TY - CHAP TI - Diseases of the Uvea, Uveitis, and Recurrent Uveitis AU - Gilger, B.C. AU - Degroote, Roxane AU - Deeg, Cornelia T2 - Equine Ophthalmology A2 - Gilger, B.C. AB - The uveal tract comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid and is anatomically similar to the uveal tract of other species. As in most herbivores, the adult equine pupil is horizontally oval. The blood–ocular barrier limits the immune response to the internal aspects of the eye, causing the eye to be considered an immune-privileged site. With trauma or inflammation, these barriers can be disrupted, allowing blood products and cells to enter the eye. Flare, cell accumulation, or haze in the aqueous or vitreous are clinically observable signs of the disruption of the blood–ocular barrier that occurs in uveitis. Most primary neuroectodermal intraocular neoplasms are congenital, deriving from the primitive neuroectoderm of the optic cup. In clinical patients with signs of uveitis, the clinician must differentiate several clinical diagnoses, including uveitis secondary to corneal disease, trauma, infectious, parasitic, immune-mediated, heterochromic iridocyclitis with keratitis, equine recurrent uveitis, and inflammation associated with neoplasia. PY - 2022/7// DO - 10.1002/9781119782285.ch6 ET - 4th SP - 441-498 PB - Wiley Blackwell SN - 9781119782254 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Vision and vision disorders in performance horses AU - Gilger, B.C. T2 - Equine sports medicine and surgery : basic and clinical sciences of the equine athlete. A2 - Hinchcliff, Kenneth W A2 - Kaneps, Andris J A2 - Geor, Raymond J A2 - van Erck-Westergen, Emmanuelle PY - 2022/// ET - 3rd PB - Saunders SN - 9780702083709 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peptide Inhibitors of MARCKS Suppress Endotoxin Induced Uveitis in Rats AU - Stonex, Tara AU - Salmon, Jacklyn H. AU - Adler, Kenneth B. AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - Purpose: To determine if inhibition of Myristoylated Alanine Rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) protein, using novel MARCKS inhibitor peptides, will reduce the severity of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. Methods: EIU was induced in Lewis rats using subcutaneous administration of lipopolysaccharide. In the first phase of the study, 3 different novel MARCKS inhibitor peptides that mimic the N-terminal region of MARCKS (BIO-11006, or lower molecular weight analogs BIO-91201 or BIO-91202; Biomarck Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Newtown, PA) were administered intravitreally (IVT) at 50 and 100 μM. In the second phase, BIO-91201 was administered IVT at 10, 50, and 100 μM and topically at the 100 μM concentration. The efficacy of MARCKS inhibitor peptides was assessed by clinical examination using slit lamp biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) anterior chamber cell counts, histopathology, and aqueous humor cytokine analysis. Results: Clinical scores were significantly reduced 24 h following uveitis induction in the first phase of the study in the following treatment groups: BIO-11006 50 μM IVT and 100 μM IVT, BIO-91201 50 μM IVT, and BIO-91202 100 μM IVT (P < 0.05). OCT anterior chamber cell counts were significantly reduced in the first phase of the study in all treatment groups (P < 0.001). OCT anterior chamber cell counts and histopathology scores were significantly reduced in the second phase of the study in the BIO-91201 50 μM IVT group (P < 0.05). No effect was seen with topical administration. Conclusion: MARCKS inhibitor peptides were effective in reducing the severity of ocular inflammation and cellular influx in EIU. DA - 2022/4/1/ PY - 2022/4/1/ DO - 10.1089/jop.2021.0114 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 223-231 J2 - Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics LA - en OP - SN - 1080-7683 1557-7732 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2021.0114 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BLOG TI - When do cats and dogs need antibiotics? AU - Frey, E. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// PB - AVMA Committee on Antimicrobials UR - https://www.avma.org/blog/when-do-cats-and-dogs-need-antibiotics ER - TY - JOUR TI - A call to action for veterinarians and partners in animal health to collect antimicrobial use data for the purposes of supporting medical decision-making and antimicrobial stewardship AU - Fajt, Virginia R. AU - Lehenbauer, Terry W. AU - Plummer, Paul J. AU - Robbins, Rebecca C. AU - Scheftel, Joni M. AU - Singer, Randall S. AU - Canon, Abbey J. AU - Frey, Erin AU - Gaunt, Patricia S. AU - Papich, Mark G. AU - Parker, Tina M. AU - Brookshire, Cooper AU - Cervantes, Hector AU - Jay-Russell, Michele T. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. AU - Smith, David R. AU - Wright, Lindsay R. AU - Costin, Michael T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - "A call to action for veterinarians and partners in animal health to collect antimicrobial use data for the purposes of supporting medical decision-making and antimicrobial stewardship" published on 01 May 2022 by American Veterinary Medical Association. DA - 2022/5/1/ PY - 2022/5/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.21.09.0431 VL - 260 IS - 8 SP - 853-859 J2 - javma OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.09.0431 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2022 AAFP/AAHA Antimicrobial Stewardship Guidelines AU - Frey, Erin AU - Costin, Michael AU - Granick, Jennifer AU - Kornya, Matthew AU - Weese, J. Scott T2 - Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association AB - The Antimicrobial Stewardship Guidelines in companion animals are designed to aid practicing veterinarians in choosing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to best serve their patients and minimize the development of antimicrobial resistance and other adverse effects. The Guidelines presented below were developed by an expert task force and provide a recommended framework for judicious antimicrobial use in companion animals.Antimicrobial stewardship, as defined by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), refers to the actions veterinarians take individually and as a profession to preserve the effectiveness and availability of antimicrobial drugs through conscientious oversight and responsible medical decision-making, while safeguarding animal, public, and environmental health. Stewardship involves: Preventing common diseases through preventive and management strategies.Using evidence-based approaches to make decisions about antimicrobial drugs.Using antimicrobial drugs judiciously and sparingly while evaluating therapeutic outcomes.1The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) and the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) endorse this definition and urge companion animal veterinarians to follow the five core principles of antimicrobial stewardship as defined by the AVMA: commit to stewardship, advocate for a system of care to prevent common diseases, select and use antimicrobial drugs judiciously, evaluate antimicrobial drug use practices, and educate and build expertise.2Veterinarians agree to protect animal and public health when they pledge the Veterinarian’s Oath. It is the responsibility of veterinarians to maintain patient health by routine examinations, preventive strategies, and client education. When a medical condition exists, it is important to obtain an accurate clinical diagnosis whenever possible, including determining the likelihood of a bacterial infection that warrants antimicrobial use. Once the decision is made to use antimicrobial therapy, veterinarians should strive to optimize therapeutic efficacy, minimize resistance to antimicrobials, and protect public and animal health.AAHA and the AAFP are committed to the following as described by the AVMA’s policy, Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials.3Judicious use of antimicrobials in animals requires the oversight of a veterinarian.Judicious use of antimicrobials and extralabel use of antimicrobials should meet all requirements of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR—see glossary).Preventive strategies, such as appropriate husbandry and hygiene, routine health monitoring, and vaccinations, should be emphasized.Routine preventive healthcare in cats and dogs includes the following: Adherence to the AAFP’s guidelines for feline vaccinations and AAHA’s guidelines for canine vaccinations.Parasite control, nutritional counseling, and dental health care.Client education and involvement to successfully adopt good preventive health care programs.Appropriate hygiene and husbandry is especially important in multiple pet households.The routine prophylactic use of antimicrobials should never be used as a substitute for good animal health management.The use of antimicrobials to prevent infection (e.g., prophylaxis)4 can only be justified in cases where bacterial infection is likely to occur or where the implications of infection are particularly high (e.g., central nervous system surgery).Recognize risk factors for infections in cats and dogs and prevent or correct them whenever possible. These include, but are not limited to:Urinary catheterizationIntravenous cathetersWoundsEnvironmental factors (i.e., stress, crowding, poor hygiene, transportation, temperature extremes, poor ventilation, and high humidity)Feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus infection, or debilitating diseaseImmunosuppressive drugs (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents and glucocorticoid therapy)Endocrine diseases (i.e., diabetic cats are more prone to urinary tract, skin, and mouth infections; dogs with hyperadrenocorticism are more prone to skin and urinary tract infections)Therapeutic alternatives should be considered before, or in conjunction with, antimicrobial therapy.This includes supportive care, such as correction of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, maintaining acid-base balance, and ensuring adequate nutrition.Surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases, such as abscessation, empyema, or other diseases requiring source control.Consider supportive care, including dietary therapy and probiotics for acute, nonfebrile diarrhea.5,12,13Consider antiseptic preparations and topical (e.g., skin) or locally applied antimicrobials (e.g., oral cavity) as alternatives to systemic antimicrobials.6,7Considerations should be made whether to delay or alter antimicrobial therapy based on patient status.Use delayed prescribing or watchful waiting if a patient’s disease might not be caused by a bacterial infection or in certain situations in which patients are expected to clear an infection on their own.Reassess the need for and choice of antimicrobial drugs throughout the course of therapy (antimicrobial “time out”).2,8Therapeutic antimicrobial use should be confined to appropriate clinical indications.A definitive diagnosis that indicates antimicrobial therapy is appropriate should be established whenever possible, and empirical use of antimicrobials should be avoided.Practitioners should strive to rule out viral infections, parasitism, mycotoxicosis, nutritional imbalances, neoplasia, and other ailments that will not respond to antimicrobial therapies.Antimicrobial therapy is not indicated in most upper respiratory infections (e.g., feline herpesvirus or calicivirus and canine infectious respiratory disease complex) not suspected to be complicated by secondary bacterial infection.Most cases of pancreatitis in dogs and cats are not associated with bacterial infection.Most cases of feline lower urinary tract disease do not involve bacterial infection, particularly in cats younger than 10 years of age, and in such cases, antimicrobials are not indicated.Systemic antimicrobials are usually not indicated for routine dental prophylaxis or after tooth extractions. In cases of periodontitis, systemic antimicrobials are not a substitute for surgical treatment. In most cases of periapical tooth root abscesses, debridement of infective tissue is sufficient to control infection.9Most cases of acute diarrhea are not due to pathogenic bacterial infections or are self-limiting, so antimicrobials are not indicated, do not hasten time to clinical resolution, and may cause further dysbiosis.10–13Therapeutic antimicrobial use should be applied appropriately in the surgical setting.Administration of antimicrobials should not replace appropriate sterile technique.Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis is the use of a very brief course of an antimicrobial agent initiated 30–60 minutes before the first incision. Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis is not usually needed for clean procedures.Sterile technique and proper tissue handling should eliminate the need for prophylactic antibiotics in ovariohysterectomies, orchiectomies, and most other sterile procedures.Ongoing postoperative antimicrobial therapy is rarely required.14Antimicrobials considered important in treating refractory infections in human or veterinary medicine should be used in animals only after careful review and reasonable justification.Consider using other antimicrobials for initial therapy.Drug side effects or interactions should be considered when choosing an appropriate antimicrobial.Ensure any use of antimicrobials considered important in treating refractory infections is supported by the lack of another antimicrobial option, the presence of cytology, culture and susceptibility testing, and a reasonable chance for a cure. Consultation with an expert in infectious disease and antimicrobial therapy should be undertaken when appropriate and available.7,15–19Diagnostic testing, including culture and susceptibility testing, aids in the appropriate selection of antimicrobials.When a urinary tract infection (UTI) (also known as bacterial cystitis) is suspected, urine collected by cystocentesis can help distinguish true bacteriuria from contamination but is not able to distinguish infection from subclinical bacteriuria.Poor urine concentrating ability is a risk factor for bacteriuria. Urine culture coupled with the presence of lower urinary tract signs may be the only way to identify infection in such cases.15The presence of bacteriuria, in the absence of lower urinary tract signs, does not necessarily indicate a UTI and is considered subclinical bacteriuria, which generally does not require antimicrobial treatment.15Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to provide an interpretation of susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to antimicrobial drugs should be done to guide the selection of antimicrobials. Veterinarians should ensure that their reference laboratories use species-specific (i.e., cats and dogs) susceptibility testing breakpoints where available.Performing cytological evaluation of patient samples or body sites is important in advance of and as a complement to culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Because certain antimicrobials are more effective against gram-positive or gram-negative organisms, interim antimicrobial decisions can be based on gram stain and the site of infection.Regimens for therapeutic antimicrobial use should be optimized using current pharmacological information and principles.The antimicrobial chosen should be effective against the organism and be able to penetrate the affected body site in an adequate concentration to eliminate the offending organism.Consider the intrinsic resistance of pathogens to antimicrobials.20,21Consider patient- and site-specific factors that may limit response to antimicrobial therapy (e.g., protected body site and local tissue factors).19Consider patient factors that may influence drug metabolism (e.g., renal or hepatic disease) or concurrent medications that may affect drug levels.For information on dose, route, frequency, and duration of administration, refer to label indications, laboratory standards, and current guidelines from veterinary professional organizations.Risks to patients from antimicrobials should be considered and discussed with owners before use (e.g., enrofloxacin-induced retinotoxicity and aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity).Duration of therapy should be based on scientific and clinical evidence in order to obtain the desired health outcome while minimizing selection for antimicrobial resistance.For specific conditions, refer to appropriate resources and consensus guidelines.7,15,16Antimicrobial therapy must be prescribed in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws (e.g., extralabel usage in the United States).Accurate records of treatment, outcome, and indication for use should be maintained to evaluate therapeutic regimens.Veterinarians should work with animal owners and caretakers to ensure the judicious use of antimicrobials.Administration instructions for antimicrobials must be made clear and labeled correctly (e.g., doxycycline capsules or tablets must be followed by a liquid to avoid esophageal stricture).Clients should be advised to administer medications as directed by their veterinarian, including medication timing and duration of use.As with all medications, proper client instruction in administration techniques is crucial to ensure compliance and safety of the pet and the owner.Clients should be warned of potential adverse reactions and instructed on what to do if any such reactions occur (e.g., stop medication and call your veterinarian for further recommendations).Animal owners should consult with their veterinarian before any antibiotic use, even for antibiotics available without a prescription, to ensure positive outcomes and prevent complications.Minimize environmental contamination with antimicrobials whenever possible.22,23Minimize environmental contamination with antimicrobials by following local, state, and federal guidelines for disposal.24Antibiotic—a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. Often used interchangeably with “antimicrobial agent.”4Antimicrobial—an agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their multiplication or growth. This includes antibiotics and synthetic agents. Often used interchangeably with “antibiotic.”4Antimicrobial resistance—a property of microorganisms that confers the capacity to inactivate or elude antimicrobials or a mechanism that blocks the inhibitory or killing effects of antimicrobials.4Extralabel—actual use or intended use of a drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved labeling. This includes, but is not limited to, use in species not listed in the labeling, use for indications (disease or other conditions) not listed in the labeling, use at dosage levels, frequencies, or routes of administration other than those stated in the labeling, and deviation from the labeled withdrawal time based on these different uses.Intrinsic resistance—inherent or innate (not acquired) antimicrobial resistance, which is reflected in all or almost all representatives of a bacterial species.19Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)—the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents visible growth of a microorganism in an agar or broth dilution susceptibility test.19Monitoring—includes periodic health surveillance of the population or individual animal examination.Therapeutic—treatment, control, and prevention of bacterial disease.4Antimicrobial prevention of disease (synonym: prophylaxis): Prevention is the administration of an antimicrobial to an individual animal to mitigate the risk of acquiring disease or infection that is anticipated based on history, clinical judgment, or epidemiological knowledge.On a population basis, prevention is the administration of an antimicrobial to a group of animals, none of which have evidence of disease or infection, when transmission of existing undiagnosed infections, or the introduction of pathogens, is anticipated based on history, clinical judgment, or epidemiological knowledge.Antimicrobial control of disease (synonym: metaphylaxis): Control is the administration of an antimicrobial to an individual animal with a subclinical infection to reduce the risk of the infection becoming clinically apparent, spreading to other tissues or organs, or being transmitted to other individuals.On a population basis, control is the use of antimicrobials to reduce the incidence of infectious disease in a group of animals that already has some individuals with evidence of infectious disease or evidence of infection.Antimicrobial treatment of disease:Treatment is the administration of an antimicrobial as a remedy for an individual animal with evidence of infectious disease.On a population basis, treatment is the administration of an antimicrobial to those animals within the group with evidence of infectious disease.Antimicrobial time-out—an active reassessment of an antimicrobial prescription 48–72 hours after first administration to allow medical staff to take into account laboratory culture and susceptibility testing results and the patient’s response to therapy and current condition.8Watchful waiting—an approach to patient care in which the veterinarian believes a patient’s illness will likely resolve on its own but remains vigilant in case an antibiotic is later needed. The pet owner is provided with instructions on when and why to follow up with the veterinarian and given recommendations for nonantibiotic approaches to improve the patient’s comfort.8Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)—a VCPR exists when all of the following conditions have been met: The veterinarian has assumed the responsibility for making clinical judgments regarding the health of the animal(s) and the need for medical treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the veterinarian’s instructions.The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to initiate at least a general or preliminary diagnosis of the medical condition of the animal(s). This means that the veterinarian has recently seen and is personally acquainted with the keeping and care of the animal(s) by virtue of an examination of the animal(s) or by medically appropriate and timely visits to the premises where the animal(s) are kept.The veterinarian is readily available for follow-up evaluation, or has arranged for emergency coverage, in the event of adverse reactions or failure of the treatment regimen.The Task Force has updated the 2014 AAFP/AAHA Basic Guidelines for Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials and thanks past contributors for their work. DA - 2022/7/1/ PY - 2022/7/1/ DO - 10.5326/1547-3317-58.4.1 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 1-5 LA - en OP - SN - 1547-3317 0587-2871 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/1547-3317-58.4.1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Acellular placental extract accelerates in vitro neonatal porcine intestinal epithelial wound healing AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Stewart, A. AU - Veerasammy, B. AU - Hojnacki, J. AU - Tomblyn, S. AU - Washburn, S. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - Comparative Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease Research Competition C2 - 2022/// C3 - Comparative Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease Research Competition DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of the effects of normothermic machine perfusion and cold storage preservation on porcine intestinal allograft regenerative potential and viability AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Abraham, N. AU - Sudan, D. AU - Barbas, B. AU - Schaaf, C.R. AU - Freund, J. AU - Thomas, M. AU - Stewart, A.S. AU - Veerasammy, B. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Garman, K. AU - Gonzalez, L.M. T2 - Digestive Disease Week C2 - 2022/// C3 - Digestive Disease Week DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Differential vascular resistance of the jejunum and ileum during machine perfusion AU - Abraham, N. AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Kucera, C. AU - Veerasammy, B. AU - Stewart, A. AU - McKinney, C. AU - Freund, J. AU - Samy, K. AU - Gao, Q. AU - Kahan, R. AU - Garman, K. AU - Barbas, A. AU - Gonzalez, L. AU - Sudan, D. T2 - American Society of Transplant Surgeons C2 - 2022/// C3 - American Society of Transplant Surgeons DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Post-injury probiotic treatment may impact intestinal microbiota and epithelial recovery in a pig surgical model AU - Singh, A. AU - Deck, C. AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Blakeley-Ruiz, J.A. AU - Rose, E. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Blikslager, A. AU - Gonzalez, L.M. T2 - Comparative Medicine Institute Summer Symposium C2 - 2022/// C3 - Comparative Medicine Institute Summer Symposium DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigating the impact of novel placental extract on equine intestinal epithelial repair AU - O’Donnell, K. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Bayless, R. AU - Sheats, K. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - National Veterinary Scholars Symposium C2 - 2022/// C3 - National Veterinary Scholars Symposium DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Acellular placental extract improves neonatal porcine intestinal epithelial recovery following traumatic injury AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Stewart, A. AU - Veerasammy, B. AU - Hojnacki, J. AU - Tomblyn, S. AU - Washburn, S. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - Digestive Disease Week C2 - 2022/// C3 - Digestive Disease Week DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - 212.1: Normothermic Machine Perfusion and Orthotopic Allotransplantation of the Full Length Porcine Intestine AU - Abraham, Nader AU - Ludwig, Elsa K. AU - Schaaf, Cecilia R. AU - Veerasammy, Brittany AU - Stewart, Amy S. AU - McKinney, Caroline AU - Freund, John AU - Samy, Kannan P. AU - Gao, Qimeng AU - Kahan, Riley AU - Garman, Katherine S. AU - Barbas, Andrew S. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. AU - Sudan, Debra L. T2 - Transplantation AB - Background: A limitation of intestinal transplantation is severe graft injury during cold storage, leadng to sepsis and rejection. Improved graft preservation will improve post-transplant outcomes. Recently, trials of oxygenated machine perfusion (MP) in liver transplantation show superior outcomes compared to cold storage. We hypothesized oxygenated MP of intestinal grafts would be feasible and improve outcomes after intestine transplantation, similar to other transplanted organs. The aim of this study was to develop a translational normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) protocol of full-length intestine allograft and validate feasibility of MP by orthotopic transplantation in a porcine model. Methods: The NMP protocol underwent 3 iterative stages of development, generation 1, 2, and 3 (GEN1, GEN2, GEN3). GEN1 (n=8 grafts) protocol was adapted from published liver NMP protocols. Changes were made after review of 6-8 graft perfusions with a standardized approach. The perfusion circuit consisted of a graft chamber with open venous return into a reservoir below. A roller pump circulated perfusate from the reservoir into the oxygenator into the craniomesenteric artery at a mean arterial pressure of 50 ± 5 mmHg for 6 hours. Vasodilators were administered into the arterial line by constant infusion. Perfusion pressure, temperature, and arterial flow were monitored continuously using in-line sensors. A dialysis circuit was used to maintain the normal chemistries in GEN2 & 3. We compared gross and histologic appearance of paired samples from the time of organ procurement and after six hours of oxygenated MP. After optimization, transplantation of porcine intestine allografts after 6 hr NMP were then undertaken and postoperative recovery of gut function, physical activity, lab parameters and vital signs were monitored for 2 days before sacrifice. Results: During protocol development, we identified several factors that appear unique to the intestine allograft and posed challenges during MP, including metabolic, electrolyte, acid-base disturbances, as well as differential perfusion of the jejunum and Ileum. These factors coincided with graft and mesenteric edema, luminal hemorrhage, and ileal ischemia with the initial protocol. Addition of dialysis and introduction of vasodilating medications corrected the metabolic derangements in perfusate chemistries, and gross and histologic appearance suggested excellent preservation in GEN3. We report successful transplantation of 3 porcine intestinal allografts after MP with excellent post-operative recovery of gut function, physical activity, oral intake and maintenance of normal vital signs and lab values. At 48 hours inspection of the bowel graft demonstrated viable pink serosa without evidence of mucosal injury. Conclusions: This study reports development and optimization of machine perfusion preservation of small intestine and successful transplantation of the intestinal allograft in a porcine model. U.S Department of Defense (DOD). DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.1097/01.tp.0000885324.41684.49 VL - 106 IS - 9S SP - S21-S21 LA - en OP - SN - 0041-1337 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000885324.41684.49 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical, Diagnostic, and Imaging Findings in Three Juvenile Dogs With Paraspinal Hyperesthesia or Myelopathy as a Consequence of Hemophilia A: A Case Report AU - Fowler, Kayla M. AU - Bolton, Timothy A. AU - Rossmeisl, John H. AU - Arendse, Avril U. AU - Vernau, Karen M. AU - Li, Ronald H. L. AU - Parker, Rell L. T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - Three juvenile dogs presented with an acute onset of paraspinal hyperesthesia and/or neurologic deficits. These dogs underwent anesthesia for MRI and additional diagnostics. The thoracolumbar MRI in Dog 1 revealed an accumulation of T2-weighted (T2W) hyperintense, T1-weighted (T1W) iso- to hyperintense, contrast enhancing extradural material. The differential diagnoses were meningitis with secondary hemorrhage or empyema or late subacute hemorrhage. The initial cervical MRI in Dog 2 revealed T1W meningeal contrast enhancement suspected to be secondary to meningitis. A repeat MRI following neurologic decline after CSF sampling revealed a large area of T2W and T1W hyperintensity between fascial planes of the cervical musculature as well as T2W iso- to hyperintense and T1W iso- to hypointense extradural material at the level of C1 consistent with hemorrhage. The cervical MRI in Dog 3 revealed T2W hyperintense and T1W iso- to hypointense extradural compressive material consistent with hemorrhage. Dogs 1 and 2 underwent CSF sampling and developed complications, including subcutaneous hematoma and vertebral canal hemorrhage. Dog 3 underwent surgical decompression, which revealed a compressive extradural hematoma. In each case, a hemophilia panel including factor VIII concentration confirmed the diagnosis of hemophilia A. Dog 1 had a resolution of clinical signs for ~5 months before being euthanized from gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Dog 2 was euthanized due to neurologic decompensation following CSF sampling. Dog 3 did well for 2 weeks after surgery but was then lost to follow-up. This case series provides information on clinical signs, MRI findings, and outcome in 3 juvenile dogs with hemophilia A that developed neurologic deficits or paraspinal hyperesthesia secondary to spontaneous or iatrogenic vertebral canal hemorrhage. Hemophilia A should be considered as a differential in any young dog presenting with an acute onset of hyperesthesia with or without neurologic deficits. This diagnosis should be prioritized in young male dogs that have other evidence of hemorrhage on physical exam. DA - 2022/4/15/ PY - 2022/4/15/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.871029 VL - 9 SP - 871029 J2 - Front. Vet. Sci. OP - SN - 2297-1769 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.871029 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Equine Ophthalmology A3 - Gilger, Brian C. DA - 2022/5/13/ PY - 2022/5/13/ DO - 10.1002/9781119782285 PB - Wiley SN - 9781119782254 9781119782285 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119782285 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunologic and pathologic characterization of a novel swine biomedical research model for eosinophilic esophagitis AU - Cortes, Lizette M. AU - Brodsky, David AU - Chen, Celine AU - Pridgen, Tiffany AU - Odle, Jack AU - Snider, Douglas B. AU - Cruse, Glenn AU - Putikova, Arina AU - Masuda, Mia Y. AU - Doyle, Alfred D. AU - Wright, Benjamin L. AU - Dawson, Harry D. AU - Blikslager, Anthony AU - Dellon, Evan S. AU - Laster, Scott M. AU - Kaser, Tobias T2 - FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY AB - Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergy-mediated condition with an increasing incidence in both children and adults. Despite EoE's strong impact on human health and welfare, there is a large unmet need for treatments with only one recently FDA-approved medication for EoE. The goal of this study was to establish swine as a relevant large animal model for translational biomedical research in EoE with the potential to facilitate development of therapeutics. We recently showed that after intraperitoneal sensitization and oral challenge with the food allergen hen egg white protein (HEWP), swine develop esophageal eosinophilia-a hallmark of human EoE. Herein, we used a similar sensitization and challenge treatment and evaluated immunological and pathological markers associated with human EoE. Our data demonstrate that the incorporated sensitization and challenge treatment induces (i) a systemic T-helper 2 and IgE response, (ii) a local expression of eotaxin-1 and other allergy-related immune markers, (iii) esophageal eosinophilia (>15 eosinophils/0.24 mm2), and (iv) esophageal endoscopic findings including linear furrows and white exudates. Thereby, we demonstrate that our sensitization and oral challenge protocol not only induces the underlying immune markers but also the micro- and macro-pathological hallmarks of human EoE. This swine model for EoE represents a novel relevant large animal model that can drive translational biomedical research to develop urgently needed treatment strategies for EoE. DA - 2022/11/14/ PY - 2022/11/14/ DO - 10.3389/falgy.2022.1029184 VL - 3 SP - SN - 2673-6101 KW - pig KW - food allergy KW - animal model KW - immunology KW - gastrointestinal KW - eosinophilic esophagitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biocorona modulates the inflammatory response induced by gold nanoparticles in human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Li, Xuejin AU - Li, Dongjie AU - Zhang, Guofang AU - Zeng, Yanqiao AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Chang, Yan-Zhong AU - Li, Yang T2 - Toxicology Letters AB - The functional activities of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on biological systems depend on their physical-chemical properties and their surface functionalizations. Within a biological environment and depending on their surface characteristics, NPs can adsorb biomolecules (mostly proteins) present in the microenvironment, thereby forming a dynamic biomolecular corona on the surface. The presence of this biocorona changes the physical-chemical and functional properties of the NPs and how it interacts with cells. Here, we show that primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) exposed in culture to branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI)-AuNPs, but not to lipoic acid (LA)-AuNPs, show potent particle uptake, decreased cell viability and enhanced production of inflammatory factors, while the presence of a human plasma-derived biocorona decreased NPs uptake and rescued cells from BPEI-AuNP-induced cell death. The mechanistic study revealed that the intracellular oxidative level greatly increased after the BPEI-AuNPs treatment, and the transcriptomic analysis showed that the dominant modulated pathways were related to oxidative stress and an antioxidant response. The stress level measured by flow cytometry also showed a significant decrease in the presence of a biocorona. Further anaylsis discovered that nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor (Nrf2), a major regulator of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory genes, as the key factor related to the AuNPs induced oxidative stress and inflammation. This study provides futher understanding into the mechanisms on how NPs-induced cellular stress and reveals the protective effects of a biocorona on inflammatory responses in HEK at the molecular level, which provides important insights into the biological responses of AuNPs and their biocorona. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.08.009 VL - 369 SP - 34-42 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.08.009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Initial exploration of the discriminatory ability of the PetPace collar to detect differences in activity and physiological variables between healthy and osteoarthritic dogs AU - Ortiz, Avery Rowlison AU - Belda, Beatriz AU - Hash, Jon AU - Enomoto, Masataka AU - Robertson, James AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH AB - Accelerometry has been used to evaluate activity in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) pain, especially in relation to effect of treatment; however no studies have compared accelerometry-measured activity in dogs with OA-pain and healthy dogs. The aims of this study were to (1) compare activity output from the PetPace collar with the validated Actical monitor and (2) determine if PetPace collar outputs (overall activity, activity levels, body position, and vital signs) differed between healthy dogs and dogs with OA-pain.This was an observational, non-interventional study in healthy dogs and dogs with OA-pain. All dogs were outfitted with the PetPace collar and the Actical monitor simultaneously for 14 days. Output from these devices was compared (correlations), and output from the PetPace device was used to explore differences between groups across the activity and vital sign outputs (including calculated heart rate variability indices).There was moderate correlation between the PetPace collar and Actical monitor output (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.001). Using data generated by the PetPace collar, OA-pain dogs had lower overall activity counts and spent less time standing than healthy dogs. Healthy dogs spent more time at higher activity levels than OA-pain dogs. Certain heart rate variability indices in OA-pain dogs were lower than in healthy dogs.The results of this study suggest that the PetPace collar can detect differences between healthy dogs and those with OA-pain, and that OA-pain negatively impacts overall activity levels in dogs, and especially higher intensity activity. DA - 2022/9/6/ PY - 2022/9/6/ DO - 10.3389/fpain.2022.949877 VL - 3 SP - SN - 2673-561X KW - canine KW - physical activity monitor KW - osteoarthritis KW - mobility KW - pain KW - accelerometry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathology in Practice AU - Herrmann, Ina AU - Nagel, Jonathan AU - Luff, Jennifer AU - Traverson, Marine AU - Murphy, K. Marcia AU - Linder, Keith E. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists DA - 2022/5/30/ PY - 2022/5/30/ DO - 10.2460/javma.20.12.0688 VL - 259 IS - S2 SP - 1-5 J2 - javma OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.20.12.0688 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complications associated with iliosacral lymphadenectomy in dogs with metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. AU - Huerta, Yael AU - De, Mello Souza CH AU - Selmic, LE AU - McGrath, A AU - Skinner, OT AU - Dark, KV AU - Traverson, M AU - Snell, WL AU - Maxwell, EA AU - Bertran, J AU - Hasiuk, MMM T2 - The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne DA - 2022/9/1/ PY - 2022/9/1/ UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9377189 ER - TY - CONF TI - Validation of radioimmunoassay kits for thyroxine and free thyroxine and determination of normal reference intervals for thyroid hormone serum concentrations in orangutans (Pongo sp.). C2 - 2022/// C3 - Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. DA - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Reproductive pathology in female orangutans (Pongo spp.) under managed care C2 - 2022/// C3 - Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. DA - 2022/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrated approaches to howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) medicine in professional care and conservation T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - Howler monkeys ( Alouatta spp.) are threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as habitat fragmentation and deforestation, while conservation efforts are challenging to coordinate as natural geographic distribution ranges are the largest of any New World primate. On a One Health front, howler monkeys represent a great model to investigate the infectious disease dynamics between wild primates and humans as several infectious diseases affecting howlers have a demonstrated zoonotic potential. Howler monkey populations in professional care offer a window to investigate susceptibility to diseases in this species such as yellow fever (YF) and malaria, plus a myriad of endoparasite phyla, as well as vector-borne diseases such as Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. More studies are urgently needed to provide species-specific, medically relevant information as well as clinical descriptions of animals considered medically healthy. Moreover, howler monkeys are a challenging species to breed and maintain in professional care; additionally, reproductive parameters have been published only for a handful of species in this genus. On a One Health approach communication and collaborative health surveillance involving wildlife and zoo experts will ease the identification of factors that contribute to disease emergence facilitating the integration of human, animal, and environmental health. The One Welfare concept is based on the inextricable connection among animal welfare, human welfare, and environmental conservation. Integrating One Health and One Welfare into actions both in-situ and ex-situ will promote the sustainability of the forests and restoration of the ecosystems that those species inhabit, transitioning to a comprehensive One Conservation approach. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.3389/FVETS.2022.897404 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54792151/ ER - TY - CONF TI - iSTAT comparisons between chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in range and non-range countries: Pilot study. C2 - 2022/// C3 - Am. Soc. Primatol. DA - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Reproductive tract neoplasia in female western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) under managed care. C2 - 2022/// C3 - Am. Soc. Primatol DA - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Serum vitamin D concentrations in sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in range countries C2 - 2022/// C3 - Am. Soc. Primatol DA - 2022/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Granulosa cell proliferation in the orangutan ovary AU - Kahn, B. AU - Moresco, A. AU - Agnew, D. C2 - 2022/// C3 - Annual Conference of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists DA - 2022/// SP - 246 UR - https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acvp.org/resource/resmgr/acvp_annual_meeting_2022/2022_abstracts.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunoglobulin A and Physiologic Correlates of Well-Being in Asian Elephants AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Prado, Natalia AU - Davis, Maura AU - Schreier, Amy L. AU - Readyhough, Taylor S. AU - Joseph, Sharon AU - Gray, Charlie AU - Brown, Janine L. T2 - Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens AB - Zoological institutions aim to continually improve the lives of the animals under their stewardship. To this end, bull elephants are now increasingly maintained in all-male groups to mimic social conditions observed in the wild. While cortisol is the most frequently used “stress” biomarker, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as a measure of health and positive affect, and the social hormone, oxytocin, are increasingly viewed as additional markers of welfare. The introduction of a pair of bull elephants to an existing group of three bull elephants at Denver Zoo presented an opportunity to assess sIgA, oxytocin and cortisol in response to the socialization process. In this study, sIgA varied greatly between individuals and did not correlate with cortisol but did correlate with salivary oxytocin. sIgA and oxytocin concentrations differed the most between social and solo situations during the introduction period compared to before bulls were introduced, and after a stable group had been formed. In contrast to findings in some species, sIgA and oxytocin were higher when housed alone than socially. Nonetheless, these results suggest that sIgA and oxytocin may be involved in social engagement and establishment of new social dynamics, and thus provide more insight into overall welfare states. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.3390/JZBG3040050 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/55170694/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatial and Temporal Analytic Pipeline for Evaluation of Potential Guide Dogs Using Location and Behavior Data AU - Wu, Yifan AU - Holder, Timothy AU - Foster, Marc AU - Williams, Evan AU - Enomoto, Masataka AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Bozkurt, Alper AU - Roberts, David L. T2 - NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ANIMAL-COMPUTER INTERACTION, ACI 2022 AB - Training guide dogs for visually-impaired people is a resource-consuming task for guide dog schools. This task is further complicated by a dearth of capabilities to objectively measure and analyze candidate guide dogs’ temperaments as they are placed with volunteer raisers away from guide dog schools for months during the raising process. In this work, we demonstrate a preliminary data analysis workflow that is able to provide detailed information about candidate guide dogs’ day to day physical exercise levels and gait activities using objective environmental and behavioral data collected from a wearable collar-based Internet of Things device. We trained and tested machine learning models to analyze different gait types including walking, pacing, trotting and mixture of walk and trot. By analyzing data both spatially and temporally, a location and behavior summary for candidate dogs is generated to provide insight for guide dog training experts, so that they can more accurately and comprehensively evaluate the future success of the candidate. The preliminary analysis revealed movement patterns for different location types which reflected the behaviors of candidate guide dogs. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.1145/3565995.3566033 SP - UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3565995.3566033 KW - Guide Dog KW - Canine Behavior Analysis KW - Feature Extraction KW - IMU KW - Machine Learning KW - Clustering ER - TY - JOUR TI - What Is Your Diagnosis? AU - Hobbs, Kallie J. AU - Wait, Courtney AU - Porter, Erin AU - Luethy, Daniela T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2022/6/9/ PY - 2022/6/9/ DO - 10.2460/javma.22.03.0117 VL - 6 SP - 1-3 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.03.0117 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal equine pituitary gland AU - Hobbs, Kallie J. AU - Porter, Erin AU - Wait, Courtney AU - Dark, Michael AU - MacKay, Robert J. T2 - Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound AB - Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly available for evaluation of horses with suspected pituitary adenomas; however, published studies describing the MRI features of normal equine pituitary glands are currently lacking. This retrospective, descriptive, anatomic study describes the MRI appearance and size of presumed normal equine pituitary glands and assesses potential correlations between pituitary size, brain size, and patient weight. These findings serve as a reference for MRI evaluation of the equine pituitary gland. Inclusion criteria consisted of adult horses (2-15 years old), over 300 kg with no evidence of Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and no pituitary abnormalities identified with MRI, yielding 27 horses. Histology was available on seven pituitary glands; all were considered normal by a board-certified anatomic pathologist. Imaging features of the glands were evaluated on T2-weighted and pre- and postcontrast T1-weighted images. Pituitary length, width, and height and brain height and width were measured by two authors on transverse and mid-sagittal plane postcontrast T1 weighted images. The mean ± SD pituitary gland width was 21.0 ± 2.4 mm, height: 10.4 ± 1.9 mm, and length: 24.5 ± 2.7 mm. There were no significant correlations using a Pearson's correlation coefficient between pituitary and brain measurements, pituitary measurement, and body weight, or between brain measurements and body weight. A statistical difference was not identified using an unpaired t-test (p > 0.05) in pituitary and brain measurements between necropsied and non-necropsied horses. Relative to the cerebral white matter, all pituitary glands were isointense to slightly hyperintense on T1-weighted images and isointense on T2-weighted images, with the exception of a focal T1-weighted hyperintensity that was present in the caudal aspect of the pituitary gland in 88% of horses. All pituitary glands were homogenously contrast enhancing. Pituitary dimensions did not correlate with either brain size or body weight in horses. DA - 2022/7// PY - 2022/7// DO - 10.1111/vru.13072 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.13072 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gastrointestinal foreign bodies in pet pigs: 17 cases AU - Nakamae, Yoko AU - Hobbs, Kallie J. AU - Ziegler, Jessie AU - Rivero, Luis A. AU - Kennedy, Shari AU - Stockler, Jenna AU - Gomez, Diego E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Pigs have an indiscriminate eating behavior placing them at high risk of developing foreign body (FB) obstructions.Describe the clinical and diagnostic features, treatments, and outcome of pet pigs diagnosed with gastrointestinal (GI) FBs. Medical and surgical treatments, pig outcomes, and post-mortem findings were also investigated.Seventeen pet pigs.A multicenter retrospective study was conducted. Gastrointestinal FBs were defined as swallowed objects that became lodged within the gastrointestinal tract distal to the cardia identified during exploratory laparotomy.Common clinical signs were anorexia/hyporexia, tachypnea, vomiting, dehydration, tachycardia, and ileus. Diagnostic imaging identified the presence of a FB in 4 cases. Upon celiotomy, the FBs were in the stomach and small intestine in 17 cases and large colon in 2 cases. Types of FB included fruit pit, diaper, and metallic objects. Of the 17 pigs, 15 (88%) were discharged from the hospital and 2 (12%) were euthanized.Clinical signs of GI FB were similar to those reported in obstipated pigs. Diagnostic imaging has limitations for detection of FB. Surgical removal of FBs in pigs carried a good prognosis. DA - 2022/5// PY - 2022/5// DO - 10.1111/jvim.16429 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 1185-1189 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16429 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pilot comparison of outcome measures across chemical and surgical experimental models of chronic osteoarthritis in the rat (Rattus norvegicus) AU - Williams, Morika D. AU - Meyers, Rachel C. AU - Braxton, Lauryn A. AU - Diekman, Brian AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Relatively little work has evaluated both the disease of osteoarthritis (OA) and clinically-relevant pain outcome measures across different OA models in rats. The objective of this study was to compare sensitivity, pain, and histological disease severity across chemical and surgical models of OA in the rat. Stifle OA was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via intraarticular injection of monoiodoacetate (MIA) or surgical transection of anterior cruciate ligament and/or destabilization of medial meniscus (ACL+DMM or DMM alone). Reflexive (e.g., mechanical and thermal stimuli) measures of sensitivity and non-reflexive assays (e.g., lameness, static hindlimb weight-bearing asymmetry, dynamic gait analysis) of pain were measured over time. Joint degeneration was assessed histologically. Six-weeks post OA-induction, the ACL+DMM animals had significantly greater visually observed lameness than MIA animals; however, both ACL+DMM and MIA animals showed equal pain as measured by limb use during ambulation and standing. The MIA animals showed increased thermal, but not mechanical, sensitivity compared to ACL+DMM animals. Joint degeneration was significantly more severe in the MIA model at 6 weeks. Our pilot data suggest both the ACL+DMM and MIA models are equal in terms of clinically relevant pain behaviors, but the MIA model is associated with more severe histological changes over time potentially making it more suitable for screening disease modifying agents. Future work should further characterize each model in terms of complex pain behaviors and biochemical, molecular, and imaging analysis of the sensory system and joint tissues, which will allow for more informed decisions associated with model selection and investigative outcomes. DA - 2022/11/21/ PY - 2022/11/21/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0277943 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcatheter closure of aneurysmal perimembranous ventricular septal defect with the canine duct occluder in two dogs AU - Chi, I.-J.B. AU - Scansen, B.A. AU - Potter, B.M. AU - Pierce, K.V. AU - Gagnon, A.L. AU - Sloan, C.Q. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Cardiology AB - Congenital membranous ventricular septal aneurysm has been reported in dogs and can be associated with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD). The windsock-like ventricular septal aneurysm is formed by tissue of the membranous ventricular septum and portions of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. We report two dogs that underwent transcatheter closure of perimembranous VSD associated with membranous ventricular septal aneurysm using a commercial device marketed for transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus, the canine duct occluder. Partial closure was achieved in the first dog with reduction in left heart dimensions documented on echocardiography both at one day and nine months after procedure. In the second dog, three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, and a three-dimensionally printed whole heart model were used to evaluate feasibility for transcatheter device closure. Complete closure of the VSD was subsequently achieved. Both cases had good short- to medium-term outcomes, no perioperative complications were observed, and both dogs are apparently healthy and receiving no cardiac medications at 34 months and 17 months after procedure. Transcatheter attenuation of perimembranous VSD with membranous ventricular septal aneurysm is clinically feasible using the canine duct occluder, and multimodal cardiac imaging allows accurate assessment and planning prior to transcatheter intervention for structural heart disease in dogs. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.07.003 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2022.07.003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Medial insertion of the patent ductus arteriosus characterized by computed tomography angiography in a cat and dog AU - Karn, Marta AU - Potter, Brianna M. AU - Pierce, Kursten V. AU - Scansen, Brian A. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Cardiology AB - Surgical ligation of a left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus was attempted in two animals. In both cases, a young cat and dog, ligation was complicated by poor visualization of the ductus resulting in unsuccessful ligation. Post-operatively, both the cat and dog underwent computed tomography angiography to characterize the location and morphology of the patent ductus arteriosus. In both cases, computed tomography angiography revealed a left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus with an insertion location medial to the left pulmonary artery branch compared to the typical location. We hypothesize that this atypical location resulted in a difficult surgical visualization from the left thoracotomy approach. Transvenous coil embolization of the duct from the external jugular vein was performed in both cases and resulted in successful occlusion. Variations in the medial-lateral insertion of the ductus arteriosus may have consequences for surgical intervention. If an atypical location of a patent ductus arteriosus is suspected on transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography angiography prior to ligation may be useful to further define ductal location and help guide the surgical approach. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.02.003 VL - 2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2022.02.003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limits to relying solely on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies for an exotic animal formulary AU - Carpenter, J. W. AU - Harms, C. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - We found your article, ‘Evaluation of sources cited by an exotic animal formulary for supporting drug dosages and reference intervals in mammals’ (Golden et al., 2022: JSAP 2022:1–10) to be interesting and well written. However, the authors do not fully convey the nature, complexity and evolution of our formulary, a reference that has evolved and expanded over the last 30 years. For the Exotic Animal Formulary 5 E (Carpenter 2018), 29 of the most recognised specialists in our field evaluated published drug dosages, related biologic and medical information and references, and selected those that would be most clinically useful and relevant to the practitioner. Based on our collective clinical experience and after reviewing many thousands of references, approximately 2400 references were selected to be cited. Not only are all drug dosages referenced, but almost all have ‘comments’, including stating if the dosage is based on a pharmacokinetic (PK) or pharmacodynamic (PD) study. ‘This book is not intended to replace existing medical resources or the use of sound medical judgement…This formulary assumes that the reader has a reasonable understanding of veterinary medicine.’ ‘All users…should empirically evaluate all dosages to determine that they are reasonable prior to use.’ ‘…Until more pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety studies…are conducted, most dosages used in these species are based on empirical data, observations, and experience.’ Although the authors are correct in suggesting that PK/PD studies are the gold standard, there are still relatively few PK/PD studies performed in exotic animals. So as we continue to conduct PK/PD studies on drugs used in exotic species, we, out of necessity, need to cite dosages and references from the most reliable sources possible. Although a formulary for exotic animals based solely on PK/PD studies would be ideal, at the present time that formulary would be extremely brief and only of minimal use to clinicians. DA - 2022/12/2/ PY - 2022/12/2/ DO - 10.1111/jsap.13579 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1748-5827 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Improved Point-of-Care ELISA for the Diagnosis of Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis During the Acute Phase of Tick-Borne Infections in Dogs AU - Beall, Melissa J. AU - Mainville, Celine A. AU - Arguello-Marin, Andrea AU - Clark, Genevieve AU - Lemieux, Christine AU - Saucier, Jill AU - Thatcher, Brendon AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Cohn, Leah A. AU - Qurollo, Barbara A. AU - Chandrashekar, Ramaswamy T2 - TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE AB - Veterinarians often test for serologic evidence of vector-borne infections in sick dogs presenting with clinical signs or to screen for subclinical chronic infections. Additional peptide targets for the detection of antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia canis were added to an existing point-of-care (POC) ELISA test (SNAP 4Dx Plus Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME). This second-generation, multi-analyte test detects Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies to Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia spp. The second-generation test is expected to better meet the needs of practicing veterinarians and their patients. To assess this expectation, the second-generation POC test was evaluated with serum samples from experimentally infected dogs and a broader field population of dogs. Compared to the first-generation test, most dogs experimentally infected with A phagocytophilum (n = 7/8), A platys (n = 4/6), or E canis (n = 4/6) had detectable antibody responses 3-22 days earlier post-infection; these results demonstrated better alignment with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification results and the onset of clinical signs. Using a convenience sample set of 510 sera from both academic and commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratories, the second-generation test had sensitivities greater than 90% for Anaplasma spp. (94.1%), B burgdorferi (95.5%), Ehrlichia spp. (93.4%) and D immitis (98.0%). Specificity ranged from 96.8% - 100% across the four assays. Results from this study demonstrate that the second-generation POC ELISA had an improved ability to detect serologic responses during the acute phase of A phagocytophilum, A platys, and E canis experimental infections. The results from the broader field samples support overall high sensitivity and specificity, consistent with the historical performance of the first-generation POC ELISA test. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100735 VL - 51 SP - SN - 1946-9837 KW - Antibody KW - PCR KW - Serology KW - Infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electroencephalographic Signatures of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Gutiérrez, Mary AU - González, Camila AU - Mateos, Diego AU - Torterolo, Pablo AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Delucchi, Luis AB - Abstract Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease considered the canine analog of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unfortunately, CCD cannot be cured. However, early therapeutic interventions can slow the progression of cognitive decline and improve quality of life of the patients; therefore, early diagnosis is ideal. In humans, electroencephalogram (EEG) findings specific to AD have been described, and some of them have successfully detect early stages of the disease. In this study we characterized the EEG correlates of CCD, and we compared them with the EEGs of healthy aging dogs and dogs at risk of developing CCD. EEG recordings were performed in 25 senior dogs during wakefulness. Dogs were categorized in normal, at risk of CCD or with CCD according to their score in the Rofina questionnaire. We demonstrated that, quantitative EEG can detect differences between normal dogs and dogs with CCD. Dogs with CCD experience a reduction in beta and gamma interhemispheric coherence, and higher Joint Lempel Ziv complexity. Dogs at risk of developing CCD, had higher alpha power and interhemispheric coherence, making these features potential markers of early stages of the disease. These results demonstrate that EEG could be an additional biomarker that can contribute to the diagnosis of CCD, and reinforce the CCD as a translational model of AD. DA - 2022/2/1/ PY - 2022/2/1/ DO - 10.1101/2022.01.28.478033 UR - https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.28.478033 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bayesian model and selection signature analyses reveal risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis AU - Tengvall, Katarina AU - Sundstrom, Elisabeth AU - Wang, Chao AU - Bergvall, Kerstin AU - Wallerman, Ola AU - Pederson, Eric AU - Karlsson, Asa AU - Harvey, Naomi D. AU - Blott, Sarah C. AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Brander, Gustaf AU - Meadows, Jennifer R. S. AU - Roosje, Petra AU - Leeb, Tosso AU - Hedhammar, Ake AU - Andersson, Goran AU - Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin T2 - COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY AB - Canine atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease with clinical similarities to human atopic dermatitis. Several dog breeds are at increased risk for developing this disease but previous genetic associations are poorly defined. To identify additional genetic risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis, we here apply a Bayesian mixture model adapted for mapping complex traits and a cross-population extended haplotype test to search for disease-associated loci and selective sweeps in four dog breeds at risk for atopic dermatitis. We define 15 associated loci and eight candidate regions under selection by comparing cases with controls. One associated locus is syntenic to the major genetic risk locus (Filaggrin locus) in human atopic dermatitis. One selection signal in common type Labrador retriever cases positions across the TBC1D1 gene (body weight) and one signal of selection in working type German shepherd controls overlaps the LRP1B gene (brain), near the KYNU gene (psoriasis). In conclusion, we identify candidate genes, including genes belonging to the same biological pathways across multiple loci, with potential relevance to the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis. The results show genetic similarities between dog and human atopic dermatitis, and future across-species genetic comparisons are hereby further motivated. DA - 2022/12/8/ PY - 2022/12/8/ DO - 10.1038/s42003-022-04279-8 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2399-3642 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-04279-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF INTRACARDIAC ADMINISTRATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, IVERMECTIN, OR LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE FOR EUTHANASIA OF ANESTHETIZED BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) AU - Mones, Alissa B. AU - Heniff, Ashlyn C. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Balko, Julie A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Methods to anesthetize and euthanize aquatic invertebrates have proven unreliable in decapods; thus studies to optimize euthanasia techniques for crustaceans are needed. Study objectives were to evaluate efficacy of intracardiac potassium chloride (KCl), ivermectin, or lidocaine hydrochloride (HCl) for euthanasia of anesthetized blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Twenty adult male crabs (n = 5/group) were immersed in 500 mg/L eugenol for 5 min beyond loss of the righting reflex and then randomly administered intracardiac 10 mEq/kg KCl (333 mg/mL), 5 mg/kg ivermectin (10 mg/ml), 100 mg/kg lidocaine hydrochloride (HCl) (20 mg/ml), or 5 ml/kg saline (0.9%). Serial heart rate assessments were made using a Doppler probe placed over the dorsum, and times to loss of righting reflex, Doppler sound cessation, and/or recovery were recorded. Median (range) time to loss of righting reflex was 32 (17-57) min. One crab in all groups, except lidocaine HCl, had no detectable Doppler sounds prior to injection. In the remaining crabs, Doppler sound cessation occurred in 4/4, 4/4, 4/5, and 0/4 crabs administered KCl, ivermectin, lidocaine HCl, and saline, respectively. Median (range) time to Doppler sound cessation was 30 (0-55), 18 (16-28), and 50 (0-90) s in KCl, ivermectin, and lidocaine HCl groups, respectively. Tonic limb movements were observed in 5/5 KCl-treated crabs. Median (range) time to recovery was 180 (115-345) and 300 m in four saline-treated crabs and one lidocaine HCl-treated crab, respectively. Intracardiac KCl at 10 mEq/kg and ivermectin at 5 mg/kg were effective, rapid methods for euthanasia of anesthetized blue crabs. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.1638/2022-0012 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 689-695 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathology in Practice AU - Bauer, Katherine AU - Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes AU - Schreeg, Megan E. AU - Borst, Luke B. AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.03.0119 VL - 260 IS - 12 SP - 1466-1468 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stereotactic radiotherapy (10 Gy X 3) for canine nonlymphomatous intranasal tumors is associated with prolonged survival and minimal risk of severe radiotoxicity AU - Nolan, Michael W. AU - Berman, Alyssa R. AU - Watson-Skaggs, Maegan L. AU - Quinn, Claire N. AU - Marcus, Karen L. AU - Russell, Katharine AU - Yoshikawa, Hiroto AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Gieger, Tracy L. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe oncologic outcomes following administration of a uniform stereotactic radiotherapy protocol (SRT; 10 Gy X 3) for canine intranasal tumors and to identify whether any clinical or dosimetric factors were predictive of event-free or overall survival time (EFST or OST). ANIMALS 129 dogs. PROCEDURES In this single-institution retrospective study, the medical records database was searched for canine nonlymphomatous intranasal tumors treated with 10 Gy X 3 SRT between August 2013 and November 2020. Findings regarding adverse effects and outcomes were analyzed overall, for dogs grouped on the basis of life stage (mature adult, senior, or end of life), and for treatment-related or tumor-related variables to identify potential predictors of outcome. RESULTS After SRT, most dogs clinically improved with minimal acute radiotoxicity. The median EFST was 237 days; median OST was 542 days. Receipt of other tumor-directed therapies before or after SRT was associated with improved EFST in senior dogs (hazard ratio [HR], 0.416) and improved OST in mature adult (HR, 0.241) and senior dogs (HR, 0.348). In senior dogs, administration of higher near-minimum radiation doses was associated with improved EFST (HR, 0.686) and OST (HR, 0.743). In senior dogs, chondrosarcoma was associated with shorter OST (HR, 7.232), and in dogs at end of life, having a squamous cell or transitional carcinoma was associated with worse EFST (HR, 6.462). CLINICAL RELEVANCE This SRT protocol results in improved quality of life and prolonged OST for dogs of all life stages. Radiation protocol optimization or use of multimodal therapy may further improve outcomes. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.03.0141 VL - 260 IS - 12 SP - 1496-1506 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Doxorubicin for treatment of histiocytic sarcoma in dogs: 31 cases (2003-2017) AU - Doka, Rhiannon M. AU - Suter, Steven E. AU - Mastromauro, Michael L. AU - Bennett, Ashley L. AU - Hess, Paul R. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To evaluate the efficacy of doxorubicin for treatment of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) in dogs, whether administered as the sole treatment or as an adjunct to surgery or radiation therapy.31 client-owned dogs with localized or disseminated HS examined between 2003 and 2017.Medical records were reviewed retrospectively, and data were collected. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate time-to-progression from the date of first doxorubicin administration and survival time from initial diagnosis. Factors that could be associated with poorer outcomes with doxorubicin treatment were analyzed with log-rank tests.The objective response rate (ORR) was 26%. When stratified by disease status, dogs with localized and disseminated forms experienced 43% and 21% ORRs, respectively. Median time to progression after initiating doxorubicin treatment (n = 30 dogs) was 42 days. Median survival time from initial diagnosis to death (n = 29 dogs) was 169 days. Complete responses were obtained in only 2 dogs that had localized disease and received multimodality therapy.Benefits of doxorubicin administration in canine HS are modest, with a limited ORR and delay in tumor progression, and are comparable to effects attained with other single-agent regimens. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.2460/javma.21.11.0498 VL - 260 IS - 14 SP - 1827-1833 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - How study of naturally occurring ocular disease in animals improves ocular health globally AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - In this article, which is part of the Currents in One Health series, the role of naturally occurring ocular disease in animals is reviewed with emphasis on how the understanding of these ocular diseases contributes to one health initiatives, particularly the pathogenesis and treatment of ocular diseases common to animals and humans. Animals spontaneously develop ocular diseases that closely mimic those in humans, especially dry eye disease, herpes virus infection (cats), fungal keratitis (horses), bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, uveitis, and glaucoma. Both uveitis and glaucoma are common in domestic animals and humans, and many similarities exist in pathogenesis, genetics, and response to therapy. Furthermore, the study of inherited retinal disease in animals has particularly epitomized the one health concept, specifically the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working to attain optimal health for people and animals. Through this study of retinal disease in dogs, innovative therapies such as gene therapy have been developed. A unique opportunity exists to study ocular disease in shared environments to better understand the interplay between the environment, genetics, and ocular disease in both animals and humans. The companion Currents in One Health by Gilger, AJVR, December 2022, addresses in more detail recent studies of noninfectious immune-mediated animal ocular disease and their role in advancing ocular health globally. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.08.0383 VL - 260 IS - 15 SP - 1887-1893 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Culture of equine intestinal epithelial stem cells after delayed tissue storage for future applications AU - Stewart, Amy Stieler AU - Schaaf, Cecilia R. AU - Veerasammy, Brittany AU - Freund, John M. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. T2 - BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Background Equine intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISCs) serve as potential targets to treat horses with severe intestinal injury. The ability to isolate and store ISCs from intestinal biopsies creates an opportunity for both in vitro experiments to study ISC dynamics in a variety of intestinal diseases, and, in the future, utilize these cells as a possible therapy. If biopsies could be successfully stored prior to processing for ISCs, this would increase the availability of sample repositories for future experimental and therapeutic use. However, delayed culture of equine ISCs following prolonged sample storage has not been described. The objective of this study was to describe the isolation and culture of equine ISCs following delayed tissue storage. Small intestinal full thickness biopsies were collected post euthanasia. Fresh tissue was immediately processed or stored at 4 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h (H) before processing. Intestinal stem cells (crypts) were dissociated and cultured. Size, growth efficiency and proliferation potential were compared between resultant enteroids (“mini-guts”) derived from each storage timepoint. In a separate study, growth efficiency of cryopreserved crypts was compared to cryopreserved enteroid fragments to investigate prolonged storage techniques. Results Intestinal crypts were successfully isolated and cultured from all timepoints. At 72H post initial collection, the intestine was friable with epithelial sloughing; resultant dissociation yielded more partial crypts. Enteroids grown from crypts isolated at 72H were smaller with less proliferative potential (bud units, (median 6.5, 3.75–14.25)) than control (median 25, 15–28, p < 0.0001). No statistical differences were noted from tissues stored for 24H compared to control. Following cryopreservation, growth efficiency improved when cells were stored as enteroid fragments (median 81.6%, 66.2–109) compared to crypts (median 21.2%, 20–21.5, p = 0.01). The main limitations included a small sample size and lack of additional functional assays on enteroids. Conclusions Equine ISCs can be isolated and cultured after prolonged tissue storage. Resultant enteroids had minimal differences even after 24-48H of whole tissue storage. This suggests that ISCs could be isolated for several days from samples properly stored after procedures, including surgery or necropsy, and used to create ISC repositories for study or therapy of equine intestinal diseases. DA - 2022/12/23/ PY - 2022/12/23/ DO - 10.1186/s12917-022-03552-6 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1746-6148 KW - Horse KW - Stem cell KW - 3D culture KW - Organoid KW - Enteroid KW - Intestine KW - Storage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnostic traction and dorsal locking plate stabilization of a fifth and sixth thoracic vertebral fracture/luxation in a golden retriever: Case report AU - Tammaro, William J. AU - Early, Peter J. AU - Bergman, Robert AU - Petrovsky, Brian L. AU - Kraus, Karl H. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Traction was used to diagnose instability of a T5-T6 traumatic luxation that was stabilized with locking plates in the laminae and dorsal pedicles. A two-year-old, 27 kg, female spayed golden retriever was presented to a veterinary teaching hospital after being referred for possible mandibular and spinal fractures after being hit by a car. The dog presented non-ambulatory paraparetic with intact pain perception. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging showed a fifth and sixth thoracic vertebral fracture/luxation, with and without manual traction. Surgical stabilization of the spine was performed with bilateral dorsally placed locking plates (String-of-Pearls, Orthomed, UK) in the laminae and dorsal aspects of the vertebral pedicles. The dog recovered well, and neurologic status improved significantly overnight and continued to improve up until discharge, which was 6 days postoperatively. Upon recheck exam at 8 weeks postoperatively, the dog appeared neurologically normal with no obvious surgical complications. This case demonstrates that diagnostic traction-the process of pulling, during imaging, on the dog's pelvis while the forelimbs are secured in extension-demonstrated instability of the spine which was not readily apparent on initial CT imaging. Additionally, the dorsal locking plate stabilization is a viable fixation option that provided acceptable stabilization of the mid-thoracic vertebrae. DA - 2022/12/23/ PY - 2022/12/23/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.1011983 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - diagnostic traction KW - dorsal locking plates KW - spinal stabilization KW - thoracic vertebral fracture KW - luxation KW - case report ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency of histologic lesions in the kidneys of cats without kidney disease AU - Quimby, Jessica M. AU - McLeland, Shannon M. AU - Cianciolo, Rachel E. AU - Lunn, Katharine F. AU - Lulich, Jody P. AU - Erikson, Andrea AU - Barron, Lara B. T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - Objectives In humans, renal aging is associated with an increased frequency of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation and tubular atrophy. