TY - JOUR TI - Postoperative effects of anesthesia and surgery on resting energy expenditure in horses as measured by indirect calorimetry AU - Crus, A.M. AU - Cote, N. AU - McDonell, W. AU - Geor, R.J. AU - Wilson, B.A. AU - Monteith, G. AU - Li, R. T2 - Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 257–262 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/17042377/?tool=EBI ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of indwelling nasogastric intubation on gastric emptying of a liquid marker in horses AU - Cruz, Antonio M. AU - Li, Ronald AU - Kenney, Dan G. AU - Monteith, Gabrielle T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - To determine the effects of indwelling nasogastric intubation on the gastric emptying rate of liquid in horses.6 healthy horses.Horses were assigned to treatment and control groups in a prospective randomized crossover study with a washout period of at least 4 weeks between trials. Acetaminophen (20 mg/kg) diluted in 1 L of distilled water was administered via nasogastric tube at time points of 0, 12, 30, 48, and 72 hours to evaluate the liquid-phase gastric emptying rate. In control horses, nasogastric tubes were removed after administration of acetaminophen. In horses receiving treatment, the tube was left indwelling and maintained for 72 hours. A 10-mL sample of blood was collected from a jugular vein immediately before and 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 180 minutes after acetaminophen administration. Serum acetaminophen concentrations were measured by use of a colorimetric method.Peak serum acetaminophen concentration was significantly higher in the control group (38.11 microg/mL) than in the treatment group (29.09 microg/mL), and the time required to reach peak serum acetaminophen concentration was significantly shorter in the control group (22.79 minutes) than in the treatment group (35.95 minutes).Results indicated that indwelling nasogastric intubation has a delaying effect on the gastric emptying rate of liquids. Veterinarians should consider the potential for delayed gastric emptying when placing and maintaining an indwelling nasogastric tube for an extended period of time after surgery. Repeated nasogastric intubation may be better than maintenance of an indwelling tube in horses with ileus. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1100 VL - 67 IS - 7 SP - 1100-1104 J2 - ajvr OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1100 DB - Crossref ER - TY - MGZN TI - Genetics and Canine Seizures-Building Links to Greater Knowledge, Treatments AU - Munana, K. AU - Nettifee Osborne, J.A. T2 - Collie Expressions DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// SP - 40–41 ER - TY - CONF TI - A serial dilution microfluidic device for cytotoxicity assays AU - O’Neill, A.T. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. AU - Walker, G.M. AB - A novel microfluidic device is presented which creates a linear serial dilution of two input fluid streams. This platform facilitates higher productivity as a component of a high throughput cytotoxicity testing strategy. A modeling solution is presented to create custom linear dilution schemes. The featured device creates a serial dilution of two solutions in the range of 1:9 through 9:1 across nine discrete dilutions. It has been validated to create a highly linear progression of dilutions with an R2 value of 0.9993. The device functions equivalently over a wide range of flow rates. The standard deviation of dilution values averages 0.76% over six flow rates spanning 0.5 to 16 µl min-1. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings DA - 2006/// DO - 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259270 SP - 2836-2839 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34047116480&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation in conscious rabbits AU - Kijtawornrat, A. AU - Ozkanlar, Y. AU - Keene, B.W. AU - Roche, B.M. AU - Hamlin, D.M. AU - Hamlin, R.L. T2 - Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods AB - Most preclinical trials are designed to identify potential torsadogenicity test only for surrogates of torsade de pointes, most commonly prolongation of the heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc). This study was conducted to determine which correction method best accounts for the effects of changes in the RR interval on the QT interval of conscious rabbits. This study was also conducted to validate the use of conscious, sling-trained rabbits to assess the QTc interval, and to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of this preparation in predicting drug-induced QTc prolongation in humans.ECGs were recorded via bipolar transthoracic ECG leads in 7 conscious rabbits previously trained to rest quietly in slings. The heart rate was slowed with 2.0 mg/kg zatebradine to assess the effects of heart rate on the QT interval. The same ECG and sling preparation was used to evaluate the effects in of three drugs known to be torsadogenic in humans (cisapride, dofetilide and haloperidol), two drugs known to be non-torsadogenic in humans (propranolol and enalaprilat) and a control article (vehicle). All of the test articles were administered intravenously to 4 rabbits, and both RR and QT intervals were measured and the corrected QT values were calculated by an investigator blinded to the test article, utilizing our own algorithm (QTc=QT/(RR)(0.72)) which permitted the least dependency of QTc on RR interval.The following regression equations were obtained relating QT to RR: QT=2.4RR(0.72), r(2)=0.79, with RR intervals varying between 210 and 350 ms. QTc lengthened significantly in all conscious rabbits given intravenous cisapride, dofetilide and haloperidol (p<0.05), and QTc did not change with DMSO (vehicle control), propranolol or enalaprilat.Results indicate that a bipolar transthoracic ECG recorded in conscious, sling-trained rabbits may provide an easy and economical methodology useful in predicting QTc lengthening of novel pharmacological entities. