these factors may impact upon allergic disease in the horse is unknown at this time. The 3rd workshop on Allergic Diseases of the Horse, with major sponsorship from the Havemeyer Foundation, was held in Hólar, Iceland, in June 2007 and focussed on immunological and genetic aspects of IBH and RAO. This particular venue was chosen because of the prevalence of IBH in exported Icelandic horses. The incidence of IBH is significantly different between Icelandic horses born in Europe or North America and those born in Iceland and exported as adults. Although the genetic factors and allergens are the same, exported adult horses show a greater incidence of IBH. This suggests that environmental or epigenetic factors may contribute to this response. This report summarizes the present state of knowledge and summarizes important issues discussed at the workshop. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.008 VL - 126 IS - 3-4 SP - 351-361 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.008 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bromodeoxyuridine Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo AU - Levkoff, Lindsay H. AU - Marshall, Gregory P., II AU - Ross, Heather H. AU - Caldeira, Maria AU - Reynolds, Brent A. AU - Cakiroglu, Meryem AU - Mariani, Christopher L. AU - Streit, Wolfgang J. AU - Laywell, Eric D. T2 - Neoplasia AB - The thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA and has been shown to increase the susceptibility of incorporating cells to ionizing radiation. However, in the absence of secondary stressors, BrdU is thought to substitute relatively benignly for thymidine and is commonly used to "birth-date" proliferative cells. We report a novel antiproliferative effect of BrdU on cancer cells, which is independent of its role in radiosensitization. A single, brief in vitro exposure to BrdU induces a profound and sustained reduction in the proliferation rate of all cancer cells examined. Cells do not die but variably up-regulate some senescence-associated proteins as they accumulate in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Bromodeoxyuridine also impairs the proliferative capacity of primary tumor-initiating human glioma cells and may therefore represent a means of targeting cancer stem cells. Finally, conservative in vivo BrdU regimens--in the absence of any other treatment--significantly suppress the progression of gliomas in the highly aggressive, syngeneic RG2 model. These results suggest that BrdU may have an important role as an adjunctive therapeutic for a wide variety of cancers based on new insights into its effect as a negative regulator of cell cycle progression. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1593/neo.08382 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 804-IN13 J2 - Neoplasia LA - en OP - SN - 1476-5586 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1593/neo.08382 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pim2 Inhibitors from the Papua New Guinean PlantCupaniopsis macropetala⊥ AU - Davis, Rohan A. AU - Simpson, Moana M. AU - Nugent, Ryan B. AU - Carroll, Anthony R. AU - Avery, Vicky M. AU - Rali, Topul AU - Chen, Huawei AU - Qurallo, Barbara AU - Quinn, Ronald J. T2 - Journal of Natural Products AB - Bioassay-guided fractionation of an organic extract from the leaves of Cupaniopsis macropetala resulted in the isolation of a new alkaloid, galloyl tyramine (1), together with the known flavonoid glycoside quercitrin (2). The structure of 1 was determined following 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV, and MS data analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed IC50 values of 161 and 25 µM, respectively, in a Pim2 enzyme assay. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1021/np070431w VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 451-452 J2 - J. Nat. Prod. LA - en OP - SN - 0163-3864 1520-6025 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np070431w DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - COLL 95-Assessment of quantum dot nanoparticle penetration in human skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Inman, A. O. T2 - Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 236 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000270256303852&KeyUID=WOS:000270256303852 ER - TY - CONF TI - Leg defects and gait patterns on turkey bone biomechanical properties AU - Oviedo-Rondon, EO AU - Mente, PL AU - Lascelles, BDX AU - Grimes, J AU - Ferket, P AU - Mitchell, A T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA C2 - 2008/// C3 - POULTRY SCIENCE DA - 2008/// VL - 87 SP - 58-58 ER - TY - CONF TI - Feline Osteoarthritis: What We Need to Know About the AU - Lascelles, B Duncan X C2 - 2008/// C3 - MOBILITY SYMPOSIUM DA - 2008/// SP - 17 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals AU - Fish, R. E. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// PB - Amsterdam ;|aBoston: Academic ER - TY - JOUR TI - The well-behaved dog AU - Alpi, K. M. AU - Sherman, B. L. T2 - Library Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 133 IS - 18 SP - 38-39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computed tomographic assessment of vascular invasion and resectability of mediastinal masses in dogs and a cat AU - Scherrer, W. E. AU - Kyles, A. E. AU - Samii, V. F. AU - Hardie, E. M. AU - Kass, P. H. AU - Gregory, C. R. T2 - NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Abstract AIMS: To assess the sensitivity of non-angiographic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) to determine the presence of vascular invasion of cranial mediastinal masses in dogs and a cat, and to evaluate the association between vascular invasion and peri-operative mortality. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 25 dogs and one cat. CT scans were completed with slices ranging from 2 to 10 mm. CT images were evaluated by a board-certifi ed radiologist blinded to previous diagnoses and surgical fi ndings. Each CT study was evaluated for vascular invasion, defi ned as disruption of the vessel wall and extension of the mass into the vessel lumen. Data retrieved from the surgery reports included surgical approach, whether vascular invasion was present, the surgeon's decision on operability, and post-operative complications. RESULTS: Computed tomographic evaluation revealed 25/26 masses had no evidence of vascular invasion. During surgical exploration, 10/26 masses were found to invade major regional vasculature; the cranial vena cava (CVC) was the vessel most commonly invaded (7/10 animals), and 4/7 (57%) patients with invasion of the CVC were euthanised or died in the perioperative period, from surgical or disease-related problems, which was signifi cantly higher than patients without vascular invasion (p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Non-angiographic contrast-enhanced CT was signifi cantly less sensitive for detecting vascular invasion of cranial mediastinal masses when compared with surgical evaluation. If the CVC was invaded by a tumour there was a signifi cant risk of death peri-operatively when compared with non-invasive cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Due to the signifi cantly higher mortality risk associated with invasion of the CVC, a more sensitive method than CT should be investigated to determine vascular invasion of mediastinal masses pre-operatively. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00480169.2008.36855 VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 330-333 SN - 0048-0169 KW - Computed tomography KW - mediastinal mass KW - thymoma KW - vascular invasion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Training Veterinary Students in Animal Behavior to Preserve the Human-Animal Bond AU - Sherman, Barbara L. AU - Serpell, James A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Knowledge of animal behavior is an extremely important component of modern veterinary practice. Appreciation of species-typical behavior helps to ensure that veterinary patients are handled safely and humanely, and plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of health and welfare problems in animals, including the recognition of pain and distress. Veterinary students who acquire a good understanding of animal behavior will be better clinicians and will be best able to promote and repair the "human-animal bond," that important connection between people and their pets. Animal behavior problems can negatively impact this critical relationship, leading to abandonment, re-homing, relinquishment to an animal shelter, and sometimes premature euthanasia of the animal. Therefore, identifying, preventing, and treating behavior problems is important in maintaining the human-animal bond. Education in animal behavior should be an essential part of the veterinary curriculum; a board-certified veterinary behaviorist should be an integral member of the veterinary college faculty. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.35.4.496 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 496-502 SN - 1943-7218 KW - human-animal bond KW - animal behavior education KW - veterinary medicine KW - veterinary behavior KW - animal behavior problems ER - TY - JOUR TI - MORTALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SEPSIS, PARASITISM, AND DISSEMINATED ROUND CELL NEOPLASIA IN YELLOW-LIPPED SEA KRAITS (LATICAUDA COLUBRINA) AU - Chinnadurai, Sathya K. AU - Brown, Danielle L. AU - Van Wettere, Arnaud AU - Tuttle, Allison D. AU - Fatzinger, Michael H. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Harms, Craig A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - This case series describes multiple mortalities associated with sepsis, neoplasia, and endoparasitism in yellow-lipped sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina) at an exhibit aquarium. Over a 2-yr period, the facility kept 42 L colubrina, of which 38 died and 19 were suitable for necropsy and histopathology. The common clinical syndrome seen in these animals consisted of partial to compete anorexia, increased time spent "hauled-out" on land, intermittent regurgitation, chronic lethargy, and weight loss. Few animals died without premonitory signs. Nutritional support and treatment for presumptive parasitism and sepsis were unsuccessful. The mortality seen in this collection of sea kraits could be placed into three groups; one group of animals (n=9) died of sepsis secondary to necrotizing enteritis or pneumonia; one group (n=6) remained apparently healthy for over 1 yr and then died with multifocal granulomas and sepsis; and the last group (n=3) died as a result of multicentric lymphoid neoplasia with secondary sepsis. The unifying factor in the majority of these cases is the presence of septicemia as the proximate cause of death. Based on the clinical picture, it is presumed that an immunosuppressive event, such as transport, captivity stress, or possible concurrent viral infection, resulted in a septic event and death. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1638/2008-0018.1 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 626-630 SN - 1937-2825 KW - Laticauda colubrina KW - neoplasia KW - parasite KW - sepsis KW - yellow-tipped sea krait ER - TY - JOUR TI - IMHA: Diagosing and treating a complex disease AU - Shaw, N. AU - Harrell, K. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 103 IS - 12 SP - 660-671 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a novel atrial retractor for exposure of the mitral valve in a porcine model AU - Bean, Eric AU - Chanoit, Guillaume AU - Jernigan, Shaphan AU - Bolotin, Gil AU - Osborne, Jason AU - Buckner, Gregory T2 - JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY AB - ObjectivesTo describe a novel atrial retractor and compare 2 methods of intraoperative left atrial retraction for minimally invasive mitral valve repair.MethodsLeft atrial retraction was performed on 5 swine cadavers to evaluate performance (percent of mitral valve annulus accessible), complications encountered, ease of use, and surgical time for the minimally invasive atrial retractor and a HeartPort atrial retractor.ResultsEstimated accessibilities were 93.0% (standard error = 3.2) and 92.7% (standard error = 3.3) for the HeartPort and minimally invasive atrial retractor retractors, respectively, with a difference of 0.3% (standard error = 2.2%, P = .8832, df = 34). Tissue damage occurred in 1 case for the minimally invasive atrial retractor and 2 cases for the HeartPort retractor. The mean surgical times for retractor placement and mitral valve annulus exposure were 107.4 and 39.2 seconds for the HeartPort and minimally invasive atrial retractor retractors, respectively, with a difference of 68.2 seconds (P = .0092, df = 4).ConclusionsThe minimally invasive atrial retractor is a suitable alternative for atrial retraction compared with standard techniques of retraction. It provides comparable exposure of the mitral valve annulus, is less time consuming to place, provides subjectively more working volume within the left atrium, and has the advantage of minimal atriotomy incision length and customizable retraction. To describe a novel atrial retractor and compare 2 methods of intraoperative left atrial retraction for minimally invasive mitral valve repair. Left atrial retraction was performed on 5 swine cadavers to evaluate performance (percent of mitral valve annulus accessible), complications encountered, ease of use, and surgical time for the minimally invasive atrial retractor and a HeartPort atrial retractor. Estimated accessibilities were 93.0% (standard error = 3.2) and 92.7% (standard error = 3.3) for the HeartPort and minimally invasive atrial retractor retractors, respectively, with a difference of 0.3% (standard error = 2.2%, P = .8832, df = 34). Tissue damage occurred in 1 case for the minimally invasive atrial retractor and 2 cases for the HeartPort retractor. The mean surgical times for retractor placement and mitral valve annulus exposure were 107.4 and 39.2 seconds for the HeartPort and minimally invasive atrial retractor retractors, respectively, with a difference of 68.2 seconds (P = .0092, df = 4). The minimally invasive atrial retractor is a suitable alternative for atrial retraction compared with standard techniques of retraction. It provides comparable exposure of the mitral valve annulus, is less time consuming to place, provides subjectively more working volume within the left atrium, and has the advantage of minimal atriotomy incision length and customizable retraction. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.030 VL - 136 IS - 6 SP - 1492-1495 SN - 1097-685X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effectiveness of fluoxetine chewable tablets in the treatment of canine separation anxiety AU - Landsberg, Gary M. AU - Metese, Patrick AU - Sherman, Barbara L. AU - Neilson, Jacqueline C. AU - Zimmerman, Alan AU - Clarke, Terrence P. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH AB - The most common signs associated with separation anxiety (SA) are destruction/rearranging behavior, vocalization, excessive salivation, inappropriate defecation, and urination. To assess a treatment for SA, this multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized parallel-arm study was undertaken with 208 client-owned dogs diagnosed with SA. After a 14-day pre-treatment period in which dog owners recorded the occurrence of 4 SA behaviors (destruction/rearranging behavior, excessive salivation, inappropriate defecation, inappropriate urination) daily treatment with either fluoxetine chewable tablets (FCT) at 1–2 mg/kg or placebo was given for 6 weeks. Owners scored and recorded the severity of overall (overall severity score, OSS) and individual SA behaviors weekly. At any weekly treatment interval, ≥58% of FCT-treated dogs had improved OSS versus pre-treatment, and compared with placebo dogs had a higher incidence of improved OSS at each week (significant at Weeks 1 and 4; P ≤ 0.044). FCT-treated dogs showed significant improvement in incidence of destructive/rearranging behavior (P ≤ 0.038 at Weeks 4–6) and inappropriate urination (P = 0.045 at Week 3). Serious adverse events consisted of seizures in 1 FCT-treated dog and 1 placebo-treated dog. Neither incident had a clear association with FCT treatment. In conclusion, FCT at 1–2 mg/kg/day showed some efficacy in improving overall SA severity scores in dogs, even when used in patients not receiving behavior modification training. However, other controlled studies have shown optimal benefits from FCT administration in conjunction with behavior modification. FCT represent a viable therapy for a condition that veterinary behaviorists rank as the second most common canine behavioral disorder. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.jveb.2007.09.001 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 12-19 SN - 1878-7517 KW - behavior KW - canine (dog) KW - destructive KW - fluoxetine chewable KW - separation anxiety ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current Methods in Use for Assessing Clinical Competencies: What Works? AU - Hardie, Elizabeth M. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - An online survey was used to capture qualitative descriptions of methods used by a veterinary college to assess clinical competencies in its students. Each college was specifically asked about use of the methods detailed in the Toolbox of Assessment Methods developed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Medical Specialties. Additionally, each college was asked to detail the methods used to ensure competency in each of the nine areas specified by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education. Associate deans of academic affairs or their equivalents at veterinary colleges in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Caribbean were contacted by e-mail and asked to complete the survey. Responses were obtained from 24 of 32 colleges. The methods most often used were review of students’ medical records (16), checklist evaluation of must-learn skills (16), procedural logs (11), multiple-choice skill examinations (11), case simulations using role-playing (7), short-answer skill examinations (7), global rating of live or recorded performance (7), case simulations using computerized case simulations (7), 360-degree evaluation of clinical performance (4), and standardized patient or client examination (3). Additional methods used included medical record portfolio review, paper-and-pencil branching problems, chart-stimulated oral exams, externship mentor evaluation, performance rubrics for clinical rotations, direct observation and query on cases, video evaluation, case correlation tasks, and an employer survey. Non-realistic models were used more often for skill evaluation than realistic models. One college used virtual-reality models for testing. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.35.3.359 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 359-368 SN - 1943-7218 KW - clinical competency assessment KW - clinical case simulation KW - objective structured clinical examination KW - OSCE KW - checklist evaluation KW - procedural log ER - TY - JOUR TI - CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells are infected and activated during acute FIV infection AU - Mexas, Angela M. AU - Fogle, Jonathan E. AU - Tompkins, Wayne A. AU - Tompkins, Mary B. T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - HIV-induced AIDS may be mediated by the activation of immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Treg cells). Treg cells have been shown to regulate CD4+ and CD8+ immune responses to HIV and FIV antigens in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that Treg cells become infected and activated during the acute infection with FIV leading to the suppression of CD4+ T helper cell responses. Cats were experimentally infected with FIV-NCSU1 and blood and lymph node cells were collected at weekly intervals following inoculation. Real-time RT-PCR was used to determine plasma viremia and the relative expression of FIV, FoxP3, TGF-β, and GAPDH mRNA copies in CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25− T cell subsets. Flow cytometry was used to assess the absolute numbers of each cell type and the expression of surface TGF-β and intracellular FoxP3 in CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25− T cells at each time-point. Treg suppression of IL-2 production in CD4+ T helper cells was assessed by ELISPOT assays. Our results showed that peak viremia occurred at 2 weeks post infection and correlated with maximal infectivity in CD4+CD25+ T cell populations. FIV-gag-mRNA levels were higher in CD4+CD25+ T cells than CD4+CD25− T cells throughout the acute phase of infection. Induction of FoxP3 and TGF-β indicated activation of Treg cells during the acute stage infection, which was confirmed by Treg cell suppression of IL-2 production by CD4+ Th cells in an ELISPOT assay. Our findings support the hypothesis that early activation of Treg immunosuppressor function may limit an effective anti-FIV response, contributing to the establishment of chronic infection and the immunodeficiency caused by this virus. DA - 2008/12/15/ PY - 2008/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.003 VL - 126 IS - 3-4 SP - 263-272 SN - 1873-2534 KW - FIV KW - HIV KW - Regulatory T cells KW - Acute infection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing Clinical Competency: Reports from Discussion Groups AU - Turnwald, Grant AU - Stone, Elizabeth AU - Bristol, David AU - Fuentealba, Carmen AU - Hardie, Lizette AU - Hellyer, Peter AU - Jaeger, Laurie AU - Kerwin, Sharon AU - Kochevar, Deborah AU - Lissemore, Kerry AU - Olsen, Christopher AU - Rogers, Kenita AU - Sabin, Beth AU - Swanson, Cliff AU - Warner, Angeline T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - This report describes proposed new models for assessment of eight of the nine clinical competencies the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education requires for accreditation. The models were developed by discussion groups at the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges’ Clinical Competency Symposium. Clinical competencies and proposed models (in parentheses) are described. Competency 1: comprehensive patient diagnosis (neurologic examination on a dog, clinical reasoning skills); Competency 2: comprehensive treatment planning (concept mapping, computerized case studies); Competency 3: anesthesia, pain management (student portfolio); Competency 4: surgery skills (objective structured clinical examination, cased-based examination, “super dog” model); Competency 5: medicine skills (clinical reasoning and case management, skills checklist); Competency 6: emergency and intensive care case management (computerized case study or scenario); Competency 7: health promotion, disease prevention/biosecurity (360° evaluation, case-based computer simulation); Competency 8: client communications and ethical conduct (Web-based evaluation forms, client survey, communicating with stakeholders, telephone conversation, written scenario-based cases). The report also describes faculty recognition for participating in clinical competency assessments. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.35.3.343 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 343-353 SN - 1943-7218 KW - clinical competencies KW - veterinary education KW - competency assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waterfowl toxicology: a review AU - Degernes, L. A. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice AB - Waterfowl populations may serve as sentinel species for natural and anthropogenic toxicologic problems in the environment. Unfortunately, many toxins cause nonspecific clinical signs, acute mortality, and subtle or no pathologic changes, making toxicologic investigations extremely difficult. The purpose of this article is to review important waterfowl toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides, botulism, mycotoxins, algal toxins, and petroleum oil. When applicable, clinical signs, diagnosis, pathologic findings, and treatment are discussed. Although most of the information in the literature is based on wild waterfowl populations or experimental toxicologic investigations, the information is also applicable to captive waterfowl populations. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.cvex.2007.12.001 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 283-300 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anesthesia for companion birds AU - Degernes, L. A. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - E1-11 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Toxicological impacts of nanomaterials AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Orsiere, T. T2 - Environmental nanotechnology: Applications and impacts of nanomaterials A2 - Wiesner, M. R. A2 - Bottero, J. Y. PY - 2008/// SP - 395-444 PB - New York: McGraw-Hill SN - 0071477500 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Solvents and vehicle effects on the skin AU - Roberts, M. S. AU - Gierden, A. AU - Riviere, J. E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - Dermal absorption and toxicity assessment. (2nd ed.) A2 - Roberts, M. S. A2 - Walters, K. A. PY - 2008/// SP - 433-447 PB - New York: Informa Healthcare SN - 9780849375910 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of four DNA extraction methods for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline stool specimens by polymerase chain reaction AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Marr, Henry AU - Gookin, Jody L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Feces are increasingly valued as practical samples for molecular diagnosis of infectious disease. However, extraction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quality DNA from fecal samples can be challenging because of coextraction of PCR inhibitors. Because the type and quantity of PCR inhibitors is influenced by diet, endogenous flora, and concurrent disease, it is unlikely that extraction method performance with human feces can be directly extrapolated to that of domestic cats. In the present study, 4 commercially available DNA extraction methods were examined for their influence on the sensitivity of PCR for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline stool. DNA was extracted from serially diluted feline-origin T. foetus trophozoites in the absence or presence of feline feces. The ZR Fecal DNA kit was identified as affording the greatest analytical sensitivity and reproducibility and was able to detect >or=10 T. foetus organisms per 100 mg feces in 100% of PCR reactions. Further, the identified extraction method could be completed in the shortest time of all kits tested. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1177/104063870802000518 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 639-641 SN - 1943-4936 KW - Cats KW - feces KW - polymerase chain reaction KW - protozoa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electrocardiographic, hematologic, histopathologic, and recovery characteristics from repeated morphine-chloralose anesthesia in dogs AU - Cunha, D. N. Q. AU - Buccellato, M. AU - Keene, B. W. AU - Rajala-Schultz, P. AU - Nishijima, Y. AU - Ozkanlar, Y. AU - Hamlin, R. L. T2 - International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 191-199 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Animal skin morphology and dermal absorption AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Baynes, R. E. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Dermal absorption and toxicity assessment A2 - Roberts, M.S. A2 - Walters, K.A. PY - 2008/// ET - 2nd SP - 17–35 PB - Informa Healthcare SN - 0849375916 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of trazodone as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of canine anxiety disorders: 56 cases (1995-2007) AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Sherman, Barbara L. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To evaluate efficacy of trazodone hydrochloride as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders as well as treatment protocol, dose range, concurrent drug use, adverse events, and therapeutic response in dogs unresponsive to other pharmacologic agents. Design —Retrospective case series. Animals —56 dogs with anxiety disorders treated at a referral veterinary behavior clinic. Procedures —Medical records of dogs with anxiety disorders adjunctively treated with trazodone were retrospectively evaluated with respect to signalment, primary and secondary behavioral diagnoses, physical examination results, hematologic data (CBC and serum biochemical panel), pharmacologic management, and outcome. Results —Overall, trazodone, used as an adjunctive agent in combination with other behavioral drugs, was well tolerated over a wide dose range and enhanced behavioral calming when administered on a daily or as-needed basis. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Although further controlled studies of dose range, efficacy, and safety are needed, trazodone may provide an additional therapeutic option for use in dogs that are unresponsive to conventional treatment. DA - 2008/12/15/ PY - 2008/12/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.233.12.1902 VL - 233 IS - 12 SP - 1902-1907 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a nitinol gooseneck snare catheter for removal of adult Dirofilaria immitis in two cats AU - Small, Merrilee T. AU - Atkins, Clarke E. AU - Gordon, Sonya G. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Booth-Sayer, Margaret A. AU - Keene, Bruce W. AU - Fujii, Yoko AU - Miller, Matthew W. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Case Description —2 cats were examined because of congestive heart failure secondary to heartworm infection. Clinical Findings —One cat had severe abdominal distention and the other had dyspnea secondary to chylothorax. Both had loud right-sided heart murmurs, precordial thrills, and jugular distension. Thoracic radiography revealed cardiomegaly and enlarged caudal pulmonary arteries. Echocardiography revealed tricuspid regurgitation and multiple hyperechoic structures consistent with adult Dirofilaria immitis within the right atrium, right ventricle, and main pulmonary artery. Pulmonary hypertension was documented by means of Doppler echocardiography in 1 cat. Treatment and Outcome —Cats were anesthetized, and a nitinol gooseneck snare catheter was introduced into the right side of the heart via a jugular venotomy. In the first cat, the snare was used to retrieve 5 female and 2 male adult D immitis. The catheter was then passed into the main pulmonary artery in an unsuccessful attempt to retrieve remaining heartworms. In the second cat, 2 adult female D immitis were removed from the right atrium with the nitinol snare. In both cats, clinical signs resolved within 4 weeks after the procedure. Clinical Relevance —Findings suggested that use of a nitinol gooseneck snare catheter may be a safe and effective technique for removing adult D immitis from the right atrium and ventricle in cats and that successful removal of adult heartworms in infected cats may resolve clinical signs of right-sided congestive heart failure and chylothorax. In addition, findings in 1 cat suggested that removal of all adult heartworms may not be necessary for clinical signs to resolve. DA - 2008/11/1/ PY - 2008/11/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.233.9.1441 VL - 233 IS - 9 SP - 1441-1445 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The pemphigoid complex - a literature review AU - Fischer, N. M. AU - Olivry, T. AU - Muller, R. S. T2 - Kleintier-Praxis DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 53 IS - 10 SP - 635-642 ER - TY - CONF TI - Shell repair techniques in chelonians AU - Lewbart, G. A. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the Gopher Tortoise Council DA - 2008/// SP - 28-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Koi health AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Ponds DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// IS - Summer 2008 SP - 48-55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydroxyzine and cetirizine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral and intravenous administration of hydroxyzine to healthy dogs AU - Bizikova, Petra AU - Papich, Mark G. AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Pharmacokinetic parameters of hydroxyzine and its active metabolite cetirizine were determined after oral and intravenous administration of 2 mg kg(-1) of hydroxyzine to six healthy dogs. Plasma drug levels were determined with high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacodynamic studies evaluated the suppressive effect on histamine and anticanine IgE-mediated cutaneous wheal formation. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlations were determined with computer modelling. The mean systemic availability of oral hydroxyzine was 72%. Hydroxyzine was rapidly converted to cetirizine regardless of the route of administration. The mean area-under-the-curve was eight and ten times higher for cetirizine than hydroxyzine after intravenous and oral dosing, respectively. After oral administration of hydroxyzine, the mean peak concentration of cetirizine was approximately 2.2 microg mL(-1) and that of hydroxyzine 0.16 microg mL(-1). The terminal half-life for cetirizine varied between 10 and 11 h after intravenous and oral administration of hydroxyzine. A sigmoidal relationship was fit to the data comparing cetirizine plasma concentration to wheal suppression. Maximum inhibition (82% and 69% for histamine and anticanine IgE-mediated skin reactions, respectively) was observed during the first 8 h, which correlated with a plasma concentration of cetirizine greater than 1.5 microg mL(-1). Pharmacological modelling suggested that increasing either hydroxyzine dosages or frequencies of administration would not result in histamine inhibition superior to that obtained with twice daily hydroxyzine at 2 mg kg(-1). In conclusion, there was rapid conversion of hydroxyzine to cetirizine. The reduction of wheal formation appeared almost entirely due to cetirizine. Pharmacodynamic modelling predicted that maximal antihistamine effect would occur with twice daily oral administration of hydroxyzine at 2 mg kg(-1). DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00697.x VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 348-357 SN - 1365-3164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57449092680&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Echocardiographic quantification of Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected cats AU - Atkins, C. E. AU - Arther, R. G. AU - Ciszewski, D. K. AU - Davis, W. L. AU - Ensley, S. M. AU - Guity, P. S. AU - Chopade, H. AU - Hoss, H. AU - Settje, T. L. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - The safety of heartworm preventives in heartworm-positive cats has traditionally been evaluated using adult Dirofilaria immitis removed from infected dogs and surgically implanted into the cats. An alternate study model uses infective larvae to establish adult infections in cats. Unfortunately, the number of adult worms resulting from the latter method varies widely from none to more than 30, both unacceptable for studies of natural heartworm infection and for studies evaluating product safety in heartworm-infected cats. We sought to determine infection severity in experimental infections via echocardiography to reduce the chances of enrolling uninfected and heavily infected cats into a study. Eighty adult cats were each inoculated with 60 infective D. immitis larvae and maintained for 8 months to allow for the development of adult worms. Antigen and antibody testing, as well as echocardiographic imaging, were performed to confirm and estimate adult worm burdens. Approximately 8 and 12 months post-infection, echocardiographic examination was performed to confirm and enumerate adult D. immitis populations in the cardiovascular system. Worm burdens were stratified as 0, 1-3, 4-11, and > 11 adults, with 0 being considered uninfected and more than 11 considered too heavily infected to be relevant for anthelmintic studies. Cats with clinically relevant infections (1-10 adults) subsequently received multiple treatments with the investigational drug, and worm burdens were confirmed by necropsy 30 days following the final treatment. Worm burden estimated with echocardiography correlated well, but not precisely, with post-mortem counts (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.67). Echocardiography under-, over-, and exactly estimated heartworm burden 53%, 27%, and 22% of the time, respectively. Although the correct category (0-4) was determined by echocardiography in only 54% of cats, positive cats were distinguished from negative cats 88% of the time and the heaviest infections (> 11) were correctly categorized 95% of the time. Both false negative and false positive results were observed. We conclude that echocardiography is useful for detecting mature experimental heartworm infections, identifying cats that have rejected mature infection, and detecting very heavy heartworm burdens, but it is only moderately accurate in classifying lesser burdens. While echocardiography cannot be relied upon to consistently determine the exact heartworm burden in experimentally infected cats, it is useful in stratifying worm burdens for anthelmintic safety studies. DA - 2008/12/10/ PY - 2008/12/10/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.003 VL - 158 IS - 3 SP - 164-170 SN - 0304-4017 KW - Heartworm diagnosis KW - Safety KW - Imidacloprid KW - Moxidectin KW - Echocardiography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cryotherapy for removal of a premaxillary mass from a chain pickerel using an over-the-counter wart remover AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Christian, L. S. AU - Burrus, O. AU - Hopkins, W. B. AU - Pandiri, A. K. R. AU - Law, M. AU - Wolf, K. N. AU - Butler, C. M. AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Exotic DVM DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 15-17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella Henselae in Captive and Hunter-Harvested Beluga (Delphinapterus Leucas) AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Raverty, Stephen A. AU - Lester, Sally J. AU - Huff, David G. AU - Haulena, Martin AU - Ford, Susan L. AU - Nielsen, Ole AU - Robinson, John H. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - Previously, we reported the isolation of Bartonella henselae from the blood of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the North Carolina coast. Hematologic, pathologic, and microbiologic findings surrounding the death of a juvenile captive beluga in Vancouver initiated an outbreak investigation designed to define the molecular prevalence of Bartonella infection in belugas. Using polymerase chain reaction analyses targeting the intergenic spacer region (ITS), two B. henselae ITS strains were identified in 78% of captive and free-ranging hunter-harvested belugas. These findings may have public health implications and may influence aquarium management procedures for captive marine mammals. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.4.871 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 871–877 SN - 0090-3558 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.4.871 KW - Bartonella KW - beluga KW - captive KW - Delphinapterus leucas KW - free-ranging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aural Cholesteatoma in Twenty Dogs AU - Hardie, Elizabeth M. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Pease, Anthony P. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To determine the clinical course in dogs with aural cholesteatoma.Case series.Dogs (n=20) with aural cholesteatoma.Case review (1998-2007).Twenty dogs were identified. Clinical signs other than those of chronic otitis externa included head tilt (6 dogs), unilateral facial palsy (4), pain on opening or inability to open the mouth (4), and ataxia (3). Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 19 dogs, abnormalities included osteoproliferation (13 dogs), lysis of the bulla (12), expansion of the bulla (11), bone lysis in the squamous or petrosal portion of the temporal bone (4) and enlargement of associated lymph nodes (7). Nineteen dogs had total ear canal ablation-lateral bulla osteotomy or ventral bulla osteotomy with the intent to cure; 9 dogs had no further signs of middle ear disease whereas 10 had persistent or recurrent clinical signs. Risk factors for recurrence after surgery were inability to open the mouth or neurologic signs on admission and lysis of any portion of the temporal bone on CT imaging. Dogs admitted with neurologic signs or inability to open the mouth had a median survival of 16 months.Early surgical treatment of aural cholesteatoma may be curative. Recurrence after surgery is associated with advanced disease, typically indicated by inability to open the jaw, neurologic disease, or bone lysis on CT imaging.Presence of aural cholesteatoma may affect the prognosis for successful surgical treatment of middle ear disease. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00455.x VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - 763-770 SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - CONF TI - Advanced clinical diagnostics for invertebrates AU - Lewbart, G. A. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the AVMA Annual Conference DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs AU - Beddies, Gerald AU - Fox, Philip R. AU - Papich, Mark D. AU - Kanikanti, Venkata-Rangaro AU - Krebber, Ralph AU - Keene, Bruce W. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability following oral and IV administration of bisoprolol, a second-generation beta1-adrenoceptor-selective blocking agent, with those of carvedilol, a third-generation beta1/beta2 and alpha1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, in dogs.12 healthy adult Beagles.A prospective, parallel group study was performed. The dogs were allocated to 1 of 2 groups (6 dogs/group) and were administered orally a 1 mg/kg dose of either bisoprolol or carvedilol. Following a 1-week washout period, each cohort received a 1 mg/kg dose of the same drug IV. Blood samples were collected before and after drug administration, and serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic variables, and bioavailability for each agent were assessed.After oral administration of bisoprolol, the geometric mean value of the area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf) was 2,195 microg/L (coefficient of variation [CV], 15%). After IV administration of bisoprolol, the dose-normalized geometric mean AUCinf was 2,402 microg/L (CV, 19%). Oral bioavailability of bisoprolol was 91.4%. After oral administration of carvedilol, the geometric mean AUCinf was 70 microg/L (CV, 81%). After IV administration of carvedilol, the geometric mean AUCinf was 491 microg/L (CV, 23%). Oral bioavailability of carvedilol was 14.3%. Total body clearance was low (0.42 L/h/kg) for bisoprolol and high (2.0 L/h/kg) for carvedilol.After oral administration, carvedilol underwent extensive first-pass metabolism and had limited bioavailability; bisoprolol had less first-pass effect and higher bioavailability. Collectively, these differences suggested that, in dogs, bisoprolol has less interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, compared with carvedilol. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1659 VL - 69 IS - 12 SP - 1659-1663 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of hypoxia in canine cancer AU - Snyder, S. A. AU - Dewhirst, M. W. AU - Hauck, M. L. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - Human oncology has clearly demonstrated the existence of hypoxic tumours and the problematic nature of those tumours. Hypoxia is a significant problem in the treatment of all types of solid tumours and a common reason for treatment failure. Hypoxia is a negative prognostic indicator of survival and is correlated with the development of metastatic disease. Resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be because of hypoxia. There are two dominant types of hypoxia recognized in tumours, static and intermittent. Both types of hypoxia are important in terms of resistance. A variety of physiological factors cause hypoxia, and in turn, hypoxia can induce genetic and physiological changes. A limited number of studies have documented that hypoxia exists in spontaneous canine tumours. The knowledge from the human literature of problematic nature of hypoxic tumours combined with the rapid growth of veterinary oncology has necessitated a better understanding of hypoxia in canine tumours. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2008.00163.x VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 213-223 SN - 1476-5829 KW - canine KW - hypoxia KW - resistance KW - tumour ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella species detection in captive, stranded and free-ranging cetaceans AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Clemons-Chevis, Connie L. AU - Solangi, Mobashir AU - Rotstein, David S. AU - Fair, Patricia A. AU - Hansen, Larry J. AU - Hohn, Aleta A. AU - Lovewell, Gretchen N. AU - McLellan, William A. AU - Pabst, D. Ann AU - Rowles, Teri K. AU - Schwacke, Lori H. AU - Townsend, Forrest I. AU - Wells, Randall S. T2 - Veterinary Research AB - We present prevalence of Bartonella spp. for multiple cohorts of wild and captive cetaceans. One hundred and six cetaceans including 86 bottlenose dolphins (71 free-ranging, 14 captive in a facility with a dolphin experiencing debility of unknown origin, 1 stranded), 11 striped dolphins, 4 harbor porpoises, 3 Risso's dolphins, 1 dwarf sperm whale and 1 pygmy sperm whale (all stranded) were sampled. Whole blood (n = 95 live animals) and tissues (n = 15 freshly dead animals) were screened by PCR (n = 106 animals), PCR of enrichment cultures (n = 50 animals), and subcultures (n = 50 animals). Bartonella spp. were detected from 17 cetaceans, including 12 by direct extraction PCR of blood or tissues, 6 by PCR of enrichment cultures, and 4 by subculture isolation. Bartonella spp. were more commonly detected from the captive (6/14, 43%) than from free-ranging (2/71, 2.8%) bottlenose dolphins, and were commonly detected from the stranded animals (9/21, 43%; 3/11 striped dolphins, 3/4 harbor porpoises, 2/3 Risso's dolphins, 1/1 pygmy sperm whale, 0/1 dwarf sperm whale, 0/1 bottlenose dolphin). Sequencing identified a Bartonella spp. most similar to B. henselae San Antonio 2 in eight cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 2 striped dolphins, 2 harbor porpoises), B. henselae Houston 1 in three cases (2 Risso's dolphins, 1 harbor porpoise), and untyped in six cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 1 striped dolphin, 1 pygmy sperm whale). Although disease causation has not been established, Bartonella species were detected more commonly from cetaceans that were overtly debilitated or were cohabiting in captivity with a debilitated animal than from free-ranging animals. The detection of Bartonella spp. from cetaceans may be of pathophysiological concern. DA - 2008/8/23/ PY - 2008/8/23/ DO - 10.1051/vetres:2008036 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 59 SN - 0928-4249 1297-9716 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2008036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analogue, following intravenous administration in horses AU - Schramme, A. R. AU - Pinto, C. R. F. AU - Davis, J. AU - Whisnant, C. S. AU - Whitacre, M. D. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Current therapy protocols to treat persistent post mating endometritis and retained fetal membranes in mares typically include the administration of ecbolic drugs. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analogue, after i.v. administration is required.To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters (principally half-life) of carbetocin in horses.Five mature mares and one gelding received 0.175 mg carbetocin i.v. All animals were monitored periodically throughout the study for elevation in rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and signs of pain or discomfort. Plasma samples were collected for determination of carbetocin concentrations by radioimmunoassay.Administration of carbetocin was well tolerated by all horses and its half-life was 17.2 min.The half-life of carbetocin is greater than that previously reported for oxytocin (6.8 min).Carbetocin is an attractive alternative to oxytocin therapy in broodmare management. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.2746/042516408X334343 VL - 40 IS - 7 SP - 658-661 SN - 0425-1644 KW - horse KW - oxytocin KW - pharmacokinetics KW - carbetocin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erythrophagocytic low-grade extranodal T-cell lymphoma in a cat AU - Carter, J. E. AU - Tarigo, J. L. AU - Vernau, W. AU - Cecere, T. E. AU - Hovis, R. L. AU - Suter, S. E. T2 - Veterinary Clinical Pathology AB - A 13-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat was presented to the referring veterinarian with a 2-month history of weight loss and lethargy. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, nonregenerative anemia, neutropenia, and hyperbilirubinemia were noted. Results of testing for feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycoplasma sp. were negative. On cytologic examination of aspirates from the enlarged spleen and liver, a population of erythrophagocytic round cells was observed. Splenectomy and a liver biopsy were done which revealed a population of CD3+/CD79a- erythrophagocytic mononuclear round cells localized in the hepatic and splenic sinusoids. T-cell PARR (PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangements) analysis of bone marrow and spleen demonstrated a single band indicative of a clonal proliferation of T cells. Based on the marked splenomegaly, sinusoidal infiltration, lack of lymphadenopathy, and results of cytology, PARR, and immunophenotyping, a diagnosis of low-grade extranodal T-cell lymphoma was made. The cat was treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone; clinical and laboratory abnormalities resolved and the cat has remained clinically normal for 2.5 years. To our knowledge, this report documents the first case of an erythrophagocytic T-cell lymphoma in a cat. The clinicopathologic findings were suggestive of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, a neoplasm described previously only in humans and dogs. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00073.x VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 416-421 LA - en OP - SN - 0275-6382 1939-165X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00073.x DB - Crossref KW - Cat KW - erythrophagia KW - hepatosplenic KW - lymphoma KW - PARR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coxiella-Like Infection in Psittacines and a Toucan AU - Shivaprasad, H. L. AU - Cadenas, M. B. AU - Diab, S. S. AU - Nordhausen, R. AU - Bradway, D. AU - Crespo, R. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Seven psittacine birds and a toucan (Ramphastos toco) were diagnosed as infected with Coxiella-like bacteria, based on polymerase chain reaction and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence obtained from each bird's liver tissue. Most of the birds exhibited lethargy and weakness for several days prior to death. Gross lesions included mild to moderate emaciation and severely enlarged and mottled pale livers and spleens. Microscopically, there was multifocal necrosis of hepatocytes with infiltration of a mixed population of inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, heterophils, plasma cells, and macrophages randomly scattered throughout in most birds. In several birds within the macrophages there were vacuoles containing basophilic small cocco-bacilli organisms measuring about 0.5-1 microm. The spleens had increased numbers of mononuclear phagocytic system cells, some of which had vacuoles that contained similar organisms, as observed in the liver. There was inflammation in the epicardium and endocardium, interstitium of the lungs, kidney, adrenal and thyroid glands, lamina propria of the intestine, and in occasional birds in the brain, bursa of Fabricius, and bone marrow associated with similar organisms in the macrophages. Transmission electron microscopy of the liver and lungs in most birds and in the thyroid glands of one bird revealed pleomorphic round to elongated bacteria measuring about 0.45 microm in diameter and more than 1.0 microm in length. Most of these organisms contained a peripheral zone of loosely arranged electron dense material that was located immediately beneath a trilaminar membrane. Occasional organisms contained nucleoids. This is the first documentation of disease presumptively associated with Coxiella-like bacteria in birds. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1637/8192-120707-Reg VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 426-432 J2 - Avian Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0005-2086 1938-4351 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8192-120707-Reg DB - Crossref KW - avian KW - psittacines KW - toucan KW - hepatitis KW - splenitis KW - Coxiella ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analgesia for the Critically III Dog or Cat: An Update AU - Hansen, Bernie T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Acute pain reliably accompanies severe illness and injury, and when sufficiently severe, it can complicate the recovery of critically ill patients. Because acute pain is closely tied to the neurologic process of nociception, pharmacologic therapy is often essential and effective. This update focuses on two methods of treatment of acute pain-local anesthetic infusion and continuous intravenous infusion of multimodal agents-that can be layered on top of standard care with other drugs. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.002 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 1353-+ SN - 1878-1306 KW - Acute pain KW - Local anesthesia KW - Wound infusion KW - Intravenous analgesia ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Hyperlipidemic Rabbit Model Provides New Insights into Pulmonary Zinc Exposure Effects on Cardiovascular Health AU - LaGier, Adriana J. AU - Manzo, Nick D. AU - Carll, Alex P. AU - Jaskot, Richard H. AU - Slade, Ralph AU - Richards, Judy H. AU - Winsett, Darrell W. AU - Farraj, Aimen K. AU - Dye, Janice A. T2 - CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICOLOGY DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1007/s12012-008-9028-9 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 195-206 SN - 1530-7905 KW - Zinc KW - Rabbit KW - Cardiovascular KW - Particulate matter KW - Hyperlipidemia ER - TY - JOUR TI - The antimicrobial peptides piscidins are stored in the granules of professional phagocytic granulocytes of fish and are delivered to the bacteria-containing phagosome upon phagocytosis AU - Mulero, Ivan AU - Noga, Edward J. AU - Meseguer, Jose AU - Garcia-Ayala, Alfonsa AU - Mulero, Victoriano T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY AB - Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are increasingly recognized as a critical first line of defence against many pathogens. The genes encoding these peptides are expressed in numerous tissue and cell types from a wide variety of different species including mammals, amphibians, fish, and insects. In this study, we report that the AMPs called piscidins were primarily present in the mast cells (MCs) of fish and were only identified in fish belonging to the Order Perciformes. It is striking that histamine was seen to have a similar evolutionary history, since the only piscine MCs endowed with this molecule are in the Perciformes. We also show that both MCs and professional phagocytic granulocytes were armed with different piscidin molecules. In contrast, macrophages were devoid of these AMPs. More importantly, we found by immunoelectron microscopy that piscidins were delivered to the bacteria-containing phagosome of granulocytes upon phagocytosis, suggesting a role for these AMPs in the killing of both extracellular and intracellular pathogenic bacteria. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.015 VL - 32 IS - 12 SP - 1531-1538 SN - 1879-0089 KW - mast cells KW - acidophilic granulocytes KW - piscidins KW - phagocytosis KW - evolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia Species in Dogs from Minnesota AU - Beall, Melissa J. AU - Chandrashekar, Ramaswamy AU - Eberts, Matthew D. AU - Cyr, Katie E. AU - Diniz, Pedro Paulo V.P. AU - Mainville, Celine AU - Hegarty, Barbara C. AU - Crawford, John M. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases AB - A population of 731 naturally exposed pet dogs examined at a private practice in Baxter, Minnesota, an area endemic for Lyme disease and anaplasmosis, was tested by serological and molecular methods for evidence of exposure to or infection with selected vector-borne pathogens. Serum samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies and for Dirofilaria immitis antigen. Blood samples from 273 dogs were also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species DNA. Based on the owner history and the attending veterinarian's physical examination findings, dogs exhibiting illness compatible with anaplasmosis or borreliosis were considered clinical cases, and their results were compared to the healthy dog population. Antibodies to only A. phagocytophilum were detected in 217 (29%) dogs; to only B. burgdorferi, in 80 (11%) dogs; and seroreactivity to both organisms, in 188 (25%) dogs. Of 89 suspected cases of canine anaplasmosis or borreliosis, A. phagocytophilum or B. burgdorferi antibodies were detected in 22 dogs (25%) and 8 dogs (9%) respectively, whereas antibodies to both organisms were found in 38 dogs (43%). Ehrlichia canis antibodies and D. immitis antigen were each detected in 11 (1.5%) dogs. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was amplified from 7 of 222 (3%) healthy dogs and 19 of 51 (37%) clinical cases. Seroreactivity to both A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi was detected more frequently in suspected cases of anaplasmosis and/or borreliosis than seroreactivity to either organism alone. Based on PCR testing, A. phagocytophilum DNA was more prevalent in suspected cases of anaplasmosis or borreliosis than in healthy dogs from the same region. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1089/vbz.2007.0236 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 455-464 J2 - Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 1530-3667 1557-7759 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2007.0236 DB - Crossref KW - tick(s) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of recurrent uveitis in horses from the southeastern United States AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Salmon, Jacklyn H. AU - Yi, Na Y. AU - Barden, Curtis A. AU - Chandler, Heather L. AU - Wendt, Jennifer A. AU - Colitz, Carmen M. H. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To determine the role of intraocular bacteria in the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) in horses from the southeastern United States by evaluating affected eyes of horses with ERU for bacterial DNA and intraocular production of antibodies against Leptospira spp. Sample Population —Aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and serum samples of 24 clinically normal horses, 52 horses with ERU, and 17 horses with ocular inflammation not associated with ERU (ie, non-ERU inflammation). Procedures —Ribosomal RNA quantitative PCR (real-time PCR) assay was used to detect bacterial DNA in aqueous humor and vitreous humor from clinically normal horses (n = 12) and horses with chronic (> 3-month) ERU (28). Aqueous humor and serum were also evaluated for anti- Leptospira antibody titers from clinically normal horses (n = 12), horses with non-ERU inflammation (17), and horses with confirmed chronic ERU (24). Results —Bacterial DNA was not detected in aqueous humor or vitreous humor of horses with ERU or clinically normal horses. No significant difference was found in titers of anti- Leptospira antibodies in serum or aqueous humor among these 3 groups. Only 2 horses, 1 horse with ERU and 1 horse with non-ERU inflammation, had definitive intraocular production of antibodies against Leptospira organisms. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —In horses from the southeastern United States, Leptospira organisms may have helped initiate ERU in some, but the continued presence of the organisms did not play a direct role in the pathogenesis of this recurrent disease. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1329-1335 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prophylactic ovariosalpingectomy using a prefemoral approach in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) AU - Minter, L. J. AU - Landry, M. M. AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 163, Issue 16 p. 487-488 Short Communication Prophylactic ovariosalpingectomy using a prefemoral approach in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) L. J. Minter MS, DVM, L. J. Minter MS, DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM.M. Landry DVM, M.M. Landry DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM, G.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author L. J. Minter MS, DVM, L. J. Minter MS, DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM.M. Landry DVM, M.M. Landry DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM, G.A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DipACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.16.487Citations: 10Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References Brannian R. E. (1984)A soft tissue laparotomy technique in turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 185, 1416– 1417 Bridges V. Kopral C. Johnson R. (2001) The Reptile and Amphibian Communities in the United States. Fort Collins, USDA/APHIS/VS Center for Emerging Issues, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health. pp 11– 14 Denardo D. (2006) Dystocia. In Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Ed D. R. Mader . Philidelphia, W. B. Saunders. pp 787– 792 De Voe R. Geissler K. Elmore S. Rotstein D. Lewbart G. Guy J. (2004) Ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in a group of captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35, 534– 543 Divers S. J. (1999) Clinical evaluation of reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 2, 291– 331 Fiskett R. A. (2005)Increasing efficiency and profitability of the exotic pet practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 8, 475– 486 Gould W. J. Yaegar A. E. Glennon J. C. (1992) Surgical correction of an intestinal obstruction in a turtle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 200, 705– 706 Holladay S. D. Wolf J. C. Smith S. A. Jones D. E. Robertson J. L. (2001) Aural abscesses in wild-caught box turtles (Terrapene carolina): possible role of organochlorine-induced hypovitaminosis A. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 48, 99– 106 Innis C. J. Boyer T. H. (2002) Chelonian reproductive disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 5, 555– 578 Innis C. J. Hernandez-Divers S. Martinez-Jimenez D. (2007) Coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral oophorectomy in chelonians. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 1049– 1052 Lewbart G. A. Kishimori J. Christian L. S. (2005) The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team: a model for a successful wild-reptile clinic. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 32, 377– 381 McArthur S. D. J. (2000)A review of 10 cases of follicular stasis in Testudo species. Proceedings of the British Veterinary Zoological Society 2000 Meeting. Burford, UK, May 13 to 14, 2000. pp 44– 60 Mader D. R. Bennett R. A. Funk R. S. Fitzgerald K. T. Vera R. Hernandez-Divers S. J. (2006) Surgery. In Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Ed D. R. Mader . Philidelphia, W. B. Saunders. pp 581– 630 Nutter F. B. Lee D. D. Stamper M. A. Lewbart G. A. Stoskopf M. K. (2000) Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Veterinary Record 146, 78– 80 Willer C. J. Lewbart G. A. Lemons C. (2003) Aural abscesses in wild eastern box turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, from North Carolina: aerobic bacterial isolates and distribution of lesions. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 13, 4– 9 Citing Literature Volume163, Issue16October 2008Pages 487-488 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2008/10/18/ PY - 2008/10/18/ DO - 10.1136/vr.163.16.487 VL - 163 IS - 16 SP - 487-488 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses AU - Douglas, L. C. AU - Yi, N. Y. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Salmon, J. H. AU - Gilger, B. C. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - In vitro photosensitivity of rapamycin (RAPA) and ocular toxicity and distribution of intravitreal and subconjunctival RAPA was evaluated in normal horses. RAPA (2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg) was placed in 10 mL of PBS and maintained in a water bath at 37 degrees C, kept in the dark or subjected to room light, and sampled for up to 3 months for RAPA levels. Six normal adult horses received either 5 mg (n = 2) or 10 mg (n = 2) of RAPA intravitreally or 10 mg (n = 2) subconjunctivally. Ophthalmic exams and electroretinography (ERG) were performed prior to injection and on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 post-injection. Eyes were enucleated and samples were collected for RAPA concentrations and histopathology. No difference in light vs. dark RAPA concentrations was observed, suggesting a lack of RAPA phototoxicity. No evidence of ocular toxicity was noted on ophthalmic examination or histopathology. RAPA was not detected intraocularly 7 days post-injection in eyes receiving subconjunctival RAPA, but was detected in the vitreous at 21 days post-injection. Drug could be detected in both the aqueous and vitreous humor after intravitreal injection. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of intravitreal RAPA. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00986.x VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 511-516 LA - en OP - SN - 0140-7783 1365-2885 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00986.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Induction of arginase II by intestinal epithelium promotes the uptake of L-arginine from the lumen of Cryptosporidium parvum-infected porcine ileum AU - Gookin, Jody L. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. AU - Stone, Maria R. T2 - JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION AB - To determine the specific transport system activities and expression of transporter genes responsible for uptake of L-arginine from the lumen of normal and Cryptosporidium parvum-infected neonatal porcine ileum and the influence of L-arginine catabolic pathways on L-arginine uptake.Intact sheets of ileal mucosa from control and C parvum-infected neonatal piglets were mounted in Ussing chambers and the uptake of 14C-L-arginine was determined under initial rate conditions and in the presence of transport system-selective inhibitors. Epithelial expression of L-arginine transporter genes was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. L-Arginine catabolic enzyme expression was examined by immunoblotting epithelial lysates for arginase I and II. The role of intracellular catabolism in promoting the uptake of L-arginine was determined by pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and arginase activities.C parvum-infected ileum transported L-arginine at rates equivalent to uninfected epithelium despite profound villous atrophy. This was attributed to enhanced uptake of L-arginine by individual epithelial cells in the infection. There were no differences in L-arginine transport system activities (y(+) and B(0, +)) or level of transporter gene expression (CAT-1, CAT-2A, and ATB(0, +)) between uninfected and C parvum-infected epithelial cells. However, infected epithelia had induced expression of the L-arginine hydrolytic enzyme arginase II and lower concentrations of L-arginine. Furthermore, transport of L-arginine by the infected epithelium was significantly inhibited by pharmacological blockade of arginase.Intracellular catabolism by arginase II, the induction of which has not been described previously for intestinal epithelium, facilitates uptake of L-arginine by infected epithelium using transport systems that do not differ from those of uninfected cells. Induction of arginase II may limit nitric oxide synthesis by competing with nitric oxide synthase for utilization of L-arginine or promote use of L-arginine for the synthesis of reparative polyamines. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816f6c02 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 417-427 SN - 0277-2116 KW - epithelial transport KW - nitric oxide KW - polyamines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunophenotypic and cytomorphologic subclassification of T-cell lymphoma in the boxer breed AU - Lurie, David M. AU - Milner, Rowan J. AU - Suter, Steven E. AU - Vernau, William T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - The boxer breed is at high risk for developing lymphoma and, in contrast to the general canine population, is predisposed to the T-cell variant of the disease. The purpose of this study was to more accurately classify lymphoma in this breed. Clinical, cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic data were examined in 43 boxers with lymphoma. Twenty-five cases were collected prospectively and a further 18 cases were obtained retrospectively. Lymphomas were classified as multicentric (n = 29), mediastinal (n = 6) and intestinal (n = 8). Of the 40 immunophenotyped samples, 34 (85%) were T-cell, 5 (12.5%) were B-cell and 1 was a non-B-cell non-T-cell lymphoma. Immunophenotypic subtyping was done on prospectively collected T-cell lymphoma samples (n = 22) to differentiate CD4 (helper) from CD8 (cytotoxic) T-cell origin as well as to determine the T-cell receptor (TCR) expression (TCRαβ vs. TCRδγ). Phenotypic expression was CD4+ (n = 12), double negative (DN) (n = 6), double positive (DP) (n = 1) and CD8+ (n = 1), respectively, while two samples had no interpretable result. 20/22 samples were TCRαβ+ with only 1 sample being TCRδγ+ and 1 with no interpretable result. Cytomorphologic analysis was done on the same 22 samples using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification scheme. According to this scheme, 17/22 samples were classified as lymphoblastic, 2/22 as large cell peripheral T-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), 2/22 as large granular lymphoma (LGL) high-grade and 1/22 as small lymphocytic. The results of this study indicate that lymphoma in the boxer breed is a disease comprised predominantly of TCRαβ+, CD4+ (helper) T-cells with lymphoblastic (high-grade) morphology. DA - 2008/9/15/ PY - 2008/9/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.009 VL - 125 IS - 1-2 SP - 102-110 SN - 0165-2427 KW - boxer KW - lymphoma KW - immunophenotype KW - cytomorphology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies as an early marker of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers AU - Allenspach, Karin AU - Lomas, Bethany AU - Wieland, Barbara AU - Harris, Tonya AU - Pressler, Barrak AU - Mancho, Carolina AU - Lees, George E. AU - Vaden, Shelly L. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To evaluate perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody (pANCA) status in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) and SCWT-Beagle crossbred dogs and to correlate pANCA status of dogs with clinicopathologic variables of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), protein-losing nephropathy (PLN), or both.13 SCWTs and 8 SCWT-Beagle crossbred dogs in a research colony and a control group comprising 7 dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy and 12 healthy SCWTs > 9 years old.Samples were obtained from dogs in the research colony every 6 months. At each sample-collection time point, serum concentrations of albumin, globulin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen; fecal concentration of alpha-proteinase inhibitor; and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratios were determined and correlated with pANCA status.20 of 21 dogs in the research colony had positive results for pANCAs at a minimum of 2 time points, and 18 of 21 dogs had definitive evidence of disease. None of the control dogs had positive results for pANCAs. A positive result for pANCAs was significantly associated with hypoalbuminemia, and pANCAs preceded the onset of hypoalbuminemia on an average of 2.4 years. Sensitivity and specificity for use of pANCAs to predict development of PLE or PLN were 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.00) and 0.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.95), respectively.Most dogs in this study affected with PLE, PLN, or both had positive results for pANCAs before clinicopathologic evidence of disease was detected. Thus, pANCAs may be useful as an early noninvasive test of disease in SCWTs. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1301 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1301-1304 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disseminated large granular lymphoma in a horse AU - Sheats, M. K. AU - Wetter, A. J. N. J. AU - Snyder, L. A. AU - Jones, S. L. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION AB - Summary A 21‐year‐old pony gelding presented for a 5 week history of diarrhoea, inappetance, progressive weight loss and lethargy. Differential diagnoses for chronic diarrhoea and weight loss in horses include: chronic salmonellosis, sand enteropathy, enterolith, parasitism (strongylosis, cyathostomiasis), NSAID induced ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease (granulomatous, lymphocytic‐plasmacytic or eosinophilic enterocolitis), gastrointestinal neoplasia (lymphosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma), antibiotic associated clostridial overgrowth, altered diet or bacterial fermentation, peritonitis, Strongylus vulgaris induced arteriopathy (now quite rare) and abdominal mass or abscess. In this gelding, ante mortem diagnosis of CD3 + intestinal large granular lymphoma was made via cytology of abdominal fluid and immunohistochemistry of a rectal muscle biopsy. This report details the clinical, cytological and immunophenotypic findings of a case of large granular lymphoma in a horse. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.2746/095777308X343860 VL - 20 IS - 9 SP - 459-463 SN - 2042-3292 KW - horse KW - lymphoma KW - weight loss KW - diarrhoea KW - T lymphocytes ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessment of impulse duration thresholds for electrical stimulation of muscles (chronaxy) in dogs AU - Sawaya, S. G. AU - Combet, D. AU - Chanoit, G. AU - Thiebault, J. J. AU - Levine, D. AU - Marcellin-Little, D. J. AB - Abstract Objective —To determine the electrical impulse duration thresholds (chronaxy) for maximal motor contraction of various muscles without stimulation of pain fibers in dogs. Animals —10 healthy adult Beagles. Procedures —The dogs were used to assess the minimal intensity (rheobase) required to elicit motor contraction of 11 muscles (5 in the forelimb [supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, lateral head of the triceps brachii, and extensor carpi radialis], 5 in the hind limb [gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis, and tibialis cranialis], and the erector spinae). The rheobase was used to determine the chronaxy for each of the 11 muscles in the 10 dogs; chronaxy values were compared with those reported for the corresponding muscles in humans. Results —Compared with values in humans, chronaxy values for stimulation of AA motor fibers in the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles and muscles of the more distal portions of limbs were lower in dogs. For the other muscles evaluated, chronaxy values did not differ between dogs and humans. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Application of the dog-specific chronaxy values when performing electrical stimulation for strengthening muscles or providing pain relief is likely to minimize the pain perceived during treatment in dogs. C2 - 2008/// C3 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 2008/// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1305 VL - 69 SP - 1305-1309 M1 - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial peptides derived from hemoglobin are expressed in epithelium of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque) AU - Ullal, Anirudh J. AU - Litaker, R. Wayne AU - Noga, Edward J. T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY AB - The beta-chain of the respiratory protein hemoglobin (Hbbeta), has recently been identified in novel sites, including mammalian macrophages and alveolar epithelium, as well as in gill microsomes of fish. However, the functional significance of extra-erythrocytically expressed hemoglobin has been unclear. Here we show inducible expression and upregulation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) homologous to Hbbeta in the gill epithelium of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in response to parasitic (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, ich) infection. One peptide (HbbetaP-1), while having activity against some fish bacterial pathogens (e.g., Aeromonas hydrophila), had especially potent antiparasitic activity that was specifically lethal (lytic) to the feeding (trophont) stage of ich and also appeared to accelerate the differentiation of trophonts. However, it had no apparent effect on either the disseminative (theront) or reproductive (tomont) stages, nor was it lytic to channel catfish erythrocytes. Fish experimentally challenged with ich confirmed that the HbbetaP-1 sequence was both transcribed and translated in skin and gill epithelium, the target tissues for ich. The Hb AMP concentration expressed in vivo appeared to be well within the antiparasitic concentrations measured in vitro. Our findings suggest that hemoglobin-derived AMPs might play a significant role in the non-specific immune response. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.dci.2008.04.005 VL - 32 IS - 11 SP - 1301-1312 SN - 1879-0089 KW - innate immunity KW - extra-erythrocytic KW - hemoglobin KW - stage-specific activity KW - Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute toxicity and tissue distributions of malathion in Ambystoma tigrinum AU - Henson-Ramsey, H. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Taylor, S. K. AU - Shea, D. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. T2 - ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1007/s00244-007-9091-4 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 481-487 SN - 1432-0703 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Bartonella adhesin A (BadA) immunoblotting in the serodiagnosis of Bartonella henselae infections AU - Wagner, Carola L. AU - Riess, Tanja AU - Linke, Dirk AU - Eberhardt, Christian AU - Schäfer, Andrea AU - Reutter, Sabine AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Kempf, Volkhard A.J. T2 - International Journal of Medical Microbiology AB - Bartonella henselae causes a variety of human diseases (e.g. cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders, bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis). The laboratory diagnosis of B. henselae infections is usually based on the detection of anti-B. henselae antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) which, unfortunately, suffers from a significant amount of cross-reactivity and hence is prone to deliver false-positive results. In this pilot study, we evaluated the use of a potential two-step serodiagnosis of B. henselae infections by combining IFA and anti-Bartonella adhesin A (BadA) immunoblotting. Our data revealed that approximately 75% of the IFA-positive sera of patients with a suspected B. henselae infection reacted specifically with BadA but only approximately 25% of the IFA-negative sera of healthy blood donors. Although Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is structurally closely related to BadA, no cross-reactivity of sera from patients suffering from a Yersinia enterocolitica or Y. pseudotuberculosis infection with BadA was detected in immunoblotting. Unfortunately, recombinantly expressed BadA domains (head, connector, stalk fragment) were not suitable for immunoblotting. Finally, the best resolution for full-length BadA immunoblotting was obtained when whole cell lysates of B. henselae were separated using continuous 4–15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. In summary, our results show that BadA antibodies are detectable in the sera of B. henselae-infected patients and, therefore, this pilot study suggests to include BadA immunoblotting in the laboratory diagnosis of B. henselae infections. DA - 2008/10/1/ PY - 2008/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.01.013 VL - 298 IS - 7-8 SP - 579-590 J2 - International Journal of Medical Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 1438-4221 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.01.013 DB - Crossref KW - Cat scratch disease KW - Bartonella henselae KW - Immunoblot KW - Two-step serology KW - IgG ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Questions doses reported in anesthesia case AU - Carter, J. E. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 865-865 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanical and biological properties of nanoporous carbon membranes AU - Narayan, Roger J. AU - Aggarwal, Ravi AU - Wei, Wei AU - Jin, Chunming AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Crombez, Rene AU - Shen, Weidian T2 - BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS AB - Implantable blood glucose sensors have inadequate membrane–tissue interfaces for long term use. Biofouling and inflammation processes restrict biosensor membrane stability. An ideal biosensor membrane material must prevent protein adsorption and exhibit cell compatibility. In addition, a membrane must exhibit high porosity and low thickness in order to allow the biosensor to respond to analyte fluctuations. In this study, the structural, mechanical and biological properties of nanoporous alumina membranes coated with diamond-like carbon thin films were examined using scanning probe microscopy, nanoindentation and MTT viability assay. We anticipate that this novel membrane material could find use in immunoisolation devices, kidney dialysis membranes and other medical devices encountering biocompatibility issues that limit in vivo function. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1088/1748-6041/3/3/034107 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1748-605X UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000258916500020&KeyUID=WOS:000258916500020 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing acute spinal cord injuries AU - Kube, S. A. AU - Olby, N. J. T2 - Compendium-Continuing Education for Veterinarians DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 30 IS - 9 SP - 496-504 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the chloride channel activator lubiprostone and the oral laxative Polyethylene Glycol 3350 on mucosal barrier repair in ischemic-injured porcine intestine AU - Moeser, Adam J AU - Nighot, Prashant K AU - Roerig, Birgit AU - Ueno, Ryuji AU - Blikslager, Anthony T T2 - World Journal of Gastroenterology AB - To investigate the effects of lubiprostone and Polyethylene Glycol 3350 (PEG) on mucosal barrier repair in ischemic-injured porcine intestine.Ileum from 6 piglets (approximately 15 kg body weight) was subjected to ischemic conditions by occluding the local mesenteric circulation for 45 min in vivo. Ileal tissues from each pig were then harvested and mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed in oxygenated Ringer's solution in vitro. Intestinal barrier function was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of (3)H-mannitol and (14)C-inulin. Statistical analyses of data collected over a 120-min time course included 2-way ANOVA for the effects of time and treatment on indices of barrier function.Application of 1 micromol/L lubiprostone to the mucosal surface of ischemic-injured ileum in vitro induced significant elevations in TER compared to non-treated tissue. Lubiprostone also reduced mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of (3)H-mannitol and (14)C-inulin. Alternatively, application of a polyethylene laxative (PEG, 20 mmol/L) to the mucosal surface of ischemic tissues significantly increased flux of (3)H-mannitol and (14)C-inulin.This experiment demonstrates that lubiprostone stimulates recovery of barrier function in ischemic intestinal tissues whereas the PEG laxative had deleterious effects on mucosal repair. These results suggest that, unlike osmotic laxatives, lubiprostone stimulates repair of the injured intestinal barrier. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.3748/wjg.14.6012 VL - 14 IS - 39 SP - 6012 J2 - WJG LA - en OP - SN - 1007-9327 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.6012 DB - Crossref KW - Intestinal ischemia KW - Barrier function KW - Permeability KW - Laxative KW - Polyethylene Glycol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine anxieties and phobias: An update on separation anxiety and noise aversions AU - Sherman, Barbara L. AU - Mills, Daniel S. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Companion dogs commonly experience states of anxiety, fears, and phobias. Separation anxiety and noise aversions, as discussed in this article, are especially prevalent. Veterinarians are encouraged to recognize and treat such conditions on first presentation to address welfare issues and optimize successful management. New data suggest new treatment modalities, including behavioral management, pharmacotherapy, and species-specific pheromone use. Failure to treat can result in disruption of the human-animal bond and subsequent abandonment, relinquishment, or even euthanasia of the affected dog. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.012 VL - 38 IS - 5 SP - 1081-+ SN - 0195-5616 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supraventricular tachycardia in dogs: 65 cases (1990-2007) AU - Finster, Sharon T. AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Atkins, Clarke E. AU - Hansen, Bernie D. AU - Keene, Bruce W. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE AB - Abstract Objective – To characterize the signalment, clinical findings, and prognosis of dogs with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Design – Retrospective study. Setting – North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Animals, Intervention, and Measurements – Case selection included all patients at the veterinary teaching hospital with SVT during years 1990–2007. Medical records from dogs with at least 1 recorded episode of SVT were extracted. The signalment, history, electrocardiographic, radiographic, and echocardiographic findings, therapy, and response to therapy were reviewed and summarized. Follow‐up was conducted to determine the date and cause of death. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were constructed and analyzed. The relationships between patient characteristics and responses to therapy and prognosis were evaluated. Main Results – Sixty‐five records documented a diagnosis of SVT. Sixty‐two percent were males. Labrador Retrievers and Boxers were overrepresented compared with the general hospital population. Median age at presentation was 9 years (range 0.5–15.5 y). The median heart rate during SVT was 270/minute (range 187–375/min). The most common presenting complaint was syncope (30%), 23% were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Most dogs had structural heart disease (65%). Median survival was 472 days (<1–2007 d). Identification of sustained SVT (>30 s) did not affect survival ( P =0.50), nor did the presence of congestive heart failure ( P =0.70). Conclusions – The majority of dogs with SVT had structural heart disease or a severe concurrent illness at the time of SVT diagnosis. SVT, though often a persistent and occasionally sustained arrhythmia, does not appear to be a primary factor in mortality. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00346.x VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 503-510 SN - 1476-4431 KW - atrial tachycardia KW - atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia KW - pre-excitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enrichment of Intestinal Mucosal Phospholipids with Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Fed to Suckling Piglets Is Dose and Time Dependent AU - Hess, Holly A. AU - Corl, Benjamin A. AU - Lin, Xi AU - Jacobi, Sheila K. AU - Harrell, Robert J. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - Infant formula companies began fortifying formulas with long-chain PUFA in 2002, including arachidonic acid (ARA) at ∼0.5% of total fatty acids. The primary objective of this study was to determine the time-specific effects of feeding formula enriched with supra-physiologic ARA on fatty acid composition of intestinal mucosal phospholipids. One-day-old pigs (n = 96) were fed a milk-based formula for 4, 8, or 16 d. Diets contained either no PUFA (0% ARA, negative control), 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, 5% ARA, or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total fatty acids (wt:wt). Growth (299 ± 21 g/d) and clinical hematology were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.6). Although minimal on d 4, concentrations of ARA in jejunal mucosa were enriched 47, 272 and 428% by d 8 and 144, 356, and 415% by d 16 in pigs fed the 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, and 5% ARA diets, respectively, compared with the 0% ARA control pigs (P < 0.01). On d 16, ARA enrichment increased progressively with increasing dietary ARA supplementation from 0 to 2.5% but plateaued as dietary ARA rose to 5%. A similar pattern of ARA enrichment was observed in ileal mucosal phospholipids, but maximal enrichment in the ileum exceed that in the jejunum by >50%. As ARA increased, linoleic acid content decreased reciprocally. Although maximal enterocyte enrichment with EPA approached 20-fold by d 8, concentrations were only ∼50% of those attained for ARA. Negligible effects on gross villus/crypt morphology were observed. These data demonstrate a dose-dependent response of intestinal mucosal phospholipid ARA concentration to dietary ARA with nearly full enrichment attained within 8 d of feeding formula containing ARA at 2.5% of total fatty acids and that supra-physiologic supplementation of ARA is not detrimental to growth. DA - 2008/11/1/ PY - 2008/11/1/ DO - 10.3945/jn.108.094136 VL - 138 IS - 11 SP - 2164-2171 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.094136 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of tolfenamic acid and meloxicam in the control of postoperative pain following ovariohysterectomy in the cat AU - Benito-de-la-Vibora, J. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Garcia-Fernandez, P. AU - Freire, M. AU - Segura, I. A. G. T2 - Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia AB - The hypothesis was that Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores would be lower, and mechanical wound thresholds (MWT) higher, in cats receiving tolfenamic acid compared to those receiving placebo in the postoperative period following elective ovariohysterectomy.Sixty-nine client-owned cats.A prospective, randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled study was performed in cats which underwent ovariohysterectomy following preoperative tolfenamic acid, meloxicam, or placebo. A second dose of the same analgesic was administered 24 hours postoperatively. Assessments were made 1-hour before induction and 1, 2, 4, 6, 22, and 25 hours postoperatively. Pain was assessed by a blinded observer using Numerical Rating (NRS) and VAS scales. The MWT were measured using a force-measuring device. Group comparison was performed by using one-way ANOVA and chi-squared test for qualitative and quantitative data, respectively, and a mixed model for repeated measurements (p < 0.05).Sixty-five cats were included in the study. There were no differences between groups at baseline. There was a treatment effect on the NRS scores at 6, 22 and 25 hours. The meloxicam group was less painful than controls at 6 and 22 hours; both treatment groups were less painful than controls at 25 hours. There were no differences between groups in VAS for pain or sedation. The number of animals receiving rescue analgesia did not differ between groups. There was a treatment effect on MWT; thresholds in both treatment groups were significantly higher than that observed in controls at all time points.Preoperative tolfenamic acid or meloxicam reduced wound sensitivity following ovariohysterectomy in the cat.Tolfenamic acid and meloxicam administered preoperatively provided a similar analgesic effect in the postoperative period lasting 24 hours. Mechanical thresholds may be a better way of evaluating postoperative analgesia provided by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00407.x VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 501-510 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00407.x ER - TY - JOUR TI - Secondary acute anterior uveitis with hyphema in a purpose-bred kitten AU - Sorrell, M. S. AU - Taylor, K. H. AU - Fish, R. E. T2 - Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 57-60 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ocular distribution and toxicity of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in normal equine eyes AU - Yi, N. Y. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Salmon, J. H. AU - Gilger, B. C. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Abstract Objective To determine ocular distribution and toxicity of a single injection of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in normal horses. Animals studied Six adult horses, donated to North Carolina State University. Procedures Six horses were injected intravitreally with either 10, 20, or 40 mg ( n = 2 each) of TA. The opposite eye of each horse was injected with balanced salt solution (BSS). Ocular toxicity was assessed by biomicroscopy, tonometry, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and electroretinogram. Aqueous humor (AH), vitreous humor (VH), and plasma samples were collected. Horses were euthanized 7 or 21 days after injection and eyes enucleated for histopathology. TA concentrations in AH, VH, and plasma were measured by HPLC. Results Three control eyes and one TA eye developed inflammation after injection or collection of AH. Positive bacterial cultures ( Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp.) were obtained from three of these eyes. Other than transient corneal edema in TA injected eyes, which resolved by 7 days after injection, no other changes were observed. TA crystals were visible within the vitreous body. No evidence of TA toxic effect was noted on histopathology. TA was detected in all AH and VH samples from treated eyes following injection. Drug was not detected in the plasma. Conclusions There was no evidence of overt toxicity from intravitreal TA in normal horses and a single intravitreal injection resulted in TA ocular levels for 21 days. However, the risk for bacterial infections with intravitreal injection or anterior chamber aspirations in horses is high. Use of topical and systemic antibiotics after injection is recommended. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00636.x VL - 11 SP - 15-19 LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00636.x DB - Crossref KW - horses KW - intravitreal KW - pharmacokinetics KW - toxicity KW - triamcinolone acetonide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mice lacking the Na+/H+ exchanger 2 have impaired recovery of intestinal barrier function AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Nighot, Prashant K. AU - Ryan, Kathleen A. AU - Simpson, Janet E. AU - Clarke, Lane L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology AB - Ischemic injury induces breakdown of the intestinal barrier. Recent studies in porcine postischemic tissues indicate that inhibition of NHE2 results in enhanced recovery of barrier function in vitro via a process involving interepithelial tight junctions. To further study this process, recovery of barrier function was assessed in wild-type (NHE2 +/+ ) and NHE2 −/− mice in vivo and wild-type mice in vitro. Mice were subjected to complete mesenteric ischemia in vivo, after which barrier function was measured by blood-to-lumen mannitol clearance over a 3-h recovery period or measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in Ussing chambers immediately following ischemia. Tissues were assessed for expression of select junctional proteins. Compared with NHE2 +/+ mice, NHE2 −/− mice had greater intestinal permeability during the postischemic recovery process. In contrast to prior porcine studies, pharmacological inhibition of NHE2 in postischemic tissues from wild-type mice also resulted in significant reductions in TER. Mucosa from NHE2 −/− mice displayed a shift of occludin and claudin-1 expression to the Triton-X-soluble membrane fractions and showed disruption of occludin and claudin-1 localization patterns following injury. This was qualitatively and quantitatively recovered in NHE2 +/+ mice compared with NHE2 −/− mice by the end of the 3-h recovery period. Serine phosphorylation of occludin and claudin-1 was downregulated in NHE2 −/− postischemia compared with wild-type mice. These data indicate an important role for NHE2 in recovery of barrier function in mice via a mechanism involving tight junctions. C2 - 4838133 DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00538.2007 VL - 295 IS - 4 SP - G791-G797 SN - 0193-1857 1522-1547 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00538.2007 KW - tight junction KW - intestinal permeability KW - ischemia KW - Na(+)/H(+) exchange ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feline diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus and Giardia co-infection in an Australian cattery AU - Bissett, S. A. AU - Gowan, R. A. AU - O'Brien, C. R. AU - Stone, M. R. AU - Gookin, J. L. T2 - AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - A 10‐week‐old female Ocicat was presented at a primary care feline veterinary practice for failure to thrive and diarrhoea. Numerous trophozoites, atypical for Giardia sp., were detected on a direct faecal examination, in addition to Giardia cysts. Although the failure to thrive and diarrhoea resolved following treatment for giardiasis, further diagnostic tests performed on faecal specimens from the kitten and 15 other Ocicats from the same cattery, including culture of trophozoites in In Pouch™ medium, PCR testing and molecular sequencing of PCR amplicons, confirmed infection with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus. This is the first report in Australia of feline trichomoniasis, which appears to be an emerging infectious disease of cats. Pertinent information regarding the clinical features, diagnosis, therapy, and potential source of feline trichomoniasis within Australia are discussed. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00356.x VL - 86 IS - 11 SP - 440-443 SN - 1751-0813 KW - diarrhoea KW - cat KW - cattery KW - Giardia spp KW - Tritrichomonas foetus KW - Trichomonas spp ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equine special edition of veterinary ophthalmology AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - It has been just over three years since my textbook Equine Ophthalmology was published. In the preface to this textbook, I mentioned that the field of equine ophthalmology lagged behind in science compared to that in other species. I was also concerned that clinicians practicing equine ophthalmology did not frequently use specific equine evidence-based information, but instead extensively ‘borrowed’ knowledge from ophthalmology of dog, cats, and humans. In fact, I challenged veterinary ophthalmologists to do research and report their findings on equine ophthalmology so that we will advance this discipline. This equine special edition of Veterinary Ophthalmology demonstrates that we are meeting this challenge. However, much more work is needed regarding characterization of specific equine diseases and the development of effective, safe, and practical treatments. I have asked preeminent veterinary immunologists, Drs Connie Deeg and Andy Matthew, to review the immuno-pathogenesis on two of the most common and vision threatening diseases in horses: equine recurrent uveitis and keratitis. Dr Connie Deeg, from Munich, has reviewed her research and theories on the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis. Andy Matthews, from Scotland, has provided a comprehensive review of the ocular surface immunology and how this information pertains to equine ocular surface disease. Additionally, in this special edition, there are reports on innovative diagnostic procedures [fluorescein angiography (JM Molleda et al.) and orbital MRI imaging (K Barnett et al.)]. We have included reports of innovative treatments, including safety of intravitreal triamcinolone (NY Yi et al.) and use of photodynamic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma (E Giuliano et al.). Finally, we have two very interesting and well-described case reports of ocular neoplasms [epibulbar melanoma (R McMullen et al.) and lymphoma (S Germann et al.)]. These articles are a great start, but we need much more research into equine ophthalmology, especially studies that provide information to help in the diagnosis and treatment of equine ocular disease by primary care equine veterinarians. Methods for definitive diagnoses and practical treatment of equine ocular disorders remain elusive, in general. In addition, our understanding of genetic ocular disorders and how to prevent them is also in its infancy. To facilitate and promote equine ophthalmology research, Dr Dennis Brooks and I have organized a group called the International Equine Ophthalmology Consortium (IEOC). The purpose of the IEOC is to advance the science of equine ophthalmology and to improve care of our equine patients. Specifically, the IEOC's goals are to promote the sharing of knowledge by organizing annual international meetings of interested equine ophthalmology clinician scientists; organize controlled multicenter clinical trials/studies among participating institutions and practices; organize and promote sharing of resources to perform multicenter collaborative research projects; develop specific research cores within participating member practices/institutions to attract funding for research and clinical studies from industry, private, and granting organizations (governmental and private); and promote the sharing of case material, innovative treatment, and knowledge between academic institutions and private practices with interest in equine ophthalmology. Recently an AAEP administered list-serve has been created to assist in communications with IEOC. Please see the IEOC website or contact me <[email protected]> if you have questions or would like to participate in this group. As an example of the value of such a group, the IEOC participants were recently asked to list their top five ‘problems’ in equine ophthalmology – that is, those diseases needing more research in the coming years. The most frequent disease mentioned was fungal keratitis (67% of responders), equine recurrent uveitis (47%), glaucoma (33%), nonulcerative keratitis (33%), ocular and periocular SCC (20%) and melting corneal ulcers (20%). Although many other diseases were mentioned, study of these six ocular diseases is definitely needed in the near future. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00648.x VL - 11 SP - 1-1 LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00648.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epibulbar melanoma in a foal AU - McMullen, Richard J. AU - Clode, Alison B. AU - Pandiri, Arun Kumar R. AU - Malarkey, David E. AU - Michau, Tammy Miller AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - A case of epibulbar melanoma in a 6-month-old, gelded, chestnut Hanoverian foal is reported. The location and clinical appearance upon initial presentation led to the tentative diagnosis of staphyloma or a congenital mass of unknown origin. An attempt was made to surgically excise the mass under general anesthesia, but due to its infiltrative nature and intraoperative appearance, most, but not all was removed without compromising the integrity of the globe. Histopathological evaluation revealed a multinodular to packeted, poorly demarcated, unencapsulated, infiltrative exophytic melanocytic neoplasm composed of bundles and nests of plump spindloid to polygonal heavily pigmented epithelioid neoplastic cells interspersed with pigment-laden macrophages within a fine fibrovascular stroma. Upon examination after enucleation, neoplastic cells were found to infiltrate into the lateral cornea, sclera and the choroid. This is a unique case of an epibulbar melanoma with choroidal invasion in a foal. Based on the sudden onset and rapid growth as well as the histological evidence of invasion, well-differentiated features, heavy pigmentation, and no apparent mitoses, this neoplasm was considered to be a low-grade malignant melanoma. At 14 months after excision there is no evidence of recurrence. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x VL - 11 SP - 44-50 LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00637.x DB - Crossref KW - congenital KW - epibulbar KW - equine KW - melanoma KW - neoplasia ER - TY - JOUR TI - A moment of SCIENCE . . . Please! AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Bentley, Ellison T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 11, Issue 5 p. 279-279 A moment of SCIENCE . . . Please! Brian C. Gilger, Brian C. Gilger Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University RaleighNorth CarolinaUSASearch for more papers by this authorEllison Bentley, Ellison Bentley Clinical Associate Professor, Comparative OphthalmologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin USASearch for more papers by this author Brian C. Gilger, Brian C. Gilger Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University RaleighNorth CarolinaUSASearch for more papers by this authorEllison Bentley, Ellison Bentley Clinical Associate Professor, Comparative OphthalmologySchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 August 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00626.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1 http://www.evolvefish.com . Google Scholar 2 Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM et al . Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. British Medical Journal 1996; 312: 71–72. 10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Havener WH, Mauger TF. Evaluation of therapeutic response. In: Havener's Ocular Pharmacology, 6th edn. (eds TF Mauger, EL Craig) Mosby, St. Louis, 1994; 1–21. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume11, Issue5September/October 2008Pages 279-279 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00626.x VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 279-279 LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00626.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum Cardiac Troponin I Concentration in Dogs with Ehrlichiosis AU - Diniz, P.P.V.P. AU - de Morais, H.S.A. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. AU - Schwartz, D.S. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Background: Ehrlichiosis is a multisystemic disease with the potential to cause cardiomyocyte injury in naturally infected dogs. Hypothesis: Myocardial injury occurs in dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis . Animals: One‐hundred and ninety‐four dogs from Brazil with clinical and laboratory abnormalities indicative of ehrlichiosis. Sixteen healthy dogs served as controls. Methods: Electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure measurement, and serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were evaluated. Serologic assays and PCR determined the exposure and infection status for E. canis, Anaplasma spp., Babesia canis vogeli, Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Leishmania chagasi , and spotted‐fever group Rickettsia . Dogs were assigned to groups according to PCR status: E. canis infected, infected with other vector‐borne organisms, sick dogs lacking PCR evidence for infection, and healthy controls. Results: E. canis ‐infected dogs had higher serum cTnI concentrations than controls (median: 0.04 ng/dL; range 0.04–9.12 ng/dL; control median: 0.04 ng/dL; range: 0.04–0.10 ng/dL; P = .012), and acute E. canis infection was associated with myocardial injury (odds ratio [OR]: 2.67, confidence interval [CI] 95%: 1.12–6.40, P = .027). Severity of anemia was correlated with increased risk of cardiomyocyte damage ( r = 0.84, P < .001). Dogs with clinical signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) were at higher risk for myocardial injury than were other sick dogs (OR: 2.55, CI 95%: 1.31–4.95, P = .005). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Acute infection with E. canis is a risk factor for myocardial injury in naturally infected Brazilian dogs. Severity of anemia and SIRS might contribute to the pathophysiology of myocardial damage. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0145.x VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 1136-1143 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0145.x DB - Crossref KW - canine monocytic ehrlichiosis KW - myocarditis KW - risk factor KW - SIRS KW - troponin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Failure to identify an association between serologic or molecular evidence ofBartonellainfection and idiopathic rhinitis in dogs AU - Hawkins, Eleanor C. AU - Johnson, Lynelle R. AU - Guptill, Lynn AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Objective —To determine whether infection with or exposure to Bartonella spp was associated with idiopathic rhinitis in dogs. Design —Case-control study. Animals —44 dogs with idiopathic nasal discharge and 63 age- and weight-matched control dogs without nasal discharge and no clinical signs of bartonellosis. Procedures —Serum was tested for antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii with indirect fluorescent antibody assays. Blood was tested for Bartonella DNA with a PCR assay. Results —Results of the antibody and PCR assays were negative for all 44 dogs with idiopathic nasal discharge. One control dog had antibodies against B henselae ; a second control dog had positive PCR assay results. We did not detect a significant association between assay results and group designation. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —The present study failed to confirm an association between idiopathic rhinitis and exposure to or infection with Bartonella spp in dogs. Findings do not rule out the possibility that Bartonella infection may cause nasal discharge in some dogs, but the failure to find any evidence of exposure to or infection with Bartonella spp in dogs with idiopathic nasal discharge suggested that Bartonella infection was not a common cause of the disease. DA - 2008/8/15/ PY - 2008/8/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.233.4.597 VL - 233 IS - 4 SP - 597-599 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.4.597 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thrombi in the trachea of a dog secondary to placement of a tracheotomy tube AU - Fitzwater, Kathryn L. AU - Marks, Steven L. AU - Hanel, Rita M. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Case Description —A 7-year-old Spaniel-crossbreed dog was evaluated for stertorous breathing and inspiratory stridor. Clinical Findings —A temporary tracheotomy tube was placed prior to referral. Results of physical examination at our facility, including thoracic auscultation, were unremarkable. Examination of the larynx revealed a 2 × 2-cm nodular mass on the lateral aspect of the epiglottis and left arytenoid cartilage. Cytologic examination of the mass indicated septic suppurative inflammation and intracellular rod-shaped bacteria. During the procedures, decreased air movement through the temporary tracheotomy tube was detected, and the tube was replaced. A thrombus was found on the distal end of the temporary tracheotomy tube; the thrombus obstructed 90% of the tube lumen. Approximately 12 hours later, auscultation revealed decreased sounds in all lung fields. Cervical and thoracic radiography revealed an intraluminal soft tissue opacity distal to the tracheotomy tube. A thrombus that contained hair and plant material was removed from the trachea by use of an embolectomy catheter and videogastroscope. Approximately 30 hours after removal of the initial thrombus, the dog had an episode of respiratory distress. Cervical radiography revealed another intraluminal opacity. It was another thrombus, which also was removed by use of the videogastroscope. Treatment and Outcome —Tracheoscopy was performed with a videogastroscope in an attempt to remove the thrombi. A Fogarty catheter was used to remove the initial intraluminal thrombus from the trachea. Clinical Relevance —Airway obstruction resulting from an intraluminal thrombus in the trachea should be considered as a secondary complication after tracheotomy tube placement. DA - 2008/9/1/ PY - 2008/9/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.233.5.758 VL - 233 IS - 5 SP - 758-760 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spaying: One technique no longer fits all AU - Hardie, E. M. T2 - Compendium-Continuing Education for Veterinarians DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 416- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for meniscal tears in dogs affected with naturally occuring cranial cruciate ligament rupture AU - Blond, Laurent AU - Thrall, Donald E. AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Chailleux, Nadege AU - Robertson, Ian D. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - A stifle magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocol was developed based on the appearance of the cruciate ligaments and menisci in normal dogs. Proton density images were subjectively considered to have the highest likelihood of detecting a meniscal lesion. Following this initial evaluation, the accuracy of high‐field MR imaging to detect meniscal tears in dogs was evaluated in 11 dogs suffering from naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Dogs underwent MR imaging of the affected stifle before surgery. MR imaging and surgical findings were assessed independently, and then compared. Five tears of the medial meniscus were correctly diagnosed with MR imaging and 19 normal menisci were accurately characterized as such, based on MR images. In one medial meniscus, changes consistent with meniscal degeneration were seen on MR images but this was not seen at surgery. With regard to the lateral meniscus, one false positive diagnosis of a tear was made and this likely represented a normal variation. One other lateral meniscus had changes consistent with meniscal degeneration but, as with the similar lesion seen in the medial meniscus, this was not confirmed surgically. The global sensitivity of MR imaging for the diagnosis of a meniscal tear was 100% and the specificity was 94%. High‐field MR imaging is a reliable method to diagnose meniscal tears preoperatively and this may be useful in selecting the surgical approach to clinically abnormal joints and may decrease the need for arthrotomy. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00401.x VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 425-431 SN - 1058-8183 KW - magnetic resonance imaging KW - canine KW - stifle KW - meniscus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella sp. Bacteremia in Patients with Neurological and Neurocognitive Dysfunction AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Maggi, R. G. AU - Nicholson, W. L. AU - Cherry, N. A. AU - Woods, C. W. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology AB - We detected infection with a Bartonella species (B. henselae or B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii) in blood samples from six immunocompetent patients who presented with a chronic neurological or neurocognitive syndrome including seizures, ataxia, memory loss, and/or tremors. Each of these patients had substantial animal contact or recent arthropod exposure as a potential risk factor for Bartonella infection. Additional studies should be performed to clarify the potential role of Bartonella spp. as a cause of chronic neurological and neurocognitive dysfunction. DA - 2008/7/16/ PY - 2008/7/16/ DO - 10.1128/JCM.00832-08 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 2856-2861 J2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0095-1137 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00832-08 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of antifungals AU - Davis, J. L. T2 - Veterinary Technician DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 29 IS - 7 SP - 428- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isometry of potential suture attachment sites for the cranial cruciate ligament deficient canine stifle AU - Roe, Simon AU - Kue, J. AU - Gemma, J. T2 - Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology AB - For a suture that spans a joint to provide support without limiting range of motion, its attachment points on either side of the joint must remain the same distance from each other from full extension to full flexion. The effect of location of the tibial crest attachment for a fabello-tibial crest suture was studied in seven canine cadaveric stifles. The distance from a fabella marker to each of 11 tibial markers was determined from radiographs of each limb, as it progressed from 150 degrees to 130 degrees , 105 degrees , 90 degrees , 65 degrees and 45 degrees of flexion. The marker locations that were more proximal and cranial on the tibial crest had the least percent change in distance. The effect of anchoring the suture to the femur at a site other than the fabella was investigated using the same radiographs. Five marks were placed in a grid on the caudal portion of the femoral condyle and supracondylar region. The mean percent change in length from each femoral point to the five more proximal and cranial tibial markers was determined. The least change in length occurred for those femoral points located close to the origin of the cranial cruciate ligament. Locations more proximal or cranial resulted in large changes in length, particularly when matched with less ideal tibial locations. Although this study does not directly examine length changes in sutures, it demonstrates that there are some locations for the origin and insertion of an extracapsular suture that are associated with less length change than others, and also forms the basis for future investigations. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1055/s-0037-1617364 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 215–220 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella-Associated Meningoradiculoneuritis and Dermatitis or Panniculitis in 3 Dogs AU - Cross, J.R. AU - Rossmeisl, J.H. AU - Maggi, R.G. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. AU - Duncan, R.B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - An 11-year-old castrated male mixed breed (dog 1) was evaluated for an 11-day history of progressive paraparesis. The dog traveled extensively throughout the United States and was frequently exposed to ticks. Physical examination abnormalities included a 1-cm subdermal nodule on the caudolateral aspect of the thorax. Neurologic deficits were consistent with a T3–L3 myelopathy, including ambulatory pelvic limb ataxia and paraparesis with intact pelvic limb reflexes, and spinal hyperpathia in the midlumbar area. A CBC, serum biochemical profile, and urinalysis were within reference ranges. Cytologic examination of the subdermal mass revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation. Thoracic radiographs revealed a mild bronchiolar pattern. The dog was anesthetized for radiography and computed tomography (CT) of the thoracolumbar spine. No significant abnormalities were noted on radiographs. The CT revealed an extradural soft-tissue mass (Fig 1A) that was hyperattenuating relative to the spinal cord, and enhanced uniformly following contrast administration (iothalamate sodium [0.45 mL/kg], IV). The mass extended irregularly from the caudal L3 to the cranial L5 vertebral bodies, resulting in significant spinal cord compression in the L4 midbody region and focal bone resorption of the L4 vertebral body (Fig 1B). Differential diagnoses for the CT abnormalities included soft-tissue sarcoma (nerve sheath neoplasia, fibrosarcoma), extradural meningioma, lymphoma, or inflammatory granuloma. (A) Transverse, postcontrast computed tomography (CT) image from dog 1 at the level of the L4 vertebral body. Note the uniformly contrast enhancing mass (arrow) within the vertebral canal resulting in spinal cord compression. Window = 300, level = 40. (B) Transverse, postcontrast CT image from dog 1, obtained at the same level (A). The arrows delineate a focal area of vertebral bone resorption associated with the mass (m) lesion. Window = 1500, level = 300. A right hemilaminectomy defect extending from L3 to L5 was created, which revealed a tan, friable extradural mass extending from L3 to L5. After removal of the extradural mass in a piecemeal fashion, multifocal intradural masses were visualized between L4 and L5, which prompted performance of a regional durectomy and subsequent removal of the intradural masses using blunt dissection. Rhizotomy of the L4 dorsal and ventral roots was performed because of gross thickening of visualized intra- and extradural portions of the nerve roots and nerve. The extradural mass, intradural masses, dura, nerve, and nerve roots were submitted for histopathologic examination. The hemilaminectomy defect was covered with gelfoam and the surgical wound was closed routinely. Histopathologic examination of extra- and intradural portions of the masses revealed abundant fibrous tissue with multiple infiltrative foci consisting of primarily neutrophils with fewer macrophages and giant cells admixed with fibrin and necrotic debris (Fig 2A). There were lymphocytes and plasma cells in the periphery of the lesion. The L4 spinal nerve and nerve roots were infiltrated with islands of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and few neutrophils (Fig 2B). No infectious organisms were detected in excised tissue sections subjected to Gram, Warthin-Starry silver, acid-fast, or periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stains. The final histopathologic diagnosis was pyogranulomatous, lymphoplasmocytic meningoradiculoneuritis. (A) Photomicrograph of intradural portions of the mass lesion from dog 1 demonstrating a pyogranulomatous and lymphoplasmocytic meningitis. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. (B) Photomicrograph of L4 spinal nerve of dog 1. Islands of lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates are visible within the section. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. Serologic assays for blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis antibodies were negative, as was a cryptococcal capsular antigen test. By indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) testing, the dog was seroreactive to Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi antigens (titer 1 : 64).b Postoperative care included morphine (0.25 mg/kg SC q6h), deracoxib (2.7 mg/kg PO q24h), and lactated Ringers solution (2.75 mL/kg/h IV). Paraparesis improved the day after surgery, and the dog was discharged 5 days later. The owner was instructed to administer azithromycin (13.9 mg/kg PO q24h for 5 days followed by q48h for 23 days). The neurologic examination was normal on recheck day 8 after surgery. B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi DNA was detected in an EDTA-anticoagulated blood sample collected at that time using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).b Real-time PCR for Bartonella species performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were negative.b,c The histologic findings, serology, and PCR results were interpreted as consistent with active B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi infection. Four months later, no clinical abnormalities were present on reexamination. A repeated B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi antibody titer was <1 : 16, and PCR on EDTA-anticoagulated blood was negative.b A CT examination of the surgical site was performed under anesthesia and revealed a scant amount of contrast enhancing soft tissue material in the dorsal aspect of the L4 vertebral body in the region of previously noted bone resorption, with no evidence of spinal cord compression (Fig 3). Therapy with azithromycin was repeated (7 mg/kg PO q12h for 6 weeks), based on the CT results. The dog remains clinically normal to date (29 months after surgery). Transverse, postcontrast computed tomography (CT) image from dog 1 at the level of the L4 vertebral body obtained at the 4-month recheck examination, demonstrating relief of spinal cord compression previously associated with the mass lesion. Contrast enhancement of the gelfoam used to cover the hemilaminectomy defect can be seen. Window = 300, level = 40. An 8-year-old, spayed female Shetland sheepdog (dog 2) was referred with a 5-week history of progressive paraparesis despite prednisone therapy (1.3 mg/kg/day PO). The dog had been observed to have multiple infestations with fleas and ticks. Results of a CBC, serum biochemical profile, urinalysis, and thoracolumbar radiographs performed before referral revealed no significant abnormalities. Physical examination abnormalities included multiple, variably sized (0.3–1 cm in diameter) subcutaneous nodules located in the thoracic, flank, and inguinal areas, and palpable hepatomegaly. Neurologic abnormalities were consistent with a T3–L3 myelopathy and included ambulatory pelvic limb ataxia and paraparesis, exaggerated pelvic limb spinal reflexes, a normal cutaneous trunci reflex, and spinal hyperpathia at the L2 level. Fine needle aspirates of nodules from the flank and inguinal areas were cytologically consistent with pyogranulomatous inflammation. Additional cytologic specimens stained with Gram and acid-fast stains did not result in the visualization of organisms. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a diffusely hyperechoic hepatic parenchyma. No significant abnormalities were noted on thoracic radiographs. The dog was anesthetized for thoracolumbar magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed an intradural-extramedullary mass lesion extending from the L3 vertebra cranially to exit the left L2–L3 intervertebral foramen that was contiguous with a focal nodular thickening of the left L3 spinal nerve. Relative to skeletal muscle, the mass was isointense on T1 images and hyperintense on T2 images, and demonstrated marked homogenous enhancement on postcontrast (gadolinium-DTPA [0.1 mmol/kg], IV) T1 images. Intradural portions of the mass were associated with spinal cord compression in the L2–L3 region. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was consistent with a mild mixed cellular pleocytosis, characterized by nondegenerate neutrophils and lymphocytes. Nerve sheath neoplasia and meningioma were considered the primary differential diagnoses. The dog was aseptically prepared for an L2–L3 hemilaminectomy and excisional biopsy of one of the lateral thoracic subcutaneous nodules. After creation of a hemilaminectomy defect at L2–L3, a reddish-gray subdural mass centered over the body of L3 was visualized. The mass coursed to the caudal limits of hemilaminectomy, so the defect was extended to involve L3–L4. A durectomy extending from L2 to L4 was performed, which revealed a reddish, friable, intradural-extramedullary mass, which was subsequently removed in a piecemeal fashion. Both intradural and extradural portions of the L3 dorsal and ventral nerve roots and nerve appeared thickened and nodular, and an L3 rhizotomy was performed. The excised mass was submitted for histopathologic analysis and aerobic and fungal cultures. The hemilaminectomy defect was covered with autologous fat, and the surgical site was closed routinely. Biopsies of the intradural mass, excised spinal nerve and nerve roots, and subcutaneous nodule were consistent with pyogranulomatous and lymphoplasmocytic meningitis, radiculoneuritis, and panniculitis, respectively. No etiologic agents were detected following Gram, acid-fast, and PAS staining procedures. Postoperatively, morphine (0.4 mg/kg SC q4–6h) and lactated Ringer's solution (3 mL/kg/h IV) were administered for 36 hours. Serology was negative for blastomycosis and neosporosis. CSF assays for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and crytococcal capsular antigen were negative. The dog was seropositive to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi (titer 1 : 256).b Real-time PCR for Bartonella species DNA, performed on EDTA-anticoagulated plasma and freshly excised portions of the intradural mass, were both positive for B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi DNA.c Aerobic and fungal cultures of the excised mass, CSF, and the skin nodule did not yield bacterial or fungal growth. The dog was discharged to the owners 72 hours after surgery with instructions to administer azithromycin (11.7 mg/kg PO q24h for 6 weeks), and taper the prednisone (0.6 mg/kg PO q24h). Thirteen days after surgery, the subcutaneous nodules had largely resolved, with only 2 small nodules being noted in the inguinal region. The dog was ambulating with mild pelvic limb ataxia, and the owners were instructed to continue the azithromycin for 3 more weeks, and reduce the prednisone therapy to 0.6 mg/kg PO q48h for 1 week. Six months later, the dog was normal on recheck examination. The serum B. vinsonii antibody titer was < 1:16, and Bartonella PCR using EDTA-anticoagulated blood was negative.b Another recheck performed 17 months postoperatively identified no physical abnormalities. A 9-year-old, castrated male Miniature Schnauzer was evaluated for an 18-day history of progressive paraparesis. The dog lived primarily indoors and did not travel extensively. Physical examination abnormalities included multiple cutaneous nodules over the right quadriceps and right popliteal lymphadenopathy. Neurologic deficits were consistent with a T3–L3 myelopathy (paraplegia, clonic pelvic limb reflexes, intact nociception, and cutaneous trunci reflex absent caudal to L1). A CBC, biochemical profile, urinalysis, and fine needle aspirates of the right popliteal lymph node and cutaneous nodules were performed. The CBC and urinalysis were unremarkable. Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased alanine aminotransferase (166 U/L; reference range, 17–66 U/L) and ALP activities (234 U/L; reference range, 14–105 U/L), and hyperglobulinemia (4.4 g/dL; reference range, 2.2–4.0 g/dL). The lymph node and cutaneous nodule aspirates were consistent with reactive hyperplasia and pyogranulomatous inflammation, respectively. The dog was anesthetized for a thoracolumbar CT, which revealed a ventral extradural, homogenously contrast enhancing mass lesion causing spinal cord compression in the L1–L2 region. Lumbar CSF analysis was consistent with a lymphocytic pleocytosis. Following a left L1–L2 hemilaminectomy, a tan, friable, extradural mass was visualized and removed. Portions of the mass were adherent to the dura, which was locally excised, and the surgical site was closed routinely. Postoperative treatment consisted of morphine (0.4 mg/kg SC q4–6h) and urinary bladder expression q8h. The excised mass was histologically consistent with pyogranulomatous meningitis, with no etiologic agents visualized. An EDTA-anticoagulated blood sample was positive for B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi DNA using real-time PCR.c Five days postoperatively, the dog was discharged with weak voluntary motor activity. The owners were instructed to begin treatment with clindamycin (13 mg/kg PO q12h) and enrofloxacin (5.9 mg/kg PO q12h). On recheck 10 days later, the subcutaneous nodules had diminished in size, and the dog was able to ambulate with sling assistance and urinate voluntarily. The clindamycin and enrofloxacin were continued for 6 weeks. Eight weeks later, the referring veterinarian reported that the cutaneous nodules and lymphadenopathy had resolved, and the dog was ambulatory with mild ataxia. To the authors' knowledge, these are the first dogs with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi associated with inflammation involving the spinal meninges, nerve roots, and nerves. Although direct causation has not been established, Bartonella spp. have been associated with various canine nervous system disorders, including myelopathy,1 neutrophilic or granulomatous meningoencephalitis,2 anterior uveitis and choroiditis,3 and meningitis.4Bartonella may affect any topographical portion of the nervous system, resulting in meningoencephalitis, transverse myelitis, vertebral osteomyelitis associated with extradural abscessation, and focal pyogranulomatous meningoradiculoneuritis.1,2,4–6 Proposed mechanisms for Bartonella-associated neurologic disease include direct bacterial invasion and indirect toxin-, immune-, or vasculitis-mediated injury.7 In in vitro studies using feline microglial cells, B. henselae was able to invade microglia, but not astrocytes, and intracellular infection did not induce ultrastructural microglial changes.8 The cellular localization of Bartonella spp. within specific nervous tissues has not been studied, and the extent to which organisms can persist within cells of the CNS is unknown. Experimental infection of cats with B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae suggests that CNS tissues can harbor Bartonella during periods of abacteremia.9 All dogs in this series had concurrent pyogranulomatous dermatitis or panniculitis. Bartonella spp. have been associated with granulomatous inflammation in extraneural canine tissues, including lymphadenitis, rhinitis, panniculitis, and polysystemic granulomatous disease.4,10–12Bartonella species DNA was found in the blood of a dog with α1-proteinase inhibitor deficiency, panniculitis, polyarthritis, and meningitis.4 The role of Bartonella as a cause or cofactor in the development of panniculitis in dogs requires additional investigation. Diagnosing bartonellosis can be difficult. Unless immunocompromised, the Warthrin–Starry silver stain is insensitive for the diagnosis of Bartonella infection in humans.13 Isolation of Bartonella species by conventional blood culture also has a low sensitivity in dogs and humans.14,15 In a study of canine endocarditis, 5/18 dogs demonstrated seroreactivity to Bartonella spp. antigens and had postmortem evidence of Bartonella spp. DNA in diseased aortic valves, although only 1/5 dogs was positive by conventional blood culture.15 Because of the chronic, insidious nature of bartonellosis, prior antibiotic treatment complicates the diagnosis of Bartonella infection by making culture and PCR less sensitive.16,17 Although serology can be useful to establish prior exposure to or active infection with Bartonella species, nearly half of infected dogs can be seronegative by IFA testing.4,14,16 Combinations of pre-enrichment liquid culture in an insect cell culture–based growth medium with PCR detection of Bartonella spp. resulted in enhanced detection or isolation of several Bartonella spp. as compared with conventional culture techniques.14 The ideal antibiotic for the treatment of Bartonella infections in dogs is unknown. Bartonella isolates have demonstrated in vitro susceptibility to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, doxycycline, and rifampin.18 Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, and combinations of these drugs have been used to treat dogs and cats with Bartonella spp. infections.2,11,17 However, in vivo treatment becomes more difficult as Bartonella species have been found within erythrocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, microglial cells, pericytes, and neutrophils in cell cultures and tissues obtained from multiple animal species.8 Using antibiotics that accumulate within leukocytes, such as azithromycin and fluoroquinolones, may prove beneficial because these cells can migrate to infectious foci such as granulomatous lesions.19 Evidence suggests that specific strains of B. henselae can be resistant to macrolides.20 One study indicated that enrofloxacin was more efficient at eliminating Bartonella-associated bacteremia than doxycycline, but neither drug eliminated bacteremia in all experimentally infected cats.17 It has been speculated that the variation in antimicrobial therapeutic outcome may not be solely related to the efficacy of each antibiotic, but to the immune-mediated changes caused by Bartonella species.21 The outcomes of the dogs in this series provide support for fluoroquinolone or azithromycin usage for Bartonella infections. In this report, additional decompressive surgery also allowed for rapid improvement in neurologic deficits. Surgical decompression, in combination with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, is indicated in humans and dogs with specific focal infectious spinal cord diseases.5,22 Although not evaluated in this study, medical management alone might result in progressive neurological deterioration or residual dysfunction. Bartonella spp. infections should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy, especially if accompanied by a nodular dermatosis. Serology, pre-enrichment blood culture, and PCR from tissues should be used to support the diagnosis. Treatment through surgical decompression with azithromycin or doxycycline-enrofloxacin combinations may be appropriate for Bartonella-associated pyogranulomatous inflammation in dogs. Prospective studies are needed to determine the incidence of focal neurologic lesions in animals and humans that are positive for Bartonella spp. based on serology, culture, or PCR. aCross JR, Rossmeisl JH. Bartonella-associated pyogranulomatous meningoradiculoneuritis and nodular dermatitis in 3 dogs. J Vet Int Med 2007;21(3):591 (abstract #68) bIntracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC cVeterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0087.x VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 674-678 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0087.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Anatomical factors that affect barrier function AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - Dematotoxicology (7th ed.) A2 - H. Zhai, K. P. Wilhelm A2 - Maibach, H. I. PY - 2008/// SP - 39-50 PB - Boca Raton: Wiley & Sons SN - 9780849397738 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute necrotising pulmonary vasculitis and pulmonary hypertension in a juvenile dog AU - Russell, N. J. AU - Irwin, P. J. AU - Hopper, B. J. AU - Olivry, T. AU - Nicholls, P. K. T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - A five-month-old female Jack Russell terrier was presented for investigation of acute lethargy, anorexia, coughing, respiratory distress and weakness. Examination findings included cyanosis, a grade 3 of 6 systolic heart murmur and prolonged capillary refill time. Radiography and echocardiography revealed severe pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale and right-sided heart failure. Indirect measurement of the systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimated pressures over 100 mmHg. Despite treatment the patient died. Post-mortem examination did not identify a congenital cardiovascular anomaly. Histopathology confirmed acute necrotising pulmonary arteritis and immunohistochemistry failed to identify any immune complex or complement deposition. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00253.x VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 349-355 SN - 1748-5827 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54549122491&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treatment of deep digital flexor tendonitis in the foot AU - Schramme, M. C. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 389-391 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Secondary amyloidosis and renal failure in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) AU - Chinnadurai, Sathya K. AU - Van Wettere, Arnaud AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - DeVoe, Ryan S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - A 16-yr-old, captive-born, female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) was evaluated for intermittent lethargy, partial anorexia, and polydipsia of 2 wk duration. The animal was immobilized for physical examination. It was in thin body condition, with multifocal mucosal ulcerations over the caudal and ventral tongue. Blood was collected for hematology, serum chemistry, and leptospirosis serology. Serum chemistry revealed severe azotemia, mild hyperglycemia, and severe hyperphosphatemia. The animal went into cardiac arrest during recovery from anesthesia and died. On histopathology, abundant amorphous, finely fibrillar, eosinophilic material was deposited in the kidneys, and smaller amounts of the same material were found in the splenic and pancreatic vessels; these findings are consistent with systemic secondary amyloidosis. The animal also had chronic nephritis, which, coupled with renal amyloidosis, resulted in renal failure and death. Systemic amyloidosis should be considered as an additional differential diagnosis for renal failure in California sea lions. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1638/2007-0096R.1 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 274-278 SN - 1937-2825 KW - California sea lion KW - renal failure KW - secondary amyloidosis KW - Zalophus californianus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition of jet fuel aliphatic hydrocarbon induced toxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Inman, A. O. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY AB - Abstract Jet propellant (JP)‐8, the primary jet fuel used by the U.S. military, consists of hydrocarbon‐rich kerosene base commercial jet fuel (Jet‐A) plus additives DC1‐4A, Stadis 450 and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) were exposed to JP‐8, aliphatic hydrocarbon (HC) fuel S‐8 and aliphatic HC pentadecane (penta), tetradecane (tetra), tridecane (tri) and undecane (un) for 5 min. Additional studies were conducted with signal transduction pathway blockers parthenolide (P; 3.0 µ m ), isohelenin (I; 3.0 µ m ), SB 203580 (SB; 13.3 µ m ), substance P (SP; 3.0 µ m ) and recombinant human IL‐10 (rHIL‐10; 10 ng ml −1 ). In the absence of inhibitors, JP‐8 and to a lesser extent un and S‐8, had the greatest toxic effect on cell viability and inflammation suggesting, as least in vitro , that synthetic S‐8 fuel is less irritating than the currently used JP‐8. Each inhibitor significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased HEK viability. DMSO, the vehicle for P, I and SB, had a minimal effect on viability. Overall, IL‐8 production was suppressed at least 30% after treatment with each inhibitor. Normalizing data relative to control indicate which inhibitors suppress HC‐mediated IL‐8 to control levels. P was the most effective inhibitor of IL‐8 release; IL‐8 was significantly decreased after exposure to un, tri, tetra and penta but significantly increased after JP‐8 exposure compared with controls. Inhibitors were not effective in suppressing IL‐8 release in JP‐8 exposures to control levels. This study shows that inhibiting NF‐ κ B, which appears to play a role in cytokine production in HC‐exposed HEK in vitro , may reduce the inflammatory effect of HC in vivo . Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1002/jat.1309 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 543-553 SN - 1099-1263 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000256028900016&KeyUID=WOS:000256028900016 KW - jet fuel KW - JP-8 KW - skin toxicity KW - S-8 KW - NF-kappa B KW - parthenolide KW - isohelenin KW - substance P KW - SB 203580 KW - recombinant human IL-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feline bartonellosis and cat scratch disease AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Bartonella species are important emerging zoonotic pathogens. Transmission of these organisms in nature may be much more complex than is currently appreciated. Cats can be infected with five Bartonella species, including, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella clarridgeae, Bartonella bovis, Bartonella koehlerae and Bartonella quintana. In addition to cats, numerous domestic and wild animals, including bovine, canine, human, and rodent species can serve as chronically infected reservoir hosts for various intra-erythrocytic Bartonella species. In addition, an increasing number of arthropod vectors, including biting flies, fleas, keds, lice, sandflys and potentially ticks have been implicated in the transmission of various Bartonella species to animals or human beings. In the reservoir host, Bartonella species cause chronic intra-erythrocytic and vascular endothelial infections, with a relapsing bacteremia documented in experimentally infected cats. Although the immunopathology induced by Bartonella infection requires additional study, the organisms can localize to the heart valve (endocarditis), cause granulomatous inflammation in lymph nodes, liver or spleen, induce central nervous system dysfunction with or without cerebrospinal fluid changes, and may contribute to inflammatory polyarthritis. Hematological abnormalities are infrequent, but thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and eosinophilia have been reported in B. henselae-infected cats. Serology, PCR and culture can be used to support a diagnosis of feline bartonellosis, however, due to the high rate of sub-clinical infections among various cat populations, documenting causation in an individual cat is difficult, if not impossible. Response to treatment can be used in conjunction with serology or organism isolation to support a clinical diagnosis of feline bartonellosis. As fleas are involved in the transmission among cats, the use of acaracide products to eliminate fleas from the environment is of critical importance to decrease the risk of B. henselae transmission among cats and to humans. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.01.025 VL - 123 IS - 1-2 SP - 167-171 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.01.025 DB - Crossref KW - cat KW - bartonella KW - cat scratch disease KW - epidemiology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of microfluidic human epidermal keratinocyte culture AU - Adrian T. O'Neill, AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Walker, Glenn M. T2 - CYTOTECHNOLOGY AB - Human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) are skin cells of primary importance in maintaining the body's defensive barrier and are used in vitro to assess the irritation potential and toxicity of chemical compounds. Microfluidic systems hold promise for high throughput irritant and toxicity assays, but HEK growth kinetics have yet to be characterized within microscale culture chambers. This research demonstrates HEK patterning on microscale patches of Type I collagen within microfluidic channels and maintenance of these cells under constant medium perfusion for 72 h. HEK were shown to maintain 93.0%-99.6% viability at 72 h under medium perfusion ranging from 0.025-0.4 mul min(-1). HEK maintained this viability while approximately 100% confluent-a level not possible in 96 well plates. Microscale HEK cultures offer the ability to precisely examine the morphology, behavior and viability of individual cells which may open the door to new discoveries in toxicological screening methods and wound healing techniques. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s10616-008-9149-9 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 197-207 SN - 0920-9069 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000257370900007&KeyUID=WOS:000257370900007 KW - cytotoxicity KW - high-throughput KW - keratinocyte KW - microfluidic KW - PDMS KW - toxicology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum chemistry concentrations of captive woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Verstegen, Martin AU - Ferket, Peter R. AU - Stoskopf, Michael AU - Heugten, Eric T2 - ZOO BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix sp.) are threatened species and numerous zoos have failed to sustain successful populations. The most common causes of death in captive woolly monkeys are related to pregnancy and hypertension. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate serum concentrations of a large number of captive woolly monkeys to establish baseline means and compare these concentrations with their closest related species to determine potential abnormalities. Serum analyses from 30 woolly monkeys housed at two institutions (Apenheul, The Netherlands and The Louisville Zoo, KY, USA) over 12 yr were collected. The statistical model included gender, age group (young, 0–4 yr of age; middle, 5–9 yr; and old, 10+ yr), and zoological institution. All panel result means were similar to previously reported concentrations for howler ( Alouatta sp.) and spider monkeys ( Ateles sp.) with the possible exception of alanine aminotransferase and γ‐glutamyl‐transferase being higher, whereas creatinine and phosphorus were lower. The serum glucose mean of 6.7 mmol/L is above the baseline range for humans and spider monkeys. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase, and sodium (Na) were higher in females and magnesium (Mg) was higher in males ( P <0.05). ALP, Mg, and phosphorus were highest ( P <0.05) and calcium and sodium tended to be highest ( P <0.10) in the oldest animals. Ferritin tended to be highest ( P <0.10) in the oldest animals. Albumin, ALP, chloride, Na, and total bilirubin were higher for Zoo A, whereas γ‐glutamyl‐transferase, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase were lower for Zoo A ( P <0.05). Areas of potential woolly monkey health risk were noted and discussed. Future studies are needed to determine free‐ranging serum concentrations to elucidate parameters that contain aberrant concentrations and decrease health status. Zoo Biol 27:188–199, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/zoo.20176 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 188-199 SN - 1098-2361 KW - captive animal health KW - nonhuman primate KW - baseline serum concentrations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Post operative ileus: To be or not to be? AU - Merritt, A. M. AU - Blikslager, A. T. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - Equine Veterinary JournalVolume 40, Issue 4 p. 295-296 Post operative ileus: To be or not to be? A. M. MERRITT, A. M. MERRITT College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100136-0138, Gainesville, Florida 36210, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. T. BLIKSLAGER, A. T. BLIKSLAGER College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author A. M. MERRITT, A. M. MERRITT College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100136-0138, Gainesville, Florida 36210, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. T. BLIKSLAGER, A. T. BLIKSLAGER College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/042516408X302537Citations: 24AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume40, Issue4June 2008Pages 295-296 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.2746/042516408X302537 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 295-296 LA - en OP - SN - 0425-1644 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/042516408X302537 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Palliation of clinical signs in 48 dogs with nasal carcinomas treated with coarse-fraction radiation therapy AU - Gieger, Tracy AU - Rassnick, Kenneth AU - Siegel, Sheri AU - Proulx, David AU - Bergman, Philip AU - Anderson, Christine AU - LaDue, Tracy AU - Smith, Annette AU - Northrup, Nicole AU - Roberts, Royce T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - Data from 48 dogs with nasal carcinomas treated with palliative radiation therapy (PRT) were retrospectively reviewed. Factors potentially influencing resolution of clinical signs and survival after PRT were evaluated. Clinical signs completely resolved in 66% of dogs for a median of 120 days. The overall median survival time was 146 days. Duration of response to PRT was shorter in dogs that had clinical signs for <90 days before PRT. Survival times were shorter in dogs that had partial or no resolution of clinical signs after PRT than in dogs that had complete resolution of clinical signs. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.5326/0440116 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 116-123 SN - 1547-3317 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii genotype III AU - Cadenas, M. B. AU - Bradley, J. AU - Maggi, Ricardo AU - Takara, M. AU - Hegarty, B. C. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1128/JCM.62456-07 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1858–1860 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in heart failure AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Advanced heart failure and its treatment are often associated with a variety of hemodynamic, fluid, and electrolyte derangements. This article gives the practitioner an overview of the pathophysiology of common fluid and electrolyte alterations present in animals with heart failure, highlighting specific clinical correlates. Additionally, specific therapeutic interventions are discussed to manage these fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.005 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 727-+ SN - 0195-5616 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Letter to the Editor AU - Gilger, Brian AU - Clode, Alison AU - Miller, Tammy AU - McMullen, Richard T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 11, Issue 3 p. 207-207 Letter to the Editor Brian Gilger, Brian Gilger Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison Clode, Alison Clode Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorTammy Miller, Tammy Miller Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard McMullen, Richard McMullen Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this author Brian Gilger, Brian Gilger Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorAlison Clode, Alison Clode Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorTammy Miller, Tammy Miller Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this authorRichard McMullen, Richard McMullen Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue3May/June 2008Pages 207-207 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.x VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 207-207 J2 - Vet Ophthalmol LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.624_1.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro evaluation of a custom cutting jig and custom plate for canine tibial plateau leveling AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Harrysson, Ola L. A. AU - Cansizoglu, Omer T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To design and manufacture custom titanium bone plates and a custom cutting and drill guide by use of free-form fabrication methods and to compare variables and mechanical properties of 2 canine tibial plateau leveling methods with each other and with historical control values.10 canine tibial replicas created by rapid prototyping methods.Application time, accuracy of correction of the tibial plateau slope (TPS), presence and magnitude of rotational and angular deformation, and replica axial stiffness for 2 chevron wedge osteotomy (CWO) methods were assessed. One involved use of freehand CWO (FHCWO) and screw hole drilling, whereas the other used jig-guided CWO (JGCWO) and screw hole drilling.Replicas used for FHCWO and JGCWO methods had similar stiffness. Although JGCWO and FHCWO did not weaken the replicas, mean axial stiffness of replicas after JGCWO was higher than after FHCWO. The JGCWO method was faster than the FHCWO method. Mean +/- SD TPS after osteotomy was lower for FHCWO (4.4 +/- 1.1 degrees ) than for JGCWO (9.5 +/- 0.4 degrees ), and JGCWO was more accurate (target TPS, 8.9 degrees ). Slight varus was evident after FHCWO but not after JGCWO. Mean postoperative rotation after JGCWO and FHCWO did not differ from the target value or between methods.The JGCWO method was more accurate and more rapid and resulted in more stability than the FHCWO method. Use of custom drill guides could enhance the speed, accuracy, and stability of corrective osteotomies in dogs. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.7.961 VL - 69 IS - 7 SP - 961-966 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Epistaxis in Natural Canine Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum) AU - Petanides, T.A. AU - Koutinas, A.F. AU - Mylonakis, M.E. AU - Day, M.J. AU - Saridomichelakis, M.N. AU - Leontides, L.S. AU - Mischke, R. AU - Diniz, P. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. AU - Kritsepi, M. AU - Garipidou, V.A. AU - Koutinas, C.K. AU - Lekkas, S. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Background: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a common cause of epistaxis in dogs residing in endemic areas. The pathogenesis of CanL‐associated epistaxis has not been fully explored because of the limited number of cases reported so far. Hypothesis: Epistaxis in CanL could be attributed to more than 1 pathomechanism such as hemostatic dysfunction, biochemical abnormalities, chronic rhinitis, and coinfections occurring in various combinations. Animals: Fifty‐one dogs with natural CanL. Methods: The allocation of 51 dogs in this cross‐sectional study was based on the presence (n = 24) or absence (n = 27) of epistaxis. The potential associations among epistaxis and concurrent infections ( Ehrlichia canis , Bartonella spp., and Aspergillus spp.), biochemical and hemostatic abnormalities, and nasal histopathology were investigated. Results: Hypergammaglobulinemia ( P = .044), increased serum viscosity ( P = .038), decreased platelet aggregation response to collagen ( P = .042), and nasal mucosa ulceration ( P = .039) were more common in the dogs with epistaxis than in those without epistaxis. The other significant differences between the 2 groups involved total serum protein ( P = .029) and γ‐globulin ( P = .013) concentrations, which were higher, and the percentage platelet aggregation to collagen, which was lower ( P = .012) in the epistaxis dogs. Clinical Importance: CanL‐associated epistaxis appears to be the result of multiple and variable pathogenetic factors such as thrombocytopathy, hyperglobulinemia‐induced serum hyperviscosity, and nasal mucosa ulceration. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0129.x VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 866-872 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0129.x DB - Crossref KW - dysproteinemia KW - rhinitis KW - thrombocytopathy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of wraps covering the distal aspect of pelvic limbs for prevention of bacterial strike-through in an ex vivo canine model AU - Vince, Kent J. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Altier, Craig AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To determine differences in bacterial strike-through for materials commonly used to cover the distal aspect of the pelvic limb during operative site preparation.Randomized block design; ex vivo model.Canine cadaveric pelvic limbs (n=40).Pelvic limbs (n=40) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups: Group 1=Vetrap+sterile Coban; Group 2=latex glove+Vetrap+sterile Coban; Group 3=latex glove+Vetrap+sterile Coban+sterile latex glove+sterile Coban; and Group 4=latex glove+Vetrap+sterile disposable drape+sterile Coban. Limbs were contaminated with a standardized bacterial solution and routinely prepared using the assigned distal leg wrap. Bandages were fluid challenged with a saline (0.9% NaCl) solution-soaked laparotomy sponge for 30 seconds. The wrap surface was sampled for microbial culture before surgical preparation, immediately after, and 60 minutes after applying a sterile leg wrap.Bacterial growth occurred in all Group 1 cultures, 90% of Group 2 cultures, and none of the Group 3 and 4 cultures, 60 minutes after applying the sterile wrap.A distal leg wrap of Vetrap+sterile Coban is not effective in preventing bacterial strike-through.If similar results occur in the live animal, then a sterile impermeable barrier must be incorporated into the distal leg wrap to prevent bacterial strike-through. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00395.x VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 406-411 SN - 0161-3499 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00395.x ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of conventional and real-time PCR assays for detection and differentiation of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia in dog blood AU - Kidd, L. AU - Maggi, R. AU - Diniz, P.P.V.P. AU - Hegarty, B. AU - Tucker, M. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. T2 - Veterinary Microbiology AB - Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia is important cause of emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in people and dogs. Importantly, dogs can serve as sentinels for disease in people. Sensitive and specific diagnostic tests that differentiate among species of infecting Rickettsia are needed. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific PCR that differentiates SFG Rickettsia infecting dog blood. Conventional and real-time PCR assays were developed using primers that targeted a small region of the ompA gene. Their sensitivity, determined by testing a cloned target sequence in the presence of host DNA, was 15–30 and 5 copies of DNA, respectively. Testing of Rickettsia cultures and analysis of Rickettsia gene sequences deposited in GenBank verified DNA could be amplified and used to differentiate species. DNA from the blood of infected dogs was also tested. Importantly, Rickettsia DNA was detected before seroconversion in some dogs. The species of infecting Rickettsia was also identified. We conclude these assays may assist in the timely diagnosis of infection with SFG Rickettsia. They may also facilitate the discovery of novel SFG Rickettsia infecting dogs, and in the investigation of dogs as sentinels for emerging rickettsioses. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.035 VL - 129 IS - 3-4 SP - 294-303 J2 - Veterinary Microbiology LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.035 DB - Crossref KW - dog KW - PCR KW - Rickettsia KW - spotted fever ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct metal fabrication of titanium implants with tailored materials and mechanical properties using electron beam melting technology AU - Harrysson, Ola L. A. AU - CansiZoglu, Omer AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Cormier, Denis R. AU - West, Harvey A., II T2 - MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-BIOMIMETIC AND SUPRAMOLECULAR SYSTEMS AB - The design of custom or tailored implant components has been the subject of research and development for decades. However, the economic feasibility of fabricating such components has proven to be a challenge. New direct metal fabrication technologies such as Electron Beam Melting (EBM) have opened up new possibilities. This paper discusses the design and fabrication of titanium implant components having tailored mechanical properties that mimic the stiffness of bone to reduce stress shielding and bone remodeling. Finite Element Analysis was used to design the tailored structures, and results were verified using mechanical testing. DA - 2008/4/1/ PY - 2008/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.msec.2007.04.022 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 366-373 SN - 0928-4931 KW - orthopedic implants KW - electron beam melting KW - theoretical modeling KW - materials KW - experimentation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of CADESI-03 thresholds for increasing severity levels of canine atopic dermatitis AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Mueller, Ralf AU - Nuttall, Tim AU - Favrot, Claude AU - Prelaud, Pascal T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract To evaluate the extent and severity of skin lesions in clinical trials enrolling dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD), the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis recently recommended the use of the third version of the CADESI. This version of the CADESI was found to exhibit acceptable content, construct, criterion, inter‐ and intraobserver reliability and sensitivity to change. The current study was aimed at determining optimal CADESI‐03 cut‐off points to separate AD severity categories for future clinical trials. One hundred and eight dogs with AD were selected based on current diagnosis standards. At one or more visits, clinicians subjectively rated the severity of AD as ‘in remission’, ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’, and a CADESI‐03 score was then determined. In all, 158 CADESI‐03 values were recorded and divided among the four disease severity categories. Receiver‐operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated at increasing cut‐off values to determine the benchmark that would offer optimal sensitivity and specificity between adjacent categories. Cut‐offs of 16, 60 and 120 are proposed at the interface of remission, mild, moderate and severe categories, respectively. Proposed intervals therefore are: remission: 0–15; mild AD: 16–59; moderate AD: 60–119; and severe AD: ≥ 120. This Task Force recommends that, whenever applicable and relevant, subgroup analyses of outcome measures, based on disease severity as determined with these cut‐off CADESI‐03 values, be preplanned for clinical trials enrolling dogs with AD. Such subgroup analyses could help determine whether specific interventions might be more effective in a particular subset of atopic dogs. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00668.x VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 115-119 SN - 1365-3164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-43649088584&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compressive damage to the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve associated with lameness caused by proximal suspensory desmitis AU - Toth, Ferenc AU - Schumacher, Jim AU - Schramme, Michael AU - Holder, Troy AU - Adair, H. Steve AU - Donnell, Robert L. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To describe pathologic changes in the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN) of horses determined to be lame because of proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), and to report the outcome after treatment by excision of a segment of the horses' DBLPN.Retrospective case series.Adult horses (n=16).Horses determined to be lame on one or both pelvic limbs because of PSD were treated by excision of a segment of the DBLPN, and 30 nerves were examined histologically. Owners were contacted to obtain information about the horses >or=6 months after surgery.Histologic changes suggestive of chronic nerve compression were identified in both nerves of 11 bilaterally lame horses and in the lame limb of 5 unilaterally lame horses. The nerve of the sound limb of 2 of 3 unilaterally lame horses that had bilateral nerve resection also had histologic changes compatible with nerve compression. Ten of 16 horses (62.5%) with follow-up information returned to soundness after excision of the DBLPN.Pathologic changes of the DBLPN associated with compression may complicate PSD of the pelvic limbs. Excision of the nerve may resolve lameness caused by PSD.Horses lame because of PSD of the pelvic limb may remain lame after desmitis has resolved because of compression of the DBLPN. Excising a portion of this nerve may resolve lameness. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00385.x VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 328-335 SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine AU - Cook, V. L. AU - Shults, J. J. AU - McDowell, M. AU - Campbell, N. B. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.2746/04251640SX293574 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 353–357 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of quantum dot penetration into intact, tape-stripped, abraded and flexed rat skin AU - Zhang, L. W. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - SKIN PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles have received attention due to their fluorescent characteristics and potential use in medical applications. Skin penetration is one of the major routes of exposure for nanoparticles to gain access to a biological system. QD655 and QD565 coated with carboxylic acid were studied for 8 and 24 h in flow-through diffusion cells with flexed, tape-stripped and abraded rat skin to determine if these mechanical actions could perturb the barrier and affect penetration. Nonflexed skin did not show QD penetration at 8 or 24 h. Flexed skin showed an increase in QD on the surface of skin but no penetration at 8 and 24 h. Tape-stripped skin depicted QD only on the surface of the viable epidermis. QD655 penetrated into the viable dermal layers of abraded skin at both 8 and 24 h, while QD565 was present only at 24 h. QD were not detected in the perfusate by fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy analysis for cadmium at any time point. These results indicate that the rat skin penetration of QD655 and QD565 is primarily limited to the uppermost stratum corneum layers of intact skin. Barrier perturbation by tape stripping did not cause penetration, but abrasion allowed QD to penetrate deeper into the dermal layers. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1159/000131080 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 166-180 SN - 1660-5535 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000256798700006&KeyUID=WOS:000256798700006 KW - quantum dots KW - nanoparticles KW - skin penetration KW - skin flexion KW - skin abrasion KW - tape-stripped skin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Activity of the antimicrobial polypeptide piscidin 2 against fish ectoparasites AU - Colorni, A. AU - Ullal, A. AU - Heinisch, G. AU - Noga, E. J. T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES AB - Abstract The antiparasitic effects of piscidin 2, an antimicrobial polypeptide (AMPP) first isolated from mast cells of hybrid striped bass, were tested against three protistan ectoparasites of marine fish (the ciliates Cryptocaryon irritans and Trichodina sp., and the dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum ) and one ciliate ectoparasite of freshwater fish ( Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ). I. multifiliis was the most susceptible parasite, with all theronts killed at 6.3 μg mL −1 piscidin 2. The most resistant parasite was Trichodina , where a few cells were killed at 12.5 μg mL −1 , but several were still alive even at 100 μg mL −1 . C. irritans was of intermediate sensitivity, with some theronts killed at 12.5 μg mL −1 and all killed at 25 μg mL −1 . High parasite density apparently exhausted the piscidin 2 before it could attain its maximal effect, but surviving parasites were often visibly damaged. The lower efficacy of piscidin 2 against marine parasites compared with the freshwater ciliate might be related to the inhibitory effects of high sea water cation levels. The tissue concentration of piscidins estimated in healthy hybrid striped bass gill (40 μg mL −1 ) suggests that piscidin 2 is lethal to the parasites tested at physiological concentrations and is thus an important component of innate defence in fish expressing this type of AMPP. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00922.x VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 423-432 SN - 1365-2761 KW - antimicrobial KW - antiparasitic KW - fish KW - innate defence KW - piscidins KW - polypeptides ER - TY - JOUR TI - A gene expression signature of confinement in peripheral blood of red wolves (Canis rufus) AU - Kennerly, Erin AU - Ballmann, Anne AU - Martin, Stanton AU - Wolfinger, Russ AU - Gregory, Simon AU - Stoskopf, Michael AU - Gibson, Greg T2 - MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AB - Abstract The stresses that animals experience as a result of modification of their ecological circumstances induce physiological changes that leave a signature in profiles of gene expression. We illustrate this concept in a comparison of free range and confined North American red wolves ( Canis rufus ). Transcription profiling of peripheral blood samples from 13 red wolf individuals in the Alligator River region of North Carolina revealed a strong signal of differentiation. Four hundred eighty‐two out of 2980 transcripts detected on Illumina HumanRef8 oligonucleotide bead arrays were found to differentiate free range and confined wolves at a false discovery rate of 12.8% and P < 0.05. Over‐representation of genes in focal adhesion, insulin signalling, proteasomal, and tryptophan metabolism pathways suggests the activation of pro‐inflammatory and stress responses in confined animals. Consequently, characterization of differential transcript abundance in an accessible tissue such as peripheral blood identifies biomarkers that could be useful in animal management practices and for evaluating the impact of habitat changes on population health, particularly as attention turns to the impact of climate change on physiology and in turn species distributions. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03775.x VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - 2782-2791 SN - 1365-294X KW - conservation genetics KW - heterologous microarray KW - Illumina KW - pro-inflammatory response ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tonic protein kinase A activity maintains inactive beta 2 integrins in unstimulated neutrophils by reducing myosin light-chain phosphorylation: role of myosin light-chain kinase and Rho kinase AU - Chilcoat, Clayton D. AU - Sharief, Yousuf AU - Jones, Samuel L. T2 - JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY AB - Activation of beta2 integrins is necessary for neutrophil adhesion and full activation of neutrophil effector functions. We demonstrated previously that inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) activity in quiescent neutrophils is sufficient to increase beta2-integrin cell surface expression, affinity, and adhesion. Thus, a tonic level of PKA activity prevents inappropriate activation of beta2 integrins in unstimulated neutrophils. Myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation is an important regulator of leukocyte integrin function and adhesion. Moreover, PKA regulates MLC phosphorylation via inhibiting MLC kinase (MLCK) and MLC dephosphorylation via effects on the Rho kinase (ROCK)/MLC phosphatase pathway. We hypothesize that the tonic inhibitory effect of PKA on beta2-integrin activation neutrophils operates via its inhibition of MLC phosphorylation. We demonstrate here that inhibition of PKA activity with KT5720 activated beta2 integrins and adhesion coincident with an increase in MLC serine 19 (Ser 19) phosphorylation. KT5720-induced activation of beta2 integrins, adhesion, and MLC Ser 19 phosphorylation was abolished by pretreatment with the MLCK inhibitor ML-7 and specific MLCK inhibitory peptides but not the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. These findings demonstrate that tonic PKA activity prevents activation of beta2 integrins and adhesion by inhibiting MLC phosphorylation via a MLCK-dependent but ROCK-independent pathway. DA - 2008/4/1/ PY - 2008/4/1/ DO - 10.1189/jlb.0405192 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 964-971 SN - 0741-5400 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18218860 KW - PMN KW - PKA KW - ROCK KW - avidity KW - adhesion KW - cytoskeleton ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of tricaine on use of the fluorescein test for detecting skin and corneal ulcers in fish AU - Davis, Michael W. AU - Stephenson, Jeana AU - Noga, Edward J. T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - Fluorescein has been used for rapid and sensitive detection of fish skin and corneal ulceration. Effective use of the fluorescein test requires knowledge of conditions that might cause misleading interpretations or otherwise interfere with test reliability. Examination of fish health and the clinical workup often require tricaine as one of the most commonly used anesthetics. However, tricaine may interfere with correct interpretation of the fluorescein test and might also cause significant fish injury. The effects of tricaine exposure sequence on the fidelity of the fluorescein test was studied in Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, and northern rock soles Lepidopsetta polyxystra by examining the fluorescence of experimentally induced epidermal wounding. Tricaine can quench fluorescence that is emitted by fluorescein retained in skin ulcers, causing a false-negative reaction. Thus, for the fluorescein test to work properly, it is important to avoid the exposure of fluorescein-treated and rinsed ulcers to tricaine. The effects of exposure to buffered versus unbuffered tricaine on epidermal and corneal integrity were studied in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus subjected to the fluorescein test and histological examination. Fluorescein could detect not only ulcers but also areas with only a partial loss of epithelium (i.e., erosion). The use of unbuffered tricaine to anesthetize these fish caused serious epidermal and corneal damage. If fish are euthanized with unbuffered tricaine for clinical workup, this severe epidermal or corneal damage could be misinterpreted as an antemortem lesion, leading to misdiagnosis. Even in water with alkalinity exceeding 50 mg/L as CaCO3, it would seem prudent to always buffer tricaine with sodium bicarbonate to prevent a pH change that might lead to iatrogenic effects from unbuffered tricaine. Thus, current general recommendations suggesting that tricaine does not need to be buffered in waters with alkalinity greater than 50 mg/L might need to be modified. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1577/H07-023.1 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 86-95 SN - 0899-7659 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Porcine global flash multifocal electroretinogram: Possible mechanisms for the glaucomatous changes in contrast response function AU - Chu, Patrick H.W. AU - Chan, Henry H.L. AU - Ng, Yiu-fai AU - Brown, Brian AU - Siu, Andrew W. AU - Beale, Brady A. AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Wong, Fulton T2 - Vision Research AB - The aim of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the cellular contributions to the porcine global flash mfERG by using a pharmacologic dissection method, together with the method using variation of stimulus contrast which has been used to demonstrate mfERG changes in human glaucoma.Global flash mfERGs with different stimulus-contrast settings (99%, 65%, 49% or 29%) were recorded from 14 eyes of ten 6-week-old Yorkshire pigs in control conditions and after suppression of inner retinal responses with inhalation of isoflurance (ISO), and injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA). ON- and OFF-pathway responses were isolated by injection of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) and cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboylic acid (PDA).The porcine global flash mfERG consisted of an early direct component (DC) and a late induced component (IC). ISO and TTX removed inner retinal contributions to the IC; NMDA application further abolished the oscillatory wavelets in the DC and removed the residual IC waveform. The inner retina contributed regular oscillation-like wavelets (W1, W2 and W3) to the DC and shaped the IC. After removing the inner retinal contributions, the porcine global flash mfERG waveform becomes comparable to that obtained with conventional mfERG stimulation. The remaining waveform (smoothed DC) was mainly contributed by the ON- and OFF-bipolar cells as revealed after APB or PDA injection. Photoreceptors contributed a small signal to the leading edge of N1. The characteristic of contrast response function of DC was demonstrated to be contributed by the inner retinal oscillation-like wavelets.We believe that the DC of the porcine global flash mfERG is mainly composed of contributions from photoreceptors, and ON- and OFF-bipolar cells, where inner retinal activity partially shaped the DC with superimposed regular wavelets. However, the IC is dominated by inner retinal activity. The contrast response functions of DC consisted of both outer retinal response and oscillation-like wavelets of the inner retinal response. Both contain different characteristics during contrast modulation of the stimulus, where the changes of W2 of the inner retinal response seem independent of contrast modulation. The DC contrast response feature depends mainly on the relative contribution of inner retinal activities; the loss of inner retinal cells may alter the DC contrast response function, making it tend toward linearity. DA - 2008/7// PY - 2008/7// DO - 10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.006 VL - 48 IS - 16 SP - 1726-1734 J2 - Vision Research LA - en OP - SN - 0042-6989 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.006 DB - Crossref KW - multifocal electroretinogram KW - global flash KW - pig KW - contrast KW - adaptation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of five clinical chemistry analyzers for use in health assessment in sea turtles AU - Wolf, Karen N. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Beasley, Jean F. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To compare blood biochemical values obtained from a handheld analyzer, 2 tabletop analyzers, and 2 diagnostic laboratories by use of replicate samples of sea turtle blood.Validation study.22 captive juvenile sea turtles.Sea turtles (18 loggerhead turtles [Caretta caretta], 3 green turtles [Chelonia mydas], and 1 Kemp's ridley turtle [Lepidochelys kempii]) were manually restrained, and a single blood sample was obtained from each turtle and divided for analysis by use of the 5 analyzers. Hematocrit and concentrations or activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, total protein, albumin, BUN, uric acid, P, Ca, K, Na, Cl, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Median values for each analyte were compared among the analyzers.Significant differences were found among the analyzers for most values; however, data obtained from the 2 diagnostic laboratories were similar for all analytes. The magnitude of difference between the diagnostic laboratories and in-house units was > or = 10% for 10 of the 15 analytes.Variance in the results could be attributed in part to differences in analyzer methodology. It is important to identify the specific methodology used when reporting and interpreting biochemical data. Depending on the variable and specific case, this magnitude of difference could conceivably influence patient management. DA - 2008/8/1/ PY - 2008/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.233.3.470 VL - 233 IS - 3 SP - 470-475 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Administration and Related Factors Associated with Postoperative Colic and Survival in Horses with Small Intestinal Disease AU - Fogle, Callie A. AU - Gerard, Mathew P. AU - Elce, Yvonne A. AU - Little, Dianne AU - Morton, Alison J. AU - Correa, Maria T. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - Veterinary Surgery AB - Objective— To analyze the effect of the intraoperative use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CBMC) and related perioperative factors on postoperative colic and survival in horses that had abdominal surgery for colic. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Horses (n=203) that had surgery for small intestinal disease; 33 horses had intraoperative administration of CBMC. Methods— Information was obtained from medical records for 170 horses that had surgery for colic before use of CBMC and 33 horses that had intraoperative CBMC. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to estimate median survival time and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio for the effect of CBMC and other perioperative variables on survival. Results— Seventy‐five percent of horses administered CBMC survived to 180 days, whereas 75% of untreated horses survived 8 days (median survival time=18 days). Horses not administered CBMC were twice as likely to die compared with horses administered CBMC. Horses that had postoperative ileus (POI) were 1.4 times more likely to die than horses without ileus. Similarly, horses with signs of colic after surgery were 1.3 times more likely to die than horses without postoperative signs of colic. Conclusions— CBMC administration is seemingly protective against death and prolongs survival when used intraoperatively in horses with small intestine disease, particularly horses with postoperative colic or POI. Both POI and colic increased risk of death after surgery. Clinical Relevance— Intraoperative administration of CBMC in horses that have surgery for small intestinal disease may improve survival, possibly by reducing early adhesion formation. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00420.x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 558-563 LA - en OP - SN - 0161-3499 1532-950X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00420.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Topical isoflavones provide effective photoprotection to skin AU - Lin, Jing-Yi AU - Tournas, Joshua A. AU - Burch, James A. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Zielinski, Jan T2 - PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE AB - Summary Background/purpose: Isoflavones, one main group of phytoestrogens, have antioxidative and photoprotective effects in cellular and mouse studies. The aim of this study is to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the isoflavone‐mediated photoprotection with the pig skin model, a more human‐resembling model. Methods: The pig skin was treated with five well‐known isoflavone compounds (genistein, equol, daidzein, biochanin A, and formononetin) and one antioxidant combination solution of 15% vitamin C and 1% vitamin E and 0.5% ferulic acid (CEF) daily for 4 days. Skin was irradiated with solar‐simulated UV irradiation, 1 to 5 minimal erythema dose (MED) at 1‐MED intervals. Evaluation was carried out 24 h later by colorimeter‐measured erythema and sunburn cell numbers. Results: Topical application of 0.5% solutions of three individual phytoestrogens – genistein, daidzein, biochanin A – are better than similar solutions of equol or formononetin in protecting pig skin from solar‐simulated ultraviolet (SSUV)‐induced photodamage, as measured by sunburn cell formation and/or erythema. However, the protection was less than that provided by a topical combination antioxidant standard containing 15% L‐ascorbic acid, 1%α‐tocopherol, and 0.5% ferulic acid. Conclusion: Isoflavones provide effective photoprotection and are good candidate ingredients for protection against ultraviolet (UV) photodamage. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00329.x VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 61-66 SN - 1600-0781 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000254054600002&KeyUID=WOS:000254054600002 KW - antioxidants KW - isoflavones KW - photoprotection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanoceria as antioxidant: Synthesis and biomedical applications AU - Karakoti, A. S. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Aggarwal, R. AU - Davis, J. P. AU - Narayan, R. J. AU - Self, W. T. AU - McGinnis, J. AU - Seal, S. T2 - JOM AB - The therapeutic application of nanomaterials has been a focus of numerous studies in the past decade. Due to its unique redox properties, cerium oxide (ceria) is finding widespread use in the treatment of medical disorders caused by the reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). The radical-scavenging role of ceria nanoparticles (nanoceria) have been established, as well as the autocatalytic ability of nanoceria to regenerate under various environmental conditions. The synthesis of nanoceria in biocompatible media has also been reported along with cell viability in order to determine the potential use of nanoceria in biomedical applications. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s11837-008-0029-8 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 33-37 SN - 1543-1851 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000253852900008&KeyUID=WOS:000253852900008 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FARAD digest - Extralabel use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cattle AU - Smith, G. W. AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Tell, L. A. AU - Webb, A. I. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 232 IS - 5 SP - 697-701 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in a great Dane AU - Hill, P. B. AU - Boyer, P. AU - Lau, P. AU - Rybnicek, J. AU - Hargreaves, J. AU - Olivry, T. T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases in dogs were all classified as bullous pemphigoid until 1998. Since then, refinements in reagents and immunological techniques have allowed diseases which are histologically similar but which have a different molecular pathogenesis to be described. This report describes the first case of one such disease, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, to be documented in the UK. The dog presented with a severe blistering and ulcerative disease affecting the oral cavity, pinnae and distal limbs. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and direct and indirect immunofluorescent demonstration of immunoglobulin G reactivity to basement membrane antigens. Treatment with glucocorticoids, azathioprine, colchicine and an intravenous infusion of immunoglobulins resulted in complete resolution. The drugs were discontinued 12 months after the start of treatment and the dog remained in remission. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00419.x VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 89-94 SN - 0022-4510 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38749095153&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epicutaneous sensitization with Dermatophagoides farinae induces generalized allergic dermatitis and elevated mite-specific immunoglobulin E levels in a canine model of atopic dermatitis AU - Pucheu-Haston, C. M. AU - Jackson, H. A. AU - Olivry, T. AU - Dunston, S. M. AU - Hammerberg, B. T2 - CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY AB - Summary Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a cutaneous hypersensitivity associated with elevated levels of antigen‐specific IgE, commonly to house dust mites (HDMs). It remains controversial as to whether sensitization and clinical disease are induced by cutaneous exposure to HDM. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine whether repeated applications of Dermatophagoides farinae slurry to intact skin of Maltese–Beagle atopic (MAB) dogs would result in the development of clinical signs or lesions resembling spontaneous canine AD, to determine whether repeated slurry applications would induce elevations in mite‐specific IgE and/or IgG, and to determine whether mite antigens could be demonstrated within the dermis of application sites. Methods Dogs received weekly slurry applications to the axilla and groin, and were patch tested at 120 days, or were patch tested at days 1, 60 and 120, but did not receive further slurry applications. Skin biopsies and serum samples were obtained on days 1, 60 and 120. Results Pruritic dermatitis was seen in all dogs by day 60. D. farinae ‐specific IgE was elevated by day 60. Histologic examination of early application sites revealed mild, mononuclear perivascular dermatitis. Later application sites were characterized by a dense inflammatory infiltrate and oedema in both the dermis and the epidermis. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the presence of D. farinae antigens in the dermis. Conclusions This study demonstrated that epicutaneous application of HDM slurry to MAB dogs results in elevations of HDM‐specific IgE, localized and generalized pruritic dermatitis resembling spontaneous canine AD, and histologic changes typical of IgE‐driven inflammation. We feel that these results suggest that epicutaneous exposure to allergen may play an important role during both the sensitization and the perpetuation of AD, and provide support for the use of a canine model in the investigation of the pathogenesis of AD. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02949.x VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 667-679 SN - 0954-7894 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40949126521&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - allergy KW - animal models KW - atopic dermatitis KW - atopy KW - Dermatophagoides farinae KW - dogs KW - skin (dermatology) immunology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclic tensile strain increases interactions between human epidermal keratinocytes and quantum dot nanoparticles AU - Rouse, Jillian G. AU - Haslauer, Carla M. AU - Loboa, Elizabeth G. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO AB - The effects of quantum dots (QD) on cell viability have gained increasing interest due to many recent developments utilizing QD for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The potential use of QD nanoparticles as diagnostic, imaging, and drug delivery agents has raised questions about their potential for cytotoxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of applied strain on QD uptake by human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). It was hypothesized that introduction of a 10% average strain to cell cultures would increase QD uptake. HEK were seeded at a density of 150,000 cells/mL on collagen-coated Flexcell culture plates (Flexcell Intl.). QD were introduced at a concentration of 3 nM and a 10% average strain was applied to the cells. After 4 h of cyclic strain, the cells were examined for cell viability, QD uptake, and cytokine production. The results indicate that addition of strain results in an increase in cytokine production and QD uptake, resulting in irritation and a negative impact on cell viability. Application of physiological load conditions can increase cell membrane permeability, thereby increasing the concentration of QD nanoparticles in cells. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.10.010 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 491-497 SN - 0887-2333 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000254694500024&KeyUID=WOS:000254694500024 KW - quantum dot nanoparticles KW - keratinocytes KW - skin KW - tensile strain KW - cellular uptake ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the effect of varying soil organic matter content on the bioavailability of malathion to the common nightcrawler, Lumbricus terrestris L. AU - Henson-Ramsey, Heather AU - Shea, Damian AU - Levine, Jay F. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Taylor, Sharon K. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1007/s00128-007-9349-6 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 220-224 SN - 0007-4861 KW - earthworm KW - malathion KW - bioavailability KW - soil organic matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque) AU - Tuttle, A. D. AU - Burrus, O. AU - Burkart, M. A. AU - Scott, P. W. AU - Stoskopf, M. K. AU - Harms, C. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES AB - Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 31, Issue 4 p. 311-315 Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque) A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.xCitations: 3 Dr C. Harms, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA(e-mail: [email protected]) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume31, Issue4April 2008Pages 311-315 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.x VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 311-315 SN - 0140-7775 KW - eversion KW - gill slit KW - Photobacterium damsela KW - prolapse KW - sand tiger shark KW - stomach ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presumed hyperglycemic cataracts in a live-stranded minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) calf AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Lovewell, Gretchen N. AU - Rotstein, David S. T2 - MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE AB - Marine Mammal ScienceVolume 24, Issue 2 p. 388-397 Presumed hyperglycemic cataracts in a live-stranded minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) calf Craig A. Harms, Craig A. Harms Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGretchen N. Lovewell, Gretchen N. Lovewell United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein NOAA Center for Marine Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–4542, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Craig A. Harms, Craig A. Harms Department of Clinical Sciences and Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGretchen N. Lovewell, Gretchen N. Lovewell United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Rotstein, David S. Rotstein NOAA Center for Marine Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–4542, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 December 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00182.xCitations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume24, Issue2April 2008Pages 388-397 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00182.x VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 388-397 SN - 1748-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacologically defined components of the normal porcine multifocal ERG AU - Ng, Yiu-fai AU - Chan, Henry H. L. AU - Chu, Patrick H. W. AU - Siu, Andrew W. AU - To, Chi-ho AU - Beale, Brady A. AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Wong, Fulton T2 - DOCUMENTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1007/s10633-007-9076-7 VL - 116 IS - 3 SP - 165-176 SN - 1573-2622 KW - adaptation KW - multifocal electroretinography KW - nonlinearity KW - pig KW - retina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistent right aortic arch and cribiform plate aplasia in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) AU - MacLean, R. A. AU - Imai, D. AU - Dold, C. AU - Haulena, M. AU - Gulland, F. M. D. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - A female weanling northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) presented to The Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, California, USA, in poor body condition. An esophageal obstruction was diagnosed by contrast radiography and esophagoscopy, but despite extensive diagnostics and supportive care, the seal died 6 days later. On postmortem examination, the right aortic arch was persistent, forming a vascular ring anomaly with a patent ductus arteriosus that compressed the distal esophagus. Aplasia of the right cribiform plate and hypoplasia of the right olfactory nerve was also identified. A review of necropsy reports from January 1988 to December 2003 revealed 16 severe congenital anomalies in 454 juvenile northern elephant seals that stranded in northern California. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.499 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 499-504 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytauxzoon felis infections are present in bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a region where cytauxzoonosis is not recognized in domestic cats AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Warren, Camille AU - Acton, Anne E. AU - Mucker, Eric M. AU - Humphreys, Jan G. AU - Tucker, Melissa D. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Cytauxzoon felis (C. felis) infections in bobcats (Lynx rufus) from a region where C. felis is recognized in domestic cats, North Carolina (NC), and a region where C. felis is not recognized in domestic cats, Pennsylvania (PA). Samples from NC (n=32) were obtained post-mortem via cardiac puncture from legally trapped bobcats. Samples from PA (n=70) were collected post-mortem onto Nobuto blood collecting strips by the PA Game Commission. Each sample was tested using a C. felis specific PCR assay as well as a PCR assay targeting host DNA to rule out the presence of PCR inhibitors. Three samples were excluded due to the presence of PCR inhibitors. Thirty-three percent (10/30) of the samples from NC and 7% (5/69) of the samples from PA tested positive for the presence of C. felis. The proportion of C. felis positive bobcats from NC was significantly different than that from PA (P<0.005). Despite the lower prevalence of C. felis infections in bobcats from PA this finding is unique and indicates the potential for C. felis infections in domestic cats in the northeastern USA if the appropriate tick vectors are present. Veterinary practitioners in PA should be on alert for cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats. Further studies about the epidemiology and transmission of C. felis infections among both domestic cats and bobcats are needed. DA - 2008/5/6/ PY - 2008/5/6/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.020 VL - 153 IS - 1-2 SP - 126-130 SN - 1873-2550 KW - cytauxzoonosis KW - piroplasmosis KW - Cytauxzoon felis KW - bobcats KW - PCR KW - tick ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of two indirect techniques for local delivery of a high dose of an antimicrobial in the distal portion of forelimbs of horses AU - Errico, Jason A. AU - Trumble, Troy N. AU - Bueno, Aloisio C. D. AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Brown, Murray P. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Objective —To compare isolated limb retrograde venous injection (ILRVI) and isolated limb infusion (ILI) for delivery of amikacin to the synovial fluid of the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints and to evaluate the efficacy of use of an Esmarch tourniquet in standing horses. Animals —6 healthy adult horses. Procedures —Horses were randomly assigned in a crossover design. In ILRVI, the injection consisted of 1 g of amikacin diluted to a total volume of 60 mL administered during a 3-minute period. In ILI, the infusion consisted of 1 g of amikacin diluted to 40 mL administered during a 3-minute period followed by administration of boluses of diluent (82 mL total) to maintain vascular pressure. During ILI, the infusate and blood were circulated from the venous to the arterial circulation in 5-mL aliquots. Synovial fluid and serum samples were obtained to determine maximum amikacin concentrations and tourniquet leakage, respectively. Results —Both techniques yielded synovial concentrations of amikacin > 10 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 90% of isolates (80 μg/mL) and > 10 times the MIC breakpoint (160 μg/mL) of amikacin-susceptible bacteria reported to cause septic arthritis in horses. These values were attained for both joints for both techniques. Esmarch tourniquets prevented detectable loss of amikacin to the systemic circulation for both techniques. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Both techniques reliably achieved synovial fluid concentrations of amikacin consistent with concentration-dependent killing for bacteria commonly encountered in horses with septic arthritis. Esmarch tourniquets were effective for both delivery techniques in standing horses. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.3.334 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 334-342 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of cold GP/sealer and resin bonded obturation techniques in canine teeth in dogs AU - Krug, William AU - Thomas, Michael W. AU - Perrone, Jeanne R. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY AB - An in vitro study compared two obturation materials in the canine teeth in dogs. The teeth were instrumented with rotary instruments and obturated with either gutta percha and a sealer or resin-based materials, utilizing the gutta percha apical plug/master cone technique. Radiographs were used for evaluation of the overall appearance of the final fill. A modified apical dye leakage method was used to evaluate the ability of each material to provide an adequate barrier to apical leakage. When comparing the two obturation materials, the differences in the radiographic appearance scores and the apical dye leakage test results were not statistically significant. The rate of apical leakage is comparable to other obturation methods that have been reported. The use of a rotary system in conjunction with the gutta percha apical plug/master cone technique is valid for the endodontic treatment of indicated teeth. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1177/089875640802500105 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 10-14 SN - 0898-7564 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical anatomy of the canine brain using magnetic resonance imaging AU - Leigh, Edmund J. AU - Mackillop, Edward AU - Robertson, Ian D. AU - Hudson, Lola C. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - The purpose of this study was to produce an magnetic resonsnce (MR) image atlas of clinically relevant brain anatomy and to relate this neuroanatomy to clinical signs. The brain of a large mixed breed dog was imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes using a 1.5 T MR unit and the following pulse sequences: Turbo (fast) spin echo (TSE) T2, T1, and T2- weighted spatial and chemical shift-encoded excitation sequence. Relevant neuroanatomic structures were identified using anatomic texts, sectioned cadaver heads, and previously published atlases. Major subdivisions of the brain were mapped and the neurologic signs of lesions in these divisions were described. TSE T2-weighted images were found to be the most useful for identifying clinically relevant neuroanatomy. Relating clinical signs to morphology as seen on MR will assist veterinarians to better understand clinically relevant neuroanatomy in MR images. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00336.x VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 113-121 SN - 1740-8261 ER - TY - JOUR TI - AAV vector-mediated reversal of hypoglycemia in canine and murine glycogen storage disease type Ia AU - Koeberl, Dwight D. AU - Pinto, Carlos AU - Sun, Baodong AU - Li, Songtao AU - Kozink, Daniel M. AU - Benjamin, Daniel K., Jr. AU - Demaster, Amanda K. AU - Kruse, Meghan A. AU - Vaughn, Valerie AU - Hillman, Steven AU - Bird, Andrew AU - Jackson, Mark AU - Brown, Talmage AU - Kishnani, Priya S. AU - Chen, Yuan-Tsong T2 - MOLECULAR THERAPY AB - Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) profoundly impairs glucose release by the liver due to glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) containing a small human G6Pase transgene was pseudotyped with AAV8 (AAV2/8) to optimize liver tropism. Survival was prolonged in 2-week-old G6Pase (-/-) mice by 600-fold fewer AAV2/8 vector particles (vp), in comparison to previous experiments involving this model (2 x 10(9) vp; 3 x 10(11) vp/kg). When the vector was pseudotyped with AAV1, survival was prolonged only at a higher dose (3 x 10(13) vp/kg). The AAV2/8 vector uniquely prevented hypoglycemia during fasting and fully corrected liver G6Pase deficiency in GSD-Ia mice and dogs. The AAV2/8 vector has prolonged survival in three GSD-Ia dogs to >11 months, which validated this strategy in the large animal model for GSD-Ia. Urinary biomarkers, including lactate and 3-hydroxybutyrate, were corrected by G6Pase expression solely in the liver. Glycogen accumulation in the liver was reduced almost to the normal level in vector-treated GSD-Ia mice and dogs, as was the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in GSD-Ia mice. These preclinical data demonstrated the efficacy of correcting hepatic G6Pase deficiency, and support the further preclinical development of AAV vector-mediated gene therapy for GSD-Ia. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1038/mt.2008.15 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 665-672 SN - 1525-0016 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multifocal Electroretinogram in Rhodopsin P347L Transgenic Pigs AU - Ng, Yiu-fai AU - Chan, Henry H. L. AU - Chu, Patrick H. W. AU - To, Chi-ho AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Petters, Robert M. AU - Wong, Fulton T2 - Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science AB - purpose. Neural ectopic rewiring in retinal degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) may form functional synapses between cones and rod bipolar cells that cause atypical signal processing. In this study, the multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) of a large animal model of RP, the rhodopsin P347L transgenic (Tg) pig, were measured to examine the sources and nature of altered signal processing. methods. mfERG responses from a 6-week-old Tg pig were recorded before and after sequential application of tetrodotoxin (TTX), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), and cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboylic acid (PDA), to identify contributions to the retinal signal from inner retinal neurons, the ON-pathway, the OFF-pathway, and photoreceptors. The mfERG response contributions from different retinal components of in the Tg eyes were estimated and compared with control data from eyes of age-matched wild-type (WT) pigs. results. There was a prominent difference in the estimates of the inner retinal response and ON-bipolar cell pathway contribution between the Tg and WT mfERG responses. In particular, the early components of the inner retinal contribution were obviously altered in the Tg mfERG. The inner retinal components at approximately 24 and 40 ms appeared to be inverted. Differences in the estimates of OFF-bipolar cell pathway contributions were minimal. There was no change in cone cell responses in the Tg mfERG. conclusions. In Tg retinas, ectopic synapses formed between cones and rod bipolar cells probably altered signal processing of the ON-bipolar cell pathway. In response to the altered visual signal input from the outer retina, signal processing in inner retinal neurons was also modified. DA - 2008/5/1/ PY - 2008/5/1/ DO - 10.1167/iovs.07-1159 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 2208 J2 - Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 1552-5783 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-1159 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intermittent bradyarrhythmia in a Hispaniolan Amazon parrot (Amazona ventralis) AU - Rembert, Melanie S. AU - Smith, Julie A. AU - Strickland, Keith N. AU - Tully, Thomas N., Jr. T2 - JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - A clinically normal 2-year-old Hispaniolan Amazon parrot (Amazona ventralis) was found to have periodic second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block with variable nodal conductions while anesthetized with isoflurane during a thermal-support research project. Arrhythmias were observed on 5 successive weekly electrocardiograms. A complete cardiac evaluation, including a diagnostic electrocardiogram, revealed intermittent bradyarrhythmias ranging from a 2:1 to a 7:1 second-degree AV block, with concurrent hypotensive episodes during the nodal blocks. Results of a complete blood cell count, plasma biochemical profile, blood gas analysis, and atropine-response test, as well as radiography and auscultation, revealed no obvious cause for the arrhythmias. Echocardiography demonstrated cardiac wall thickness, chamber size, and systolic function similar to other psittacine birds. On return to the colony, the parrot continued to be outwardly asymptomatic despite the dramatic conduction disturbances. Although cardiac arrhythmias, including second-degree AV block, have been widely reported in birds, the wide variation of nodal conductions, the intermittent nature, and an arrhythmia with a 7:1 second-degree AV block that spontaneously reverts to normal as seen in this case have not been well documented in parrots. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1647/2006-0248.1 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 31-40 SN - 1938-2871 KW - atrioventricular block KW - arrhythmia KW - cardiac KW - electrocardiography KW - echocardiography KW - isoflurane KW - avian KW - Hispaniolan Amazon parrot KW - Amazona ventralis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological interactions of quantum dot nanoparticles in skin and in human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Zhang, Leshuai W. AU - Yu, William W. AU - Colvin, Vicki L. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY AB - Quantum dots nanoparticles have novel optical properties for biomedical applications and electronics, but little is known about their skin permeability and interaction with cells. QD621 are nail-shaped nanoparticles that contain a cadmium/selenide core with a cadmium sulfide shell coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and are soluble in water. QD were topically applied to porcine skin flow-through diffusion cells to assess penetration at 1 μM, 2 μM and 10 μM for 24 h. QD were also studied in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to determine cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential. Confocal microscopy depicted the penetration of QD621 through the uppermost stratum corneum (SC) layers of the epidermis and fluorescence was found primarily in the SC and near hair follicles. QD were found in the intercellular lipid bilayers of the SC by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis for cadmium (Cd) and fluorescence for QD both did not detect Cd nor fluorescence signal in the perfusate at any time point or concentration. In HEK, viability decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 1.25 nM to 10nM after 24 h and 48 h. There was a significant increase in IL-6 at 1.25 nM to 10 nM, while IL-8 increased from 2.5nM to 10nM after 24 h and 48 h. TEM of HEK treated with 10 nM of QD621 at 24 h depicted QD in cytoplasmic vacuoles and at the periphery of the cell membranes. These results indicate that porcine skin penetration of QD621 is minimal and limited primarily to the outer SC layers, yet if the skin were damaged allowing direct QD exposure to skin or keratinocytes, an inflammatory response could be initiated. DA - 2008/4/15/ PY - 2008/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.022 VL - 228 IS - 2 SP - 200-211 SN - 1096-0333 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000255494300008&KeyUID=WOS:000255494300008 KW - quantum dot KW - nanoparticles KW - skin penetration KW - cytokines KW - keratinocytes KW - cellular uptake KW - inflammation KW - skin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission AU - Billeter, S. A. AU - Levy, M. G. AU - Chomel, B. B. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - Medical and Veterinary Entomology AB - Bartonella species are gram-negative bacteria that infect erythrocytes, endothelial cells and macrophages, often leading to persistent blood-borne infections. Because of the ability of various Bartonella species to reside within erythrocytes of a diverse number of animal hosts, there is substantial opportunity for the potential uptake of these blood-borne bacteria by a variety of arthropod vectors that feed on animals and people. Five Bartonella species are transmitted by lice, fleas or sandflies. However, Bartonella DNA has been detected or Bartonella spp. have been cultured from numerous other arthropods. This review discusses Bartonella transmission by sandflies, lice and fleas, the potential for transmission by other vectors, and data supporting transmission by ticks. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture methods have been used to detect Bartonella in ticks, either questing or host-attached, throughout the world. Case studies and serological or molecular surveys involving humans, cats and canines provide indirect evidence supporting transmission of Bartonella species by ticks. Of potential clinical relevance, many studies have proposed co-transmission of Bartonella with other known tick-borne pathogens. Currently, critically important experimental transmission studies have not been performed for Bartonella transmission by many potential arthropod vectors, including ticks. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00713.x VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 1-15 J2 - Med Vet Entomol LA - en OP - SN - 0269-283X 1365-2915 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00713.x DB - Crossref KW - Bartonella species KW - arthropods KW - DNA KW - PCR KW - ticks KW - vector competence KW - vector potential ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of systemically administered lidocaine in horses with gastrointestinal tract disease AU - Cook, Vanessa L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.2460/javma.232.8.1144 VL - 232 IS - 8 SP - 1144-1148 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.8.1144 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lomustine for treatment of mast cell tumors in cats: 38 cases (1999-2005) AU - Rassnick, Kenneth M. AU - Williams, Laurel E. AU - Kristal, Orna AU - Al-Sarraf, Renee AU - Baez, Jennifer L. AU - Zwahlen, Courtney H. AU - Dank, Gillian T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine clinical activity and toxic effects of lomustine when used to treat cats with mast cell tumors (MCTs).Retrospective case series.38 cats with measurable, histologically or cytologically confirmed MCTs treated with lomustine at a dosage > or = 50 mg/m(2).Medical records were reviewed to determine response to treatment and evidence of drug toxicoses. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate remission duration.26 cats had cutaneous MCTs, 7 had MCTs of the mesenteric lymph nodes, 2 had gastrointestinal tract MCTs, 2 had hepatic MCTs, and 1 had MCTs involving multiple organs. Targeted lomustine dosage was 50 mg/m(2) in 22 cats and 60 mg/m(2) in 16 cats. Median administered dosage of lomustine was 56 mg/m(2) (range, 48 to 65 mg/m(2)), and median number of doses administered was 2 (range, 1 to 12). Seven cats had a complete response and 12 had a partial response, for an overall response rate of 50%. Median response duration was 168 days (range, 25 to 727 days). The most common toxicoses were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.Results suggested that lomustine had activity against MCTs in cats and was well tolerated. Further, findings suggested that treatment with lomustine should be considered for cats with MCTs for which local treatment is not an option. DA - 2008/4/15/ PY - 2008/4/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.232.8.1200 VL - 232 IS - 8 SP - 1200-1205 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lack of detection of circulating skin-specific IgE autoantibodies in dogs with moderate or severe atopic dermatitis AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Dunston, Stanley A. AU - Pluchino, Kristen AU - Porter, Kyleigh AU - Hammerberg, Bruce T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Human patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) commonly exhibit IgE reactivity to cutaneous self-antigens. The presence of serum IgE autoantibodies appears to correlate with disease severity, and it is suspected to reflect or contribute to tissue damage. The objective of this study was to determine whether IgE autoantibodies specific for cutaneous antigens could be detected in the serum of dogs with AD. Serum was collected from 19 dogs with untreated moderate to severe AD and four specific-pathogen free (SPF) dogs. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using normal canine skin collected at four different locations (concave ear, nose, medial thigh and lateral thorax), while Western immunoblotting was done using normal canine ear pinna epidermal and dermal extracts and reducing conditions. In both methods, IgE was detected using a monoclonal antibody specific for heat stable epitopes of canine IgE. At 1:10 dilution, specific IgE autoantibodies against cutaneous autoantigens were not detected, with either method, in AD and SPF canine sera. Either IgE autoreactivity is not associated with moderate to severe AD in dogs, or the methods employed herein were not sensitive enough to permit IgE autoantibody detection. DA - 2008/3/15/ PY - 2008/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.11.003 VL - 122 IS - 1-2 SP - 182-187 SN - 1873-2534 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39549096018&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - allergy KW - atopy KW - autoimmunity KW - canine KW - IgE KW - skin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclooxygenase expression and prostanoid production in pyloric and duodenal mucosae in dogs after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs AU - Wooten, Jenna G. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Ryan, Kathleen A. AU - Marks, Steve L. AU - Law, J. Mac AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To assess cyclooxygenase (COX) expression and prostanoid concentrations in pyloric and duodenal mucosae of dogs after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Animals —8 healthy dogs. Procedures —Each dog received carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, q 24 h), deracoxib (2 mg/kg, q 24 h), aspirin (10 mg/kg, q 12 h), and placebo (1 dog treat, q 24 h) orally for 3 days (4-week interval between treatments). Before study commencement (baseline) and on day 3 of each treatment, pyloric and duodenal mucosal appearance was assessed endoscopically and biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic examination. Cyclooxygenase-1 and COX-2 protein expressions were assessed via western blotting, and prostanoid concentrations were measured via ELISAs. An ANOVA was used to analyze data. Results —Treatments had no effect on mucosal appearance and ulceration was not evident histologically. In pyloric and duodenal mucosae, COX-1 expression was unaffected by treatments. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression remained unchanged in pyloric mucosa; in duodenal mucosa, aspirin significantly increased COX-2 expression, compared with effects of deracoxib and carprofen. At baseline, total prostaglandin and thromboxane B 2 concentrations in pyloric mucosa were significantly greater than those in duodenal mucosa. Aspirin significantly decreased both prostanoid concentrations in both mucosal tissues, compared with other treatments. In pyloric mucosa, carprofen administration significantly decreased total prostaglandin and thromboxane B 2 concentrations, compared with deracoxib administration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —In dogs, prostanoid synthesis was greater in pyloric mucosa than it was in duodenal mucosa. Nonselective NSAIDs significantly decreased prostanoid concentrations in these mucosae, compared with the effects of a selective COX-2 NSAID. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.4.457 VL - 69 IS - 4 SP - 457-464 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.4.457 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunology of the Ocular Surface AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice AB - The ocular surface immunity is a remarkable combination of the innate immune and adaptive immune systems, designed to prevent microbial invasion while minimizing damage to delicate ocular tissue. The innate immune system uses a variety of methods to minimize microorganism invasion, including mechanical tissue barriers and production of antimicrobial peptides. Tolerance of normal ocular flora is achieved by the presence of a minimal number of professional antigen presenting cells, immunosuppressive substances in tears, and the strategic intra- and intercellular location of the Toll-like receptors. Autoimmune diseases are common on the ocular surface, and with contributions of environmental and genetic factors, autoantigens are presented to the adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptors are the link between the innate and adaptive immune response, and are likely key components of the response of ocular tissue to infectious organisms and in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune disease. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.11.004 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 223-231 J2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice LA - en OP - SN - 0195-5616 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.11.004 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection ofBartonella henselaein the Blood of 2 Adult Horses AU - Jones, S.L. AU - Maggi, R. AU - Shuler, J. AU - Alward, A. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Bartonella spp. are emerging zoonotic agents that have been found in a wide variety of domestic animals and wildlife and cause a number of clinical syndromes. Bartonella sp. infection has been identified in a growing number of animal species, including cats, rodents, porpoises, and canids, but has not been reported in horses.To document the presence of Bartonella sp. in the blood of horses.One horse with chronic arthropathy and 1 horse with presumptive vasculitis.Blood samples were tested for the presence of Bartonella sp. by a combination of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction and enrichment culture technique.Bartonella henselae was isolated or detected in the blood of both horses.Bartonella henselae infection should be investigated as the cause of disease in horses. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0043.x VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 495-498 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0043.x DB - Crossref KW - arthropathy KW - bartonellosis KW - purpura hemorrhagica KW - vasculitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timneh) AU - Flammer, Keven AU - Nettifee Osborne, Julie A. AU - Webb, Donna J. AU - Foster, Laura E. AU - Dillard, Stacy L. AU - Davis, Jennifer L. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of orally administered voriconazole in African grey parrots. Animals —20 clinically normal Timneh African grey parrots ( Psittacus erithacus timneh ). Procedures —In single-dose trials, 12 parrots were each administered 6, 12, and 18 mg of voriconazole/kg orally and plasma concentrations of voriconazole were determined via high-pressure liquid chromatography. In a multiple-dose trial, voriconazole (18 mg/kg) was administered orally to 6 birds every 12 hours for 9 days; a control group (2 birds) received tap water. Treatment effects were assessed via observation, clinicopathologic analyses (3 assessments), and measurement of trough plasma voriconazole concentrations (2 assessments). Results —Voriconazole's elimination half-life was short (1.1 to 1.6 hours). Higher doses resulted in disproportional increases in the maximum plasma voriconazole concentration and area under the curve. Trough plasma voriconazole concentrations achieved in the multiple-dose trial were lower than those achieved after administration of single doses. Polyuria (the only adverse treatment effect) developed in treated and control birds but was more severe in the treatment group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —In African grey parrots, voriconazole has dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and may induce its own metabolism. Oral administration of 12 to 18 mg of voriconazole/kg twice daily is a rational starting dose for treatment of African grey parrots infected with Aspergillus or other fungal organisms that have a minimal inhibitory concentration for voriconazole ≤ 0.4 μg/mL. Higher doses may be needed to maintain plasma voriconazole concentrations during long-term treatment. Safety and efficacy of various voriconazole treatment regimens in this species require investigation. DA - 2008/1/1/ PY - 2008/1/1/ DO - 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.114 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 114-121 J2 - ajvr OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.1.114 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular evidence of prevalent dual piroplasma infections in North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) AU - Birkenheuer, A. J. AU - Marr, H. S. AU - Hladio, N. AU - Acton, A. E. T2 - PARASITOLOGY AB - Based on 18S rRNA sequence analyses 2 distinct genotypes of piroplasms have been described in raccoons. One genotype resides in the Babesia sensu stricto clade and the other in the Babesia microti-like clade. Since these organisms appear morphologically indistinguishable, it is unclear which strain is responsible for the majority of the infections in raccoons. In order to overcome these limitations we performed a molecular survey of raccoons using polymerase chain reaction assays specific for each genotype. We tested blood samples from 41 wild raccoons trapped in eastern North Carolina using PCR assays and found that 95% (39/41) had detectable piroplasm DNA. Ninety percent (37/41) of the samples contained Babesia sensu stricto DNA and 83% (34/41) samples contained Babesia microti-like DNA. DNA from both genotypes was present in 76% (31/41) samples suggesting a very high rate of co-infections. The presence of dual piroplasma infections in carnivores appears to be an uncommon finding. This study highlights the need for molecular assays for the accurate identification of piroplasma. Further studies are indicated to investigate the ability of these parasites to infect domestic animals as well as their zoonotic potential. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1017/S0031182007003538 VL - 135 IS - 1 SP - 33-37 SN - 1469-8161 KW - Babesia KW - piroplasmosis KW - babesiosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histopathological features of ocular leishmaniosis in the dog AU - Pena, M. T. AU - Naranjo, C. AU - Klauss, G. AU - Fondevila, D. AU - Leiva, M. AU - Roura, X. AU - Davidson, M. G. AU - Dubielzig, R. R. T2 - JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AB - Canine leishmaniosis (CL) can present with multiple clinical signs and ocular disease is reported to occur in almost 25% of affected dogs. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the nature of inflammation within the eyes of dogs with leishmaniosis and to determine whether parasites were present in these lesions. Eyes from 60 dogs with confirmed leishmaniosis that died or were humanely destroyed over a 4 year period were included in the study. Sections of formalin-fixed globes were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and subjected to immunohistochemistry using a Leishmania-specific antibody. Clinically evident ocular signs were present in 15 of 60 dogs (13 bilaterally and 2 unilaterally). Thirty-five of 60 dogs received some form of anti-protozoal treatment. In 36 of 120 eyes (30%) a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate was found and in 32 of 120 eyes (26.6%) the parasite was identified immunohistochemically within the globe. Ocular tissues affected, in order of frequency, were conjunctiva and limbus, ciliary body, iris, cornea, sclera and iridocorneal angle, choroid and the optic nerve sheath. Different microscopical patterns were defined in each of these structures. Leishmania organisms and associated inflammation can be found in different ocular tissues, accounting for some of the ocular clinical signs described for this disease. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.09.004 VL - 138 IS - 1 SP - 32-39 SN - 0021-9975 KW - dog KW - eye KW - leishmaniosis KW - histopathology KW - immunohistochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a digitally integrated accelerometer-based activity monitor for the measurement of activity in cats(1) AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Hansen, Bernard D. AU - Thomson, Andrea AU - Pierce, Courtney C. AU - Boland, Elizabeth AU - Smith, Eric S. T2 - VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA AB - To assess the correlation between data generated by an accelerometer-based activity monitor and the distance moved in cats.Prospective experimental study.Three, four-year-old, male, purpose-bred research cats, weighing between 5.1 and 5.9 kg.Part I: Collar and harness mounted accelerometers were evaluated in three cats, comparing simultaneously collected accelerometer data with movement data from computer-analyzed video. Part II: Cats wore collar and harness mounted accelerometers, and data were recorded for 4 weeks to evaluate day-to-day and week-to-week variation in activity.Part I: 432 hours of simultaneous video and accelerometer data were collected. The correlation between accelerometer counts and distance moved was 0.82 overall. Agreement between collar and harness mounted accelerometers was excellent with only 6% of the differences in measurements lying outside the mean difference +/- 2 standard deviations. The adjusted R(2) for harness accelerometer output and 6% mobility was 0.75; for movement 0.84; and for mean velocity 0.83. Evaluation of video indicated eating, grooming and scratching created high accelerometer counts with little effect on movement. Part II: There was a significant effect of day on harness (p < 0.001) and collar (p < 0.002) counts, with counts being lowest at the weekend. There was a significant effect of week on harness-mounted accelerometer counts (p < 0.034), but not on collar-mounted accelerometer counts. Harness accelerometer counts were lowest in week 1.Output from an acceleration-based digitally integrated accelerometer correlated well with distance moved and mobility in freely moving cats provided the mobility threshold in the analysis software was > or = 6%.Acceleration-based activity monitors may allow for objective measurement of improved mobility following analgesic treatment for conditions such as osteoarthritis. DA - 2008/3// PY - 2008/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00367.x VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 173-183 SN - 1467-2987 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00367.x KW - activity KW - assessment KW - feline KW - movement KW - video analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - ECG of the month AU - Cruse, Ashley M. AU - Booth, Margaret A. AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2008/2/15/ PY - 2008/2/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.232.4.510 VL - 232 IS - 4 SP - 510-512 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Separation anxiety in dogs AU - Sherman, B. L. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 27- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oral delivery of L-arginine stimulates prostaglandin-dependent secretory diarrhea in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected neonatal piglets AU - Gookin, Jody L. AU - Foster, Derek M. AU - Coccaro, Maria R. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. T2 - JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION AB - To determine if oral supplementation with L-arginine could augment nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and promote epithelial defense in neonatal piglets infected with Cryptosporidium parvum.Neonatal piglets were fed a liquid milk replacer and on day 3 of age infected or not with 10(8) C. parvum oocysts and the milk replacer supplemented with L-arginine or L-alanine. Milk consumption, body weight, fecal consistency, and oocyst excretion were recorded daily. On day 3 postinfection, piglets were euthanized and serum concentration of NO metabolites and histological severity of villous atrophy and epithelial infection were quantified. Sheets of ileal mucosa were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of barrier function (transepithelial resistance and permeability) and short-circuit current (an indirect measurement of Cl secretion in this tissue).C. parvum-infected piglets had large numbers of epithelial parasites, villous atrophy, decreased barrier function, severe watery diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. L-Arginine promoted synthesis of NO by infected piglets, which was unaccompanied by improvement in severity of infection but rather promoted epithelial chloride secretion and diarrhea. Epithelial secretion by infected mucosa from L-arginine-supplemented piglets was fully inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, indicating that prostaglandin synthesis was responsible for this effect.Results of these studies demonstrate that provision of additional NO substrate in the form of L-arginine incites prostaglandin-dependent secretory diarrhea and does not promote epithelial defense or barrier function of C. parvum-infected neonatal ileum. DA - 2008/2// PY - 2008/2// DO - 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815c0480 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 139-146 SN - 1536-4801 KW - barrier function KW - enteral nutrition KW - epithelial defense KW - nitric oxide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in juvenile swine AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Swanson, Cliff T2 - Research in Veterinary Science AB - Pigs are important animal models in veterinary and medical research and have been widely used in experiments requiring surgical anesthesia. Sevoflurane is an inhalant anesthetic with unique properties that make it an ideal anesthetic for mask induction and anesthesia maintenance. However, there are relatively few studies reporting the anesthetic requirements for sevoflurane in juvenile swine, an age group that is commonly used in research experiments. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) for sevoflurane in juvenile swine. Sevoflurane anesthesia was induced in six Yorkshire-cross pigs of approximately 9 weeks-of-age and MAC for sevoflurane was determined. The sevoflurane MAC value was determined to be 3.5+/-0.1% which is notably higher than values reported in the literature for pigs. This discrepancy in MAC values may represent changes in anesthetic requirements between different age groups of pigs and differences in the type of stimulus used to determine MAC. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.015 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 283-285 J2 - Research in Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0034-5288 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.015 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of two Bartonella tamiae-like sequences in Amblyomma americanum (Acari : Ixodidae) using 16S-23S intergenic spacer region-specific primers AU - Billeter, Sarah A. AU - Miller, Melissa K. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Levy, Michael G. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Four hundred and sixty-six questing Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) from Carolina County, VA, and 98 questing A. americanum from Chatham County, NC, were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the Bartonella 16S-23S intergenic spacer region. Two amplicons, approximately 270-280 bp, were detected in two ticks from Virginia. Based upon PCR and sequencing, an adult male and adult female tick harbored DNA sequences closely related to Bartonella tamiae (DQ395180). Bartonella DNA was not detected in A. americanum from North Carolina. Potential transmission of Bartonella spp. by A. americanum should be the focus of future experimental studies. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[176:DOTBTS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 176-179 SN - 0022-2585 KW - Bartonella KW - Amblyomma americanum KW - PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arginine Activates Intestinal p70S6k and Protein Synthesis in Piglet Rotavirus Enteritis AU - Corl, Benjamin A. AU - Odle, Jack AU - Niu, Xiaomei AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Gatlin, Lori A. AU - Phillips, Oulayvanh T. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Rhoads, J. Marc T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - We previously showed that phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6k)) in the intestine is increased during viral enteritis. In this study, we hypothesized that during rotavirus infection, oral Arg, which stimulates p70(S6k) activation, will further stimulate intestinal protein synthesis and mucosal recovery, whereas the p70(S6k) inhibitor rapamycin (Rapa) will inhibit mucosal recovery. Newborn piglets were fed a standard milk replacer diet supplemented with Arg (0.4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1), twice daily by gavage), Rapa (2 mg x m(-2) x d(-1)), Arg + Rapa, or saline (controls). They were infected on d 6 of life with porcine rotavirus. Three days postinoculation, we measured the piglets' body weight, fecal rotavirus excretion, villus-crypt morphology, epithelial electrical resistance in Ussing chambers, and p70(S6k) activation by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We previously showed a 2-fold increase in jejunal protein synthesis during rotavirus diarrhea. In this experiment, Arg stimulated jejunal protein synthesis 1.3-fold above standard medium, and the Arg stimulation was partially inhibited by Rapa. Small bowel stimulation of p70(S6k) phosphorylation and p70(S6k) levels were inhibited >80% by Rapa. Immunohistochemistry revealed a major increase of p70(S6k) and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in the crypt and lower villus of the infected piglets. However, in Arg-treated piglets, p70(S6k) activation occurred over the entire villus. Jejunal villi of the Rapa-treated group showed inactivation of p70(S6k) and a decrease in mucosal resistance (reflecting increased permeability), the latter of which was reversed by Arg. We conclude that, early in rotavirus enteritis, Arg has no impact on diarrhea but augments intestinal protein synthesis in part by p70(S6k) stimulation, while improving intestinal permeability via a mammalian target of rapamycin/p70(S6k)-independent mechanism. DA - 2008/1/1/ PY - 2008/1/1/ DO - 10.1093/jn/138.1.24 VL - 138 IS - 1 SP - 24-29 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.1.24 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Administration of doxycycline in drinking water for treatment of spiral bacterial infection in cockatiels AU - Evans, Erika E. AU - Wade, Laura L. AU - Flammer, Keven T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To determine efficacy of providing drinking water medicated with doxycycline for treatment of spiral bacterial infection in cockatiels. Design —Randomized controlled clinical trial. Animals —18 cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus ) naturally infected with spiral bacteria. Procedures —Spiral bacterial infection was diagnosed by means of cytologic examination of swab specimens from the choana and oropharynx. Eleven birds (treatment group) were given drinking water to which doxycycline hyclate had been added at a concentration of 400 mg/L for 30 days; the remaining 7 birds (control group) were given unmedicated water. After completion of the study, 6 control birds were treated with drinking water medicated with doxycycline for 21 days. Results —Daily mean plasma doxycycline concentration for birds in the treatment group ranged from 2.26 to 2.86 Mg/mL (overall range, 0.83 to 4.34 Mg/mL). All treated birds were negative for spiral bacteria after treatment for 21 days and remained negative when examined 160 days after treatment ended. Control birds remained positive for spiral bacteria. Control birds treated with doxycycline after completion of the study were negative for spiral bacteria after treatment for 21 days and 30 days after treatment ended. No clinically important adverse effects were associated with treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggested that providing drinking water to which doxycycline had been added at a concentration of 400 mg/L was effective in eliminating spiral bacterial infections in cockatiels. DA - 2008/2/1/ PY - 2008/2/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.232.3.389 VL - 232 IS - 3 SP - 389-393 SN - 0003-1488 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Questions terminology in heartworm infection commentary - The author responds AU - Atkins, C. E. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 194-194 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life in the Gut Without Oxygen: Adaptive Mechanisms and Inflammatory Bowel Disease AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - Gastroenterology AB - See “Mucosal protection by hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibition” by Robinson A, Keely S, Karhausen J, et al on page 145; and “The hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine is protective in a murine model of colitis” by Cummins EP, Seeballuck F, Keely SJ, et al on page 156. See “Mucosal protection by hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibition” by Robinson A, Keely S, Karhausen J, et al on page 145; and “The hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine is protective in a murine model of colitis” by Cummins EP, Seeballuck F, Keely SJ, et al on page 156. The epithelium that lines the intestine exists in a constant state of hypoxia. In the small intestine, this has classically been explained by a countercurrent exchange mechanism, wherein oxygen from arterial blood entering the villi diffuses across to neighboring venules traveling from the tip down toward the base of the villus.1Shepherd A.P. Local control of intestinal oxygenation and blood flow.Annu Rev Physiol. 1982; 44: 13-27Google Scholar The crucial components of countercurrent exchange are in close proximity of a tubular or vascular supply with components traveling in the opposite direction at a low velocity, a semipermeable membrane, and differing concentrations of a solute. All of these components are present in the small intestine, with resultant countercurrent exchange of oxygen and relatively hypoxic villous tips. However, there appear to be other reasons for intestinal epithelial hypoxia because it is also present in the colon where there are no villi. The easiest explanation for this is the distance of the epithelium from the vascular supply, so that most of the oxygen has been taken up by subepithelial tissues before oxygenated blood reaches the level of the epithelium. Regardless of the mechanism, a steep oxygen gradient has been documented in the gut.1Shepherd A.P. Local control of intestinal oxygenation and blood flow.Annu Rev Physiol. 1982; 44: 13-27Google Scholar This is important, because, without oxygen, transport mechanisms and barrier function become disrupted. In fact, the intestine is one of the most energy-demanding organ systems because of the Na+/K+ ATPase, an epithelial basolateral transporter that is critical to intestinal function. Additional energy is required to fuel maintenance of barrier function, including interepithelial tight junctions, which are heavily laden with signaling molecules. Fortunately, the apical epithelium has developed adaptive mechanisms that allow it to function in an environment without optimal oxygenation. Aside from reduced oxygen availability, the intestinal mucosa has to respond to microorganisms in its lumen in an appropriate way to avoid developing an inflammatory response. Some patients may not respond appropriately to luminal bacteria, possibly resulting in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), depending on other factors involved in development of disease.2Sartor R.B. Innate immunity in the pathogenesis and therapy of IBD.J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38: 43-47Google Scholar Currently, investigators are attempting to determine which bacteria are likely candidates for triggering IBD under specific circumstances.3Sartor R.B. Blumberg R.S. Braun J. et al.CCFA microbial-host interactions workshop: highlights and key observations.Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007; 13: 600-619Google Scholar Additional factors may influence the development of IBD, including genetic influences and lifestyle.4Xavier R.J. Podolsky D.K. Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.Nature. 2007; 448: 427-434Google Scholar Furthermore, Robinson et al point out in this issue of Gastroenterology that it has recently been recognized that hypoxia is a feature of IBD, and may in some way influence inflammation.5Robinson A. Keely S. Karhausen J. et al.Mucosal protection by hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibition.Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 145-155Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (288) Google Scholar, 6Karthausen J. Haase V.H. Colgan S.P. Inflammatory hypoxia: role of hypoxia-inducible factor.Cell Cycle. 2005; 4: 256-258Google Scholar Until these mechanisms can be better understood, a number of investigators use simplified murine models of IBD in which injurious agents such as detergents are administered. The most common detergents used are DSS and TNBS, which cause epithelial injury and subsequent inflammation. A critical component of the adaptive response to hypoxia is the regulation of molecules that protect the mucosal epithelium, including hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). However, this transcription factor is degraded by hydroxylation under normal conditions, presumably because of overlapping protective and adaptive mechanisms that allow the gut to continue to transport and maintain a barrier under conditions of “physiologic hypoxia” (a term adopted by Robinson et al5Robinson A. Keely S. Karhausen J. et al.Mucosal protection by hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibition.Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 145-155Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (288) Google Scholar). When the gut is subjected to pathophysiologic levels of hypoxia, HIF is stabilized and helps to protect the intestine from injury.7Kong T. Westerman K.A. Faigle M. et al.HIF-dependent induction of adenosine A2B receptor in hypoxia.FASEB J. 2006; 20: 2242-2250Google Scholar In this issue of Gastroenterology, two groups show that HIF can be used to protect the intestine from detergent-induced IBD in rodents (Figure 1). In the study by Robinson et al and the study by Cummins et al,8Cummins E.P. Seeballuck F. Keely S.J. et al.The hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine is protective in a murine model of colitis.Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 156-165Google Scholar HIF degradation was prevented by pharmacologic inhibitors of hydroxylases, the enzymes that result in inactivation of HIF. Although the hydroxylase inhibitors used were different, the results were similar: an increase in stable HIF-1 levels. This in turn protected mice against colonic injury, inflammation, and clinical signs of IBD. Recent studies have shown that HIF is also protective against other diseases that may be associated with hypoxia. For example, investigators showed that HIF protected the intestine from injury during necrotizing enterocolitis,9Baregamian N. Rychahou P.G. Hawkins H.K. et al.Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 to protect from intestinal injury during necrotizing enterocolitis.Surgery. 2007; 142: 295-302Google Scholar a disease of infants in which a combination of hypoxic and dietary factors seems to play a role in causing loss of epithelial barrier function and subsequent sepsis. The mechanism whereby HIF prevents induction of disease is less clear. In the study by Robinson et al,5Robinson A. Keely S. Karhausen J. et al.Mucosal protection by hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibition.Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 145-155Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (288) Google Scholar increased HIF levels were associated with both reduction of changes in barrier function and inflammation. The authors demonstrate a decrease in the expression of critical proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in the presence of increased HIF levels. This may in part explain the beneficial effects of HIF on the intestinal barrier; cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ have been shown to reduce barrier function in cell models.10Utech M. Brüwer M. Nusrat A. Tight junctions and cell-cell interactions.Methods Mol Biol. 2006; 341: 185-195Google Scholar Additional effects of HIF were shown by Cummins et al,8Cummins E.P. Seeballuck F. Keely S.J. et al.The hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine is protective in a murine model of colitis.Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 156-165Google Scholar including decreased levels of a number of proinflammatory interleukins, and evidence for reduced neutrophil infiltration, assessed by myeloperoxidase levels, an enzyme expressed predominantly by neutrophils. In addition to anti-inflammatory mechanisms, the hydroxylase inhibitor that was studied most extensively by Robinson et al (FG-4497)5Robinson A. Keely S. Karhausen J. et al.Mucosal protection by hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibition.Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 145-155Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (288) Google Scholar was also shown to induce marked contraction of collagen in vitro, suggesting that HIF plays a role in wound healing. Marked damage and inflammation, as was produced in both studies in this issue, would require initial wound healing, followed by contraction of the wound and epithelial restitution. Although restoration of barrier function to reduce continued influx of proinflammatory products from the lumen is vital, the role of HIF and fibrosis may be a future area for this research. This might require chronic models of IBD, most likely more subtle in nature than detergent-induced IBD. Alternate rodent models of a more chronic nature include interleukin-10 knockout mice that are susceptible to select luminal bacteria. Typically, these models involve gnotobiotic techniques so that individual bacteria, or a specific group of bacteria, can be introduced to colonize the gut.11Kim S.C. Tonkonogy S.L. Albright C.A. et al.Variable phenotypes of enterocolitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice monoassociated with two different commensal bacteria.Gastroenterology. 2005; 128: 891-906Google Scholar, 12Rath H.C. Wilson K.H. Sartor R.B. Differential induction of colitis and gastritis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats selectively colonized with Bacteroides vulgatus or Escherichia coli.Infect Immun. 1999; 67: 2969-2974Crossref Google Scholar The study by Cummins et al8Cummins E.P. Seeballuck F. Keely S.J. et al.The hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine is protective in a murine model of colitis.Gastroenterology. 2008; 134: 156-165Google Scholar suggests that inhibition of hydroxylases with dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) has a more broad-spectrum effect than stabilization of HIF, as nuclear factor (NF)-κB levels were increased. Although this signaling pathway is typically associated with inflammation, elevated NF-κB levels decrease apoptosis, thereby potentially preserving the intestinal epithelial barrier in DSS-induced colitis. Apoptosis is likely applicable to loss of cells from the luminal surface of the intestine under normal and pathophysiologic conditions. The intestinal epithelium is characterized by rapid turnover of the epithelium, with stem cells located in the base of the crypts, that generated new epithelial cells, which mature as they escalate up the crypt and on to intestinal villi in the small intestinal mucosa and intercrypt epithelium in the colon. Finally, cells undergo apoptosis, and are removed from the intestinal epithelial monolayer in an orderly fashion to limit alteration of barrier function.13Yen T.H. Wright N.A. The gastrointestinal tract stem cell niche.Stem Cell Rev. 2006; 2: 203-212Google Scholar, 14Bullen T.F. Forrest S. Campbell F. et al.Characterization of epithelial cell shedding from human small intestine.Lab Invest. 2006; 86: 1052-1063Google Scholar In other words, the apoptotic cell undergoes cell death in situ, allowing neighboring cells to fill the gap and limit disruption of the epithelial barrier. The work shown in these studies provides evidence for the importance of HIF-1 in protection of and repair of IBD lesions induced in acute and subacute detergent models in rodents. Future directions include the applicability of inhibition of hydroxylases by novel pharmaceutical agents in patients with IBD. In addition, it is difficult to know from these studies which are the most critical mechanisms of HIF-1 activity in IBD: protection from loss of epithelial cells via inhibition of apoptosis, increased wound healing, or inhibition of inflammatory pathways. Conclusive studies, using a range of models that begin to incorporate factors thought to be involved in IBD in patients (the luminal microbial environment and the genetic background of the subject) may be an area for future study; targeting of HIF-1 signaling pathways may provide novel therapeutic regimens. Further clinical trials are required to determine applicability of hydroxylase inhibitors in humans, because rodents do not reflect all of the factors involved in IBD. Staging of disease is also likely to be very important. For example, inhibition of hydroxylases might be critical very early in the onset of IBD, but may have to be used more selectively during chronic disease once inflammation has been established. Importantly, translation of basic science studies like these to patients with differing courses and severity of disease is difficult. However, the findings provided in the studies in this issue of Gastroenterology are striking, particularly given the severity of detergent-induced rodent IBD, and the number of similarities between the findings of two entirely separate groups of investigators. Mucosal Protection by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase InhibitionGastroenterologyVol. 134Issue 1PreviewBackground & Aims: A number of recent studies have implicated tissue hypoxia in both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly as they relate to mucosal surfaces lined by epithelial cells. In this context, a protective role for the transcriptional regulator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) was shown through conditional deletion of epithelial HIF-1α in a murine model of colitis. Here, we hypothesized that pharmacologic activation of HIF would similarly provide a protective adaptation to murine colitic disease. Full-Text PDF The Hydroxylase Inhibitor Dimethyloxalylglycine Is Protective in a Murine Model of ColitisGastroenterologyVol. 134Issue 1PreviewBackground & Aims: Prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases are key oxygen-sensing enzymes that confer hypoxic sensitivity to transcriptional regulatory pathways including the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Knockout of either HIF-1 or (IKKβ-dependent) NF-κB pathways in intestinal epithelial cells promotes inflammatory disease in murine models of colitis. Both HIF-1 and NF-κB pathways are repressed by the action of hydroxylases through the hydroxylation of key regulatory molecules. Full-Text PDF DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.049 VL - 134 IS - 1 SP - 346-348 J2 - Gastroenterology LA - en OP - SN - 0016-5085 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.049 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction to dicom for the practicing veterinarian AU - Wright, Matthew A. AU - Ballance, Dennis AU - Robertson, Ian D. AU - Poteet, Brian T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) is a communication protocol that imaging devices use to communicate. The universal acceptance of the DICOM standard by the major medical vendors means that the digital transition in veterinary medicine should be relatively smooth provided DICOM is used. DICOM service objects, roles, service classes, and conformance standards are discussed. The authors strongly encourage the use of image acquisition software and image archive systems that support the DICOM standard. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00328.x VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - S14-S18 SN - 1740-8261 KW - radiology information systems KW - teleradiology KW - veterinary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hospital, radiology, and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems AU - Robertson, Ian D. AU - Saveraid, Travis T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Images generated during the course of patient evaluation and management are an integral part of the medical record and must be retained according to local regulations. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) makes it possible for images from many different imaging modalities to be distributed via a standard internet network to distant viewing workstations and a central archive in an almost seamless fashion. The DICOM standard is a truly universal standard for the dissemination of medical images. Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS) refers to the infrastructure that links modalities, workstations, the image archive, and the medical record information system into an integrated system, allowing for efficient electronic distribution and storage of medical images and access to medical record data. This paper discusses the important elements to a successful PACS implementation in a practice, including how it interacts with other practice computing systems. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00329.x VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - S19-S28 SN - 1740-8261 KW - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine KW - hospital information systems KW - information storage and retrieval KW - medical image distribution KW - Picture Archive and Communication System KW - radiology information systems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of normal tissue complications in 51 dogs undergoing definitive pelvic region irradiation AU - Arthur, Jennifer J. AU - Kleiter, Miriam M. AU - Thrall, Donald E. AU - Pruitt, Amy F. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Our objective was to further characterize the late normal tissue complications developing after definitive irradiation of pelvic region tumors in dogs, and to search for prognostic factors. The medical records of dogs receiving definitive irradiation of the pelvic region between 1987 and 2005 were reviewed. The following criteria were established for inclusion: total dose ≥45 Gy, a portion of colon in the primary field, and a minimum of 6 months follow‐up. Fifty‐one dogs were identified. Prognostic factors evaluated included multiple descriptors of the patient, tumor and radiation treatment. One or more late complications were documented in 20 of 51 patients (39%). Complications were necrotic drainage/ulceration in the skin and subcutaneous tissues within the radiation field ( n =7), chronic colitis ( n =4), strictures ( n =4), osteopenia ( n =2), and one each rectal perforation, urinary bladder thickening, iliosacral osteosarcoma, pelvic limb edema, and perianal pain. Two prognostic factors were identified. There was an increase in complications in dogs with perineal tumors compared with other pelvic region sites ( P =0.04), and also in dogs with larger radiation fields ( P =0.04). The finding of an association of tumor site to complications may be a spurious finding and the association between field size and complications is not unexpected although absolute difference in field size between dogs with and without complications was small. There was no association between development of complications and survival. Based on the observed complication rate, consideration can be given to reducing dose per fraction in dogs receiving definitive pelvic region irradiation to <3 Gy. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00322.x VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 85-89 SN - 1740-8261 KW - dog KW - radiation therapy KW - normal tissue complication KW - rectal toxicity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southern Minnesota AU - Wolf, Karen N. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. AU - Jenks, Jonathan A. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne AU - Swanson, Christopher C. AU - Brinkman, Todd J. AU - Osborn, Robert G. AU - Tardiff, Jeannine A. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - To determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected during January 2000–03 from multiple locations in southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) Minnesota. Antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira interrogans (six serovars), Anaplasma marginale, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Samples collected in 2001 were screened for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and whole blood was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. In addition, serum selenium concentrations were evaluated for samples collected during 2001– 03. Antibody prevalence and selenium concentration were compared by age-class and geographic region. Antibodies to all of the infectious agents except A. marginale and B. abortus were detected; when detected, antibody prevalence was highest in adults. Deer collected from SE Minnesota had a higher antibody prevalence to B. burgdorferi than SW deer. Blood culture and PCR results for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi were negative. Antibodies against BVDV (combined types 1 and 2) were more prevalent (χ2=3.617, P≤0.029) in deer collected in SW (41%) than in SE (25%) Minnesota. No statistically significant differences in serum selenium concentrations were detected when data were analyzed by age-class or by geographic location. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 181-187 SN - 1943-3700 KW - infectious disease KW - Minnesota KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - selenium KW - serology KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Propofol anesthesia in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles AU - MacLean, Robert A. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Braun-McNeill, Joanne T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Rapid, safe, and effective methods of anesthetic induction and recovery are needed for sea turtles, especially in cases eligible for immediate release. This study demonstrates that intravenous propofol provides a rapid induction of anesthesia in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles and results in rapid recovery, allowing safe return to water shortly after the procedure. Forty-nine loggerhead sea turtles were recovered as local fishery by-catch in pound nets and transported to a surgical suite for laparoscopic sex determination. Treatment animals (n = 32) received 5 mg/kg propofol intravenously (i.v.) as a rapid bolus, whereas control animals (n = 17) received no propofol. For analgesia, all animals received a 4 ml infusion of 1% lidocaine, locally, as well as 2 mg/kg ketoprofen intramuscularly (i.m.). Physiologic data included heart and respiratory rate, temperature, and a single blood gas sample collected upon termination of the laparoscopy. Subjective data included jaw tone and ocular reflex: 3 (vigorous) to 0 (none detected). Anesthetic depth was scored from 1, no anesthesia, to 3, surgical anesthesia. Turtles receiving propofol became apneic for a minimum of 5 min with a mean time of 13.7 +/- 8.3 min to the first respiration. Limb movement returned at a mean time of 21.1 +/- 16.8 min. The treatment animals were judged to be sedated for approximately 30 min (mean anesthetic depth score > or = 1.5) when compared to controls. Median respiratory rates for treatment animals were slower compared to controls for the first 15 min, then after 35 min, they became significantly faster than the controls. Median heart rates of control animals became significantly slower than treatment animals between 40 and 45 min. Physiologic differences between groups persisted a minimum of 55 min. Possible explanations for heart rate and respiratory rate differences later in the monitoring period include a compensatory recovery of treatment animals from anesthesia-induced hypoxia and hypercapnia or, alternatively, an induced response of the nonsedated control animals. The animals induced with propofol were easier to secure to the restraint device and moved less during laparoscopy. In conclusion, propofol is a safe and effective injectable anesthetic for use in free-ranging loggerhead sea turtles that provides rapid induction and recovery. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.143 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 143-150 SN - 1943-3700 KW - anesthesia KW - Caretta caretta KW - free ranging KW - propofol KW - reptile KW - sea turtle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Hepatozoon canis, Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii, and Rickettsia spp. in dogs from Grenada AU - Yabsley, Michael J. AU - McKibben, John AU - Macpherson, Calum N. AU - Cattan, Peggy R. AU - Cherry, Natalie A. AU - Hegarty, Barbara C. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - O'Connor, Tom AU - Chandrashekar, Ramaswamy AU - Paterson, Tara AU - Perea, Marta Lanza AU - Ball, Geoffrey AU - Friesen, Stanley AU - Goedde, Jill AU - Henderson, Brooke AU - Sylvester, Wayne T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - To identify the tick-borne pathogens in dogs from Grenada, we conducted a serologic survey for Ehrlichia canis in 2004 (104 dogs) and a comprehensive serologic and molecular survey for a variety of tick-borne pathogens in 2006 (73 dogs). In 2004 and 2006, 44 and 32 dogs (42.3% and 43.8%) were seropositive for E. canis, respectively. In 2006, several tick-borne pathogens were identified by serology and PCR. DNA of E. canis, Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Hepatozoon canis, and Bartonella sp. were identified in 18 (24.7%), 14 (19.2%), 5 (7%), 5 (7%), and 1 (1.4%) dogs, respectively. Six (8.2%) dogs were seropositive for Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. All dogs were seronegative and PCR-negative for Rickettsia spp. Coinfection with two or three pathogens was observed in eight dogs. Partial 16S rRNA E. canis and A. platys sequences were identical to sequences in GenBank. Partial 18S rRNA gene sequences from the Grenadian H. canis were identical to each other and had one possible mismatch (ambiguous base) from H. canis detected from Spain and Brazil. Grenadian B. c. vogeli sequences were identical to B. c. vogeli from Brazil and Japan. All of the detected pathogens are transmitted, or suspected to be transmitted, by Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Results of this study indicate that dogs from Grenada are infected with multiple tick-borne pathogens; therefore, tick-borne diseases should be included as differentials for dogs exhibiting thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, fever, or lethargy. One pathogen, E. canis, is also of potential public health significance. DA - 2008/2/14/ PY - 2008/2/14/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.008 VL - 151 IS - 2-4 SP - 279-285 SN - 1873-2550 KW - Anaplasma KW - Babesia KW - Bartonella KW - dog KW - Ehrlichia KW - Hepatozoon KW - Rickettsia KW - Rhipicephalus sanguineus ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vivo depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in cats AU - Smithberg, S. Rochelle AU - Fogle, Jonathan E. AU - Mexas, Angela M. AU - Reckling, Stacie K. AU - Lankford, Susan M. AU - Tompkins, Mary B. AU - Dean, Gregg A. T2 - JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS AB - To establish a characterized model of regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion in the cat we assessed the kinetics of depletion and rebound in peripheral and central lymphoid compartments after treatment with anti-CD25 antibody as determined by cell surface markers and FOXP3 mRNA expression. An 82% decrease in circulating CD4+CD25+ Tregs was observed by day 11 after treatment. CD4+CD25+ cells were also reduced in the thymus (69%), secondary lymphoid tissues (66%), and gut (67%). Although CD4+CD25+ cells rebound by day 35 post-treatment, FOXP3 levels remain depressed suggesting anti-CD25 antibody treatment has a sustainable diminutive effect on the Treg population. To determine whether CD25+ Treg depletion strategies also deplete activated CD25+ effector cells, cats were immunized with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) p24-GST recombinant protein, allowing them to develop a measurable memory response, prior to depletion with anti-CD25 antibody. Anti-FIV p24-GST effector cell activity in peripheral blood after depletion was sustained as determined by antigen-specific T cell proliferation and humoral responses against FIV p24-GST with an ELISA for antigen-specific feline IgG. Furthermore, development of an anti-mouse response in Treg-depleted cats was similar to control levels indicating the retained capacity to respond to a novel antigen. We conclude that despite alterations in CD25+ cell levels during depletion, the feline immune system remains functional. We demonstrate here a model for the study of disease pathogenesis in the context of reduced numbers of immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+ Tregs throughout the feline immune system. DA - 2008/1/1/ PY - 2008/1/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jim.2007.09.015 VL - 329 IS - 1-2 SP - 81-91 SN - 0022-1759 KW - regulatory T cell KW - FOXP3 KW - feline immunodeficiency virus KW - monoclonal antibody ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro cultivation of a newly recognized Babesia sp in dogs in North Carolina AU - Lehtinen, Lauren E. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Droleskey, Robert E. AU - Holman, Patricia J. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - A novel large Babesia sp. from an infected dog was cultivated in vitro by microaerophilous stationary phase culture methodology. A primary culture initiated in enriched RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 40% canine serum and incubated in a 2% oxygen environment supported parasite growth in vitro. Subsequent subcultures into enriched HL-1 medium with 20% fetal bovine serum also supported parasite propagation. Cultures were successfully introduced to 5% carbon dioxide in air atmosphere at passage 4. To date, the parasites have been continuously cultured through 35 passages, although the parasitemias are low, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3%. Parasites cultured in RPMI with canine serum were cryopreserved and successfully recovered from liquid nitrogen storage. The small subunit ribosomal rRNA gene sequence was identical in blood-derived and culture-derived parasites, differing in a single base position from the previously reported sequence for this Babesia sp. The ultrastructure of the parasite was consistent with that of other large Babesia spp., except that the spherical body contained numerous round particles unlike the inclusions previously described in Babesia spp. DA - 2008/2/14/ PY - 2008/2/14/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.10.022 VL - 151 IS - 2-4 SP - 150-157 SN - 0304-4017 KW - Babesia sp. KW - canine babesiosis KW - HL-1 medium KW - microaerophilous stationary phase culture KW - RPMI-1640 KW - small subunit ribosomal RNA gene KW - transmission electron microscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exposure to phenobarbital in a foal after nursing a mare treated with phenobarbital AU - Wong, D. M. AU - Papich, M. G. AU - Davis, J. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A7-year-old, 672-kg, pregnant Thoroughbred mare presented with a 3-week history of premature lactation and lameness. The mare was a maiden, 336 days in gestation, and had been treated with 2 doses of flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg, PO) the day before examination. Historically, the mare had experienced intermittent seizures while in race training. A complete diagnostic investigation to determine the cause of the seizures had been performed, but the origin of seizures remained undetermined. A weak positive Western blot analysis on cerebrospinal fluid for Sarcocystis neurona was reported at that time, and the mare was treated with ponazurila (5 mg/kg PO q24h) for 30 days.1 At examination, pertinent physical examination findings included mild tachycardia (56 beats/min), sensitivity to hoof testers involving all 4 feet, and the presence of thick, purulent exudate from the left mammary gland. Rectal palpation revealed anterior presentation of a live fetus, and transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography demonstrated areas of uteroplacental thickening (14 mm; reference interval 7.14–11.98).2 While restrained in stocks, the mare demonstrated a mild partial seizure characterized by anxiousness, muscle fasciculations of the head and neck, and ataxia. Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities were limited to an increased plasma fibrinogen concentration (600 mg/dL; reference interval 100–400). Lateral radiography of the feet revealed mild soft tissue swelling at the coronary band in the right front foot, suggestive of laminitis with sinking of the 3rd phalanx within the hoof. Because of laminitis and suspicion of placentitis and mastitis, the mare was administered sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprimb (30 mg/kg PO q12h for 10 days) and phenylbutazonec (3 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 days, then 1.5 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 days), the left mammary gland was milked out q8h, and supportive pads were applied to all 4 feet. Two generalized seizures were observed 14 and 16 hours after initial examination, characterized by anxiousness, generalized muscle fasciculations most prominent around the head and neck, hyperesthesia, collapse, and recumbency. At this point, treatment with phenobarbitald (5.5 mg/kg PO q12h) was initiated. Seizure activity was not subsequently noted. Uncomplicated parturition of a 42.7 kg filly occurred 3 days after admission. The filly was lethargic and hypothermic (96.4°F; reference interval 99.5–101.3), had weak peripheral pulses, and maintained a low heart rate (52–56 bpm) for 45 minutes after birth. Heart rate and temperature progressively improved over the following 90 minutes. Blood and milk samples were collected from the mare and blood was collected from the foal immediately after parturition to measure phenobarbital concentrations. Phenobarbital concentration in the mare's serum was considered therapeutic (16.3 μg/mL; reference interval 15–40).3 The concentrations of phenobarbital in the mare's milk and foal's serum were 7.5 and 12.2 μg/mL, respectively. Initial treatment for the foal included intranasal oxygen (8 L/min for 1 hour) and intravenous administration of 2 L of hyperimmunized equine plasmae and ceftiofurf (10 mg/kg q6h × 7 days). A CBC, biochemistry profile, arterial blood gas analysis, and blood cultures were submitted immediately after parturition. No substantial clinicopathologic abnormalities were noted, and amikacing (25 mg/kg IV q24h × 7 days) was subsequently administered. Bacterial growth was not observed on blood culture. An 8 × 6 inch area of thickened irregular placenta was identified in the nonpregnant horn of the placenta. This section of placenta was characterized histologically by a fibrinonecrotic exudate covering the chorion and numerous filamentous Gram-positive rods. Blood and milk samples were collected from the mare and blood was collected from the foal at various times over the next 4 days of hospitalization to measure phenobarbital concentrations. The foal remained lethargic and demonstrated decreased activity until 48 hours of age when compared with a healthy foal of similar age. The foal was encouraged or assisted to stand for the 1st 48 hours to ensure adequate milk intake and progressively nursed more aggressively and regularly over time. The mare had no further signs of seizure activity, and the mare and foal were discharged 7 days after presentation. In total, the mare was administered phenobarbital twice daily for 6 days and then once daily for 3 days until treatement was discontinued. Blood and milk samples were collected from the mare and blood from the foal 3 and 7 days after discharge. The mare and foal were reported to be doing well 1 year after discharge with no evidence of seizures. The use of any drug in lactating mares can be controversial because the amount of drug the foal is exposed to is often unknown as there are very few scientific reports on this subject in the literature. Upon administration of medications to a lactating mare, a number of factors influence exposure of the neonate to the drug via milk. These include partitioning of drug from plasma into milk, drug concentration in milk, as well as the subsequent ingestion of the drug by the neonate.4–6 Because neonatal exposure to maternally administered drugs can have detrimental effects in the infant, mathematical calculations have been validated in humans to predict the neonate's exposure to a drug.7 The milk-to-plasma (M/P) ratio represents the ratio between the drug concentration in milk and that in maternal plasma/serum.5 This ratio provides an estimate of the amount of drug to which the suckling infant is exposed. Similarly, the formula used to predict the concentration of drug in milk provides an estimate of the amount of drug in milk, taking into consideration the amount of drug that is bound to protein. The calculation of exposure index (EI) was developed in people to link the M/P ratio, milk intake, and infant drug clearance to a time-averaged drug exposure level of the suckling infant.6 The EI attempts to account for differences in drug absorption and excretion in the suckling neonate when compared with the adult and is expressed as a relationship of the foal's exposure relative to the therapeutic dose of the mother.5 Blood samples were collected from the mare via the jugular vein and milk samples were collected from the right teat into sterile tubes immediately after parturition (time 0) and at 24, 48, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 95, 97, 167 (7 days), and 263 (11 days) hours after parturition. Phenobarbital had been administered to the mare for 2 days before parturition for a total of 4 doses. Treatment was continued 2 hours after parturition (ie, phenobarbital administered at time 2, 14, 26, 38, 50 hours after parturition). Blood from the foal was collected from a cephalic vein at parturition (time 0) and at 24, 48, 72, 74, 88, 167 (7 days), and 263 (11 days) hours after parturition. Serum was harvested and milk and serum samples were analyzed on the day of collection. Phenobarbital concentrations in serum and milk were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) on an automated chemistry analyzer.h The sensitivity of the assay, as reported by the manufacturer, was 1.1 μg/mL and the precision had a coefficient of variation less than 5%. Quality control (QC) samples were analyzed before the assay at low (15 μg/mL), medium (30 μg/mL), and high (50 μg/mL) concentrations to ensure that the assay performance was within QC ranges. Phenobarbital concentrations in the serum (▪) and milk (Δ) of the mare and the serum (•) of the foal over time after administration of 5.5 mg/kg PO q12h to the mare. Arrow indicates time of parturition, black arrowhead indicates time at which phenobarbital was switched to once daily administration, gray arrowhead indicates when phenobarbital administration was discontinued. Administration of phenobarbital in pregnant women is controversial because of its potential teratogenic effects.13 Furthermore, caution must be exercised in epileptic women receiving phenobarbital while breast feeding because this drug is transferred into breast milk and demonstrates a slow elimination by nursing infants.13,14 Phenobarbital is marginally excreted into human milk because milk pH is near the drug's pKa; therefore the drug is partially ionized and protein binding is moderate (51%).5 However, low clearance of the drug by the neonate can lead to accumulation of the drug and potentially result in blood concentrations that can produce adverse effects.5,14 Potential neonatal adverse effects include sedation and decreased suckling activity resulting from cumulative concentrations of phenobarbital in the neonate.5,14 Potential deleterious effects of phenobarbital in foals include respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, and ataxia.11,15,16 The foal presented in this report demonstrated lethargy and decreased activity during the 1st 48 hours of life, which could have been attributed to several factors, including accumulation of phenobarbital within the fetus and continued exposure to phenobarbital through mare's milk. Phenobarbital administration to the mare was hastily discontinued because we felt that the risk of seizures was low postpartum. The etiology of the seizures in the mare remains uncertain. However, seizures in people can be precipitated by stress or pain, and factors such as strenuous training, impending parturition, and pain associated with laminitis and mastitis may have contributed to the mare's seizure activity.17 With correction or treatment of these factors, we believed the likelihood of seizures was outweighed by the detrimental effects of phenobarbital on the foal. The pharmacokinetic principles presented here demonstrate that it is possible to predict phenobarbital concentration in mare's milk from theoretical values. In the mare reported here, the concentration in milk (Fig 1) was slightly higher than, but similar to, the concentration predicted from equations using the mare M/P ratio. The milk concentration from predicted equations was 8.7 μg/mL at steady state whereas the actual milk concentration measured ranged from 9 to 11.2 μg/mL. Although our calculations predicted a close approximation of drug concentration in mare's milk after treatment with phenobarbital, the exposure to the foal was notably underestimated. The actual exposure of a nursing infant to a drug is influenced by the amount ingested and the ability of the neonate to clear the drug.4,6 The exposure index is expressed as the relationship of the foal's exposure relative to the exposure to a therapeutic dose to the mother. In this case it was predicted to be only 7.4%; however, the observed EI calculated from actual foal and mare plasma phenobarbital concentrations was 32%. This discrepancy may be a result of higher oral absorption or lower clearance of the drug in this foal than previously reported values.11 Realizing the limitations of extracting information from 1 horse, the case presented here reveals preliminary information with regard to phenobarbital disposition in a lactating mare and neonatal foal. It is apparent that phenobarbital was transferred to the fetus in utero and phenobarbital is excreted into the milk and absorbed by the suckling neonatal foal. In addition, methods shown here indicate that it may be possible to predict drug concentration in milk from the mare's serum concentration, but exposure to the foal requires a more accurate estimate of the foal's drug clearance and milk consumption. In clinical cases, it is encouraged to measure both maternal and neonatal serum concentrations of phenobarbital when a mare is being treated to monitor for possible over exposure to the foal and ensure therapeutic levels in the mare. aMarquis, Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health Division, Shawnee Mission, KS bSulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, TEVA Pharmaceuticals, Sellersville, PA cPhenylbutazone, Phoenix Pharmaceutical, St Joseph, MO dPhenobarbital, Excellium Pharmaceutical, Fairfield, NJ eHyperimmunized Equine Plasma, MG Biologics, Ames, IA fNaxcel, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI gAmikacin, Phoenix Pharmaceutical hAxSYM phenobarbital assay, Abbott Laboratories Diagnostic Division, Abbot Park, IL iWinNonlin version 5.1, Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA The authors thank Ms Delta Dise, North Carolina State University, Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, for her assistance with drug analysis for this study. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0036.x VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 227-230 SN - 1939-1676 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a novel epicardial atrial fibrillation treatment system AU - Kiser, Andy C. AU - Nifong, L. Wiley AU - Raman, Jai AU - Kasirajan, Vigneshwar AU - Campbell, Nigel AU - Chitwood, W. Randolph, Jr. T2 - ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY AB - Surgical and catheter treatments for atrial fibrillation remain invasive or ineffective for most patients. A novel system developed to create epicardial ablation lesions during beating-heart surgical procedures was evaluated in an in vivo ovine model.This novel ablation device integrates radiofrequency, suction, and perfusion to create transmural lesions by remaining consistently in contact with the irregular and curved surface of the beating heart.Two epicardial ablation patterns were generated in five adult sheep: left atrial appendage and left pulmonary vein isolation. The 2-cm and 5-cm coagulation devices generated linear and curved lesions and maintained intimate contact against the epicardium using suction. Significant increases in bipolar pacing thresholds demonstrated trans-lesion conduction block in all animals. Histopathologic examination verified transmurality and showed changes normally observed after coagulation procedures. All lesions demonstrated mural degeneration throughout the lesion. No charring, vaporization, thromboembolic events, nor other complications were observed.This novel epicardial coagulation system successfully created continuous and transmural atrial lesions in a beating-heart ovine model. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.05.061 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 300-304 SN - 0003-4975 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Concurrent Hepatic Copper Toxicosis and Fanconi's Syndrome in a Dog AU - Hill, T.L. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. AU - Cecere, T. AU - Vaden, S. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - A3-year-old male castrated West Highland White Terrier was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at North Carolina State University with a 1-week history of intermittent vomiting, polyuria and polydypsia, progressive anorexia, and lethargy. No treatment was administered by the primary veterinarian before referral. The dog was adopted as a puppy and had lived exclusively in North Carolina. The dog received no other medications and had no previous illnesses, except for a transient decrease in appetite 1 year earlier. On physical examination, the dog weighed 8.2 kg, had a body condition score of 6/9, but was approximately 5% dehydrated. Hematologic abnormalities included neutrophilia (14,293 cells/μL, reference range 2,529–12,876 cells/μL) with a left shift (642 band neutrophils/μL) and immature granulocytes (161/μL). Biochemical abnormalities included increased ALT activity (456 U/L; reference range, 16–73 U/L), hyperbilirubinemia (0.3 mg/dL; reference range, 0–0.2 mg/dL), hypokalemia (3.8 mEq/L; reference range, 3.9–5.2 mEq/L), hyperchloremia (121 mEq/L; reference range, 104–117 mEq/L), and increased lipase activity (715 U/L; reference range, 22–216 U/L). Urinalysis findings included a specific gravity of 1.022, pH of 8, 2+ proteinuria, 2+ ketones, 2+ blood, 4+ glucose, 0–2 coarse granular casts/hpf, 0–5 white cells/hpf, and 5–10 red cells/hpf. The urine protein : creatinine ratio was 1.7. A urine sample submitted for bacterial culture yielded no growth. There was mild metabolic acidemia (blood pH 7.26; reference range, 7.36–7.47), bicarbonate 16.2 mEq/L (reference range, 19.8–26.2 mEq/L), and PCO2 36 mmHg (reference range, 30–40 mmHg), on a venous blood sample. Abdominal ultrasonographic findings included periportal lymph node enlargement, microhepatica, and mildly hyperechoic kidneys bilaterally. Fasting and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations were within reference range. The dog was treated with an IV infusion of lactated Ringer's solution containing 30 mEq/L KCl for dehydration, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Within 48 hours of hospitalization, sodium bicarbonate at 3 mEq/kg/d was administered as a continuous rate infusion to correct the persistent metabolic acidosis. In addition, the dog was treated with a metoclopramide constant rate infusion of 1 mg/kg/d and famotidine 0.5 mg/kg IV q12h. During the 1st 48 hours of hospitalization, the dog remained anorexic and frequently vomited bile; dolasetron 0.6 mg/kg IV q24h and sucralfate 500 mg PO q8h were administered. The dog was supplemented nutritionally by nasoesophageal feeding a liquid diet (Perativea), the continuous rate of which was adjusted to minimize vomiting. Serial assessment of urine dipstick tests and serum glucose measurements indicated that the dog was persistently ketonuric and glucosuric, with normal serum glucose concentrations. Despite a metabolic acidosis, urine pH ranged from 7.0 to 8.0. The findings of proteinuria, glucosuria with normoglycemia, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with alkaline urine supported a diagnosis of Fanconi's syndrome. Results of a urine metabolic profile, performed at the University of Pennsylvania, also were consistent with Fanconi's syndrome with severe generalized amino aciduria and marked glucosuria. By the 4th day of hospitalization, the dog became febrile (103.6°F). An abdominal ultrasound examination indicated mild thickening of the gallbladder wall. Antibiotic therapy was initiated with ampicillin and sulbactam (Unasyn,b 30 mg/kg IV q8h); the fever resolved within 36 hours. Because of the dog's refractory vomiting and unknown underlying hepatic pathology, an exploratory laparotomy was performed on the 5th day of hospitalization. Biopsy specimens were taken of the liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and left kidney. The gallbladder was aspirated and 1 aliquot of bile was submitted for cytologic analysis; another aliquot was submitted for aerobic microbial culture. Gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes were placed. Recovery from surgery was uneventful. Perativea liquid diet was administered continuously through the jejunostomy tube throughout the remainder of hospitalization without incident. The volume administered was gradually increased to basal energy requirements. Ketonuria resolved within 24 hours after feeding basal energy requirements. Dexamethasone (0.08 mg/kg IV q24h), s-adenosylmethionine (22 mg/kg PO q24h), and ursodeoxycholic acid (15 mg/kg PO q24h) were administered on day 5 postoperatively. Within 24 hours, steady improvement was observed; the vomiting ceased, the dog was more active and alert, and began eating. IV bicarbonate supplementation was necessary to maintain a near normal serum pH. The bile fluid was cytologically unremarkable and bacterial growth was not observed. Lymphofollicular gastritis, which was attributed to refractory vomiting, and mild lymphocytic enteritis were observed histologically on full-thickness stomach and intestinal biopsy specimens. Centrilobular pyogranulomatous hepatitis, characterized by infiltrates of neutrophils, macrophages, and fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells associated with single cell hepatocyte necrosis, was present in liver wedge biopsy specimens. Abundant copper accumulation was present within centrilobular hepatocytes and macrophages (Fig 1). Copper was quantified at 1186 ppm dry weight. Histopathologic abnormalities in the kidney included diffuse mild to moderate tubular atrophy, multifocal tubular epithelial vacuolation, and tubular regeneration. Additionally, there was evidence of abnormal copper accumulation within vacuolated renal tubular epithelium (Fig 2). Liver, dog. (A) Centrilobular zone with individual hepatocellular necrosis (arrow) and infiltrates of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. H&E stain. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Same section as A with numerous well-demarcated, red–brown copper-containing granules present in the cytoplasm of macrophages and hepatocytes. Rhodanine stain. Scale bar = 50 μm. Kidney, dog. (A) Tubules lined by plump vacuolated epithelial cells (arrow) or mildly atrophied epithelium (arrowhead). H&E stain. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Renal tubular epithelial cells containing multiple cytoplasmic well-demarcated, red–brown copper-containing granules. Rhodanine stain. Scale bar = 20 μm. The dog gradually was transitioned to oral medications administered through the gastrotomy tube, including 971 mg of bicarbonate q12h, s-adenosylmethionine, ursodeoxycholic acid, prednisone 0.6 mg/kg q12h that was tapered over the next 4 weeks, famotidine 0.6 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid 12 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, ciprofloxacin 8 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, and Marinc 1 medium dog tablet daily for 2 months. d-Penicillamine was given at a dosage of 10 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 months, with no reported adverse effects. After 2 weeks of treatment, the dog was no longer proteinuric, glucosuric, or ketonuric. Venous pH was 7.36 and bicarbonate was 26.6 mEq/L. ALT activity had decreased from 456 to 81 U/L. Ursodeoxycholic acid, s-adenosylmethionine, Marin, bicarbonate, and d-penicillamine therapy were continued. Monthly venous blood gas analysis disclosed normal pH while receiving oral bicarbonate supplementation. At the 3-month recheck examination, the bicarbonate dosage was reduced by half and d-penicillamine was discontinued. Repeat biopsies of the liver and kidney were declined by the owner. Zinc acetate was prescribed (10 mg/kg orally q12h); s-adenosylmethionine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and Marin were continued. Three weeks after decreasing the oral bicarbonate supplementation, venous pH was 7.4 and bicarbonate was 27.9 mEq/L and bicarbonate supplementation was discontinued, but zinc acetate supplementation was continued indefinitely. Thirteen months after initial diagnosis and treatment, the dog was doing well with no clinical signs reported. Copper storage diseases (CSDs) have been described in several breeds, including the Bedlington Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Skye Terrier, Doberman Pinscher, Labrador Retriever, and Dalmatian, as well as other species, including humans, rats, and sheep. With CSD, copper accumulates in the liver, leading to hepatitis and eventually cirrhosis of the hepatic parenchyma.1 As yet, the genetic basis of CSD has been elucidated only in the Bedlington Terrier, where it is related to a defect in the MURR-1 gene.2 CSD in the Bedlington Terrier results in copper accumulation in the liver as well as renal cortical tissue in some patients.3 We describe a West Highland White Terrier with CSDand concurrent Fanconi's syndrome, which resolved after copper chelation therapy. A genetic mutation that causes abnormal copper accumulation has yet to be identified in West Highland White Terrier. Unlike the Bedlington Terrier, there does not seem to be a correlation between age and hepatic copper concentration in the West Highland White Terrier. In addition, the total hepatic copper concentration is lower in the majority of affected West Highland White Terriers; most West Highland White Terriers have copper concentrations <1,500 ppm dry weight.4, 5 Copper concentrations up to 500 ppm dry weight may occur in normal dogs.6 Thornburg describes the histopathologic lesions of copper toxicosis in West Highland White Terriers as being characterized by multifocal centrilobular hepatitis and cirrhosis. In this dog, the findings were consistent with previous reports, including multifocal centrilobular hepatitis and a copper concentration of 1,186 ppm. It is unclear whether copper toxicosis was the direct cause of Fanconi's syndrome in this dog, because several medical therapies, including antibiotics, steroids, and penicillamine, may have contributed to resolution of Fanconi's syndrome regardless of treating copper toxicosis. The presence of copper in the renal tubules and resolution of Fanconi's syndrome after copper chelation therapy suggest that copper toxicosis may be a cause of Fanconi's syndrome in dogs. In other reports, dogs with copper toxicosis had abnormalities indicative of proximal tubular dysfunction.7, 8 In a study of 10 Dalmatians with copper toxicosis, 3 dogs had proteinuria without pyuria, 2 had glucosuria with normoglycemia, and 1 had renal tubular necrosis with granular casts.7 In a separate report, a 1.5-year-old Dalmatian had copper toxicosis with a positive metabolic screen for Fanconi's syndrome.8 This dog was euthanized because the dog continued to decline clinically. In the dog reported here, glucosuria, metabolic acidosis, amino aciduria, and copper accumulation in the renal tubules were documented with resolution of Fanconi's syndrome after copper chelation therapy. Wilson's disease is a CSD in humans in which copper accumulates to toxic concentrations in the liver and secondarily in the central nervous system and kidneys because of a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which normally allows for copper excretion into the bile and for production of ceruloplasmin. As a result, patients with Wilson's disease have copper accumulation in the liver and in other tissues, including the brain, kidney, red blood cells, and eye. Neurologic signs develop including speech disorders and dysphagia, abnormal and uncoordinated gait, and tremors.9 Renal complications, including urolithiasis and Fanconi's syndrome, have been reported in human patients with Wilson's disease.10, 11 As is reported in association with Wilson's disease in human patients, this dog may represent a subset of patients with copper storage disease that have concurrent renal tubular dysfunction in association with copper accumulation in the proximal tubular epithelium. Several types of proximal renal tubular dysfunction have been described in association with Wilson's disease in humans: failure of renal acidification, amino aciduria, glucosuria, and phosphaturia.11-15 Resolution of proximal tubular dysfunction also may occur after treatment for copper toxicosis with penicillamine.11, 13-15 A renal biopsy in 1 patient, with prior documentation of renal tubular copper accumulation, demonstrated normal proximal tubular ultrastructure 2 years after initiation of penicillamine therapy. Penicillamine therapy was discontinued because of adverse effects, including glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Eighteen months later, the patient again showed signs of Wilson's disease, and a renal biopsy was repeated. Electron-dense bodies, consistent with copper-bound metalloprotein, were evident in the subapical cytoplasm of the tubular cells, although copper quantification was not performed to confirm increased copper concentrations in the kidney.11 The effect of copper loading has been examined in the rat kidney as a model for copper toxicosis in humans and other species. Rats supplemented with excessive copper, either by injection or by dietary supplementation, develop copper staining in the liver and in the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium.16-18 Haywood demonstrated an increase in copper content of the kidney in rats fed excess copper as well as copper staining granules confined to the proximal tubule. There also were degenerative changes of the tubular cells as well as copper-staining debris in the tubular lumen, suggesting active exocytosis of copper-bound metallothionein.17 A later report of copper loading in the rat kidney described increased copper in renal tubular lysosomes. With time and increased copper concentrations, there was progressive nuclear degeneration in proximal tubular cells and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane.18 These findings are consistent with the observation that copper acts as a prooxidant, disrupting cell membranes and damaging DNA. Eventually, the rats extruded copper-stained lysosomes and copper-laden pinocytotic vesicles into the tubular lumen. After this time point, the copper concentration in the kidney began to decrease and the tubular epithelium recovered to nearly normal. The localization of copper to the renal tubular epithelium, later exocytosis of copper-bound organelles, and recovery of the tubular epithelium suggest a mechanism by which the rat seems able to cope with increased dietary copper intake. Copper also may alter the function of Na-K-ATPase in the proximal tubular epithelium. In vitro, for both rat kidney tissue homogenate and rat synaptic plasma membrane, copper has an inhibitory effect on the function of this important enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner.19, 20 As copper stores accumulate in the canine liver, the kidney may attempt exocytosis of excess copper as occurs in the copper-loaded rat. Exocytosis of copper-bound organelles in the canine and human kidney may be less effective than in the rat, because tubular debris is not described in any published reports of copper-stained kidneys from rats. Because copper accumulates in the kidney as well as the liver, it then may have several effects that ultimately lead to proximal tubular dysfunction and Fanconi's syndrome: necrosis and apoptosis of epithelial cells because copper acts as a pro-oxidant, disrupting mitochondrial membranes and DNA, inducing inflammation that may affect epithelial function, and inhibiting the function of Na-K-ATPase in a concentration-dependent manner that would alter transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule. These effects all may lead to decreased reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, phosphate, and bicarbonate from the tubular lumen. These may be the mechanisms by which copper toxicosis in this West Highland White Terrier resulted in proximal tubular dysfunction characterized as Fanconi's syndrome. Few controlled studies are available in human and canine medicine that describe renal pathology with copper toxicosis or the effect of copper chelation therapy. Additional study is needed to definitively confirm a link between Fanconi's syndrome and copper storage disease in dogs as suggested by this dog, and to elucidate the nature of that association. In dogs with suspected copper storage disease and evidence of tubular dysfunction that are undergoing liver biopsy, it may be warranted to perform a renal biopsy to allow for histopathologic examination of the renal parenchyma, as well as renal copper quantification, which was not performed here. Sequential urine metabolic screening or urinalyses with protein quantification may be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring tool in those patients with evidence of tubular dysfunction. Additionally, liver and kidney biopsies after 3 months of d-penicillamine therapy may have been informative to document the histological response to treatment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the veterinarians involved in the treatment and referral of the dog. Our appreciation is extended to Dr Herman Jeffers, Dr Karyn Harrell, and Dr Sally Bissett. aPerative Specialized Nutrition, Abbot Laboratories, Ross Products Division, Columbus, OH bUnasyn, Pfizer Roerig, Pfizer Inc, New York cMarin, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, MD DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0040.x VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 219-222 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0040.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella DNA in the Blood and Lymph Nodes of Golden Retrievers with Lymphoma and in Healthy Controls AU - Duncan, A.W. AU - Marr, H.S. AU - Birkenheuer, A.J. AU - Maggi, R.G. AU - Williams, L.E. AU - Correa, M.T. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Background: Although lymphoma is the most common neoplastic process reported in dogs, its precise etiology is unknown. Golden Retrievers are more likely to develop lymphoma, suggesting a breed predisposition; however, other factors, including environment, immunity, and infection, are likely contributors to oncogenesis. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the development of lymphoma in Golden Retrievers may be associated with vector‐borne infections, specifically Bartonella , Anaplasma , or Ehrlichia species infections. Animals: Golden Retrievers with lymphoma and healthy Golden Retrievers from across the United States were recruited for study participation. Methods: A matched, case‐control study was performed to determine the association of lymphoma and the presence of Bartonella, Anaplasma , and Ehrlichia species in serum, blood, and lymph node aspirates. Results: Using PCR analyses and DNA sequencing, single and coinfections with Bartonella henselae , Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella quintana , and/or Bartonella vinsonii ( berkhoffii ) were detected in the blood and lymph node aspirates of Golden Retrievers with lymphoma (5/28 dogs, 18%) and in healthy Golden Retrievers (10/56 dogs, 18%); no Anaplasma or Ehrlichia DNA was detected in any dog. When compared with dogs with lymphoma, a higher ( P <.001) proportion of healthy Golden Retrievers were receiving monthly acaricide treatments (2.6 times higher). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Bartonella DNA can be detected in blood and lymph nodes; importantly, in this report, Bartonella was detected in the same proportion of clinically healthy dogs and dogs with lymphoma. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine the mode of transmission of Bartonella in dogs, whether lymphatic infection is persistent, or whether these bacteria may contribute to the development of lymphoma. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0018.x VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 89–95 SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0018.x KW - bacteria KW - cancer KW - dog KW - tick KW - vector-borne ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amantadine in a multimodal analgesic regimen for alleviation of refractory osteoarthritis pain in dogs AU - Lascelles, B. D. X. AU - Gaynor, J. S. AU - Smith, E. S. AU - Roe, S. C. AU - Marcellin-Little, D. J. AU - Davidson, G. AU - Boland, E. AU - Carr, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Background: Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not always provide sufficient pain relief in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). Hypothesis: The use of amantadine in addition to NSAID therapy will provide improved pain relief when compared with the use of nonsteroidal analgesics alone in naturally occurring OA in dogs. Animals: Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs with pelvic limb lameness despite the administration of an NSAID. Methods: The study was randomized, blinded, and placebo controlled with parallel groups (days 21–42). On day 0, analgesic medications were discontinued. On day 7, all dogs received meloxicam for 5 weeks. On day 21, all dogs received amantadine (3–5 mg/kg once daily per os) or placebo for 21 days, in addition to receiving meloxicam. Assessments were performed before the study and on days 7, 21, and 42. Primary outcome measures were blinded owner assessments of activity using client‐specific outcome measures (CSOM) on days 0, 7, 21, and 42. Data were analyzed by a mixed model approach. Results: For CSOM activity, there was a significant time by treatment effect ( P =.009). On the basis of the planned post hoc t ‐tests of postrandomization means, there was a significant difference between treatment groups on day 42 ( P =.030), with the amantadine group being more active. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In dogs with osteoarthritic pain refractory to an NSAID, physical activity is improved by the addition of amantadine. Amantadine might be a useful adjunct therapy for the clinical management of canine osteoarthritic pain. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0014.x VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 53-59 SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0014.x KW - dog KW - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory KW - owner KW - pain KW - subjective assessment ER - TY - CHAP TI - Dermatotoxicology AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. T2 - Molecular and biochemical toxicology (4th ed.) A2 - Smart, R. C. A2 - Hodgson, E. AB - This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Functions of Skin Epidermis Anatomical Factors to Consider in Model Selection Percutaneous Absorption and Penetration Dermatotoxicity Dermal Toxicity of Nanoparticles Conclusion Suggested Reading PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/9780470285251.ch35 SP - 851–880 PB - Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley SN - 9780470102114 ER -