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of renal histopathologic lesions in cats without kidney disease. Methods A cross-sectional study of archival kidney tissue from 74 cats without kidney disease (serum creatinine <1.6 mg/dl; urine specific gravity >1.035) was carried out: 0–4 years (young, n = 18); 5–9 years (mature, n = 16); 10–14 years (senior, n = 34), 15+ years (geriatric, n = 6). Glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and the presence or absence of lipid in the interstitium and tubules were scored by a pathologist masked to clinical data. Statistical analyses were performed as appropriate. Results Geriatric cats had significantly more glomerulosclerosis than mature ( P = 0.01) and young cats ( P = 0.004). Senior cats had significantly more glomerulosclerosis than young cats ( P = 0.006). Glomerulosclerosis was weakly positively correlated with age ( r = 0.48; P <0.0001). Geriatric cats had significantly more tubular atrophy than mature ( P = 0.02) and young cats ( P <0.0001). Senior cats had significantly more tubular atrophy than young cats ( P <0.0001). Geriatric cats had significantly more inflammation than senior cats ( P = 0.02), mature cats ( P = 0.01) and young cats ( P <0.0001). Senior cats had significantly more inflammation than young cats ( P = 0.004). Geriatric and senior cats had significantly more fibrosis than young cats ( P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). Frequency of tubular lipid increased with age (young: 28%; mature: 56%; senior: 79%; geriatric: 100%) as did the frequency of interstitial lipid (young: 22%, mature: 56%, senior: 85%, geriatric: 100%). Conclusions and relevance Evidence of renal aging exists in cats. These changes imply that the aging kidney may be more susceptible to injury and impaired healing. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.1177/1098612X221123768 VL - 24 IS - 12 SP - E472-E480 SN - 1532-2750 KW - Fibrosis KW - glomerulosclerosis KW - lipid KW - chronic kidney disease KW - tubulointerstitial nephritis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Trauma in Dogs due to Direct Motor Vehicle Collision or Fall from Open Pick-up Truck Bed during Transportation (2002-2020) AU - Salmelin, Bettina R. M. AU - Ueda, Yu AU - Gilbert, Peter J. AU - Martinez, Steven A. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY AB - The aim of this study was to report injuries sustained by dogs following motor vehicle trauma: direct motor vehicle collision (MVC), and fall from an open pickup truck bed during transportation (PTB). Medical records of dogs involved in motor vehicle trauma between 2002 and 2020 were reviewed. Signalment, mode of injury, injuries sustained, and treatments performed were recorded. An owner questionnaire investigated effects of the trauma on the dog and owner. Six hundred and ninety-eight dogs met the inclusion criteria (569 MVC, 102 PTB). Orthopaedic trauma was significantly more common after PTB (90.2%) (MVC, 75.6%; p = 0.011). There were not any differences in the prevalence of soft tissue injuries between groups (76.4% MVC, 67.6% PTB; p = 0.058), however, MVC dogs had significantly more thoracic (26.9% MVC, 4.4% PTB) and abdominal (12.9% MVC, 0% PTB) trauma (p <0.001). Surgical treatments were performed significantly more often after PTB (71.6%) (MVC, 47.6%) (p <0.001). Discharge rate after PTB (95.0%) was significantly higher (MVC, 84.0%) (p <0.001). Aftercare was reported to be significantly more difficult after PTB (76.2%) (MVC, 34.0%; p = 0.002). MVC and PTB result in significantly different trauma. PTB causes predominantly orthopaedic and integument injuries, whereas MVC results in thoracic and abdominal trauma. Survival to discharge is greater following PTB than MVC. DA - 2022/12/28/ PY - 2022/12/28/ DO - 10.1055/s-0042-1756516 VL - 12 SP - SN - 2567-6911 KW - orthopaedic trauma KW - soft tissue injury KW - abdominal trauma KW - motor vehicle trauma KW - pickup truck bed ER - TY - JOUR TI - The fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy and sick newborn foals AU - Gomez, Diego E. AU - Wong, David AU - MacNicol, Jennifer AU - Dembek, Katarzyna T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background The fecal bacterial microbiota of normal foals and foals with enterocolitis has been characterized using next‐generation sequencing technology; however, there are no reports investigating the gut microbiota in foals hospitalized for other perinatal diseases. Objective To describe and compare the fecal bacterial microbiota in healthy and sick foals using next‐generation sequencing techniques. Animals Hospitalized (17) and healthy foals (21). Methods Case‐control study. Fecal samples were collected from healthy and sick foals on admission. Sick foals were further divided into sick nonseptic (SNS, n = 9) and septic (n = 8) foals. After extraction of DNA, the V4 region of the 16 S rRNA gene was amplified using a PCR assay, and the final product was sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq. Results Diversity was significantly lower in healthy than sick foals ( P < .05). The bacterial membership (Jaccard index) and structure (Yue & Clayton index) of the fecal microbiota of healthy, septic, and SNS foals were similar (AMOVA, P > .05). Bacterial membership (AMOVA, P = .06) and structure (AMOVA, P = .33) were not different between healthy and sick foals. Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus , and Streptococcus were among the 5 more abundant taxa identified in both groups. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Higher fecal microbiota diversity in sick than healthy foals might suggest a high exposure to environmental microorganisms or an unstable colonic microbiota. The presence of microorganisms causing bacteremia in foals in a high relative abundance in the feces of foals suggests the intestine might play an essential role in the causation of bacteremia in foals. DA - 2022/12/14/ PY - 2022/12/14/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16596 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - Aerococcus KW - Enterobacteriaceae KW - Enterococcus KW - equine neonates KW - sepsis KW - Streptococcus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oysters under Low Tidal Range Conditions: Is Seawater Analysis Useful for Risk Assessment? AU - Audemard, Corinne AU - Ben-Horin, Tal AU - Kator, Howard I. AU - Reece, Kimberly S. T2 - FOODS AB - Human-pathogenic Vibrio bacteria are acquired by oysters through filtering seawater, however, the relationships between levels of these bacteria in measured in oysters and overlying waters are inconsistent across regions. The reasons for these discrepancies are unclear hindering our ability to assess if -or when- seawater samples can be used as a proxy for oysters to assess risk. We investigated whether concentrations of total and human pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus (vvhA and pilF genes) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (tlh, tdh and trh genes) measured in seawater reflect concentrations of these bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) cultured within the US lower Chesapeake Bay region. We measured Vibrio spp. concentrations using an MPN-qPCR approach and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling (SEM). We found seawater concentrations of these bacteria to predictably respond to temperature and salinity over chlorophyll a, pheophytin or turbidity. We also inferred from the SEM results that Vibrio concentrations in seawater strongly predict their respective concentrations in oysters. We hypothesize that such seawater-oyster coupling can be observed in regions of low tidal range. Due to the ease of sampling and processing of seawater samples compared to oyster samples, we suggest that under low tidal range conditions, seawater samples can foster increased spatial and temporal coverage and complement data associated with oyster samples. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.3390/foods11244065 VL - 11 IS - 24 SP - SN - 2304-8158 KW - Crassostrea virginica KW - Vibrio vulnificus KW - Vibrio parahaemolyticus KW - model KW - aquaculture KW - seafood safety KW - ecology KW - tidal range ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of ciclosporin and oclacitinib on mediators of tolerance, regulatory T-cells, IL-10 and TGF-beta, in dogs with atopic dermatitis AU - Herrmann, Ina AU - Mamo, Lisa B. AU - Holmes, Jenny AU - Mohammed, Javid P. AU - Murphy, K. Marcia AU - Bizikova, Petra T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Atopic dogs often are managed with allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) and concurrent dosages of ciclosporin (CSA) or oclacitinib to alleviate their clinical signs. Both drugs might affect proper tolerance induction by inhibiting regulatory T-cell (Treg) induction.We evaluated Treg cell numbers and serum interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)1 levels in dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (AD) and successfully treated with either CSA or oclacitinib for nine or more months.We included 15 dogs receiving oclacitinib, 14 dogs treated with CSA, 15 healthy dogs, 13 dogs with untreated moderate-to-severe AD and 15 atopic dogs controlled with AIT.Peripheral blood CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-cell percentages were determined using flow cytometry. Serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The percentage of Treg cells in the CSA group was significantly lower in comparison with the healthy group (p = 0.0003), the nontreated AD group (p = 0.0056) or the AIT group (p = 0.0186). There was no significant difference in Treg cell percentages between the CSA and oclacitinib groups, nor between the oclacitinib and the healthy, nontreated AD or AIT-treated dogs. No significant differences were detected in IL-10 and TGF-β1 serum concentrations between the five groups.Lower Treg cell percentages in the CSA-treated dogs suggest an impact of this drug on this cell population; however, it does not necessarily mean that it diminishes tolerance. Functionality and cytokine production may be more important than the number of Treg cells. Further studies evaluating the treatment outcome of dogs receiving AIT and concurrent drugs are needed to show clinical relevance.Les chiens atopiques sont souvent traités avec une immunothérapie spécifique d'allergène (AIT) et des doses concomitantes de ciclosporine ou d'oclacitinib pour atténuer leurs signes cliniques. Les deux médicaments pourraient affecter l'induction de la tolérance appropriée en inhibant l'induction des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg). HYPOTHÈSE/OBJECTIFS: Nous avons évalué le nombre de cellules Treg et les taux sériques d'interleukine (IL)-10 et de TGF-β-1 chez des chiens diagnostiqués avec une dermatite atopique (DA) et traités avec succès par la ciclosporine ou l'oclacitinib pendant neuf mois ou plus.Nous avons inclus 15 chiens recevant de l'oclacitinib, 14 chiens traités par ciclosporine, 15 chiens sains, 13 chiens atteints de DA modérée à sévère non traitée et 15 chiens atopiques contrôlés par AIT. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les pourcentages de lymphocytes T CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ du sang périphérique ont été déterminés par cytométrie de flux. Les concentrations sériques d'IL-10 et de TGF-β1 ont été mesurées par dosage immuno-enzymatique. RÉSULTATS: Le pourcentage de cellules Treg dans le groupe ciclosporine était significativement plus faible par rapport au groupe sain (p = 0,0003), au groupe AD non traité (p = 0,0056) ou au groupe AIT (p = 0,0186). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans les pourcentages de cellules Treg entre le groupe ciclosporine et oclacitinib, ni entre l'oclacitinib et les chiens sains non traités AD ou traités AIT. Aucune différence significative n'a été détectée dans les concentrations sériques d'IL-10 et de TGF-β1 entre les cinq groupes.Des pourcentages de cellules Treg plus faibles chez les chiens traités à la ciclosporine suggèrent un impact de ce médicament sur cette population cellulaire ; cependant, cela ne signifie pas nécessairement qu'il diminue la tolérance. La fonctionnalité et la production de cytokines peuvent être plus importantes que le nombre de cellules Treg. D'autres études évaluant les résultats du traitement des chiens recevant l'AIT et des médicaments concomitants sont nécessaires pour montrer la pertinence clinique.INTRODUCCIÓN: los perros atópicos a menudo se tratan con inmunoterapia específica para alérgenos (AIT) y dosis simultáneas de ciclosporina u oclacitinib para aliviar sus signos clínicos. Ambos fármacos podrían afectar la inducción de tolerancia adecuada al inhibir la inducción de células T reguladoras (Treg). HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: Evaluamos el número de células Treg y los niveles séricos de interleuquina (IL)-10 y factor de crecimiento transformante-beta (TGF-β)1 en perros diagnosticados con dermatitis atópica (AD) y tratados con éxito con ciclosporina u oclacitinib durante nueve o mas meses ANIMALES: Incluimos 15 perros que recibieron oclacitinib, 14 perros tratados con ciclosporina, 15 perros sanos, 13 perros con AD de moderada a grave no tratada y 15 perros atópicos controlados con AIT. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Los porcentajes de células T CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ en sangre periférica se determinaron mediante citometría de flujo. Las concentraciones séricas de IL-10 y TGF-β1 se midieron mediante ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de células Treg en el grupo de ciclosporina fue significativamente menor en comparación con el grupo sano (p = 0,0003), el grupo AD no tratado (p = 0,0056) o el grupo AIT (p = 0,0186). No hubo diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de células Treg entre el grupo de ciclosporina y oclacitinib, ni entre el oclacitinib y los perros sanos, no tratados con AD o tratados con AIT. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones séricas de IL-10 y TGF-β1 entre los cinco grupos. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: Los porcentajes más bajos de células Treg en los perros tratados con ciclosporina sugieren un impacto de este fármaco en esta población celular; sin embargo, no significa necesariamente que disminuya la tolerancia. La funcionalidad y la producción de citoquinas pueden ser más importantes que el número de células Treg. Se necesitan más estudios que evalúen el resultado del tratamiento de perros que reciben AIT y medicamentos concurrentes para mostrar relevancia clínica.Atopische Hunde werden oft mit Allergen-spezifischer Immuntherapie (AIT) gemanagt, wobei gleichzeitig Ciclosporin oder Oclacitinib verabreicht werden, um ihre klinischen Zeichen zu lindern. Beide Medikamente können die Toleranzinduktion durch eine Inhibition der regulatorischen T Zellen (Treg) Induktion beeinflussen.Wir evaluierten die Treg Zellzahlen und Serum Interleukin (IL)-10 und Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) Werte bei Hunden, die mit einer atopischen Dermatitis (AD) diagnostiziert worden waren und entweder mit Ciclosporin oder mit Oclacitinib für neun Monate oder länger erfolgreich behandelt worden waren.Wir inkludierten 15 Hunde, die Oclacitinib erhielten, 14 Hunde, die mit Ciclosporin behandelt worden waren, 15 gesunde Hunde, 13 Hunde mit unbehandelter moderater-bis-hochgradiger AD und 15 atopische Hunde, die mit AIT kontrolliert waren.Periphere Blut CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-Zell Prozentanteile wurden mittels Flowzytometrie bestimmt. Serumkonzentrationen von IL-10 und TGF-β wurden mittels Enzym-linked Immunosorbent Assay gemessen.Der Prozentanteil der Treg Zellen in der Ciclosporingruppe war signifikant niedriger im Vergleich zur gesunden Gruppe (p = 0,0003), zur nichtbehandelten AD-Gruppe (p = 0,0056), oder der AIT-Gruppe (p = 0,0186). Es bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den prozentualen Anteilen der Treg Zellen zwischen Ciclosporin und der Oclacitinib Gruppe, und auch nicht zwischen der Oclacitinib und der gesunden, nichtbehandelten AD-Gruppe, oder den AIT-behandelten Hunden. Es wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen IL-10 und TGF-β1 Serumkonzentrationen zwischen den fünf Gruppen gefunden.Niedrigere Prozentanteile der Treg Zellen bei den Ciclosporin-behandelten Hunden weisen darauf hin, dass dieses Medikament auf diese Zellpopulation einen Einfluss hat; es bedeutet jedoch nicht unbedingt, dass es die Toleranz vermindert. Die Funktionalität und die Ciclosporin Produktion könnte wichtiger sein als die Anzahl der Treg Zellen. Weitere Studien sind nötig, die den Behandlungserfolg bei Hunden, die AIT und gleichzeitig Medikamente erhalten, evaluieren, um die klinische Relevanz zu zeigen.背景: アトピー犬は、しばしばアレルゲン特異的免疫療法(AIT)を行い、同時にシクロスポリンやオクラシチニブを投与して臨床症状を軽減している。両薬剤は、制御性T細胞(Treg)の誘導を阻害することにより、適切な寛容誘導に影響を与える可能性がある。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、 アトピー性皮膚炎(AD)と診断され、シクロスポリンまたはオクラシチニブによる9ヶ月以上の治療に成功した犬において、Treg細胞数、血清インターロイキン(IL)-10およびトランスフォーミング増殖因子-β(TGF-β)1レベルを評価することであった。 供試動物: オクラシチニブ投与犬15頭、シクロスポリン投与犬14頭、健常犬15頭、未治療の中等度から重度のAD犬13頭、AITでコントロールしたアトピー犬15頭を対象とした。 材料と方法: 末梢血CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T細胞の割合をフローサイトメトリーで測定した。血清中のIL-10およびTGF-β1濃度は、酵素結合免疫吸着法で測定した。 結果: シクロスポリン投与群では、健常群(p=0.0003)、AD未治療群(p=0.0056)、AIT群(p=0.0186)と比較して、Treg細胞の割合が有意に低下した。シクロスポリン群とオクラシチニブ群、オクラシチニブ群と健常群、AD未治療群、AIT治療群との間でもTreg細胞の割合に有意差はなかった。IL-10およびTGF-β1血清濃度には5群間で有意差は検出されなかった。 結論と臨床的関連性: シクロスポリン投与犬におけるTreg細胞の割合の低下は、シクロスポリンがこの細胞集団に影響を与えることを示唆していた。しかし、それは必ずしも耐性を低下させることを意味するものではない。機能性やサイトカイン産生は、Treg細胞数よりも重要である可能性がある。臨床的な関連性を示すためには、AITと併用薬を投与された犬の治療成績を評価する更なる研究が必要である。.背景: 特应性犬通常通过过敏原特异性免疫治疗 (AIT) 和同时给予环孢素或奥拉替尼缓解其临床症状。两种药物均可能通过抑制调节性 T 细胞 (Treg) 诱导影响适当的耐受诱导。 假设/目的: 我们在诊断为特应性皮炎 (AD) 并成功接受环孢素或奥拉替尼治疗9个月或以上的犬中评价了 Treg 细胞数量以及血清白细胞介素 (IL)-10 和转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)1水平。 动物: 我们纳入了15只接受奥拉替尼的犬、14只接受环孢素治疗的犬、15只健康犬、13只未治疗的中度至重度 AD 犬和15只接受 AIT 控制的特应性犬。 材料和方法: 使用流式细胞术测定外周血CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + T细胞百分比。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清 IL-10 和TGF-β1的浓度。 结果: 环孢素组的 Treg 细胞百分比显著低于健康组 (p = 0.0003)、未治疗 AD 组 (p = 0.0056) 或 AIT 组 (p = 0.0186)。环孢素和奥拉替尼组、奥拉替尼和健康、未治疗 AD 或 AIT 治疗犬之间的 Treg 细胞百分比无显著差异。5组间 IL-10 和TGF-β1血清浓度未检测到明显差异。 结论和临床相关性: 环孢素给药犬中较低的 Treg 细胞百分比表明该药物对该细胞群有影响;然而,这并不一定意味着其会降低耐受性。功能和细胞因子的产生可能比 Treg 细胞的数量更重要。需要进一步研究评价接受 AIT 和伴随药物的犬的治疗结果,以显示临床相关性。.Cães atópicos geralmente são tratados com imunoterapia alérgeno-específica (AIT) e dosagens concomitantes de ciclosporina ou oclacitinib para aliviar seus sinais clínicos. Ambas as drogas podem afetar a indução de tolerância adequada ao inibir a indução de células T reguladoras (Treg). HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Avaliamos o número de células Treg e os níveis séricos de interleucina (IL)-10 e fator transformador de crescimento beta (TGF-β)1 em cães diagnosticados com dermatite atópica (DA) e tratados com sucesso com ciclosporina ou oclacitinib por nove ou mais meses.Foram incluídos 15 cães recebendo oclacitinib, 14 cães tratados com ciclosporina, 15 cães saudáveis, 13 cães com DA moderada a grave não tratada e 15 cães atópicos controlados com AIT. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As porcentagens de células T CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ do sangue periférico foram determinadas por citometria de fluxo. As concentrações séricas de IL-10 e TGF-β1 foram medidas por ensaio imunoenzimático.A porcentagem de células Treg no grupo ciclosporina foi significativamente menor em comparação ao grupo saudável (p = 0,0003), ao grupo DA não tratado (p = 0,0056) ou ao grupo AIT (p = 0,0186). Não houve diferença significativa nas porcentagens de células Treg entre o grupo ciclosporina e oclacitinib, nem o oclacitinib e os cães saudáveis, ou oclacitinib e os cães com DA não tratados ou tratados com AIT. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas nas concentrações séricas de IL-10 e TGF-β1 entre os cinco grupos. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Percentagens mais baixas de células Treg nos cães tratados com ciclosporina sugerem um impacto deste fármaco nesta população de células; no entanto, isso não significa necessariamente que diminui a tolerância. A funcionalidade e a produção de citocinas podem ser mais importantes do que o número de células Treg. Mais estudos avaliando o resultado do tratamento de cães recebendo AIT e drogas concomitantes são necessários para mostrar a relevância clínica. DA - 2022/12/8/ PY - 2022/12/8/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13140 SP - SN - 1365-3164 KW - canine atopic dermatitis KW - ciclosporin KW - oclacitinib KW - T regulatory cell ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspective: Opportunities for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare AU - Wahltinez, Sarah J. AU - Stacy, Nicole I. AU - Hadfield, Catherine A. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Newton, Alisa L. AU - Nunamaker, Elizabeth A. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Welfare considerations and regulations for invertebrates have lagged behind those for vertebrates, despite invertebrates comprising more than 95% of earth's species. Humans interact with and use aquatic invertebrates for exhibition in zoos and aquaria, as pets, research subjects, and important food sources. Recent research has indicated that aquatic invertebrates, in particular cephalopod mollusks and decapod crustaceans, experience stress and may be able to feel pain. With this article, we present results of a survey on attitudes of aquatic animal health professionals toward aquatic invertebrate welfare and provide practical recommendations for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare across four areas of opportunity: use of anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia; development of less invasive diagnostic and research sampling methods based on 3R principles; use of humane slaughter methods for aquatic invertebrates; and reducing impacts of invasive procedures in aquaculture and fisheries. We encourage consideration of these opportunities to achieve far-reaching improvements in aquatic invertebrate welfare. DA - 2022/11/15/ PY - 2022/11/15/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.973376 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - anesthesia KW - animal welfare KW - euthanasia KW - humane slaughter KW - refinement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat)-A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study AU - Villamizar-Martinez, Lenin A. A. AU - Villegas, Cristian M. M. AU - Duailibi, Eduardo AU - Robertson, James B. B. AU - Soltero-Rivera, Maria AU - Reiter, Alexander M. M. AU - Chilvarquer, Israel AU - Gioso, Marco A. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY AB - The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat consist of the articular head of the condylar process of the ramus of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anatomic conformation of the TMJ articular surfaces can vary; however, this has not been studied in the cat. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the conformation of the medial region of the TMJ in mesocephalic adult cats as well as to determine the articular relationship by measurement of the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. This was accomplished by assessing 60 TMJs from 30 mesocephalic adult cats by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The width and depth of the mandibular fossa, and the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa were evaluated using parasagittal reconstructions of the medial aspect of the TMJ by two observers. No statistically significant difference was observed during the intra and interobserver evaluation of the mandibular fossa width and depth and the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. P-values for the studied variables were greater than 0.05. The resulting measurements demonstrated a concave mandibular fossa with a prominent retroarticular process and a poorly developed articular eminence; a well-defined rounded articular surface, and a high degree of coverage (171°) of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. In conclusion, the articular surfaces at the medial aspect of the TMJ displayed elevated geometric similarity, with an articular head of the condylar process deeply seated in the mandibular fossa. DA - 2022/12/8/ PY - 2022/12/8/ DO - 10.1177/08987564221141985 SP - SN - 2470-4083 KW - morphometry KW - morphology KW - temporomandibular joint KW - cat KW - cone beam computed tomography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme variant in 17 dogs AU - Banovic, Frane AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Artlet, Barbara AU - Rothstein, Emily AU - Beco, Luc AU - Linek, Monika AU - Zabel, Sonja AU - Peters-Kennedy, Jeanine AU - Welle, Monika AU - Wilkes, Rebecca AU - Austel, Michaela AU - Linder, Keith T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - A new canine subgroup defined as 'old-dog' or 'hyperkeratotic' erythema multiforme (HKEM) with marked hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis has been proposed without any detailed description of larger case series.We report herein the signalment, clinical signs, treatment outcome, and histopathological and immunological findings in 17 dogs with HKEM.Inclusion criteria were the presence of (i) scaly skin lesions with or without crusting; and (ii) microscopic lesions typical of EM (i.e. a panepidermal cytotoxic lymphocytic dermatitis with or without basal keratinocyte apoptosis); and (iii) microscopic ortho- and/or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis affecting the interfollicular epidermis.Clinical questionnaires and skin biopsies were reviewed. Polymerase chain reactions for epidermotropic viruses and direct immunofluorescence were performed.Various breeds were affected with an over-representation of males in their mid-to-late adulthood (median age 9 years). Generalised skin lesions included multifocal-to-coalescing, linear and annular macules and plaques with erythema and adherent firm crusting. Microscopic lesions were specific for EM and featured prominent superficial epidermal apoptosis with lymphocytic satellitosis and parakeratosis. No drug triggers were identified. Polymerase chain reactions for canine herpesvirus polymerase gene, canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus were negative in all HKEM and canine erosive EM (15 dogs) biopsies. Lesions failed to respond to oral and/or topical antimicrobials. Complete remission of signs was achieved in 9 of 17 dogs (53%) using immunosuppressive regimens.Hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme (HKEM) is a chronic, persistent and clinically distinctive erythema multiforme (EM) variant that differs from 'classic' vesiculobullous erosive-to-ulcerative EM in dogs.De nouveaux sous-groupes canins définis comme des érythèmes polymorphes « vieux chiens » et « hyperkératosiques » (HKEM) avec une hyperkératose et une parakératose marquées ont été proposés sans aucune description détaillée de séries de cas plus importantes.Nous rapportons ici le signalement, les signes cliniques, les résultats du traitement et les résultats histopathologiques et immunologiques chez 17 chiens atteints de HKEM.Les critères d'inclusion étaient la présence de : (i) lésions cutanées squameuses avec ou sans croûtes; et (ii) des lésions microscopiques typiques de l'EM (c'est-à-dire une dermatite lymphocytaire cytotoxique panépidermique avec ou sans apoptose basale des kératinocytes); et (iii) une hyperkératose microscopique ortho- et/ou parakératosique affectant l'épiderme interfolliculaire. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Des questionnaires cliniques et des biopsies cutanées ont été examinés. Des réactions en chaîne par polymérase pour les virus épidermotropes et une immunofluorescence directe ont été réalisées. RÉSULTATS: Diverses races étaient touchées avec une surreprésentation des mâles dans leur âge moyen à tardif (âge médian neuf ans). Les lésions cutanées généralisées comprenaient des macules et des plaques multifocales à coalescentes, linéaires et annulaires avec un érythème et des croûtes fermes adhérentes. Les lésions microscopiques étaient spécifiques de l'EM et comportaient une apoptose épidermique superficielle proéminente avec une satellitose lymphocytaire et une parakératose. Aucun déclencheur médicamenteux n'a été identifié. Les réactions en chaîne de la polymérase pour le gène de la polymérase de l'herpèsvirus canin, le parvovirus canin et le virus de la maladie de Carré étaient négatives dans toutes les biopsies HKEM et EM érosive canine (15 chiens). Les lésions n'ont pas répondu aux antimicrobiens oraux et/ou topiques. Une rémission complète des signes a été obtenue chez neuf des 17 chiens (53 %) en utilisant des traitements immunosuppresseurs.HKEM est une variante EM chronique, persistante et cliniquement distincte qui diffère de l'EM vésiculobulleuse « classique » érosive à ulcérative chez le chien.INTRODUCCIÓN: Se han propuesto nuevos subgrupos caninos de eritema multiforme definidos como "de perro viejo" e "hiperqueratósico" (HKEM) con hiperqueratosis y paraqueratosis marcadas sin ninguna descripción detallada de series de casos más grandes.En este documento describimos la presentación, los signos clínicos, el resultado del tratamiento y los hallazgos histopatológicos e inmunológicos en 17 perros con HKEM.Los criterios de inclusión fueron la presencia de: (i) lesiones cutáneas escamosas con o sin formación de costras; y (ii) lesiones microscópicas típicas de EM (es decir, una dermatitis linfocítica citotóxica panepidérmica con o sin apoptosis de queratinocitos basales); y (iii) hiperqueratosis microscópica orto y/o paraqueratósica que afecta la epidermis interfolicular. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron cuestionarios clínicos y biopsias de piel. Se realizaron reacciones en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para virus epidermotrópicos e inmunofluorescencia directa.Varias razas se vieron afectadas con una sobrerrepresentación de machos en su edad adulta media o tardía (edad media de nueve años). Las lesiones cutáneas generalizadas incluyeron máculas y placas lineales y anulares, multifocales a coalescentes, con eritema y formación de costras firmes y adherentes. Las lesiones microscópicas fueron específicas para EM y presentaban apoptosis epidérmica superficial prominente con satelitosis linfocítica y paraqueratosis. No se identificaron desencadenantes farmacológicosmm. Las reacciones en cadena de la polimerasa para el gen de la polimerasa del herpesvirus canino, el parvovirus canino y el virus del moquillo canino fueron negativas en todas las biopsias HKEM y EM erosiva canina (15 perros). Las lesiones no respondieron a los antimicrobianos orales y/o tópicos. Se logró la remisión completa de los signos en nueve de 17 perros (53 %) usando regímenes inmunosupresores. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: HKEM es una variante de EM crónica, persistente y clínicamente distintiva que difiere de la EM vesiculoampollosa "clásica" erosiva a ulcerosa en perros.Neue canine Untergruppen, die definiert wurden als „alter-Hund“ und „hyperkeratotisches Erythema multiforme (HKEM) mit deutlicher Hyperkeratose und Parakeratose wurden ohne detaillierte Beschreibung größerer Fallserien vorgeschlagen.Hierin beschreiben wir das Signalement, die klinischen Zeichen, den Behandlungsausgang, und die histopathologischen und immunologischen Befunde bei 17 Hunden mit HKEM.Inklusionskriterien waren das Vorhandensein von: (i) schuppigen Hautveränderungen mit oder ohne Krustenbildung; und (ii) mikroskopischen Läsionen von EM (i.e. eine panepidermale zytotoxische lymphozytäre Dermatitis mit und ohne Apoptose der basalen Keratinozyten); und (iii) mikroskopischer ortho- und/oder parakeratotischer Hyperkeratose, die die interfollikuläre Epidermis betrifft.Klinische Fragebögen und Hautbiopsien wurden reviewed. Es wurden Polymerasekettenreaktionen auf epidermotropisches Virus und direkte Immunfluoreszenz durchgeführt.Es waren verschiedene Rassen betroffen, wobei männliche Tiere in mittlerem bis späterem Erwachsenenalter (das mediane Alter betrug neun Jahre) überrepräsentiert waren. Generalisierte Hautveränderungen bestanden aus multifokalen-bis koaleszierenden, linearen und annularen Maculae und Plaques mit Erythem und anhaftenden festen Krusten. Die mikroskopischen Veränderungen waren spezifisch für EM und zeigten eine prominente superfizielle epidermale Apoptose mit lymphzytärer Satellitose und Parakeratose. Es wurden keine eindeutigen Auslöser identifiziert. Polymerasekettenreaktionen auf canines Herpesvirus Polymerase Gen, canines Parvovirus und canines Staupevirus waren in allen HKEM und den caninen erosiven EM-Biopsien (15 Hunde) negativ. Die Veränderungen reagierten nicht auf orale und/oder topische Antibiotika. Eine komplette Remission der Zeichen wurde bei neun von 17 Hunden (53%) mittels Immunsupressiva erzielt.HKEM ist eine chronische, persistierende und klinisch eindeutige EM-Variante, die sich von der „klassischen“ vesikulobullösen erosiv-bis-ulzerativen EM der Hunde unterscheidet.背景: 犬の多形紅斑には、「老犬型」「過角化型(HKEM)」という新しいサブグループが提案されているが、大規模な症例に関する詳細な記述はない。 目的: 本研究の目的は、過角化型多形紅斑を発症した17頭の犬について、シグナルメント、臨床症状、治療成績、病理組織学的および免疫学的所見を報告することであった。 対象動物: (1) 痂皮を伴うか否かの鱗屑性皮膚病変、(2) EMに典型的な顕微鏡的病変(すなわち、基底細胞のアポトーシスを伴うか否かの汎上皮細胞障害性リンパ球性皮膚炎)、(3) 毛包間表皮を冒す顕微鏡的正角化性および/または不全角化性角化亢進が認められることを登録条件とした。 材料と方法: 臨床アンケートおよび皮膚生検のレビューを行った。上皮向性ウイルスに対するポリメラーゼ連鎖反応および直接免疫蛍光検査を行った。 結果: 様々な犬種が罹患し、成犬中期から後期(中央値9歳)の雄に過剰発現していた。全身の皮膚病変は、紅斑および付着性の固い痂皮を伴う、多巣性〜癒合性の線状および環状の斑およびプラークを含んでいた。顕微鏡所見では、EMに特異的で、リンパ球性衛生現象を伴う表皮表面のアポトーシスおよび錯角化が顕著であった。薬物による誘発は確認されなかった。犬ヘルペスウイルスポリメラーゼ遺伝子、犬パルボウイルス、犬ジステンパーウイルスに対するポリメラーゼ連鎖反応は、HKEMおよび犬びらん性EM(15頭)のすべての生検で陰性であった。病変は経口および外用抗菌薬に反応しなかった。免疫抑制療法により17頭中9頭(53%)で症状の完全寛解が得られた。 結論と臨床的意義: HKEMは,"古典的 "な小水疱性びらん-潰瘍性EMとは異なる、慢性で持続的で臨床的に特徴的なEMの一形態である。.背景: 提出了定义为“老年犬”和“角化过度”多形红斑 (HKEM) 伴明显角化过度和角化不全的新亚组,未对更大的犬病例系列进行任何详细描述。 目的: 我们在此报告了17只HKEM犬的病征、临床症状、治疗结果以及组织病理学和免疫学结果。 动物: 入选标准为存在:(i) 皮屑性病变伴或不伴结痂;和 (ii)EM 的典型显微镜下病变(即全表皮细胞毒性淋巴细胞性皮炎伴或不伴基底角质细胞凋亡);和 (iii) 影响毛囊间表皮的显微镜下角化过度和/或角化不全。 材料和方法: 审查临床问卷和皮肤活检。对亲表皮病毒进行聚合酶链反应和直接免疫荧光检测。 结果: 不同品种发病,成年中后期(中位年龄9岁)公犬比例过高。全身性皮肤病变包括多灶性至融合、线性和环形的斑疹和斑块,伴红斑和粘连性结痂。显微镜下具有EM特异性病变,以突出的浅表表皮凋亡,伴淋巴细胞卫星现象和角化不全为特征。未发现药物触发因素。犬疱疹病毒聚合酶基因、犬细小病毒和犬瘟热病毒的聚合酶链反应在所有 HKEM 和犬糜烂性EM(15只犬)活检中均为阴性。病变经口服和(或)外用抗菌药治疗无效。使用免疫抑制方案时,9/17只犬 (53%) 的症状完全缓解。 结论和临床相关性: HKEM是一种慢性、持续性和临床上独特的 EM 变体,不同于犬的“经典”水疱大疱性糜烂至溃疡性EM。.Novos subgrupos caninos definidos como eritema multiforme do “cão idoso” e “hiperqueratótico” (HKEM) apresentando hiperqueratose e paraqueratose acentuadas têm sido propostos sem qualquer descrição detalhada em uma série de casos maior.Nós relatamos aqui os sinais clínicos, resposta ao tratamento, e achados histopatológicos imunológicos em 17 cães com (HKEM).Os critérios de inclusão foram a presença de: (i) lesões cutâneas descamativas com ou sem crostas;(ii) lesões microscópicas típicas EM (exemplo: dermatite citotóxica linfocítica panepidermal com ou sem apoptose dos queratinócitos da camada basal); e (iii) hiperqueratose orto e/ou paraqueratótica afetando a epidermie interfolicular. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Questionários clínicos e biópsias cutâneas foram revisados. Realizou-se PCR de vírus epidermotrópicos.Diversas raças foram afetadas e houve uma super-representação de machos de meia idade (idade média de nove anos). As lesões cutâneas generalizadas incluíram máculas e placas multifocais a coalescentes, lineares e anulares com eritema e crostas firmes aderentes. As lesões microscópicas eram específicas para EM e apresentavam apoptose epidérmica superficial proeminente com satelitose linfocítica e paraqueratose. Nenhum medicamento foi identificado como agente incitane. As reações em cadeia da polimerase para o gene da polimerase do herpesvírus canino, parvovírus canino e vírus da cinomose foram negativas em todas as biópsias HKEM e EM erosiva canina (15 cães). As lesões não responderam aos antimicrobianos orais e/ou tópicos. A remissão completa dos sinais ocorreu em nove dos 17 cães (53%) usando imunossupressores. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: HKEM é uma variante crônica, persistente e clinicamente distinta do EM que difere do EM vesiculobolhoso erosivo-ulcerativo “clássico” em cães. DA - 2022/12/12/ PY - 2022/12/12/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13141 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1365-3164 KW - dog KW - erythema multiforme KW - hyperkeratotic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outcomes of 434 dogs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicosis treated with fluid therapy, lipid emulsion, or therapeutic plasma exchange AU - Chalifoux, Nolan V. AU - Butty, Emmanuelle M. AU - Mauro, Katie D. AU - Moyle, Rachel B. AU - Ehrhardt, Caryn M. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Labato, Mary A. AU - Culler, Christine A. AU - Londono, Leonel A. AU - Vigani, Alessio AU - Ueda, Yu AU - Suter, Steven E. AU - Lynch, Alex M. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Traditional management of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) intoxication includes gastrointestinal decontamination, intravenous administration of fluids (IVF), and gastroprotection. Intravenous administration of lipid emulsion (ILE) and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) are popular novel therapeutic strategies. Hypothesis Compare outcomes of dogs treated with IVF, ILE, and TPE for NSAID intoxications and evaluate outcome predictors for drug subgroups. Animals Four hundred thirty‐four dogs with NSAID intoxications (2015‐2020). Methods Multicenter retrospective study of ibuprofen, carprofen, and naproxen intoxication. An ordinal outcome was defined as mild gastrointestinal, moderate kidney, or signs of severe central nervous system disease. Results Signs of neurological disease were overrepresented and acute kidney injury underrepresented in the TPE group among dogs exposed to kidney‐ or CNS‐toxic doses ( P = .05), though all TPE dogs with signs of neurological disease had evidence of neurotoxicity at presentation. Dogs treated with IVF had a higher maximal creatinine concentration (median, 1.1 mg/dL; range, 0.4‐8.44 mg/dL) compared with IVF + ILE (median, 0.9 mg/dL; range, 0.4‐6.2 mg/dL; P = .01). Increased maximum time to presentation ( P < .001), higher baseline creatinine ( P < .001) and PCV ( P = .007), and absence of induced emesis ( P < .001) were associated with greater clinical severity. Ibuprofen toxicosis was associated with more severe clinical signs compared with carprofen ( P = .03). Overall survival rate was 99%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance NSAID toxicosis generally carries an excellent prognosis in dogs. Despite similar outcomes of lower incidence of AKI in the TPE group, and slightly lower maximal creatinine concentration in dogs treated with ILE vs IVF alone, ILE and TPE should be considered in the management of severe NSAID toxicosis. DA - 2022/12/1/ PY - 2022/12/1/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16603 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - carprofen KW - ibuprofen KW - ILE KW - intoxication KW - naproxen KW - NSAID KW - TPE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Cold-Stunned Juvenile Green, Kemp’s Ridley, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles AU - Heniff, Ashlyn C. AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Bibus, Doug AU - Koutsos, Elizabeth A. AU - Heugten, Kimberly D. Ange-van T2 - Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens AB - When subjected to cold environmental temperatures, cheloniid sea turtles can experience debilitating lethargy, anorexia, and potential mortality in a phenomenon known as cold-stunning. Every year, hundreds to thousands of cold-stunned sea turtles are transported to rehabilitation centers for medical and nutritional care. The objective of this study was to investigate one aspect of nutritional status in cold-stunned sea turtles: fatty acid profiles. Blood was collected from eleven green (Chelonia mydas), twelve Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), and three loggerhead (Caretta caretta) juvenile sea turtles found cold-stunned along the coast of North Carolina, USA. Whole blood (~160 µL) was dried onto specialized paper spot cards, frozen, and subsequently analyzed via gas chromatography to quantify fatty acid percentages. Significant differences among species were identified for 19 out of 36 individual fatty acids analyzed and six out of seven fatty acid groups evaluated (P < 0.5). The whole blood fatty acid profiles of cold-stunned green and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles were similar to prior published profiles of healthy conspecifics. Marginal numerical differences noted upon visual comparison included that cold-stunned sea turtles had lower proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monoenes and higher proportions of total saturated fatty acids relative to healthy conspecifics. These differences may reflect acute impacts of cold-stunning on circulating plasma fatty acids or may be the result of natural seasonal variations. These data provide practical information to aid in the diet design of sea turtles in rehabilitation settings. DA - 2022/12/26/ PY - 2022/12/26/ DO - 10.3390/jzbg4010001 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outcome in 38 dogs surgically treated for hepatic abscessation AU - Dickerson, Vanna AU - Poses, Breanna AU - Hyndman, Philip AU - McPhetridge, Jourdan AU - Scharf, Valery AU - Matz, Brad AU - Singh, Ameet AU - Grimes, Janet A. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Abstract Objective To report outcomes following surgical treatment of hepatic abscessation in dogs. Study design Retrospective. Animals Thirty‐eight dogs. Methods Records from 6 institutions were evaluated for dogs undergoing surgical treatment for hepatic abscessation between 2010 and 2020. Signalment, clinical signs, medical therapy, surgical treatment, and postoperative outcome was obtained from medical records. Long‐term outcome was recorded when possible. Median survival time was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier product‐limit method. Results Peritoneal effusion was documented in 32/38 dogs preoperatively, with septic peritonitis confirmed in 21/23 samples. Liver lobectomy was the most common surgery (27 dogs). A single organism was cultured in 24/35 dogs, most commonly Escherichia coli . Hepatic neoplasia was identified in 11/36 dogs. Dogs were hospitalized for a median of 5 days (range, 3‐17) with complications recorded in 21 dogs (regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia, and pancreatitis most commonly). Two dogs died intraoperatively, and 6 dogs died prior to discharge. Median survival time for dogs surviving to discharge was 638 days. Of these, 19 were lost to follow up a median of 301 (range, 3‐1418) days postoperatively and 11 died a median of 291 (range, 7‐1292) days postoperatively. No abscess recurrence was noted. Conclusion Septic peritonitis was a common sequela to hepatic abscessation. Perioperative complications were recorded in approximately one‐third of dogs. In dogs surviving the postoperative period, long‐term prognosis was good. Clinical significance Dogs treated surgically for hepatic abscessation have a high risk of perioperative complications but favorable long‐term prognosis and apparent low risk of recurrence. DA - 2022/11/22/ PY - 2022/11/22/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13921 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Intramuscular Alfaxalone and Midazolam Compared With Midazolam and Butorphanol in Rhode Island Red Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) AU - Knutson, Kyra A. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Thomson, Andrea AU - Robertson, James AU - Balko, Julie A. T2 - JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) often undergo veterinary procedures requiring sedation; however, there is little published research evaluating the efficacy of sedation protocols in this species. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of intramuscular alfaxalone and midazolam compared with intramuscular butorphanol and midazolam in chickens. In a complete crossover study, 11 healthy adult hens were randomly administered midazolam 2.5 mg/kg IM combined with either alfaxalone 15 mg/kg IM (AM, n = 11) or butorphanol 3 mg/kg IM (BM, n = 11), with a 35-day washout period between groups. Time to first effects, recumbency, standing, and recovery were recorded. Physiologic parameters and sedation scores were recorded every 5 minutes by 2 blinded investigators. Fifteen minutes after injection, positioning for sham whole body radiographs was attempted. At 30 minutes, flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg IM was administered to all hens. Peak total sedation score was significantly higher for AM compared with BM (P < 0.001). Mean ± SD or median (range) time to initial effects, recumbency, standing, and recovery in AM and BM were 1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.9 (P = 0.02), 3.5 (1.6-7.6) and 4.8 (2.2-13.0) (P = 0.10), 40.3 (28.0-77.8) and 33.2 (5.2-41.3) (P = 0.15), and 71.2 (45.7-202.3) and 39.9 (35.9-45.9) minutes (P = 0.05), respectively. Radiographic positioning was successful in 6 of 11 (54.5%) and 0 of 11 (0%) birds in the AM and BM groups at 15 minutes, respectively. Heart and respiratory rates remained within acceptable clinical limits for all birds. Intramuscular AM resulted in significantly faster onset of sedative effects, significantly longer duration of recumbency, significantly higher peak sedation, and improved success of radiographic positioning compared with intramuscular BM. Intramuscular AM produces clinically effective sedation in chickens without clinically significant cardiorespiratory effects. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.1647/20-00087 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 287-294 SN - 1938-2871 KW - sedation KW - Gallus gallus domesticus KW - alfaxalone KW - butorphanol KW - midazolam KW - intramuscular KW - avian KW - chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - A randomised, double-blinded comparison between subcutaneous rush and intralympathic allergen immunotherapy induction in atopic dogs AU - Mueller, Ralf S. AU - Zablotski, Yuri AU - Baumann, Katja AU - Boehm, Teresa AU - Kasper, Bettina AU - Klinger, Christoph AU - Monke, Maarten AU - Udraite-Vovk, Laura AU - Weitzer, Tamara AU - Gedon, Natalie K. Y. T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases in small animal practice. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only curative treatment for the disease, and oral, subcutaneous and intralymphatic administration of allergens are commonly employed.To compare the efficacy of AIT following an induction phase with intralymphatic injections (ILIT) or rush immunotherapy (RIT).Fifty privately owned dogs with AD.In a double-blinded study, dogs were randomly assigned to either four monthly ILIT of allergen extract or RIT with five injections administered subcutaneously at hourly intervals on the first day. They were assessed by validated scores; Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) and pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) at the beginning of the study and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. The latter were performed daily for 7 days before each revisit. Medication scores and a total clinical score were calculated and compared between each group and time point.There was no significant difference in CADLI and PVAS scores, or CADLI and medication scores between groups at any of the time points. A significant improvement with both ILIT and RIT was seen in total and pruritus scores, respectively. An owner global assessment of good-to-excellent treatment efficacy was seen in 40% of the dogs; total scores improved by 27% and 35% in the RIT and ILIT group, respectively. Adverse effects were not seen.Induction of AIT can be conducted either as RIT or ILIT with no loss in efficacy.La dermatite atopique (DA) est l'une des maladies de la peau les plus courantes chez les petits animaux. L'immunothérapie allergénique (AIT) est le seul traitement curatif de la maladie, et l'administration orale, sous-cutanée et intralymphatique d'allergènes est couramment utilisée.Comparer l'efficacité de l'AIT après une phase d'induction avec des injections intralymphatiques (ILIT) ou une immunothérapie en rush (RIT).Cinquante chiens privés atteints de DA. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Dans une étude en double aveugle, des chiens ont été assignés au hasard à quatre ILIT mensuels d'extrait d'allergène ou à RIT avec cinq injections administrées par voie sous-cutanée à des intervalles d'une heure le premier jour. Ils ont été évalués par des scores validés ; Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) et Prurit Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) au début de l'étude et après un, trois, six et 12 mois. Ces dernières ont été effectuées quotidiennement pendant sept jours avant chaque visite de suivi. Les charges médicamenteuses et un score clinique total ont été calculés et comparés entre chaque groupe et chaque point dans le temps. RÉSULTATS: Il n'y avait aucune différence significative dans les scores CADLI et PVAS, ou les scores CADLI et les médicaments entre les groupes à aucun moment. Une amélioration significative avec ILIT et RIT a été observée dans les scores totaux et de prurit, respectivement. Une évaluation globale par le propriétaire de l'efficacité du traitement allant de bonne à excellente a été observée chez 40 % des chiens ; les scores totaux se sont améliorés de 27 % et 35 % dans les groupes RIT et ILIT, respectivement. Aucun effet indésirable n'a été observé.L'induction de l'AIT peut être réalisée soit en RIT soit en ILIT sans perte d'efficacité.INTRODUCCIÓN: La dermatitis atópica (AD) es una de las enfermedades de la piel más comunes en la práctica de pequeños animales. La inmunoterapia con alérgenos (AIT) es el único tratamiento curativo para la enfermedad, y comúnmente se emplea la administración oral, subcutánea e intralinfática de alérgenos.Comparar la eficacia de AIT después de una fase de inducción con inyecciones intralinfáticas (ILIT) o inmunoterapia rápida (RIT).Cincuenta perros de propietarios particulares con AD MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: En un estudio doble ciego, los perros fueron asignados aleatoriamente a ILIT de extracto de alérgeno o RIT con cinco inyecciones administradas por vía subcutánea a intervalos de una hora el primer día. Fueron evaluados mediante puntuaciones validadas; Índice de Lesión de Dermatitis Atópica Canina (CADLI) y Escala Visual Análoga de Prurito (PVAS) al inicio del estudio y después de uno, tres, seis y 12 meses. Estos últimos se realizaron diariamente durante siete días antes de cada revisita. Se calcularon y compararon las puntuaciones de medicación y una puntuación clínica total entre cada grupo y punto de tiempo.No hubo diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de CADLI y PVAS, ni en las puntuaciones de CADLI y de medicación entre los grupos en ninguno de los puntos temporales. Se observó una mejora significativa tanto con ILIT como con RIT en las puntuaciones totales y de prurito, respectivamente. Se observó una evaluación global del propietario de la eficacia del tratamiento de buena a excelente en el 40 % de los perros; las puntuaciones totales mejoraron en un 27 % y un 35 % en el grupo RIT e ILIT, respectivamente. No se observaron efectos adversos. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: La inducción de AIT se puede realizar como RIT o ILIT sin pérdida de eficacia.Die atopische Dermatitis (AD) ist die häufigste Hauterkrankung in der Kleintierpraxis. Die Allergen Immuntherapie (AIT) ist die einzig heilende Behandlung dieser Erkrankung, wobei häufig eine orale, subkutane und intralymphatische Verabreichung der Allergene angewendet wird.Der Vergleich der Wirksamkeit von AIT nach einer Induktionsphase mit intralymphatischen Injektionen (ILIT) oder einer Rush Immuntherapie (RIT).Fünfzig Hunde in Privatbesitz mit AD.In einer doppelblinden Studie wurden Hunde zufällig eingeteilt, um entweder alle vier Monate ILIT eines Allergenextrakts oder RIT mit fünf Injektionen am ersten Tag, die stündlich subkutan verabreicht wurden, zu erhalten. Sie wurden mit validierten Methoden beurteilt; dazu wurde der Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) und die Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) am Beginn der Studie, sowie nach einem, drei, sechs und 12 Monaten eingesetzt. Letztere wurde vor jedem neuerlichen Besuch täglich sieben Tage lang angewendet. Es wurde die Medikation und eine totale klinische Bewertung kalkuliert und zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen und Zeitpunkten verglichen.Es bestand zwischen den Gruppen zu keinem der Zeitpunkte ein signifikanter Unterschied bei CADLI und PVAS-Bewertungen, oder zwischen CADLI und Medikationen. Eine signifikante Verbesserung sowohl mit ILIT als auch mit RIT konnte anhand der Gesamtverbesserung bzw der verbesserten Juckreizwerte gesehen werden. Eine Gesamtbewertung der BesitzerInnen ergab bei 40% der Hunde eine gut-bis-exzellente Wirksamkeit der Behandlung; die Gesamtwerte verbesserten sich um 27% bzw 35% in der RIT bzw ILIT Gruppe. Es wurden keine Nebenwirkungen gesehen.Die Einführung der AIT kann ohne einen Wirksamkeitsverlust sowohl mit RIT wie auch mit ILIT gestartet werden.背景: アトピー性皮膚炎(AD)は、小動物診療において最も一般的な皮膚疾患の一つである。アレルゲン免疫療法(AIT)は本疾患の唯一の根治療法であり、アレルゲンの経口、皮下、リンパ内投与が一般的である。 目的: 本研究の目的は、 導入期を経たAITの効果を、リンパ内注射(ILIT)またはラッシュ免疫療法(RIT)と比較することであった。 対象動物: ADを有するオーナー所有犬50頭 材料と方法: 月4回のアレルゲン抽出物によるILIT、または初日に1時間間隔で5回皮下投与するRITに犬を無作為に割り付け、二重盲検試験を実施した。犬アトピー性皮膚炎病変指数(CADLI)および痒みのVisual Analog Scale(PVAS)を、試験開始時および1、3、6、12ヵ月後に評価した。PVASは、各再診の7日前から毎日実施した。投薬スコアおよび臨床的な総スコアを算出し、各群間および各時点で比較した。 結果: CADLIおよびPVASスコア、CADLIおよび薬物療法スコアは、いずれの時点でも群間で有意差はなかった。ILIT、RITの両方で、総スコア、PVASスコアにそれぞれ有意な改善がみられた。オーナーグローバル評価では、40%の犬で治療効果が良~優と評価され、総スコアはRIT群、ILIT群でそれぞれ27%、35%改善した。また、有害事象は認められなかった。 結論と臨床的意義: AITの導入はRITでもILITでも有効性を損なうことなく実施できる。.背景: 特应性皮炎 (AD) 是小动物临床中最常见的皮肤病之一。过敏原免疫治疗 (AIT) 是该病唯一的根治方法,通常采用过敏原口服、皮下和淋巴结内给药。 目的: 比较淋巴内注射 (ILIT) 或快速免疫治疗 (RIT) 诱导期后 AIT 的疗效。 动物: 50只私人拥有的 AD 犬。 材料和方法: 在一项双盲研究中,犬被随机分配到4个月 ILIT 过敏原提取物或 RIT 组,第1天皮下注射5次,每小时一次。在研究开始时以及1、3、6和12个月后,通过经验证的评分进行评估;犬特应性皮炎病变指数 (CADLI) 和瘙痒视觉模拟量表 (PVAS)。后者在每次复诊前每天进行,持续7天。计算并比较各组和时间点的用药评分和临床总评分。 结果: 在所有时间点,组间 CADLI 和 PVAS 评分、CADLI和药物治疗评分均无显著差异。ILIT 和 RIT 分别观察到总评分和瘙痒评分显著改善。在40%的犬中观察到良好-极佳治疗有效性的犬主人整体评估;RIT和 ILIT 组的总分分别改善了27%和35%。未见不良反应。 结论和临床相关性: 可以进行RIT 或 ILIT作为AIT的诱导,不会降低有效性。.A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma das dermatopatias mais comuns na clínica de pequenos animais. A imunoterapia alergênica (AIT) é o único tratamento curativo para a doença, e a administração subcutânea, oral e intralinfática de alérgenos são comumente empregadas.Comparar a eficácia da AIT após fase de indução com injeções intralinfáticas (ILIT) ou imunoterapia em rush (RIT).Cinquenta cães de proprietários com DA. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Em um estudo duplo-cego, os cães foram aleatoriamente designados para ILIT mensal de quatro extratos de alergênicos ou RIT com cinco injeções administradas por via subcutânea em intervalos de uma hora no primeiro dia. Eles foram avaliados por escores validados; Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) e prurido Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) no início do estudo e após um, três, seis e 12 meses. Estes últimos foram realizados diariamente durante sete dias antes de cada revisita. Escores de medicação e um escore clínico total foram calculados e comparados entre cada grupo e ponto de tempo.Não houve diferença significativa nos escores CADLI e PVAS, ou CADLI e escores de medicação entre os grupos em nenhum dos momentos. Uma melhora significativa com ILIT e RIT foi observada nos escores total e de prurido, respectivamente. Uma avaliação global do proprietário da eficácia do tratamento de bom a excelente foi observada em 40% dos cães; os escores totais melhoraram em 27% e 35% no grupo RIT e ILIT, respectivamente. Efeitos adversos não foram observados. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A indução de AIT pode ser realizada como RIT ou ILIT sem perda de eficácia. DA - 2022/11/24/ PY - 2022/11/24/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13138 SP - SN - 1365-3164 KW - allergy KW - atopy KW - canine KW - hypersensitivity KW - therapy KW - treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interleukin-1 beta in tendon injury enhances reparative gene and protein expression in mesenchymal stem cells AU - Koch, Drew W. W. AU - Berglund, Alix K. K. AU - Messenger, Kristen M. M. AU - Gilbertie, Jessica M. M. AU - Ellis, Ilene M. M. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. V. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Tendon injury in the horse carries a high morbidity and monetary burden. Despite appropriate therapy, reinjury is estimated to occur in 50-65% of cases. Although intralesional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has improved tissue architecture and reinjury rates, the mechanisms by which they promote repair are still being investigated. Additionally, reevaluating our application of MSCs in tendon injury is necessary given recent evidence that suggests MSCs exposed to inflammation (deemed MSC licensing) have an enhanced reparative effect. However, applying MSC therapy in this context is limited by the inadequate quantification of the temporal cytokine profile in tendon injury, which hinders our ability to administer MSCs into an environment that could potentiate their effect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to define the temporal cytokine microenvironment in a surgically induced model of equine tendon injury using ultrafiltration probes and subsequently evaluate changes in MSC gene and protein expression following in vitro inflammatory licensing with cytokines of similar concentration as identified in vivo. In our in vivo surgically induced tendon injury model, IL-1β and IL-6 were the predominant pro-inflammatory cytokines present in tendon ultrafiltrate where a discrete peak in cytokine concentration occurred within 48 h following injury. Thereafter, MSCs were licensed in vitro with IL-1β and IL-6 at a concentration identified from the in vivo study; however, only IL-1β induced upregulation of multiple genes beneficial to tendon healing as identified by RNA-sequencing. Specifically, vascular development, ECM synthesis and remodeling, chemokine and growth factor function alteration, and immunomodulation and tissue reparative genes were significantly upregulated. A significant increase in the protein expression of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE2 was confirmed in IL-1β-licensed MSCs compared to naïve MSCs. This study improves our knowledge of the temporal tendon cytokine microenvironment following injury, which could be beneficial for the development and determining optimal timing of administration of regenerative therapies. Furthermore, these data support the need to further study the benefit of MSCs administered within the inflamed tendon microenvironment or exogenously licensed with IL-1β in vitro prior to treatment as licensed MSCs could enhance their therapeutic benefit in the healing tendon. DA - 2022/8/11/ PY - 2022/8/11/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.963759 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - tendon KW - cytokine KW - ultrafiltration probe KW - mesenchymal stem cell KW - licensing ER - TY - JOUR TI - A web-based interactive physiologically based pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) model for meloxicam in broiler chickens and laying hens AU - Yuan, Long AU - Chou, Wei-Chun AU - Richards, Emily D. AU - Tell, Lisa A. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Lin, Zhoumeng T2 - FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY AB - Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used in food-producing animals, including chickens in an extralabel manner. This study aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for meloxicam in broiler chickens and laying hens to facilitate withdrawal interval (WDI) estimations. The model structure for broiler chickens contained six compartments including plasma, muscle, liver, kidney, fat and rest of body, while an additional compartment of ovary was included for laying hens. The model adequately simulated available pharmacokinetic data of meloxicam in plasma of broiler chickens as well as tissue and egg data of laying hens. The model was converted to a web-based interface and used to predict WDIs following extralabel administrations. The results showed that the estimated WDIs were 50, 44, 11, 3, 3, 22 and 4 days for liver, kidney, muscle, fat, ovary, yolk and white, respectively in laying hens after 14 repeated oral administrations of meloxicam (1 mg/kg) at 24-h intervals. This model provides a useful and flexible tool for risk assessment and management of residues for meat and eggs from chickens treated with meloxicam and will serve as a basis for extrapolation to other NSAID drugs and other poultry species to aid animal-derived food safety assessment. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113332 VL - 168 SP - SN - 1873-6351 KW - Meloxicam KW - Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) KW - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling KW - Broiler chicken KW - Laying hen KW - Food safety ER - TY - JOUR TI - Babesia in North America An Update AU - Dear, Jonathan D. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Canine babesiosis results from infection of 1 of 5 identified protozoal species in the United States ( Babesia conradae , Babesia sp. “coco,” Babesia gibsoni , Babesia vogeli , and Babesia vulpes ). They are part of the Apicomplexa family of protozoa and are obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Domestic and wild canids are suspected of being intermediate hosts. This updated article aims to provide practical guidance about the clinical manifestations of disease, treatment options, and outcomes. In addition, the authors hope to provide some clarity about the taxonomy and nomenclature of these organisms, as they have undergone multiple changes since their initial discovery. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.016 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 1193-1209 SN - 1878-1306 KW - Babesia KW - Babesiosis KW - Canine KW - Tick-borne KW - Thrombocytopenia KW - Anemia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Randomized placebo-controlled trial of feline-origin Enterococcus hirae probiotic effects on preventative health and fecal microbiota composition of fostered shelter kittens AU - Gookin, Jody L. L. AU - Strong, Sandra J. J. AU - Bruno-Barcena, Jose M. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. H. AU - Williams, Shelby AU - Wassack, Erica AU - Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea AU - Estrada, Marko AU - Seguin, Alexis AU - Balzer, Joerg AU - Davidson, Gigi T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Diarrhea is the second most common cause of mortality in shelter kittens. Studies examining prevention strategies in this population are lacking. Probiotics are of particular interest but studies in cats are largely limited to healthy adults or those with induced disease. Only one study in domestic cats describes the use of host-derived bacteria as a probiotic. We previously identified Enterococcus hirae as a dominant species colonizing the small intestinal mucosa in healthy shelter kittens. Oral administration of a probiotic formulation of kitten-origin E. hirae (strain 1002-2) mitigated the increase in intestinal permeability and fecal water loss resulting from experimental enteropathogenic E. coli infection in purpose-bred kittens. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that administration of kitten-origin E. hirae to weaned fostered shelter kittens could provide a measurable preventative health benefit.We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial to determine the impact of a freeze-dried E. hirae probiotic on body weight gain, incidence of diarrhea, carriage of potential diarrheal pathogens, and composition of the intestinal microbiota in weaned fostered shelter kittens.One-hundred thirty kittens completed the study. Fifty-eight kittens received the probiotic and 72 received the placebo. There were no significant differences in age, weight upon initiation of the study, number of days in the study, average daily gain in body weight, or weight at completion of the study. Kittens treated with E. hirae were 3.4 times less likely to develop diarrhea compared to kittens treated with placebo (odds ratio = 0.294, 95% CI 0.109-0.792, p = 0.022). A significant impact of E. hirae was not observed on the presence or abundance of 30 different bacterial, viral, protozoal, fungal, algal, and parasitic agents in feces examined by qPCR. With exception to a decrease in Megamonas, administration of the E. hirae probiotic did not alter the predominant bacterial phyla present in feces based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.Decreased incidence of diarrhea associated with preventative administration of E. hirae to foster kittens supports a rationale for use of E. hirae for disease prevention in this young population at high risk for intestinal disease though additional studies are warranted. DA - 2022/11/17/ PY - 2022/11/17/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.923792 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing KW - diarrheal pathogens KW - growth and survival KW - infection KW - polymerase chain reaction KW - shelter medicine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systemic veterinary drugs for control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, in poultry farms AU - Gonzalez-Morales, Maria A. AU - Thomson, Andrea E. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Haija, Ahmed AU - Santangelo, Richard G. AU - Schal, Coby T2 - PARASITES & VECTORS AB - The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., is a hematophagous ectoparasite that was a common pest in poultry farms through the 1960s. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and organophosphates eradicated most infestations, but concurrent with their global resurgence as human ectoparasites, infestations of bed bugs have been reappearing in poultry farms. Although the impact of bed bugs on chicken health has not been quantified, frequent biting and blood-feeding are expected to cause stress, infections and even anemia in birds. Bed bug control options are limited due to the sensitive nature of the poultry environment, limited products labeled for bed bug control and resistance of bed bug populations to a broad spectrum of active ingredients. Veterinary drugs are commonly used to control endo- and ectoparasites in animals. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two common veterinary drugs on bed bugs by treating the host with systemic antiparasitic drugs.We conducted dose-response studies of ivermectin and fluralaner against several bed bug strains using a membrane feeding system. Also, different doses of these drugs were given to chickens and two delivery methods (topical treatment and ingestion) were used to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin and fluralaner on bed bug mortality.Using an artificial feeding system, both ivermectin and fluralaner caused high mortality in insecticide-susceptible bed bugs, and fluralaner was found to be effective on pyrethroid- and fipronil-resistant bed bugs. Ivermectin was ineffective in chickens either by the topical treatment or ingestion, whereas bed bugs that fed on chickens which had ingested fluralaner suffered high mortality when feeding on these chickens for up to 28 days post treatment.These findings suggest that systemic ectoparasitic drugs have great potential for practical use to control bed bug infestations in poultry farms. These findings also demonstrate the efficacy of fluralaner (and potentially other isoxazolines) as a potent new active ingredient for bed bug control. DA - 2022/11/17/ PY - 2022/11/17/ DO - 10.1186/s13071-022-05555-6 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1756-3305 KW - Cimex lectularius KW - Fluralaner KW - Ivermectin KW - Systemics KW - Poultry KW - Chicken ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing advanced therapeutics through the study of naturally occurring immune-mediated ocular disease in domestic animals AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - ABSTRACT This review, which is part of the “Currents in One Health” series, describes the importance of the study of immune-mediated ocular disease in the development of innovative therapeutics, such as cell and gene therapy for the eye. Recent examples of cell and gene therapy studies from the author’s laboratory are reviewed to emphasize the importance of One Health initiatives in developing innovative therapies for ocular diseases. Spontaneous immune-mediated corneal disease is common in horses, cats, dogs, and humans. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) injected subconjunctivally resulted in the resolution of naturally occurring immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) without adverse effects. These results support that autologous subconjunctival BM-MSC therapy may be a viable treatment alternative for IMMK. Furthermore, the use of subconjunctival MSCs may be an effective method to treat ocular surface immune-mediated diseases in humans and other species, including herpetic stromal keratitis and immunologic dry eye disease. Furthermore, the use of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to deliver the immunosuppressive transgene cDNA of equine interleukin 10 (eqIL-10) or human leukocyte antigen G injected intravitreally was shown to be safe and inhibited the development of uveitis in the experimental autoimmune uveitis rat model. Efficacy and safety studies of ocular gene therapy in models will pave the way for clinical trials in animals with naturally occurring immune-mediated diseases, such as a therapeutic clinical trial for AAV-eqIL-10 in horses with equine recurrent uveitis. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.22.08.0145 VL - 83 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What can we learn from treating atopic itch in dogs? AU - Labib, Angelina AU - Yosipovitch, Gil AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AB - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic skin disorder affecting up to 2.4% of the worldwide population. It negatively affects patients and their caregivers owing to the unrelenting itch, rash, and disturbed sleep. Not only does AD affect humans, but it is also very prevalent in domestic canines. Because of the extensive similarities in the phenotype and pathogenesis between human and canine AD, the latter serves as an excellent model to evaluate the use of novel antipruritic drugs. In this Paradigms and Perspectives article, we review the use of the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor (JAKinib) oclacitinib (Apoquel [Zoetis, Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ]), and the anti–IL-31 mAb lokivetmab (Cytopoint [Zoetis]), which have been available to treat atopic dogs for years. This short synopsis aims to help physicians become more familiar with what to expect when treating human atopic patients with similar therapeutics. AD spontaneously affects dogs, likely owing to a combination of environmental and genetic factors, the latter supported by a strong breed predisposition to develop this disease. In dogs as in humans, the diagnosis of AD stems from the observation of erythema and self-induced lesions that follow an often severe itch at typical body locations (Fig 1); the phenotype of canine AD—like that of its human counterpart—varies among races (breeds). In both species, the pathogenesis of AD involves IgE sensitizations to allergens, a complex skin barrier dysfunction due to lipid and protein anomalies, a type 2 (ie, TH2 cell–predominant) immune cascade, a neuronal sensitization to itch, and a cutaneous microbial dysbiosis (reviewed in Nuttall et al1Nuttall T.J. Marsella R. Rosenbaum M.R. Gonzales A.J. Fadok V.A. Update on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs.J Amer Vet Med Assoc. 2019; 254: 1291-1300Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar). At this time, the main apparent difference between species is the current lack of reports of pathogenic mutations in filaggrin or other keratinocyte genes in canine AD, thus suggesting that the observed barrier dysfunction seen in dogs likely follows dermal inflammation. As in humans, the historical mainstay of AD pharmacotherapy in dogs has been topical and oral glucocorticoids, even though the dense coat of dogs limits use of the former. In the event of insufficient benefit of glucocorticoids or unacceptable adverse effects, immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine have historically been prescribed. The past decade saw the emergence of small molecules and biologic treatments specifically targeting the harmful effect of proallergic and pruritogenic cytokines. Among these are the JAKinib oclacitinib and the IL-31–inhibiting mAb lokivetmab, which were approved several years ago to treat canine AD; details on their efficacy and safety could be informative for the treatment of the human homologue. Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2013 to treat AD and allergic dermatitis in dogs, oclacitinib is a first-generation, nonselective, yet JAK1-predominant JAKinib.2Gonzales A.J. Bowman J.W. Fici G.J. Zhang M. Mann D.W. Mitton-Fry M. Oclacitinib (Apoquel®) is a novel Janus kinase inhibitor with activity against cytokines involved in allergy.J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 37: 317-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar The treatment protocol is 0.4 to 0.6 mg/kg administered orally twice a day for 2 weeks, followed by a once-daily administration for maintenance therapy. Oclacitinib exhibits a remarkably rapid antipruritic effect in allergic dogs, with an effect noted within hours of administration, as with prednisolone.3Gadeyne C. Little P. King V.L. Edwards N. Davis K. Stegemann M.R. Efficacy of oclacitinib (Apoquel®) compared with prednisolone for the control of pruritus and clinical signs associated with allergic dermatitis in client-owned dogs in Australia.Vet Dermatol. 2014; 25 (512-e86)Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar A caveat of oclacitinib is the transient rebound in pruritus scores that was reported in every trial (eg, in Cosgrove et al4Cosgrove S.B. Wren J.A. Cleaver D.M. Walsh K.F. Follis S.I. King V.I. et al.A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase inhibitor oclacitinib (Apoquel®) in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.Vet Dermatol. 2013; 24 (587-e142)Crossref Scopus (85) Google Scholar) when its frequency of administration was reduced from twice to once daily after 2 weeks. Such a rebound is suspected to be caused by a persistent transcription of pruritogenic cytokines in lesional skin during the induction of JAKinib therapy.5Fukuyama T. Ganchingco J.R. Baumer W. Demonstration of rebound phenomenon following abrupt withdrawal of the JAK1 inhibitor oclacitinib.Eur J Pharmacol. 2017; 794: 20-26Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar The concurrent application of topical glucocorticoids or a 4-day course of prednisolone at the onset of oclacitinib therapy (our submitted data, 2022) prevents or diminishes such a rebound. The benefit of oclacitinib in terms of decreasing skin lesions is generally noted within 1 to 2 weeks, which is slower than for itch; the lesion-reducing effect of oclacitinib is similar to that of cyclosporine.6Little P.R. King V.L. Davis K.R. Cosgrove S.B. Stegemann M.R. A blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib and ciclosporin for the control of atopic dermatitis in client-owned dogs.Vet Dermatol. 2015; 26 (23-e8)Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar The administration of oclacitinib to dogs is generally considered to be safe, as the proportion of minor adverse events mirrors that seen in dogs treated with placebo, prednisolone, or cyclosporine.3Gadeyne C. Little P. King V.L. Edwards N. Davis K. Stegemann M.R. Efficacy of oclacitinib (Apoquel®) compared with prednisolone for the control of pruritus and clinical signs associated with allergic dermatitis in client-owned dogs in Australia.Vet Dermatol. 2014; 25 (512-e86)Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,4Cosgrove S.B. Wren J.A. Cleaver D.M. Walsh K.F. Follis S.I. King V.I. et al.A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase inhibitor oclacitinib (Apoquel®) in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.Vet Dermatol. 2013; 24 (587-e142)Crossref Scopus (85) Google Scholar,6Little P.R. King V.L. Davis K.R. Cosgrove S.B. Stegemann M.R. A blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib and ciclosporin for the control of atopic dermatitis in client-owned dogs.Vet Dermatol. 2015; 26 (23-e8)Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar Occasionally, after weeks of treatment with oclacitinib, dogs develop demodicosis due to Demodex canis or papillomavirus infection, which is an unsurprising event inasmuch as these diseases are normally controlled by T cells in immunocompetent dogs (unpublished observation, 2018).4Cosgrove S.B. Wren J.A. Cleaver D.M. Walsh K.F. Follis S.I. King V.I. et al.A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase inhibitor oclacitinib (Apoquel®) in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.Vet Dermatol. 2013; 24 (587-e142)Crossref Scopus (85) Google Scholar Such a potential immunosuppressive effect has restricted the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of oclacitinib to dogs older than 1 year on account of side effects seen in younger dogs with more immature immune systems (Freedom of Information summary; New Animal Drug Application no. 141-345). The long-term administration of oclacitinib to dogs might be of concern to some, as its immunosuppressive effect could be predisposing to malignancies. However, in a case-control study lasting longer than 2 years (a period corresponding to far longer than a decade in humans), there were no notable differences in the cumulative incidence of neoplasia between dogs with allergy treated with oclacitinib and those receiving other standard-of-care anti-allergic medications.7Lancelloti B.A. Angus J.C. Edginton H.D. Rosenkrantz W.S. Age- and breed-matched retrospective cohort study of malignancies and benign skin masses in 660 dogs with allergic dermatitis treated long-term with versus without oclacitinib.J Amer Vet Med Assoc. 2020; 257: 507-516Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar Altogether, oclacitinib is a remarkable advance in treating canine allergic skin diseases thanks to its potent and rapid efficacy—especially against itch—and its favorable safety profile. IL-31 is a TH2 cytokine that induces profound itch in several species, including humans and dogs; it is the cytokine most highly expressed after an epicutaneous allergen challenge in house dust mite–sensitized dogs. The caninized mAb lokivetmab prevents the binding of dog IL-31 to its receptor; its approved administration protocol is 2 mg/kg every 6 to 8 weeks in the United States and 1 mg/kg every 4 weeks in the European Union. In an experimental canine model of IL-31–induced itch, the onset of lokivetmab’s antipruritic effect was visible within 3 to 4 hours after challenge.8Fleck T.J. Norris L.R. Mahabir S. Walters R.R. Martinon O. Dunham S.A. et al.Onset and duration of action of lokivetmab in a canine model of IL-31 induced pruritus.Vet Dermatol. 2021; 32 (681-e182)Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar In dogs with spontaneous AD, its beneficial effect on itch was noted within the first day after injection, and nearly half of the dogs had itch visual analog scale values within the range of those of normal dogs after 2 months.9Moyaert H. Van Brussel L. Borowski S. Escalada M. Mahabir S.P. Walters R.R. et al.A blinded, randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of lokivetmab compared to ciclosporin in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.Vet Dermatol. 2017; 28 (593-e145)Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar Although in the first month, the antipruritic effectiveness of lokivetmab was stronger and faster than that of cyclosporine, the 2 medications were equipotent in reducing atopic skin lesion scores.9Moyaert H. Van Brussel L. Borowski S. Escalada M. Mahabir S.P. Walters R.R. et al.A blinded, randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of lokivetmab compared to ciclosporin in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.Vet Dermatol. 2017; 28 (593-e145)Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar The monthly administration of lokivetmab monotherapy to dogs with controlled AD prevented the occurrence of flares for up to 1 year in one-fourth of dogs10Tamamoto-Mochizuki C. Paps J.S. Olivry T. Proactive maintenance therapy of canine atopic dermatitis with the anti-IL-31 lokivetmab. Can a monoclonal antibody blocking a single cytokine prevent allergy flares?.Vet Dermatol. 2019; 30 (98-e26)Crossref Scopus (13) Google Scholar; in that study, however, the median time to flare was 63 days, suggesting that mediators other than IL-31 were driving AD relapses in most of these patients.10Tamamoto-Mochizuki C. Paps J.S. Olivry T. Proactive maintenance therapy of canine atopic dermatitis with the anti-IL-31 lokivetmab. Can a monoclonal antibody blocking a single cytokine prevent allergy flares?.Vet Dermatol. 2019; 30 (98-e26)Crossref Scopus (13) Google Scholar Although pretreatment with lokivetmab nearly abolished the itch that followed topical application of allergens in experimentally sensitized dogs, it had little effect in the prevention of acute lesional flares, thus indicating the minimal importance of IL-31 in the generation of acute atopic skin lesions.10Tamamoto-Mochizuki C. Paps J.S. Olivry T. Proactive maintenance therapy of canine atopic dermatitis with the anti-IL-31 lokivetmab. Can a monoclonal antibody blocking a single cytokine prevent allergy flares?.Vet Dermatol. 2019; 30 (98-e26)Crossref Scopus (13) Google Scholar Overall, lokivetmab injections are occasionally followed by mild and transient side effects that are similar in prevalence to those seen in placebo-receiving dogs. It can be used simultaneously with other treatments, it has a low risk of antidrug antibody development, and it has no major contraindications. Unlike oclacitinib, lokivetmab has no minimum age requirement, likely because it does not interfere with T-cell function but targets a single cytokine with little importance in physiology. In summary, it is noteworthy that the sole inhibition of IL-31 with lokivetmab can have such an immediate antipruritic effect in atopic dogs; this establishes a unique role of IL-31 in allergic itch. Although this Paradigms and Perspectives article has reviewed the treatment of canine AD with oclacitinib and lokivetmab, there is still much to learn. Nevertheless, the knowledge derived from treating atopic dogs with these drugs might prove of help to allergists and dermatologists in use of the new small molecules and biologics with similar modes of action that have recently been launched or are in the process of entering the market. DA - 2022/8// PY - 2022/8// DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.007 VL - 150 IS - 2 SP - 284-286 SN - 1097-6825 KW - Atopic dermatitis KW - eczema KW - dog KW - pruritus KW - itch KW - JAK inhibitor KW - IL-31 inhibitor KW - oclacitinib KW - lokivetmab ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intramuscular Alfaxalone-Butorphanol-Midazolam Compared with Ketamine-Butorphanol- Midazolam in New Zealand White Rabbits AU - Knutson, Kyra A. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Thomson, Andrea E. AU - Balko, Julie A. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Rabbits are a common companion animal and research subject and frequently require sedation to facilitate procedures. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of intramuscular butorphanol and midazolam combined with either alfaxalone or ketamine in rabbits. In a complete crossover study, healthy New Zealand white rabbits (n = 9; age, 6 mo) randomly received midazolam (1 mg/kg IM) and butorphanol (1 mg/kg IM) combined with either alfaxalone (2 mg/kg IM; ABM) or ketamine (5 mg/kg IM; KBM). Time to first effects, recumbency, and standing (recovery) were recorded. Every 5 min during recumbency, an investigator who was blind to treatment group collected serial physiologic parameters and sedation scores. At 5 min after rabbits became recumbent, manipulations were performed to mimic 2-view radiography and a cephalic intravenous catheter was placed. At 30 min after drug injection, flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg IM) was administered for reversal. Food consumption and fecal output were measured for 3 d after each study day. Time to standing and duration of recumbency differed significantly between groups. The median (range) of the total sedation score for ABM was 10 (8 to 10) and for KBM was 10 (6 to 10). Sham radiographs were successful in all rabbits in both groups. Physiologic parameters were not significantly different between groups over time. At 24 h after drug treatment, KBM-treated rabbits showed reduced food intake and both groups showed reduced fecal output. Total sedation scores decreased significantly over time in KBM rabbits ( P < 0.001) but not in ABM rabbits (P = 1). The duration of recumbency was significantly longer in ABM rabbits than in KBM rabbits. Both protocols produced sufficient sedation for radiograph acquisition without clinically significant adverse effects. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-22-000038 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 475-481 SN - 1559-6109 KW - Abbreviations KW - ABM KW - alfaxalone-butorphanol-midazolam KW - KBM KW - ketamine-butorphanol-midazolam ER - TY - JOUR TI - Primate hemorrhagic fever-causing arteriviruses are poised for spillover to humans AU - Warren, Cody J. AU - Yu, Shuiqing AU - Peters, Douglas K. AU - Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo AU - Yang, Qing AU - Burris, Bridget L. AU - Worwa, Gabriella AU - Huang, I-Chueh AU - Wilkerson, Gregory K. AU - Goldberg, Tony L. AU - Kuhn, Jens H. AU - Sawyer, Sara L. T2 - CELL AB - Simian arteriviruses are endemic in some African primates and can cause fatal hemorrhagic fevers when they cross into primate hosts of new species. We find that CD163 acts as an intracellular receptor for simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV; a simian arterivirus), a rare mode of virus entry that is shared with other hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses (e.g., Ebola and Lassa viruses). Further, SHFV enters and replicates in human monocytes, indicating full functionality of all of the human cellular proteins required for viral replication. Thus, simian arteriviruses in nature may not require major adaptations to the human host. Given that at least three distinct simian arteriviruses have caused fatal infections in captive macaques after host-switching, and that humans are immunologically naive to this family of viruses, development of serology tests for human surveillance should be a priority. DA - 2022/10/13/ PY - 2022/10/13/ DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.022 VL - 185 IS - 21 SP - 3980-+ SN - 1097-4172 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bilateral lysis of aortic saddle thrombus with early tissue plasminogen activator (BLASTT): a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study in feline acute aortic thromboembolism AU - Guillaumin, Julien AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Scansen, Brian A. AU - Quinn, Rebecca AU - Whelan, Megan AU - Hanel, Rita AU - Goy-Thollot, Isabelle AU - Bublot, Isabelle AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Bonagura, John D. T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) on the treatment of feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE).Cats diagnosed with FATE involving ⩾2 limbs were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study within 6 h of an event. Diagnosis was made by clinical findings and one confirmatory criterion. Cats received placebo or TPA (1 mg/kg/h with the first 10% by bolus). All cats received pain control and thromboprophylaxis. The primary outcome was a change from baseline in a published limb score at 48 h. Secondary outcomes included 48 h survival, survival to discharge and complication proportions. Statistical analyses included pattern-mixture models, logistic regression and Fisher's exact, Student's t- and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests.Based on a power analysis, 40 cats were enrolled; however, only 20 survived to 48 h (TPA, n = 12; placebo, n = 8 [P = 0.34]). There was a statistically significant improvement in limb scores compared with baseline for both groups (P <0.001). Limb score at 48 h was 1 point lower (better) in the TPA group (P = 0.19). Thrombolysis had no statistically significant effect on 48 h survival (P = 0.22). Lower affected limb lactate was associated with better 48 h survival (odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.08-2.17; P = 0.02). The survival to discharge rates were 45% (TPA) and 30% (placebo; P = 0.51). Complications in the TPA and placebo groups included acute kidney injury (22% and 19%, respectively; P = 1.00) and/or reperfusion injuries (33% and 19%, respectively; P = 0.45).Survival and complication rates of acute FATE were not different with or without thrombolysis. High in-hospital mortality decreased the statistical power to detect a statistically significant difference between treatments with regard to our primary outcome. DA - 2022/11/9/ PY - 2022/11/9/ DO - 10.1177/1098612X221135105 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1532-2750 KW - Thrombolysis KW - thrombosis KW - alteplase KW - rTPA KW - embolism KW - ischemic neuropathy ER - TY - JOUR TI - TLR-activated mesenchymal stromal cell therapy and antibiotics to treat multi-drug resistant Staphylococcal septic arthritis in an equine model AU - Pezzanite, Lynn M. AU - Chow, Lyndah AU - Phillips, Jennifer AU - Griffenhagen, Gregg M. AU - Moore, A. Russell AU - Schaer, Thomas P. AU - Engiles, Julie B. AU - Werpy, Natasha AU - Gilbertie, Jessica AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. AU - Antczak, Doug AU - Miller, Donald AU - Dow, Steven AU - Goodrich, Laurie R. T2 - ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE AB - Rapid development of antibiotic resistance necessitates advancement of novel therapeutic strategies to treat infection. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) possess antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, mediated through antimicrobial peptide secretion and recruitment of innate immune cells including neutrophils and monocytes. TLR-3 activation of human, canine and equine MSC has been shown to enhance bacterial killing and clearance in vitro, in rodent Staphylococcal biofilm infection models and dogs with spontaneous multi-drug-resistant infections. The objective of this study was to determine if intra-articular (IA) TLR-3-activated MSC with antibiotics improved clinical parameters and reduced bacterial counts and inflammatory cytokine concentrations in synovial fluid (SF) of horses with induced septic arthritis.Eight horses were inoculated in one tarsocrural joint with multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Bone marrow-derived MSC from three unrelated donors were activated with TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic, polycytidylic acid (pIC). Recipient horses received MSC plus vancomycin (TLR-MSC-VAN), or vancomycin (VAN) alone, on days 1, 4, 7 post-inoculation and systemic gentamicin. Pain scores, quantitative bacterial counts (SF, synovium), SF analyses, complete blood counts, cytokine concentrations (SF, plasma), imaging changes (MRI, ultrasound, radiographs), macroscopic joint scores and histologic changes were assessed. Results were reported as mean ± SEM.Pain scores (d7, P=0.01, 15.2±0.2 vs. 17.9±0.5), ultrasound (d7, P=0.03, 9.0±0.6 vs. 11.8±0.5), quantitative bacterial counts (SF d7, P=0.02, 0±0 vs. 3.4±0.4; synovium P=0.003, 0.4±0.4 vs. 162.7±18.4), systemic neutrophil (d4, P=0.03, 4.6±0.6 vs. 7.8±0.6) and serum amyloid A (SAA) (d4, P=0.01, 1,106.0±659.0 vs. 2,858.8±141.3; d7, P=0.02, 761.8±746.2 vs. 2,357.3±304.3), and SF lactate (d7, P<0.0001, 5.4±0.2 vs. 15.0±0.3), SAA (endterm, P=0.01, 0.0 vs. 2,094.0±601.6), IL-6 (P=0.03, 313.0±119.2 vs. 1,328.2±208.9), and IL-18 (P=0.02, 11.1±0.5 vs. 13.3±3.8) were improved in TLR-MSC-VAN vs. VAN horses. Study limitations include the small horse sample size, short study duration, and lack of additional control groups.Combined TLR-activated MSC with antibiotic therapy may be a promising approach to manage joint infections with drug resistant bacteria. DA - 2022/9/23/ PY - 2022/9/23/ DO - 10.21037/atm-22-1746 SP - SN - 2305-5847 KW - Antibiotic resistance KW - infectious arthritis KW - mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinicopathological findings in and prognostic factors for domestic rabbits with liver lobe torsion: 82 cases (2010–2020) AU - Ozawa, S. AU - Graham, J. AU - Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, D. AU - Tucker, S.M. AU - Petritz, O.A. AU - Sullivan, P. AU - Robertson, J.B. AU - Hawkins, M.G. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To document clinicopathologic findings in domestic rabbits with liver lobe torsion and identify prognostic factors. ANIMALS 82 rabbits. PROCEDURE Medical records of 4 institutions were reviewed to identify rabbits with an antemortem diagnosis of liver lobe torsion that were examined between 2010 and 2020. RESULTS The prevalence of liver lobe torsion was 0.7% (82/11,402). In all 82 rabbits, the diagnosis was made by means of abdominal ultrasonography. Fifty (60.1%) rabbits underwent liver lobectomy, 23 (28%) received medical treatment alone, and 9 (10.9%) were euthanized or died on presentation. Overall, 32 (39%) rabbits died within 7 days of initial presentation and 50 (61%) survived. Seven-day survival rate did not differ significantly between medical treatment alone and surgical treatment. However, median survival time following medical treatment (530 days) was shorter than that following surgical treatment (1,452 days). Six of 14 rabbits had evidence of systemic inflammatory disease on necropsy. Rabbits with right liver lobe torsion were less likely to survive for 7 days than were those with caudate torsions ( P = 0.046; OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.04 to 11.3). Rabbits with moderate to severe anemia were less likely to survive for 7 days than were rabbits that were not anemic or had mild anemia ( P = 0.006; OR, 4.41; 95% CI, 1.55 to 12.51). Other factors associated with a decreased 7-day survival rate were high heart rate at admission ( P = 0.013) and additional days without defecation after admission ( P < 0.001). Use of tramadol was associated with an increased survival rate ( P = 0.018). CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prognosis for rabbits with liver lobe torsions was more guarded than previously described. Rabbits that underwent liver lobectomy had a longer median survival time than did rabbits that only received medical treatment. DA - 2022/6// PY - 2022/6// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.03.0154 VL - 260 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspectives of nanotoxicology: Introduction AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY AB - The set of nano-scale technologies applied to medicine today is broad and contains products and techniques which are at various stages of development. Public awareness and acceptance of nanomedicines is growing due to the development of safe and effective lipid nanoparticles mRNA COVID vaccines. In “early” days when researchers first studied nanomedicines, they did not have a good understanding of the unique mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity and what safety biomarkers and endpoints were relevant to the development of safe nanomedicines. This state of affairs has now changed; it is well-accepted that to obtain accurate results, a multitude of tests must be performed in order to assess the safety of any nanomedicines under development and to ensure that novel mechanisms of toxicity have been properly defined. It is the goal of this review issue focused on nanotoxicology, to get a perspective of different facets of this topic from a broad international cohort of scholars active in this field. It is not a textbook of nanotoxicology and does not attempt to comprehensively cover all areas that could fall under this large umbrella. Instead, it focuses on topics that are relevant to the type of nanomedicines researchers and scientists are working on in the field today. The area of nanosafety assessment has been a concerted effort among government regulators, industrial sponsors, academicians, and the public to determine the potential hazards of nanotechnology. This Nanotoxicology specialty issue begins with an overview “Toxicokinetics, dose-response and risk assessment of nanomaterials: methodology, challenges, and future perspectives” of the methods used to conduct toxicokinetic, hazard identification, dose–response, exposure, and risk-assessment of nanomaterials. It specifically focuses on the experimental design of plasma and tissue toxicokinetic studies and the use of physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models as an overarching tool to make in vitro to in vivo as well as animal to human extrapolations accurate. A primary system that results in adverse events after exposure to nanomaterials is the immune system of man and animals. In the second manuscript “Understanding the immunological interactions of engineered nanomaterials: role of the bio-corona”, the concept of synthetic versus biological identity of nanomaterials are discussed relative to the general properties that result in their interaction with the immune system. The role of how innate immunity classifies a nanomaterial as foreign and subsequently launches a protective response are presented. This topic continues into the next paper “Immunotoxicity of nanomaterials in health and disease: current challenges and emerging approaches for identifying immune modifiers in susceptible populations” which overviews the field of immunotoxicology and introduces the concept of adverse outcome pathways from the perspective of immune modulation and activation resulting in proinflammatory versus tolerogenic responses. The approach of integrating in vitro assays with in silico models to create comprehensive annotated data repositories is discussed. The next research topic “The importance of the IL-1 family of cytokines in nanotoxicology and nano-immunosafety” delves deeper into the immune response against nanomaterials by focusing on one specific family of immune mediators, the interleukin (IL)-1cytokines. The potential mechanisms by which nanomaterials can cause IL-1 cytokine release are reviewed. The next topic “Nanoparticles for vaccine and gene therapy: Overcoming the barriers to nucleic acid delivery” involves the use of nanoparticles for the development of vaccines and gene therapy. The use of nucleic acid as nanomedicines to modulate all aspects of cellular function or as therapy against viral or microbial pathogens are hindered by the lack of efficient targeted delivery methods. The approaches by which nano-based drug carriers that can be developed and targeted for these purposes are discussed. In a similar vein, the next contribution “The critical role of epigenetic mechanisms involved in nanotoxicology”, overviews the field of nanomaterial interactions with epigenetics. Can nanomaterials cause toxicity through DNA methylation, or modulation of non-coding RNA expression or histone modifications? As these mechanisms are discovered, approaches can be developed to both decrease these effects or to develop more precise biomarkers of epigenetic effects. The last paper on nanomaterial genetic interactions “Genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials” overviews the broad field of testing methods used to assess the genotoxicity of nanomaterials. After introducing the methods, their relative merits are discussed relative to their application to nanomaterials versus organic molecules and issues relating to the actual design, conduction, interpretation, and validation of these tests. The next paper “Nanoparticle-peptide conjugates for bacterial detection and neutralization: potential applications in diagnostics and therapy” examines the application of nanoparticles to the development of more effective antimicrobial therapeutics and diagnostics specifically related to their coupling with antimicrobial peptides. This paper is followed by “Predicting nanomaterials pulmonary toxicity in animals by cell culture models: achievements and perspectives” dealing with the development of in vitro toxicology assays for studying the pulmonary toxicity of nanomaterials. Different cell culturing approaches are provided for their ability to predict in vivo effects in the lung. The next contribution “Bismuth nanomaterials as contrast agents for radiography and computed tomography imaging and their quality/safety considerations” reviews the development, disposition and safety assessment of bismuth nanoparticles used as radiographic contrast agents. Approaches for targeting these nanoparticles for specific diagnostic endpoints or even for their use for delivery of therapeutic agents is presented, as well as the mechanism of and amelioration of toxicity to the kidney that is often associated with them. The next paper “The potential for nanomaterial toxicity affecting the male reproductive system” introduces the topic of nanomaterial induced toxicity to the male reproductive system. The pathogenesis of direct and indirect toxicity to the testis as well as inflammatory responses and hormonal effects are reviewed. The final paper “Market entry system considering the biosafety of nanomedical devices in China”, discusses the development and implementation of a regulatory framework for assessing nanomaterial toxicity for risk assessment necessary for market access of nanomedical devices in China. In conclusion, this series of articles provides a snapshot of the state of the art of nanotoxicology as practiced today, both from the presentation of basic mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity to the regulatory tests established to detect adverse events. A common thread in this field is how hypotheses and methods developed for small organic molecules may be applied to nanomaterials. Are the principles of nanotoxicology significantly different than those of classic chemical toxicology? Advantages of using nanomaterials as therapeutics are also highlighted in numerous contributions as the approaches to administer them safely are explored. The field of nanotoxicology and nanomedicine continues to grow substantially. In the beginning, nanomaterial safety was a concern. Studies for the proper characterization, nomenclature standards, physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles are needed to determine their toxicity in the biological milieu. There is still an enormous need to continue to develop additional tools for in vivo and in vitro toxicology testing to assess the safety of nanomedicines and gain insights into the mechanisms of interactions of nanomaterials with the biological systems. Biography for Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere, PhD. Dr. Monteiro-Riviere is University Distinguished Professor Emeritus and former Director of the Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State. She is Emeritus Professor of Investigative Dermatology and Toxicology at NCSU and Professor in the Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at UNC-Chapel Hill/NCSU and Research Adjunct Professor of Dermatology, at UNC School of Medicine. She did a postdoctoral fellowship in toxicology at the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology in RTP, NC. She was past-President of the Dermal and In Vitro Specialty Sections of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), elected to several SOT committees, served on the SOT Endowment Fund Board and selected to present at the SOT Eminent Toxicologist lecture series. Dr. Monteiro-Riviere is a Fellow of the Academy of Toxicological Sciences (ATS), was elected to its ATS Board of Directors and currently serves as Secretary/Treasurer. She was recipient of the Purdue University Inaugural Distinguished Women Scholars Award, KSU Woman of Distinction, and elected to attend the National Academy of Sciences Keck Futures Initiative. She is Associate Editor for two and serves on the editorial board of six toxicology journals. She served on several national and international (EU) expert review panels, including many in nanotoxicology, such as the National Research Council of the National Academies to Review the Federal Strategy to Address Environmental, Health, and Safety Research Needs for Engineered Nanoscale Materials and the International Council on Nanotechnology. She was on Thomson Reuters's 2014 list of the top 1% most highly cited researchers in pharmacology and toxicology. She has given 165 invited presentations and published 320 manuscripts in skin toxicology and nanotoxicology and is Editor of three books: “Nanotoxicology Characterization and Dosing and Health Effects”, “Toxicology of the Skin-Target Organ Series” and “Nanotoxicology: Progress toward Nanomedicine”. Current research interests involve in vivo and in vitro studies of skin absorption, and chemical and nanomaterial penetration and toxicity, and the development of novel scaffolds for tissue engineering and novel pharmaceutical drug delivery devices. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.1002/wnan.1843 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1939-0041 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1843 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A randomised controlled trial testing the rebound-preventing benefit of four days of prednisolone during the induction of oclacitinib therapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Lokianskiene, Viktorija AU - Blanco, Alejandro AU - Del Mestre, Pablo AU - Bergvall, Kerstin AU - Beco, Luc T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - A rebound of pruritus occasionally occurs after oclacitinib dose reduction in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD).To determine whether an initial 4-day course of prednisolone decreases the probability of a pruritus rebound after reducing the frequency of oclacitinib administration.Forty dogs with mild-to-moderate AD lesions and moderate-to-severe pruritus.Dogs were randomised to receive oclacitinib at 0.4-0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days then once daily, alone or with prednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg, orally, twice daily for the first 4 days. Clinicians graded the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)4 and 2D-investigator global assessment (IGA) before and after 28 days; owners assessed the pruritis Visual Analog Scale (PVAS)10 and Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE) on Day (D)0, D4, D14, D21 and D28. We considered a rebound any increase greater than one PVAS10 grade at D21 compared to D14.On D21, there were significantly fewer rebounds in the dogs receiving prednisolone (three of 20, 15%) compared to those given oclacitinib alone (nine of 20, 45%; Fisher's test, p = 0.041). Compared to oclacitinib monotherapy, the concurrent administration of prednisolone for the first 4 days led to significantly lower PVAS10 on D4 and D28, CADESI4 and 2D-IGA on D28, and OGATE on D21 and D28 (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests). Adverse effects of therapy were minor, intermittent and self-resolving.The initial addition of 4 days of prednisolone significantly decreased the probability of a rebound of pruritus 1 week after oclacitinib dose reduction. This short concomitant glucocorticoid administration led to a higher skin lesion improvement and improved perception of treatment efficacy with minimal adverse effects.Un rebond du prurit se produit occasionnellement après une réduction de la dose d'oclacitinib chez les chiens atteints de dermatite atopique (DA).Déterminer si une cure initiale de quatre jours de prednisolone diminue la probabilité d'un rebond de prurit après réduction de la fréquence d'administration d'oclacitinib.Quarante chiens présentant des lésions de DA légères à modérées et un prurit modéré à sévère. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Des chiens ont été randomisés pour recevoir de l'oclacitinib à raison de 0,4 à 0,6 mg/kg deux fois par jour pendant 14 jours puis une fois par jour, seul ou avec de la prednisolone à 0,5 mg/kg, par voie orale, deux fois par jour pendant les quatre premiers jours. Les cliniciens ont évalué l'indice d'étendue et de gravité de la dermatite atopique canine (CADESI)4 et l'évaluation globale de l'investigateur 2D (IGA) avant et après 28 jours ; les propriétaires ont évalué l'échelle visuelle analogique du prurit (PVAS)10 et l'évaluation globale de l'efficacité du traitement par le propriétaire (OGATE) aux jours (J)0, J4, J14, J21 et J28. Nous avons considéré comme un rebond toute augmentation supérieure à un grade PVAS10 à J21 par rapport à J14. RÉSULTATS: A J21, il y a eu significativement moins de rebonds chez les chiens ayant reçu de la prednisolone (trois sur 20, 15%) par rapport à ceux ayant reçu de l'oclacitinib seul (neuf sur 20, 45%) (test de Fisher, p = 0,041). Par rapport à l'oclacitinib en monothérapie, l'administration concomitante de prednisolone pendant les quatre premiers jours a entraîné une baisse significative de PVAS10 à J4 et J28, CADESI4 et 2D-IGA à J28, et OGATE à J21 et J28 (tests U de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney). Les effets indésirables du traitement étaient mineurs, intermittents et résolutifs.L'ajout initial de quatre jours de prednisolone a significativement diminué la probabilité d'un rebond du prurit une semaine après la réduction de la dose d'oclacitinib. Cette courte administration concomitante de glucocorticoïdes a entraîné une amélioration plus importante des lésions cutanées et une meilleure perception de l'efficacité du traitement avec un minimum d'effets indésirables.INTRODUCCIÓN: ocasionalmente se produce una recidiva del prurito después de la reducción de la dosis de oclacitinib en perros con dermatitis atópica (AD).Determinar si un curso inicial de cuatro días de prednisolona disminuye la probabilidad de una recidiva del prurito después de reducir la frecuencia de administración de oclacitinib.Cuarenta perros con lesiones de AD de leves a moderadas y prurito de moderado a severo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: los perros se distribuyeron al azar para recibir oclacitinib a 0,4-0,6 mg/kg dos veces al día durante 14 días, luego una vez al día, solo o con prednisolona a 0,5 mg/kg, por vía oral, dos veces al día durante los primeros cuatro días. Los veterinarios calificaron el índice de extensión y severidad de la dermatitis atópica canina (CADESI)4 y la evaluación global 2D del investigador (IGA) antes y después de 28 días; los propietarios evaluaron la escala análoga visual de prurito (PVAS)10 y la evaluación global del propietario de la eficacia del tratamiento (OGATE) en el día (D)0, D4, D14, D21 y D28. Consideramos una recidiva cualquier aumento superior a un grado PVAS10 en D21 en comparación con D14.En el D21, hubo significativamente menos recidivas en los perros que recibieron prednisolona (tres de 20, 15 %) en comparación con los que recibieron oclacitinib solo (nueve de 20, 45 %) (prueba de Fisher, p = 0,041). En comparación con la monoterapia con oclacitinib, la administración concomitante de prednisolona durante los primeros cuatro días condujo a una PVAS10 significativamente más baja en D4 y D28, CADESI4 y 2D-IGA en D28, y OGATE en D21 y D28 (prueba U de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney). Los efectos adversos de la terapia fueron menores, intermitentes y de resolución automática. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: La adición inicial de cuatro días de prednisolona disminuyó significativamente la probabilidad de una recidiva de prurito una semana después de la reducción de la dosis de oclacitinib. Esta breve administración concomitante de glucocorticoides condujo a una mejoría de las lesiones cutáneas y también mejoró la percepción de la eficacia del tratamiento con efectos adversos mínimos.Gelegentlich kommt es bei Hunden mit atopischer Dermatitis (AD) nach der Reduktion von Oclacitinib zu einem Rebound des Pruritus.Das Ziel war es festzustellen, ob eine vier tägige Initialbehandlung mit Prednisolon die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Rebounds des Pruritus bei Reduzierung der Frequenz der Oclacitinib Verabreichung vermindern würde.Vierzig Hunde mit mild bis moderaten AD-Läsionen und moderat bis hochgradigem Pruritus.Die Hunde wurden zufällig in Gruppen eingeteilt, um Oclacitinib bei einer Dosierung von 0,4-0,6 mg/kg zunächst zweimal täglich 14 Tage lang, dann einmal täglich zu erhalten; allein oder mit Prednisolon bei einer Dosis von 0,5 mg/kg, per os, zweimal täglich für die ersten vier Tage. KlinikerInnen bewerteten mittels Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent und Severity Index (CADESI)4 und 2D-Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) vor und nach 28 Tagen; die BesitzerInnen beurteilten den Juckreiz mittels Visual Analog Scale (PVAS)10 und Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE) am Tag (D)0, D4, D14, D21 und D28. Als Rebound wurde jede Zunahme bewertet, die größer war als ein PVAS10 Grad am D21 im Vergleich zu D14.Am D21 bestanden signifikant weniger Rebounds bei den Hunden, die Prednisolon (drei von 20; 15%) erhielten im Vergleich zu jenen, die Oclacitinib alleine (neun von 20; 45%) (Fisher´s Test, p = 0,041) bekamen. Im Vergleich zu Oclacitinib Monotherapie führt die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Prednisolon für die ersten vier Tage zu signifikant niedrigeren PVAS10 Werten am D4 und D28, CADESI4 und 2D-IGA am D28, und OGATE am D21 und D28 (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-Tests). Nebenwirkungen waren gering, vorübergehend und verschwanden von selbst.Die anfängliche Zugabe von Prednisolon für vier Tage reduzierte die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Pruritus Rebounds eine Woche nach Dosisreduzierung des Oclacitinib signifikant. Diese kurze gleichzeitige Glukokortikoid Verabreichung führte zu einer rascheren Verbesserung der Hautveränderungen und verbesserte die Wahrnehmung der Behandlungseffizienz mit minimalen Nebenwirkungen.背景: アトピー性皮膚炎(AD)の犬において、オクラシチニブ減量後に掻痒のリバウンドが生じることがある。 目的: 本研究の目的は、オクラシチニブの投与頻度を減らした後、プレドニゾロンの4日間投与により、掻痒のリバウンドが生じる確率が減少するかどうかを検討することであった。 対象動物: 軽度から中等度のAD病変を有し、中等度から重度の掻痒を有する犬40頭。 材料と方法: 対象犬を、オクラシチニブ0.4~0.6mg/kgを1日2回14日間投与後、オクラシチニブ1日1回単独で、またはプレドニゾロン0.5mg/kgを1日2回、最初の4日間経口投与する方法のどちらかに無作為に分けた。臨床医は28日前後に犬アトピー性皮膚炎の程度および重症度指数(CADESI)4および2D-調査者グローバル評価(IGA)を評価し、飼い主は0日(D0)、D4、D14、D21およびD28に痒みの視覚的アナログスケール(PVAS10)および治療効果に関するグローバル評価(OGATE)を評価した。D14と比較してD21でPVAS10が1段階以上上昇した場合、リバウンドとした。 結果: D21において、プレドニゾロン投与群(20頭中3頭、15%)では、オクラシチニブ単独投与群(20頭中9頭、45%)と比較してリバウンドが有意に少なかった(Fisher's test、p=0.041)。オクラシチニブ単剤療法と比較して、最初の4日間のプレドニゾロン同時投与により、D4およびD28のPVAS10、D28のCADESI4および2D-IGA、D21およびD28のOGATEが有意に低下した(Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests)。治療による有害事象は軽微で、断続的であり、自己回復的であった。 結論と臨床的意義: 最初の4日間のプレドニゾロン加療により、オクラシチニブ減量1週間後の痒みのリバウンドの発生率が有意に減少した。この短期間のグルココルチコイド併用投与により、皮膚病変の改善度が高く、有害事象も少なく治療効果の認存も改善された。.背景: 患有特应性皮炎 (AD) 的犬在降低奥拉替尼剂量后,偶尔会出现瘙痒反弹。 目的: 确定泼尼松龙初始4天疗程是否可降低奥拉替尼给药频率后瘙痒反弹的概率。 动物: 40只患有轻度至中度 AD 病变和中度至重度瘙痒的犬。 材料和方法: 犬随机接受奥拉替尼0.4-0.6 mg/kg每日两次给药14天,单独给药,或者前4天同时泼尼松龙0.5 mg/kg每日两次经口给药。临床医生在28天之前和之后对犬特应性皮炎程度和严重指数 (CADESI)4 和 2D 研究者整体评估 (IGA) 进行分级;犬主人在第 (D)0、D4、D14、D21和 D28 天评估瘙痒视觉模拟量表 (PVAS)10 和犬主人治疗有效性整体评估 (OGATE)。我们认为与 D14 相比,D21时 PVAS10 等级的任何反弹增加均大于1级。 结果: 在D21,接受泼尼松龙的犬反弹 (3/20,15%) 显著少于接受奥拉替尼单药的犬 (9/20,45%)(Fisher检验,p = 0.041)。与奥拉替尼单药治疗相比,在前4天同时给予泼尼松龙导致 D4 和 D28 时PVAS10、D28时 CADESI4 和 2D-IGA 以及 D21 和 D28 时 OGATE 显著降低(Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U检验)。治疗的不良反应为轻微、间歇发生和可自愈。 结论和临床相关性: 初始加用4天泼尼松龙显著降低了奥拉替尼减量后1周瘙痒反弹的概率。这种短期伴随糖皮质激素给药导致更有好的皮肤病变改善,以及更显著地感知治疗疗效,不良反应极小。.Após a redução da dose de oclacitinb, ocasionalmente ocorre um efeito rebote de prurido nos cães com dermatite atópica (DA).Determinar se um curso inicial de quatro dias de prednisolona é capaz de reduzir a probabilidade de um efeito rebote de prurido após reduzir a frequência de administração de oclacitinib.Quarenta cães com lesões leves a moderadas de DA e prurido moderado a intenso. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os cães foram divididos aleatoriamente para receber oclacitinib na dose de 0,4-0,6 mg/kg duas vezes ao dia por 14 dias e depois uma vez ao dia, isoladamente ou associado à prednisolona na dose de 0,5 mg/kg, por via oral, duas vezes ao dia nos primeiros quatro dias. Os clínicos utilizaram o Índice de Extensão e Gravidade da Dermatite Atópica Canina (CADESI)4 e a avaliação global do investigador 2D (IGA) antes e após 28 dias; os proprietários utilizaram a Escala Visual Analógica de Prurido (PVAS)10 para avaliar o prurido e a Avaliação Global da Eficácia do Tratamento pelo Proprietário (OGATE) no Dia (D)0, D4, D14, D21 e D28. Consideramos um rebote qualquer aumento maior que um grau no PVAS10 no D21 comparado ao D14.No D21, houve significativamente menos rebotes nos cães que receberam prednisolona (três de 20, 15%) em comparação com aqueles que receberam oclacitinib isoladamente (nove de 20, 45%) (teste de Fisher, p = 0,041). Em comparação à monoterapia com oclacitinib, a administração concomitante de prednisolona nos primeiros quatro dias levou à redução significativa de PVAS10 em D4 e D28, CADESI4 e 2D-IGA em D28 e OGATE em D21 e D28 (testes U de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney). Os efeitos adversos da terapia foram mínimos, intermitentes e auto-limitantes. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A inclusão inicial de quatro dias de prednisolona diminuiu significativamente a probabilidade de rebote do prurido uma semana após a redução da dose de oclacitinib. Esta curta administração concomitante de glicocorticoides levou a uma melhor resposta na redução das lesões cutâneas e melhor percepção da eficácia do tratamento com efeitos adversos mínimos. DA - 2022/11/4/ PY - 2022/11/4/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13134 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1365-3164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of aldosterone breakthrough in dogs receiving renin-angiotensin system inhibitors for proteinuric chronic kidney disease AU - Ames, Marisa K. AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Atkins, Clarke E. AU - Palerme, Jean-Sebastien AU - Langston, Catherine E. AU - Grauer, Gregory F. AU - Shropshire, Sarah AU - Bove, Christina AU - Webb, Tracy T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The influence of aldosterone breakthrough (ABT) on proteinuria reduction during renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition for spontaneous proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKDP ) has not been determined in dogs.Determine whether ABT occurs in dogs with CKDP and if it is associated with decreased efficacy in proteinuria reduction during RAS inhibitor treatment.Fifty-six client-owned dogs with CKDP and 31 healthy client-owned dogs.Prospective, multicenter, open-label clinical trial. Dogs were treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker alone or in combination at the attending clinician's discretion and evaluated at 5 time points over 6 months. Healthy dogs were used to determine the urine aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio cutoff that defined ABT. The relationship of ABT (present at ≥50% of visits) and proteinuria outcome (≥50% reduction in urine protein-to-creatinine ratio from baseline at ≥50% of subsequent visits) was evaluated. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between clinical variables and outcomes (either successful proteinuria reduction or ABT).Thirty-six percent (20/56) of dogs had successful proteinuria reduction. Between 34% and 59% of dogs had ABT, depending on the definition used. Aldosterone breakthrough was not associated with proteinuria outcome. Longer duration in the study was associated with greater likelihood of successful proteinuria reduction (P = .002; odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.2).Aldosterone breakthrough was common in dogs receiving RAS inhibitors for CKDp but was not associated with proteinuria outcome. DA - 2022/11/9/ PY - 2022/11/9/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16573 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists KW - nephrology KW - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system KW - urine aldosterone to creatinine ratio ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vector-borne and other pathogens of potential relevance disseminated by relocated cats AU - Maggi, Ricardo Guillermo AU - Halls, Vicky AU - Kramer, Friederike AU - Lappin, Michael AU - Pennisi, Maria Grazia AU - Peregrine, Andrew S. AU - Roura, Xavier AU - Schunack, Bettina AU - Scorza, Valeria AU - Tasker, Severine AU - Baneth, Gad AU - Bourdeau, Patrick AU - Bowman, Dwight D. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Capelli, Gioia AU - Cardoso, Luis AU - Dantas-Torres, Filipe AU - Dobler, Gerhard AU - Ferrer, Lluis AU - Gradoni, Luigi AU - Irwin, Peter AU - Jongejan, Frans AU - Kempf, Volkhard A. J. AU - Kohn, Barbara AU - Little, Susan AU - Madder, Maxime AU - Maia, Carla AU - Marcondes, Mary AU - Miro, Guadalupe AU - Naucke, Torsten AU - Oliva, Gaetano AU - Otranto, Domenico AU - Penzhorn, Barend L. AU - Pfeffer, Martin AU - Sainz, Angel AU - Shin, SungShik AU - Solano-Gallego, Laia AU - Straubinger, Reinhard K. AU - Traub, Rebecca AU - Wright, Ian T2 - PARASITES & VECTORS AB - Abstract Large populations of unowned cats constitute an animal welfare, ecological, societal and public health issue worldwide. Their relocation and homing are currently carried out in many parts of the world with the intention of relieving suffering and social problems, while contributing to ethical and humane population control in these cat populations. An understanding of an individual cat’s lifestyle and disease status by veterinary team professionals and those working with cat charities can help to prevent severe cat stress and the spread of feline pathogens, especially vector-borne pathogens, which can be overlooked in cats. In this article, we discuss the issue of relocation and homing of unowned cats from a global perspective. We also review zoonotic and non-zoonotic infectious agents of cats and give a list of practical recommendations for veterinary team professionals dealing with homing cats. Finally, we present a consensus statement consolidated at the 15th Symposium of the Companion Vector-Borne Diseases (CVBD) World Forum in 2020, ultimately to help veterinary team professionals understand the problem and the role they have in helping to prevent and manage vector-borne and other pathogens in relocated cats. Graphical Abstract DA - 2022/11/8/ PY - 2022/11/8/ DO - 10.1186/s13071-022-05553-8 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1756-3305 KW - Adoption KW - Animal welfare KW - Feline KW - Homing KW - Importation KW - Parasites KW - Bacteria KW - Viruses KW - Prevention KW - Relocation KW - Shelter KW - Zoonosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Euthanasia Complications in Non-Domestic Species AU - Keeney, Caitlin Hepps AU - Harrison, Tara T2 - Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens AB - There are very few studies describing euthanasia complications in non-domestic species. The goal of this study was to survey veterinarians to determine what complications may commonly occur during the euthanasia of non-domestic species. An online survey was sent to seven professional organization listservs containing veterinarians most likely to practice on non-domestic species. Forty-one cases of euthanasia complications were reported. The most common taxa reported were mammals, (23/41, 56%), followed by avian (8/41, 20%), reptile (7/41, 17%), and fish (3/41, 7%). Most animals were reported to have been anesthetized prior to euthanasia (28/41, 68%). The most common method of euthanasia was pentobarbital (27/41, 66%). The reported euthanasia complications included “took an excessive amount of euthanasia solution” (12/41, 29%), “heart would not stop” (9/41, 22%), “animal awoke at a later time” (4/41, 10%), “a secondary method of euthanasia was required” (4/41, 10%), and “other” (12/41, 29%). This study reports complications that can occur during the euthanasia of non-domestic species. The concept of dysthanasia, a euthanasia with an undesirable outcome, has not been previously discussed in the context of zoo, wildlife, aquarium, and exotic pet practice. Strategies to reduce dysthanasia from both animal and human perspectives are explored, including alternative euthanasia techniques, principal-based euthanasia, and mental health implications. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.3390/jzbg3040045 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/3/4/45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine Geriatric Syndrome: A Framework for Advancing Research in Veterinary Geroscience AU - McKenzie, Brennen A. AU - Chen, Frances L. AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Biological aging is the single most important risk factor for disease, disability, and ultimately death in geriatric dogs. The effects of aging in companion dogs also impose significant financial and psychological burdens on their human caregivers. The underlying physiologic processes of canine aging may be occult, or early signs of aging may be ignored because of the misconception that biological aging is natural and therefore inevitable. The ability to detect, quantify, and mitigate the deleterious processes of canine aging would greatly enhance veterinary preventative medicine and animal welfare. In this paper we propose a new conceptual framework for aging in dogs, the Canine Geriatric Syndrome (CGS). CGS consists of the multiple, interrelated physical, functional, behavioral, and metabolic changes that characterize canine aging as well as the resulting clinical manifestations, including frailty, diminished quality of life, and age-associated disease. We also identify potential key components of a CGS assessment tool, a clinical instrument that would enable veterinarians to diagnose CGS and would facilitate the development and testing of interventions to prolong healthspan and lifespan in dogs by directly targeting the biological mechanisms of aging. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms and phenotype of aging in dogs that must be bridged before a CGS assessment tool can be deployed. The conceptual framework of CGS should facilitate identifying these gaps and should stimulate research to better characterize the processes and effects of aging in dogs and to identify the most promising preventative strategies to target these. DA - 2022/4/21/ PY - 2022/4/21/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.853743 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - aging KW - lifespan KW - healthspan KW - quality of life KW - caregiver burden ER - TY - JOUR TI - HEMOLYMPH COLLECTION AND ISOFLURANE ANESTHESIA OF THE EMPEROR SCORPION (PANDINUS IMPERATOR) AU - Gaudette, Christopher AU - Johnson, Brianna AU - Bakal, Robert AU - Dombrowski, Daniel S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - With captive invertebrates increasing in popularity, a safe and effective anesthesia protocol is required for their veterinary care. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of 5% isoflurane anesthesia and 0.26 ml hemolymph collection in subadult to adult emperor scorpions (Pandinus imperator; n = 14). Each scorpion was placed in a 2-L anesthetic chamber and induced with 5% isoflurane at a flow rate of 2 L/min oxygen. Anesthetic depth was assessed by rolling the animal into dorsal recumbency and rating the response from one to four: 1 = successful coordinated righting movement, 2 = successful uncoordinated righting movement, 3 = unsuccessful righting movement, 4 = no movement. Ratings 3 and 4 were both adequate for the hemolymph collection. The mean induction time was 4.2 min to reach a level 3 depth and 10.5 min to reach a level 4 depth. All animals were clinically normal for at least 1 yr post experiment. A mean hemolymph volume drawn of 1.92% of body weight, and an anesthetic induction with 5% isoflurane, appear safe in subadult to adult emperor scorpions. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.1638/2020-0095 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 573-577 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN LIONS (PANTHERA LEO) AT A ZOOLOGICAL PARK AU - Cabot, Megan L. AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao AU - Womble, Mandy AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Two co-housed 17-yr-old male lions (Panthera leo) and one 15-yr-old female lion in an adjacent enclosure developed acute lethargy, depression, anorexia, and ataxia at a zoological park in central North Carolina, United States. One of the male lions and the female lion were found dead 5 and 4 d after the onset of clinical signs, respectively. The other male lion recovered without any clinical treatment. A third male lion housed with the female lion never developed clinical signs. Postmortem examination, microscopic evaluation, and bacterial culture of the liver from both deceased lions confirmed systemic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. Susceptibility testing revealed resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefazolin. To investigate the extent of the outbreak, qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Y. pseudotuberculosis was performed on feces and substrate from 15 enclosures housing nondomestic felids and canids, resulting in a positive sample from one enclosure housing four asymptomatic lions. This enclosure was adjacent to housing of the deceased female lion. Enrofloxacin was administered to all animals in the vicinity at doses of 5 mg/kg in nondomestic felids and 10 mg/kg in nondomestic canids, orally q24h for 14 d. Repeated fecal PCR performed 1 wk after completing the antibiotic treatment protocol found no positive samples. The source of the infection was not identified despite PCR testing of environmental samples from all enclosures in the vicinity, the remains of a prey item fed out prior to the outbreak, and a single dead rodent found on grounds. No further clinical cases have occurred within the following year. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.1638/2021-0106 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 593-599 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of microbial taxa present in Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) reveals widespread co-infection and associations with vector phylogeny AU - Manvell, Charlotte AU - Berman, Hanna AU - Callahan, Benjamin AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward AU - Swain, William AU - Ferris, Kelli AU - Maggi, Ricardo AU - Lashnits, Erin T2 - PARASITES & VECTORS AB - Abstract Background Ctenocephalides felis , the cat flea, is the most common ectoparasite of cats and dogs worldwide. As a cause of flea allergy dermatitis and a vector for two genera of zoonotic pathogens ( Bartonella and Rickettsia spp.), the effect of the C. felis microbiome on pathogen transmission and vector survival is of substantial medical importance to both human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to assay the pathogenic and commensal eubacterial microbial communities of individual C. felis from multiple geographic locations and analyze these findings by location, qPCR pathogen prevalence, and flea genetic diversity. Methods 16S Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was utilized to sequence the microbiome of fleas collected from free-roaming cats, and the cox1 gene was used for flea phylogenetic analysis. NGS data were analyzed for 168 individual fleas from seven locations within the US and UK. Given inconsistency in the genera historically reported to constitute the C. felis microbiome, we utilized the decontam prevalence method followed by literature review to separate contaminants from true microbiome members. Results NGS identified a single dominant and cosmopolitan amplicon sequence variant (ASV) from Rickettsia and Wolbachia while identifying one dominant Bartonella clarridgeiae and one dominant Bartonella henselae/Bartonella koehlerae ASV. Multiple less common ASVs from these genera were detected within restricted geographical ranges. Co-detection of two or more genera ( Bartonella, Rickettsia , and/or Wolbachia) or multiple ASVs from a single genus in a single flea was common. Achromobacter , Peptoniphilus , and Rhodococcus were identified as additional candidate members of the C. felis microbiome on the basis of decontam analysis and literature review. Ctenocephalides felis phylogenetic diversity as assessed by the cox1 gene fell within currently characterized clades while identifying seven novel haplotypes. NGS sensitivity and specificity for Bartonella and Rickettsia spp. DNA detection were compared to targeted qPCR. Conclusions Our findings confirm the widespread coinfection of fleas with multiple bacterial genera and strains, proposing three additional microbiome members. The presence of minor Bartonella, Rickettsia , and Wolbachia ASVs was found to vary by location and flea haplotype. These findings have important implications for flea-borne pathogen transmission and control. Graphical Abstract DA - 2022/10/31/ PY - 2022/10/31/ DO - 10.1186/s13071-022-05487-1 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1756-3305 KW - Flea microbiome KW - Bartonella KW - Wolbachia KW - Rickettsia KW - Flea phylogenetics KW - Flea diversity KW - DNA barcoding KW - 16S NGS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disseminated T-cell lymphoma with non-epitheliotropic cutaneous involvement in a cat with erythematous patches and regenerative anemia AU - Robveille, Cynthia AU - Kim, Mark W. AU - Stayt, Jason AU - Sharp, Claire R. AU - Langner, Kathrin F. A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - A 14-y-old, castrated male, diabetic, domestic longhaired cat was presented for investigation of anemia. General examination revealed widespread cutaneous erythematous macules and patches. Hematology and bone marrow aspiration revealed severe regenerative anemia and marked erythroid hyperplasia, respectively. Low numbers of intermediate-to-large, atypical lymphocytes were observed in the blood smear and bone marrow aspirates. Various imaging modalities demonstrated a diffuse pulmonary bronchial pattern, multifocal mural thickening of the urinary bladder, splenomegaly, and mild tri-cavitary effusion. Skin biopsies and cytologic examination of the pleural effusion demonstrated round-cell neoplasia consistent with lymphoma. Autopsy confirmed disseminated T-cell lymphoma, mostly affecting the urinary bladder, stomach, lymph nodes, and interscapular subcutis and muscles. Angiocentrism and nerve infiltration were present. The cutaneous erythematous patches, characterized by perivascular neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrates and angiodestruction, were a manifestation of the disseminated lymphoma in this cat, similar to the lesions reported in humans affected by angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. DA - 2022/10/31/ PY - 2022/10/31/ DO - 10.1177/10406387221133543 SP - SN - 1943-4936 KW - cats KW - erythematous patches KW - lymphoma KW - regenerative anemia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease AU - Appleby, Ryan B. AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Monteith, Gabrielle AU - Seiler, Gabriela S. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health condition in cats that can lead to poor quality of life and financial implications for therapy. Currently staging and identification of CKD is limited by diagnostic testing such as creatinine and urine‐specific gravity, which do not change until late in the disease course. Other methods to evaluate CKD would be valuable in the clinical setting. Shear wave elastography is one novel ultrasound method, which has shown promise in identifying increases in tissue stiffness and identifying CKD in people. As CKD is often histologically characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis, shear wave elastography has the potential to identify CKD and differentiate between stages of CKD in cats. This prospective observational case‐control study with 78 cats found no difference in shear wave velocities between groups ( P = 0.33), a contradictory finding to one prior publication. There was no effect of weight ( P = 0.65), nor the presence of mineralization ( P = 0.31) or infarction ( P = 0.52) on cortical shear wave velocities. There was a significant effect of age on shear wave velocity ( P = 0.018) where velocities increased with age. The intraclass correlation coefficient was only moderate (0.62). Possible reasons for the difference in results between our work and that published prior, include differences in methodology and differences in instrumentation. Variability in measurements in our population may be due to the effects of respiratory motion or limitations in shear wave elastography software. As such, shear wave elastography is not currently recommended as a tool to evaluate CKD in cats and further work is necessary. DA - 2022/11/2/ PY - 2022/11/2/ DO - 10.1111/vru.13184 SP - SN - 1740-8261 KW - feline chronic kidney disease KW - Shear wave elastography KW - ultrasound ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection with a novel pentastome (Raillietiella sp.) in a juvenile endangered Gal acute accent apagos tortoise (Chelonoidis niger) AU - Swanepoel, Liandrie AU - Loyola, Andrea AU - Flowers, James AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Garrett, Kayla B. AU - Yabsley, Michael J. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS AB - Pentastomes are crustacean endoparasites in the lungs of herpetofauna and rarely mammals and birds. To date, the only pentastomes reported in chelonians, all aquatic turtles, are Diesingia megastomum from Brazil and Pelonia africana from South Africa. In March 2021, 185 juvenile tortoises (Chelonoidis niger) were confiscated after an attempted illegal exportation from the Galápagos. It is believed the tortoises were removed from nests on Santa Cruz Island. The young tortoises were individually wrapped in plastic and at seizure ten were dead and another 25 tortoises subsequently died. One of the tortoises, estimated to be 3 months old, had 11 pentastomes in the lungs. The pentastomes were identified as a Raillietiella sp. based on morphology. The specimens had a claviform body that tapers into a bifid tail, a 165.3 μm × 92.1 μm buccal cadre, and sharp tipped anterior and posterior hooks with the posterior hooks being larger than the anterior. The males have smooth copulatory spicules with a rounded, smooth base. All females were gravid. Molecular analysis confirmed that the parasites were a Raillietiella sp. Based on the COI gene, it was most similar (82.7% identical) to an undescribed Raillietiella species from a Caribbean anole (Anolis cristatellus) found in Florida followed by R. hebitihamata (81%), R. indica (80.7%), and R. orientalis (78.8-80.7%). Based on the 18S rRNA gene sequence (1799 bp), it was most similar (99.3% identical) to two undescribed Raillietiella species followed by R. aegypti from a berber skink (Eumeces schneideri) from Saudia Arabia. Phylogenetically, with both molecular targets, the Raillietiella sp. from the Galápagos tortoise grouped with other Raillietiella spp. and was basal within the group. Currently, the origin of this parasite (native to Galápagos or introduced) and the life cycle are unknown. Because some pentastome species, especially when in aberrant hosts, can be pathogenic, additional studies of parasites in native and introduced reptile and amphibian species in the Galápagos are needed to better understand the risk this parasite poses to Galápagos tortoises. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100782 VL - 35 SP - SN - 2405-9390 KW - Chelonoidis Niger KW - Gal ?apagos tortoise KW - Health KW - Pentastome KW - Rallietiella ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain AU - Monteiro, B. P. AU - Lascelles, B. D. X. AU - Murrell, J. AU - Robertson, S. AU - Steagall, P. V. M. AU - Wright, B. T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Abstract Animal sentience refers to the capacity of animals to feel both positive and negative emotions including that of pain. As veterinary health professionals, we have a medical and ethical duty to mitigate suffering from pain to the best of our ability. In 2014, the first Global Pain Council World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guidelines for the Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain was published and remains to this day one of the most relevant and widespread documents of its kind. The 2022 WSAVA Global Pain Management Guidelines evolves from the first document with updated scientific information reflecting major advances in veterinary pain medicine in the last decade. This document is designed to provide the user with easy‐to‐implement, core fundamentals on the successful recognition and treatment of pain in the day‐to‐day small animal clinical practice setting. It provides basic and practical information with an extensive reference list to guide those who want to further their knowledge on pain management. The 2022 WSAVA Global Pain Management Guidelines should be easily implemented regardless of practice setting and/or location for the promotion and advance of pain management and animal welfare. DA - 2022/10/27/ PY - 2022/10/27/ DO - 10.1111/jsap.13566 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1748-5827 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Serodiagnostic IgM ELISA to Detect Acute Cytauxzoonosis AU - Kao, Yun-Fan AU - Spainhour, Rebecca AU - Cowan, Shannon R. AU - Nafe, Laura AU - Birkenheuer, Adam AU - Reichard, Mason V AU - Miller, Craig A. T2 - PATHOGENS AB - Cytauxzoonosis is a tick-borne infectious disease affecting domestic cats with high mortality and limited treatment modalities. Because early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are crucial to survival of infected cats, the objective of this study was to develop an ELISA capable of detecting cytauxzoonosis and differentiating acute vs. chronic infection in clinical feline blood samples. A microsphere immunoassay (MIA) was developed to evaluate the production of Cytauxzoon felis-specific IgM and IgG antibodies in serial plasma samples from cats with experimental C. felis infection by targeting a C. felis-specific transmembrane protein (c88). Recombinant c88 protein was utilized to develop indirect ELISAs to detect IgM and IgG antibodies in clinical plasma samples from: PCR-positive cats with acute C. felis infection (n = 36), C. felis-negative cats with pyrexia (n = 10), healthy C. felis-negative cats (n = 22), and chronic C. felis carriers (n = 4). Anti-c88 IgM antibodies were detectable at day 12 post-tick infestation in cats with experimental C. felis infection (within 24 hours of developing clinical signs), while anti-c88 IgG was detectable at day 15 post-tick infestation - indicating IgM could be used to detect early infection. Using a cut-off value of 19.85 percent positive, the C. felis IgM ELISA detected acute cytauxzoonosis in 94.44% (34/36) of cats presented with clinical signs of acute cytauxzoonosis with 100% specificity (indicating a "Strong Positive" result). When a lower cutoff of 8.60 percent positive was used, cytauxzoonosis was detected in the 2 remaining PCR-positive cats with 87.88% specificity (indicating of a "Weak Positive" result). One C. felis-negative, febrile cat had high IgG, and chronic carriers had variable IgM and IgG results. Combined interpretation of IgM and IgG ELISAs did not reliably differentiate acute vs. chronic infection. While further validation on assay performance is needed, the C. felis IgM ELISA is a promising test to detect acute cytauxzoonosis and can be utilized to develop a point-of-care test for clinical use. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.3390/pathogens11101183 VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - SN - 2076-0817 KW - cytauxzoonosis KW - Cytauxzoon felis KW - domestic cats KW - diagnostic assay KW - ELISA KW - serology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography between healthy adult horses and horses with bacterial pneumonia using a novel, objective ultrasonographic scoring system AU - Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. L. AU - Nelson, Nathan AU - Dembek, Katarzyna A. A. AU - Young, Kimberly A. S. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Background Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is widely used in equine practice but comparison to radiography is limited in horses. Objectives To validate a novel, objective scoring system for TUS in adult horses and to compare ultrasonographic and radiographic findings. Animals 13 healthy horses and 9 with confirmed bacterial pneumonia Methods Prospective study in which TUS and radiography were performed on healthy horses and those with bacterial pneumonia confirmed by clinical signs and results of transtracheal wash analysis. Ultrasonography was scored utilizing a novel scoring system evaluating number of comet tail lesions, the presence or absence of pleural effusion and/or pulmonary consolidation in each intercostal space. Eighteen horses had thoracic radiographs taken that were scored by a board-certified radiologist utilizing a previously described system. Total scores were recorded and compared between control and diseased patients. Results/Findings Ultrasonographic scores were significantly higher in the diseased group (median= 126) than in the control group (median = 20, p = 0.01). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis identified a sensitivity of 66.7% (95% CI 0.417–1) and specificity of 92.3% (95% CI 0.462–1) for the ability of ultrasonography to identify bacterial pneumonia utilizing a TUS score cutoff of 37. Conclusions and clinical importance TUS had moderate sensitivity and high specificity for identification of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. TUS appears to be an acceptable stand-alone imaging modality for diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in horses when radiography is not practical. DA - 2022/10/13/ PY - 2022/10/13/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.991634 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - equine pneumonia KW - thoracic radiography KW - imaging KW - equine pleuropneumonia KW - ultrasonography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enteric Glial Cell Network Function is Required for Epithelial Barrier Restitution following Intestinal Ischemic Injury in the Early Postnatal Period AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. AU - Erwin, Sara AU - Caldwell, Madison L. AU - Touvron, Melissa S. AU - Pridgen, Tiffany A. AU - Magness, Scott T. AU - Odle, Jack AU - Landeghem, Laurianne Van AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AB - ABSTRACT Ischemic damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier, such as in necrotizing enterocolitis or small intestinal volvulus, is associated with higher mortality rates in younger patients. We have recently reported a powerful pig model to investigate these age-dependent outcomes in which mucosal barrier restitution is strikingly absent in neonates but can be rescued by direct application of homogenized mucosa from older, juvenile pigs by a yet-undefined mechanism. Within the mucosa, a postnatally developing network of enteric glial cells (EGC) is gaining recognition as a key regulator of the mucosal barrier. Therefore, we hypothesized that the developing EGC network may play an important role in coordinating intestinal barrier repair in neonates. Neonatal and juvenile jejunal mucosa recovering from surgically induced intestinal ischemia was visualized by scanning electron microscopy and the transcriptomic phenotypes were assessed by bulk RNA sequencing. EGC network density and gliosis were examined by gene set enrichment analysis, three-dimensional volume imaging and western blot and its function in regulating epithelial restitution assessed ex vivo in Ussing chamber using the glia-specific inhibitor fluoroacetate, and in vivo by co-culture assay. Here we refine and elaborate our translational model, confirming a neonatal phenotype characterized by a complete lack of coordinated reparative signaling in the mucosal microenvironment. Further, we report important evidence that the subepithelial EGC network changes significantly over the early postnatal period and demonstrate that EGC function in close proximity to wounded intestinal epithelium is critical to intestinal barrier restitution following ischemic injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study refines a powerful translational pig model, defining an age-dependent relationship between enteric glia and the intestinal epithelium during intestinal ischemic injury and confirming an important role of the enteric glial cell activity in driving mucosal barrier restitution. This study suggests that targeting the enteric glial network could lead to novel interventions to improve recovery from intestinal injury in neonatal patients. DA - 2022/11/4/ PY - 2022/11/4/ DO - 10.1101/2022.11.04.514575 UR - https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.04.514575 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ferret acute lung injury model induced by repeated nebulized lipopolysaccharide administration AU - Khoury, Oula AU - Clouse, Cara AU - McSwain, Malcolm K. AU - Applegate, Jeffrey AU - Kock, Nancy D. AU - Atala, Anthony AU - Murphy, Sean V T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS AB - Inflammatory lung diseases affect millions of people worldwide. These diseases are caused by a number of factors such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, and inhalation of toxins. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a valuable functional methodology for better understanding mechanisms of lung disease, measuring disease progression, clinical diagnosis, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. Animal models of inflammatory lung diseases are needed that accurately recapitulate disease manifestations observed in human patients and provide an accurate prediction of clinical outcomes using clinically relevant pulmonary disease parameters. In this study, we evaluated a ferret lung inflammation model that closely represents multiple clinical manifestations of acute lung inflammation and injury observed in human patients. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was nebulized into ferrets for 7 repeated daily doses. Repeated exposure to nebulized LPS resulted in a restrictive pulmonary injury characterized using Buxco forced maneuver PFT system custom developed for ferrets. This is the first study to report repeated forced maneuver PFT in ferrets, establishing lung function measurements pre- and post-injury in live animals. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histological analysis confirmed that LPS exposure elicited pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation and structural damage to the alveoli. We believe this ferret model of lung inflammation, with clinically relevant disease manifestations and parameters for functional evaluation, is a useful pre-clinical model for understanding human inflammatory lung disease and for the evaluation of potential therapies. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.14814/phy2.15400 VL - 10 IS - 20 SP - SN - 2051-817X KW - acute lung injury KW - acute respiratory distress syndrome KW - ferret model KW - lipopolysaccharide KW - lung function testing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Orthotopic Transplantation of the Full-length Porcine Intestine After Normothermic Machine Perfusion AU - Abraham, Nader AU - Ludwig, Elsa K. AU - Schaaf, Cecilia R. AU - Veerasammy, Brittany AU - Stewart, Amy S. AU - McKinney, Caroline AU - Freund, John AU - Brassil, John AU - Samy, Kannan P. AU - Gao, Qimeng AU - Kahan, Riley AU - Niedzwiecki, Donna AU - Cardona, Diana M. AU - Garman, Katherine S. AU - Barbas, Andrew S. AU - Sudan, Debra L. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. T2 - Transplantation Direct AB - Background. Successful intestinal transplantation is currently hindered by graft injury that occurs during procurement and storage, which contributes to postoperative sepsis and allograft rejection. Improved graft preservation may expand transplantable graft numbers and enhance posttransplant outcomes. Superior transplant outcomes have recently been demonstrated in clinical trials using machine perfusion to preserve the liver. We hypothesized that machine perfusion preservation of intestinal allografts could be achieved and allow for transplantation in a porcine model. Methods. Using a translational porcine model, we developed a device for intestinal perfusion. Intestinal samples were collected at the time of organ procurement, and after 6 h of machine perfusion for gross and histologic evaluation, hourly chemistry panels were performed on the perfusate and were used for protocol optimization. Following transplantation, porcine recipient physical activity, systemic blood parameters, and vital signs were monitored for 2 d before sacrifice. Results. In initial protocol development (generation 1, n = 8 grafts), multiple metabolic, electrolyte, and acid-base derangements were measured. These factors coincided with graft and mesenteric edema and luminal hemorrhage and were addressed with the addition of dialysis. In the subsequent protocol (generation 2, n = 9 grafts), differential jejunum and ileum perfusion were observed resulting in gross evidence of ileal ischemia. Modifications in vasodilating medications enhanced ileal perfusion (generation 3, n = 4 grafts). We report successful transplantation of 2 porcine intestinal allografts after machine perfusion with postoperative clinical and gross evidence of normal gut function. Conclusions. This study reports development and optimization of machine perfusion preservation of small intestine and successful transplantation of intestinal allografts in a porcine model. DA - 2022/10/24/ PY - 2022/10/24/ DO - 10.1097/TXD.0000000000001390 VL - 8 IS - 11 SP - e1390 LA - en OP - SN - 2373-8731 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000001390 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - MRI findings associated with clinical presentation and histopathology in a Mexican redknee tarantula (Brachypelma hamorii) AU - Handberg, Elizabeth AU - Gaudette, Chris AU - Knutson, Kyra AU - Nelson, Nathan AU - Ozawa, Sarah T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract A 15‐year‐old, 9 g, female Mexican redknee tarantula ( Brachypelma hamorii ) presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine with a history of anorexia and weight loss. Physical examination revealed an inability to extend the left chelicera, which was suspected to prevent the tarantula from prehending live prey. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed enlargement and T2 hyperintensity of the left chelicera. The patient was provided with supplemental feedings and rehydration until it was found deceased more than 8 months after the initial presentation. A postmortem examination was performed, and histopathology showed an area of chronic inflammation at the level of the left chelicera. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used as an antemortem diagnostic tool to identify lesions in tarantulas. DA - 2022/10/17/ PY - 2022/10/17/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.517 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2052-6121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhalable dry powder mRNA vaccines based on extracellular vesicles AU - Popowski, Kristen D. AU - Moatti, Adele AU - Scull, Grant AU - Silkstone, Dylan AU - Lutz, Halle AU - Abad, Blanca Lopez de Juan AU - George, Arianna AU - Belcher, Elizabeth AU - Zhu, Dashuai AU - Mei, Xuan AU - Cheng, Xiao AU - Cislo, Megan AU - Ghodsi, Asma AU - Cai, Yuheng AU - Huang, Ke AU - Li, Junlang AU - Brown, Ashley C. AU - Greenbaum, Alon AU - Dinh, Phuong-Uyen C. AU - Cheng, Ke T2 - MATTER AB - Respiratory diseases are a global burden, with millions of deaths attributed to pulmonary illnesses and dysfunctions. Therapeutics have been developed, but they present major limitations regarding pulmonary bioavailability and product stability. To circumvent such limitations, we developed room-temperature-stable inhalable lung-derived extracellular vesicles or exosomes (Lung-Exos) as mRNA and protein drug carriers. Compared with standard synthetic nanoparticle liposomes (Lipos), Lung-Exos exhibited superior distribution to the bronchioles and parenchyma and are deliverable to the lungs of rodents and nonhuman primates (NHPs) by dry powder inhalation. In a vaccine application, severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein encoding mRNA-loaded Lung-Exos (S-Exos) elicited greater immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA (SIgA) responses than its loaded liposome (S-Lipo) counterpart. Importantly, S-Exos remained functional at room-temperature storage for one month. Our results suggest that extracellular vesicles can serve as an inhaled mRNA drug-delivery system that is superior to synthetic liposomes. DA - 2022/9/7/ PY - 2022/9/7/ DO - 10.1016/j.matt.2022.06.012 VL - 5 IS - 9 SP - 2960-2974 SN - 2590-2385 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Imaging Diagnosis: Thoracic radiographic features of toxoplasmosis in a 14-month-old Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus) AU - Lehman, K. AU - Cohen, E. AU - Ozawa, S. AU - Hepps Keeney, C. AU - Sommer, S. T2 - Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound AB - A privately owned 14-month-old intact female red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) was presented for acute onset respiratory distress and lethargy. On presentation, the kangaroo was laterally recumbent, tachypneic, dyspneic, lethargic, and obtunded. Thoracic radiographs revealed a severe diffuse mixed pulmonary pattern (alveolar pattern superimposed on a bronchial pattern) and subjective mild generalized cardiomegaly. Due to the severity of clinical signs and grave prognosis, euthanasia was elected. Postmortem examination was consistent with systemic toxoplasmosis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining on infected tissues confirmed Toxoplasma gondii. This is the first published report of radiographic findings for confirmed toxoplasmosis in a red kangaroo or marsupial. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.1111/vru.13155 VL - 63 IS - 6 SP - E26-E30 SN - 1740-8261 KW - Apicomplexan KW - Macropodidae KW - Marsupial ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex Differences in Mast Cell-Associated Disorders: A Life Span Perspective AU - Mackey, Emily AU - Moeser, Adam J. J. T2 - COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY AB - Mast cells are critical innate immune effectors located throughout the body that are crucial for host defense mechanisms via orchestrating immune responses to a variety of host and environmental stimuli necessary for survival. The role of mast cells in brain development and behavior, meningeal function, and stress-related disorders has also been increasingly recognized. While critical for survival and development, excessive mast cell activation has been linked with an increasing number of inflammatory, stress-associated, and neuroimmune disorders including allergy/anaphylaxis, autoimmune diseases, migraine headache, and chronic pain disorders. Further, a strong sex bias exists for mast cell-associated diseases with females often at increased risk. Here we review sex differences in human mast cell-associated diseases and animal models, and the underlying biological mechanisms driving these sex differences, which include adult gonadal sex hormones as well the emerging organizational role of perinatal gonadal hormones on mast cell activity and development. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.1101/cshperspect.a039172 VL - 14 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1943-0264 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prognostic value of lactate in cats presented in respiratory distress to the emergency room AU - Gilday, Cassandra AU - Guieu, Liz T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Studies demonstrating the prognostic utility of plasma lactate concentration and lactate clearance in cats are limited. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic utility of plasma lactate concentration upon admission and plasma lactate clearance in cats presented to the emergency room with respiratory distress attributed to underlying cardiac or respiratory disease. Additionally, we sought to determine if plasma lactate concentration on admission was significantly associated with the underlying cause of respiratory distress (cardiac vs. respiratory), type of respiratory disease, and vital parameters. Seventy-one cats presented in respiratory distress to the ER at a university teaching hospital were enrolled in this retrospective study. Admission lactate concentration was not associated with survival, duration of hospitalization, vital parameters, or underlying etiology for respiratory distress. In contrast, lactate clearance was significantly associated with survival and length of hospitalization. While a statistically significant association between lactate clearance and length of hospitalization was identified, this finding lacked clinical significance where an increase in lactate concentration by 1% was associated with an increased length of hospitalization by 11.4 min (p = 0.035). Results of this study suggest that lactate clearance may have prognostic utility in this population of cats. Further studies including the larger population of cats with underlying cardiac or respiratory disease are warranted. DA - 2022/9/13/ PY - 2022/9/13/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.918029 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - feline KW - biomarker KW - hyperlactatemia KW - lactate clearance KW - outcome KW - emergency KW - heart failure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complications and outcomes of thoracoscopic-assisted lung lobectomy in dogs AU - Scott, Jacqueline E. AU - Auzenne, Danielle A. AU - Massari, Federico AU - Singh, Ameet AU - Donovan, Victoria AU - Mayhew, Philipp D. AU - Case, Brad AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Buote, Nicole AU - Wallace, Mandy L. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To describe complications and outcomes of dogs undergoing thoracoscopic-assisted (TA) lung lobectomy.Multi-institutional, retrospective study.Client-owned dogs (n = 30).Medical records of dogs that underwent TA lung lobectomy were reviewed. Signalment, bodyweight, clinical signs, imaging findings, surgical variables, complications, and short-term/long-term outcome were assessed. Thoracoscopic-assisted lung lobectomy was performed with a mini-thoracotomy.Twelve intraoperative complications were recorded in 11 dogs, 6 requiring conversion to open thoracotomy. Reasons for conversion were reported in 5/6 dogs and included adhesions (2), difficultly manipulating the lesion through the mini-thoracotomy (2), and acute oxygen desaturation (1). One lung ventilation was successful in 4 of the 7 dogs in which this was attempted. A linear stapling device (DST series Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) was used for lung lobe ligation in 14 dogs. Twenty-three dogs underwent surgery for a neoplastic lesion, with 19 of these being carcinoma. The median lesion size was 4.3 cm (range 1-10 cm); margins were clean, except in 1 dog. Complications were documented in 8 dogs prior to discharge, 5 of these being classified as mild. Twenty-nine dogs were discharged at a median of 47 h postoperatively (range 24-120 h). Death was reported in 9 dogs, with a median survival time of 168 days (range 70-868 days).Thoracoscopic-assisted lung lobectomy was achieved with few major complications in the population reported here. Dogs were able to be discharged from hospital quickly, with most surviving beyond the follow-up period.Thoracoscopic-assisted lung lobectomy may be considered to facilitate the excision of larger pulmonary lesions or to treat smaller dogs, in which a thoracoscopic excision may be technically more challenging. DA - 2022/9/27/ PY - 2022/9/27/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13886 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rickettsia typhi infection in a clinically-ill dog from Houston, Texas AU - Juhasz, Nicholas B. AU - Wilson, James M. AU - Haney, Kaitlin N. AU - Clark, Melissa H. AU - Davenport, Amy C. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Qurollo, Barbara A. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS AB - In 2020, Rickettsia typhi was diagnosed in a dog from Houston, Texas, USA based upon R. typhi IFA seroreactivity in both acute and convalescent sera, and PCR with DNA sequencing of 4 different gene regions, all of which were 100% identical to R. typhi. The dog was clinically ill with intermittent fever, lethargy, inappetence, and lymphadenopathy. Clinicopathological abnormalities included a mild nonregenerative anemia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated ALP. The dog rapidly recovered with doxycycline administration. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100781 VL - 35 SP - SN - 2405-9390 KW - Dog KW - Rickettsia typhi KW - Murine typhus KW - North America ER - TY - JOUR TI - Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for Comprehensive Testing for Selected Vector-Borne Pathogens in Canines AU - Kattoor, Jobin J. AU - Nikolai, Emma AU - Qurollo, Barbara AU - Wilkes, Rebecca P. T2 - PATHOGENS AB - The standard for detecting vector-borne pathogens is real-time PCR (rtPCR). However, this requires many individual tests to obtain an accurate diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay for vector-borne pathogens. Pathogen target regions were amplified via PCR using two primer pools that were developed in conjunction with ThermoFisher Scientific, and barcoded DNA libraries were prepared and sequenced with the Ion Torrent S5 system. Data were assembled using SPAdes and mapped to a reference file containing sequences from the pathogens. The raw reads were analyzed to confirm the results. Test feasibility and analytical specificity were evaluated with type strains or validated positive clinical samples from dogs. The analytical sensitivity of the method was compared to Ct values obtained by rtPCR testing. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were assessed with a set of known positive and negative clinical samples based on rtPCR testing. Positive and negative percent agreements and Cohen's kappa were calculated. The primer sets were specific for the intended targets, based on sequence analysis of the amplified products, and the method detected 17 different pathogens. Analytical sensitivity was equivalent to an rtPCR Ct value of approximately 35-36. The positive percent agreement was 92%, and the negative percent agreement was 88%. Cohen's kappa was 0.804, which indicates almost perfect agreement between the rtPCR assays and the targeted NGS assay. Using a targeted method reduces the costs associated with NGS sequencing and allows for a 2-3 day turn-around time, making this a viable method for detection of vector-borne pathogens in canine whole blood samples. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.3390/pathogens11090964 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - SN - 2076-0817 KW - vector-borne pathogens KW - diagnostics KW - targeted next-generation sequencing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loss of ATRX promotes aggressive features of osteosarcoma with increased NF-KB signaling and integrin binding AU - DeWitt, Suzanne Bartholf AU - Plumlee, Sarah Hoskinson AU - Brighton, Hailey E. AU - Sivaraj, Dharshan AU - Martz, E. J. AU - Zand, Maryam AU - Kumar, Vardhman AU - Sheth, Maya U. AU - Floyd, Warren AU - Spruance, Jacob V. AU - Hawkey, Nathan AU - Varghese, Shyni AU - Ruan, Jianhua AU - Kirsch, David G. AU - Somarelli, Jason A. AU - Alman, Ben AU - Eward, William C. T2 - JCI INSIGHT AB - Osteosarcoma (OS) is a lethal disease with few known targeted therapies. Here, we show that decreased ATRX expression is associated with more aggressive tumor cell phenotypes, including increased growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis. These phenotypic changes correspond with activation of NF-κB signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling, increased integrin αvβ3 expression, and ETS family transcription factor binding. Here, we characterize these changes in vitro, in vivo, and in a data set of human OS patients. This increased aggression substantially sensitizes ATRX-deficient OS cells to integrin signaling inhibition. Thus, ATRX plays an important tumor-suppression role in OS, and loss of function of this gene may underlie new therapeutic vulnerabilities. The relationship between ATRX expression and integrin binding, NF-κB activation, and ETS family transcription factor binding has not been described in previous studies and may impact the pathophysiology of other diseases with ATRX loss, including other cancers and the ATR-X α thalassemia intellectual disability syndrome. DA - 2022/8/8/ PY - 2022/8/8/ DO - 10.1172/jci.insight.151583 VL - 7 IS - 17 SP - SN - 2379-3708 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of multi drug resistant Escherichia coli isolates at a tertiary hospital in Abuja, Nigeria AU - Medugu, Nubwa AU - Aworh, Mabel Kamweli AU - Iregbu, Kenneth AU - Nwajiobi-Princewill, Philip AU - Abdulraheem, Khadija AU - Hull, Dawn M. AU - Harden, Lyndy AU - Singh, Pallavi AU - Obaro, Stephen AU - Egwuenu, Abiodun AU - Thakur, Siddhartha T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Infections caused by multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli cause significant morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. In this study, we describe the molecular characteristics of E. coli isolated from clinical specimens and the patients’ outcomes. Phenotypic methods were used in the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli from clinical specimens from a tertiary hospital in Abuja, Nigeria. Whole genome sequencing was used to describe the antimicrobial resistance genes, serotypes, sequence types/clonal complexes, and mobile genetic elements. The mean age of the patients was 20.3 years with 70.1% females and majority of isolates 75% from urine, 21% from blood cultures, and 3% each from cerebrospinal fluid and endo-cervical swabs. Of the 107 non-duplicate E. coli isolates, 101 (94.3%) were resistant to ampicillin, 95 (88.8%) to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 86 (80.4%) to ceftriaxone, 60 (56.1%) to gentamicin, and eight (7.5%) to meropenem. There were 102 (95.3%) isolates that were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Expression of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was detected in 54 (50%) and bla CTX-M-15 genes detected in 75 (70.1%) isolates. The carbapenemase genes bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-5 were detected in six (5.6%), while the AmpC gene- bla CMY-2 , was detected in seven (6.5%) isolates. Two (1.9%) isolates simultaneously harboured the bla OXA-1 , bla CMY-2 , bla CTX-M-15 , and bla NDM-5 genes. In total, 35 sequence types (STs) were found with the majority being ST131 (n = 23; 21.5%). The most common serotype was O25:H4 associated with all 23 strains of ST131, followed by O1:H6/ST648 (n = 6). The ST410, ST671, and ST101 strains displayed phenotypic resistance to wide array of antibiotic classes and harbored high numbers of antibiotic resistance genes via in-silico analysis. The ST410 strain in particular harbored a higher number of antibiotic resistance genes and was phenotypically resistant to a wider array of antibiotics. Four pairs of isolates were closely related with three isolates (ST131, ST38, ST652) having a pairwise SNP difference of zero. 71/72 75/76 52/14. The MDR E. coli lineages circulating in this setting pose a clinical and public health threat as they can hinder effective prevention and management of infections. The genetic diversity and MDR E. coli with the emergence of ST410 and ST101 clones is concerning because of the potential for rapid dissemination in hospitals and communities- further increasing the problems of antibiotic resistance. Continuous routine surveillance of E. coli infections for AMR in hospitals becomes imperative, aimed at development of effective antimicrobial stewardship programs, facilitating prudent use of antimicrobial agents, and limiting dissemination of resistant strains. DA - 2022/9/1/ PY - 2022/9/1/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-022-19289-z VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation assessment in healthy dogs during the perianesthetic period AU - Wang, Wen H. AU - Lynch, Alex M. AU - Balko, Julie A. AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Posner, Lysa P. T2 - BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - The viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) is a novel, portable device that provides a global assessment of hemostasis. The study aims were to evaluate serial viscoelastic analysis during the perianesthetic period in healthy dogs and to compare the agreement between two VCM Vet devices. Twenty healthy dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery were enrolled. Whole blood samples were collected from an intravenous catheter at four time points: baseline, 15 min after premedication, 60 min after inhalant initiation, and 60 min after inhalant termination. Viscoelastic tests were performed in duplicate on different devices, providing: clot time (CT; seconds), clot formation time (CFT; seconds), alpha angle (α; degrees), amplitude (units) at 10 (A10) and 20 (A20) minutes post clot time, maximum clot firmness (MCF; units), and lysis index (%) at 30 (Li30) and 45 (Li45) minutes post maximum clot formation.One hundred sixty samples were analyzed. The speed of CT and CFT significantly decreased an average of 25.5 s (95% confidence interval [CI]15.9-35.0) and 6.9 s (95% CI 3.1-10.7) per time point, respectively. There were no significant changes in clot strength or lysis variables. The Bland-Altman style plot shows an acceptable rate of agreement for all variables with intra-class correlation ranging from 0.64-0.94.The rate of clot formation (CT and CFT) decreased over the perianesthetic period in healthy dogs undergoing surgery. These changes were small and occurred without changes in clot strength or fibrinolysis rate, thus were not clinically relevant. There was clinically acceptable consistency between devices. DA - 2022/9/14/ PY - 2022/9/14/ DO - 10.1186/s12917-022-03442-x VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1746-6148 KW - Coagulation KW - Viscoelastic testing KW - VCM Vet KW - Perianesthetic period ER - TY - JOUR TI - TGF-beta 2 enhances expression of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell paracrine factors with known associations to tendon healing AU - Koch, Drew W. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V AU - Ellis, Ilene M. AU - Bates, Rowan E. AU - Berglund, Alix K. T2 - STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY AB - Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete paracrine factors and extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to their ability to support tissue healing and regeneration. Both the transcriptome and the secretome of MSCs can be altered by treating the cells with cytokines, but neither have been thoroughly investigated following treatment with the specific cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2. Methods RNA-sequencing and western blotting were used to compare gene and protein expression between untreated and TGF-β2-treated equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). A co-culture system was utilized to compare equine tenocyte migration during co-culture with untreated and TGF-β2-treated BM-MSCs. Results TGF-β2 treatment significantly upregulated gene expression of collagens, extracellular matrix molecules, and growth factors. Protein expression of collagen type I and tenascin-C was also confirmed to be upregulated in TGF-β2-treated BM-MSCs compared to untreated BM-MSCs. Both untreated and TGF-β2-treated BM-MSCs increased tenocyte migration in vitro. Conclusions Treating equine BM-MSCs with TGF-β2 significantly increases production of paracrine factors and extracellular matrix molecules important for tendon healing and promotes the migration of tenocytes in vitro. DA - 2022/9/16/ PY - 2022/9/16/ DO - 10.1186/s13287-022-03172-9 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1757-6512 KW - Mesenchymal stem cell KW - Tenocyte KW - TGF-beta 2 KW - Equine KW - Tendon KW - RNA-sequencing KW - Paracrine factors KW - Extracellular matrix ER - TY - JOUR TI - FtlA and FtlB Are Candidates for Inclusion in a Next-Generation Multiantigen Subunit Vaccine for Lyme Disease AU - Camire, Andrew C. AU - Nathaniel S. O'Bier, AU - Patel, Dhara T. AU - Cramer, Nicholas A. AU - Straubinger, Reinhard K. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Funk, Rebecca A. AU - Marconi, Richard T. T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-transmitted bacterial infection caused by Borreliella burgdorferi and other closely related species collectively referred to as the LD spirochetes. The LD spirochetes encode an uncharacterized family of proteins originally designated p rotein f amily t welve (PF12). DA - 2022/9/14/ PY - 2022/9/14/ DO - 10.1128/iai.00364-22 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1098-5522 KW - Borreliella KW - Borrelia KW - BBK01 KW - BBG01 KW - Ftl KW - Lyme disease vaccine KW - protein family 12 KW - FtlA KW - Ixodes KW - Lyme vaccine KW - PF12 KW - canine Lyme disease KW - chimeritope ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a multi-route physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for nanomaterials: a comparison between a traditional versus a new route-specific approach using gold nanoparticles in rats AU - Chou, W.-C. AU - Cheng, Y.-H. AU - Riviere, J.E. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Kreyling, W.G. AU - Lin, Z. T2 - Particle and Fibre Toxicology AB - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important tool in predicting target organ dosimetry and risk assessment of nanoparticles (NPs). The methodology of building a multi-route PBPK model for NPs has not been established, nor systematically evaluated. In this study, we hypothesized that the traditional route-to-route extrapolation approach of PBPK modeling that is typically used for small molecules may not be appropriate for NPs. To test this hypothesis, the objective of this study was to develop a multi-route PBPK model for different sizes (1.4-200 nm) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in adult rats following different routes of administration (i.e., intravenous (IV), oral gavage, intratracheal instillation, and endotracheal inhalation) using two approaches: a traditional route-to-route extrapolation approach for small molecules and a new approach that is based on route-specific data that we propose to be applied generally to NPs.We found that the PBPK model using this new approach had superior performance than the traditional approach. The final PBPK model was optimized rigorously using a Bayesian hierarchical approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, and then converted to a web-based interface using R Shiny. In addition, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) based multivariate linear regressions were established to predict the route-specific key biodistribution parameters (e.g., maximum uptake rate) based on the physicochemical properties of AuNPs (e.g., size, surface area, dose, Zeta potential, and NP numbers). These results showed the size and surface area of AuNPs were the main determinants for endocytic/phagocytic uptake rates regardless of the route of administration, while Zeta potential was an important parameter for the estimation of the exocytic release rates following IV administration.This study suggests that traditional route-to-route extrapolation approaches for PBPK modeling of small molecules are not applicable to NPs. Therefore, multi-route PBPK models for NPs should be developed using route-specific data. This novel PBPK-based web interface serves as a foundation for extrapolating to other NPs and to humans to facilitate biodistribution estimation, safety, and risk assessment of NPs. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.1186/s12989-022-00489-4 VL - 19 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85133663328&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Biodistribution KW - Endocytosis KW - Gold nanoparticles KW - Nanomedicine KW - Nanotoxicology KW - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring companion animal caretakers' attitudes, perceptions and behavioural drivers of antimicrobial use within the social context of veterinary care AU - Frey, E. AU - Kedrowicz, A. AU - Hedgpeth, M. W. T2 - Journal of Small Animal Practice AB - To explore companion animal caretakers' attitudes, perceptions and behavioural drivers of antimicrobial use within the social context of veterinary care.Five semi-structured focus groups were conducted with 26 cat and dog owners. Transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis to systematically code and classify themes related to the study objectives.Thematic analysis revealed five themes - trust-building/relationships, shared decision-making/empowerment, clear communication, judicious use and concerns surrounding antimicrobial use. Strong veterinarian-client relationships were the underlying factor influencing acceptance of antimicrobial use stewardship principles. Participants viewed themselves as advocates for their animals and preferred a relationship-centred approach to care facilitated through competent communication. They cited the importance of clear communication related to diagnosis and antimicrobial recommendations including using client-friendly terminology, providing explicit instructions for antimicrobial use, and having a shared plan for next steps and follow-up communication. Participants reported challenges with administering antimicrobial drugs, expressed concerns with potential side effects and development of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, they reported an interest in alternatives to antimicrobial drugs and a focus on preventive medicine that was counterbalanced with concerns for animal comfort and welfare.Conversations about antimicrobial use can be reframed to include alternatives to antimicrobials as part of the treatment plan, and clients can be empowered to play a more active role in their animals' care. Veterinarians can apply core communication skills to advance antimicrobial stewardship principles and thereby contribute to preserving the effectiveness and availability of antimicrobials while preserving the trusting relationship and shared decision-making between clients and veterinarians. DA - 2022/9/9/ PY - 2022/9/9/ DO - 10.1111/jsap.13549 VL - 63 IS - 12 SP - 873-881 J2 - J of Small Animal Practice LA - en OP - SN - 0022-4510 1748-5827 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13549 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Pilot Randomized Trial to Compare Polyuria and Polydipsia during a Short Course of Prednisolone or Methylprednisolone in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis AU - Lokianskiene, Viktorija AU - Bergvall, Kerstin AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - VETERINARY SCIENCES AB - Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat canine allergic disorders, but they frequently cause polyuria and polydipsia (PUPD). At equipotent dosages, oral methylprednisolone is believed to cause less PUPD than prednisolone. We performed a pilot randomized, open, parallel trial with 22 dogs with nonseasonal AD receiving either prednisolone or methylprednisolone at equipotent dosages, once daily for 14 days during the first phase of a restriction–provocation dietary trial. Before and on days 3, 7, and 14 after starting the glucocorticoids, owners estimated water consumption for 24 h. On the same days and before the glucocorticoid was given, owners collected the first-morning urine to determine the urine specific gravity (USG). There were no significant differences between the prednisolone and methylprednisolone groups on days 3, 7, and 14 when comparing the changes in water intake from baseline. Most dogs from both groups exhibited a slight reduction in USG during the study. Still, there was no significant difference in USG changes between the groups on any of these three reevaluation days. In conclusion, the administration of two weeks of oral prednisolone and methylprednisolone at equipotent anti-inflammatory dosages at the beginning of an elimination diet did not lead to significant differences in water intake and USG. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.3390/vetsci9090490 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - SN - 2306-7381 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/9/490 KW - atopic dermatitis KW - dog KW - methylprednisolone KW - prednisolone KW - polyuria-polydipsia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Static posturography as a novel measure of the effects of aging on postural control in dogs AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Wagner, Grant AU - Russell, Katharine AU - Lobaton, Edgar AU - Griffith, Emily AU - Gruen, Margaret AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Olby, Natasha Jane T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Aging is associated with impairment in postural control in humans. While dogs are a powerful model for the study of aging, the associations between age and postural control in this species have not yet been elucidated. The aims of this work were to establish a reliable protocol to measure center of pressure excursions in standing dogs and to determine age-related changes in postural sway. Data were obtained from 40 healthy adult dogs (Group A) and 28 senior dogs (Group B) during seven trials (within one session of data collection) of quiet standing on a pressure sensitive walkway system. Velocity, acceleration, root mean square, 95% ellipse area, range and frequency revolve were recorded as measures of postural sway. In Group A, reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation, and the effect of morphometric variables was evaluated using linear regression. By means of stepwise linear regression we determined that root mean square overall and acceleration in the craniocaudal direction were the best variables able to discriminate between Group A and Group B. The relationship between these two center-of-pressure (COP) measures and the dogs' fractional lifespan was examined in both groups and the role of pain and proprioceptive deficits was evaluated in Group B. All measures except for frequency revolve showed good to excellent reliability. Weight, height and length were correlated with most of the measures. Fractional lifespan impacted postural control in Group B but not Group A. Joint pain and its interaction with proprioceptive deficits influence postural sway especially in the acceleration in the craniocaudal direction, while fractional lifespan was most important in the overall COP displacement. In conclusion, our study found that pressure sensitive walkway systems are a reliable tool to evaluate postural sway in dogs; and that postural sway is affected by morphometric parameters and increases with age and joint pain. DA - 2022/7/8/ PY - 2022/7/8/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0268390 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268390 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intravenous regional antibiotic perfusion as an adjunctive therapy to treat osteomyelitis in a common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) AU - Cherukuri, A. AU - Scott -Cruz, S. AU - Lewbart, G. AU - Petrovich, N. AU - Ozawa, S. T2 - VetRecord CaseReports AB - Abstract A wild, adult, male common snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ) presented to North Carolina State University's Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) with injuries consistent with vehicular trauma. Injuries included head trauma with an associated superficial lesion of the head and an overpronated left forelimb with a necrotic wound on the palmar surface. Osteomyelitis localised to the left forelimb was considered the primary differential based on radiographic findings and clinical signs. To treat osteomyelitis, regional antibiotic limb perfusions were conducted approximately once per week. After conducting seven total regional antibiotic limb perfusions, the patient's ambulation and mentation improved significantly and there was no progression of osteomyelitis on repeated radiographs. The patient was released to the wild after 5 months under human care. This case report demonstrates the potential use of regional antibiotic limb perfusion as an adjunctive therapy for osteomyelitis in chelonians. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.1002/vrc2.487 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - e487 SN - 2052-6121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cat scratch disease: What to do with the cat? AU - Smolar, Avital Lily Okrent AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Phillips, Paul H. AU - Newman, Nancy J. AU - Biousse, Valérie T2 - American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports AB - Cat scratch disease (CSD) frequently has ophthalmologic manifestations. The ophthalmologist's approach to treating neuroretinitis is familiar, but few eye care providers are comfortable answering the next question of "what do I do with my cat?" Published guidelines are often vague in answering the complexities of real-life conundrums that can lead patients and their doctors to believe that risk mitigation should involve removal of the animal. Here, we present demonstrative scenarios informed by clinical practice and provide updated recommendations.A 10-year-old boy presented with reduced vision in the right eye. Funduscopic examination identified optic nerve head edema with subretinal fluid, and a macular star developed one week later, consistent with the diagnosis of neuroretinitis. Serology confirmed Bartonella henselae antibodies and a diagnosis of CSD. The father disclosed that the family has recently adopted three kittens, who have scratched the boy and the patient's younger sister. The physician and patient's family find themselves at a loss regarding best practices for what should be done with the kittens.B. henselae has been detected in a variety of mammals and can be transmitted via vectors such as fleas. Even well-appearing animals can transmit the bacteria, months to years after their initial infection. Symptoms, clinical and laboratory findings will depend on bacterial load and strain virulence, as well as the physiological/immunological status of the host, with people at the extremes of age and the immunocompromised being at greater disease risk. Flea control is crucial to minimize transmission risk. Our veterinary expert (EBB) recommends testing (with serology and PCR) and treating infected animals (with doxycycline and a quinolone). Patients should be counseled to speak with their pets' veterinarian. When addressing the concerns of our CSD patients in clinical practice, ophthalmologists should be aware of the strategies for minimizing Bartonella transmission risk, and cognizant of the One Health approach for managing zoonoses. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101702 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101702 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the theoretical risk of cross-reactivity among recently identified food allergens for dogs AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - O'Malley, Andrea AU - Chruszcz, Maksymilian T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - There is increasing evidence of cross-reactivity between allergens of close or distant species. The A-RISC (Allergens'-Relative Identity, Similarity and Cross-reactivity) index helps evaluate the risk of theoretical cross-reactivity between proteins of the same family among different species.To report the A-RISC indices for several food allergens of dogs between multiple food sources.We selected several recently characterised food allergens for dogs from fish and chicken (ACTA1, ALDOA, CKM, ENO3, GAPDH, PKM and TPI1), fish (TPM1/2), beef/lamb (PGM1) and corn/potato (WAXY). When quality sequence data were available, A-RISC indices were calculated between multiple animal and plant species that can be used as food sources. For the TPM subunits, A-RISC indices also were calculated with the environmental allergens Bla g 4 and Der f 10, and the Toxocara canis nematode.The A-RISC indices suggest a substantial theoretical risk of cross-reactivity between species for all allergens considered. For TPM, this risk also extends to the environmental and nematode allergens.There is a high theoretical risk of cross-reactivity between allergens of different species used as food sources. The clinical relevance of these elevated A-RISC indices should be studied further.Il y a de plus en plus de preuves de réactivité croisée entre des allergènes d'espèces proches ou éloignées. L’indice A-RISC (Allergens’-Relative Identity, Similarity and Cross-reactivity) permet d’évaluer le risque théorique de réactivité croisée entre protéines d’une même famille parmi différentes espèces.Rapporter les indices A-RISC pour plusieurs allergènes alimentaires de chiens entre plusieurs sources alimentaires. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Nous avons sélectionné plusieurs allergènes alimentaires récemment caractérisés pour les chiens parmi les poissons et poulet (ACTA1, ALDOA, CKM, ENO3, GAPDH, PKM, TPI1), poisson (TPM1/2), bœuf/agneau (PGM1) et maïs/ pomme de terre (WAXY). Lorsque des données de séquence de qualité étaient disponibles, les indices A-RISC ont été calculés entre plusieurs espèces animales et végétales pouvant être utilisées comme sources de nourriture. Pour les sous-unités TPM, les indices A-RISC ont également été calculés avec les allergènes environnementaux Bla g 4 et Der f 10, et le nématode Toxocara canis. RÉSULTATS: Les indices A-RISC suggèrent un risque théorique important de réactivité croisée entre espèces pour tous les allergènes considérés. Pour le TPM, ce risque s'étend également aux allergènes environnementaux et aux nématodes.Il existe un risque théorique élevé de réactivité croisée entre allergènes d'espèces différentes utilisées comme sources alimentaires. La pertinence clinique de ces indices A-RISC élevés doit être étudiée plus avant.INTRODUCCIÓN: Cada vez hay más evidencia de reactividad cruzada entre alérgenos de especies cercanas o distantes. El índice A-RISC (Identidad, similitud y reactividad cruzada relativa de alérgenos) ayuda a evaluar el riesgo de reactividad cruzada teórica entre proteínas de la misma familia entre diferentes especies. OBJETIVOS: publicar los índices A-RISC para varios alérgenos alimentarios de perros entre múltiples fuentes de alimentación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: seleccionamos varios alérgenos alimentarios para perros recientemente caracterizados de pescado y pollo (ACTA1, ALDOA, CKM, ENO3, GAPDH, PKM, TPI1), pescado (TPM1/2), ternera/cordero (PGM1) y maíz/ patata (WAXY). Cuando los datos de secuencias de calidad estaban disponibles, se calcularon los índices A-RISC entre múltiples especies de animales y plantas que pueden usarse como fuentes de alimento. Para las subunidades TPM también se calcularon índices A-RISC con los alérgenos ambientales Bla g 4 y Der f 10, y el nematodo Toxocara canis. RESULTADOS: Los índices A-RISC sugieren un riesgo teórico sustancial de reactividad cruzada entre especies para todos los alérgenos considerados. Para TPM, este riesgo también se extiende a los alérgenos ambientales y de nematodos. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: Existe un alto riesgo teórico de reactividad cruzada entre alérgenos de diferentes especies utilizadas como fuente de alimento. La relevancia clínica de estos índices A-RISC elevados debe estudiarse más a fondo.Es gibt zunehmende Evidenz, dass eine Kreuzreaktivität zwischen Allergenen von nahen oder weiter voneinander entfernten Spezies besteht. Der A-RISC (Allergens´-Relative Identity, Similarity and Cross-Reactivity) Index hilft bei der Evaluierung des Risikos theoretisch auftretender Kreuzreaktivität zwischen Proteinen derselben Familie bei unterschiedlichen Spezies.Ein Bericht über die A-RISC Indices für mehrere Futterallergene bei Hunden in verschiedenen Futtermitteln.Wir wählten mehrere unlängst beschriebene Futterallergene für Hunde von Fisch und Huhn (ACTA1, ALDOA, CKM, ENO3, GAPDH, PKM, TPI1), Fisch (TPM1/2), Rind/Lamm (PGM1) und Mais/Kartoffel (WAXY). Wenn Daten der Qualitätssequenz vorlagen, wurden A-RISC Indices zwischen verschiedenen tierischen und pflanzlichen Spezies kalkuliert, die als Futterquelle Verwendung finden können. Für die TPM Untergruppen wurden A-RISC Indices ebenso kalkuliert wir die Umweltallergene Bla g 4 und Der f 10, sowie die Nematode Toxocara canis.Die A-RISC Indices weisen auf ein deutliches theoretisches Risiko einer Kreuzreaktivität zwischen den Spezies für alle untersuchten Allergene hin. Für TPM erstreckt sich das Risiko auch auf Umwelt- und Nematodenallergene.Es besteht ein hohes theoretisches Risiko einer Kreuzreaktivität zwischen den Allergenen verschiedener Spezies, die als Futterquellen Verwendung finden. Die klinische Relevanz dieser erhöhten A-RISC Indices sollte weiter untersucht werden.背景: 近縁または遠縁種アレルゲン間の交差反応性を示す証拠が増えてきている。A-RISC(Allergens'-Relative Identity, Similarity and Cross-reactivity)指標は、異種間における同一ファミリーのタンパク質間の理論的交差反応性のリスクを評価するのに役立つ。 目的: 本研究の目的は、犬の食物アレルゲンについて、複数の食物源間の A-RISC 指標を報告することであった。 材料と方法: 我々は、魚と鶏(ACTA1, ALDOA, CKM, ENO3, GAPDH, PKM, TPI1)、魚(TPM1/2)、牛肉/ラム(PGM1)、トウモロコシ/ジャガイモ(WAXY)から最近特徴づけられたいくつかの犬の食物アレルゲンを選択した。質の高い配列データが得られた場合には、食料源として利用可能な複数の動植物種間でA-RISC指標を算出した。TPMサブユニットについては、環境アレルゲンのBla g 4とDer f 10、およびToxocara canis線虫とのA-RISC指標も算出した。 結果: A-RISC指標は、検討したすべてのアレルゲンについて、種間の交差反応性の理論的リスクを示唆している。TPMについては、このリスクは環境アレルゲンおよび線虫アレルゲンにも及んでいる。 結論と臨床的関連性: 食物源として使用される異種アレルゲン間には、高い理論的交差反応性リスクが存在する。これらのA-RISC指数の上昇と臨床的関連性については、さらなる研究が必要である。.背景: 来越多的证据表明近缘或远缘物种的过敏原之间存在交叉反应性。A-RISC(过敏原-相对同一性、相似性和交叉反应性)指数有助于评价不同种属间同一家族蛋白之间理论交叉反应性的风险。 目的: 告多种食物来源之间犬的几种食物过敏原的 A-RISC 指数。 材料和方法: 们从鱼和鸡 (ACTA1、ALDOA、CKM、ENO3、GAPDH、PKM、TPI1)、鱼 (TPM1/2)、牛肉/羔羊 (PGM1) 和玉米/马铃薯 (WAXY) 中选择了几种相近表征的犬用食物过敏原。当质量序列数据可用时,计算可用作食物来源的多种动植物之间的 A-RISC 指数。对于 TPM 亚基,还用环境过敏原 Bla g 4 和 Der f 10 以及犬弓首蛔虫线虫计算了 A-RISC 指数。 结果: RISC指数表明,对于考虑的所有过敏原,种属间交叉反应性的理论风险较大。对于TPM,这种风险也扩展到环境和线虫过敏原。 结论和临床相关性: 作食物来源的不同种属的过敏原之间的交叉反应性理论风险较高。应进一步研究这些 A-RISC 指数升高的临床相关性。.Há evidências crescentes de reatividade cruzada entre alérgenos de espécies próximas ou distantes. O índice A-RISC (Allergens'-Relative Identity, Similarity and Cross-reactivity - índice de identidade relativa, similaridade e reação cruzada de alérgenos) ajuda a avaliar o risco de reatividade cruzada teórica entre proteínas da mesma família entre espécies diferentes.Relatar os índices A-RISC para vários alérgenos alimentares de cães de múltiplas fontes alimentares. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Selecionamos vários alérgenos alimentares para cães recentemente caracterizados oriundos de peixes e frango (ACTA1, ALDOA, CKM, ENO3, GAPDH, PKM, TPI1), peixes (TPM1/2), carne bovina/cordeiro (PGM1) e milho/batata (WAXY). Quando havia dados de sequenciamento de boa qualidade disponíveis, os índices A-RISC foram calculados entre várias espécies animais e vegetais utilizadas como fontes de alimento. Para as subunidades TPM, também foram calculados índices A-RISC com os alérgenos ambientais Bla g 4 e Der f 10, e o nematoide Toxocara canis.Os índices A-RISC sugerem um risco teórico substancial de reatividade cruzada entre espécies para todos os alérgenos considerados. Para o TPM, esse risco também se estende aos alérgenos ambientais e nematóides. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Existe um alto risco teórico de reatividade cruzada entre alérgenos de diferentes espécies utilizadas como fontes alimentares. A relevância clínica destes elevados índices A-RISC deve ser mais estudada. DA - 2022/8/31/ PY - 2022/8/31/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13110 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1365-3164 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells for adjunctive treatment of presumptive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Yoo, James AU - Williams, James Koudy AU - Harris, Tonya AU - Secoura, Patty AU - Robertson, James AU - Gleason, Katherine L. AU - Reynolds, Hannah AU - Piedrahita, Jorge T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is a common problem in female dogs, but some dogs fail to achieve continence with standard treatment. Urethral submucosal injection of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells (skMPCs) previously has been shown to restore urethral function in a canine model of USMI.To determine if urethral submucosal injection of skMPC alters continence in dogs with USMI that had previously failed standard medical management. We hypothesized that the injections would lead to improved continence.Fifteen client-owned dogs with USMI that had failed standard medical management.Dogs were prospectively enrolled into a single-armed clinical trial. Once enrolled, a triceps muscle of each dog was biopsied; the tissue specimens were digested, cultured, and expanded to 100 million cells before injection into the urethral submucosa using a surgical approach. Continence was assessed at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injection using continence scores and urethral pressure profilometry.Median continence scores increased significantly from baseline at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Increases were seen in 14 of 15 dogs with 7, 6 or 1 dog achieving scores of 5, 4 or 3, respectively. Additional medication was required to achieve continence in all but 2 dogs.Urethral submucosal injection of skMPC can be used adjunctively to improve continence in dogs with difficult to manage USMI. The procedure is labor intensive but well tolerated; most dogs will require continued medication to remain continent. DA - 2022/8/5/ PY - 2022/8/5/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16505 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - canine KW - regenerative medicine KW - stem cell KW - urinary incontinence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predictors and consequences of gestation length in wild chimpanzees AU - Feldblum, Joseph T. AU - Boehm, Emily E. AU - Walker, Kara K. AU - Pusey, Anne E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AB - Abstract Objectives Energetics are widely recognized to influence timing of birth in humans and other eutherian mammals, yet considerable variation exists in the relationship between energetic constraints and gestation length. In humans, poor nutrition and short inter‐gestational intervals (IGIs) are associated with shorter gestations. In other mammals, lower energy availability is usually associated with longer gestations. We investigated the predictors of gestation length, and the impact of gestation length on offspring survival, in chimpanzees, humans' closest living relatives. Materials and Methods We used 50 years of demographic and behavioral data to estimate gestation lengths in the wild chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and then used ecological and demographic data to explore the predictors and consequences of gestation length in our sample. Results Gestation lengths were shorter for females in their early 30s (relative to younger and older females), and after short IGIs. Other predictors potentially associated with maternal energetic condition and maternal investment were not associated with gestation length. We also found that shorter gestation lengths corresponded to lower offspring survival. Discussion Like humans, chimpanzees had shorter gestations after short IGIs, and short gestations were associated with higher offspring mortality. We consider competing explanations for the conflicting relationships between energetics and gestation length across eutherian mammals in light of these results. DA - 2022/8/5/ PY - 2022/8/5/ DO - 10.1002/ajpa.24601 SP - SN - 2692-7691 KW - chimpanzee KW - energetics KW - gestation length KW - life history KW - offspring survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of the center of mass in a heterogeneous population of dogs AU - Johnson, Tiffany A. AU - Gordon-Evans, Wanda J. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Conzemius, Michael G. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The center of mass (CoM) is the location in a body where mass distribution is balanced. It has a fundamental role in balance and motion which has been poorly described in the dog. The objective of this study was to estimate the variance of the center of mass (CoM) in a heterogeneous population of client-owned dogs and to describe the relationship between CoM, subject morphometrics and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) box positioned ventrally on a neck collar. A single force platform and a reaction board were used to determine CoM in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes in thirty-one healthy adult dogs. A series of morphometric measurements were acquired with each dog standing, including distances relative to an IMU box positioned ventrally on a neck collar. Mean transverse plane CoM was 48% the distance from ischium to the IMU box, near the xiphoid process. Mean sagittal place CoM was 59% the width of the chest on the left side. Mean dorsal plane CoM was 41% the distance from the most dorsal to the most ventral aspect of the body. Dog length was the primary variable required to maximize the relationship between three-dimensional CoM and identifiable variables measured. A CoM based normalization procedure should be considered to normalize mass or motion based outcome measure output (e.g., ground reaction forces, vector acceleration) in a heterogeneous population of dogs. Future research will be needed to determine if CoM-based normalization procedures reduce variance in outcome measures affected by subject morphometrics. DA - 2022/4/27/ PY - 2022/4/27/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0267361 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is your diagnosis? Coelomic fluid in an Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna) AU - Marin, Jessica AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Stowe, Devorah T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - An adult male intact Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna) was presented by a good Samaritan to North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital's Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) after presumably being hit by a motor vehicle. The patient suffered from a carapace fracture of the left bridge (see Figure 2), prefemoral lacerations cranial to the left hind leg, and partial externalization of the intestines. The injuries appeared to be acute in nature. A shell repair was performed, and supportive care was initiated while the patient was dry docked. Blood work was not performed at the time of intake. Approximately 2 months following admittance, the patient was placed in water submersion due to the development of plastron pressure sores secondary to dry-docking. A week later, the patient reportedly had become very lethargic and appreciably edematous. The patient's packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma protein by refractometry at this time were 19% and 8.0 g/dL, respectively (the reference interval [RI] for related species, PCV 14%-26%, total protein 2.3-3.8 g/dL).1 Gross plasma abnormalities, such as hemolysis, were not appreciated. A coelomocentesis was performed, and approximately 35 ml of yellow, slightly cloudy fluid was removed from the coelomic cavity via fine-needle aspiration, which was then submitted for cytologic evaluation only (Figure 1); a total leukocyte count and total protein by refractometry were not performed. Low cellularity fluid with spermatozoa. The cellularity of the effusion was estimated to be low, along with low numbers of erythrocytes and few thrombocytes. Nucleated cells consisted predominantly of variably intact heterophils and macrophages. Outnumbering the leukocytes were several variably intact spermatozoa. Spermatozoa had deeply basophilic staining vermiform-shaped heads, which were elongate and tapered to a point, and variably appreciable, poorly staining midpieces and tails (Figure 2). No intracellular spermatozoa were definitively seen. No infectious agents were identified. Following water submersion and cytologic findings, the patient underwent both a computed tomography (CT) scan and coelomic laparoscopy to re-evaluate the overall extent of injuries due to trauma. The most notable finding on the CT scan included multiple severe comminuted fractures of the pelvis bilaterally, with moderate left sacroiliac subluxation and marked accumulation of coelomic fluid. While there were no obvious abnormalities in the gonads, this region was directly adjacent to the spinal luxation. The CT scan was performed without contrast. Together with the amount of coelomic fluid, any trauma to the gonads may have been inadvertently overlooked. Coelomic laparoscopy revealed a large amount of fluid with free-floating particulate matter, suspected to be plant material. Following the presumptive diagnosis of GI perforation (due to free-floating plant material), euthanasia was elected. On necropsy, a duodenal perforation and ruptured bladder, both with fibrinous adhesions, were discovered. Grossly visible gonadal trauma was not appreciated. Histopathology was not performed. Descriptive texts and images of the cytomorphology of mature turtle spermatozoa are limited.3, 4 Since cytopathology is more commonly used as a diagnostic tool in exotic and wildlife animal medicine; it is advantageous to have accessible resources with both routine and unusual findings that one might encounter as a cytopathologist. Many mammals and birds are seasonal and continuous breeders with synchronous reproductive events. In contrast, turtles located in temperate zones have a unique reproductive cycle in which spermatogenesis in male turtles is asynchronous with ovulation in the female. Spermatogenesis in the male turtle occurs episodically, starting in early summer and ending in autumn, with spermatozoa leaving the testes and entering the epididymis.5 Asynchrony of reproduction events necessitates methods for spermatozoa storage in both male and female turtles.3 In spring-breeding turtles, such as the Eastern River Cooter, spermatozoa are stored in the ductus epididymis of the male. In a study by Gist et al, spermatozoa were found in the ductus epididymis of painted turtles throughout the year, even when the testes were completely regressed in the spring.5 The spermatozoa were observed to be relatively impervious to deterioration over time (as long as 5 months), when evaluated both within and outside of the epididymis. While an official total leukocyte count and protein by refractometry was not performed, a low cellularity fluid suggestive of a transudate was considered most likely. In this case, chief uncertainties included how both the fluid and spermatozoa came to be free within the coelomic cavity. The patient was not hypoproteinemic at the time of water submersion; thus, decreased oncotic pressure was not considered to be a likely cause for the increased presence of coelomic fluid. Given that the fluid accumulation in the coelomic cavity appeared to occur simultaneously with water submersion, a postulation for the coelomic fluid was that water from the patient's enclosure had entered the coelom through the patient's wounds. The testis and epididymis are both located ventral to the kidneys and cranial to the accessory urinary bladder in the male turtle.3 Spermatozoa are a normal finding in the urine of clinically normal male turtles, as well as female turtles that have been in contact with males.6 Therefore, considerations for the presence of spermatozoa in the coelomic fluid include both traumatization to the gonads and/or contamination from the ruptured urinary bladder. An interesting observation made during the cytologic evaluation of the coelomic effusion was the relatively minimal inflammatory response. While heterophils and macrophages were present in low numbers, the spermatozoa appeared practically untouched. In small domesticated animals, the testes are considered an immune-privileged site; if exposed to surrounding tissues, a robust inflammatory response (predominantly macrophages) is anticipated (eg, sperm granuloma).2 Medications administered during the patient's hospitalization at various time points included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketorolac and ketoprofen), as well as antibiotics (ceftazidime). Postulation for the lack of a significant inflammatory response includes anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects of these medications. The timing of duodenal and urinary bladder perforations is not clear; neither plant-like material nor bacteria were observed at the time of cytologic evaluation; however, fibrinous adhesions described during necropsy suggest a degree of chronicity. Given the necessity for spermatozoa storage in both male and female turtles,3 not only traumatic mating but trauma, such as vehicular trauma, to reproductive organs in either sex may lead to spermatozoa leakage into the coelomic cavity year-round. While the presence of spermatozoa in the coelomic fluid was not a primary issue for the patient, this case allowed for the documentation of the cytologic features of spermatozoa from the Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna). The authors thank Sabrina Kapp for the coordination and supervision of the patient's care. The authors have indicated that they have no affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in, or in financial competition with, the subject matter or materials discussed in this article. DA - 2022/8/19/ PY - 2022/8/19/ DO - 10.1111/vcp.13142 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1939-165X KW - coelomic fluid KW - cytology KW - spermatozoa KW - turtle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Removal of malignant melanophoroma with intramuscular invasion in a bowfin fish (Amia calva) AU - Heniff, Ashlyn C. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract A mature male bowfin fish ( Amia calva ) presented with a left‐sided lateral caudoventral coelomic swelling. Diagnostic imaging (computed tomography and ultrasound) revealed a focal, expansile muscular mass measuring 6.4 × 3.8 cm in diameter and contiguous with the musculature of the left body wall at the level of the pelvic fin. The mass was surgically excised. Histopathology categorized the mass as a malignant melanophoroma. The patient made a full recovery and lived 4 additional years. The patient died from unrelated causes, and necropsy revealed no evidence of recurrence of neoplasia. This is the first documentation of surgical treatment of a melanophoroma in A calva . DA - 2022/8/22/ PY - 2022/8/22/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.474 VL - 8 SP - SN - 2052-6121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between hearing, cognitive function, and quality of life in aging companion dogs AU - Fefer, Gilad AU - Khan, Michael Z. AU - Panek, Wojciech K. AU - Case, Beth AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Elderly people with presbycusis are at higher risk for dementia and depression than the general population. There is no information regarding consequences of presbycusis in dogs.Evaluate the relationship between cognitive function, quality of life, and hearing loss in aging companion dogs.Thirty-nine elderly companion dogs.Prospective study. Hearing was evaluated using brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) testing. Dogs were grouped by hearing ability. Owners completed the canine dementia scale (CADES) and canine owner-reported quality of life (CORQ) questionnaire. Cognitive testing was performed, and cognitive testing outcomes, CADES and CORQ scores and age were compared between hearing groups.Nineteen dogs could hear at 50 dB, 12 at 70 dB, and 8 at 90 dB with mean ages (months) of 141 ± 14, 160 ± 16, and 172 ± 15 for each group respectively (P = .0002). Vitality and companionship CORQ scores were significantly lower as hearing deteriorated (6.6-5.4, 50-90 dB group, P = .03 and 6.9-6.2, 50-90 dB group, P = .02, respectively). Cognitive classification by CADES was abnormal in all 90 dB group dogs and normal in 3/12 70 dB group and 11/19 50 dB group dogs (P = .0004). Performance on inhibitory control, detour and sustained gaze tasks decreased significantly with hearing loss (P = .001, P = .008, P = .002, respectively). In multivariate analysis, higher CADES score was associated with worse hearing (P = .01).Presbycusis negatively alters owner-pet interactions and is associated with poor executive performance and owner-assessed dementia severity. DA - 2022/8/6/ PY - 2022/8/6/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16510 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16510 KW - canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome KW - CCDS KW - cognitive testing KW - dementia KW - presbycusis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alterations to the synovial invaginations of the navicular bone are associated with pathology of both the navicular apparatus and distal interphalangeal joint when evaluated using high field MRI AU - McParland, Thomas J. AU - Horne, Caitlyn R. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. AU - Nelson, Nathan C. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Limited information exists regarding associations between distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) abnormalities and synovial invagination changes in the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. This retrospective, analytical study aimed to measure specific characteristics of the synovial invaginations of the navicular bone to determine whether any single characteristic was associated with abnormalities in the DIPJ or navicular apparatus (NA) using high field MRI and a sample of 200 horses' feet. The DIPJ and NA were graded independently by three scorers. The grades were averaged, creating a global pathology score for the DIPJ, NA, and synovial invaginations. Higher global scores represented more severe pathology. The number of invaginations, depth of penetration, invagination shape, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the largest invagination were recorded. Interobserver agreement was measured using Cohen's Kappa. Associations of global scores of the DIPJ and NA with individual invagination characteristics were assessed using linear mixed modeling. A significant relationship was found between the number of invaginations and global DIPJ score, with higher invagination numbers associated with higher DIPJ scores. For invagination depth and CSA, a significant relationship was noted with global scores of both the DIPJ and NA. Reliable relationships between the shape of synovial invaginations and global scores of DIPJ and NA were not found, likely due to poor interobserver scoring (0.305). These findings suggest that primary DIPJ disease and NA pathology should be considered when noticing alterations to navicular synovial invaginations on MRI. This contrasts traditional views that synovial invagination abnormalities are indicative solely of NA pathology. DA - 2022/8/15/ PY - 2022/8/15/ DO - 10.1111/vru.13140 SP - SN - 1740-8261 KW - distal sesamoid bone KW - foot KW - horse KW - imaging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveitis by intravitreal AAV-Equine-IL10 gene therapy AU - Crabtree, Elizabeth AU - Uribe, Katy AU - Smith, Sara M. AU - Roberts, Darby AU - Salmon, Jacklyn H. AU - Bower, Jacquelyn J. AU - Song, Liujiang AU - Bastola, Prabhakar AU - Hirsch, Matthew L. AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, painful, and vision threatening disease affecting up to 25% of equine populations worldwide. Current treatments of ERU are non-specific and have many side effects which limits them to short-term use. In order to develop an effective therapy for ERU, we investigated the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy, exploiting a natural immune tolerance mechanism induced by equine interleukin-10 (Equine-IL10). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a single intravitreal (IVT) dose of AAV8-Equine-IL10 gene therapy for inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in rats. Each rat was dosed intravitreally (IVT) in both eyes with either balanced salt solution (BSS) (control; n = 4), AAV8-Equine-IL10 at a low dose (2.4x10 9 vg; n = 5) or high dose (2.4x10 10 vg; n = 5). EAU was induced in all groups of rats 7 days after IVT injections and euthanized 21 days post-injection. Ophthalmic examination and aqueous humor (AH) cell counts were recorded with the observer blinded to the treatment groups. Histopathology and qPCR were performed on selected ocular tissues. Data presented herein demonstrate that AAV8-Equine-IL10 treated rats exhibited a significant decrease in clinical inflammatory scores and AH cell counts compared to BSS-treated EAU eyes on days 10, 12 and 14 post EAU induction at both administered vector doses. Mean cellular histologic infiltrative scores were also significantly less in AAV8-Equine-IL10 dosed rats compared to the BSS group. Intravitreal injection of AAV8-Equine-IL10 resulted in Equine-IL10 cDNA expression in the ciliary body, retina, cornea, and optic nerve in a dose-dependent manner. A single IVT injection of AAV8-Equine-IL10 appeared to be well-tolerated and inhibited EAU even at the lowest administered dose. These results demonstrate safety and efficacy of AAV8-Equine-IL10 to prevent EAU and support continued exploration of AAV gene therapy for the treatment of equine and perhaps human recurrent uveitis. DA - 2022/8/18/ PY - 2022/8/18/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0270972 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270972 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electroencephalographic signatures of dogs with presumptive diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Gutierrez, Mary AU - Gonzalez, Camila AU - Mateos, Diego AU - Torterolo, Pablo AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Delucchi, Luis T2 - RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease considered the canine analog of early Alzheimer's disease (AD). Unfortunately, CCD cannot be cured. However, early therapeutic interventions can slow the progression of cognitive decline and improve quality of life of the patients; therefore, early diagnosis is ideal. In humans, electroencephalogram (EEG) findings specific to AD have been described, and some of them have successfully detect early stages of the disease. In this study we characterized the EEG correlates of CCD, and we compared them with the EEGs of healthy aging dogs and dogs at risk of developing CCD. EEG recordings were performed in 25 senior dogs during wakefulness. Dogs were categorized in normal, at risk of CCD or with CCD according to their score in the Rofina questionnaire. We demonstrated that, quantitative EEG can detect differences between normal dogs and dogs with CCD. Dogs with CCD experience a reduction in beta and gamma interhemispheric coherence, and higher Joint Lempel Ziv complexity. Dogs at risk of developing CCD, had higher alpha power and interhemispheric coherence, making these features potential markers of early stages of the disease. These results demonstrate that quantitative EEG analysis could aid the diagnosis of CCD, and reinforce the CCD as a translational model of early AD. DA - 2022/12// PY - 2022/12// DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.024 VL - 150 SP - 36-43 SN - 1532-2661 KW - Aging KW - Alzheimer'sdisease KW - Onehealth KW - Cognition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Corneal Cells: Current Status and Application AU - Mahmood, Nasif AU - Suh, Taylor Cook AU - Ali, Kiran M. AU - Sefat, Eelya AU - Jahan, Ummay Mowshome AU - Huang, Yihan AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Gluck, Jessica M. T2 - STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS DA - 2022/8/1/ PY - 2022/8/1/ DO - 10.1007/s12015-022-10435-8 VL - 8 SP - SN - 2629-3277 KW - Cornea KW - Corneal tissue engineering KW - Induced pluripotent stem cells KW - Differentiation KW - Limbal stem cell deficiency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multidrug resistance and virulence genes carried by mobile genomic elements in Salmonella enterica isolated from live food animals, processed, and retail meat in North Carolina, 2018-2019 AU - Hull, Dawn M. AU - Harrell, Erin AU - Harden, Lyndy AU - Thakur, Siddhartha T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB - An estimated 1000,000 domestic salmonellosis cases are attributed to food as a vehicle of exposure. Among Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)-regulated products, approximately 360,000 salmonellosis cases are associated with consumption of meat, poultry, and egg products. Salmonella vaccination programs instituted in U.S. poultry, cattle, and swine production have effectively reduced the prevalence of common Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Choleraesuis (swine), and Dublin (cattle) in the past several years, with some evidence of cross-immunity to other serovars. This study investigated S. enterica (n = 741) from live food animals, meat carcasses at production, and retail meat in North Carolina collected January 2018 to December 2019. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics were used to molecularly characterize and compare AMR profiles, virulence, and phylogeny of Salmonella at three stages of food processing. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) plasmids identified also contained the integrase recombinase virulence factor int associated with mobile integrons, qacE conferred quaternary ammonia resistance, and diverse AMR profiles. MDR Plasmid IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3_JN233704, with virulence factor int had 51 different AMR profiles within poultry S. enterica Infantis isolates. Plasmid-mediated virulence factors also appear to provide a fitness advantage, as the dominant S. enterica serotype Kentucky in chicken retail meat held the greatest diversity of plasmid-mediated colicin virulence genes which are often upregulated by environmental stressors and confer a competitive advantage. Mobile genetic element recombination is increasing pathogen fitness in the food chain through the dissemination of virulence factors and resistance genes to clinically important antibiotics, posing a significant threat to human health. DA - 2022/10/2/ PY - 2022/10/2/ DO - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109821 VL - 378 SP - SN - 1879-3460 KW - Whole-genome sequencing KW - Plasmid assembly KW - Bioinformatics KW - Pathogen fitness KW - Food safety ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the influence of cell-cell contact and TGF-beta signaling on the epithelial mesenchymal transition in MCF7 breast carcinoma cells AU - Gasior, Kelsey AU - Hauck, Marlene AU - Bhattacharya, Sudin T2 - JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY AB - The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cells lose their adhesive nature and gain the migratory properties associated with mesenchymal cells. This transition allows cells to migrate away from a primary tumor while maintaining their newly acquired invasive behavior, suggesting that there is a bistable switch between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. In recent experimental work, we found evidence of this bistability in the MCF7 breast carcinoma cell line (Gasior et al., 2019). Underlying the complex processes governing EMT, we identify a feedback loop between E-cadherin, a protein involved in cellular adhesion, and Slug, a transcription factor that is upregulated during EMT. Here, we present a simple mathematical model that examines the relationship between E-cadherin and Slug in response to pro-epithelial and pro-mesenchymal factors, cell-cell contact and TGF-β, respectively. We hypothesize that cell-cell contact is a critical component in the transition from the epithelial to the mesenchymal phenotype and that it is possible to initiate EMT with the loss of cell-cell contact or the activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway. We propose a reversible bistable switch in response to a loss of cell-cell contact but an irreversible bistable switch when the cell is exposed to TGF-β. Taken together, this model shows that acquiring and retaining invasive behavior by cells with high levels of cell-cell contact is not impossible but, instead, depends on the cooperation between the two switches. The predictions of this model for E-cadherin and Slug levels were compared against relative gene expression data from our recent experiments with MCF7 cells (Gasior et al., 2019). Our model works well to predict E-cadherin and Slug mRNA expression in low confluence experiments, while also highlighting issues that arise when comparing experimental results to theoretical predictions. DA - 2022/8/7/ PY - 2022/8/7/ DO - 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111160 VL - 546 SP - SN - 1095-8541 KW - Epithelial mesenchymal transition KW - Bistable switch KW - TGF-beta KW - Cell-cell contact KW - Breast carcinoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outcomes of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicosis treated with therapeutic plasma exchange in 62 dogs AU - Butty, Emmanuelle M. AU - Suter, Steven E. AU - Chalifoux, Nolan V AU - Lynch, Alex M. AU - Mauro, Katie D. AU - Moyle, Rachel B. AU - Ehrhardt, Caryn M. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Culler, Christine A. AU - Londono, Leonel A. AU - Vigani, Alessio AU - Ueda, Yu AU - Labato, Mary A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is gaining popularity for the management of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) overdose in dogs.Describe a population of dogs treated with TPE for NSAID overdose.Sixty-two dogs with NSAID overdose treated with TPE.Multicenter retrospective study of dogs treated with TPE for ibuprofen, carprofen, or naproxen overdose.The median dose of ibuprofen, carprofen or naproxen ingested was 533 mg/kg (range, 36-4857 mg/kg), 217 mg/kg (range, 88-625 mg/kg) and 138 mg/kg (range, 26-3000 mg/kg), respectively. Based on previously established toxic ranges for each NSAID, 2 (3.2%), 14 (22.6%), and 46 (74.2%) dogs ingested a gastrointestinal, renal, and neurological toxic dose, respectively. The median time between ingestion and presentation was 4 hours (range, 1-20 hours). The median number of plasma volumes processed was 1.6 (range, 0.4-2.2). The median TPE session duration was 2 hours (range, 1-4.5 hours). Circuit clotting developed during 8 (12.9%) sessions. Patient adverse events reported during 21 (33.8%) sessions consisted of urticaria (12.9%), asymptomatic hypocalcemia (9.6%), and hypotension (9.6%). The median duration of hospitalization was 2.25 days (range, 1-11 days). Sixty-one (98.4%) dogs survived to discharge, and none were rehospitalized. Thirty-one (91.1%) of the 34 dogs with at least 1 follow-up visit were not azotemic at the time of reevaluation.This population of dogs managed with TPE had excellent outcomes, even in cases of high NSAID dose ingestion. When TPE is available and the time frame is appropriate, this extracorporeal modality should be considered for the management of NSAID overdose. DA - 2022/8/5/ PY - 2022/8/5/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16507 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - carprofen KW - ibuprofen KW - naproxen KW - NSAID KW - TPE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Of Elephants and Other Mammals: A Comparative Review of Reproductive Tumors and Potential Impact on Conservation AU - Abegglen, Lisa M. AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Fowles, Jared S. AU - Troan, Brigid V AU - Kiso, Wendy K. AU - Schmitt, Dennis AU - Boddy, Amy M. AU - Schiffman, Joshua D. T2 - ANIMALS AB - Reproductive tumors can impact conception, pregnancy, and birth in mammals. These impacts are well documented in humans, while data in other mammals are limited. An urgent need exists to understand the reproductive impact of these lesions in endangered species, because some endangered species have a documented high prevalence of reproductive tumors. This article documents that the prevalence of both benign and malignant neoplasia differs between African and Asian elephants, with Asian elephants more frequently diagnosed and negatively affected by both. The prevalence of these tumors across mammalian species is compared, and impact plus treatment options in human medicine are reviewed to inform decision making in elephants. Evidence suggests that reproductive tumors can negatively impact elephant conservation. Future studies that document reproductive outcomes, including the success of various treatment approaches in elephants with tumors will benefit conservation efforts. DA - 2022/8// PY - 2022/8// DO - 10.3390/ani12152005 VL - 12 IS - 15 SP - SN - 2076-2615 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/15/2005 KW - Elephas maximus KW - Loxodonta africana KW - fertility KW - leiomyoma KW - neoplasia KW - prevention KW - treatment KW - uterine KW - fibroid KW - comparative oncology ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2022 Update of the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics and Thrombolytics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) Domain 6: Defining rational use of thrombolytics AU - Sharp, Claire R. AU - Blais, Marie-Claude AU - Boyd, Corrin J. AU - Brainard, Benjamin M. AU - Chan, Daniel L. AU - Laforcade, Armelle AU - Goggs, Robert AU - Guillaumin, Julien AU - Lynch, Alex AU - Mays, Erin AU - McBride, Duana AU - Rosati, Tommaso AU - Rozanski, Elizabeth A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE AB - Abstract Objectives To systematically review available evidence and establish guidelines related to the use of thrombolytics for the management of small animals with suspected or confirmed thrombosis. Design PICO (Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome) questions were formulated, and worksheets completed as part of a standardized and systematic literature evaluation. The population of interest included dogs and cats (considered separately) and arterial and venous thrombosis. The interventions assessed were the use of thrombolytics, compared to no thrombolytics, with or without anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents. Specific protocols for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator were also evaluated. Outcomes assessed included efficacy and safety. Relevant articles were categorized according to level of evidence, quality, and as to whether they supported, were neutral to, or opposed the PICO questions. Conclusions from the PICO worksheets were used to draft guidelines, which were subsequently refined via Delphi surveys undertaken by the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics and Thrombolytics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) working group. Results Fourteen PICO questions were developed, generating 14 guidelines. The majority of the literature addressing the PICO questions in dogs is experimental studies (level of evidence 3), thus providing insufficient evidence to determine if thrombolysis improves patient‐centered outcomes. In cats, literature was more limited and often neutral to the PICO questions, precluding strong evidence‐based recommendations for thrombolytic use. Rather, for both species, suggestions are made regarding considerations for when thrombolytic drugs may be considered, the combination of thrombolytics with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs, and the choice of thrombolytic agent. Conclusions Substantial additional research is needed to address the role of thrombolytics for the treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis in dogs and cats. Clinical trials with patient‐centered outcomes will be most valuable for addressing knowledge gaps in the field. DA - 2022/7// PY - 2022/7// DO - 10.1111/vec.13227 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 446-470 SN - 1476-4431 KW - anticoagulant KW - antiplatelet agent KW - cats KW - dogs KW - thrombosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inter-pathologist agreement on diagnosis, classification and grading of canine glioma AU - Krane, Gregory A. AU - Shockley, Keith R. AU - Malarkey, David E. AU - Miller, Andrew D. AU - Miller, C. Ryan AU - Tokarz, Debra A. AU - Jensen, Heather L. AU - Janardhan, Kyathanahalli S. AU - Breen, Matthew AU - Mariani, Christopher L. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - Histopathological evaluation of tumours is a subjective process, but studies of inter-pathologist agreement are uncommon in veterinary medicine. The Comparative Brain Tumour Consortium (CBTC) recently published diagnostic criteria for canine gliomas. Our objective was to assess the degree of inter-pathologist agreement on intracranial canine gliomas, utilising the CBTC diagnostic criteria in a cohort of eighty-five samples from dogs with an archival diagnosis of intracranial glioma. Five pathologists independently reviewed H&E and immunohistochemistry sections and provided a diagnosis and grade. Percentage agreement and kappa statistics were calculated to measure inter-pathologist agreement between pairs and amongst the entire group. A consensus diagnosis of glioma subtype and grade was achieved for 71/85 (84%) cases. For these cases, percentage agreement on combined diagnosis (subtype and grade), subtype only and grade only were 66%, 80% and 82%, respectively. Kappa statistics for the same were 0.466, 0.542 and 0.516, respectively. Kappa statistics for oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma and undefined glioma were 0.585, 0.566 and 0.280 and were 0.516 for both low-grade and high-grade tumours. Kappa statistics amongst pairs of pathologists for combined diagnosis varied from 0.352 to 0.839. 8 % of archival oligodendrogliomas and 61% of archival astrocytomas were reclassified as another entity after review. Inter-pathologist agreement utilising CBTC guidelines for canine glioma was moderate overall but varied from fair to almost perfect between pairs of pathologists. Agreement was similar for oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas but lower for undefined gliomas. These results are similar to pathologist agreement in human glioma studies and with other tumour entities in veterinary medicine. DA - 2022/7/30/ PY - 2022/7/30/ DO - 10.1111/vco.12853 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1476-5829 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vco.12853 KW - brain KW - cancer KW - dog KW - histopathology KW - immunohistochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Platelet Priming and Activation in Naturally Occurring Thermal Burn Injuries and Wildfire Smoke Exposure Is Associated With Intracardiac Thrombosis and Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast in Feline Survivors AU - Tan, Avalene W. K. AU - Li, Ronald H. L. AU - Ueda, Yu AU - Stern, Joshua A. AU - Hussain, Mehrab AU - Haginoya, Satoshi AU - Sharpe, Ashely N. AU - Gunther-Harrington, Catherine T. AU - Epstein, Steven E. AU - Nguyen, Nghi T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - Wildfires pose a major health risk for humans, wildlife, and domestic animals. We previously discovered pathophysiologic parallels between domestic cats with naturally occurring smoke inhalation and thermal burn injuries and human beings with similar injuries; these were characterized by transient myocardial thickening, cardiac troponin I elevation and formation of intracardiac thrombosis. While the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, results from murine models suggest that platelet priming and activation may contribute to a global hypercoagulable state and thrombosis. Herein, we evaluated and compared the degree of platelet activation, platelet response to physiologic agonists and levels of platelet-derived microvesicles (PDMV) in 29 cats with naturally occurring wildfire thermal injuries (WF), 21 clinically healthy cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and 11 healthy cats without HCM (CC). We also quantified and compared circulating PDMVs in WF cats to CC cats. In addition, we examined the association between thrombotic events, severity of burn injuries, myocardial changes, and the degree of platelet activation in cats exposed to wildfires. Flow cytometric detection of platelet surface P-selectin expression showed that WF cats had increased platelet response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin compared to the two control groups indicating the presence of primed platelets in circulation. In addition, cats in the WF group had increased circulating levels of PDMV, characterized by increased phosphatidylserine on the external leaflet. Cats in the WF group with documented intracardiac thrombosis had elevated platelet activation and platelet priming in the presence of ADP. While high dose arachidonic acid (AA) mostly resulted in platelet inhibition, persistent response to AA was noted among cats in the WF group with intracardiac thrombosis. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated that increased platelet response to AA was independently associated with thrombotic events. This is the first study reporting the significant association between platelet priming and intracardiac thrombosis in domestic cats with naturally occurring wildfire-related injuries and smoke inhalation. Further studies are required to delineate additional mechanisms between inflammation and thrombosis, especially regarding platelet primers and the cyclooxygenase pathway.Platelet activation and shedding of platelet-derived microvesicles due to platelet priming is present following naturally occurring wildfire smoke exposure and thermal burn injuries in a population of domestic cats. DA - 2022/7/14/ PY - 2022/7/14/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.892377 VL - 9 SP - J2 - Front. Vet. Sci. OP - SN - 2297-1769 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.892377 DB - Crossref KW - hypercoagulability KW - primary hemostasis KW - particulate matter <2 KW - 5 mu m (PM) 2.5 KW - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) KW - thromboembolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinary house officer perceptions of dimensions of well-being during postgraduate training AU - McPhetridge, Jourdan B. AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Dickson, Rachel AU - Thieman, Kelley M. AU - Oblak, Michelle L. AU - Regier, Penny J. AU - Skinner, Owen T. AU - Tinga, Selena AU - Townsend, Katy L. AU - Wallace, Mandy L. AU - Walton, Rebecca AU - Marks, Steven L. AU - Nelson, Laura T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe veterinary house officers’ perceptions of dimensions of well-being during postgraduate training and to identify potential areas for targeted intervention. SAMPLE 303 house officers. PROCEDURES A 62-item questionnaire was generated by use of an online platform and sent to house officers at participating institutions in October 2020. Responses were analyzed for trends and associations between selected variables. RESULTS 239 residents, 45 rotating interns, and 19 specialty interns responded to the survey. The majority of house officers felt that their training program negatively interfered with their exercise habits, diet, and social engagement. House officers reported engaging in exercise significantly less during times of clinical responsibility, averaging 1.6 exercise sessions/wk (SD ± 0.8) on clinical duty and 2.4 exercise sessions/wk (SD ± 0.9) when not on clinical duty ( P < 0.001). Ninety-four percent of respondents reported experiencing some degree of anxiety regarding their physical health, and 95% of house officers reported feeling some degree of anxiety regarding their current financial situation. Overall, 47% reported that their work-life balance was unsustainable for > 1 year; there was no association between specialty and sustainability of work-life balance. Most house officers were satisfied with their current training program, level of clinical responsibility, and mentorship. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Veterinary house officers demonstrated a poor balance between the demands of postgraduate training and maintenance of personal health. Thoughtful interventions are needed to support the well-being of veterinary house officers. DA - 2022/8/1/ PY - 2022/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.21.05.0233 VL - 260 IS - 11 SP - 1369-1376 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathology in Practice AU - Souza Teixeira Campos, Maria Eduarda AU - Barrantes Murillo, Daniel Felipe AU - Roessner, Holly AU - Ruff, Jennifer AU - Negrao Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2022/8/1/ PY - 2022/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.22.03.0100 VL - 260 IS - 11 SP - 1305-1307 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sleep patterns, fatigue, and working hours among veterinary house officers: a cross-sectional survey study AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - McPhetridge, Jourdan B. AU - Dickson, Rachel T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the sleep patterns, working hours, and perceptions of fatigue among veterinary house officers and to identify potential areas for targeted intervention to improve well-being. SAMPLE 303 house officers. PROCEDURES A 62-item questionnaire was generated by use of an online platform and sent to veterinary house officers at participating institutions via email. Responses were analyzed for trends and associations between variables of interest. RESULTS The mean age of respondents was 30 ± 3.7 years. Participants included 239 residents and 64 interns. House officers slept significantly less during times when they had clinical responsibilities compared to off-clinic time (6.0 hours vs 7.5 hours, respectively; P < 0.01). The majority of house officers reported working 11 to 13 hours on a typical weekday (58% [174/302]), and 32% reported clinical responsibilities 7 d/wk. Working hours were negatively related to sleep quantity (Pearson correlation coefficient, −0.54; P < 0.01), and perceived sleep quality was worse when on call ( P < 0.01). The majority of house officers felt that fatigue negatively interfered with their technical skills, clinical judgment, and ability to empathize to some extent in the previous 4 weeks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most house officers fail to obtain sufficient sleep for optimal cognitive function and physical and mental health. Working hours and on call may be important factors contributing to the sleep patterns of veterinary house officers, and training program structure should be critically evaluated to promote protected time for sleep. DA - 2022/8/1/ PY - 2022/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.21.05.0234 VL - 260 IS - 11 SP - 1377-1385 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel subcutaneous cytarabine infusion with the Omnipod system in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology AU - Mancini, Shelby L. AU - Early, Peter J. AU - Slater, Bailey M. AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Mariani, Christopher L. AU - Munana, Karen R. AU - Woelfel, Christian W. AU - Schacher, Jordan A. AU - Zhong, Li AU - Messenger, Kristen M. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility and pharmacokinetics of cytarabine delivery as a subcutaneous continuous-rate infusion with the Omnipod system. ANIMALS 6 client-owned dogs diagnosed with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology were enrolled through the North Carolina State University Veterinary Hospital. PROCEDURES Cytarabine was delivered at a rate of 50 mg/m 2 /hour as an SC continuous-rate infusion over 8 hours using the Omnipod system. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 hours after initiation of the infusion. Plasma cytarabine concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A nonlinear mixed-effects approach generated population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates. RESULTS The mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 7,510 ng/mL (range, 5,040 to 9,690 ng/mL; SD, 1,912.41 ng/mL), average time to Cmax was 7 hours (range, 4 to 8 hours; SD, 1.67 hours), terminal half-life was 1.13 hours (SD, 0.29 hour), and the mean area under the curve was 52,996.82 hours X μg/mL (range, 35,963.67 to 71,848.37 hours X μg/mL; SD, 12,960.90 hours X μg/mL). Cmax concentrations for all dogs were more than 1,000 ng/mL (1.0 μg/mL) at the 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-hour time points. CLINICAL RELEVANCE An SC continuous-rate infusion of cytarabine via the Omnipod system is feasible in dogs and was able to achieve a steady-state concentration of more than 1 μg/mL 4 to 10 hours postinitiation of cytarabine and a Cmax of 7,510 ng/mL (range, 5,040 to 9,690 ng/mL; SD, 1,912.41 ng/mL). These are comparable to values reported previously with IV continuous-rate infusion administration in healthy research Beagles and dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0046 VL - 83 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complete Blood Counts and Blood Smear Analyses in 312 Diabetic Dogs (2007-2017) AU - Slead, Tanner S. AU - Woolcock, Andrew D. AU - Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine AU - Messick, Joanne B. AU - Moore, George E. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in dogs that has been associated with various biochemical changes and comorbid diseases, but hematologic abnormalities have been rarely reported. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate complete blood count and blood smear alterations and to describe their relationship with, and incidence of comorbid diseases in, diabetic dogs. Three-hundred twelve diabetic dogs, 286 dogs diagnosed with systemic, nondiabetic illnesses, and 506 healthy dogs were identified during the study period. Groups were compared using contingency tables and logistic regression. Associations between statistically significant complete blood count and blood smear alterations and comorbidities were evaluated using multivariable analysis. High-grade codocytosis and anisocytosis were identified more frequently in diabetic dogs, whereas high-grade reactive lymphocytosis and keratocytosis were identified less frequently (P < .001). Diabetic dogs with high-grade codocytosis had lower red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit and higher white blood cell counts (P < .001). Diabetic ketoacidosis was diagnosed more frequently in diabetic dogs with high-grade codocytosis when compared with those with low-grade codocytosis (P < .001) or when compared with any other cell morphologic alterations. This study suggests that blood smear analysis should be a routine part of the evaluation of diabetic dogs. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7230 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 180-188 SN - 1547-3317 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Superficial digital flexor tendon graft augmentation improves the tensile strength and resistance to gap formation following primary gastrocnemius tendon repair in dogs AU - DiMichele, Julianna K. AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Moore, George E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) graft augmentation on the biomechanical properties and resistance to gap formation in a canine gastrocnemius tendon repair model. SAMPLE POPULATION 28 canine cadaveric hind limbs. PROCEDURES Respective hindlimbs from each dog were randomized to one of two groups (n = 14/group) using a 3-loop–pulley (3LP) pattern alone or 3LP + SDFT graft augmentation. Biomechanical parameters evaluated included yield, peak, and failure loads; tensile loads required to create 1- and 3-mm gap formations; and mode of construct failure. RESULTS Mean yield and failure loads for the 3LP + SDFT graft group were 483.6 ± 148.0 N and 478.3 ± 147.9 N, respectively, and were greater compared to the 3LP group (34.2 ± 6.7 N and 34.0 ± 8.0 N, P < .0001). Loads to both 1- and 3-mm gap formations for the 3LP + SDFT graft group were greater compared to 3LP alone ( P < .001). Failure modes did not differ between groups ( P = .120), with constructs failing most commonly by suture pulling through opposed tendinous tissues whereas SDFT grafts remained intact. CLINICAL RELEVANCE SDFT graft augmentation increased yield, peak, and failure forces 14-fold across all examined biomechanical variables compared to the 3LP group. The 3LP + SDFT graft group required 3.6X and 6.5X greater loads to cause a 1- and 3-mm gap, respectively, between tendon ends. These data support the biomechanical advantages of SDFT graft augmentation to increase repair-site strength and to promote resistance to gap formation of the tenorrhaphy. Additional in vivo studies are required to determine the effect of SDFT augmentation on clinical function and active limb use after graft harvest in dogs. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0039 VL - 83 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loop diameter of a modified Kessler locking-loop suture affects in vitro tensile strength and gapping characteristics of canine flexor tendon repairs AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Moore, George E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of loop diameter of a modified Kessler locking-loop (LL) suture on in vitro tensile strength and gapping characteristics of canine flexor tendon repairs. SAMPLE 48 cadaveric superficial digital flexor tendons from 24 adult medium- to large-breed dogs. PROCEDURES Flexor tendons were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 12/group) and repaired with 2-0 polypropylene in a LL pattern with loops measuring 1, 2, 3, or 4 mm in diameter. Biomechanical loads, gap formation between tendon ends, and failure modes were evaluated and compared between groups. RESULTS Increasing loop diameter from 1 to 4 mm significantly increased yield ( P = .048), peak ( P < .001), and failure ( P < .001) loads. There were no significant differences in yield, peak, and failure loads between 1- and 2-mm loops. Load to 3-mm gap formation was significantly ( P < .001) greater for 4-mm loops, compared with 1-, 2-, and 3-mm loops. Failure mode did not differ significantly among experimental groups, with 46 of 48 (96%) of constructs failing because of suture breakage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Loop diameter of a LL suture pattern is an important biomechanical variable that influences construct biomechanics of canine tendon suture repairs. Loop diameters > 3 mm are recommended when the size of the tendon allows. Further studies are necessary to determine the in vivo effect of these findings, particularly the effects on tendon blood supply. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0212 VL - 83 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beta defensins as biomarkers: detectable in LPS-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal, aseptic, and probable septic equine synovial fluid AU - Boger, Brooke L. AU - Manfredi, Jane M. AU - Yob, Chelsey AU - Weber, Patty Sue D. AU - Jacobs, Carrie C. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVES Diagnosis of equine septic arthritis is not straightforward, and increasing time between onset, diagnosis, and treatment can have serious consequences for quality of life. Defensins are used in diagnosis of human joint infection. The presence of beta defensins (BDs) in equine synovial fluid and their utility as a biomarker of sepsis has not been investigated; therefore, our objectives were to (1) compare in vitro gene expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine neutrophils to unstimulated neutrophils and (2) compare BD protein expression from normal, aseptically inflamed, and septic equine joints. ANIMALS 5 horses for isolated neutrophil BD expression and 21 synovial fluid samples from 14 horses. PROCEDURES RT-qPCR analysis was performed for BD gene expression of stimulated and unstimulated equine peripheral neutrophils. BD protein expression was evaluated from equine joints with no disease, aseptic inflammation, and septic inflammation using a commercial ELISA designed for horses and analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test (significant at P < .05). RESULTS A significant increase was noted in expression of BD-3 in LPS stimulated as compared to unstimulated neutrophils. There were no significant differences in BD expression noted between joints with no disease, aseptic inflammation, and septic inflammation. Low case numbers and different types of cases in the aseptic inflammation group were main limitations. BD expression patterns in samples from stimulated equine peripheral neutrophils and synovial fluid were identified. CLINICAL RELEVANCE BDs are detectable in equine synovial fluid and can be stimulated from peripheral neutrophils. Further examination is needed to define their role as biomarkers of joint disease. DA - 2022/9// PY - 2022/9// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0204 VL - 83 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of proton pump inhibitor administration in hospitalized dogs in a tertiary referral hospital AU - Duxbury, Samantha AU - Sorah, Emily AU - Tolbert, M. Katherine T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly administered to hospitalized dogs, prescribing patterns and appropriateness of use require continued investigation. Hypothesis/Objective Describe prescription patterns and appropriateness of use associated with PPIs in hospitalized dogs at a single tertiary care facility. We hypothesized that the majority of prescriptions would not comply with current guidelines for the rational use of acid suppressants. Animals Two hundred randomly selected hospitalized dogs. Methods Retrospective evaluation of the medical records associated with a randomly selected sample of hospitalized dogs that received PPIs between January 2013 and December 2018. Results A total of 12 610 dogs were admitted for first‐time hospitalization between January 2013 and December 2018. Forty percent of these dogs (5062/12610) were prescribed a PPI PO or IV. Of the 200 randomly selected records, an adequate indication for use was identified in 27% of dogs (54/200). Of the dogs surviving to discharge, 54% (95/175) were discharged with a PPI and 51.6% (49/95) of those were prescribed an inadequate dose. Conclusions and Importance Our findings support other studies in which the majority of PPI prescriptions for hospitalized dogs at a tertiary care hospital lacked an appropriate indication. Furthermore, analysis of the prescribing patterns of dispensed PPIs identified a frequent occurrence of dosages considered inadequate, raising concern for ineffective treatment even with appropriate indications of use. With growing concern of adverse effects associated with PPI and other acid suppressant administration in human and veterinary medicine, rational use of these medications following consensus guidelines should be emphasized and treatment should be reserved for dogs with historical, physical examination, clinicopathologic, and imaging findings supportive of an appropriate indication for use. DA - 2022/7/22/ PY - 2022/7/22/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16491 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - acid suppressant KW - canine KW - gastroprotectant KW - omeprazole KW - pantoprazole ER - TY - JOUR TI - Caudal and middle segmental mandibulectomies for the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis in cats AU - Villamizar-Martinez, Lenin A. AU - Ferro, Daniel G. AU - Carvalho, Vanessa G. AU - Ferreira, Jonathan AU - Reiter, Alexander M. T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY OPEN REPORTS AB - Three cats affected by unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis underwent segmental mandibulectomy, while one cat with bilateral ankylosis underwent right temporomandibular joint gap arthroplasty and left segmental mandibulectomy. Minimal intraoperative complications were linked to the segmental mandibulectomies in the cases reported. All cats recovered their ability to open the mouth, and the vertical range of motion was unaltered during the postoperative period. Mandibular drift and dental malocclusion were the main postoperative complications related to the segmental mandibulectomies.Surgical excision of ankylotic tissue at the temporomandibular joint region may be technically challenging and associated with severe iatrogenic trauma of surrounding tissues. The results of this case series suggest that middle or caudal segmental mandibulectomy is a safe, feasible and effective surgical procedure to treat unilateral temporomandibular ankylosis in cats and could be considered as an alternative surgical technique to surgical excision of ankylotic tissue at the temporomandibular joint. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1177/20551169221086438 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2055-1169 KW - Ankylosis KW - temporomandibular joint KW - mandibulectomy KW - osteotomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute nephrotic-range glomerular proteinuria following ibuprofen intoxication in two cats AU - Herrero, Yaiza AU - Iannucci, Claudia AU - Schreiber, Nora AU - Hansen, Bernard D. AU - Vigani, Alessio T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY OPEN REPORTS AB - Case series summary In this report we describe the origin of protein loss and development of acute kidney injury after ibuprofen intoxication in two cats. Two 13-month-old neutered male domestic shorthair siblings were presented with acute kidney injury (AKI) and severe glomerular proteinuria following witnessed ibuprofen intoxication 3 days prior. Both cats presented with severe azotaemia (creatinine >900 µmol/l [>10 mg/dl]) and severe proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine [UPC] >20, normal <0.5). Urine protein electrophoresis upon presentation revealed mainly albumin and primary glomerular protein losses. The proteinuria and azotaemia resolved completely within 5 days of hospital treatment (8 days after ingestion). Urine protein electrophoresis, once the azotaemia and proteinuria resolved (UPC 0.11; normal <0.5), had a similar pattern to the one from admission. Both cats made a full recovery with supportive care. Relevance and novel information This is the first clinical report of AKI with nephrotic-range protein losses following ibuprofen intoxication in cats. We propose that this finding is due to idiosyncratic glomerular injury, as described in humans. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1177/20551169221104551 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2055-1169 KW - Ibuprofen KW - proteinuria KW - toxicity KW - nephrotic ER - TY - JOUR TI - ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of acute canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion AU - Olby, NJ AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Moore, Sarah AU - Brisson, Brigitte AU - Fenn, Joe AU - Flegel, Thomas AU - Kortz, G AU - Lewis, Melissa J AU - Tipold, Andrea T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL‐IVDE) is the most common cause of acute paraparesis and paraplegia in dogs; however, guidelines on management of the condition are lacking. Objectives To summarize the current literature as it relates to diagnosis and management of acute TL‐IVDE in dogs, and to formulate clinically relevant evidence‐based recommendations. Animals None. Methods A panel of 8 experts was convened to assess and summarize evidence from the peer‐reviewed literature in order to develop consensus clinical recommendations. Level of evidence available to support each recommendation was assessed and reported. Results The majority of available literature described observational studies. Most recommendations made by the panel were supported by a low or moderate level of evidence, and several areas of high need for further study were identified. These include better understanding of the ideal timing for surgical decompression, expected surgical vs medical outcomes for more mildly affected dogs, impact of durotomy on locomotor outcome and development of progressive myelomalacia, and refining of postoperative care, and genetic and preventative care studies. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Future efforts should build on current recommendations by conducting prospective studies and randomized controlled trials, where possible, to address identified gaps in knowledge and to develop cost effectiveness and number needed to treat studies supporting various aspects of diagnosis and treatment of TL‐IVDE. DA - 2022/7/25/ PY - 2022/7/25/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16480 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9511077 KW - dog KW - intervertebral disc herniation KW - paralysis KW - spinal cord injury ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loop modification of the traditional three-loop pulley pattern improves the biomechanical properties and resistance to 3-mm gap formation in a canine common calcanean teno-osseous avulsion model AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Beamon, Weston L. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Moore, George E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To compare the biomechanical properties and gapping characteristics following loop modification of a 3-loop-pulley (3LP) pattern in an ex vivo canine common calcaneal tendon (CCT) avulsion repair model. SAMPLE 56 skeletally mature hindlimbs from 28 canine cadavers. PROCEDURES The CCTs were randomized to 1 of 4 experimental groups (n = 14/group) then sharply transected at the teno-osseous junction. Groups consisted of a 3LP, 4-loop-pulley (4LP), 5-loop-pulley (5LP), or 6-loop-pulley (6LP) pattern with loops placed 60° apart using size-0 polypropylene. Yield, peak, and failure loads, construct stiffness, loads to produce a 3-mm teno-osseous gap, and failure mode were evaluated and compared between groups. RESULTS Yield ( P = 0.001), peak ( P < 0.001), and failure loads ( P < 0.001), construct stiffness ( P < 0.001), and loads to 3-mm gap formation ( P = 0.005) were all significantly greater for 6LP compared to all other groups. Mode of failure did not differ among groups ( P = 0.733) with 75% (42/56) of repairs failing by mechanism of core sutures pulling through the tendinous tissue. Pattern modification by increasing the number of loops increased the repair site strength by 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 times for 4LP, 5LP, and 6LP compared to 3LP, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increasing the number of suture loops compared to a traditional 3LP repair is a relatively simple technique modification that significantly increases teno-osseous repair site strength and loads required to cause 3-mm gap formation. The results of this study justify further focused investigation of increasing the number of suture loops in vivo for teno-osseous CCT repair in dogs. DA - 2022/8// PY - 2022/8// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.09.0139 VL - 83 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Allogeneic peripheral blood haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma AU - Gareau, Alexandra AU - Sekiguchi, Toko AU - Warry, Emma AU - Ripoll, Alexandra Z. AU - Sullivan, Edmund AU - Westfall, Theresa AU - Chretin, John AU - Fulton, Lisa M. AU - Harkey, Michael AU - Storb, Rainer AU - Suter, Steven E. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - Autologous peripheral blood haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) cures 33%-40% of dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. We hypothesized, based on human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation literature, that transplanting dogs using canine donor leukocyte-matched CD34+ cells would lead to fewer relapses and increased cure rates. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of dogs diagnosed with high-grade B-cell lymphoma who received an identical allogeneic HCT. A total of 15 dogs transplanted at four facilities were identified. Five of fifteen dogs relapsed before transplant. The mean number of donor CD34+ cells/kg harvested and infused into recipient dogs was 8.0 × 106 /kg (range: 2.08 × 106 /kg-2.9 × 107 /kg). The median disease-free interval and overall survival of all dogs was 1095 days (range: 9-2920 days) and 1115 days (range: 9-2920 days), respectively. Two of five dogs, not in remission at transplant, died in the hospital. The median disease-free interval and overall survival of the remaining three dogs was 25 days (range: 15-250 days) and 1100 days (range: 66-1902 days), respectively. The median disease-free interval and overall survival of the 10 dogs who had not relapsed was 1235 days (range: 19-2920 days) and 1235 days (range: 19-2920 days), respectively. One dog died soon after discharge of presumed gastric-dilatation-volvulus. Eight of nine remaining dogs lived >4 yrs post-alloHCT, leading to a cure rate of 89%. Acute graft versus host disease was seen in three dogs. These results suggest that allogeneic HCT can cure ~50% more dogs than those treated with autologous HCT. DA - 2022/7/26/ PY - 2022/7/26/ DO - 10.1111/vco.12847 SP - SN - 1476-5829 KW - comparative oncology KW - hematology KW - oncology KW - small animal KW - stem cells ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vector-borne disease and its relationship to hematologic abnormalities and microalbuminuria in retired racing and show-bred greyhounds AU - Kidd, Linda AU - Hamilton, Helen AU - Stine, Lisa AU - Qurollo, Barbara AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Reference intervals for platelets and white blood cell (WBCs) counts are lower in greyhounds than other breeds. Proteinuria is common. Vector-borne diseases (VBD) cause thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and proteinuria. Racing greyhounds are commonly exposed to vectors that carry multiple organisms capable of chronically infecting clinically healthy dogs.Vector-borne disease prevalence is higher in retired racing greyhounds than in show-bred greyhounds. Occult infection contributes to breed-related laboratory abnormalities.Thirty National Greyhound Association (NGA) retired racing and 28 American Kennel Club (AKC) show-bred greyhounds.Peripheral blood was tested for Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species using PCR. Antibodies to Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species and Borrelia burgdorferi were detected using immunofluorescence and ELISA assays. Complete blood counts, semiquantitative platelet estimates, and microalbuminuria concentration were determined.Seven of 30 NGA and 1/28 AKC greyhounds tested positive for ≥1 VBD (P = .05). More positive tests were documented in NGA (10/630) than in AKC dogs (1/588; P = .02). Exposure to Bartonella species (3/30), Babesia vogeli (2/30), Ehrlichia canis (1/30), and infection with Mycoplasma hemocanis (3/30) occurred in NGA dogs. Platelet counts or estimates were >170 000/μL. White blood cell counts <4000/μL (4/28 AKC; 5/30 NGA, P > .99; 1/8 VBD positive; 8/51 VBD negative, P = .99) and microalbuminuria (10/21 AKC; 5/26 NGA, P = .06; 1/8 VBD positive; 14/25 VBD negative, P = .41) were not associated with VBD.The prevalence of thrombocytopenia and B. vogeli exposure was lower than previously documented. Larger studies investigating the health impact of multiple VBD organisms are warranted. DA - 2022/7/11/ PY - 2022/7/11/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16477 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - Babesia KW - Bartonella KW - Ehrlichia thrombocytopenia KW - hemotropic Mycoplasma KW - leukopenia KW - proteinuria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of a commercial dry sleeve cryotherapy system for cooling the equine metacarpus AU - Jacobs, Carrie C. AU - O'Neil, Erin AU - Prange, Timo T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To determine the ability of a commercial cryotherapy system (Game Ready Equine) to cool the metacarpal subcutaneous tissue and the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in horses.Experimental study.Six healthy adult horses.Thermocouples were implanted into the metacarpal subcutaneous tissues and the SDFT of six horses. Two treatments (cryotherapy or cryotherapy with 5-50 mmHg intermittent compression) were randomly assigned to forelimbs and performed for 20 minutes. Temperatures were compared to the target range of 10-19°C and between groups.Only one limb in the cryotherapy/compression group reached the target range after cryotherapy. Temperatures did not differ between treatment groups at time 0. Lowest temperatures achieved in the subcutaneous tissue (p = .0043) and SDFT (p = .005) were 4.9 and 7.6°C lower when intermittent compression was applied. Similarly, applying compression induced a maximum change in temperature of approximately 7.0°C in the subcutaneous tissue (p = .014) and 10.2°C in the SDFT (p = .0001).The cryotherapy system did not cool equine subcutaneous tissue or SDFT to the target temperature range, except in one limb. Combining cryotherapy with intermittent compression did result in lower temperatures and a greater change in temperature of the subcutaneous tissue and SDFT.When using this cryotherapy system, the addition of intermittent compression should be considered to achieve lower temperatures and potentially greater reduction in inflammation. Further studies are warranted to determine the effect of longer treatment times, higher compression settings, and the optimal temperature for benefits in normal and diseased equine tissues. DA - 2022/7/14/ PY - 2022/7/14/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13847 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles between Lionfish (Pterois spp.) in Wild and Managed Care Environments AU - Dannemiller, Nicholas G. AU - Christiansen, Emily F. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Heugten, Kimberly D. Ange-van T2 - Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens AB - Suboptimal nutrition may contribute to lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) health issues in managed care environments. This study’s objective was to establish and compare whole blood fatty acid profiles in wild and aquarium lionfish. Whole blood samples were dried onto specialized high-quality paper cards from wild, invasive lionfish harvested off the North Carolina coast (n = 16) and lionfish managed by the North Carolina Aquariums (n = 12). Blood fatty acid profiles were analyzed from dried blood spots. Aquarium lionfish had significantly (p < 0.05) higher linoleic (18:2ω6) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) acid levels than wild lionfish. Similarly, aquarium lionfish had significantly (p < 0.05) lower saturated fatty acids and arachidonic (20:4ω6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) ratios than wild lionfish. Total omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as well as the ratio of these two fatty acid groups, were similar between wild and aquarium lionfish. Gut content analysis of wild lionfish diets included reef-dependent and schooling fish while aquarium lionfish diets were pelagic fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and commercial gel diets with nutrient supplements. This study reports whole blood fatty acid profiles in lionfish, providing comparative macronutrient data that may be useful for improving their nutrition and welfare in aquariums. DA - 2022/7/21/ PY - 2022/7/21/ DO - 10.3390/jzbg3030028 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3030028 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Googling for a veterinary diagnosis: A replication study using Google as a diagnostic aid AU - Allen, E. Carley AU - Alpi, Kristine M. AU - Schaaf, George W. AU - Marks, Steven L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The purpose of this study was to replicate in the veterinary context a BMJ study using Google to assist in diagnosis of complex cases.To assess percentage of diagnoses identified using Google as a diagnostic aid in veterinary medicine.None; 13 cases in cats and 17 in dogs published in JAVMA.Cross-sectional survey of Google results from searches using keywords generated independently by a generalist and a specialist veterinarian who reviewed the published case history and diagnostic components while blind to the diagnosis. They offered diagnoses and generated up to 5 search strategies for each case. The top 30 Google results for each search were reviewed by the generalist to inform a final Google-aided diagnosis. Both veterinarians' initial diagnoses and the Google-aided diagnoses were compared with the published diagnoses.Google searching led to 52 diagnoses out of 60 possible. Twenty-two (42%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 29%-55%) Google-aided diagnoses matched the JAVMA diagnosis. This accuracy rate does not differ significantly from 58% (n = 15/26, 95% CI 38%-77%) identified in the BMJ study. Google-aided results were not statistically different from those achieved unaided by each veterinarian (33%, 95% CI 16%-50%).Published information found searching Google using keywords related to complicated or unusual cases could assist veterinarians to reinforce their initial diagnosis or consider other differential diagnoses. Search strategies using words representing either signs or the preliminary diagnoses can yield results useful to confirming a correct diagnosis. DA - 2022/7/11/ PY - 2022/7/11/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16484 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - differential diagnoses KW - information resources KW - open access KW - problem lists ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel mutation of the CLCN1 gene in a cat with myotonia congenita: Diagnosis and treatment AU - Woelfel, Christian AU - Meurs, Kathryn AU - Friedenberg, Steven AU - DeBruyne, Nicole AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Case Description A 10‐month‐old castrated male domestic longhair cat was evaluated for increasing frequency of episodic limb rigidity. Clinical Findings The cat presented for falling over and lying recumbent with its limbs in extension for several seconds when startled or excited. Upon examination, the cat had hypertrophied musculature, episodes of facial spasm, and a short‐strided, stiff gait. Diagnostics Electromyography (EMG) identified spontaneous discharges that waxed and waned in amplitude and frequency, consistent with myotonic discharges. A high impact 8‐base pair (bp) deletion across the end of exon 3 and intron 3 of the chloride voltage‐gated channel 1 ( CLCN1 ) gene was identified using whole genome sequencing. Treatment and Outcome Phenytoin treatment was initiated at 3 mg/kg po q24 h and resulted in long‐term improvement. Clinical Relevance This novel mutation within the CLCN1 gene is a cause of myotonia congenita in cats and we report for the first time its successful treatment. DA - 2022/7/11/ PY - 2022/7/11/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16471 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16471 KW - chloride channel KW - electromyography KW - nondystrophic myotonia KW - phenytoin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for a leptin-insulin axis in a fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) AU - Deck, Courtney A. AU - Mankiewicz, Jamie L. AU - Borski, Russell J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Leptin, insulin, and glucagon are involved in regulating glycaemia in vertebrates and play a role in the progression of obesity and type 2 diabetes. While mammals possess an 'adipoinsular axis' whereby insulin stimulates leptin release from adipocytes and leptin in turn feeds back on the pancreas to inhibit further insulin secretion, evidence of such an axis in non-mammalian vertebrates is unknown. We investigated the interactions between these glycaemic hormones and provide evidence for a leptin-insulin axis in a teleost fish, the tilapia. In the first study, we exposed hepatocytes to various concentrations of either insulin or glucagon to determine effects on leptin a (lepa) and then examined this in vivo with i.p. injections of both hormones. We also exposed isolated Brockmann bodies (pancreatic islets) to recombinant tilapia leptin A (rtLepA) and again followed this up with an i.p. injection to examine changes in insulin a and glucagon b. We found that glucagon increases lepa in vitroand in vivo, with the latter being 18-fold higher than saline-injected controls; however, the effects of rtLepA on glub were more variable. Insulin increased lepa by 2.5-fold in vitro and 70-fold in vivo, while rtLepA decreased insa at basal and increased it at high glucose concentrations. These data indicate that a leptin-insulin axis may be conserved among vertebrates and is thus essential for regulating nutrient balance but that the relationship is likely much more dynamic in teleosts as glycaemia is not as tightly regulated as it is in mammals. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// DO - 10.1530/JOE-21-0139 VL - 253 IS - 1 SP - 13-25 SN - 1479-6805 KW - leptin KW - insulin KW - glucagon KW - Brockmann bodies KW - tilapia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Withaferin A Inhibits Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst and Promotes Timely Neutrophil Apoptosis AU - Bayless, Rosemary AU - Bayless, RL AU - Sheats, M. Katie AU - Jones, Sam T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Neutrophils play a major role in many equine conditions, including equine asthma, laminitis, and intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, and therefore represent an attractive target for innovative therapeutic approaches. Novel strategies for reducing neutrophilic inflammation include modulation of neutrophil functions and lifespan. Withaferin A (WFA) is a phytochemical with well-established in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties, but its direct effects on neutrophils are largely unknown. We hypothesized that WFA would inhibit adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst by equine neutrophils and promote timely apoptosis of primed equine neutrophils. Consistent with this hypothesis, our data show that WFA causes a significant, concentration-dependent inhibition of equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst in response to diverse stimuli. Further, WFA treatment increased apoptosis of equine neutrophils exposed to GM-CSF for 24 h. This pro-apoptotic effect of WFA was not observed in unprimed neutrophils, nor at the 2-h time point relevant to our functional neutrophil experiments. Our data demonstrate that WFA may reduce neutrophil-mediated inflammation through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of inflammatory responses and promotion of apoptosis. Additional research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for these effects and evaluate the potential clinical use of WFA in veterinary and human patients. DA - 2022/6/17/ PY - 2022/6/17/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.900453 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9247543 KW - neutrophil (PMN) KW - Withaferin A (PubChem CID KW - 265237) KW - equine KW - inflammation KW - phytochemical KW - veterinary medicine KW - novel therapeutic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tendon sheath masses - What are the differential diagnoses and what diagnostics are needed? AU - Schnabel, Lauren V AU - Horne, Caitlyn R. AU - Jacobs, Carrie C. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION DA - 2022/6/13/ PY - 2022/6/13/ DO - 10.1111/eve.13665 SP - SN - 2042-3292 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of epitendinous suture augmentation to a double Krackow suture pattern for canine gastrocnemius tendon repair AU - Downey, Amy C. AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Fisher, Matthew B. AU - Moore, George E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a double Krackow suture pattern (DK), with and without epitendinous suture augmentation (ES), in a canine gastrocnemius tendon (GT) model. SAMPLE Paired GTs from 12 adult dog cadavers and 4 control GT. PROCEDURES GTs were assigned to 2 groups (n = 12/group). Transverse tenotomy was performed and repaired with a DK or DK + ES. Yield, peak, and failure force, stiffness, occurrence of 1-and 3-mm gapping, and failure mode were examined. RESULTS Yield, peak, and failure loads were greater for DK + ES. Yield force was 48% greater for DK + ES (mean ± SD, 149.56 ± 53.26 N) versus DK (101.27 ± 37.17 N; P = 0.017). Peak force was 45% greater for DK + ES P < 0.001). Failure force was 47% greater for DK + ES (193.752 ± 31.43 N) versus DK (131.54 ± 22.28 N; P < 0.001). Construct stiffness was 36% greater for DK + ES ( P = 0.04). All 12 DK and 10 of 12 DK + ES repairs produced a 1-mm gap, with all DK and 4 DK + ES repairs producing a 3-mm gap ( P < 0.001). Loads required to create a 3-mm gap were significantly greater for DK + ES ( P < 0.013). Suture breakage occurred in all DK repairs, which differed from DK + ES, where suture breakage (7/12) and tissue failure (5/12; P = 0.037) predominated. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Augmentation of a primary DK repair with an ES significantly improved construct strength in canine GT constructs while increasing loads required to cause 1- and 3-mm gap formation, respectively. ES augmentation is a simple technique modification that can be used to significantly increase construct strength, compared with DK alone. DA - 2022/7// PY - 2022/7// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.07.0100 VL - 83 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms and modeling of wound repair in the intestinal epithelium AU - Boger, Kasey D. AU - Sheridan, Ana E. AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - TISSUE BARRIERS AB - The intestinal epithelial barrier is susceptible to injury from insults, such as ischemia or infectious disease. The epithelium's ability to repair wounded regions is critical to maintaining barrier integrity. Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial repair can be studied with models that recapitulate the in vivo environment. This review focuses on in vitro injury models and intestinal cell lines utilized in such systems. The formation of artificial wounds in a controlled environment allows for the exploration of reparative physiology in cell lines modeling diverse aspects of intestinal physiology. Specifically, the use of intestinal cell lines, IPEC-J2, Caco-2, T-84, HT-29, and IEC-6, to model intestinal epithelium is discussed. Understanding the unique systems available for creating intestinal injury and the differences in monolayers used for in vitro work is essential for designing studies that properly capture relevant physiology for the study of intestinal wound repair. DA - 2022/6/13/ PY - 2022/6/13/ DO - 10.1080/21688370.2022.2087454 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2168-8370 KW - IPEC-J2 cells KW - transepithelial electrical resistance KW - injury barrier function KW - cell model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preliminary evaluation of the effects of grapiprant compared with carprofen on acute pain and inflammation following ovariohysterectomy in dogs AU - Southern, Brittany L. AU - Long, Sarah M. AU - Barnes, Danielle N. AU - Enomoto, Hiroko AU - Messenger, Kristen M. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To compare the analgesic efficacy of grapiprant to carprofen for the treatment of postoperative pain and inflammation in dogs following ovariohysterectomy.12 purpose-bred adult sexually intact female Beagles.Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: grapiprant (2 mg/kg, PO; n = 6) or carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, PO; n = 6), 1.5 hours prior to ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and every 24 hours afterward for 3 total doses. An ultrafiltration probe was placed within the OVH incision to collect interstitial fluid (ISF). Pain and inflammation were assessed by masked investigators via mechanical nociceptive threshold testing and the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale before drug administration and at multiple time points for 72 hours following dosing and surgery. ISF samples were collected at the same time points to assess prostaglandin E2 concentrations at the site of inflammation.In both groups, pain scale scores were highest in the immediate postoperative period and decreased over time. In both treatment groups, there were significant (P = 0.003) differences in mechanical nociceptive threshold results over time when compared with baseline, but there was no difference between groups. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations in ISF were higher in dogs receiving grapiprant compared with carprofen (P < 0.001). One dog in the carprofen group required rescue analgesia.Results of this preliminary study suggested both carprofen and grapiprant may be effective for postoperative pain following OVH in dogs; however, additional studies are warranted to determine grapiprant's effectiveness in a larger and more diverse population of dogs. DA - 2022/7// PY - 2022/7// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.10.0162 VL - 83 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low frequency oscillations drive EEG's complexity changes during wakefulness and sleep AU - Gonzalez, Joaquin AU - Mateos, Diego AU - Cavelli, Matias AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Pascovich, Claudia AU - Torterolo, Pablo AU - Rubido, Nicolas T2 - NEUROSCIENCE AB - Recently, the sleep-wake states have been analysed using novel complexity measures, complementing the classical analysis of EEGs by frequency bands. This new approach consistently shows a decrease in EEG's complexity during slow-wave sleep, yet it is unclear how cortical oscillations shape these complexity variations. In this work, we analyse how the frequency content of brain signals affects the complexity estimates in freely moving rats. We find that the low-frequency spectrum - including the Delta, Theta, and Sigma frequency bands - drives the complexity changes during the sleep-wake states. This happens because low-frequency oscillations emerge from neuronal population patterns, as we show by recovering the complexity variations during the sleep-wake cycle from micro, meso, and macroscopic recordings. Moreover, we find that the lower frequencies reveal synchronisation patterns across the neocortex, such as a sensory-motor decoupling that happens during REM sleep. Overall, our works shows that EEG's low frequencies are critical in shaping the sleep-wake states' complexity across cortical scales. DA - 2022/7/1/ PY - 2022/7/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.025 VL - 494 SP - 1-11 SN - 1873-7544 KW - EEG KW - sleep-wake cycle KW - low frequency oscillations ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Pilot, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Intra-Articular Administration of a Caninized TNF Receptor Fc Fusion Protein as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis-Associated Joint Pain AU - Nakanishi, Aoi AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Allen, Julie AU - Case, Beth AU - Gearing, David AU - Enomoto, Masataka T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a potential target for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. In several recent clinical studies in human OA, anti-TNF-α therapy showed promising results; however, these were open-label and based on patient-reported outcome measures. In this study, we developed a caninized TNF-α receptor-Fc (caTNFR-Fc) fusion protein and conducted a non-randomized, open-label, pilot study in dogs with OA using objectively measured ground reaction forces and activity. The aims of the study were to assess the efficacy of the intra-articular (IA) injection of the caTNFR-Fc fusion protein as a treatment for OA pain, and additionally to evaluate TNF concentrations in synovial fluid (SF) between joints with/without OA in dogs. Dogs ( n = 12) with single-limb lameness due to single joint appendicular OA were recruited. All dogs received caTNFR-Fc fusion protein injection into the affected joint under sedation. Objective kinetic gait analysis using force plate was performed prior to (baseline), and at 14- and 28-days following treatment. Additionally, SF samples were collected from OA joints ( n = 69) and non-OA joints ( n = 79) in a different cohort of dogs and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No significant treatment effects on the limb use, activity, and the questionnaire were found. The concentration of TNF-α was significantly higher in OA joints than in healthy joints ( p = 0.0019), but TNF-α was detected in only 10/69 OA samples. The IA injection of caTNFR-Fc fusion protein provided no benefit in terms of objective limb use and activity data in dogs with OA in this pilot study. Although the SF concentration of TNF-α was significantly higher in OA joints, few OA joints had measurable TNF-α. Collectively, the data indicate TNF-α may not be a good therapeutic target in canine OA. DA - 2022/6/2/ PY - 2022/6/2/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.836709 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - osteoarthritis KW - joint pain KW - TNF-alpha KW - force plate KW - limb use asymmetry test ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perioperative characteristics, histologic diagnosis, complications, and outcomes of dogs undergoing percutaneous drainage, sclerotherapy or surgical management of intrarenal cystic lesions: 18 dogs (2004-2021) AU - Vagias, Michail AU - Chanoit, Guillaume AU - Bubenik-Angapen, Loretta J. AU - Gibson, Erin A. AU - Rooster, Hilde AU - Singh, Ameet AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Grimes, Janet A. AU - Wallace, Mandy L. AU - Kummeling, Anne AU - Flanders, James A. AU - Evangelou, Georgios AU - Mullins, Ronan A. T2 - BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Canine intrarenal cystic lesions (ICLs) are infrequently reported in the veterinary literature. Several treatment options have been described including cyst fenestration (partial nephrectomy/deroofing) +/- omentalization, sclerotherapy using alcohol as a sclerosing agent, percutaneous cyst drainage (PCD), and ureteronephrectomy. Information regarding presenting clinical signs, physical examination findings, histologic diagnosis and outcomes of dogs with ICLs treated by different methods is limited. Medical records of 11 institutions were retrospectively reviewed to identify dogs that underwent PCD, sclerotherapy, surgical deroofing +/- omentalization, or ureteronephrectomy for management of ICLs from 2004 to 2021. Six weeks postoperative/post-procedural follow-up was required. Cases suspected to represent malignancy on preoperative imaging were excluded. The study objective was to provide information regarding perioperative characteristics, complications, and outcomes of dogs undergoing treatment of ICLs.Eighteen dogs were included, with 24 ICLs treated. Ten had bilateral. There were 15 males and 3 females, with crossbreeds predominating. PCD, sclerotherapy, deroofing and ureteronephrectomy were performed in 5 (5 ICLs treated), 7 (11 ICLs), 6 (6), and 7 (7) dogs, respectively, with 5 dogs undergoing > 1 treatment. Seven dogs experienced 8 complications, with requirement for additional intervention commonest. PCD, sclerotherapy and deroofing resulted in ICL resolution in 0/5, 3/11 and 3/6 treated ICLs, respectively. Histopathology identified renal cysts (RCs) in 7/13 dogs with histopathology available and neoplasia in 6/13 (4 malignant, 2 benign). Of 5 dogs diagnosed histopathologically with neoplasia, cytology of cystic fluid failed to identify neoplastic cells. Among 7 dogs with histologically confirmed RCs, 4 had concurrent ICLs in ipsilateral/contralateral kidney, compared with 2/6 dogs with histologically confirmed neoplasia.Benign and neoplastic ICLs were approximately equally common and cystic fluid cytology failed to differentiate the 2. Among renal-sparing treatments, deroofing most commonly resulted in ICL resolution. Presence of concurrent ICLs in ipsilateral/contralateral kidney does not appear reliable in differentiating benign from malignant ICLs. DA - 2022/6/20/ PY - 2022/6/20/ DO - 10.1186/s12917-022-03327-z VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1746-6148 KW - Intrarenal cystic lesion KW - Renal cyst KW - Dog KW - Deroofing KW - Sclerotherapy KW - Cyst drainage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of maropitant citrate in Rhode Island Red chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) following subcutaneous administration AU - Mones, Alissa B. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Knych, Heather K. AU - Sadar, Miranda J. AU - Thomson, Andrea E. AU - Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Maropitant citrate is a synthetic neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist and substance P inhibitor used for control of emesis in dogs in cats. Maropitant citrate is used empirically in birds, despite a lack of pharmacokinetic data in avian species. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of maropitant citrate 1 and 2 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) in eight Rhode Island Red hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A crossover study design was used with 1-week washout between trials. Blood samples were collected over 36 h after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined via non-compartmental analysis. The mean maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and elimination half-life following 1 and 2 mg/kg SC were 915.6 ± 312.8 ng/ml and 1195.2 ± 320.2 ng/ml, 0.49 ± 0.21 h and 1.6 ± 2.6 h, and 8.47 ± 2.24 h and 8.58 ± 2.6 h, respectively. Pharmacokinetic data suggests doses of 1 or 2 mg/kg SC may be administered every 12-24 h to maintain above target plasma concentration similar to dogs (90 ng/ml). These data provide a basis for further investigation of maropitant citrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in birds. DA - 2022/6/23/ PY - 2022/6/23/ DO - 10.1111/jvp.13082 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1365-2885 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13082 KW - antiemetic KW - avian KW - maropitant KW - neurokinin-1 agonist KW - substance P ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trunk-dominant and classic facial pemphigus foliaceus in dogs - comparison of anti-desmocollin-1 and anti-desmoglein-1 autoantibodies and clinical presentations AU - Bizikova, Petra AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Mamo, Lisa B. T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Canine trunk‐dominant pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is mentioned rarely in the literature. Hypothesis/Objectives The goal of this study was to provide clinical description of trunk‐dominant PF and to demonstrate the prevalence of serum antikeratinocyte, anti‐desmocollin‐1 (DSC1) and anti‐desmoglein‐1 (DSG1) antibodies, and determine their diagnostic value in this particular PF phenotype. Materials and methods Clinically relevant information was collected from 31, 25 and 34 dogs with trunk‐dominant and facial PF and superficial pyoderma (SP), respectively. Sera from these dogs were tested for antikeratinocyte, anti‐DSC1 and anti‐DSG1 antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence on canine tissues and DSC1‐ and DSG1‐transfected cells. Sera from healthy dogs and dogs with clinically irrelevant diseases served as controls. Results Footpad involvement and grouped/polycyclic lesion organisation were identified as features of both PF phenotypes, and not of SP. Antikeratinocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)G was not specific for canine PF. By contrast, antigen‐specific IgG was detected only in PF sera; anti‐DSC1 IgG in 100% and 58% of dogs with facial and trunk‐dominant PF, respectively, and anti‐DSG1 IgG in 7% of dogs with trunk‐dominant PF only. Conclusions Trunk‐dominant PF shares DSC1 as a major autoantigen with facial PF. The ability to detect anti‐DSC1 IgG is lower in trunk‐dominant PF, yet despite the lower sensitivity, the positive predictive value and accuracy of this particular anti‐DSC1 IgG test are high. A negative test result, however, cannot exclude the diagnosis, and characteristic clinical features such as footpad involvement and/or grouped/polycyclic lesions must be considered when distinguishing trunk‐dominant PF from its most relevant differential diagnosis: SP. DA - 2022/6/7/ PY - 2022/6/7/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13094 SP - SN - 1365-3164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Interactive Generic Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (igPBPK) Modeling Platform to Predict Drug Withdrawal Intervals in Cattle and Swine: A Case Study on Flunixin, Florfenicol, and Penicillin G AU - Chou, Wei-Chun AU - Tell, Lisa A. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Maunsell, Fiona P. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Lin, Zhoumeng T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Abstract Violative chemical residues in edible tissues from food-producing animals are of global public health concern. Great efforts have been made to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for estimating withdrawal intervals (WDIs) for extralabel prescribed drugs in food animals. Existing models are insufficient to address the food safety concern as these models are either limited to 1 specific drug or difficult to be used by non-modelers. This study aimed to develop a user-friendly generic PBPK platform that can predict tissue residues and estimate WDIs for multiple drugs including flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G in cattle and swine. Mechanism-based in silico methods were used to predict tissue/plasma partition coefficients and the models were calibrated and evaluated with pharmacokinetic data from Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). Results showed that model predictions were, in general, within a 2-fold factor of experimental data for all 3 drugs in both species. Following extralabel administration and respective U.S. FDA-approved tolerances, predicted WDIs for both cattle and swine were close to or slightly longer than FDA-approved label withdrawal times (eg, predicted 8, 28, and 7 days vs labeled 4, 28, and 4 days for flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G in cattle, respectively). The final model was converted to a web-based interactive generic PBPK platform. This PBPK platform serves as a user-friendly quantitative tool for real-time predictions of WDIs for flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G following FDA-approved label or extralabel use in both cattle and swine, and provides a basis for extrapolating to other drugs and species. DA - 2022/6/1/ PY - 2022/6/1/ DO - 10.1093/toxsci/kfac056 SP - SN - 1096-0929 KW - drug residue KW - Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) KW - food safety KW - interactive generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (igPBPK) model KW - withdrawal interval (WDI) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Cognitive Testing, Questionnaires, and Plasma Biomarkers to Quantify Cognitive Impairment in an Aging Pet Dog Population AU - Fefer, Gilad AU - Panek, Wojciech K. AU - Khan, Michael Z. AU - Singer, Matthew AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Mowat, Freya M. AU - Murdoch, David M. AU - Case, Beth AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Gruen, Margaret E. T2 - JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE AB - Aging dogs may suffer from canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS), a condition in which cognitive decline is associated with amyloid pathology and cortical atrophy. Presumptive diagnosis is made through physical examination, exclusion of systemic/metabolic conditions, and completion of screening questionnaires by owners.This study aimed to determine whether cognitive function could be quantified in aging pet dogs, and to correlate cognitive testing with validated questionnaires and plasma neurofilament light chain (pNfL) concentration.Thirty-nine dogs from fifteen breeds were recruited (9.3 to 15.3 years). Owners completed the Canine Dementia Scale (CADES) and Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating scale (CCDR). Executive control and social cues were tested, and pNfL was measured with single molecule array assay. Comparisons were made between cognitive testing scores, CADES, CCDR scores, and pNfL.CADES scoring classified five dogs as severe CCDS, six as moderate, ten as mild, and eighteen as normal. CCDR identified seven dogs at risk of CCDS and thirty-two as normal. Cognitive testing was possible in the majority of dogs, although severely affected dogs were unable to learn tasks. CADES score correlated with sustained attention duration (r = -0.47, p = 0.002), inhibitory control (r = -0.51, p = 0.002), detour (r = -0.43, p = 0.001), and pNfL (r = 0.41, p = 0.025). Concentration of pNfL correlated with inhibitory control (r = -0.7, p≤0.001). The CCDR scale correlated with performance on inhibitory control (r = -0.46, p = 0.005).Our findings suggest that a multi-dimensional approach using a combination of questionnaires, specific cognitive tests, and pNfL concentration can be used to quantify cognitive decline in aging pet dogs. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.3233/JAD-215562 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 1367-1378 SN - 1875-8908 KW - Blood biomarkers KW - canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome KW - CCDS KW - cognitive testing KW - dementia KW - neurofilament light chain KW - NfL ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Platelet-Rich Plasma-Derived Biologic Clears Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms While Mitigating Cartilage Degeneration and Joint Inflammation in a Clinically Relevant Large Animal Infectious Arthritis Model AU - Gilbertie, Jessica M. AU - Schaer, Thomas P. AU - Engiles, Julie B. AU - Seiler, Gabriela S. AU - Deddens, Bennett L. AU - Schubert, Alicia G. AU - Jacob, Megan E. AU - Stefanovski, Darko AU - Ruthel, Gordon AU - Hickok, Noreen J. AU - Stowe, Devorah M. AU - Frink, Alexa AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. T2 - FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY AB - The leading cause of treatment failure in Staphylococcus aureus infections is the development of biofilms. Biofilms are highly tolerant to conventional antibiotics which were developed against planktonic cells. Consequently, there is a lack of antibiofilm agents in the antibiotic development pipeline. To address this problem, we developed a platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-derived biologic, termed BIO-PLY (for the BIOactive fraction of Platelet-rich plasma LYsate) which has potent in vitro bactericidal activity against S. aureus synovial fluid free-floating biofilm aggregates. Additional in vitro studies using equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes showed that BIO-PLY protected these cells of the joint from inflammation. The goal of this study was to test BIO-PLY for in vivo efficacy using an equine model of infectious arthritis. We found that horses experimentally infected with S. aureus and subsequently treated with BIO-PLY combined with the antibiotic amikacin (AMK) had decreased bacterial concentrations within both synovial fluid and synovial tissue and exhibited lower systemic and local inflammatory scores compared to horses treated with AMK alone. Most importantly, AMK+BIO-PLY treatment reduced the loss of infection-associated cartilage proteoglycan content in articular cartilage and decreased synovial tissue fibrosis and inflammation. Our results demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of AMK+BIO-PLY and represents a new approach to restore and potentiate antimicrobial activity against synovial fluid biofilms. DA - 2022/5/30/ PY - 2022/5/30/ DO - 10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022 VL - 12 SP - SN - 2235-2988 KW - infectious arthritis KW - S KW - aureus KW - biofilm KW - antimicrobial KW - platelets KW - cartilage KW - synovium KW - synovial fluid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrospective Study of Fractures in both Appendicular and Axial Skeletons of Birds Belonging to the Families Falconidae and Cariamidae AU - Fernandes, M.C. AU - Rahal, S.C. AU - Teixeira, C.R. AU - Mamprim, M.J. AU - Freirias, C.D. T2 - J Anim Sci Res AB - This retrospective study aimed to identify and classify fractures in the appendicular and axial skeletons of birds from the Cariamidae and Falconidae families presented to a referral centre. Twelve of thirteen adult red-legged seriemas (Cariama cristata) had appendicular skeleton fractures and one an axial skeleton fracture. All appendicular skeleton fractures occurred in pelvic limbs, but one bird also had a thoracic limb fracture. Among the long-bone fractures, ten were of the tibiotarsus. Among these fractures, six were comminuted, two transverse and two spiral. One seriema had an ulnar spiral fracture, and two had exposed fractures of the tibiotarsus. The Falconidae included nine Carcara plancus, five Falco sparverius and two Falco femoralis. Appendicular skeleton fractures were detected in 14 Falconidae, axial skeleton fractures in one,and another bird had fractures in both skeletons. Three fractures occurred in pelvic limbs, and the other was thoracic limb fractures. Out of all the long-bone fractures, eight were found in the humerus, three of which were exposed, two comminuted, two spiral, and one oblique. Four ulna fractures were found; two of them were comminuted, one spiral and transverse. There were two comminuted radius fractures. Tibiotarsus fractures included two transversal and one comminuted fracture. In conclusion, in both families the highest prevalence of fractures was in the appendicular skeleton; however, the fractures in Cariamidae occurred mainly in the pelvic limbs, whereas the fractures in Faconidae were found more frequently in the thoracic limbs. DA - 2022/5// PY - 2022/5// DO - 10.16966/2576-6457.156 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 10 16966 2576–6457 156 UR - https://sciforschenonline.org/journals/animal-science-research/JASR156.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixed-species and same-species siamang pairs exhibit similar activity and proximity patterns T2 - American Journal of Biological Anthropology DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/52149508/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - 2021 Annual Report Reproductive Health Surveillance Program RHSP AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Agnew, Dalen A3 - Unpublished DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.13140/RG.2.2.19810.81602 PB - Unpublished UR - https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.19810.81602 ER - TY - CONF TI - Pharmacological semen collection and sperm morphometric evaluation in Silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) Linneus, 1758 AU - Miranda, F. AU - Kersul, M. AU - Martins, A. AU - Gasparotto, V. AU - Molina, K. AU - Vilela, J. AU - Snoeck, P. AU - Moresco, A. C2 - 2022/// C3 - XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal e VIII International Symposium on Animal Biology of Reproduction DA - 2022/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vaginal foreign bodies in six nonhuman primates with underlying pathological conditions AU - Lamglait, Benjamin AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Couture, Émilie L. AU - Ferrell, Shannon T. AU - Lair, Stéphane T2 - Zoo Biology AB - Four female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) from the same group as well as Wolf's guenon (Cercopithecus wolfi) and a Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from a second institution presented with vaginal foreign bodies in parallel with diseases of the urogenital tract or with endocrine disorders. These foreign bodies were associated with a mild to marked, diffuse vaginitis in all cases. Underlying pathological conditions consisted of a cavernous uterine hemangioma in a 20-year-old macaque, diffuse endometritis in a 21-year-old macaque, an in situ endometrial carcinoma in a 24-year-old macaque, endometritis and an ovarian cyst-like structure in the 27-year-old Western lowland gorilla, chronic cystitis and chronic renal disease in a 24-year-old macaque, and a history of hypothyroidism with irregular reproductive cycles in the 12-year-old Wolf's guenon. Vaginal foreign bodies have been reported in nonhuman primates used in biomedical research, but their concurrence with underlying conditions has not been explored. In women, vaginal foreign bodies have been linked to serious underlying medical conditions. This case series emphasizes the recommendation to investigate this abnormal behavior for underlying medical or adverse psychosocial conditions in primates under human care. DA - 2022/11// PY - 2022/11// DO - 10.1002/zoo.21689 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21689 KW - Cercopithecus wolfi KW - Gorilla gorilla gorilla KW - Macaca fuscata KW - reproductive pathology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of Socialization on Bull Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Stereotypical Behavior AU - Readyhough, Taylor S. AU - Joseph, Sharon AU - Davis, Maura AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Schreier, Amy L. T2 - Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens AB - There is a growing need for animal care institutions to house multiple bull elephants as the population increases due to transfers from private ownership and the births of male offspring in managed care. Elephants in North American, European, and Latin American zoos exhibit stereotypies—repetitive, fixed behaviors. Previous research demonstrated that housing Asian elephants alone increased stereotypic behavior. Therefore, for animals in managed care, social restriction can contribute to stereotypy and, by extension, reduce welfare. In this study, we examine how being alone affects stereotypic behavior by monitoring pacing and head-bobbing in individual bull Asian elephants at Denver Zoo when housed alone as well as with other bulls. Two young males arrived at Denver Zoo in September 2018 and joined an existing all-male group of three elephants that were previously socialized and housed together. From July 2018 to December 2019, we used instantaneous scan sampling to collect data on stereotypic behavior of focal bulls when they were housed alone and socially. The frequency of pacing and head-bobbing significantly decreased when the elephants were housed socially compared to when they were housed alone; these stereotypies were lower when elephants were housed with at least one other bull and were in close proximity to a conspecific. Additionally, pacing decreased as the proportion of affiliative behaviors increased, and the amount of agonistic behavior did not significantly affect stereotypic behavior. When housed alone, bulls in musth engaged in significantly more pacing behavior than when they were out of musth. Our results indicate that housing bull Asian elephants in all-male groups substantially improves their welfare by reducing stereotypies and provides a basis for future evidence-based management. DA - 2022/3/12/ PY - 2022/3/12/ DO - 10.3390/jzbg3010010 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3010010 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive one health in primates AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Feltrer‐Rambaud, Yedra AU - Wolfman, Darcy AU - Agnew, Dalen W. T2 - American Journal of Primatology AB - One Health is a collaborative trans-disciplinary approach to health; integrating human, animal, and environmental health. The focus is often on infection disease transmission and disease risk mitigation. However, One Health also includes the multidisciplinary and comparative approach to disease investigation and health of humans, animals, and the environment. One key aspect of environmental/ecosystem health is conservation, the maintenance of healthy, actively reproducing wildlife populations. Reproduction and reproductive health are an integral part of the One Health approach: the comparative aspects of reproduction can inform conservation policies or breeding strategies (in situ and ex situ) in addition to physiology and disease. Differences in reproductive strategies affect the impact poaching and habitat disruption might have on a given population, as well as ex situ breeding programs and the management of zoo and sanctuary populations. Much is known about chimpanzees, macaques, and marmosets as these are common animal models, but there is much that remains unknown regarding reproduction in many other primates. Examining the similarities and differences between and within taxonomic groups allows reasonable extrapolation for decision-making when there are knowledge gaps. For example: (1) knowing that a species has very low reproductive rates adds urgency to conservation policy for that region or species; (2) identifying species with short or absent lactation anestrus allows ex situ institutions to better plan contraception options for specific individuals or prepare for the immediate next pregnancy; (3) recognizing that progestin contraceptives are effective contraceptives, but may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia in some species (in Lemuridae but not great apes) better guides empirical contraceptive choice; (4) recognizing the variable endometriosis prevalence across taxa improves preventive medicine programs. A summary of anatomical variation, endocrinology, contraception, pathology, and diagnostics is provided to illustrate these features and aid in routine physical and postmortem examinations as well as primate management. DA - 2022/5// PY - 2022/5// DO - 10.1002/ajp.23325 VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23325 KW - Afro-Eurasian monkeys KW - apes KW - conservation KW - contraception KW - neo-tropical monkeys KW - pathology KW - prosimians ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive suppression of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) under managed care using a GnRH immunological product AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Penfold, Linda M. AU - Jankowski, Gwen AU - McCain, Stephanie AU - Crook, Erika AU - Faliano, Amanda AU - Crane, John AU - Wack, Raymund F. AU - Goodnight, Andrea AU - Han, Sushan T2 - Zoo Biology AB - Giraffe present unique contraception challenges as males persistently pursue females during estrus. Year-round pursuit during frequent recurring estrus can pose significant risk under slippery conditions. Complete ovarian suppression is a useful tool in giraffe because it eliminates estrous behavior, interest from the male, and controls reproduction. Effective reproduction control in giraffes has been achieved with porcine zona pellucida, oral melengestrol acetate, and depot medroxy-progesterone acetate. However, these methods allow some degree of folliculogenesis and estrous behavior. Improvest® is a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) immunological product that elicits antibodies against GnRH and abrogates the effects of endogenous GnRH. This study evaluated the efficacy of Improvest® for gonadal suppression in seven females and one male giraffe by monitoring steroid hormones. Seven female giraffe were treated intramuscularly with an initial dose, a booster at 4 weeks and maintenance boosters at 3-month intervals (600 µg/dose) for 12 months. Six females were on supplemental contraception during the induction phase because separation from males was not possible. In the male (treated with 400 µg), testosterone concentrations decreased after the second injection. However, even with low serum testosterone concentrations, mounting (of nontreated females) behavior was still observed occasionally. Ovarian activity was suppressed in all treated females and interest by the males stopped; supplemental contraceptives (during the induction phase) did not impede the effect of Improvest®. After 15.3 months (seven doses), Improvest® was discontinued in three females which no longer needed contraception. In these females, ovarian activity was noted approximately 90 days after the last dose. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1002/zoo.21652 VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21652 KW - estrone glucuronide KW - fecal hormones KW - immunocontraception KW - ovarian suppression KW - pregnanediol glucuronide KW - reversal KW - testosterone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of barbed suture oversew of the transverse staple line during functional end-to-end stapled anastomosis in a canine jejunal enterectomy model AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Moore, George E. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of barbed suture oversew of the transverse staple line during functional end‐to‐end stapled anastomosis (FEESA) in dogs. Study design Randomized, experimental, ex vivo. Animals or sample population Grossly normal jejunal segments from 14 adult canine cadavers. Methods Ninety‐eight jejunal segments ( n = 14/FEESA group, n = 14 controls) were harvested and randomly assigned to a control group, FEESA + monofilament suture oversew, FEESA + unidirectional barbed suture oversew or FEESA + bidirectional barbed suture oversew. Oversew techniques were performed using a Cushing suture pattern. Initial (ILP) and maximum leakage pressure (MLP), repair time (s), and location of observed leakage were recorded. Results No differences were detected in ILP ( p = .439) or MLP ( p = .644) respectively between experimental groups. Repairs times using barbed suture were ~ 18% faster (~25 s faster; p < .001) compared to monofilament suture. There was no difference between barbed suture types ( p = .697). Mean ILP ( p < .001) and MLP ( p < .0001) were 6.6x and 5.1x greater respectively in the control group. Leakage location occurred predominately at the crotch of the FEESA in all groups. Conclusion FEESAs closed with a transverse staple line oversew using barbed suture, regardless of barb orientation, were completed faster and resulted in similar resistance to anastomotic leakage compared to monofilament suture. Clinical significance Oversewing the transverse staple line following FEESA using barbed suture offers similar resistance to anastomotic leakage, and may be associated with decreased surgical times in dogs compared to monofilament suture. Further studies are necessary to determine the benefits of barbed suture use in both open and laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgical applications following FEESA in dogs. DA - 2022/5/25/ PY - 2022/5/25/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13827 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case Report: Novel Disseminated Paecilomyces formosus Infection in a Dog AU - Anderson, Stephanie AU - Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes AU - Womble, Mandy AU - Gibbs, Nicole AU - Harrell, Karyn AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - A 2.5-year-old, 25.5 kg, spayed female Australian Shepherd dog had a 2-month history of shifting leg lameness in all limbs, tetraparesis, progressive lethargy, and severe pain. On the physical examination, fever (40.61°C), tachycardia, tachypnea, mild diffuse pelvic limb muscular atrophy, left prescapular and right popliteal lymphadenomegaly were observed. Due to the poor prognosis and difficult pain management, humane euthanasia was elected. Macroscopic and histological findings revealed multifocal to coalescing granulomas with central areas of lytic necrosis within the right femur, left humerus, left scapula, left biceps brachii, right semimembranosus muscle, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The necrotic areas contained myriad intralesional, intracellular, and extracellular negatively stained, non-pigmented, septate acute angle branching hyphae with parallel walls measuring 3-6 μm in width with polar bulbous projections measuring 7-13 μm in width. Fresh samples of the liver were submitted for fungal culture. Panfungal PCR targeting the major conserved genes-ITS, TUB, CAL-confirmed Paecilomyces formosus. Paecilomyces spp. are members of anamorphic fungi classified under the phylum Ascomycota. Paecilomycosis is an uncommon fungal infection caused by Paecilomyces spp with a disease reported in humans and animals ranging from superficial to systemic clinical forms affecting both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. In dogs, disseminated paecilomycosis has been reported, but the species of fungi are not always determined. To our knowledge, this is the first case of disseminated paecilomycosis caused by P. formosus infection in a dog. DA - 2022/5/17/ PY - 2022/5/17/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.878327 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - Paecilomyces formosus KW - hyalohyphomycosis KW - systemic mycosis KW - domestic animal KW - dog ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observable Metabolites and Metabolomic Sampling Protocols for Managed African Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Whole Blood Using H-NMR Spectroscopy AU - Wood, Jordan AU - Morgan, David R. AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Serrano, Maria AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - METABOLITES AB - We used nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) to evaluate the metabolomics of heparinized whole blood drawn from six African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) maintained on a well characterized diet. Whole blood samples obtained under behavioral restraint, then quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen, were stored at -80 °C until analysis. Frozen samples were thawed under controlled conditions and extracted with methanol and chloroform to separate the polar and non-polar metabolites. We identified 18 polar metabolites and 14 non-polar lipids using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra. Despite unexpected rouleaux formation in the thawed frozen samples, spectra were consistent among animals and did not vary dramatically with age or the sex of the animal. DA - 2022/5// PY - 2022/5// DO - 10.3390/metabo12050400 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2218-1989 KW - proton-NMR KW - metabolomics KW - African elephant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomewide CRISPR knockout screen identified PLAC8 as an essential factor for SADS-CoVs infection AU - Tse, Longping V AU - Meganck, Rita M. AU - Araba, Kenza C. AU - Yount, Boyd L. AU - Shaffer, Kendall M. AU - Hou, Yixuan J. AU - Munt, Jennifer E. AU - Adams, Lily E. AU - Wykoff, Jason A. AU - Morowitz, Jeremy M. AU - Dong, Stephanie AU - Magness, Scott T. AU - Marzluff, William F. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. AU - Ehre, Camille AU - Baric, Ralph S. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Zoonotic transmission of coronaviruses poses an ongoing threat to human populations. Endemic outbreaks of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) have caused severe economic losses in the pig industry and have the potential to cause human outbreaks. Currently, there are no vaccines or specific antivirals against SADS-CoV, and our limited understanding of SADS-CoV host entry factors could hinder prompt responses to a potential human outbreak. Using a genomewide CRISPR knockout screen, we identified placenta-associated 8 protein (PLAC8) as an essential host factor for SADS-CoV infection. Knockout of PLAC8 abolished SADS-CoV infection, which was restored by complementing PLAC8 from multiple species, including human, rhesus macaques, mouse, pig, pangolin, and bat, suggesting a conserved infection pathway and susceptibility of SADS-CoV among mammals. Mechanistically, PLAC8 knockout does not affect viral entry; rather, knockout cells displayed a delay and reduction in viral subgenomic RNA expression. In a swine primary intestinal epithelial culture (IEC) infection model, differentiated cultures have high levels of PLAC8 expression and support SADS-CoV replication. In contrast, expanding IECs have low levels of PLAC8 expression and are resistant to SADS-CoV infection. PLAC8 expression patterns translate in vivo; the immunohistochemistry of swine ileal tissue revealed high levels of PLAC8 protein in neonatal compared to adult tissue, mirroring the known SADS-CoV pathogenesis in neonatal piglets. Overall, PLAC8 is an essential factor for SADS-CoV infection and may serve as a promising target for antiviral development for potential pandemic SADS-CoV. DA - 2022/5/3/ PY - 2022/5/3/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.2118126119 VL - 119 IS - 18 SP - SN - 1091-6490 KW - PLAC8 KW - coronavirus KW - CRISPR KW - swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term follow up of 44 cats undergoing total hip replacement: Cases from a feline hip registry (2010-2020) AU - Tilve, Veronica Rodino AU - Allaith, Sumaya AU - Girling, Sarah AU - Moores, Andrew Phillip AU - Mulholland, Lauren AU - Morrison, Shane AU - Onyett, Jeremy AU - Maddox, Thomas W. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Langley-Hobbs, Sorrel AU - Comerford, Eithne T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To report indications, complications, and long-term outcomes following feline total hip replacement (THR) using a client-based clinical metrology questionnaire, the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI), and owner satisfaction.Multi-institutional retrospective cohort study.Cats (n = 44) that underwent THR (n = 56).Feline THRs submitted to a registry over a 10-year period were reviewed. The FMPI and owner satisfaction surveys were used to assess outcome.Forty-four cats met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 2 years (range: 0.9-11), and median bodyweight 5 kg (range: 3.3-7.6). British Shorthair and Domestic Shorthair were the most frequent breeds. Most cats were neutered males (33/44) and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) was the most common surgical indication (34/56). All implants were cemented micro and nano hip implants. Overall complications (11/56) included 9 major complications. The median duration of follow up was 752 days (range: 102-3089). No association was found between clinical variables and complications. The FMPI score improved from 0.111 (range: 0-1.222) to 2.111 (range: 0.888-3.666) postoperatively (P < .001). Owner satisfaction was reported as "very good" in 30/33 cases (90.9%).A validated client metrology questionnaire showed clinical improvement in cats following THR. The most common indication for THR in cats was SCFE occurring in young male neutered cats. Complication rates were comparable to previous reports.Total hip replacement appears to be a successful surgical treatment for feline hip disease with very good owner satisfaction and acceptable complication rates. DA - 2022/6/1/ PY - 2022/6/1/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13822 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Translational, Genetically Modified Porcine Models to Ultimately Improve Intestinal Disease Treatment AU - Schaaf, Cecilia R. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - For both human and veterinary patients, non-infectious intestinal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. To improve treatment of intestinal disease, large animal models are increasingly recognized as critical tools to translate the basic science discoveries made in rodent models into clinical application. Large animal intestinal models, particularly porcine, more closely resemble human anatomy, physiology, and disease pathogenesis; these features make them critical to the pre-clinical study of intestinal disease treatments. Previously, large animal model use has been somewhat precluded by the lack of genetically altered large animals to mechanistically investigate non-infectious intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, cystic fibrosis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, recent advances and increased availability of gene editing technologies has led to both novel use of large animal models in clinically relevant intestinal disease research and improved testing of potential therapeutics for these diseases. DA - 2022/5/20/ PY - 2022/5/20/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.878952 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - cystic fibrosis KW - colorectal cancer KW - ischemia-reperfusion injury KW - genetically altered models KW - intestinal disease KW - translational porcine model KW - stem cell reporter model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of diet with clinical outcomes in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure* AU - Walker, A. L. AU - DeFrancesco, T. C. AU - Bonagura, J. D. AU - Keene, B. W. AU - Meurs, K. M. AU - Tou, S. P. AU - Kurtz, K. AU - Aona, B. AU - Barron, L. AU - McManamey, A. AU - Robertson, J. AU - Adin, D. B. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY AB - Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs has been associated with feeding of grain-free (GF), legume-rich diets. Some dogs with presumed diet-associated DCM have shown improved myocardial function and clinical outcomes following a change in diet and standard medical therapy. Prior GF (pGF) diet influences reverse cardiac remodeling and clinical outcomes in dogs with DCM and congestive heart failure (CHF). A retrospective study was performed with 67 dogs with DCM and CHF for which diet history was known. Dogs were grouped by diet into pGF and grain-inclusive (GI) groups. Dogs in the pGF group were included if diet change was a component of therapy. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and the Cox proportional-hazards model. The median survival time was 344 days for pGF dogs vs. 253 days for GI dogs (P = 0.074). Statistically significant differences in median survival were identified when the analysis was limited to dogs surviving longer than one week (P = 0.033). Prior GF dogs had a significantly worse outcome the longer a GF diet was fed prior to diagnosis (P = 0.004) or if they were diagnosed at a younger age (P = 0.017). Prior GF dogs showed significantly greater improvement in normalized left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (P = 0.038) and E-point septal separation (P = 0.031) measurements and significant decreases in their furosemide (P = 0.009) and pimobendan (P < 0.005) dosages over time compared to GI dogs. Prior GF dogs that survived at least one week after diagnosis of DCM, treatment of CHF, and diet change had better clinical outcomes and showed reverse ventricular remodeling compared to GI dogs. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.02.001 VL - 40 SP - 99-109 SN - 1875-0834 KW - Canine KW - Survival KW - Grain-free KW - Echocardiography KW - Nutritional ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practical Tips for Setting Up and Running OSCEs AU - Hall, Emily J. AU - Baillie, Sarah AU - Hunt, Julie A. AU - Catterall, Alison J. AU - Wolfe, Lissann AU - Decloedt, Annelies AU - Taylor, Abi J. AU - Wissing, Sandra T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are used to assess students' skills on a variety of tasks using live animals, models, cadaver tissue, and simulated clients. OSCEs can be used to provide formative feedback, or they can be summative, impacting progression decisions. OSCEs can also drive student motivation to engage with clinical skill development and mastery in preparation for clinical placements and rotations. This teaching tip discusses top tips for running an OSCE for veterinary and veterinary nursing/technician students as written by an international group of authors experienced with running OSCEs at a diverse set of institutions. These tips include tasks to perform prior to the OSCE, on the day of the examination, and after the examination and provide a comprehensive review of the requirements that OSCEs place on faculty, staff, students, facilities, and animals. These tips are meant to assist those who are already running OSCEs and wish to reassess their existing OSCE processes or intend to increase the number of OSCEs used across the curriculum, and for those who are planning to start using OSCEs at their institution. Incorporating OSCEs into a curriculum involves a significant commitment of resources, and this teaching tip aims to assist those responsible for delivering these assessments with improving their implementation and delivery. DA - 2022/5/26/ PY - 2022/5/26/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2022-0003 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1943-7218 KW - objective structured clinical examinations KW - OSCE KW - OSCE delivery KW - OSCE preparation KW - assessment KW - clinical skills ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5-year retrospective study AU - Walker, Grayson K. AU - Yustyniuk, Valeriia AU - Shamoun, John AU - Jacob, Megan E. AU - Correa, Maria AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Borst, Luke B. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., which are frequently coisolated in polymicrobial UTI, cause morbidity among dogs and warrant antimicrobial therapy. Objectives To evaluate clinical features of dogs with polymicrobial E. coli and Enterococcal UTI. Animals Forty‐four client‐owned dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria and groups of 100 client‐owned dogs with E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial bacteriuria. Methods Retrospective cohort study of medical records of dogs at a university teaching hospital from 2014 to 2019. Prevalence of recurrent UTI and isolate antimicrobial resistance were determined. Clinical outcomes of dogs with recurrent UTI from groups including cost and hospital visits were compared. Results Recurrent UTI was more prevalent ( P = .05) in dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria (57%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 42%‐70%) compared to the Enterococcal monomicrobial group (40%, 95% CI: 31%‐50%). Escherichia coli from polymicrobial bacteriuria were more frequently resistant to doxycycline ( P < .01, 43%, 95% CI: 29%‐58%) and gentamicin ( P = .03, 17%, 95% CI: 9%‐31%) compared to E. coli from monomicrobial bacteriuria (17% and 5%, 95% CI: 11%‐26% and 2%‐11% for doxycycline and gentamicin, respectively). Dogs with recurrent UTI from the polymicrobial UTI group had significantly ( P = .05) more hospital visits (mean = 6 visits, 95% CI: 1.7‐9.8) compared to recurrent monomicrobial UTI dogs (mean = 4 and 3 visits, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.4 and −0.7 to 7.7 for E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial UTI, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. polymicrobial UTI had more frequent adverse clinical outcomes for dogs. DA - 2022/5/27/ PY - 2022/5/27/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16445 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - antibiotics KW - bacteriuria KW - cystitis KW - urine culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polidocanol monotherapy for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse AU - Stonex, Tara M. AU - Zibura, Ashley E. AU - Andres, Michael AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Oh, Annie T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Abstract Objective To describe the use of 1% polidocanol as the sole treatment for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse. Animal A 23‐year‐old Welsh Cobb cross gelding with a distensible swelling affecting the left lower eyelid, and secondary palpebral margin abnormalities and superficial keratitis. Procedure Color flow Doppler ultrasonography revealed non‐pulsatile blood flow within the tortuous vascular network most consistent with a superficial orbital venous malformation appearing to involve the lateral palpebral and transverse facial veins. An intravenous catheter was placed within the lateral aspect of the venous malformation, and agitated saline was slowly injected into the vessel while simultaneously ultrasound imaging the medial aspect in which the bubbles were observed coursing across, consistent with lateral to medial flow. Contrast venography confirmed a corkscrew vessel along the ventral aspect of the orbital rim. Under standing sedation, 1% polidocanol solution was administered slowly through the intravenous catheter while manual pressure was applied on the medial and lateral aspects of the venous malformation. Results Ultrasonography performed immediately after administration of polidocanol confirmed venous stasis, and formation of a thrombus. No adverse side effects were noted. The venous malformation and associated palpebral margin abnormalities and superficial keratitis resolved at the time of re‐examination at 4 months. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Polidocanol as the sole treatment for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse was well tolerated and led to clinical resolution. Sclerosant monotherapy may be a safe treatment option for superficial orbital venous malformations. DA - 2022/6// PY - 2022/6// DO - 10.1111/vop.12997 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 412-418 J2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12997 DB - Crossref KW - horse KW - monotherapy KW - orbit KW - polidocanol KW - sclerotherapy KW - venous malformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence of sheep and abattoir environment as important reservoirs of multidrug resistant Salmonella and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli AU - Atlaw, N. A. AU - Keelara, S. AU - Correa, M. AU - Foster, D. AU - Gebreyes, W. AU - Aidara-Kane, A. AU - Harden, L. AU - Thakur, S. AU - Fedorka-Cray, P. J. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB - The increase in antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) foodborne pathogens, including E. coli and Salmonella in animals, humans, and the environment, is a growing public health concern. Among animals, cattle, pigs, and chicken are reservoirs of these pathogens worldwide. There is a knowledge gap on the prevalence and AMR of foodborne pathogens in small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats). This study investigates the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli and Salmonella from sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina. We conducted a year-round serial cross-sectional study and collected a total of 1128 samples from sheep (n = 780) and their abattoir environment (n = 348). Sheep samples consisted of feces, cecal contents, carcass swabs, and abattoir resting area feces. Environmental samples consisted of soil samples, lairage swab, animal feed, and drinking water for animals. We used CHROMAgar EEC with 4 μg/ml of Cefotaxime for isolating ESBL E. coli, and ESBL production was confirmed by double-disk diffusion test. Salmonella was isolated and confirmed using standard methods. All of the confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 14 antimicrobials to elucidate susceptibility profiles. The prevalence of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella was significantly higher in environmental samples (47.7% and 65.5%) compared to the sheep samples (19.5% and 17.9%), respectively (P < 0.0001). We recovered 318 ESBL E. coli and 368 Salmonella isolates from sheep and environmental samples. More than 97% (310/318) of ESBL E. coli were multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistant to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). Most Salmonella isolates (77.2%, 284/368) were pansusceptible, and 10.1% (37/368) were MDR. We identified a total of 24 different Salmonella serotypes by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The most common serotypes were Agona (19.8%), Typhimurium (16.2%), Cannstatt (13.2%), Reading (13.2%), and Anatum (9.6%). Prevalence and percent resistance of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella isolates varied significantly by season and sample type (P < 0.0001). The co-existence of ESBL E. coli in the same sample was associated with increased percent resistance of Salmonella to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Sulfisoxazole, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline. We presumed that the abattoir environment might have played a great role in the persistence and dissemination of resistant bacteria to sheep as they arrive at the abattoir. In conclusion, our study reaffirms that sheep and their abattoir environment act as important reservoirs of AMR ESBL E. coli and MDR Salmonella in the U.S. Further studies are required to determine associated public health risks. DA - 2022/2/16/ PY - 2022/2/16/ DO - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109516 VL - 363 SP - SN - 1879-3460 KW - Salmonella KW - Abattoir KW - Sheep KW - Antimicrobial susceptibility KW - Prevalence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-Institutional Retrospective Case-Control Study Evaluating Clinical Outcomes of Foals with Small Intestinal Strangulating Obstruction: 2000-2020 AU - Erwin, Sara J. AU - Clark, Marley E. AU - Dechant, Julie E. AU - Aitken, Maia R. AU - Hassel, Diana M. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. T2 - ANIMALS AB - Lower survival has been reported in foals than adults with small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SISO), but age-dependent outcomes have not been examined directly. Hospital records were collected from five US academic referral hospitals. It was hypothesized that foals would exhibit lower survival than case-matched adults. Foal cases 6-months-of-age or younger, and adult cases between 2- and 20-years-of-age were collected. Data revealed 24 of 25 (96.0%) foals and 66 of 75 (88.0%) adults that were recovered from surgery for SISO survived to hospital discharge. Sixteen of the total 41 (39.0%) foals studied were euthanized intraoperatively, whereas 30 of 105 (28.6%) adults were euthanized intraoperatively. Common lesions in foals that were recovered from surgery were volvulus (n = 13) and intussusception (n = 5), whereas common lesions in adults were volvulus (n = 25) and strangulating lipoma (n = 23). This study was limited by incomplete medical records, relatively small sample size, and lack of long-term follow-up. Unexpectedly, short-term survival tended to be higher in foals than adults and may have been partly driven by case selection prior to referral or surgery or decision-making intraoperatively. More optimism toward surgical treatment of foals with SISO may be warranted. DA - 2022/6// PY - 2022/6// DO - 10.3390/ani12111374 VL - 12 IS - 11 SP - SN - 2076-2615 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/11/1374 KW - horse KW - colic KW - foal KW - ischemia KW - small intestinal strangulating obstruction KW - surgery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinoma in lemurs identifies potential cancer drivers A pilot study AU - Gunady, Ella F. AU - Ware, Kathryn E. AU - Plumlee, Sarah Hoskinson AU - Devos, Nicolas AU - Corcoran, David AU - Prinz, Joseph AU - Misetic, Hrvoje AU - Ciccarelli, Francesca D. AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Thorne, Jeffrey L. AU - Schopler, Robert AU - Everitt, Jeffrey I AU - Eward, William C. AU - Somarelli, Jason A. T2 - EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH AB - Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs frequently in prosimians, but the cause of these liver cancers in this group is unknown. Characterizing the genetic changes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in prosimians may point to possible causes, treatments and methods of prevention, aiding conservation efforts that are particularly crucial to the survival of endangered lemurs. Although genomic studies of cancer in non-human primates have been hampered by a lack of tools, recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of using human exome capture reagents across primates.In this proof-of-principle study, we applied human exome capture reagents to tumor-normal pairs from five lemurs with hepatocellular carcinoma to characterize the mutational landscape of this disease in lemurs.Several genes implicated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, including ARID1A, TP53 and CTNNB1, were mutated in multiple lemurs, and analysis of cancer driver genes mutated in these samples identified enrichment of genes involved with TP53 degradation and regulation. In addition to these similarities with human hepatocellular carcinoma, we also noted unique features, including six genes that contain mutations in all five lemurs. Interestingly, these genes are infrequently mutated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting potential differences in the etiology and/or progression of this cancer in lemurs and humans.Collectively, this pilot study suggests that human exome capture reagents are a promising tool for genomic studies of cancer in lemurs and other non-human primates.Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs frequently in prosimians, but the cause of these liver cancers is unknown. In this proof-of-principle study, we applied human DNA sequencing tools to tumor-normal pairs from five lemurs with hepatocellular carcinoma and compared the lemur mutation profiles to those of human hepatocellular carcinomas. DA - 2022/1/5/ PY - 2022/1/5/ DO - 10.1093/emph/eoac016 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 221-230 SN - 2050-6201 KW - liver cancer KW - mutation KW - prosimians KW - non-human primates KW - TP53 KW - ARID1A KW - CTNNB1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Porcine Models of the Intestinal Microbiota: The Translational Key to Understanding How Gut Commensals Contribute to Gastrointestinal Disease AU - Rose, Elizabeth C. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - In the United States, gastrointestinal disorders account for in excess of $130 billion in healthcare expenditures and 22 million hospitalizations annually. Many of these disorders, including necrotizing enterocolitis of infants, obesity, diarrhea, and inflammatory bowel disease, are associated with disturbances in the gastrointestinal microbial composition and metabolic activity. To further elucidate the pathogenesis of these disease syndromes as well as uncover novel therapies and preventative measures, gastrointestinal researchers should consider the pig as a powerful, translational model of the gastrointestinal microbiota. This is because pigs and humans share striking similarities in their intestinal microbiota as well as gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. The introduction of gnotobiotic pigs, particularly human-microbial associated pigs, has already amplified our understanding of many gastrointestinal diseases that have detrimental effects on human health worldwide. Continued utilization of these models will undoubtedly inform translational advancements in future gastrointestinal research and potential therapeutics. DA - 2022/3/25/ PY - 2022/3/25/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.834598 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - intestinal microbiota KW - translational models KW - pig models KW - gut commensals KW - gastrointestinal disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dogs >= five years of age at the time of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt diagnosis have better long-term outcomes with surgical attenuation than with medical management alone AU - Wallace, Mandy L. AU - Grimes, Janet A. AU - Edwards, Lauren AU - Lux, Cassie N. AU - Tam, Candace AU - Dickerson, Vanna M. AU - Carroll, Kenneth A. AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Colberg, Valerie AU - Kudej, Raymond K. AU - Otomo, Aki AU - Singh, Ameet AU - Miller, Annellie AU - Regier, Penny J. AU - Curcillo, Chiara AU - Holt, David E. AU - Ogden, Jessica A. AU - Arai, Shiori AU - Upchurch, David A. AU - Eicher, Logan AU - Howard, James AU - Hardie, Robert J. AU - Zellner, Eric M. AU - Milovancev, Milan AU - Bennett, Barbara AU - Heape, Natalie AU - Matz, Brad M. AU - Schmiedt, Chad W. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the outcome in dogs diagnosed with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) at ≥ 5 years of age treated with medical management only (M) or with surgical attenuation (S). The hypothesis was that dogs undergoing surgical attenuation would have a longer survival time than dogs undergoing medical management only. ANIMALS 351 dogs definitively diagnosed with EHPSS at ≥ 5 years of age. PROCEDURES Medical records from 2009 to 2019 at 16 veterinary teaching hospitals were evaluated. Data collected included signalment, clinical signs at diagnosis, clinicopathologic data, surgical and medical treatments, shunt morphology, clinical signs and medical treatments at 6 to 12 months after diagnosis, and survival time. RESULTS 351 dogs (M, 119 [33.9%]; S, 232 [66.1%]) were included in the study. Survival time was longer with surgery than medical management (hazard ratio, 4.2; M, 3.4 years; S, 10.9 years). Continued clinical signs at 6 to 12 months after diagnosis were more common with medical management (M, 40% [33/88]; S, 14% [21/155]). Continued medical treatments at 6 to 12 months after diagnosis were more common in the medical management group (M, 78% [69/88]; S, 34% [53/155]). Perioperative mortality rate was 7.3%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs diagnosed at ≥ 5 years of age with EHPSS have significantly better survival times and fewer clinical signs with surgical attenuation, compared with medical management. Older dogs have similar surgical mortality rates to dogs of all ages after surgical EHPSS attenuation. DA - 2022/4/1/ PY - 2022/4/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.21.09.0417 VL - 260 IS - 7 SP - 758-764 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ex vivo biomechanical characteristics and effects on gap formation of using an internal fixation plate to augment primary three-loop pulley repair of canine gastrocnemius tendons AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Beamon, Wes AU - Moore, George E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To evaluate the effects of using an internal fixation plate to augment primary 3-loop pulley (3LP) repair of canine gastrocnemius tendons (GTs).48 cadaveric GTs from 24 adult dogs.GTs were dissected free from other tissues, transected, and randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 12/group). GTs were repaired with 2-0 polypropylene with a 3LP repair alone or a 3LP repair augmented with a 3-hole veterinary cuttable plate (3VCP), a 5-hole veterinary cuttable plate (5VCP), or a 7-hole veterinary cuttable plate (7VC P). Biomechanical loads, construct stiffness, gap formation, and failure modes were compared between groups.Yield, peak, and failure loads were all significantly increased for the 5VCP and 7VCP groups, compared with the 3LP alone group. Increasing plate length from 3VCP to 5VCP and from 3VCP to 7VCP increased yield, peak, and failure loads. No differences were found between the 3LP and 3VCP groups with regard to yield and peak loads, but failure load was increased in the 3VCP group. Loads to create 1-mm and 3-mm gaps were significantly greater for the 5VCP and 7VCP groups, compared with the 3LP alone and 3VCP groups. Mode of plate attachment failure differed among groups.Tendon plate augmentation may be a viable surgical option to increase the strength of the tenorrhaphy in dogs. However, in vivo studies evaluating the effects of plate augmentation on the tendon blood supply and progression of healing are needed prior to clinical application. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.07.0088 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 305-311 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of pimobendan following oral administration to New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) AU - Ozawa, Sarah M. AU - Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon AU - Hawkins, Michelle G. AU - Diao, Stephanie M. AU - Masri, Acacia E. AU - Gunther-Harrington, Catherine T. AU - Knych, Heather K. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and potential adverse effects of pimobendan after oral administration in New Zealand White rabbits ( Ocytolagus cuniculi ). ANIMALS 10 adult sexually intact (5 males and 5 females) rabbits. PROCEDURES 2 pilot studies were performed with a pimobendan suspension or oral tablets. Eight rabbits received 7.5 mg of pimobendan (mean 2.08 mg/kg) suspended in a critical care feeding formula. Plasma concentrations of pimobendan and O-demethylpimobendan (ODMP) were measured, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for pimobendan by noncompartmental analysis. Body weight, food and water consumption, mentation, urine, and fecal output were monitored. RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum concentration following pimobendan administration was 15.7 ± 7.54 ng/mL and was detected at 2.79 ± 1.25 hours. The half-life was 3.54 ± 1.32 hours. Plasma concentrations of pimobendan were detectable for up to 24 hours. The active metabolite, ODMP, was detected in rabbits for 24 to 36 hours. An adverse event occurred following administration of pimobendan in tablet form in 1 pilot study, resulting in death secondary to aspiration. No other adverse events occurred. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Plasma concentrations of pimobendan were lower than previously reported for dogs and cats, despite administration of higher doses, and had longer time to maximum concentration and half-life. Based on this study, 2 mg/kg of pimobendan in a critical care feeding formulation should maintain above a target plasma concentration for 12 to 24 hours. However, further studies evaluating multiple-dose administration as well as pharmacodynamic studies and clinical trials in rabbits with congestive heart failure are needed to determine accurate dose and frequency recommendations. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.03.0032 VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 356-363 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Fluid Analysis and Cytologic Findings of Cerebrospinal Fluid Between Three Collection Sites in Adult Equids With Neurological Disease AU - Young, Kimberly A. S. AU - Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. AU - Dembek, Katarzyna A. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is routinely collected from three sites in the horse, the atlanto-occipital (AO), atlantoaxial (AA), and lumbosacral (LS) space. A comparison between fluid analysis parameters [total protein, total nucleated cell count (TNCC), red blood cell (RBC) count, and morphologic analysis] from samples obtained at each of the three sites has not previously been performed. A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the differences in fluid analysis of CSF between the AO, AA, and LS sites in equids presented to a referral service for evaluation of suspected neurological disease. A total of 113 equids aged ≥1 year that underwent CSF collection between 2008 and 2020 were included. Total nucleated cell count, RBC concentration, total protein (TP), and morphologic evaluation between CSF samples obtained from the three sites were compared. When comparing all samples, LS centesis was associated with higher RBC compared to other sites (p < 0.05); TP was lower in the AA group than in the LS group (p < 0.05). Within a subset of cytologically unremarkable samples, RBC concentration was highest in LS samples (p < 0.01); TP was higher in LS samples compared to AA samples (p < 0.05) and TNCC was higher (p < 0.01) in AA and LS groups compared to the AO. In cytologically abnormal samples, there were no significant differences between sites in any parameter. Abnormal cytology was correlated with non-survival (p = 0.0002). Non-survival was associated with higher TNCC (p < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for TNCC had an area under the curve of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.55-0.79) and indicated that a cutoff value of 24 cells/μL maximized specificity (72%) and sensitivity (54%) to predict non-survival in all horses. Positive predictive value was 45%; negative predictive value was 78%. The concentration of RBC was higher in samples from the LS site. This has clinical implications due to the importance of comparative diagnostics and its potential impact on cytologic evaluation. There were minimal differences in multiple other parameters between sites, which are likely clinically insignificant. DA - 2022/4/26/ PY - 2022/4/26/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.821815 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) KW - cytopathology KW - atlanto-occipital KW - atlantoaxial KW - lumbosacral ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation of a flagship species: Health assessment of the pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae AU - Colosimo, Giuliano AU - Gentile, Gabriele AU - Vera, Carlos A. AU - Sevilla, Christian AU - Gerber, Glenn P. AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae , is one of four species of iguanas (three terrestrial and one marine) in the Galápagos Islands, and the only one listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. The species can only be found on the north-west slopes of the highest volcano on Isabela Island and was first described to science in 2009. As part of a population telemetry study, a health assessment was authorized by the Galápagos National Park. Wild adult iguanas were captured on Wolf Volcano in September 2019 and April 2021 to record morphological and physiological parameters including body temperature, heart rate, intraocular pressures, tear formation, and infrared iris images. Blood samples were also collected and analyzed. An i-STAT portable blood analyzer was used to obtain values for base excess in the extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (HctPCV), hemoglobin (Hb), ionized calcium (iCa), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ), partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) , percent oxygen saturation (sO 2 %), pH, potassium (K), and sodium (Na). When possible, data were compared to previously published and available data for the other Galápagos iguanas. The results reported here provide baseline values that will be useful in detecting changes in health status among pink land iguanas affected by climate change, invasive species, anthropogenic threats, or natural disturbances. The collected data also provide an invaluable resource for conservation scientists planning to implement conservation strategies, like translocations, that may temporarily alter these baseline values. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0257179 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Centrifugal therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (2016-2018): 7 cases AU - Culler, Christine A. AU - Vigani, Alessio AU - Ripoll, Alexandra Z. AU - Gareau, Alexandra AU - Suter, Steven E. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE AB - To describe the technique of centrifugal therapeutic plasma exchange (cTPE) in dogs diagnosed with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and summarize the outcome of the procedure.Retrospective review of cTPE performed at North Carolina State University from 2016 to 2018, through a search of the institutional database for cTPE and IMHA.University teaching hospital.Seven dogs with confirmed IMHA were presented to a university teaching hospital ICU for cTPE. Six dogs were not responsive to standard medical management with immunosuppressive agents, while 1 dog presented before immunosuppressive agents were begun.All dogs underwent multiple cTPE procedures using 1 of 2 commercially available apheresis systems.At presentation, the median HCT was 0.15 L/L (15.7%) (range, 0.10-0.19 L/L [10.3%-19%]) and the median total serum bilirubin was 32.5 mmol/L (1.9 mg/dl) (range, 15.4-597 mmol/L [0.9-34.9 mg/dl]). The median number of transfusions before cTPE was 1 (range, 1-4), with a median total of infused RBCs of 12.9 ml/kg (range, 8.8-37 ml/kg). cTPE with an exchange of ≥4 times total plasma volumes was used to decrease the level of circulating autoreactive antibodies. The median total plasma volumes exchanged was 4.5 times (range, 2.5-6.5 times) over 2-4 procedures. Anticoagulation was performed using a combination of systemic heparinization and regional citrate in all dogs. Six of 7 dogs (85.7%) were discharged from the hospital and were alive 90 days after discharge. One dog (14%) did not respond to cTPE (∼6.5 times total plasma volume exchanged) and was euthanized.cTPE is a feasible and relatively safe bridging treatment option for the management of canine IMHA. DA - 2022/5/2/ PY - 2022/5/2/ DO - 10.1111/vec.13196 SP - SN - 1476-4431 KW - canine KW - IMHA KW - therapeutic plasma exchange ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2022 Update of the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics and Thrombolytics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) Domain 1‐ Defining populations at risk AU - deLaforcade, Armelle AU - Bacek, Lenore AU - Blais, Marie‐Claude AU - Boyd, Corrin AU - Brainard, Benjamin M AU - Chan, Daniel L. AU - Cortellini, Stefano AU - Goggs, Robert AU - Hoareau, Guillaume L AU - Koenigshof, Amy AU - Li, Ron AU - Lynch, Alex AU - Ralph, Alan AU - Rozanski, Elizabeth AU - Sharp, Claire R T2 - Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care AB - Abstract Objectives To expand the number of conditions and interventions explored for their associations with thrombosis in the veterinary literature and to provide the basis for prescribing recommendations. Design A population exposure comparison outcome format was used to represent patient, exposure, comparison, and outcome. Population Exposure Comparison Outcome questions were distributed to worksheet authors who performed comprehensive searches, summarized the evidence, and created guideline recommendations that were reviewed by domain chairs. The revised guidelines then underwent the Delphi survey process to reach consensus on the final guidelines. Diseases evaluated in this iteration included heartworm disease (dogs and cats), immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (cats), protein‐losing nephropathy (cats), protein‐losing enteropathy (dogs and cats), sepsis (cats), hyperadrenocorticism (cats), liver disease (dogs), congenital portosystemic shunts (dogs and cats) and the following interventions: IV catheters (dogs and cats), arterial catheters (dogs and cats), vascular access ports (dogs and cats), extracorporeal circuits (dogs and cats) and transvenous pacemakers (dogs and cats). Results Of the diseases evaluated in this iteration, a high risk for thrombosis was defined as heartworm disease or protein‐losing enteropathy. Low risk for thrombosis was defined as dogs with liver disease, cats with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia, protein‐losing nephropathy, sepsis, or hyperadrenocorticism. Conclusions Associations with thrombosis are outlined for various conditions and interventions and provide the basis for management recommendations. Numerous knowledge gaps were identified that represent opportunities for future studies. DA - 2022/5// PY - 2022/5// DO - 10.1111/vec.13204 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 289-314 J2 - J Vet Emergen Crit Care LA - en OP - SN - 1479-3261 1476-4431 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.13204 DB - Crossref KW - arrhythmias KW - heartworm disease KW - protein-losing enteropathy KW - vascular devices ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical features and posttreatment monitoring of dogs administered rivaroxaban (2018-2020): 19 cases AU - Tracy, Alyxandra L. AU - Goggs, Robert AU - Brooks, Marjory B. AU - Lynch, Alex M. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE AB - Abstract Objective To describe a population of sick dogs administered rivaroxaban monitored with a rivaroxaban‐calibrated anti‐Xa activity assay (aXa). Design Descriptive retrospective study. Setting Two veterinary teaching hospitals. Animals Client‐owned dogs administered rivaroxaban and monitored with aXa from January 2018 to January 2020 were eligible for study. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Medical records were reviewed and 19 dogs with a variety of underlying disease processes were identified. Rivaroxaban was administered to 12 of 19 dogs (63%) with confirmed thrombosis, 4 of 19 dogs (21%) with a strong clinical suspicion of thrombosis, and in 3 of 19 dogs (16%) with no current evidence of thrombosis. The median rivaroxaban dose administered was 0.96 mg/kg/day (0.62–1.58 mg/kg/day), with 15 of 19 dogs (79%) receiving rivaroxaban once daily. Clopidogrel was concurrently administered to 11 of 19 dogs (58%). Complete or partial thrombus resolution was identified in 5 of 12 (42%) and 3 of 12 (25%) dogs, respectively. Rivaroxaban appeared safe, with only 1 of 19 dogs (5%), concurrently administered clopidogrel, developing evidence of mild hematuria. Posttreatment monitoring revealed that 8 of 19 dogs (42%) had aXa below the target (aXa range of 150–250 ng/ml associated with effective treatment and prevention of venous thrombosis in people). The remaining 3 to 19 dogs (16%) achieved this range, and 8 of 19 dogs (42%) exceeded the range. No significant relationship between the initial rivaroxaban dose administered and the corresponding aXa result was identified. There were also no significant differences in baseline clinicopathological variables in dogs in which aXa fell within or outside this range. Conclusions aXa was most commonly measured in dogs receiving rivaroxaban with confirmed or suspected thrombosis. Dogs in this study received a range of rivaroxaban dosages and attained variable aXa values that were not directly correlated with dosage. DA - 2022/4/20/ PY - 2022/4/20/ DO - 10.1111/vec.13199 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1476-4431 KW - anticoagulant KW - canine KW - thromboprophylaxis KW - venous thrombosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and Evaluation of a Serum Transfusion Process in the Thorny Devil Stick Insect (Eurycantha calcarata) AU - Gregory, Taylor M. AU - Heniff, Ashlyn C. AU - Gorges, Melinda A. AU - Lathan, Andrew W. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Balko, Julie A. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - The thorny devil stick insect (Eurycantha calcarata) is a common invertebrate maintained under human care. Blood (hemolymph) transfusions are a widely used therapeutic tool in other species, but investigation in terrestrial arthropods remains scarce. Study objectives were development and evaluation of a serum transfusion process in the thorny devil stick insect. Twenty-five clinically healthy adult insects (9.9-23.0 g) were enrolled and baseline body weights were collected. Hemolymph collection was not successful in males, thus, all were recipient only (n = 12, MR). Females were divided into donor (n = 4, FD) or donor and recipient (n = 9, FDR) groups. Females were manually restrained and up to 1 mL of hemolymph was collected from the abdominal segment caudal to the proximal hindlimb using an 18 g hypodermic needle and passive collection via gravity. Hemolymph was quantified, centrifuged, and the serum separated. Insects were then injected superficially at the lateral aspect of the abdomen with 0.01 mL/g FD serum (MR), lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) equal to collected hemolymph volume (FD), or a combination of FDR serum and LRS equal to collected hemolymph volume (FDR). Response to stimulation, surface temperature, and righting reflex and mortality were serially assessed for up to 24 h and 7 days, respectively, following injection. In FD, median (range) injected LRS dose was 0.04 (0.03-0.06) mL/g. In FDR, median (range) injected serum, LRS, and combined serum and LRS dose was 0.03 (0.02-0.04), 0.01 (0-0.04), and 0.04 (0.02-0.06) mL/g, respectively. A mild temperature increase (maximum +2.9°C) (MR n = 10, FD n = 3, FDR n = 8) and delayed righting reflex (MR n = 4, FD n = 3, FDR n = 7) occurred in a subset of insects following injection. Two deaths occurred at 2 min (n = 1, FDR) and 96 h (n = 1, FD) post-injection. This is the first report of serum transfusions in thorny devil stick insects, and while largely successful, minor to severe transfusion reactions may occur. DA - 2022/4/4/ PY - 2022/4/4/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.847043 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - Eurycantha calcarata KW - serum KW - stick insect KW - transfusion KW - transfusion reaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence and genetic characterization of a Babesia microti-like species in the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) AU - Garrett, Kayla AU - Halseth, Ashlyn AU - Ruder, Mark G. AU - Beasley, James AU - Shock, Barbara AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Gabriel, Mourad AU - Fiorello, Christine AU - Haire, M. Melanie AU - Olfenbuttel, Colleen AU - Keel, M. Kevin AU - Yabsley, Michael J. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS AB - A 4.5-month-old, male, North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) from Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, USA being temporarily housed at a rehabilitation facility, presented with a three-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and severe anemia. Antemortem blood smears revealed intraerythrocytic piroplasms. Supportive care and antiparasitic treatments were initiated, but the animal died three days following presentation. Gross necropsy revealed yellow discoloration of all adipose tissue throughout the carcass and a mildly enlarged, diffusely yellow to pale orange liver. Microscopically, moderate, centrilobular hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis were observed, consistent with hypoxia secondary to apparent hemolytic anemia. Piroplasms were frequently observed in red blood cells in histologic sections. The nearly full-length 18S rRNA gene sequence (1588 bp) was identical to a previously described piroplasm from North American river otters from North Carolina. Phylogenetically, based on the 18S rRNA gene sequence, the otter Babesia sp. was in a sister group with a clade that included several strains of Babesia microti-like species including Babesia sp. from badgers (Meles meles), Babesia vulpes, and Babesia sp. from raccoons (Procyon lotor). To better understand the distribution and genetic variability of this Babesia species, otters from four states in the eastern U.S. and California were tested. Overall, 30 of 57 (53%) otters were positive for Babesia sp. None of four otters from California were positive, but prevalences in eastern states were generally high, 5/9 (55%) in Georgia, 7/14 (50%) in South Carolina, 10/17 (59%) in North Carolina, and 8/13 (62%) in Pennsylvania). Partial 18S rRNA gene sequences from all populations were identical to the clinical case sequence. No Babesia sensu stricto infections were detected. There were six unique COI sequences (937 bp) detected in 18 positive otters. The most common lineage (A) was detected in 12 of 18 (67%) samples from Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Pennsylvania. Lineage B was found in two otters and the remaining lineage types were found in single otters. These six lineages were 99-99.8% similar to each other and were < 88% similar to related parasites such as B. vulpes, B. microti-like species of raccoons, B. microti, and B. rodhaini. Phylogenetically, the Babesia sp. of otters grouped together in a well-supported clade separate from a sister group including B. vulpes from fox (Vulpes vulpes) and domestic dogs. In conclusion, this report demonstrates that this piroplasm is a potential pathogen of North American river otters and the parasite is widespread in otter populations in the eastern United States. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// DO - 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100696 VL - 29 SP - SN - 2405-9390 KW - Babesiosis KW - Babesia microti -like species KW - Lontra canadensis KW - North American river otter KW - Hemolytic anemia KW - Phylogenetic analyses ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recommendations and Action Plans to Improve Ex Situ Nutrition and Health of Marine Teleosts AU - Williams, Scott AU - Stoskopf, Michael AU - Francis-Floyd, Ruth AU - Koutsos, Liz AU - Dierenfeld, Ellen AU - Harmon, Todd AU - Cicotello, Eileen AU - German, Donovan AU - Semmen, Kent AU - Keaffaber, Jeffery AU - Olea-Popelka, Francisco AU - Livingston, Shannon AU - Sullivan, Kathleen AU - Valdes, Eduardo T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - Abstract The International Workshop for Ex‐Situ Marine Teleost Nutrition and Health, hosted by Disney's Animals, Science and Environment in conjunction with the Comparative Nutrition Society, brought together over 50 animal experts and scientists representing 20 institutions to review current science and identify challenges of marine teleost nutrition and health. Invited speakers presented critical information and current research topics for areas of emphasis and expertise. Subject matter experts identified knowledge gaps and primary areas of focus to guide the scientific community's research efforts to improve the care of ex situ marine teleosts. The clinical medicine working group highlighted standardized approaches to ante‐ and postmortem sample collection, diet biosecurity and supplementation, advanced diagnostic methods, and expanded training in fish nutrition. Nutrition identified the creation of a husbandry and feeding management manual, comprehensive feeding program review and design, and specialty feeder/life stage nutrition as areas of focus, while animal husbandry focused on body condition scoring, feed delivery techniques, and behavioral husbandry topics. The physiology and chemistry and water quality working groups discussed components of the aquatic environment and their effects on fish health, including organic matter constituents, microbial diversity, disinfection, and managing microbiota. Finally, we reviewed how epidemiological approaches and considerations can improve our evaluation of aquarium teleost nutrition and health. The goals outlined by each working group and supporting literature discussion are detailed in this communication and represent our goals for the next 3 to 5 years, with the ultimate objective of the workshop being the production of a husbandry manual for marine teleost nutrition and health. Any scientists who feel that their experience, research, or interests align with these goals are invited to participate by contacting the authors. DA - 2022/4/27/ PY - 2022/4/27/ DO - 10.1002/aah.10150 SP - SN - 1548-8667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computed Tomography Assessment of Tidal Lung Overinflation in Domestic Cats Undergoing Pressure-Controlled Mechanical Ventilation During General Anesthesia AU - Martins, Alessandro R. C. AU - Ambrosio, Aline M. AU - Fantoni, Denise T. AU - Pinto, Ana Carolina B. C. F. AU - Villamizar-Martinez, Lenin Arturo AU - Soares, Joao H. N. AU - Otsuki, Denise A. AU - Malbouisson, Luiz Marcelo S. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Objective This study aimed to evaluate lung overinflation at different airway inspiratory pressure levels using computed tomography in cats undergoing general anesthesia. Study Design Prospective laboratory study. Animals A group of 17 healthy male cats, aged 1.9–4.5 years and weighing 3.5 ± 0.5 kg. Methods Seventeen adult male cats were ventilated in pressure-controlled mode with airway pressure stepwise increased from 5 to 15 cmH 2 O in 2 cmH 2 O steps every 5 min and then stepwise decreased. The respiratory rate was set at 15 movements per min and end-expiratory pressure at zero (ZEEP). After 5 min in each inspiratory pressure step, a 4 s inspiratory pause was performed to obtain a thoracic juxta-diaphragmatic single slice helical CT image and to collect respiratory mechanics data and an arterial blood sample. Lung parenchyma aeration was defined as overinflated, normally-aerated, poorly-aerated, and non-aerated according to the CT attenuation number (−1,000 to −900 HU, −900 to −500 HU, −500 to −100 HU, and −100 to +100 HU, respectively). Result At 5 cmH 2 O airway pressure, tidal volume was 6.7± 2.2 ml kg −1 , 2.1% (0.3–6.3%) of the pulmonary parenchyma was overinflated and 84.9% (77.6%−87.6%) was normally inflated. Increases in airway pressure were associated with progressive distention of the lung parenchyma. At 15 cmH 2 O airway pressure, tidal volume increased to 31.5± 9.9 ml kg −1 ( p &lt; 0.001), overinflated pulmonary parenchyma increased to 28.4% (21.2–30.6%) ( p &lt; 0.001), while normally inflated parenchyma decreased 57.9% (53.4–62.8%) ( p &lt; 0.001). Tidal volume and overinflated lung fraction returned to baseline when airway pressure was decreased. A progressive decrease was observed in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO 2 ) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) when the airway pressures were increased above 9 cmH 2 O ( p &lt; 0.001). The increase in airway pressure promoted an elevation in pH ( p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Ventilation with 5 and 7 cmH 2 O of airway pressure prevents overinflation in healthy cats with highly compliant chest walls, despite presenting acidemia by respiratory acidosis. This fact can be controlled by increasing or decreasing respiratory rate and inspiratory time. DA - 2022/4/1/ PY - 2022/4/1/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.842528 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - computed tomography KW - pulmonary overinflation KW - ventilator-induced lung injury KW - tidal volume KW - controlled ventilation KW - cats ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing Veterinary Student Engagement in Public Health and Epidemiology Coursework through a Client-Focused Risk Communication Assignment AU - Frey, Erin T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the important role veterinarians play as public health communicators and emphasized the importance of engaging veterinary students in epidemiology and public health curriculum, the majority of whom have a clinical focus and struggle to see their relevance in relation to future career plans. To enhance student engagement, second-year DVM students were asked to create a one-page risk communication handout centered on a zoonotic disease and organized with public health message mapping. Informed by the distribution of students' self-declared career plans at admission to the DVM program, students were asked to choose from a list of zoonotic pathogens previously covered in the DVM curriculum and to select a relevant focus species and expected lay audience member. This assignment was scaffolded with previous infectious disease and communication coursework and provided an opportunity for all students to engage with public health material regardless of prior interest or knowledge. Students chose 13 of 15 zoonotic diseases provided, and their species and audience focuses were distributed across previously stated career focuses, including companion animals, food producing animals, exotic animals, and wildlife. Providing options relevant to diverse student experiences and connecting the assignment to clinical competencies supported student autonomy and engagement in public health content outside clinically focused core classes. Students' successful delivery of constructive peer feedback indicated their engagement with the public health course material, integration of learning from other parts of the curriculum, and perceived relevance of the assignment to their future career focus. DA - 2022/4/27/ PY - 2022/4/27/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2021-0140 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1943-7218 KW - public health KW - epidemiology KW - communication skills KW - competencies KW - student engagement KW - scaffolded learning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potent Activity of Ertapenem Plus Cefazolin Within Staphylococcal Biofilms: A Contributing Factor in the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis AU - Gilbertie, Jessica AU - Ulloa, Erlinda R. AU - Daiker, Jennifer C. AU - Nguyen, Khanh AU - Smelter, Dan AU - Rose, Warren AU - Geriak, Matthew AU - Schnabel, Lauren V AU - Nizet, Victor AU - Sakoulas, George T2 - OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB - Besides antistaphylococcal beta-lactams and source control, there are limited validated antimicrobial salvage options in patients with prolonged methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia, including infective endocarditis (IE).MSSA IE cases treated with ertapenem (ETP) plus cefazolin (CZ) were compared with matched IE cases treated with standard beta-lactam monotherapy. The bactericidal activity of ETP plus CZ was also compared with nafcillin (NAF), CZ, and ETP alone using an in vitro MSSA biofilm model.The median duration of bacteremia experienced by patients (n = 12) while on CZ or NAF was 4 days (range 1-16 days) compared with 1 day (range 1-3 days) for patients (n = 5) treated with ETP + CZ (P = .01, Mann-Whitney U test). Cefazolin and NAF alone or in combination did not achieve biofilm eradication at clinically relevant concentrations. However, the addition of ETP to CZ led to bactericidal eradication within biofilms at standard dosing.Ertapenem reduces CZ concentrations required to eradicate MSSA biofilms to those achievable in vivo by standard dosing, translating into shorter bacteremia duration in patients with MSSA endocarditis. Larger studies are needed to investigate ETP plus CZ therapy in the treatment of biofilm-related MSSA infections such as endocarditis. DA - 2022/5/1/ PY - 2022/5/1/ DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofac159 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2328-8957 KW - cefazolin KW - ertapenem KW - endocarditis KW - Staphylococcus aureus ER - TY - JOUR TI -

Development of an ultrasound-guided transgluteal injection of the pudendal nerve in cats: a cadaveric study

AU - Briley, Jessica D. AU - Keenihan, Erin K. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Chiavaccini, Ludovica T2 - VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA AB - To develop an ultrasound-guided interfascial plane technique for injection of the pudendal nerve near its sacral origin in cats.Prospective, randomized, anatomical study.A group of 12 feline cadavers.Gross and ultrasound anatomy of the ischiorectal fossa, the pudendal nerve relationship with parasacral structures, and the interfascial plane were described. Computed tomography was employed to describe a cranial transgluteal approach to the pudendal nerve. Bilateral ultrasound-guided injections were performed in eight cadavers using low [(LV) 0.1 mL kg-1] or high volume [(HV) 0.2 mL kg-1] of ropivacaine-dye solution. Dissections were performed to determine successful staining of the pudendal nerve (>1 cm) and inadvertent staining of the sciatic nerve, and any rectal, urethral, or intravascular puncture. Pudendal nerve staining in groups LV and HV were compared using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum test as appropriate (p = 0.05).The pudendal nerve and its rectal perineal and sensory branches coursed through the ischiorectal fossa, dorsomedial to the ischiatic spine. The pudendal nerve was not identified ultrasonographically, but the target plane was identified between the sacral transverse process, the ischiatic spine, the pelvic fascia and the rectum, and it was filled with dye solution. Both branches of the pudendal nerve were completely stained 75% and 87.5% in groups LV and HV, respectively (p = 1.00). The dorsal aspect of the sciatic nerve was partially stained in 37% of injections in group HV. Rectal or urethral puncture and intravascular injection were not observed.In cats, ultrasound-guided cranial transgluteal injection successfully stained the pudendal nerve in at least 75% of attempts, regardless of injectate volume. Group HV had a greater probability of sciatic nerve staining. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.11.004 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 189-196 SN - 1467-2995 KW - feline KW - locoregional anesthesia KW - lower urinary tract disease KW - pudendal nerve block KW - ultrasound ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dilated cardiomyopathy in cats: survey of veterinary cardiologists and retrospective evaluation of a possible association with diet AU - Karp, S. AU - Freeman, L. M. AU - Rush, J. E. AU - Arsenault, W. G. AU - Cunningham, S. M. AU - DeFrancesco, T. C. AU - Karlin, E. T. AU - Laste, N. J. AU - Lefbom, B. K. AU - Plante, C. AU - Rodriguez, K. T. AU - Tyrrell, W. D. AU - Yang, V. K. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY AB - The objectives were to conduct a survey of cardiologists on their recent experiences with cats that have dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and to retrospectively review individual cases of feline DCM.Part one: A survey was distributed to cardiologists with questions regarding caseload and clinical management of cats with DCM diagnosed over the past two years. Part two: Cardiologists completing the survey were invited to submit data from cats recently diagnosed with DCM. Data on signalment, clinical signs, diet, echocardiographic measurements and outcome were recorded.Part one: From 52 completed surveys, many cardiologists responded that measuring and supplementing taurine and recommending a diet change in cats with DCM are common practices. Few (15%) cardiologists reported an increase in the number of feline DCM cases over the past two years, although some had cases that improved even if taurine deficiency was not present. Part two: Twenty of 37 (54%) cats ate low pea/lentil (low PL) diets, and 14/37 (38%) ate high PL diets at the time of diagnosis; three had incomplete diet information. Two of 13 cats (15%) in which taurine was measured had levels below the reference range. After adjusting for other variables, cats eating high PL diets that changed diets after diagnosis had a significantly longer survival time than that of cats eating high PL diets that did not change diets after diagnosis (P = 0.025).Additional research is warranted to determine whether there could be a possible association between diet and DCM in cats. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.11.002 VL - 39 SP - 22-34 SN - 1875-0834 KW - Nutrition KW - Diet KW - Heart failure KW - Pulses KW - Feline ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transcriptome annotation reveals minimal immunogenetic diversity among Wyoming toads, Anaxyrus baxteri AU - Carlson, Kara B. AU - Wcisel, Dustin J. AU - Ackerman, Hayley D. AU - Romanet, Jessica AU - Christiansen, Emily F. AU - Niemuth, Jennifer N. AU - Williams, Christina AU - Breen, Matthew AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Dornburg, Alex AU - Yoder, Jeffrey A. T2 - CONSERVATION GENETICS AB - Briefly considered extinct in the wild, the future of the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) continues to rely on captive breeding to supplement the wild population. Given its small natural geographic range and history of rapid population decline at least partly due to fungal disease, investigation of the diversity of key receptor families involved in the host immune response represents an important conservation need. Population decline may have reduced immunogenetic diversity sufficiently to increase the vulnerability of the species to infectious diseases. Here we use comparative transcriptomics to examine the diversity of toll-like receptors and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) sequences across three individual Wyoming toads. We find reduced diversity at MHC genes compared to bufonid species with a similar history of bottleneck events. Our data provide a foundation for future studies that seek to evaluate the genetic diversity of Wyoming toads, identify biomarkers for infectious disease outcomes, and guide breeding strategies to increase genomic variability and wild release successes. DA - 2022/4/28/ PY - 2022/4/28/ DO - 10.1007/s10592-022-01444-8 SP - SN - 1572-9737 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01444-8 KW - Amphibian KW - Bufonidae KW - Immunogenetics KW - MHC KW - TLR KW - Transcriptomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphosarcoma in a captive white catfish (Ameiurus catus Linnaeus) AU - Heniff, Ashlyn C. AU - Chen, Laura R. AU - Christiansen, Emily F. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Law, Jerry M. AU - Legner, Christian AU - Linder, Keith E. T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES AB - A wild caught white catfish (Ameiurus catus Linnaeus) developed multiple cutaneous masses. Cytology revealed neoplastic lymphocytes and microscopy confirmed dermal infiltration with epitheliotropism in the epidermis, oral mucosa, and cornea, without internal organ involvement. Transmission electron microscopy did not identify viral particles. Histopathology supported cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphosarcoma, a condition most commonly reported in mammals. This is the first reported case of cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphosarcoma in an ictalurid and one of the few published cases of this condition in any fish species. DA - 2022/4/27/ PY - 2022/4/27/ DO - 10.1111/jfd.13625 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1365-2761 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13625 KW - Ameiurus catus KW - cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphosarcoma KW - neoplasia KW - white catfish ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of canine osteoarthritis using an owner-reported questionnaire and treatment monitoring using functional mobility tests AU - Wright, A. AU - Amodie, D. M. AU - Cernicchiaro, N. AU - Lascelles, B. D. X. AU - Pavlock, A. M. AU - Roberts, C. AU - Bartram, D. J. T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - To investigate the diagnostic value of an owner-completed canine osteoarthritis screening checklist to help identify previously undiagnosed osteoarthritis cases, and assess their response to carprofen treatment by monitoring pain and functional mobility.Dogs (n=500) whose owners reported ≥1 positive response to the osteoarthritis checklist were examined to identify dogs with previously undiagnosed osteoarthritis. Eligible dogs (n=133) were evaluated for pain and video mobility analysis by Helsinki Chronic Pain Index and visual analogue scale scores, respectively, following carprofen treatment, administered for 30 days (n=95) or up to 120 days (n=38). Dogs were filmed at clinics performing activities (walking, jogging, sitting/lying, walking up and down stairs), and scored at days 0, 30 and 120 using visual analogue scale by an independent blinded expert.A diagnosis of osteoarthritis was confirmed by a veterinarian in 38% (188 of 500) of dogs. Balance of sensitivity and specificity across the original group of nine screening questions was optimised to approximately 88 and 71%, respectively, after elimination of three questions. Pain measured by Helsinki Chronic Pain Index and functional mobility improved over time in response to treatment with carprofen. Mean ability scores for activities significantly improved between days 0 and 30 for walking, jogging, sitting/lying and walking down stairs, and days 0 and 120 for sitting/lying and walking up stairs.More osteoarthritis cases were identified in study dogs than previous prevalence estimates, indicating the screening checklist's potential to help identify for further evaluation cases that could otherwise remain undiagnosed. Improvements in function were demonstrated after carprofen treatment. DA - 2022/4/6/ PY - 2022/4/6/ DO - 10.1111/jsap.13500 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1748-5827 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leveraging MRI characterization of longitudinal tears of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses using machine learning AU - ELKhamary, Ahmed N. AU - Keenihan, Erin K. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V AU - Redding, William R. AU - Schumacher, Jim T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Abstract While MRI is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of longitudinal tears (LTs) of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of horses, differentiating between various grades of tears based on imaging characteristics is challenging due to overlapping imaging features. In this retrospective, exploratory, diagnostic accuracy study, a machine learning (ML) scheme was applied to link quantitative features and qualitative descriptors to leverage MRI characteristics of different grades of tearing of the DDFT of horses. A qualitative MRI characteristic scheme, combining tendon morphologic features, altered signal intensity, and synovial sheath distention, was used for LT classification with an excellent diagnostic accuracy of the high‐grade tears but more limited accuracy for the detection of low‐grade tears. A quantitative ML approach was followed to measure the contribution of 30 quantitative phenotypic features for characterizing and classifying tendinous tears. Among the 30 imaging features, boundary curvature represented by the standard deviation and maximum had the most significant discriminatory power ( P < 0.05) between normal and abnormal tendons and could be used as an aid for classifying the different grades of LTs of DDFTs. Imaging analysis‐based 3D interactive surface plot supports qualitative characterization of different grades of LTs of the DDFT through clearer visualization of the tendon in three dimensions and simple integration of two perspectives features (i.e., margin/distribution and intensity/distribution). A systematic approach combining quantitative features with qualitative analyses using ML was diagnostically beneficial in MRI characterization and in discriminating between different grades of LTs of the DDFT of horses. DA - 2022/4/12/ PY - 2022/4/12/ DO - 10.1111/vru.13090 SP - SN - 1740-8261 KW - equine KW - feature extraction KW - longitudinal tear grading KW - machine learning classifier KW - tenoscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomics of human and chicken Salmonella isolates in Senegal: Broilers as a source of antimicrobial resistance and potentially invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis infections AU - Dieye, Yakhya AU - Hull, Dawn M. AU - Wane, Abdoul Aziz AU - Harden, Lyndy AU - Fall, Cheikh AU - Sambe-Ba, Bissoume AU - Seck, Abdoulaye AU - Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. AU - Thakur, Siddhartha T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Salmonella enterica is the most common foodborne pathogen worldwide. It causes two types of diseases, a self-limiting gastroenteritis and an invasive, more threatening, infection. Salmonella gastroenteritis is caused by several serotypes and is common worldwide. In contrast, invasive salmonellosis is rare in high-income countries (HIC) while frequent in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), especially in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS), corresponding to serotypes other than Typhi and Paratyphi, have emerged in sSA and pose a significant risk to public health. We conducted a whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis of 72 strains of Salmonella isolated from diarrheic human patients and chicken meat sold in multipurpose markets in Dakar, Senegal. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing combined with WGS data analysis revealed frequent resistance to fluoroquinolones and the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination that are among the most used treatments for invasive Salmonella. In contrast, resistance to the historical first-line drugs chloramphenicol and ampicillin, and to cephalosporins was rare. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was lower in clinical isolates compared to chicken strains pointing to the concern posed by the excessive use of antimicrobials in farming. Phylogenetic analysis suggested possible transmission of the emerging multidrug resistant (MDR) Kentucky ST198 and serotype Schwarzengrund from chicken to human. These results stress the need for active surveillance of Salmonella and AMR in order to address invasive salmonellosis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella strains and other important bacterial diseases in sSA. DA - 2022/3/24/ PY - 2022/3/24/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0266025 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2022 AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Colleran, Elizabeth AU - Gottlieb, Alison AU - Johnson, Jennifer AU - Lotsikas, Peter AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis AU - Wright, Bonnie T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - These updated guidelines present a practical and logical approach to the assessment and management of acute and chronic pain in canine and feline patients. Recognizing pain is fundamental to successful treatment, and diagnostic guides and algorithms are included for assessment of both acute and chronic pain. Particularly for chronic pain, capturing owner evaluation is important, and pain-assessment instruments for pet owners are described. Expert consensus emphasizes proactive, preemptive pain management rather than a reactive, "damage control" approach. The guidelines discuss treatment options centered on preemptive, multimodal analgesic therapies. There is an extensive variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapeutic options for the management of acute and chronic pain in cats and dogs. The guidelines include a tiered decision tree that prioritizes the use of the most efficacious therapeutic modalities for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7292 VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 55-76 SN - 1547-3317 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A retrospective study of 101 dogs with oral melanoma treated with a weekly or biweekly 6 Gy x 6 radiotherapy protocol AU - Baja, Alexie J. AU - Kelsey, Krista L. AU - Ruslander, David M. AU - Gieger, Tracy L. AU - Nolan, Michael W. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - One radiotherapy (RT) protocol used for canine oral melanoma (OM) gives 36 Gy total, in six weekly or biweekly fractions (6 Gy × 6). This retrospective study characterizes oncologic outcomes for a relatively large group of dogs treated with this protocol and determines whether radiation dose intensity (weekly vs. biweekly) affected either progression-free or overall survival (PFS and OS). Dogs were included if 6 Gy × 6 was used to treat grossly evident OM, or if RT was used postoperatively in the subclinical disease setting. Kaplan-Meier statistics and Cox regression modelling were used to determine the predictive or prognostic value of mitotic count, bony lysis, World Health Organization (WHO) stage (I, II, III, or IV), using systemic anti-cancer therapies, tumour burden at the time of RT (macroscopic vs. subclinical), radiation dose intensity (weekly vs. biweekly), and treatment planning type (manual vs. computerized). The median PFS and OS times for all dogs (n = 101) were 171 and 232 days, respectively. On univariate analysis PFS and OS were significantly longer (p = <.05) with subclinical tumour burden, WHO stages I or II, and weekly irradiation. On multivariable analysis, only tumour stage remained significant; therefore, cases were grouped by WHO stage (I/II vs. III/IV). With low WHO stage (I/II), PFS and OS were longer when irradiating subclinical disease (PFS: risk ratio = 0.449, p = .032; OS: risk ratio = 0.422, p = .022); this was not true for high WHO stage (III/IV). When accounting for other factors, radiation dose intensity had no measurable impact on survival in either staging group. DA - 2022/4/3/ PY - 2022/4/3/ DO - 10.1111/vco.12815 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1476-5829 KW - acute radiation toxicity KW - oral mucositis KW - oral tumours KW - radiodermatitis KW - veterinary oncology ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-output cardiac failure in a dog secondary to hepatic vascular malformation AU - Williams, Kristina AU - Hammond, Hillary AU - Pierce, Kursten V T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract A 2‐month‐old, 8.5 kg (18.7 lb), entire, female Chesapeake Bay Retriever presented for increased respiratory effort. Physical examination revealed a V/VI left basilar systolic heart murmur, mild dyspnoea and hepatomegaly. An echocardiogram revealed left‐sided volume overload, evidence of moderate pulmonary hypertension, markedly distended hepatic veins and caudal vena cava, and increased aortic and pulmonary flow velocities in the absence of overt structural heart disease, which was suspicious for high‐output cardiac failure. Thoracic radiographs revealed pulmonary oedema. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a hepatic vascular malformation. Medical management with furosemide was elected. A computed tomography was not pursued. The dog has done well over 9‐month follow‐up, with only one escalation in dose. Treatment of high‐output cardiac failure in a dog secondary to a hepatic vascular malformation has not been previously reported. Intervention to attenuate flow through the hepatic vascular malformation or portocaval shunt could be considered; however, short‐term treatment goals are controlling congestion. DA - 2022/4/10/ PY - 2022/4/10/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.371 VL - 4 SP - SN - 2052-6121 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.371 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discharge summaries provided to owners of pets newly diagnosed with cancer exceed recommended readability levels AU - Medland, Julia E. AU - Marks, Steven L. AU - Intile, Joanne L. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze the readability of discharge summaries distributed to owners of pets newly diagnosed with cancer. SAMPLE 118 discharge summaries provided to pet owners following initial consultation. PROCEDURES A database search identified records of new patients that had been presented to the North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital medical oncology service between June 2017 and January 2019. Owner-directed portions of the summaries provided at the time of discharge were copied and pasted into a document and stripped of all identifying information. Readability of summaries was assessed with the use of 2 previously established readability calculators: the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) tests. RESULTS Mean ± SD FKGL was 11.9 ± 1.1 (median, 11.9; range, 8.6 to 15.5; target ≤ 6), and the mean ± SD FRE score was 43 ± 5.9 (median, 42.7; range, 25.5 to 58.1; target ≥ 60). There were no significant differences in FKGL or FRE scores among discharge summaries for patients with the 4 most common tumor types diagnosed or the described treatment options. Ninety-three percent (110/118) of summaries were scored as difficult or very difficult to read. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Owner-directed written information regarding a diagnosis of cancer at a single teaching hospital exceeded readability levels recommended by the American Medical Association and NIH and was above the average reading level of most US adults. Efforts to improve readability are an important component of promoting relationship-centered care and may improve owner compliance and patient outcomes. DA - 2022/3/15/ PY - 2022/3/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.21.09.0410 VL - 260 IS - 6 SP - 657-661 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - DETECTION OF VECTOR-BORNE INFECTIONS IN LIONS AND TIGERS AT TWO ZOOS IN TENNESSEE AND OKLAHOMA, USA AU - Cerreta, Anthony J. AU - Yang, Tzushan S. AU - Ramsay, Edward C. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Rahoi, Dane AU - Qurollo, Barbara AU - Wilson, James AU - Cushing, Andrew C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Protozoal and bacterial vector-borne infections are frequently diagnosed in domestic felids. However, with the exception of Mycoplasma haemofelis and Cytauxzoon felis, their occurrence in managed nondomestic felids housed in the United States is largely unknown. Following a case in February 2020 of fulminant cytauxzoonosis in an African lion (Panthera leo), EDTA–whole blood samples were collected opportunistically from February 2020 through June 2020 from 34 adult tigers (Panthera tigris) and eight adult African lions from the same sanctuary in eastern Tennessee as well as 14 adult tigers from a zoo in southern Oklahoma. Samples were analyzed for Cytauxzoon felis, Bartonella spp., hemotropic Mycoplasma, Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., and Hepatozoon spp. DNA by PCR amplification. All animals were asymptomatic at the time of collection. None of the Oklahoma animals were positive for vector-borne organisms, but these pathogens were detected in tigers at the Tennessee facility, including Cytauxzoon felis (11.8%), “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” (5.9%), and Ehrlichia ewingii (2.9%). During the study period, two animals developed clinical signs of cytauxzoonosis and were assessed for vector-borne infections as part of their diagnostic evaluation. This study documents the presence of tick-borne diseases in managed nondomestic felids in the southeastern United States and underscores that ectoparasite control measures should be practiced to minimize exposure of carnivores in managed care. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1638/2020-0199 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 50-59 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE IN A MANAGED COLLECTION OF MOON JELLYFISH (AURELIA AURITA) AU - Gorges, Melinda A. AU - Martinez, Kassandra M. AU - Labriola, Nicholas F. AU - Phillips, Brianne E. AU - Christian, Larry Shane AU - Chen, Emile P. AU - Posner, Lysa P. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Dombrowski, Daniel S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - The moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) is a scyphozoan frequently maintained in public and private aquaria. Little research has been conducted to investigate the effects of various drugs, such as anesthetics, in this species. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), a common immersion anesthetic for fish and amphibians, was evaluated in a managed population of moon jellyfish. Twenty-four clinically healthy jellyfish were assigned into three groups of eight for trials of 0.3 g/L MS-222 (low concentration [LC]), 0.6 g/L MS-222 (high concentration [HC]), and a saltwater control. The goal was to evaluate the effects of MS-222 administration on moon jellyfish movement and response to stimuli. Movement and response to stimuli were measured via rocking and probe stimulus tests and observations of bell contraction quality and body tone. These tests were performed at baseline and throughout both drug exposure and recovery periods. A threshold drug effect was defined based on systematic scoring criteria. Additionally, elastomer tags were administered to four of eight animals in each MS-222 group to evaluate response to tag placement after drug exposure. Threshold drug effect was achieved in six of eight individuals in the LC group and eight of eight individuals in the HC group. The LC group had median threshold and recovery times of 12.2 and 10.1 min, respectively, while the HC group had median threshold and recovery times of 4.0 and 19.9 min, respectively. The HC group had significantly faster time to threshold drug effect (P < 0.001) and longer recovery times (P= 0.005) than the LC group. In both the LC and HC tagged group, three of four jellyfish had no reaction to tag placement. All animals recovered uneventfully, and there were no mortalities. MS-222 at 0.3 and 0.6 g/L decreased movement and response to stimuli in moon jellyfish. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1638/2021-0028 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 100-107 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR INJURED TURTLES PRESENTING TO A WILDLIFE CLINIC AU - Gregory, Taylor M. AU - Hubbard, Cassidy AU - Schlake, Emily AU - Mejia, Daniel AU - Passingham, Kent R. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - The Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine currently sees over 500 chelonian cases a year. Each turtle receives a thorough physical examination as the main evaluation of its health because further diagnostics are cost prohibitive in a donation-based facility. Thus, there is a need to further understand how a few economical diagnostics can evaluate the prognosis of chelonians. The objectives were to evaluate lactate, PCV, total solids, glucose, temperature, and HR as prognostic indicators in multiple chelonian species and to determine how the change in lactate concentrations over a 24 h period affects prognosis. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), river cooters (Pseudemys concinna), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were evaluated because of prevalence of presentation to the TRT, differences in habitat, and differences in physiology. Hyperlactatemia, an increased lactate over 24 h when the initial lactate concentration was greater than 5 mM/L, and anemia were determined to be significant prognostic indicators of mortality for all turtles, and hypoglycemia was a significant prognostic indicator of mortality for male turtles (P < 0.05). DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1638/2020-0200 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 209-213 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intensity of perioperative analgesia but not pre-treatment pain is predictive of survival in dogs undergoing amputation plus chemotherapy for extremity osteosarcoma AU - Nolan, Michael W. AU - Uzan, Olivia C. AU - Green, Noah A. AU - Lana, Susan E. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - The purpose of this bi-institutional retrospective study was to determine whether, in dogs treated with limb amputation and adjunctive chemotherapy for osteosarcoma, oncologic outcomes are impacted by either: (1) baseline cancer pain severity, or (2) the approaches used for perioperative pain management. Data were extracted from the medical records of 284 dogs that underwent both limb amputation and chemotherapy (carboplatin and/or doxorubicin) between 1997 and 2017 for localized (non-metastatic) osteosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazard (PH) models were used to determine the impact that retrospectively scored baseline pain levels (high vs. low) and various analgesic and local anaesthetic treatments had on both metastasis-free survival and all-cause mortality. For the entire population, the median disease free interval and median overall survival times were 253 and 284 days, respectively. Baseline pain was rated as "low" in 84 dogs, and "high" in 190 dogs; pain severity had no detectable effect on either metastasis-free survival or all-cause mortality. When accounting for the potential influences of known prognostic factors, dogs treated with what was characterized as a high-intensity perioperative analgesic plan (including both a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID] and a bupivacaine-eluting soaker catheter placed at the amputation site) had a higher probability of survival than dogs treated with a low-intensity perioperative analgesic plan (neither an NSAID, nor a soaker catheter); the median overall survival times were 252 and 378 days, respectively (hazard ratio: 2.922; p = .020). DA - 2022/3/21/ PY - 2022/3/21/ DO - 10.1111/vco.12808 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1476-5829 KW - analgesia KW - cancer pain KW - cancer treatment pain KW - local anaesthesia KW - malignant osteolysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting Nanoparticle Delivery to Tumors Using Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Approaches AU - Lin, Zhoumeng AU - Chou, Wei-Chun AU - Cheng, Yi-Hsien AU - He, Chunla AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE AB - Low delivery efficiency of nanoparticles (NPs) to the tumor is a critical barrier in the field of cancer nanomedicine. Strategies on how to improve NP tumor delivery efficiency remain to be determined.This study analyzed the roles of NP physicochemical properties, tumor models, and cancer types in NP tumor delivery efficiency using multiple machine learning and artificial intelligence methods, using data from a recently published Nano-Tumor Database that contains 376 datasets generated from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model.The deep neural network model adequately predicted the delivery efficiency of different NPs to different tumors and it outperformed all other machine learning methods; including random forest, support vector machine, linear regression, and bagged model methods. The adjusted determination coefficients (R2) in the full training dataset were 0.92, 0.77, 0.77 and 0.76 for the maximum delivery efficiency (DEmax), delivery efficiency at 24 h (DE24), at 168 h (DE168), and at the last sampling time (DETlast). The corresponding R2 values in the test dataset were 0.70, 0.46, 0.33 and 0.63, respectively. Also, this study showed that cancer type was an important determinant for the deep neural network model in predicting the tumor delivery efficiency across all endpoints (19-29%). Among all physicochemical properties, the Zeta potential and core material played a greater role than other properties, such as the type, shape, and targeting strategy.This study provides a quantitative model to improve the design of cancer nanomedicine with greater tumor delivery efficiency. These results help to improve our understanding of the causes of low NP tumor delivery efficiency. This study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating artificial intelligence with PBPK modeling approaches to study cancer nanomedicine. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022/// DO - 10.2147/IJN.S344208 VL - 17 SP - 1365-1379 SN - 1178-2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S344208 KW - artificial intelligence KW - machine learning KW - physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling KW - nanomedicine KW - drug delivery KW - nanotechnology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical signs, MRI findings and long-term outcomes of foraminal and far lateral thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations in dogs AU - Silva, Sara AU - Guevar, Julien AU - Jose-Lopez, Roberto AU - De Decker, Steven AU - Brocal, Josep AU - Fuente, Cristian AU - Durand, Alexane AU - Forterre, Franck AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Gutierrez-Quintana, Rodrigo T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - As they have been seldomly described in the veterinary literature, the aims of this retrospective study were to describe the clinical presentation, MRI findings and long-term outcome after medical or surgical treatment of dogs presenting with foraminal and far lateral thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations.Retrospective multicentre study of dogs diagnosed with foraminal and far lateral thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations between 2009 and 2020 in seven referral hospitals.Thirty-seven dogs were included. Dachshunds and mixed breeds were most affected. Median age at presentation and duration of clinical signs were 6 years and 14 days, respectively. Pain was the most frequent clinical finding (92%), particularly on spinal palpation and/or hip manipulation, followed by pelvic limb lameness (71%). Eighty-seven percent of herniations occurred at L5-L6 or L6-L7. A good to excellent outcome was seen in 95% of surgically and 90% of medically treated dogs.Although much less frequently recognised than herniation affecting the vertebral canal, foraminal and far lateral thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations should be considered in the differential diagnosis list of chondrodystrophic dogs presenting with pain and pelvic limb lameness. Most dogs had a good to excellent outcome following medical or surgical treatment. DA - 2022/3/12/ PY - 2022/3/12/ DO - 10.1002/vetr.1529 VL - 3 SP - SN - 2042-7670 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.1529 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of calcanean bone-tunnel orientation for teno-osseous repair in a canine common calcanean tendon avulsion model AU - Beamon, Weston L. AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Moore, George E. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To determine the influence of bone-tunnel anchoring technique on teno-osseous repair of the common calcanean tendon (CCT) in dogs.Randomized, ex vivo, biomechanical.Forty-two skeletally mature canine hindlimbs.Canine hindlimbs were dissected to produce a model simulating avulsion of the CCT and accessory tendons from the calcaneus. Hindlimbs were randomized to 1 of 3 anchoring techniques (n = 14/group): a single transverse tunnel (TT), vertical tunnels (VT), or modified bone tunnels (MT) for teno-osseous repair in a 3-loop-pulley (3LP) pattern using 0 USP polypropylene. Yield, peak and failure loads, construct stiffness, loads to produce a 3 mm teno-osseous gap, and failure modes were compared between groups.The only difference detected consisted of TT constructs yielding at loads 25% higher than MT constructs (P = .027).Although yield loads were lower in MT constructs than other groups, the bone-tunnel anchoring techniques tested here did not appear to influence the biomechanical properties or gapping characteristics of teno-osseous repairs in this canine CCT avulsion model.All drilling techniques and bone-tunnel orientations tested in the study reported here offer viable options to reattach the CCT to the calcaneus. Surgeons should evaluate how bone-tunnel orientation may affect placement of adjunctive fixation methods to stabilize the talocrural joint after primary CCT repair in dogs. DA - 2022/3/12/ PY - 2022/3/12/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13796 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Therapeutic Applications of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Transfer of HLA-G in the Eye AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Hirsch, Matthew L. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES AB - The purpose of this paper is to review human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in the eye, its role in immune tolerance, and the potential therapeutic use of AAV gene transfer and expression of HLA-G in various ocular tissues. Several studies are reviewed that demonstrate efficacy in animal models of disease, including intracorneal delivery of AAV-HLA-G to treat corneal inflammation and prevent corneal graft rejection, subconjunctival injection of AAV-HLA-G for ocular graft vs. host disease and potentially dry eye disease, and intravitreal injection of AAV-HLA-G to inhibit uveitis. Furthermore, due to the anti-vascular function of HLA-G, AAV-HLA-G may be an effective therapy for posterior ocular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and choroidal neovascularization. Therefore, AAV-mediated gene transfer of HLA-G may be an effective treatment for common immune-mediated, inflammatory, and neovascular diseases of the eye. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// DO - 10.3390/ijms23073465 VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1422-0067 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/7/3465 KW - AAV KW - HLA-G KW - dry eye KW - ocular graft vs KW - host disease KW - corneal transplant rejection KW - uveitis KW - gene therapy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Updates in Thoracoscopy AU - Scharf, Valery Fairfax T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Novel approaches and innovations in small animal thoracoscopy are being rapidly developed; this article aims to describe recent updates in commonly performed thoracoscopic procedures, including lung lobectomy, pericardiectomy and pericardial and cardiac neoplasia evaluation, chylothorax treatment, cranial mediastinal mass resection, persistent right aortic arch treatment, and management of pyothorax and primary spontaneous pneumothorax. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.11.005 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 531-548 SN - 1878-1306 KW - Thoracoscopy KW - Chylothorax KW - Pericardiectomy KW - Lung lobectomy KW - Mediastinal KW - Pneumothorax KW - Pyothorax KW - One-lung ventilation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of Classical Counterconditioning (Quiet Kennel Exercise) on Barking in Kenneled Dogs-A Pilot Study AU - Zurlinden, Samantha AU - Spano, Stephany AU - Griffith, Emily AU - Bennett, Sara T2 - ANIMALS AB - Excessive barking is a major source of noise pollution in dog kennels and negatively impacts welfare. Because resources are often limited, minimizing barking in the simplest and most easily implementable way is imperative. This pilot study implemented a Quiet Kennel Exercise (QKE) that utilized classical counterconditioning to change the dogs' negative emotional state (which can lead to barking) to a more positive emotional state. Therefore, barking motivation is reduced, so barking should decrease. This study aims to show proof of concept that decreasing barking through classical counterconditioning is effective. It was conducted in one ward of day-time boarding kennels at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Data was collected three times per day and included decibel readings, number of dogs present, and number of dogs barking during a 5-day initial baseline and 10-day intervention period. During baseline, people passing through the ward acted as they normally would. During intervention, passersby were asked to simply toss each dog a treat regardless of the dogs' behaviors in the kennel. Descriptive results show improvement in maximum level of barking after QKE, fewer dogs barking over time, dogs barking less each time, and the most improvement noted in the afternoon. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.3390/ani12020171 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2076-2615 KW - barking KW - dogs KW - shelter KW - kennel KW - welfare KW - classical conditioning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cutaneous mast cell tumors in 11 miniature pigs: a retrospective study AU - Rasche, Brittany L. AU - Mozzachio, Kristie AU - Linder, Keith E. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Better understanding of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in miniature pigs is needed to guide diagnosis and establish clinical significance. We characterized the gross pathology, histopathology, histochemical staining, and KIT immunoreactivity of cutaneous MCTs in a retrospective descriptive study of 11 miniature pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus). Tumors were single or multiple papules, small nodules, or plaques. In one pig, lymph nodes and internal organs were affected. Histologically, all MCTs involved the dermis, and some extended to the subcutis (4 of 11) and skeletal muscle (1 of 11). Most tumors were well-demarcated, unencapsulated, nodular or multinodular masses (8 of 11) and fewer were poorly demarcated plaques (3 of 11). Neoplastic cells were often well-differentiated with pale amphophilic-to-eosinophilic faintly granular cytoplasm, occasional binucleation, rare multinucleation, and a low mitotic count (<7 per 10 hpf; 10 of 11). Eosinophils were present in tumors in all cases. Cytoplasmic granules stained most consistently with high-pH (2.5–3) toluidine blue (9 of 10) compared to low-pH (0.5–1) toluidine blue (6 of 9) or Giemsa (7 of 10). KIT immunoreactivity patterns were strong perimembranous (4 of 8), focal perinuclear and stippled cytoplasmic (1 of 8), and diffuse cytoplasmic (3 of 8), and included 1 case that was negative for histochemical stains; hence, KIT is a promising diagnostic marker for MCTs in miniature pigs. DA - 2022/2/22/ PY - 2022/2/22/ DO - 10.1177/10406387221079255 SP - SN - 1943-4936 KW - immunohistochemistry KW - KIT KW - mast cell tumors KW - miniature swine KW - skin neoplasms ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stem selection for total hip replacement AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Veterinary SurgeryVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 383-383 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Stem selection for total hip replacement Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Correspondence Simon C. Roe, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: simon_roe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorDenis Marcellin-Little DEDV, Denis Marcellin-Little DEDV orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-5928 Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Correspondence Simon C. Roe, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: simon_roe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorDenis Marcellin-Little DEDV, Denis Marcellin-Little DEDV orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-5928 Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13792Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume51, Issue3April 2022Pages 383-383 RelatedInformation DA - 2022/3/8/ PY - 2022/3/8/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13792 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1532-950X UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13792 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Proteomic Approaches to Unravel the Response of Ctenocephalides felis felis to Blood Feeding and Infection With Bartonella henselae AU - Andre, Marcos Rogerio AU - Neupane, Pradeep AU - Lappin, Michael AU - Herrin, Brian AU - Smith, Vicki AU - Williams, Taufika Islam AU - Collins, Leonard AU - Bai, Hongxia AU - Jorge, Gabriel Lemes AU - Balbuena, Tiago Santana AU - Bradley, Julie AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY AB - Among the Ctenocephalides felis felis-borne pathogens, Bartonella henselae, the main aetiological agent of cat scratch disease (CSD), is of increasing comparative biomedical importance. Despite the importance of B. henselae as an emergent pathogen, prevention of the diseases caused by this agent in cats, dogs and humans mostly relies on the use of ectoparasiticides. A vaccine targeting both flea fitness and pathogen competence is an attractive choice requiring the identification of flea proteins/metabolites with a dual effect. Even though recent developments in vector and pathogen -omics have advanced the understanding of the genetic factors and molecular pathways involved at the tick-pathogen interface, leading to discovery of candidate protective antigens, only a few studies have focused on the interaction between fleas and flea-borne pathogens. Taking into account the period of time needed for B. henselae replication in flea digestive tract, the present study investigated flea-differentially abundant proteins (FDAP) in unfed fleas, fleas fed on uninfected cats, and fleas fed on B. henselae-infected cats at 24 hours and 9 days after the beginning of blood feeding. Proteomics approaches were designed and implemented to interrogate differentially expressed proteins, so as to gain a better understanding of proteomic changes associated with the initial B. henselae transmission period (24 hour timepoint) and a subsequent time point 9 days after blood ingestion and flea infection. As a result, serine proteases, ribosomal proteins, proteasome subunit α-type, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase 1, vitellogenin C, allantoinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, glycinamide ribotide transformylase, secreted salivary acid phosphatase had high abundance in response of C. felis blood feeding and/or infection by B. henselae. In contrast, high abundance of serpin-1, arginine kinase, ribosomal proteins, peritrophin-like protein, and FS-H/FSI antigen family member 3 was strongly associated with unfed cat fleas. Findings from this study provide insights into proteomic response of cat fleas to B. henselae infected and uninfected blood meal, as well as C. felis response to invading B. henselae over an infection time course, thus helping understand the complex interactions between cat fleas and B. henselae at protein levels. DA - 2022/1/28/ PY - 2022/1/28/ DO - 10.3389/fcimb.2022.828082 VL - 12 SP - SN - 2235-2988 KW - bartonellosis KW - cat flea KW - cat scratch disease KW - flea-pathogen interface KW - proteome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Re-irradiation of canine non-lymphomatous nasal tumours using stereotactic radiation therapy (10 Gy x 3) for both courses: Assessment of outcome and toxicity in 11 dogs AU - Gieger, Tracy L. AU - Haney, Siobhan M. AU - Nolan, Michael W. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - Abstract No uniformly beneficial treatments exist for dogs with non‐lymphomatous nasal tumours (NLNT) that relapse after radiotherapy (RT). Reirradiation may prolong survival and improve quality of life. In this retrospective study, we describe outcomes for 11 dogs that had CT‐confirmed locoregional progression of NLNT after an initial course of stereotactic RT (SRT#1; 10 Gy × 3) and were then re‐treated with the same type of protocol (SRT#2, also 10 Gy × 3). The median time between SRT #1 and SRT #2 was 243 days (95% CI: 78–385 days). Ten dogs (91%) had a clinical benefit after SRT#1; five dogs (45%) had clinical benefit after SRT#2. Adverse events after SRT#2 included nasocutaneous or oronasal fistula formation ( N = 3 at 180, 270, and 468 days), seizures ( N = 2 at 78 and 330 days), bacterial or fungal rhinitis ( N = 2 at 240 and 385 days), and facial swelling ( N = 1 at 90 days). All 11 dogs have died, due to disease progression, presumed radiotoxicity, or declining quality of life; in most cases, it was difficult to discern between these conditions. The median overall survival time (OST) from SRT#1 was 745 days (95% CI: 360–1132). The median overall survival time (OST) from SRT #2 was 448 days (95% CI: 112–626). For these dogs, survival was prolonged, but adverse events after SRT#2 were common (8/11; 73%). Therefore, before consenting to re‐irradiation with this protocol, pet owners should be counselled about survivorship challenges, including risk for severe toxicities, and persistence of clinical signs. DA - 2022/2/13/ PY - 2022/2/13/ DO - 10.1111/vco.12801 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1476-5829 KW - carcinoma KW - intranasal tumours KW - radiotherapy KW - reirradiation KW - sarcoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of two glucose-monitoring systems for use in horses AU - Malik, Caitlin E. AU - Wong, David M. AU - Dembek, Katarzyna A. AU - Wilson, Katherine E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of 2 interstitial glucose-monitoring systems (GMSs) for use in horses compared with a point-of-care (POC) glucometer and standard laboratory enzymatic chemistry method (CHEM). ANIMALS 8 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURES One of each GMS device (Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day) was placed on each horse, and blood glucose concentration was measured via POC and CHEM at 33 time points and compared with simultaneous GMS readings. An oral glucose absorption test (OGAT) was performed on day 2, and glucose concentrations were measured and compared. RESULTS Glucose concentrations were significantly correlated with one another between all devices on days 1 to 5. Acceptable agreement was observed between Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day when compared with CHEM on days 1, 3, 4, and 5 with a combined mean bias of 10.45 mg/dL and 1.53 mg/dL, respectively. During dextrose-induced hyperglycemia on day 2, mean bias values for Dexcom G6 (10.49 mg/dL) and FreeStyle Libre 14-day (0.34 mg/dL) showed good agreement with CHEM. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serial blood glucose measurements are used to diagnose or monitor a variety of conditions in equine medicine; advances in near-continuous interstitial glucose monitoring allow for minimally invasive glucose assessment, thereby reducing stress and discomfort to patients. Data from this study support the use of the Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day interstitial glucose-monitoring systems to estimate blood glucose concentrations in horses. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.05.0068 VL - 83 IS - 3 SP - 222-228 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the effects of storage temperature on fatty acid analysis using dried blood spot cards from managed southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum): implications for field collection and nutritional care AU - Wood, Jordan AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Bibus, Doug AU - Tollefson, Troy N. AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly T2 - PEERJ AB - Southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) are an endangered species in decline due to poaching and negative habitat changes. Conservation of the species has become increasingly important and a focus on better human management has become prevalent. One area of management that impacts southern white rhinoceroses is nutritional health monitoring, which is often conducted through blood analysis. Blood analysis conducted during field research can be difficult due to temperature, distance, and limited technological resources, so new methods of fast, and relatively stable blood collection are being pursued. One method that has been used in humans for many years is beginning to make its way into wildlife studies: the use of dried blood spot (DBS) cards. These cards are used as a tool to store single drops of whole blood on specialized filter paper and, once dried, can be used for nutritional biomarker analysis. An area of interest for southern white rhinoceroses and nutrition is monitoring fatty acid percentages for cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive health. The time and temperature limitations for storing blood fractions or liquid whole blood when analyzing fatty acids have been investigated, but few studies have performed storage studies on DBS cards colder than -20 °C or in non-human species.In order to better understand the limitations of DBS cards and the impact of temperature on fatty acid DBS samples in long-term storage, triplicate samples from seven adult southern white rhinoceroses at the North Carolina Zoo were collected and subjected to three storage treatments (immediate, room temperature (23 °C), or frozen (-80 °C) for 1 year).Stearidonic (18:4w3) (Δ 0.3%), arachdic (20:0) (Δ 0.1%), eicosatetraenoic (20:4w3) (Δ 0.2%), and erucic acid (22:1w9) (Δ 0.1%) were in higher concentration in frozen than initial. Fatty acids in higher concentrations in the initial samples than frozen were myristic (14:0) (Δ 0.2%), mead (20:3w9) (Δ 0.1%), docosatetraenoic (22:4w6) (Δ 0.2%), nervonic (24:1) (Δ 0.1%), and total highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) (Δ 0.7%). Stearic (18:0) (Δ 2.2%), stearidonic (18:4w3) (Δ 0.3%), arachdic (20:0) (Δ 0.2%), paullinic (20:1w7) (Δ 0.4%), eicosatetraenoic (20:4w3) (Δ 0.1%), eicosapentaenoic (20:5w3) (Δ 0.1%), docosatetraenoic (22:4w6) (Δ 0.2%), nervonic acid (24:1) (Δ 0.2%), monoenes (Δ 1.9%), and total saturates (Δ 3.6%) had higher concentrations in room temperature than initial. Linoleic (18:2w6) (Δ 4.9%), mead acid (20:3w9) (Δ 0.1%), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (5.3%), and total omega-6 fatty acids (Δ 4.8%) had higher concentrations in initial compared to room temperature. Arachidonic (20:4w6) (Δ 0.4%) and omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5w3) (Δ 0.1%), had higher concentrations in frozen than in room temperature.The frozen samples had the fewest statistical differences compared to room temperature samples and essential omega-3 and -6 fatty acids were stable with freezing up to 1 year. While more research is still warranted, current results suggest that DBS samples are best utilized when immediate analysis or -80 °C storage is available. DA - 2022/2/14/ PY - 2022/2/14/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.12896 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Dried blood spot KW - Fatty acid KW - Rhinoceros KW - Temperature storage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of plasma cell-free DNA as a potential biomarker in horses AU - Bayless, Rosemary L. AU - Cooper, Bethanie L. AU - Sheats, M. Katie T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a biomarker of ischemia, systemic inflammation, and mortality in humans with gastrointestinal disease. Cell-free DNA has not been investigated as a biomarker for equine colic, to our knowledge. We hypothesized that cfDNA could be measured accurately in neat equine plasma using a benchtop fluorometer and that plasma cfDNA would be elevated in emergency patients compared to healthy horses. Plasma was obtained from blood collected in Roche DNA stabilizing tubes. We used the Qubit 4 fluorometer and 1× dsDNA HS assay kit to measure cfDNA concentration in neat patient plasma and following DNA extraction of plasma with a commercial kit. Assay precision and linearity of dilution were satisfactory for neat plasma cfDNA, but DNA spike and recovery results were variable. Further, cfDNA concentrations in paired neat plasma and extracted-plasma samples (n = 66) were not correlated. Median extracted-plasma cfDNA was higher in emergency patients (n = 50) and a subgroup of colic patients (n = 36), compared to healthy horses (n = 19). Our results with extracted-plasma samples provide proof of concept for further investigation of plasma cfDNA as a biomarker in horses. DA - 2022/2/15/ PY - 2022/2/15/ DO - 10.1177/10406387221078047 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1943-4936 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387221078047 KW - biomarker KW - cell-free DNA KW - cfDNA KW - colic KW - equine KW - gastrointestinal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ante-mortem diagnosis of a doubly committed juxta-arterial ventricular septal defect resulting in bacterial endocarditis and septic arthritis in a Holstein heifer AU - Lyons, Rachael Ann H. AU - Simpson, Katharine M. AU - Spraker, Terry R. AU - Pierce, Kursten V T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract A 20‐month‐old Holstein heifer presented for evaluation of progressive hindlimb lameness that was localised to the left coxo‐femoral joint, with development of a fever, tachycardia and bruxism. Radiographs and ultrasound of the coxo‐femoral joint were relatively unremarkable. An echocardiogram showed a static left‐to‐right shunting ventricular septal defect (initially diagnosed via echocardiogram 1 year prior) and a new filling defect within the pulmonary trunk suggestive of pulmonary valve endocarditis. Blood culture was positive for alpha‐haemolytic Streptococcus spp. Euthanasia was elected and postmortem examination confirmed ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valvular endocarditis, septic arthritis of the left coxo‐femoral joint and positive cultures for alpha‐haemolytic Streptococcus spp. This case describes endocarditis, bacteraemia and septic arthritis in a heifer with a ventricular septal defect. As with other species, cattle with ventricular septal defects should be considered susceptible and predisposed to complications such as endocarditis; this information may be useful for prognostication and management decisions. DA - 2022/2/11/ PY - 2022/2/11/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.306 VL - 2 SP - SN - 2052-6121 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.306 KW - bacteraemia KW - bovine KW - cattle KW - lameness KW - pulmonary valve KW - vegetative lesion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics AU - Jacobs, Carrie C. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. AU - McIlwraith, C. Wayne AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Summary Orthopaedic disorders are commonly encountered in equine veterinary medicine, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of many equine orthopaedic disorders. There are multiple NSAIDs available for use in horses, including both non‐selective and selective NSAIDS, and the body of literature evaluating the efficacy of these medications, their effects on normal and inflamed musculoskeletal tissues, and their side effects is broad. This review aims to summarise the current literature on the use of NSAIDs for equine orthopaedic disorders and examines new and future avenues for the management of inflammation in equine orthopaedics. DA - 2022/2/10/ PY - 2022/2/10/ DO - 10.1111/evj.13561 VL - 2 SP - SN - 2042-3306 KW - horse KW - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug KW - orthopaedics KW - osteoarthritis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential in the companion dog AU - Sebastian, Kimberley AU - Ozer, H. Gulcin AU - Howard, Cory AU - Chadsey, Laura AU - Lozanski, Arletta AU - Doong, Tzyy-Jye AU - Orwick, Shelley AU - Lozanski, Gerard AU - Ma, Wenjuan AU - Kisseberth, William C. AU - Byrd, John C. AU - Harrington, Bonnie K. T2 - LEUKEMIA DA - 2022/2/10/ PY - 2022/2/10/ DO - 10.1038/s41375-022-01520-5 SP - SN - 1476-5551 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigating the Role of Artemin and Its Cognate Receptor, GFR alpha 3, in Osteoarthritis Pain AU - Minnema, Laura AU - Gupta, Ankita AU - Mishra, Santosh K. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE AB - Osteoarthritis (OA) associated pain (OA-pain) is a significant global problem. OA-pain limits limb use and mobility and is associated with widespread sensitivity. Therapeutic options are limited, and the available options are often associated with adverse effects. The lack of therapeutic options is partly due to a lack of understanding of clinically relevant underlying neural mechanisms of OA-pain. In previous work in naturally occurring OA-pain in dogs, we identified potential signaling molecules (artemin/GFRα3) that were upregulated. Here, we use multiple approaches, including cellular, mouse genetic, immunological suppression in a mouse model of OA, and clinically relevant measures of sensitivity and limb use to explore the functional role of artemin/GFRα3 signaling in OA-pain. We found the monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA-pain in mice is associated with decreased limb use and hypersensitivity. Exogenous artemin induces mechanical, heat, and cold hypersensitivity, and systemic intraperitoneal anti-artemin monoclonal antibody administration reverses this hypersensitivity and restores limb use in mice with MIA-induced OA-pain. An artemin receptor GFRα3 expression is increased in sensory neurons in the MIA model. Our results provide a molecular basis of arthritis pain linked with artemin/GFRα3 signaling and indicate that further work is warranted to investigate the neuronal plasticity and the pathways that drive pain in OA. DA - 2022/1/27/ PY - 2022/1/27/ DO - 10.3389/fnins.2022.738976 VL - 16 SP - SN - 1662-453X UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8829392 KW - pain KW - osteoarthritis (OA) KW - artemin KW - GFR alpha 3 KW - TRPV1 KW - monoiodoacetate (MIA) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prophylactic cerclage in canine total hip replacement AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Veterinary SurgeryVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 379-380 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Prophylactic cerclage in canine total hip replacement Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13779Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume51, Issue3April 2022Pages 379-380 RelatedInformation DA - 2022/2/23/ PY - 2022/2/23/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13779 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - SN - 1532-950X UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13779 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine in Zoological and Exotic Animal Medicine: A Review and Introduction of Methods AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Churgin, Sarah M. T2 - VETERINARY SCIENCES AB - Acupuncture has been used extensively in domestic animal medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions and diseases as an adjunct or primary therapy. Exotic animals are becoming increasingly common as pets. Owners are expecting therapies for these non-domestic animals to be similar to those available to their other domestic pets. Additionally, zoological and aquatic facilities provide medical care for the entire lives of the animals that are housed in their facilities. Many conditions similar to those observed in domestic animals can develop in zoological species and can benefit from treatment with acupuncture. Through operant conditioning or routine medical examinations, the use of acupuncture as an adjunct therapy is becoming more common. The following paper presents a summary of the types of non-domestic animals treated, for which conditions, and how these methods are commonly used. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.3390/vetsci9020074 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2306-7381 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/2/74 KW - acupuncture KW - zoo animal KW - exotic animal KW - non-domestic animal KW - electroacupuncture KW - aquapuncture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outcomes of esophageal and gastric bone foreign bodies in dogs AU - Barash, Nanelle R. AU - Lashnits, Erin AU - Kern, Zachary T. AU - Tolbert, Mary Katherine AU - Lunn, Katharine F. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Bone foreign bodies are commonly encountered in small animal practice. Esophageal bone foreign bodies (E-bFBs) warrant removal, whereas gastric bone foreign bodies might not.Describe management and outcomes for dogs with esophageal or gastric bone foreign bodies.One hundred twenty-nine dogs with esophageal (n = 45) or gastric (n = 84) bone foreign bodies.Retrospective review of medical records.Dogs with E-bFBs were younger than dogs with gastric bone foreign bodies (median age esophageal, 4 years [IQR 2-8]; median age gastric, 6 years [IQR 3-10]; P = .03), and had a higher bone cross-sectional area relative to body weight (median esophageal, 98.21 mm2 /kg [IQR 48.25-142.6]; median gastric, 28.6 mm2 /kg [IQR 17.25-64.28]; P < .001). Forty-two of 45 esophageal foreign bodies were resolved non-surgically and 3 by esophagotomy. Esophageal erosions were more likely with distal entrapment (OR 12.88, [95% CI 31.95-129.29], P = .01) and longer duration (OR 18.82 [95% CI 2.22-273.97], P = .01). Sixty-two of 84 bone gastric foreign bodies were left in situ. Endoscopic removal was successful in 20 of 22 (91%; 95% CI 70-99) attempts.While all E-bFBs were dislodged either by advancement into the stomach, endoscopic removal, or esophagotomy, the majority of gastric bone foreign bodies were left in situ for dissolution, with no reported complications. Gastric advancement of E-bFBs should be considered when oral removal is not feasible, and dissolution can be considered even with large bones. DA - 2022/2/14/ PY - 2022/2/14/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16383 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16383 KW - endoscopy KW - erosion KW - esophagus KW - stomach ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathology in Practice AU - Rasche, Brittany L. AU - Parker, Maryanna AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Petritz, Olivia AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2022/2/1/ PY - 2022/2/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.21.07.0328 VL - 260 IS - 3 SP - 305-307 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ambulatory electrocardiography, heart rate variability, and pharmacologic stress testing in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy AU - Walker, Ashley L. AU - Ueda, Yu AU - Crofton, Amanda E. AU - Harris, Samantha P. AU - Stern, Joshua A. T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - The utility of ambulatory electrocardiography (AECG) to evaluate cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) for arrhythmias and heart rate variability (HRV) is not well defined but may provide information regarding risk stratification. This prospective study used AECG to evaluate ectopy and HRV in subclinical HCM cats compared to healthy controls and is the first to implement a pharmacologic cardiac stress test. Twenty-three purpose-bred, Maine coon cross cats (16 HCM, 7 control) underwent 48-h of continuous AECG. Terbutaline (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) was administered orally at 24 and 36 h. Heart rate, ectopy frequency and complexity and HRV parameters, including standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN), were compared pre-terbutaline and post-terbutaline and across phenotype, genotype and sex. Genotype for an HCM-causative mutation was significantly associated with the frequency of supraventricular (P = 0.033) and ventricular (P = 0.026) ectopy across all cats. Seven HCM cats and zero healthy cats had a sinus arrhythmia. Mean heart rate was significantly higher post-terbutaline (p < 0.0001). HCM cats had significantly greater HRV compared to controls (SDNN: p = 0.0006). Male cats had significantly higher HRV (SDNN: p = 0.0001) and lower mean heart rates (p = 0.0001). HRV decreased post-terbutaline (SDNN: p = 0.0008) and changes in HRV observed between sexes were attenuated by terbutaline. DA - 2022/2/4/ PY - 2022/2/4/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-022-05999-x VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of lymphoma involving the nervous system in cats AU - Durand, Alexane AU - Keenihan, Erin AU - Schweizer, Daniela AU - Maiolini, Arianna AU - Guevar, Julien AU - Oevermann, Anna AU - Gutierrez-Quintana, Rodrigo T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Lymphoma is the most common spinal cord neoplasm and second most common intracranial tumor in cats, but description of specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features is lacking.Describe the clinical and MRI features of lymphoma affecting the central (CNS) or peripheral (PNS) nervous system or both in cats.Thirty-one cats with confirmed cytological or histopathological diagnosis or both of lymphoma involving the CNS or PNS or both, and MRI findings of the lesions.Multicenter retrospective descriptive study. Signalment and medical information were recorded. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were reviewed by 3 observers following a list of predefined criteria and consensus was sought. Frequency distributions of the different categorical data were reported.Median duration of clinical signs at time of presentation was 14 days (range, 1-90). Neurological examination was abnormal in 30/31 cats. On MRI, lesions affecting the CNS were diagnosed in 18/31 cats, lesions in both CNS and PNS in 12/31, and lesions in the PNS only in 1/31. Intracranial lesions were diagnosed in 22 cats (extra-axial, 7/22; intra-axial, 2/22; mixed, 13/22), and spinal lesions were diagnosed in 12 (6/12 involving the conus medullaris and lumbosacral plexuses). Infiltration of adjacent extra-neural tissue was present in 11/31 cases. Contrast enhancement was seen in all lesions, being marked in 25/30. Meningeal enhancement was present in all but 2 cases. Several distinct MRI patterns were observed.Nervous system lymphoma in cats has a wide range of MRI features, of which none is pathognomonic. However, together with clinical data and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, MRI may provide a strong tentative antemortem diagnosis. DA - 2022/1/20/ PY - 2022/1/20/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16350 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - central nervous system KW - feline KW - lymphosarcoma KW - neurolymphomatosis KW - peripheral nervous system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnostic Imaging of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy and Pathology AU - Villamizar-Martinez, Lenin A. AU - Tsugawa, Anson J. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - This article describes the technical principles and indications for the most often encountered diagnostic imaging modalities in veterinary dentistry and oral surgery; with extensive coverage of intraoral (and extraoral) dental radiographic imaging and interpretation through detailed example figures of common dental and maxillofacial diseases in the dog and cat. Multidetector/multislice computed tomography (MDCT/MSCT) and emergent technologies such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) are presented here in detail. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnostic ultrasound, which are used less frequently, are briefly discussed. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.08.003 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 67-105 SN - 1878-1306 KW - Intraoral radiography KW - Dental digital imaging equipment KW - Image postprocessing KW - Dental radiograph interpretation KW - CT CBCT maxillofacial skeleton KW - CBCT high spatial resolution KW - Multiplanar reconstruction maxillofacial trauma KW - 3D printing OMFS KW - MRI TMJ articular disc KW - Orbital ultrasound retrobulbar disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endocrine response and outcome in 14 cats with insulin resistance and acromegaly treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (17 Gy) AU - Watson-Skaggs, Maegan L. AU - Gieger, Tracy L. AU - Yoshikawa, Hiroto AU - Nolan, Michael W. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To describe clinical outcomes in cats with insulin resistance and acromegaly treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).14 client-owned cats.Medical records of cats with insulin resistance and acromegaly treated with SRS (17 Gy) between August 2013 and November 2019 at a single institution were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate overall survival time.Acute adverse effects of SRS included somnolence (n = 2) and alopecia (1). Delayed adverse effects of SRS included unspecified neurologic complications (n = 1; 481 days), seizures (1; 1,541 days), and hypothyroidism (1; 64 days). Exogenous insulin requirements decreased in 10 of the 14 cats, with a median time to lowest insulin dose of 399 days (range, 42 to 879 days). Complete diabetic remission was achieved in 3 cats. The median overall survival time was 741 days (95% CI, 353 to 1,129 days). Six cats were still alive at the end of the study period, with a median follow-up time of 725 days. In 7 of the 8 cats that had died, death was presumptively attributed to acromegaly owing to continued insulin resistance, organ failure, or altered neurologic status.The SRS protocol was well tolerated and associated with survival times similar to those reported previously. Most cats had decreased exogenous insulin requirements after SRS. Latency to an endocrine response was highly variable, emphasizing the need for careful ongoing diabetic monitoring of acromegalic cats after pituitary gland irradiation. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0122 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 64-71 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of histopathologic types of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs and outcome of affected dogs: 340 cases (2010-2019) AU - McPhetridge, Jourdan B. AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Regier, Penny J. AU - Toth, Darby AU - Lorange, Max AU - Tremolada, Giovanni AU - Dornbusch, Josephine A. AU - Selmic, Laura E. AU - Bae, Sohee AU - Townsend, Katy L. AU - McAdoo, Jack C. AU - Thieman, Kelley M. AU - Solari, Francesca AU - Walton, Rebecca A. AU - Romeiser, Jacob AU - Tuohy, Joanne L. AU - Oblak, Michelle L. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To provide updated information on the distribution of histopathologic types of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs and evaluate the effect of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in dogs with pulmonary carcinoma.340 dogs.Medical records of dogs that underwent lung lobectomy for removal of a primary pulmonary mass were reviewed, and histopathologic type of lesions was determined. The canine lung carcinoma stage classification system was used to determine clinical stage for dogs with pulmonary carcinoma.Pulmonary carcinoma was the most frequently encountered tumor type (296/340 [87.1%]), followed by sarcoma (26 [7.6%]), adenoma (11 [3.2%]), and pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor (5 [1.5%]); there was also 1 plasmacytoma and 1 carcinosarcoma. Twenty (5.9%) sarcomas were classified as primary pulmonary histiocytic sarcoma. There was a significant difference in median survival time between dogs with pulmonary carcinomas (399 days), dogs with histiocytic sarcomas (300 days), and dogs with neuroendocrine tumors (498 days). When dogs with pulmonary carcinomas were grouped on the basis of clinical stage, there were no significant differences in median survival time between dogs that did and did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy.Results indicated that pulmonary carcinoma is the most common cause of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs; however, nonepithelial tumors can occur. Survival times were significantly different between dogs with pulmonary carcinoma, histiocytic sarcoma, and neuroendocrine tumor, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the relative incidence of these various histologic diagnoses. The therapeutic effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in dogs with pulmonary carcinoma remains unclear and warrants further investigation. DA - 2022/1/15/ PY - 2022/1/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.20.12.0698 VL - 260 IS - 2 SP - 234-243 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Update on withdrawal intervals following extralabel use of procaine penicillin G in cattle and swine AU - Halleran, Jennifer L. AU - Papich, Mark G. AU - Li, Miao AU - Lin, Zhoumeng AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Maunsell, Fiona P. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Foster, Derek M. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - IntroductionExtralabel drug use (ELDU) is defined as the use of an FDA-approved medication in a manner that differs from what is provided on the label of the medication.1 Administration of the medication to a different species or at a different dose, volume, route, duration, indication, or frequency than indicated on the label is considered ELDU. Extralabel drug use also requires an extended withdrawal period to avoid violative residues, and practitioners can get advice on withdrawal intervals (WDIs) following ELDU from the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD). Penicillin is one of the most commonly used DA - 2022/1/1/ PY - 2022/1/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.21.05.0268 VL - 260 IS - 1 SP - 50-55 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of gender on income and family planning for diplomates of the American College of Zoological Medicine AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Morello, Samantha AU - Royal, Kenneth AU - Petritz, Olivia AU - Snyder, Amy T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To evaluate income and family planning decisions of American College of Zoological Medicine (ACZM) diplomates.98 ACZM diplomates.An online survey was sent to 201 ACZM diplomates. Participation was voluntary.98 (49%) diplomates responded to the survey. The most commonly reported income categories were $90,000 to $94,999, $100,000 to $104,999, and $110,000 to $114,999. Overall, the mean of the salary-category midpoint responses was $105,357 but was $122,917 for those in academia and $94,508 for those working in zoos and aquaria. When incomes of males and females were matched (24 pairs matched for gender and age), no difference in income was observed. There were no significant differences in income between males and females with and without children. Diplomates who did not complete a residency had significantly higher incomes than diplomates who did. Sixteen of 21 (76%) females and 9 of 19 (47%) males reported delaying having children because of their career. Additionally, a higher percentage of females with children (13/20 [65%]) than males with children (3/19 [16%]) felt that having children had had a negative effect on their career. Thirty-five of 41 (85%) females without children and 4 of 9 (44%) males without children thought having children would have negatively affected their careers.Although substantial differences in income between female and male ACZM diplomates were not identified, differences in family planning and perceptions of the impact of having children on their careers did exist. DA - 2022/1/15/ PY - 2022/1/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.20.05.0250 VL - 260 IS - 2 SP - 251-256 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cranial internal hemipelvectomy (iliectomy) with limb sparing for a dog with ilial chondrosarcoma: A case report AU - Downey, Amy C. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Borst, Luke T2 - CLINICAL CASE REPORTS AB - Cranial internal hemipelvectomy can be successful for excision of ilial CSA with minimal complications. Iliectomy with adjuvant radiation therapy was well tolerated in a dog with grade II ilial CSA. The dog survived 1,271 days postoperatively and supposedly succumbed to a disease process unrelated to the CSA. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1002/ccr3.5262 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2050-0904 KW - general surgery KW - oncology KW - orthopedics KW - veterinary ER - TY - JOUR TI - brca2-mutant zebrafish exhibit context- and tissue-dependent alterations in cell phenotypes and response to injury AU - Kouprianov, Vassili A. AU - Selmek, Aubrie A. AU - Ferguson, Jordan L. AU - Mo, Xiaokui AU - Shive, Heather R. T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Cancer cells frequently co-opt molecular programs that are normally activated in specific contexts, such as embryonic development and the response to injury. Determining the impact of cancer-associated mutations on cellular phenotypes within these discrete contexts can provide new insight into how such mutations lead to dysregulated cell behaviors and subsequent cancer onset. Here we assess the impact of heritable BRCA2 mutation on embryonic development and the injury response using a zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Unlike most mouse models for BRCA2 mutation, brca2-mutant zebrafish are fully viable and thus provide a unique tool for assessing both embryonic and adult phenotypes. We find that maternally provided brca2 is critical for normal oocyte development and embryonic survival in zebrafish, suggesting that embryonic lethality associated with BRCA2 mutation is likely to reflect defects in both meiotic and embryonic developmental programs. On the other hand, we find that adult brca2-mutant zebrafish exhibit aberrant proliferation of several cell types under basal conditions and in response to injury in tissues at high risk for cancer development. These divergent effects exemplify the often-paradoxical outcomes that occur in embryos (embryonic lethality) versus adult animals (cancer predisposition) with mutations in cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA2. The altered cell behaviors identified in brca2-mutant embryonic and adult tissues, particularly in adult tissues at high risk for cancer, indicate that the effects of BRCA2 mutation on cellular phenotypes are both context- and tissue-dependent. DA - 2022/1/18/ PY - 2022/1/18/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-022-04878-9 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ameloblastic carcinoma in horses: case report and literature review AU - Schreeg, Megan E. AU - Radkin, Megan AU - Haugland, Jennifer AU - Murphy, Brian G. AU - Rushton, Steve AU - Linder, Keith E. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Ameloblastic carcinoma is a malignant odontogenic neoplasm that has been reported only rarely in veterinary species. A 16-y-old Arabian crossbred mare was presented for evaluation of a hard mass on the body of the mandible, with evidence of osteolysis on radiographs. Incisional biopsies revealed an invasive neoplasm comprised of spindloid epithelial cells with a high mitotic count and partial dual cytokeratin-vimentin immunoreactivity. The horse was euthanized because of rapid tumor progression 3 mo after presentation. Postmortem evaluation revealed partial obliteration of the mandible by a large, firm-to-hard, tan, locally destructive and invasive mass with no gross or histologic evidence of metastasis. Postmortem histology revealed a poorly differentiated epithelial neoplasm with variably prominent features suggestive of odontogenic histogenesis: a plexiform ribbon architecture, infrequent basilar palisading with antibasilar nuclei, rare basilar cytoplasmic clearing, subepithelial matrix hyalinization, and partial dual cytokeratin-vimentin immunoreactivity. Features of malignancy included regions of necrosis, pronounced cellular atypia, a high mitotic count, extensive tissue invasion and local tissue destruction, and extension of neoplastic cells beyond the margins of the mandibular bone. Collectively, these features are most consistent with mandibular ameloblastic carcinoma. Including our case described here, ameloblastic carcinoma has been reported in only 5 horses. The microscopic features reported most consistently are dual cytokeratin-vimentin immunoreactivity, a high mitotic count, and basilar palisading. Ameloblastic carcinoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for rapidly growing, locally invasive masses arising from the dentate jaw of horses. DA - 2022/1/17/ PY - 2022/1/17/ DO - 10.1177/10406387211068459 SP - SN - 1943-4936 KW - ameloblast KW - ameloblastic carcinoma KW - odontogenic neoplasm KW - odontogenesis KW - oral tumor KW - horses ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outbreak in African lions of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection, with aberrant bacterial morphology AU - Womble, Mandy AU - Cabot, Megan L. AU - Harrison, Tara AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - A concurrent outbreak of infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis occurred in adult captive African lions (Panthera leo). Two 17-y-old male lions and one 14-y-old female lion developed respiratory distress, lethargy, ataxia, and hyporexia. Within 3-5 d of the onset of clinical signs, one male and the female lion died and were submitted for postmortem examination. Macroscopically, the liver and spleen had multifocal-to-coalescing, semi-firm, pale-tan nodules throughout the parenchyma. The lungs were non-collapsed and marked by petechiae. Histologic examination identified lytic, necrosuppurative foci in the liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney, with abundant intralesional gram-negative coccobacilli in the male lion. Similar findings were seen in the female lion in the liver, spleen, kidney, and mesenteric lymph node; however, the intralesional bacterial colonies were more pleomorphic, comprising rod and filamentous morphologies. Aerobic bacterial culture of the liver, spleen, and lung revealed Y. pseudotuberculosis growth. The source of infection is unknown, and an epidemiologic study was performed. Sources to be considered are from the predation of rodent and/or bird reservoirs, or contaminated soil or water. Mortality associated with Y. pseudotuberculosis has been described in an African lion cub, however, to our knowledge, Y. pseudotuberculosis has not been reported in adult African lions, and this is only the second report of Y. pseudotuberculosis with aberrant bacterial morphology observed histologically. DA - 2022/1/17/ PY - 2022/1/17/ DO - 10.1177/10406387211072822 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1943-4936 KW - atypical bacteria KW - Felidae KW - lions KW - Yersinia pseudotuberculosis KW - yersiniosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella henselae Recombinant Pap31 for the Diagnosis of Canine and Human Bartonelloses AU - Neupane, Pradeep AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Basnet, Manoj AU - Lashnits, Erin AU - Andrews, Gerard P. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - PATHOGENS AB - Bartonella spp. comprise a genus of Gram-negative alphaproteobacteria that are slow growing, fastidious, and facultative intracellular pathogens with zoonotic potential. Immunofluorescent antibody assays (IFAs), Western blot (WB), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), the frequently used modalities for the serological diagnosis of canine and human Bartonelloses, generate numerous false negative results. Therefore, the development of a reliable serodiagnostic assay for Bartonelloses is of clinical and epidemiological importance. Pap31, a heme binding surface protein of B. henselae, is associated with bacterial adhesion and related to bacterial colonization. To our knowledge, B. henselae Pap31 and its fragments (N-terminal (NTD), middle (MD), and C-terminal (CTD) domains) have not been investigated for the serodiagnosis of canine and human Bartonelloses. In this study, we evaluate the diagnostic utility of B. henselae recombinant whole Pap31 (rPap31) and Pap31 fragments by ELISA using sera from 70 dogs (36 Bartonella spp. IFA-positive (naturally infected), and 34 Bartonella spp. IFA- and PCR-negative (control dogs)) and 36 humans (18 Bartonella spp. IFA-positive (naturally infected) and 18 controls)). In the dogs, the area under the curve (AUC) score of recombinant whole Pap31 was 0.714 with a sensitivity of 42% and specificity of 94% at an OD cutoff value of 0.8955. Among the evaluated recombinant Pap31 proteins for the diagnosis of canine Bartonelloses, rPap31-NTD yielded the highest AUC score of 0.792 (95% CI 0.688-0.895) with a sensitivity of 44% and specificity of 100% at a cutoff value of 1.198. In concordance with this finding, rPap31-NTD also had the highest AUC score of 0.747 (95% CI 0.581-0.913) among the Pap31 recombinant proteins for the diagnosis of human Bartonelloses, with 39% sensitivity and 94% specificity at a cutoff value of 1.366. Recombinant whole Pap31 (rPap31) resulted in 72% sensitivity and 61% specificity at a cutoff value of 0.215 for human Bartonelloses. Due to either low sensitivity or questionable specificity, our findings indicate that recombinant Pap31 and the selected fragments may not be appropriate diagnostic targets in detecting anti-Bartonella antibodies in Bartonella-infected dogs and humans. The findings from this study can be used to further assess the antigenicity and immunogenicity of B. henselae Pap31 as a diagnostic target. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.3390/pathogens11020182 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2076-0817 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/2/182 KW - antigen KW - Bartonella henselae KW - serology KW - diagnosis KW - ELISA KW - Western blot KW - heme binding proteins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Birds of a Feather Eat Plastic Together: High Levels of Plastic Ingestion in Great Shearwater Adults and Juveniles Across Their Annual Migratory Cycle AU - Robuck, Anna R. AU - Hudak, Christine A. AU - Agvent, Lindsay AU - Emery, Gwenyth AU - Ryan, Peter G. AU - Perold, Vonica AU - Powers, Kevin D. AU - Pedersen, Johanna AU - Thompson, Michael A. AU - Suca, Justin J. AU - Moore, Michael J. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Bugoni, Leandro AU - Shield, Gina AU - Glass, Trevor AU - Wiley, David N. AU - Lohmann, Rainer T2 - FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE AB - Limited work to date has examined plastic ingestion in highly migratory seabirds like Great Shearwaters ( Ardenna gravis ) across their entire migratory range. We examined 217 Great Shearwaters obtained from 2008–2019 at multiple locations spanning their yearly migration cycle across the Northwest and South Atlantic to assess accumulation of ingested plastic as well as trends over time and between locations. A total of 2328 plastic fragments were documented in the ventriculus portion of the gastrointestinal tract, with an average of 9 plastic fragments per bird. The mass, count, and frequency of plastic occurrence (FO) varied by location, with higher plastic burdens but lower FO in South Atlantic adults and chicks from the breeding colonies. No fragments of the same size or morphology were found in the primary forage fish prey, the Sand Lance ( Ammodytes spp., n = 202) that supports Great Shearwaters in Massachusetts Bay, United States, suggesting the birds directly ingest the bulk of their plastic loads rather than accumulating via trophic transfer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that low- and high-density polyethylene were the most common polymers ingested, within all years and locations. Individuals from the South Atlantic contained a higher proportion of larger plastic items and fragments compared to analogous life stages in the NW Atlantic, possibly due to increased use of remote, pelagic areas subject to reduced inputs of smaller, more diverse, and potentially less buoyant plastics found adjacent to coastal margins. Different signatures of polymer type, size, and category between similar life stages at different locations suggests rapid turnover of ingested plastics commensurate with migratory stage and location, though more empirical evidence is needed to ground-truth this hypothesis. This work is the first to comprehensively measure the accumulation of ingested plastics by Great Shearwaters over the last decade and across multiple locations spanning their yearly trans-equatorial migration cycle and underscores their utility as sentinels of plastic pollution in Atlantic ecosystems. DA - 2022/1/5/ PY - 2022/1/5/ DO - 10.3389/fmars.2021.719721 VL - 8 SP - SN - 2296-7745 KW - Ardenna gravis KW - migration KW - pollution KW - shearwaters KW - marine debris KW - microplastic KW - nurdles KW - bycatch ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of native canine skin color by smartphone-based dermatoscopy AU - Cugmas, Blaz AU - Struc, Eva AU - Kovce, Urska AU - Luzar, Katja AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - SKIN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Human skin color, predominantly determined by the chromophores of melanin, hemoglobin, and exogenous carotenoids, is often measured to serve various medical and cosmetic applications. Although colorimetry has been used to evaluate the skin erythema in allergic dogs, the native canine skin color remains unknown.We measured the skin color in 101 healthy dogs using a calibrated optical system with a smartphone and a mobile dermatoscope DermLite DL1. The results were retrieved in the CIELAB color system and compared to the human color ranges.The lightness (L*) of canine skin ranged from 28.5 to 78.3, which is slightly broader than that of human skin. There was a difference of 3.9 in redness (a*) between canine and human skin, but this variation could be attributed to the similarly valued colorimetric error of the optical system. Nonetheless, the skin yellowness was significantly different for dogs and humans (respective median b* of 12.3 versus 16.6, p < 0.01). This difference might be due to canids not being able to accumulate typically yellowish carotenoids. Furthermore, the native canine skin color did not exhibit a typical dependence between the coordinates of lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*), known as the individual typology angle, °ITA.We reported the first dataset of the native canine skin color in the CIELAB color space. We discovered a similarity in skin lightness and a difference in skin yellowness. However, further studies are needed for a more precise comparison of skin redness. DA - 2022/1/22/ PY - 2022/1/22/ DO - 10.1111/srt.13130 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1600-0846 KW - canine skin KW - carotenoids KW - CIELAB color space KW - ColorChecker KW - dermatoscopy KW - dogs KW - erythema KW - skin color KW - skin colorimetry KW - veterinary dermatology ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Multi-Institutional Collaboration to Understand Neoplasia, Treatment and Survival of Snakes AU - Duke, Elizabeth G. AU - Harrison, Scott H. AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Trout, Tim AU - Troan, Brigid V. AU - Garner, Michael M. AU - Smith, Madison AU - Smith, Sidney AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - ANIMALS AB - This multi-institutional collaborative study of neoplasia in snakes reviewed medical records of snakes at each facility to determine species prevalence, survival, and methods of treatment. Complete species numbers of snakes were also collected at each facility. In total, 65 species, 133 snakes, and 149 unique neoplasias were included in this study. Affected species, age, sex, and their tumor prevalence, tumor type and location, metastasis, treatment, and survival data are reported. The highest species-specific tumor prevalence was in Common or Northern Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) (30.8%, n = 4 of 13), Eastern Diamond-Backed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus) (26.3%, n = 5 of 19), and Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) (22.7%, n = 5 of 22). Malignant tumors predominated (86.6%, n = 129 of 149) with soft tissue sarcomas being the most common (30.2%, n = 45 of 149). Snakes with malignant neoplasia, metastases, or indeterminate presence of metastases were statistically more likely to die from their neoplasms than snakes having either benign neoplasia or no diagnosed metastases (p < 0.05). Gender, taxonomic family, and species of those evaluated did not significantly affect the outcome of snakes with neoplasia. Only 27.1% (n = 36 of 133) of snakes received a reported form of treatment and, for those treated, surgical excision was the most common treatment modality. There was not a significant difference in outcome based on treatment; however, surgery and chemotherapy were associated with death from a cause other than their tumor. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.3390/ani12030258 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2076-2615 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/3/258 KW - Boidae KW - chemotherapy KW - Colubridae KW - neoplasia KW - oncology KW - surgery KW - prevalence KW - Viperida ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of six methods for external attachment of electronic tags to fish: assessment of tag retention, growth and fish welfare AU - Runde, Brendan J. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. AU - Bacheler, Nathan M. AU - Tharp, Ryan M. AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Ben-Horin, Tal T2 - JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY AB - External attachment of electronic tags has been increasingly used in fish studies. Many researchers have used ad hoc attachment methods and provided little or no validation for the assumption that tagging itself does not bias animal behaviour or survival. The authors compared six previously published methods for externally attaching acoustic transmitters to fish in a tank holding experiment with black sea bass Centropristis striata (L.). They tracked tag retention, fish growth and external trauma (as a measure of fish welfare) for 60 days. For each of these metrics, the results showed a wide range of responses among tagging treatments. A simple attachment method using a spaghetti tag passed through the dorsal musculature of the fish and tied to the end cap of the transmitter emerged as the preferred option based on high retention, no impact on growth and relatively low detriment to fish welfare. Future field studies using external electronic tagging should consider tag-related effects that could compromise results when selecting a method for tag attachment. DA - 2022/1/23/ PY - 2022/1/23/ DO - 10.1111/jfb.14989 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1095-8649 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14989 KW - acoustic tags KW - black sea bass KW - holding experiment KW - reef fish KW - repeated measures KW - telemetry KW - transmitters ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of crotch suture augmentation on leakage pressure and leakage location during functional end-to-end stapled anastomoses in dogs AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Moore, George E. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To determine the influence of anastomotic crotch suture augmentation on leakage pressures and leakage location following intestinal functional end-to-end stapled anastomosis (FEESA) in dogs.Ex vivo, randomized, experimental.Chilled jejunal segments from 3 adult dogs.Jejunal specimens were tested within 24 hours of collection. A FEESA was performed and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 12/group): (1) no crotch suture (NCS); (2) simple interrupted crotch suture (SICS); (3) two simple interrupted crotch sutures (TCS) placed laterally on opposing jejunal limbs; (4) simple continuous crotch suture (SCCS) augmentation. Crotch sutures were performed using 3-0 USP polydioxanone. Initial (ILP) and maximal (MLP) leakage pressures (Mean ± SD mm Hg) and leakage location were recorded and compared between groups.Initial leakage pressure was greater after placement of TCS (37.8 ± 6.4, P < .039) and SCCS (47.6 ± 11.0, P < .002) than NCS (27.1 ± 2.5) and SICS (33.0 ± 6.0). Maximal leakage pressure was greater in specimens including SICS, TCS, and SCCS than those without crotch suture augmentation (P < .043). Leakage occurred at the anastomotic crotch in 8/12 NCS, 6/12 SICS, 11/12 TCS, and 12/12 SCCS constructs (P < .001).Augmentation of FEESA with TCS and SCCS increased ILP and decreased the occurrence of leakage from the anastomotic crotch, while all methods of anastomotic crotch augmentation increased MLP.Augmenting the FEESA with crotch suture(s) improved the resistance of the jejunal anastomosis to leakage in normal cadaveric segments. Placing 2 crotch sutures or use of a simple continuous pattern for anastomotic augmentation appeared to be superior to the placement of a single suture. DA - 2022/1/12/ PY - 2022/1/12/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13764 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prospective serological and molecular cross-sectional study focusing on Bartonella and other blood-borne organisms in cats from Catalonia (Spain) AU - Alvarez-Fernandez, Alejandra AU - Maggi, Ricardo AU - Eduard Martin-Valls, Gerard AU - Baxarias, Marta AU - Bealmear Breitschwerdt, Edward AU - Solano-Gallego, Laia T2 - PARASITES & VECTORS AB - There is limited clinical or epidemiological knowledge regarding Bartonella infection in cats, and no serological studies have compared the presence of antibodies against different Bartonella species. Moreover, there are limited feline Bartonella studies investigating co-infections with other vector-borne pathogens and the associated risk factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate Bartonella spp. infections and co-infections with other pathogens in cats from Barcelona (Spain) based on serological and/or molecular techniques and to determine associated risk factors.We studied colony and owned cats (n = 135). Sera were tested for Bartonella henselae-, Bartonella quintana-, and Bartonella koehlerae-specific antibodies using endpoint in-house immunofluorescence antibody assays. Bartonella real-time PCR (qPCR) and conventional PCR (cPCR) were performed. In addition, cPCR followed by DNA sequencing was performed for other pathogenic organisms (Anaplasma, Babesia, Cytauxzoon, Ehrlichia, Hepatozoon, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Theileria spp.).From 135 cats studied, 80.7% were seroreactive against at least one Bartonella species. Bartonella quintana, B. koehlerae, and B. henselae seroreactivity was 67.4, 77.0, and 80.7%, respectively. Substantial to almost perfect serological agreement was found between the three Bartonella species. Colony cats were more likely to be Bartonella spp.-seroreactive than owned cats. Moreover, cats aged ≤ 2 years were more likely to be Bartonella spp.-seroreactive. Bartonella spp. DNA was detected in the blood of 11.9% (n = 16) of cats. Cats were infected with B. henselae (n = 12), B. clarridgeiae (n = 3), and B. koehlerae (n = 1). Mycoplasma spp. DNA was amplified from 14% (n = 19) of cat blood specimens. Cats were infected with Mycoplasma haemofelis (n = 8), Candidatus M. haemominutum (n = 6), Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis (n = 4), and Mycoplasma wenyonii (n = 1). Anaplasma, Babesia, Cytauxzoon, Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon, and Theileria spp. DNA was not amplified from any blood sample. Of the 16 Bartonella spp.-infected cats based on PCR results, six (37%) were co-infected with Mycoplasma spp.Bartonella spp. and hemoplasma infections are prevalent in cats from the Barcelona area, whereas infection with Anaplasma spp., Babesia, Cytauxzoon, Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon, and Theileria infections were not detected. Co-infection with hemotropic Mycoplasma appears to be common in Bartonella-infected cats. To our knowledge, this study is the first to document M. wenyonii is infection in cats. DA - 2022/1/4/ PY - 2022/1/4/ DO - 10.1186/s13071-021-05105-6 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1756-3305 KW - Bartonellosis KW - Hemotropic Mycoplasma KW - Mycoplasma wenyonii KW - Ehrlichia KW - Anaplasma KW - Piroplasma KW - Co-infection KW - Cats KW - Spain ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Biot-Stokes coupling using total pressure: Formulation, analysis and application to interfacial flow in the eye AU - Ruiz-Baier, Ricardo AU - Taffetani, Matteo AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Yotov, Ivan T2 - COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING AB - We consider a multiphysics model for the flow of Newtonian fluid coupled with Biot consolidation equations through an interface, and incorporating total pressure as an unknown in the poroelastic region. A new mixed-primal finite element scheme is proposed solving for the pairs fluid velocity–pressure and displacement–total poroelastic pressure using Stokes-stable elements, and where the formulation does not require Lagrange multipliers to set up the usual transmission conditions on the interface. The stability and well-posedness of the continuous and semi-discrete problems are analysed in detail. Our numerical study is framed in the context of applicative problems pertaining to heterogeneous geophysical flows and to eye poromechanics. For the latter, we investigate different interfacial flow regimes in Cartesian and axisymmetric coordinates that could eventually help describe early morphologic changes associated with glaucoma development in canine species. DA - 2022/2/1/ PY - 2022/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.cma.2021.114384 VL - 389 SP - SN - 1879-2138 KW - Porous media flow KW - Biot consolidation KW - Total pressure KW - Transmission problem KW - Mixed finite element methods KW - Eye fluid poromechanics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing a predictive model for spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injury AU - McBride, Rebecca AU - Parker, Elizabeth AU - Garabed, Rebecca B. AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Tipold, Andrea AU - Stein, Veronika Maria AU - Granger, Nicolas AU - Hechler, Ashley C. AU - Yaxley, Page E. AU - Moore, Sarah A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Reduced pelvic limb reflexes in dogs with spinal cord injury typically suggests a lesion of the L4-S3 spinal cord segments. However, pelvic limb reflexes might also be reduced in dogs with a T3-L3 myelopathy and concurrent spinal shock.We hypothesized that statistical models could be used to identify clinical variables associated with spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injuries.Cohort of 59 dogs with T3-L3 myelopathies and spinal shock and 13 dogs with L4-S3 myelopathies.Data used for this study were prospectively entered by partner institutions into the International Canine Spinal Cord Injury observational registry between October 2016 and July 2019. Univariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between independent variables and the presence of spinal shock. Independent variables were selected for inclusion in a multivariable logistic regression model if they had a significant effect (P ≤ .1) on the odds of spinal shock in univariable logistic regression.The final multivariable model included the natural log of weight (kg), the natural log of duration of clinical signs (hours), severity (paresis vs paraplegia), and pelvic limb tone (normal vs decreased/absent). The odds of spinal shock decreased with increasing weight (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28, P = .09; confidence interval [CI] 0.07-1.2), increasing duration (OR = 0.44, P = .02; CI 0.21-0.9), decreased pelvic limb tone (OR = 0.04, P = .003; CI 0.01-0.36), and increased in the presence of paraplegia (OR = 7.87, P = .04; CI 1.1-56.62).A formula, as developed by the present study and after external validation, could be useful for assisting clinicians in determining the likelihood of spinal shock in various clinical scenarios and aid in diagnostic planning. DA - 2022/1/10/ PY - 2022/1/10/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16352 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16352 KW - fibrocartilaginous infarct KW - herniation KW - intervertebral disc disease KW - neurology KW - spinal cord disease KW - spinal shock ER - TY - JOUR TI - Esophageal varices in dogs: A retrospective case series AU - Slead, Tanner S. AU - Gremillion, Christine L. AU - Cohen, Eli B. AU - Tolbert, M. Katherine T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Esophageal varices (EV) are abnormally dilated veins in the esophagus caused by alterations of blood flow or pressure. Esophageal variceal hemorrhage is a major complication of hepatic disease in humans, but a lack of information exists regarding associated adverse events in dogs.To describe the clinical manifestations and associated etiologies and outcomes of dogs with EV.Twenty-five client-owned dogs with EV diagnosed via computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, or fluoroscopy.Retrospective case series. Cases were identified by review of the hospital imaging records database between 2010 and 2020. Signalment, clinical signs, and outcomes were documented. When present, additional collateral vasculature was also recorded. Cases were subcategorized into suspected etiology based upon the anatomic location or absence of an attributable underlying disease process, as well as the direction of blood flow.Twenty-four of 25 cases were identified via CT, with a prevalence of 0.012% (24/1950 total studies). Presenting clinical signs were nonspecific, and more likely because of the underlying cause as opposed to complications secondary to EV themselves. Etiologic anatomic locations were similar in occurrence between the abdomen (N = 14) and thorax (N = 11). All cases with an abdominal etiologic location had presumed or confirmed portal hypertension and 9/11 cases with a thoracic etiologic location had pulmonary, caval, or systemic hypertension. No cases died or were euthanized as a direct result of EV or associated hemorrhage.Esophageal varices are rarely reported in dogs and commonly identified concurrently with portal, pulmonary, and caval hypertension. Hemorrhage is not a common clinical manifestation of EV. DA - 2022/1/10/ PY - 2022/1/10/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16355 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - collateral circulation KW - varix KW - vascular abnormality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prolonged oral antimicrobial administration prevents doxorubicin-induced loss of active intestinal stem cells AU - Sheahan, Breanna J. AU - Theriot, Casey M. AU - Cortes, Jocsa E. AU - Dekaney, Christopher M. T2 - GUT MICROBES AB - Acute intestinal mucositis is a common off-target effect of chemotherapy, leading to co-morbidities such as vomiting, diarrhea, sepsis, and death. We previously demonstrated that the presence of enteric bacteria modulates the extent of jejunal epithelial damage induced by doxorubicin (DXR) in mice. Despite conventional thinking of the crypt as a sterile environment, recent evidence suggests that bacterial signaling influences aISC function. In this study, we labeled aISCs using transgenic Lgr5-driven fluorescence or with immunostaining for OLFM4. We examined the effect of DXR in both germ free (GF) mice and mice depleted of microbiota using an established antimicrobial treatment protocol (AMBx). We found differences in DXR-induced loss of aISCs between GF mice and mice treated with AMBx. aISCs were decreased after DXR in GF mice, whereas AMBx mice retained aISC expression after DXR. Neither group of mice exhibited an inflammatory response to DXR, suggesting the difference in aISC retention was not due to differences in local tissue inflammation. Therefore, we suspected that there was a protective microbial signal present in the AMBx mice that was not present in the GF mice. 16S rRNA sequencing of jejunal luminal contents demonstrated that AMBx altered the fecal and jejunal microbiota. In the jejunal contents, AMBx mice had increased abundance of Ureaplasma and Burkholderia. These results suggest pro-survival signaling from microbiota in AMBx-treated mice to the aISCs, and that this signaling maintains aISCs in the face of chemotherapeutic injury. Manipulation of the enteric microbiota presents a therapeutic target for reducing the severity of chemotherapy-associated mucositis. DA - 2022/12/31/ PY - 2022/12/31/ DO - 10.1080/19490976.2021.2018898 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1949-0984 KW - Microbiota KW - intestinal stem cells KW - doxorubicin KW - antibiotics KW - antimicrobials KW - DNA damage KW - germ free KW - injury KW - small intestine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Double‐loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single‐loop cerclage AU - Butare‐Smith, Lauren AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - Veterinary Surgery AB - To compare the mechanical performance of cerclage secured with twist, single-loop, and double-loop knots subjected to cyclic loading.In vitro biomechanical study.Twist, single-loop and double-loop cerclage configurations of 1.0 mm wire.The peak load resisted by each cerclage type was determined (n = 6). Cerclage were loaded cyclically to 80%, 60%, 40%, or 20% of its peak load (n = 8 per load level). The number of cycles until each cerclage loosened (residual tension <10 N) was recorded.All wires that failed did so by loosening. Twist cerclage cycled to 390 N and 290 N loosened within the first 10 cycles, and, when cycled to 100 N, they loosened by 250 cycles. All twist knots loosened by untwisting. Single-loop cerclage cycled to 320 N loosened within 10 cycles. At 240 N, 5 single-loop cerclage resisted 250 cycles before loosening. At 160 N, 2 of the 8 single-loop cerclage did not loosen by 100 000 cycles. When cycled to 640 N, one of the double-loop cerclage did not loosen following 500 000 cycles. When cycled to 480 N, 3 of the 8 wires did not loosen.Double-loop cerclage will be tighter and are better able to resist cycling than twist or single-loop cerclage.Use of double-loop cerclage to stabilize bone fragments or prevent fissure propagation can be expected to provide greater resistance to loosening than twist or single-loop cerclage, both initially and with repeated loading. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.1111/vsu.13756 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 335-340 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13756 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drawing clinically relevant conclusions from biomechanical studies AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - Veterinary Surgery DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1111/vsu.13738 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13738 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of the efficacy rate and time‐to‐efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis AU - Tham, Heng L. AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is reported to have a success rate of 50-70% when given for up to 12 months to dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). How soon ASIT is clinically effective is unclear.To compare the efficacy rate (ER) and time-to-efficacy (TTE) of various types of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) administered using conventional dosing regimens using the methodology of a critically appraised topic.Three databases were searched to extract information on the ER and TTE of SCIT in dogs with AD. Herein, "efficacy" was defined as a ≥50% reduction in pruritus and/or skin lesions, and the TTE as the time needed to achieve such a reduction.We selected 12 publications including 194 dogs. The ER was significantly higher with the polymerised allergoids coupled with nonoxidized mannan than for the "classic" aqueous and alum-precipitated SCIT types. A TTE of three months or shorter was seen in a significantly higher proportion of dogs receiving mannan-couple allergoids, pullulan-conjugated Der f 2 or tyrosine-adjuvanted than aqueous or alum-precipitated SCIT; with the latter two formulations, the TTE might be nine months or longer in ≤20% of atopic dogs.In spite of the low number of articles available for review and small number of enrolled dogs, novel SCIT regimens appear to have a faster - and possibly higher - efficacy than the currently available aqueous or alum-precipitated formulations. A standardisation of outcome measures for ASIT clearly is needed to allow a more meaningful comparison between SCIT types.L'immunothérapie spécifique d’allergènes (ASIT) aurait un taux de réussite de 50 à 70 % lorsqu'elle est administrée jusqu'à 12 mois à des chiens atteints de dermatite atopique (DA). On ne sait pas quand l’ASIT est cliniquement efficace.Comparer le taux d'efficacité (ER) et le délai d'efficacité (TTE) de divers types d'immunothérapie sous-cutanée (SCIT) administrés à l'aide de schémas posologiques conventionnels en utilisant la méthodologie d'un sujet évalué de manière critique. MÉTHODES ET MATÉRIELS: Trois bases de données ont été consultées pour extraire des informations sur le RE et le TTE du SCIT chez les chiens atteints de DA. Ici, « l'efficacité » a été définie comme une réduction ≥ 50 % du prurit et/ou des lésions cutanées, et le TTE comme le temps nécessaire pour obtenir une telle réduction. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons sélectionné 12 publications dont 194 chiens. Le RE était significativement plus élevé avec les allergoïdes polymérisés couplés au mannane non oxydé que pour les types SCIT aqueux « classiques » et précipités à l'alun. Un TTE de trois mois ou moins a été observé chez une proportion significativement plus élevée de chiens recevant des allergoïdes couplés au mannane, du Der f 2 conjugué au pullulane ou avec un adjuvant de tyrosine que le SCIT aqueux ou précipité à l'alun ; avec les deux dernières formulations, le TTE pourrait être de neuf mois ou plus chez ≤20% des chiens atopiques.Malgré le faible nombre d'articles disponibles pour examen et le petit nombre de chiens recrutés, les nouveaux schémas SCIT semblent avoir une efficacité plus rapide - et peut-être plus élevée - que les formulations aqueuses ou précipitées à l'alun actuellement disponibles. Une normalisation des mesures de résultats pour l'ASIT est clairement nécessaire pour permettre une comparaison plus significative entre les types de SCIT.INTRODUCCIÓN: se ha publicado que la inmunoterapia específica de alérgenos (ASIT) tiene una tasa de éxito del 50% al 70% cuando se administra durante un período de hasta 12 meses a perros con dermatitis atópica (AD). Sin embargo, no está claro en qué momento la ASIT es clínicamente efectiva. OBJETIVOS: comparar la tasa de eficacia (ER) y el tiempo hasta ser eficaz (TTE) de varios tipos de inmunoterapia subcutánea (SCIT) administrados con regímenes de dosificación convencionales utilizando la metodología de un tema con evaluación crítica. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: se realizaron búsquedas en tres bases de datos para extraer información sobre el ER y el TTE de SCIT en perros con AD. En este documento, la "eficacia" se definió como una reducción ≥50% en el prurito y/o las lesiones cutáneas, y el TTE como el tiempo necesario para lograr dicha reducción. RESULTADOS: seleccionamos 12 publicaciones que incluían 194 perros. El ER fue significativamente mayor con los alergoides polimerizados acoplados con manano no oxidado que con los tipos de SCIT acuosos y precipitados con alumbre "clásicos". Se observó un TTE de tres meses o menos en una proporción significativamente mayor de perros que recibieron alergoides unidos a manano, Der f 2 conjugado con pululano o adyuvante de tirosina que el la SCIT acuosa o precipitado con alumbre; con las dos últimas formulaciones, el TTE puede ser de nueve meses o más en ≤20% de los perros atópicos. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: a pesar del bajo número de artículos disponibles para revisión y el pequeño número de perros incluidos, los nuevos regímenes de SCIT parecen tener una eficacia más rápida, y posiblemente mayor, que las formulaciones acuosas o precipitadas con alumbre actualmente disponibles. Claramente, se necesita una estandarización de las medidas de resultados para ASIT lo que permitiría una comparación más significativa entre los tipos de SCIT.Es wird bei der Allergen-spezifischen Immuntherapie (ASIT) eine Erfolgsrate von 50-70% beschrieben, wenn sie Hunden mit atopischer Dermatitis (AD) bis zu 12 Monate lang verabreicht wird. Wie rasch ASIT klinisch wirksam wird, ist noch unklar.Ein Vergleich der Wirksamkeitsrate (ER) und der Zeit-bis-zur-Wirkung (TTE) verschiedener Typen der subkutanen Immuntherapie (SCIT), wenn sie mittels konventioneller Dosierung unter Einsatz der Methodologie eines kritisch aufgearbeiteten Themas (critically appraised topic) verabreicht werden.Es wurden drei Datenbanken durchsucht, um Informationen über ER und TTE von SCIT bei Hunden mit AD zu erhalten. Es wurde hierbei die „Wirksamkeit“ als eine ≥ 50%ige Reduzierung des Juckreizes und/oder der Hautläsionen und die TTE als die benötigte Zeit zum Erreichen einer solchen Reduktion definiert.Wir wählten 12 Publikationen aus, die 194 Hunde untersucht hatten. Die ER war bei den mit nicht oxidiertem Mannan gekoppelten polymerisierten Allergoiden signifikant höher als bei den „klassischen“ wässrigen und Alum-präzipitierten SCIT Typen. Eine TTE von drei Monaten oder weniger konnte bei einer signifikant höheren Proportion der Hunde gesehen werden, die Mannan-gekoppelte Allergoide, Pullulan-konjugierte Der f 2 oder Tyrosin-adjuvantierte im Vergleich zu wässrigen oder Alum-präzipitierten SCIT erhielten; bei den letzten beiden Formulierungen könnte die TTE bei ≤20% der atopischen Hunde neun Monate oder länger beitragen.Trotz der niedrigen Anzahl an verfügbaren Berichten für eine Review und der kleinen Anzahl an untersuchten Hunden, scheinen neue SCIT Protokolle eine raschere - und möglicherweise höhere - Wirksamkeit zu haben als die Protokolle mit den momentan verfügbaren wässrigen und Alum-präzipitierten Formulierungen. Eine Standardisierung der Ergebnisse für ASIT ist klar nötig, um einen bedeutenden Vergleich zwischen SCIT Typen zu ermöglichen.背景: アレルゲン特異的免疫療法 (ASIT) は、アトピー性皮膚炎 (AD) の犬に最大12か月間投与した場合、成功率が50〜70%であると報告されている。 ASITがどのくらい早く臨床的に有効になるかは不明である。 目的: 本研究の目的は、批判的に評価されたトピックの方法論を使用して、従来の投与計画で投与されたさまざまなタイプの皮下免疫療法 (SCIT) の有効率 (ER)および有効性が得られるまでの時間 (TTE) を比較することであった。 材料と方法: 3つのデータベースを検索し、AD犬のSCITのERおよびTTEに関する情報を抽出した。ここで、「有効性」は、掻痒および/または皮膚病変の50%以上の減少と定義し、TTEは、そのような減少を達成するために必要な時間として定義した。 結果: 194頭の犬を含む12論文を選択した。 ERは、「古典的な」水性およびミョウバン沈殿型SCITよりも、非酸化マンナンと結合した重合アレルゴイドで有意に高かった。マンナン結合アレルゴイド、プルラン結合Der f 2、またはチロシンアジュバントを投与された犬では、 水性またはミョウバン沈殿SCITよりも3か月以下のTTEが有意に高い割合で認められた。また、プルラン結合Der f 2、チロシンアジュバントの処方では、アトピー犬の20%以下でTTEが9か月以上になる可能性がある。 結論と臨床的関連性: レビューに利用できる記事の数が少なく、登録されている犬の数が少ないにもかかわらず、新しいSCIT投与計画は、現在利用可能な水性またはミョウバン沈殿製剤よりも有効性が速く、場合によっては高いようである。 SCITタイプ間のより有意義な比較を可能にするには、ASITの結果測定の標準化が明らかに必要である。.背景: 据报道, 过敏原特异性免疫治疗 (ASIT) 在特应性皮炎 (AD) 犬中给予长达12个月的成功率为50-70%。ASIT临床有效的时间尚不清楚。 目标: 使用批判性评估主题方法, 比较使用常规给药方案的各种类型皮下免疫治疗(SCIT)的有效率(ER)和见效时间(TTE)。 方法和材料: 搜索三个数据库以提取AD犬SCIT的ER和TTE信息。此处, “见效”定义为≥瘙痒和/或皮肤病变减轻50%,TTE作为实现减轻所需的时间。 结果: 我们选择了12种出版物, 其中包括194只犬。与“经典”水溶液和明矾沉淀的SCIT类型相比, 聚合的变态反应物与非氧化甘露聚糖偶联的ER显着更高。接受甘露聚糖对变态反应物, 支链淀粉缀合的Der f2或酪氨酸佐剂的犬的比例显着高于水性或明矾沉淀的SCIT; 对于后两种配方, ≤20%的特应性患犬的TTE可能为9个月或更长时间。 结论和临床相关性: 尽管可供回顾的文章数量少, 登记的犬只数量少, 但新的SCIT方案似乎比目前可用的水性或明矾沉淀制剂具有更快-甚至可能更高的功效。显然需要对ASIT的结果评估进行标准化, 以便在SCIT类型之间进行更有意义的比较。.A eficácia relatada da imunoterapia alérgeno-específica (ASIT) em cães com dermatite atópica (DA) é de 50-70% quando administrada por até 12 meses. Não está claro quando ASIT começa a ser eficaz.Comparar a taxa de eficácia (TE) e o tempo até a eficácia (TAE) em vários tipos de imunoterapia subcutânea (SCIT) administrados utilizando doses convencionais usando a metodologia de um tópico criticamente avaliado. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Três bancos de dados foram pesquisados para extrair informação de TE e TAE de SCIT em cães com DA. Neste estudo, “eficácia” foi definida como uma redução ≥50% no prurido e/ou lesões cutâneas, e a TAE como o tempo necessário para alcançar tal redução.Nós selecionamos 12 publicações incluindo 194 cães. A TE foi significativamente maior com os alergoides polimerizados pareados com manose não-oxidada que com os tipos “clássicos” de SCIT aquosos e precipitados de alúmen. Observou-se um TAE de três meses ou menos em uma proporção significativamente maior de cães que receberam alergoides pareados a manose, Der f 2 conjugado à pullulan ou com adjuvante de tirosina que os cães que receberam SCIT aquosa ou precipitado de alúmen; com as duas últimas formulações, o TAE pode ser de nove meses ou mais em ≤20% dos cães atópicos. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Apesar do baixo número de artigos disponíveis para revisão e o pequeno número de cães incluídos, os novos protocolos de SCIT parecem ter eficácia mais rápida - e possivelmente mais alta - que as formulações aquosas ou com precipitado de alúmen disponíveis atualmente. Uma padronização dos métodos de avaliação dos resultados da ASIT é claramente necessária para permitir comparações mais fidedignas entre os tipos de SCIT. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// DO - 10.1111/vde.13048 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 155 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnosis and management of nasopharyngeal stenosis in four guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) AU - Knutson, Kyra A. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Sadar, Miranda J. AU - Cohen, Eli B. AU - Schachterle, Karen AU - Chen, Sue T2 - JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE AB - Respiratory disease is common in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). As obligate nasal breathers, disease of the upper airway can result in significant dyspnea. Nasopharyngeal stenosis is defined as a luminal narrowing of the nasopharynx, which extends from the choana to the caudal margin of the soft palate. This condition can be acquired or congenital and has been diagnosed in other species. However, nasopharyngeal stenosis has not been previously described in guinea pigs. Four guinea pigs were presented with chronic, recurrent upper respiratory signs including stertor, oculonasal discharge, tachypnea, and dyspnea. All four animals had signs suggestive of upper respiratory tract disease on examination. Nasopharyngeal stenosis was identified at the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx at the level of the choana via computed tomography (CT) in all cases. Otitis media was also present in three of the four cases. Antibiotic therapy was instituted for all animals. Two of the four guinea pigs were treated with prednisolone and two were treated with meloxicam to control associated inflammation. One animal died 2 months after diagnosis due to complications from severe otitis media. One individual was euthanized due to progressive disease after a year and a half of treatment. One guinea pig was lost to follow up after 6 months. The remaining guinea pig was alive at the time this case series was written (11 months after initial diagnosis) but continues to have signs of upper airway disease. Nasopharyngeal stenosis is an important differential diagnosis for persistent upper respiratory signs in guinea pigs. CT was diagnostic in all cases, identifying nasopharyngeal stenosis at the level of the choana, and allowed identification of comorbidities (otitis media and rhinitis). Medical management resulted in survival times from 2 months to a year and a half following diagnosis. Further investigation into minimally invasive interventions such as balloon dilation and stent placement are warranted for future cases. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.006 VL - 40 SP - 21-28 SN - 1931-6283 KW - Nasopharyngeal stenosis KW - Nasopharyngeal stricture KW - Guinea pig KW - Cavia porcellus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Safety and efficacy of oral mirtazapine in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) AU - Ozawa, Sarah AU - Thomson, Andrea AU - Petritz, Olivia T2 - JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE AB - One of the most common presenting complaints in rabbits is decreased food intake and/or fecal output. This can occur as a clinical consequence of pain, anesthesia and systemic or gastrointestinal disease. In conjunction with diagnosing and treating the underlying condition, veterinary care should aim to normalize food intake and fecal output. Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic antidepressant that has appetite stimulating effects in other species. However, studies in rabbits are currently lacking. Nine six-month old, intact (4 male, 5 female) New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used in a randomized, blinded, controlled, complete cross-over experiment. Each rabbit received a low-dose of mirtazapine (1 mg/kg), high-dose (3 mg/kg) and control treatment orally once a day for a total of 2 sequential days with a 5- day washout period between treatment groups. Fecal output, food intake and body weight were measured before, during and after treatment. Fecal output was 25% higher (95% CI: 6.3%–46.9%, P= 0.01) on treatment days following high-dose mirtazapine treatment. Body weight was 1.5% higher (95% CI: 0. 5% to 2.6%, P= 0.006) for all groups on the 2 days following treatment compared to baseline. Body weight was reduced by 2.1% (95% CI: -3.6% to -0.6%, P= 0.011) the week following high-dose mirtazapine treatment. Mirtazapine did not have a statistically significant effect on food intake. Oral administration of mirtazapine at 3 mg/kg once a day resulted in increased fecal output but not a concurrent increase in food intake. Overall, mirtazapine is well tolerated and may be a useful treatment to increase fecal output in rabbits. However, due to a mild reduction in weight following treatment, clinical monitoring is warranted. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.003 VL - 40 SP - 16-20 SN - 1931-6283 UR - https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.003 KW - Rabbit KW - Oryctolagus cuniculus KW - Mirtazapine KW - Appetite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct injection of Amblyomma americanum ticks with Cytauxzoon felis AU - Yang, Tzushan S. AU - Reichard, Mason V AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Cohn, Leah A. AU - Nafe, Laura AU - Whitehurst, Nathan AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES AB - Cytauxzoon felis is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasite that causes life-threatening disease in domestic cats in the United States. Currently, the platforms for C. felis research are limited to natural or experimental infection of domestic cats. This study aims to develop an alternative model by infecting Amblyomma americanum ticks with C. felis via direct injection. Amblyomma americanum adults were injected with C. felis-infected feline erythrocytes through two routes: directly into the digestive tract through the anal pore (IA injection), or percutaneously into the tick hemocoel (IH injection). RNAscope® in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to visualize the parasites within the ticks at different time points after injection. Four months after injection, ticks were divided into 3 infestation groups based on injection methods and inoculum type and fed on 3 naïve cats to assess the ticks’ ability to transmit C. felis. Prior to the transmission challenge, selected ticks from each infestation group were tested for C. felis RNA via reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). In both IA- and IH-injected ticks, ISH signals were observed in ticks up to 3 weeks after injection. The number of hybridization signals notably decreased over time, and no signals were detected by 4 months after injection. Prior to the transmission challenge, 37–57% of the sampled ticks were positive for C. felis RNA via RT-PCR. While the majority of injected ticks successfully attached and fed to repletion on all 3 cats during the transmission challenge, none of the cats became infected with C. felis. These results suggest that injected C. felis remained alive in ticks but was unable to progress to infective sporozoites after injection. It is unclear why this infection technique had been successful for other closely related tick-borne hemoprotozoa and not for C. felis. This outcome may be associated with uncharacterized differences in the C. felis life cycle, the lack of the feeding or molting in our model or absence of gametocytes in the inoculum. Nonetheless, our study demonstrated the potential of using ticks as an alternative model to study C. felis. Future improvement of a tick model for C. felis should consider other tick species for the injection model or utilize infection methods that more closely emulate the natural infection process. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101847 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1877-9603 KW - Cytauxzoon felis KW - Direct injection KW - Tick KW - In situ hybridization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella spp. seroepidemiology and associations with clinicopathologic findings in dogs in the United States AU - Lashnits, Erin AU - Thatcher, Brendon AU - Carruth, Ariel AU - Mestek, Anton AU - Buch, Jesse AU - Beall, Melissa AU - Neupane, Pradeep AU - Chandrashekar, Ramaswamy AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Improved understanding of Bartonella spp. serology in dogs may aid clinical decision making.Describe demographic and geographic patterns of Bartonella spp. seroreactivity in dogs, and describe hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities in Bartonella spp. seroreactive and nonseroreactive dogs.Serum samples from 5957 dogs in the United States, previously submitted to IDEXX Reference Laboratories.Serum was tested using 3 indirect ELISAs for B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, and B. koehlerae. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry panel results were reviewed retrospectively.Overall, 6.1% of dogs were Bartonella spp. seroreactive. Toy breeds were less likely to be seroreactive (3.9%) than mixed breeds (7.5%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-0.72), and dogs <1 year old were less likely to be seroreactive (3.4%) than dogs 1 to 5.5 years of age (7.3%; aOR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.72). Dogs in the West South Central (9.8%) and South Atlantic (8.8%) regions were more likely than dogs elsewhere in the United States to be seroreactive (aOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.31-3.87; aOR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.38-4.36).Demographic and geographic findings for Bartonella spp. exposure were broadly comparable to previously reported patterns. DA - 2022/1// PY - 2022/1// DO - 10.1111/jvim.16311 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 116-125 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16311 KW - bartonellosis KW - canine KW - seroreactivity KW - vector-borne KW - zoonoses ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computed Tomographic Assessment of Hooking‐Related Injuries in Recreationally Angled Blue Marlin AU - Houck, Emma L. AU - Cohen, Eli B. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Runde, Brendan J. AU - Rudershausen, Paul J. AU - Buckel, Jeffrey A. T2 - Journal of Aquatic Animal Health AB - Acute morbidity and mortality of marlins (family Istiophoridae) in hook-and-line fisheries have been studied; however, there has been little or no investigation of the skeletal injuries incurred from terminal tackles that could lead to decreased rates of postrelease survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate skeletal injuries in recreationally angled Atlantic Blue Marlin Makaira nigricans from the 2019 Big Rock Blue Marlin Tournament in Morehead City, North Carolina. We examined heads of six Blue Marlin that were angled using artificial lures rigged with J-hooks and harvested for weigh-in. The head of each Blue Marlin was scanned using computed tomography (CT) and examined with gross dissection. The CT interpretation revealed that two Blue Marlin had minimally displaced fractures of the maxilla, one of which also had a fracture to the lachrymal bone. These radiographic lesions were associated with penetrating hook injuries. The CT images also revealed degenerative changes within the quadrate-articular joint in four Blue Marlin, which was associated with fish weight; the causes and consequences of these degenerative changes are unknown. Although the hooking-related jaw fractures likely result in acute pain, their impact on postrelease morbidity is unknown and the impact on postrelease mortality is suspected to be small. DA - 2022/3// PY - 2022/3// DO - 10.1002/aah.10145 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 20-27 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/aah.10145 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of major and minor chicken allergens in dogs AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Pucheu‐Haston, Cherie M. AU - Mayer, Ursula AU - Bergvall, Kerstin AU - Bexley, Jennifer T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - Allergens targeted by serum-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) in dogs clinically allergic to chicken have not been reported.To characterise the allergens targeted by sIgE in dogs sensitised and allergic to chicken.Sera from three dogs not sensitised to chicken, from 10 chicken sensitised dogs and from 12 chicken allergic dogs.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting with a commercial chicken extract were utilized. The bands identified on immunoblotting were sequenced by mass spectrometry for allergen characterization.Using ELISA, we detected chicken-sIgE above the positive threshold in zero of three (0%) nonsensitised dogs, five of five (100%) chicken-sensitised dogs (a selection criterion), and in seven of 12 (58%) chicken-allergic dogs. Immunoblotting performed with the same extract revealed IgE-bound protein bands in 100% of all chicken-sensitised and -allergic dogs, respectively. To identify the allergens, we excised the corresponding bands on the electrophoretic gel, and submitted them for sequencing by mass spectrometry. We conclusively identified seven major allergens (serum albumin, pyruvate kinase M, enolase 3, creatine kinase M, lactate dehydrogenase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate isomerase) and one minor allergen (troponin C), which are relevant to dogs.We identified herein seven major chicken allergens for dogs, several of which are known to be cross-reactive allergens for humans. Based on their degree of sequence identity, these allergens exhibit the theoretical potential to be cross-reactive between poultry and mammalian meats; six of these allergens already are known to be cross-reactive between chicken and fish species. Future studies should address the clinical relevance and cross-reactivity potential of these chicken allergens in dogs.Allergene, die durch Serum-spezifisches Immunglobulin E (sIgE) bei Hunden gefunden werden, die klinisch allergisch auf Hühner reagieren, wurden noch nicht beschrieben.Eine Charakterisierung der Allergene, auf die sIgE bei Hunden, die allergisch auf Hühner reagieren, abzielen.Drei Sera von Hunden, die nicht auf Hühner sensibilisiert waren, 10 Sera von Hunden, die auf Hühner sensibilisiert waren und 12 Sera von Hühner-allergischen Hunden.Enzym-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) und Immunblotting mit einem kommerziellen Hühnerextrakt wurden eingesetzt. Die Banden, die mittels Immunblot identifiziert worden waren, wurden mittels Massenspektrometrie zur Allergencharakterisierung sequenziert.Mittels ELISA wurden Hühner-sIgE oberhalb des positiven Grenzwerts bei null von drei (0%) nichtsensibilisierten Hunden, bei fünf von fünf (100%) der Hühner-sensibilisierten Hunde (ein Selektionskriterium), und bei sieben von 12 (58%) der Hühner-allergischen Hunde gefunden. Immunblots, die mit demselben Extrakt durchgeführt wurden, zeigten IgE-gebundene Proteinbanden bei 100% aller Hühner-sensibilisierten bzw - allergischen Hunde. Um die Allergene zu identifizieren, wurden die korrespondierenden Banden auf dem elektrophoretischen Gel herausgeschnitten und zur Sequenzierung mittels Massenspektrometrie übermittelt. Es wurden eindeutig sieben Hauptallergene identifiziert (Serumalbumin, Pyrovatkinase M, Enolase 3, Kreatinkinase M, Laktatdehydrogenase A, Glyceraldehyd-3-Phosphatdehydrogenase und Triose-Phosphat Isomerase) und ein Nebenallergen (Troponin C), welche für Hunde relevant sind.Es wurden in dieser Studie sieben Haupt (major) Hühnerallergene für Hunde gefunden, wobei bei einigen bekannt ist, dass sie kreuz-reaktive Allergene für den Menschen darstellen. Basierend auf dem Ausmaß ihrer Sequenzidentität, besitzen diese Allergene das theoretische Potential zwischen Geflügel- und Säugerfleisch kreuz-reaktiv zu sein; sechs dieser Allergene sind bereits als kreuz-reaktiv zwischen Huhn und Fisch Spezies bekannt. Zukünftige Studien sollten die klinische Relevanz und das Potential der Kreuz-Reaktivität dieser Hühnerallergene bei Hunden evaluieren.Alle Autoren haben finanzielle Unterstützung von Royal Canin erhalten, entweder für Beratungen (TO), Vorträge (TO und UM) oder Forschungsprojekte (TO, CMPH, UM, KB und JB).背景-临床上对鸡肉过敏的犬血清中的特异性免疫球蛋白E(sIgE)靶向过敏原尚未见报道。 目的-研究鸡肉致敏和过敏犬的sIgE靶向过敏原表征 动物- 3份未对鸡肉致敏的犬血清、10份鸡肉致敏犬血清和12份鸡肉过敏犬血清。 方法和材料-使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和市售鸡肉提取物的免疫印迹法。通过质谱法对免疫印迹法鉴别的条带进行测序, 描述过敏原表征。 结果-使用ELISA, 我们在3只(0%)未致敏犬种的零只、5只(100%)鸡肉致敏犬 (选择标准) 中的5只和12只鸡肉过敏犬中的7只(58%)中检测到高于阳性阈值的鸡肉-sIgE。用相同提取物进行免疫印迹, 发现所有鸡肉致敏和过敏犬中分别有100%出现IgE结合蛋白条带。为了鉴定过敏原, 我们切下了电泳凝胶上的相应条带, 并提交它们进行质谱测序。我们最终确定了与犬相关的7种主要过敏原 (血清白蛋白、丙酮酸激酶M、烯醇化酶3、肌酸激酶M、乳酸脱氢酶A、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶和磷酸丙糖异构酶) 和1种次要过敏原 (肌钙蛋白C) 。 结论和临床相关性-我们在此确定了犬的7种主要鸡肉过敏原, 其中几种已知是人类的交叉反应性过敏原。根据其序列同一性程度, 这些过敏原在家禽和哺乳动物肉类之间, 表现出交叉反应的理论可能性; 已知其中6种过敏原在鸡肉和鱼类之间具有交叉反应性。未来的研究应阐述这些鸡肉过敏原在犬中的临床相关性和交叉反应可能性。 利益冲突: 所有作者均获得Royal Canin的资助, 用于咨询(TO)、讲座 (TO和UM) 或研究项目 (TO、CMPH、UM、KB和JB) 。.Les allergènes ciblés par l'immunoglobuline E spécifique sérique (sIgE) chez les chiens cliniquement allergiques au poulet n'ont pas été décrits.Caractériser les allergènes ciblés par les sIgE chez les chiens sensibilisés et allergiques au poulet ANIMAUX: Trois sera de chiens non sensibilisés au poulet, 10 sera de chiens sensibilisés au poulet et 12 sera de chiens allergiques au poulet. MÉTHODES ET MATÉRIEL: Un dosage immuno-enzymatique (ELISA) et un immunoblot avec un extrait de poulet du commerce ont été utilisés. Les bandes identifiées sur immunoblot ont été séquencées par spectrométrie de masse pour la caractérisation des allergènes. RÉSULTATS: À l'aide d'ELISA, nous avons détecté des IgE de poulet au-dessus du seuil positif chez zéro des trois (0 %) chiens non sensibilisés, cinq des cinq (100 %) chiens sensibilisés au poulet (un critère de sélection) et chez sept des 12 (58 %) chiens allergiques au poulet. L'immunoblot réalisé avec le même extrait a révélé des bandes de protéines liées aux IgE chez 100 %, respectivement de tous les chiens sensibilisés au poulet et allergiques. Pour identifier les allergènes, nous avons excisé les bandes correspondantes sur le gel électrophorétique, et les avons soumises au séquençage par spectrométrie de masse. Nous avons identifié de manière concluante sept allergènes majeurs (sérum albumine, pyruvate kinase M, énolase 3, créatine kinase M, lactate déshydrogénase A, glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase et triose-phosphate isomérase) et un allergène mineur (troponine C), qui sont pertinents pour chiens.Nous avons identifié ici sept allergènes majeurs de poulet pour les chiens, dont plusieurs sont connus pour être des allergènes à réaction croisée pour l'homme. Sur la base de leur degré d'identité de séquence, ces allergènes présentent le potentiel théorique d'une réaction croisée entre les viandes de volaille et de mammifères ; six de ces allergènes sont déjà connus pour leur réaction croisée entre les espèces de poulet et de poisson. Les futures études devraient porter sur la pertinence clinique et le potentiel de réactivité croisée de ces allergènes de poulet chez le chien. CONFLITS D'INTÉRÊTS: Tous les auteurs ont reçu un soutien financier de Royal Canin pour des projets de conseil (TO), de cours (TO et UM) ou de recherche (TO, CMPH, UM, KB et JB).背景 - 鶏肉に対して臨床的にアレルギーのある犬において、血清特異的免疫グロブリンE(sIgE) が標的とするアレルゲンは報告されていない。 目的 - 本研究の目的は、鶏肉に感作およびアレルギーのある犬におけるsIgEが標的とするアレルゲンの特徴を明らかにすることであった。 供試動物 - 鶏肉に感作されていない犬からの3つの血清、鶏肉に感作された犬からの10の血清、鶏肉アレルギーの犬からの12の血清。 材料と方法 - 市販の鶏肉抽出物を用いた酵素結合免疫吸着法 (ELISA)及びイムノブロッティング法を利用した。イムノブロッティング法で同定されたバンドは、アレルゲンの特徴付けのために質量解析で配列された。 結果-ELISAを用いて、非感作犬3頭中0頭 (0%) 、鶏肉感作犬5頭中5頭 (100%) (選択基準) 、鶏肉アレルギー犬12頭中7頭 (58%) で、陽性の閾値を超える鶏肉IgEを検出した。また、同じ抽出液を用いたイムノブロッティング法では、鶏肉に感作された犬及びアレルギーのある犬のそれぞれ100%にIgE結合タンパク質バンドが認められた。アレルゲンを同定するために、電気泳動ゲル上の対応するバンドを切り取り、質量解析による塩基配列の決定に供した。その結果、犬に関連する7つの主要アレルゲン (血清アルブミン、ピルビン酸キナーゼM、エノラーゼ3、クレアチンキナーゼM、乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼA、グリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、トリオースリン酸イソメラーゼ) 及び1つのマイナーアレルゲン (トロポニンC) を決定的に同定した。 結論と臨床的妥当性 - 我々はここに、イヌにとっての7つの主要な鶏肉アレルゲンを同定したが、そのうちのいくつかはヒトにとっての交差反応性アレルゲンであることが知られている。これらのアレルゲンは、その配列同一性の程度から、鶏肉及び哺乳類の肉間で理論的に交差反応性を示す可能性がある。これらのアレルゲンのうち6つは、すでに鶏肉及び魚類間で交差反応性を示すことが知られている。今後の研究では、イヌにおけるこれらの鶏肉アレルゲンの臨床的妥当性及び交差反応性の可能性を検討する必要がある。 利害の衝突 すべての著者は、コンサルティング (TO) 、講演 (TOおよびUM) 、または研究プロジェクト (TO、CMPH、UM、KBおよびJB) のいずれかについて、Royal Canin社から経済的支援を受けている。.Os alérgenos alvo das imunoglobulinas E específicas séricas (sIgE) em cães clinicamente alérgicos a frango ainda não foram relatados.Caracterizar os alérgenos alvo das sIgE em cães sensibilizados e alérgicos a frango.Três soros de cães não sensibilizados a frango, 10 soros de cães sensibilizados a frango e 12 soros de cães alérgicos a frango. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA) e immunoblotting com um extrato de frango comercial foram utilizados. As bandas identificadas no immunoblotting foram sequenciadas por espectrometria de massa para caracterização do alérgeno.Utilizando o ELISA, detectamos sIgE de frango acima do limite de referência para positividade em zero de três (0%) cães não sensibilizados, cinco de cinco (100%) cães sensibilizados a frango (um critério de seleção) e em sete de 12 (58%) cães alérgicos a frango. O imunoblotting realizado com o mesmo extrato revelou bandas de proteína ligada a IgE em 100% de todos os cães sensibilizados e alérgicos a frango, respectivamente. Para a identificação dos alérgenos, retiramos as bandas correspondentes do gel eletroforético e as submetemos ao sequenciamento por espectrometria de massa. Identificamos então sete alérgenos principais (albumina sérica, piruvato quinase M, enolase 3, creatina quinase M, lactato desidrogenase A, gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase e triose-fosfato isomerase) e um alérgeno secundário (troponina C), que são relevantes para cães. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA: Nós identificamos neste estudo sete alérgenos principais para cães, muitos deles conhecidos por serem alérgenos de reação cruzada para humanos. Baseado no seu grau de identidade de sequência, estes alérgenos possuem o potencial teórico de apresentarem reação cruzada entre frango e carnes de mamíferos; seis desses alérgenos já são reconhecidos por causar reação cruzada entre frango e espécies de peixes. Estudos futuros devem focar na relevância clínica e no potencial desses alérgenos de frango de causar reações cruzadas em cães.Todos os autores receberam apoio financeiro da Royal Canin tanto para consultoria (TO), palestras (TO e UM) ou projetos de pesquisa (TO, CMPH, UM, KB e JB).INTRODUCCIÓN: No se han reportado alérgenos diana de la inmunoglobulina E específica del suero (sIgE) en perros clínicamente alérgicos al pollo.Caracterizar los alérgenos a los que se dirige sIgE en perros sensibilizados y alérgicos al pollo.Tres sueros de perros no sensibilizados al pollo, 10 sueros de perros sensibilizados al pollo y 12 sueros de perros alérgicos al pollo. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: Se utilizaron el ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA) y la inmunotransferencia con un extracto comercial de pollo. Las bandas identificadas en la inmunotransferencia se secuenciaron mediante espectrometría de masas para la caracterización de alérgenos.Utilizando ELISA, detectamos pollo-sIgE por encima del umbral positivo en cero de tres (0%) perros no sensibilizados, cinco de cinco (100%) perros sensibilizados con pollo (un criterio de selección) y en siete de 12 (58%) ) perros alérgicos al pollo. La inmunotransferencia realizada con el mismo extracto reveló bandas de proteína unidas a IgE en el 100% de todos los perros alérgicos y sensibilizados con pollo, respectivamente. Para identificar los alérgenos, escindimos las bandas correspondientes en el gel electroforético y las enviamos para secuenciarlas por espectrometría de masas. Identificamos de manera concluyente siete alérgenos principales (albúmina sérica, piruvato quinasa M, enolasa 3, creatina quinasa M, lactato deshidrogenasa A, gliceraldehído-3-fosfato deshidrogenasa y triosa-fosfato isomerasa) y un alérgeno menor (troponina C), que son relevantes en perros. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: En este documento identificamos siete alérgenos principales de pollo para perros, varios de los cuales se sabe que son alérgenos de reacción cruzada para los seres humanos. En base en su grado de identidad en secuencia, estos alérgenos exhiben el potencial teórico de tener una reacción cruzada entre las carnes de aves de corral y de mamíferos; ya se sabe que seis de estos alérgenos presentan una reacción cruzada entre las especies de pollo y pescado. Los estudios futuros deben abordar la relevancia clínica y el potencial de reactividad cruzada de estos alérgenos de pollo en perros.Todos los autores han recibido apoyo financiero de Royal Canin para proyectos de consultoría (TO), conferencias (TO y UM) o de investigación (TO, CMPH, UM, KB y JB). DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.1111/vde.13029 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 46 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13029 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a nutritional supplement for the alleviation of pain associated with feline degenerative joint disease: a prospective, randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial AU - Cunningham, Rachael AU - Gruen, Margaret E AU - Thomson, Andrea AU - Lascelles, B Duncan X T2 - Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pain-alleviating and activity-enhancing effects of glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate (Dasuquin) in cats that had degenerative joint disease (DJD) and owner-noted mobility/activity impairment. We hypothesized that the nutritional supplement would produce pain-relieving and activity-enhancing effects in cats with painful DJD.In this prospective, randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 59 cats with DJD pain were assigned to receive a placebo (n = 30) or supplement (n = 29) for 6 weeks after 2 weeks of placebo. Outcome measures (at-home accelerometry and client-specific outcome measures [feline (CSOMf); Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI); quality of life (QoL)]; and veterinarian examination) were collected at days 14, 28, 42 and 56.Twenty-seven cats in the treatment group and 30 in the placebo group completed the trial. Within the first 2 weeks (placebo administration to all cats), 78% of all cats had an improvement in CSOMf scores. Both groups showed significant improvement at most time points in CSOMf, FMPI, QoL and pain scores, with the placebo group showing greater improvement than the supplement group (significant for CSOMf [P = 0.01]). Overall, no differences in activity were seen between the groups. Cumulative distribution function analysis indicated that for most levels of activity, the placebo-treated cats were more active; however, the least active cats were more active on the supplement (P = 0.013).This study showed a strong placebo effect. The glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplement did not show pain-relieving effects when compared with placebo. DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022/10// DO - 10.1177/1098612X211053484 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X211053484 KW - Glucosamine hydrochloride KW - chondroitin sulfate KW - nutritional supplement KW - mobility KW - accelerometer KW - activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs AU - Bonagura, J. D. AU - Visser, L. C. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY AB - Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a frequent cause of cardiac disability, congestive heart failure (CHF), and arrhythmic death in dogs. The etiology of DCM is usually idiopathic/genetic, but some causes of a DCM phenotype are reversible. The disease is classified into preclinical (occult) and clinical (overt) stages; the latter stems from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. DCM is further characterized by clinical, electrocardiographic, circulating biomarker, and imaging abnormalities. The diagnosis of clinical DCM with CHF is straightforward; however, identification of the preclinical stage can be challenging. Echocardiography is central to the diagnosis of both stages and characterized by left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction with progressive chamber dilation and variable enlargements of the left atrium and right-sided chambers. Left ventricular dilation is defined by increased LV end-diastolic volumes, areas, and internal dimensions normalized to body size or indexed to the aorta. Systolic dysfunction is characterized by decreased LV ejection fraction, increased end-systolic volume, and reduced shortening across minor and longitudinal LV axes. Dyssynchrony can confound the interpretation of linear indices of systolic function. A comprehensive echocardiogram in DCM includes two-dimensional and M-mode studies, spectral and tissue Doppler imaging, and potentially three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging. Echocardiographic findings should be interpreted within the context of identifiable risks and comorbidities, physical diagnosis, complementary diagnostic testing, and limitations of current reference intervals. Ambiguous examinations should be repeated. Specific echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of DCM are proposed to encourage discussion and additional outcome and breed-specific echocardiographic studies of canine DCM. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.004 VL - 40 SP - 15-50 SN - 1875-0834 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.004 KW - Left ventricular function KW - Dyssynchrony KW - Systolic dysfunction KW - Preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy KW - Heart failure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transient and reversible reduction of stratum corneum filaggrin degradation products after allergen challenge in experimentally mite‐sensitised atopic dogs AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Paps, Judy S. AU - Amalric, Nicolas T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - A defective skin barrier occurs in dogs with atopic dermatitis, and there is controversy over whether this defect pre-exists, or is secondary to allergic inflammation.To study if an allergen challenge decreases the natural moisturising factor (NMF), which contains the main filaggrin degradation products.Four house dust mite (HDM)-sensitised adult atopic dogs from a research colony.Dogs were challenged epicutaneously with HDMs on the right lateral abdomen while the left thorax served as control. We swabbed the skin surface before, and at days (D)1, D2, D3, D7 and D28 after challenge, on both selected sites; swabs were soaked in detergent and frozen until assayed. The NMF components were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS).The allergen challenge induced moderate skin lesions at the application sites, and also mild erythema at the control areas. The allergen provocation led to significant decreases in the total NMF and its components trans-urocanic acid (t-UCA), pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) and serine on both sites. Lesion scores abated by D7 and the NMF concentrations had re-increased by D28. Skin lesion scores correlated negatively with the total NMF, t-UCA and PCA concentrations.In this experimental model, a single epicutaneous allergen challenge led to a transient and reversible decrease in skin surface NMF and its components, and concentrations were negatively correlated with skin lesion scores. These observations suggest that some of the skin barrier anomalies seen in atopic dogs likely develop secondarily to the underlying cutaneous allergic inflammation.Un défaut de barrière cutanée existe chez le chien atopique et il y a controverse si ce défaut préexiste ou s’il est secondaire à une inflammation allergique.Etudier si une provocation allergénique diminue le NMF (natural moisturising factor) qui contient les principaux produits de dégradation de la filaggrine.Quatre chiens atopiques sensibilisés aux acariens de poussière de maison (HDM) d’une colonie de recherche. MÉTHODES: Les chiens ont été provoqués par test épicutanés avec HDMs sur l’abdomen latéral droit pendant que le thorax gauche servait de contrôle. Nous avons prélevés la surface de la peau avant et après provocation à D1, D2, D3, D7 et D28 sur les deux faces sélectionnées; les écouvillons ont été trempés dans un détergent et congelés jusqu’aux tests. Les composés NMF ont été mesurés par LC/MS-MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). RÉSULTATS: La provocation allergénique a induit des lésions modérées aux sites d’application, et aussi un érythème modéré aux zones contrôles. Le test de provocation à mené à des diminutions significatives du NMF total et ses composés t-UCA (trans-urocanic acid), PCA (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) et sérine sur les deux sites. Les scores lésionnels se calmaient à D7 et les concentrations de NMF ré-augmentaient à D28. Les scores de lésions cutanées corrélaient négativement avec les concentrations de NMF total, t-UCA et PCA.Dans ce modèle expérimental, un test allergénique epicutané unique mène à une diminution réversible et transitoire de NMF de la surface cutanée et de ses composés et les concentrations sont négativement corrélées avec les scores de lésion cutanée. Ces observations suggèrent que certaines des anomalies de barrière cutanée observées chez les chiens atopiques pourraient se développer secondairement à l’inflammation cutanée allergique sous jacente.INTRODUCCIÓN: en perros con dermatitis atópica se observa una barrera cutánea defectuosa, y existe controversia sobre si este defecto existe antes o es secundario a la inflamación alérgica. OBJETIVOS: Estudiar si una exposición con alérgenos disminuye el factor de hidratación natural (NMF), que contiene los principales productos de degradación de la filagrina. ANIMALES: cuatro perros adultos atópicos sensibilizados contra los ácaros del polvo doméstico (HDM) de una colonia de investigación. MÉTODOS: los perros fueron expuestos epicutáneamente con HDM en el abdomen lateral derecho mientras que el tórax izquierdo sirvió como control. Limpiamos la superficie de la piel antes y en los días (D) 1, D2, D3, D7 y D28 después de la exposición, en ambos sitios seleccionados; los hisopos se empaparon en detergente y se congelaron hasta su análisis. Los componentes de NMF se midieron mediante cromatografía líquida-espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC/MS-MS). RESULTADOS: la exposición al alérgeno indujo lesiones cutáneas moderadas en los lugares de aplicación y también eritema leve en las áreas de control. La provocación del alérgeno condujo a disminuciones significativas en el NMF total y en sus componentes ácido transurocánico (t-UCA), ácido pirrolidona carboxílico (PCA) y serina en ambos sitios. Las puntuaciones de las lesiones disminuyeron al D7 y las concentraciones de NMF habían vuelto a aumentar en el D28. Las puntuaciones de las lesiones cutáneas se correlacionaron negativamente con las concentraciones totales de NMF, t-UCA y PCA. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: en este modelo experimental, una sola exposición a alérgeno epicutáneo condujo a una disminución transitoria y reversible en el NMF de la superficie de la piel y sus componentes, y las concentraciones se correlacionaron negativamente con las puntuaciones de las lesiones cutáneas. Estas observaciones sugieren que algunas de las anomalías de la barrera cutánea observadas en perros atópicos probablemente se desarrollen de forma secundaria a la inflamación alérgica cutánea subyacente.Bei Hunden mit atopischer Dermatitis besteht eine defekte Hautbarriere und es besteht eine Kontroverse darüber, ob dieser Defekt wirklich vor-existiert oder ob er sekundär durch die allergische Entzündung verursacht wird.Es sollte untersucht werden, ob eine Provokation mit dem Allergen den natürlichen Feuchthalte-Faktor (NMF), der die hauptsächlichen Abbauprodukte von Filaggrin enthält, reduziert.Vier erwachsene atopische Hunde aus einer Forschungskolonie, die mit Hausstaubmilben (HDM) sensibilisiert worden waren.Die Hunde wurden epikutan mit den HDMs rechts lateral am Abdomen provoziert, während der linke Thorax als Kontrolle diente. Wir entnahmen vorher und an den Tagen (D) 1, D2, D3, D7 und D28 nach der Provokation von beiden ausgewählten Seiten Tupferproben; die Tupfer wurden in Detergens getränkt und bis zur Untersuchung eingefroren. Die NMF Komponenten wurden mittels Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatografie Tandem Massenspektrometrie (LC/MS-MS) gemessen.Die Allergen Provokation induzierte moderate Hautveränderungen an den Applikationsstellen, sowie ein mildes Erythem an den Kontrollstellen. Die Allergen Provokation führte auf beiden Seiten zu signifikanten Abnahmen der totalen NMF und seiner Komponenten Trans-Urocaninsäure (t-UCA), Pyrrolidoncarbonsäure (PCA) und Serin. Die Läsionswerte nahmen mit D7 ab und die NMF Konzentrationen hatten mit D28 wieder zugenommen. Die Werte der Hautläsionen korrelierten negativ mit den Gesamt NMF, t-UCA und PVA Konzentrationen.In diesem experimentellen Modell führt eine einzige epikutane Allergenprovokation zu einer vorübergehenden und reversiblen Zunahme der NMF der Hautoberfläche und seiner Komponenten, die Konzentrationen waren mit den Hautwerten negativ korreliert. Diese Beobachtungen weisen darauf hin, dass einige der Anomalien der Hautbarriere, die bei atopischen Hunden gesehen werden, sich sekundär aufgrund der zugrundeliegenden allergischen Hautentzündung entwickeln.背景: アトピー性皮膚炎の犬では皮膚バリアの欠損が見られるが、この欠損が以前から存在していたのか、あるいはアレルギー性炎症に二次的に生じたものなのかについては議論が分かれている。 目的: 本研究の目的は、アレルゲン負荷が、主なフィラグリン分解産物を含む天然保湿因子 (NMF) を減少させるかどうかを研究することであった。 被験動物: 研究用コロニーのハウスダストマイト (HDM) 感作アトピー成犬4頭。 方法: 犬の右側腹部にHDMを付着させ、左胸部はコントロールとした。負荷前、負荷後1日目、2日目、3日目、7日目、28日目に、選択した両部位の皮膚表面を綿棒で採取し、綿棒は洗剤に浸して測定するまで凍結させた。NMFの成分は、液体クロマトグラフィー・タンデム質量解析法 (LC/MS-MS) で測定した。 結果: アレルゲン負荷は、塗布部位に中程度の皮膚病を誘発し、コントロール部位にも軽度の紅斑が見られた。アレルゲンの誘発により、両部位のNMFおよびその成分であるtrans-urocanic acid (t-UCA)、pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA)、serineが有意に減少した。皮膚病変のスコアはD7までに減少し、NMFの濃度はD28までに再び上昇した。皮膚病変のスコアは、NMF、t-UCAおよびPCAの合計濃度と負の相関があった。 結論と臨床上の重要性: この実験モデルでは、アレルゲンの単回外皮投与により、皮膚表面のNMFとその成分が一過性かつ可逆的に減少し、その濃度は皮膚病変のスコアと負の相関を示した。これらの観察結果は、アトピー犬に見られる皮膚バリアの異常のいくつかは、根底にある皮膚のアレルギー性炎症に続いて発症する可能性が高いことを示唆している。.背景: 特应性皮炎犬的皮肤屏障存在缺陷, 对于该缺陷是预先存在还是继发于过敏性炎症存在争议。 目的: 研究过敏原激发是否会降低含有主要丝聚蛋白降解产物的天然保湿因子(NMF)。 动物: 来自一个研究种群的4只屋尘螨(HDM)致敏的成年特应性犬。 方法: 在犬右侧腹部用HDM进行皮外激发, 同时左胸作为对照。我们在激发前和激发后第(D)1、D2、D3、D7和D28天, 在两个选定部位擦拭皮肤表面; 将拭子浸泡在洗涤剂中并冷冻直至测定。通过液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC/MS-MS)测定NMF组分。 结果: 过敏原激发在用药部位引起中度皮肤病变, 在对照区域也引起轻度红斑。过敏原激发导致两个位点的总NMF及其组分反式尿烷酸(t-UCA)、吡咯烷酮羧酸(PCA)和丝氨酸显著降低。病变评分在D7时减轻, NMF浓度在D28时重新增加。皮肤病变评分与总NMF、t-UCA和PCA浓度呈负相关。 结论和临床重要性: 在该实验模型中, 单次表皮过敏原激发导致皮肤表面NMF及其组分一过性和可逆性降低, 且浓度与皮肤病变评分呈负相关。这些观察结果表明, 在特应性犬中观察到的一些皮肤屏障异常可能继发于潜在的皮肤过敏炎症。.Defeitos de barreira cutânea ocorrem em cães com dermatite atópica, e há controvérsias se esse defeito é pré-existente, ou secundário à inflamação alérgica.Estudar se um desafio alergênico é capaz reduzir o fator hidratante natural (NMF), que contém os principais produtos de degradação de filagrina.Quatro cães atópicos adultos sensibilizados por ácaros da poeira doméstica (HDM) de uma colônia de pesquisa. MÉTODOS: Os cães foram desafiados por via epicutânea com HDMs no abdômen lateral direito, enquanto o tórax esquerdo serviu como controle. Friccionamos a superfície da pele com swabs antes, e nos dias (D) 1, D2, D3, D7 e D28 após o desafio, em ambos os locais selecionados; os swabs permaneceram embebidos em detergente e congelados até serem processados. Os componentes NMF foram medidos por espectrometria de massa de cromatografia líquida-tandem (LC/MS-MS).O desafio alergênico induziu lesões de pele moderada nos locais de aplicação, e também eritema discreto nas áreas de controle. O desafio alergênico levou a diminuições significativas no NMF total e em seus componentes ácido trans-urocânico (t-UCA), ácido carboxílico pirrolidona (PCA) e serina em ambos os locais. Os escores de lesão diminuíram no D7 e as concentrações de NMF aumentaram novamente no D28. Os escores de lesão de pele correlacionaram negativamente com as concentrações de NMF total, t-UCA e PCA. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Neste modelo experimental, um único desafio de alergênico epicutâneo levou a uma redução transitória e reversível NMF superficial e seus componentes, e as concentrações foram negativamente correlacionadas com as pontuações da lesão da pele. Essas observações sugerem que algumas das anomalias de barreira da pele observadas em cães atópicos provavelmente se desenvolvem secundariamente à inflamação alérgica cutânea subjacente. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.1111/vde.13026 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 62 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13026 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An international seroprevalence survey of the IgE sensitisation to the Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite and two of its major allergens (Der f 2, Zen 1) in atopic dogs AU - Favrot, Claude AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Iwasaki, Toshiro T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - Background Dogs with atopic dermatitis are often immunoglobulin (Ig)E‐sensitised to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) house dust mites, yet limited data exist on the sensitisation rates to the individual Df allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1. Objectives To determine the IgE sensitisation rates to Df, Der f 2 and Zen 1 in atopic dogs from geographically diverse countries. Animals Serum was collected from 32 laboratory dogs in Japan, and 837 atopic dogs from 11 countries from five continents: Asia (Japan, Thailand, Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, UK), North America (USA), South America (Argentina, Brazil) and Africa (South Africa). Methods and materials We determined Df‐, Der f 2‐ and Zen 1‐specific IgE levels by ELISA. Correlations between the IgE values for these three allergens were calculated. Results The IgE seropositivity rates for Df varied between 74% (Argentina) and 100% (the Netherlands, Thailand, South Africa), those for Der f 2 between 12% (Argentina) and 88% (South Africa), and for Zen 1 between 70% (Argentina) and 100% (the Netherlands). Apart from the especially low seropositivity rate for Der f 2‐specific IgE in Argentina, the percentage of IgE sensitisation varied little between countries. There was significant correlation between the IgE levels to these three allergens which was highest between Df and Zen 1, and lowest between Zen 1 and Der f 2. Conclusions and clinical relevance The IgE sensitisation to Df is geographically widespread. Der f 2 and Zen 1 are major allergens for dogs in almost all countries where this was evaluated. DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022/4// DO - 10.1111/vde.13005 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 117 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13005 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the possible role of food allergy in chronic urticaria in racing horses AU - Favrot, Claude AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - Veterinary DermatologyEarly View Letter To The Editor On the possible role of food allergy in chronic urticaria in racing horses Claude Favrot, Corresponding Author cfavrot@vetclinics.uzh.ch orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-0956 Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057 Switzerland Correspondence: Claude Favrot, Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: cfavrot@vetclinics.uzh.ch Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing - original draftSearch for more papers by this authorThierry Olivry, orcid.org/0000-0003-1399-0034 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607 USA Contribution: Data curation, Writing - original draftSearch for more papers by this author Claude Favrot, Corresponding Author cfavrot@vetclinics.uzh.ch orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-0956 Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057 Switzerland Correspondence: Claude Favrot, Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: cfavrot@vetclinics.uzh.ch Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing - original draftSearch for more papers by this authorThierry Olivry, orcid.org/0000-0003-1399-0034 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607 USA Contribution: Data curation, Writing - original draftSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 July 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12964 Sources of Funding:: This study was self-funded. Conflict of Interest:: No conflicts of interest have been declared. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.1111/vde.12964 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 103-104 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12964 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Refinement of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI) and development of the short-form FMPI AU - Enomoto, Masataka AU - Lascelles, B Duncan X AU - Robertson, James B AU - Gruen, Margaret E T2 - Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and responsiveness of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI) using the collective results of multiple clinical studies and iteratively refine the FMPI for future use.Data were compiled from previously conducted studies involving client-owned cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD) and which used the FMPI. The reliability of the FMPI was assessed using the data from the initial visits of those studies. For the assessment of responsiveness of the FMPI, only placebo-controlled studies that used analgesic treatments were included. Treatment groups from each study were combined and categorized as 'placebo' group and 'analgesic' group. Then, the mean change from baseline in score of each FMPI item and across all items within and between these groups were assessed. Based on the results of the reliability and responsiveness of the FMPI, stepwise elimination was used to remove the items that were least able to distinguish between the placebo and analgesic groups. Finally, after the stepwise elimination, a proposed new FMPI-short form (FMPI-sf) was constructed and its reliability was reassessed using the data sets described above. Individual and combined data sets of the studies were also used to compare the responsiveness of the original FMPI and the FMPI-sf.The data from 180 cats from four studies were included. The original FMPI had a reasonable reliability, but low/no responsiveness. The elimination process of FMPI items refined the responsiveness of the instrument while maintaining its reliability. When the responsiveness was compared between the original FMPI (17 items) and the FMPI-sf (nine items), the treatment effect between groups was always greater when the FMPI-sf was used.The proposed FMPI-sf may be able to better distinguish between placebo and analgesic effects in cats with DJD. DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022/2// DO - 10.1177/1098612X211011984 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 142-151 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X211011984 KW - Osteoarthritis KW - pain KW - musculoskeletal disease KW - degenerative joint disease KW - behavioral change KW - outcome measure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Creation of a Continent Urinary Bladder Reservoir Vascularized by Omentum as a Possible Surgical Option for Canine Trigonal/Urethral Urothelial Carcinoma AU - Vlaming, Annemarieke AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Hash, Jonathan A. AU - Keenihan, Erin K. AU - Sommer, Samantha AU - Borst, Luke AU - Vaden, Shelly L. T2 - JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE SURGERY AB - Surgical procedures that maintain continence with minimal complication following resection of trigono-urethral urothelial carcinoma (UC) are limited in canines; therefore, palliative options are often pursued. A feasible tumor resection option may improve disease control and survival. The study's objective was to evaluate a continent urine reservoir created from the urinary bladder body and vascularized solely by omentum. We hypothesized that a viable urine reservoir could be created, and staged omentalization would provide improved vascularity. Nine normal female Beagles were randomized to one of three groups. Group A urinary bladders were transected cranial to the ureteral papillae to create a closed bladder vesicle which was concomitantly omentalized. Group B underwent omentalization two weeks prior to vesicle creation. Based on Group A and B results, Group C underwent neoureterocystostomy and omentalization followed by neoreservoir formation and tube cystostomy 2 weeks later. Serial ultrasounds and histopathology confirmed adequate omental neovascularization in Groups B and C with continent Group C neoreservoirs maintained for 2 months. Some pylectasia and ureteral dilation was documented in all Group C dogs at variable timepoints. Progressive hydroureteronephrosis developed in 2/6 kidneys. Transient azotemia was noted in only 1 Group C dog, although all developed treatable urinary tract infections. The sample size is limited, and the efficacy of this technique in providing disease control for UC is unknown. However, this novel option could allow for primary UC resection while providing continence and limiting complications. Postoperative local or systemic adjuvant therapy, ultrasonographic neoreservoir monitoring, and BRAF analysis would be indicated. DA - 2022/2/7/ PY - 2022/2/7/ DO - 10.1080/08941939.2020.1864797 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 481-495 SN - 1521-0553 KW - Transitional cell carcinoma KW - urothelial carcinoma KW - bladder mass KW - reservoir KW - ureter KW - cystectomy ER -