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1016/j.vascn.2005.04.013 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 168-173 J2 - Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods LA - en OP - SN - 1056-8719 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2005.04.013 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Infectious rhinitis: What bugs? What drugs? AU - Hawkins, E.C. AU - Cohn, L. T2 - Managing Microbes PY - 2006/// SP - 31–38 PB - The Gloyd Group ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella spp. antigen recognition patterns in cats with and without fever AU - Lappin, M.R. AU - Hawley, JR AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anaplasma spp, babesia canis, bartonella henselae, bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii, borrelia burgdorferi, dirofilaria immitis, and ehrlichia canis seroprevalences in brazilian dogs AU - Diniz, P. AU - Schwartz, D.S. AU - Machado, R.Z. AU - Bradley, J.M. AU - Hegarty, B.C. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 712-713 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum: Potential implications of co-infection on clinical presentation in the dog AU - Beall, M. AU - Chandrashekar, R. AU - Eberts, M. AU - Cyr, K AU - Diniz, PPVP AU - Mainville, C AU - Hegarty, BC AU - Crawford, JM AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 713-714 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fever AU - Lunn, K.F. T2 - Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat A2 - Greene, C.E. PY - 2006/// ET - 3rd Edition SP - 1028–1037 PB - Saunders Elsevier SN - 9781416036005 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cholangiohepatitis, suppurative cholangitis, and cholelithiasis AU - Jones, S.L. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian Equine Edition DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 1 SP - 222–225 ER - TY - CONF TI - Thyroid function and dysfunction in equine neonates AU - Breuhaus, B.A. T2 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Conference C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2006 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Conference CY - Louisville, KY DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// SP - 162–164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular prevalence of bartonella spp. in brazilian dogs AU - Diniz, P. AU - Schwartz, D.S. AU - Maggi, R.G. AU - Cadenas, M.B. AU - Breitschwerdt, E.B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 762 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of seasonality on testicular blood flow in mature stallions AU - Boyd, A. AU - Pozor, M.A. AU - Bailey, C.S. AU - Verstegen, J. T2 - Animal Reproduction Science DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.03.089 VL - 94 IS - 1-4 SP - 144-145 SN - 0378-4320 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.03.089 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Arthrocentesis in Diagnosing Joint Disease AU - Harrell, K.A. T2 - NAVC Clinician’s Brief DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 45–49 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Trichomoniasis AU - Gookin, J.L. T2 - Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat A2 - Green, C.E. PY - 2006/// ET - 3rd SP - 740–744 PB - Saunder/Elsevier SN - 9781416036005 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Surgical management of equine recurrent uveitis AU - Gilger, B.C. AU - Spiess, B.M. T2 - Equine Surgery A2 - Auer, J.A. A2 - Stick, J.A. PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/B1-41-600123-9/50064-4 ET - 3rd SP - 749-755 PB - Saunders Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis in a Vietnamese Pot-bellied Pig (Sus scrofa) AU - Cesta, M. F. AU - Mozzachio, K. AU - Little, P. B. AU - Olby, N. J. AU - Sills, R. C. AU - Brown, T. T. T2 - Veterinary Pathology AB - The neuronal ceroid ipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of heritable, neurodegenerative, storage diseases, typically with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Cytoplasmic accumulation of storage material in cells of the nervous system and, variably in other tissues, characterizes NCL. NCL has been reported in many animal species, but to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in a pig. Blindness and seizures are common clinical signs of disease, neither of which was a feature in this pig. The lesions were restricted to the central nervous system, which was diffusely affected, with the most severe lesions in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. The histologic lesions included neuronal loss and gliosis, which contributed to mild cerebrocortical and cerebellar atrophy and accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in neurons and glial cells. The storage material had morphologic, histologic, and ultrastructural properties typical of NCL. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1354/vp.43-4-556 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 556-560 J2 - Vet Pathol LA - en OP - SN - 0300-9858 1544-2217 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-4-556 DB - Crossref KW - ceroid lipofuscinosis KW - pig KW - neurodegeneration KW - storage disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii Infecting Dogs and People in North Carolina AU - Kidd, L. AU - Hegarty, B. AU - Sexton, D. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. T2 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences AB - Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMST) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people and dogs in the United States. Disease manifestations are strikingly similar in both species, and illness in dogs can precede illness in people. R. rickettsii has been identified as a Select Agent by the CDC as a Category C priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases because it is amenable to use as a bioterror agent. The clinical and temporal relationship of naturally occurring diseases in dogs and people suggests that dogs could serve as sentinels for natural infection and bioterrorist attacks using this organism. Recognizing genetic modifications in naturally occurring disease agents in order to distinguish them from intentionally released agents are priorities put forth by the NIAID. To determine whether the rickettsiae naturally infecting dogs is the same as those that infect persons in a given geographical region, we characterized rickettsial isolates obtained from three dogs and two persons diagnosed with RMSF in North Carolina. Portions of three genes (ompA, rrs, and gltA) amplified by PCR were cloned and sequenced or directly sequenced. Reactions were run in duplicate in forward and reverse directions. Gene sequences were aligned with known sequences deposited in GenBank and with each other. Sequences of the 5' region of the ompA gene were 100% homologous with a tick strain (Bitterroot) of R. rickettsii for all five isolates. Sequences of the rrs gene were 99.8 99.9% homologous with a tick strain (Sawtooth) of R. rickettsii. rrs gene sequences from one dog and the two persons was identical. Sequences of one dog isolate differed from these by one base pair. Sequences from another dog isolate differed by two base pairs. Sequences of the gltA gene are pending. This confirms on a molecular level that R. rickettsii causing naturally occurring RMSF in dogs in North Carolina is highly homologous to R. rickettsii that causes the disease in people in the same region. Sequence data will be deposited in GenBank, thereby providing genetic information regarding naturally occurring R. rickettsii. DA - 2006/10/1/ PY - 2006/10/1/ DO - 10.1196/annals.1374.079 VL - 1078 IS - 1 SP - 400-409 J2 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0077-8923 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.079 DB - Crossref KW - Rocky Mountain spotted fever KW - Rickettsia rickettsii KW - dog KW - gene sequence ER - TY - JOUR TI - EHV-1 special edition AU - Lunn, D.P. AU - Slater, J.S. AU - Horohov, D.W. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.003 VL - 111 IS - 1-2 SP - 1 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Management of chronic cancer pain AU - Lascelles, BDX T2 - Small Animal Clinical Oncology A2 - Withrow, S. A2 - MacEwan, Saunders PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b978-072160558-6.50019-8 SP - 291-306 PB - Elsevier SN - 9780721605586 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-072160558-6.50019-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of the calcium-channel blocker diltiazem after a single intravenous dose in horses AU - Schwarzwald, C.C. AU - Sams, R.A. AU - Bonagura, J.D. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - The pharmacokinetics of diltiazem were determined in eight healthy horses. Diltiazem HCl, 1 mg/kg i.v., was administered over 5 min. Venous blood samples were collected at regular intervals after administration. Plasma concentrations of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A second, putative metabolite was detected, but could not be identified due to the lack of an authentic standard. Data were analyzed by nonlinear least‐squares regression analysis. The median (minimum–maximum) peak plasma concentration of diltiazem was 727 (539–976) ng/mL. Plasma diltiazem concentration vs. time data were best described by a two‐compartment model with first‐order drug elimination. The distribution half‐life was 12 (6–23) min, the terminal half‐life was 93 (73–161) min, the mean residence time was 125 (99–206) min, total plasma clearance was 14.4 (10.4–18.6) mL/kg/min, and the volume of distribution at steady‐state was 1.84 (1.46–2.51) L/kg. The normalized ratio of the area under the curve ( AUC ) of desacetyldiltiazem to the AUC of diltiazem was 0.088 (0.062–0.179). The disposition of diltiazem in horses was characterized by rapid distribution and elimination and a terminal half‐life shorter than reported in humans and dogs. Because of the reported low pharmacologic activity, plasma diltiazem metabolite concentrations were not considered clinically important. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00733.x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 165-171 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646240068&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vascular Diseases AU - Bonagura, John D. AU - Stepien, Rebecca L. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50155-8 SP - 1574-1588 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882418966&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Syncope AU - Bonagura, John D. AU - Koplitz, Shianne L. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50150-9 SP - 1508-1512 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882346380&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Valvular Heart Disease AU - Rush, John E. AU - Bonagura, John D. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50151-0 SP - 1513-1526 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84871593709&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Respiratory Infections AU - Bonagura, John D. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50165-0 SP - 1684-1695 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882402400&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Echocardiographic assessment of the left ventricular outflow tract in the boxer AU - Koplitz, S.L. AU - Meurs, K.M. AU - Bonagura, J.D. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Soft, variable ejection murmurs are common in Boxers and are associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) ejection velocities. Whether these murmurs are physiologic or indicate mild aortic stenosis is controversial. Ejection velocity is impacted by LVOT area and ventricular stroke volume (SV), suggesting that these variables are pertinent to murmur development.Boxers with ejection murmurs have a smaller LVOT and equivalent SV indices, compared with values in dogs without murmurs.Three age- and weight-matched groups of dogs--15 Boxers with soft ejection murmurs (group I); 15 Boxers without murmurs (group II); and 15 nonBoxer dogs without murmurs (group III)--were studied.All dogs underwent 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations. The LVOT size at multiple levels; LVOT ejection velocity, stroke distance, and SV index; and right ventricular SV index were determined and compared by analysis of variance.Indexed LVOT areas in Boxer groups were not different, but were significantly smaller than those of non-Boxer dogs. Ejection velocities and stroke distances were significantly different across all groups, with group I having the highest and group III having the lowest values. Doppler SV indices (ml/m2) for group-I versus group-II Boxers were 70 +/- 16(SD) versus 62 +/- 12 for the LVOT (P = .27) and 58 +/- 12 versus 48 +/- 9 for the right ventricle (P = .14).These data suggest that a relatively smaller LVOT in Boxers predisposes them to increased ejection velocity and development of murmurs. The contribution of SV to the genesis of these often labile murmurs requires additional study. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[904:EAOTLV]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 904-911 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33748361334&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - aortic stenosis KW - aortic velocity KW - ejection murmur KW - stroke volume ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exercise training improves femoral artery blood flow responses to endothelium-dependent dilators in hypercholesterolemic pigs AU - Woodman, C.R. AU - Ingram, D. AU - Bonagura, J. AU - Laughlin, M.H. T2 - American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology AB - We tested two hypotheses: 1) that the effects of hypercholesterolemia on endothelial function in femoral arteries exceed those reported in brachial arteries and 2) that exercise (Ex) training enhances endothelium-dependent dilation and improves femoral artery blood flow (FABF) in hypercholesterolemic pigs. Adult male pigs were fed a normal fat (NF) or high-fat/cholesterol (HF) diet for 20 wk. Four weeks after the diet was initiated, pigs were Ex trained or remained sedentary (Sed) for 16 wk, thus yielding four groups: NF-Sed, NF-Ex, HF-Sed, and HF-Ex. Endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses were assessed in vivo by measuring changes in FABF after intra-arterial injections of ADP and bradykinin (BK). Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation was assessed in vitro by measuring relaxation responses to BK and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). FABF increased in response to ADP and BK in all groups. FABF responses to ADP and BK were not impaired by HF but were improved by Ex in HF pigs. BK- and SNP-induced relaxation of femoral artery rings was not altered by HF or Ex. To determine whether the mechanism(s) for vasorelaxation of femoral arteries was altered by HF or Ex, BK-induced relaxation was assessed in vitro in the absence or presence of N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester [l-NAME; to inhibit nitric oxide synthase (NOS)], indomethacin (Indo; to inhibit cyclooxygenase), or l-NAME + Indo. BK-induced relaxation was inhibited by l-NAME and l-NAME + Indo in all groups of femoral arteries. Ex increased the NOS-dependent component of endothelium-dependent relaxation in NF (not HF) arteries. Indo did not inhibit BK-induced relaxation. Collectively, these results indicate that hypercholesterolemia does not alter endothelial function in femoral arteries and that Ex training improves FABF responses to ADP and BK; however, the improvement cannot be attributed to enhanced endothelial function in HF femoral arteries. These data suggest that Ex-induced improvements in FABF in HF arteries are mediated by vascular adaptations in arteries/arterioles downstream from the femoral artery. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1152/ajpheart.01026.2005 VL - 290 IS - 6 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744923669&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - endothelium-dependent dilation KW - nitric oxide KW - prostacyclin KW - endothelium-derived KW - hyperpolarizing factor KW - Doppler ultrasonography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cor pulmonale in a horse with granulomatous pneumonia AU - Schwarzwald, C.C. AU - Stewart, A.J. AU - Morrison, C.D. AU - Bonagura, J.D. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 182-187 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33747767986&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fluid and diuretic therapy in heart failure AU - Bonagura, J.D. AU - Lehmkuhl, L.B. AU - Morais, H.A. T2 - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/B0-72-163949-6/50024-2 SP - 490-518 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880676778&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pericardial Diseases AU - Bonagura, John D. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/B0-72-160422-6/50153-4 SP - 1549-1560 PB - Elsevier UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882395239&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heart Failure in Dogs AU - Bonagura, John D. AU - Keene, Bruce T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50149-2 SP - 1495-1507 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882373398&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Congenital Heart Disease AU - Green, Henry W. AU - Bonagura, John D. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50156-x SP - 1589-1598 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882297987&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Angiographic classification of patent ductus arteriosus morphology in the dog AU - Miller, M.W. AU - Gordon, S.G. AU - Saunders, A.B. AU - Arsenault, W.G. AU - Meurs, K.M. AU - Lehmkuhl, L.B. AU - Bonagura, J.D. AU - Fox, P.R. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Cardiology AB - To characterize angiographic morphology and minimum internal transverse diameter of left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a large series of dogs. PDA is the most common congenital cardiac malformation in the dog. Transarterial ductal occlusion is increasingly performed to close this defect. While accurate assessment of ductal morphology and luminal diameter is important to assure optimal occlusion using catheter-delivered devices, such information is currently limited. In 246 dogs representing 31 breeds with left-to-right shunting PDA, right lateral selective aortic angiograms were recorded and reviewed. PDA morphology conformed to four general phenotypes (types I, IIA, IIB, and III) which varied according to degree of ductal tapering, and the presence, absence, or location of abrupt ductal narrowing. Minimum internal ductal diameter for all dogs averaged 2.9 mm (median, 2.5 mm; range, 1.0–9.5 mm) and was not correlated to age or body weight. There was no significant difference in minimum internal diameters between types I, IIA or IIB PDA, whereas, type III PDA was significantly wider (p = 0.024) than other phenotypes. The most frequently-encountered variant (type IIA) was identified in 54.4% of cases (average minimum internal diameter, 2.3 mm [median, 2.2 mm; range, 1.0–5.5 mm]). PDA angiographic morphology was categorized based upon the degree, presence, or absence of ductal narrowing, and the location of ductal attenuation. When planning PDA repair, this information should assist planning, selection and deployment of transcatheter occluding devices. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2006.07.001 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 109-114 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750945641&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Cardiovascular Radiography AU - Bonagura, John D. AU - Samii, Valerie F. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/B0-72-160422-6/50145-5 SP - 1430-1440 PB - Elsevier UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882414861&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Echocardiographic Assessment of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract in the Boxer AU - Koplitz, S.L. AU - Meurs, K.M. AU - Bonagura, J.D. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Background: Soft, variable ejection murmurs are common in Boxers and are associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) ejection velocities. Whether these murmurs are physiologic or indicate mild aortic stenosis is controversial. Ejection velocity is impacted by LVOT area and ventricular stroke volume (SV), suggesting that these variables are pertinent to murmur development. Hypothesis: Boxers with ejection murmurs have a smaller LVOT and equivalent SV indices, compared with values in dogs without murmurs. Animals: Three age-and weight-matched groups of dogs—15 Boxers with soft ejection murmurs (group I); 15 Boxers without murmurs (group II); and 15 nonBoxer dogs without murmurs (group III) — were studied. Methods: All dogs underwent 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations. The LVOT size at multiple levels; LVOT ejection velocity, stroke distance, and SV index; and right ventricular SV index were determined and compared by analysis of variance. Results: Indexed LVOT areas in Boxer groups were not different, but were significantly smaller than those of non-Boxer dogs. Ejection velocities and stroke distances were significantly different across all groups, with group I having the highest and group III having the lowest values. Doppler SV indices (ml/m2) for group-I versus group-II Boxers were 70±16(SD) versus 62±12 for the LVOT (P= .27) and 58±12 versus 48±9 for the right ventricle (P= .14). Conclusions and clinical importance: These data suggest that a relatively smaller LVOT in Boxers predisposes them to increased ejection velocity and development of murmurs. The contribution of SV to the genesis of these often labile murmurs requires additional study. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01804.x VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 904-911 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cardiomyopathy AU - Bonagura, John D. AU - Lehmkuhl, Linda B. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50152-2 SP - 1527-1548 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882446413&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cardiovascular Drugs AU - Bonagura, John D. AU - Schober, Karsten E. T2 - Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50148-0 SP - 1473-1494 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882332846&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enrofloxacin induced retinopathy in a guanaco (Lama guanicoe) AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Dubielzig, Richard R. AU - Harrison, Timothy R. AU - McClean, Modesto T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - A 4-yr-old male guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in a multispecies exhibit presented with a laceration in the axillary region. The laceration was surgically repaired. Medical treatment was initiated with penicillin G procaine and benzathine (1920 IU/kg, i.m., s.i.d. for 14 days), and enrofloxacin (2.4 mg/kg, i.m., s.i.d. for 14 days). The animal was later treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (24 mg/kg, p.o., s.i.d. for 10 days). Twenty-six days after initial presentation, the guanaco was suspected to be blind. An ophthalmic examination confirmed retinal damage. On postmortem histological evaluation, there was outer retinal atrophy that was most severe in the central retina with localized foci of complete retinal atrophy; lesions were similar to those observed in enrofloxacin retinal toxicity in cats. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1638/05-114.1 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 545-548 SN - 1042-7260 1937-2825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/05-114.1 KW - enrofloxacin KW - guanaco KW - Lama guanicoe KW - retinal atrophy KW - toxic retinopathy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surveillance for selected bacterial and toxicologic contaminants in donated carcass meat fed to carnivores. AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Harrison, Scott H. AU - Rumbeiha, Wilson K. AU - Sikarskie, James AU - McClean, Modesto T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Wildlife Safari, a zoo located in Winston, Oregon, has fed donated carcass meat as a diet to carnivores for over 30 yr. Carcass meat is an alternative to commercially prepared meat. Donated meat arrives at Wildlife Safari as an entire animal. Cattle (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballus), deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) have been donated. Bacterial testing was performed on site with the use of Neogen Reveal immunosorbent assays. Testing focused on Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Twenty-five meat samples were randomly selected from 50 meat samples for the bacterial detection tests. Twenty-eight percent of the meat samples were positive for Salmonella spp. (n = 25). One sample was positive for Listeria spp. None of the meat samples were positive for Escherichia coli O157:H7 (n - 25). Thirty-two meat samples were analyzed off site for organic contaminants with the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at Michigan State University's Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health. Specific organic contaminants tested for were barbiturates, phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and xylazine. None of the meat samples were found to have evidence of these or any other common organic toxicants. As monitored, carcass meat appears to be a reasonably safe food source for carnivores. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1638/05-022.1 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 102-107 SN - 1042-7260 1937-2825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/05-022.1 KW - carcass feeding KW - carnivore KW - diet KW - Escherichia coli O157 : H7 KW - Listeria KW - Salmonella KW - toxicology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Letters to the Editor AU - Pease, A. AU - Cook, V. AU - Jones, S. AU - Blikslager, A. AU - Scrivani, P. AU - Erb, H. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.2460/javma.228.7.1011 VL - 228 IS - 7 SP - 1011-1012 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.7.1011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infusing technical communication and teamwork within the ECE curriculum. AU - Kedrowicz, April A. AU - Watanabe, S. AU - Hall, D. AU - Furse, C. T2 - Elektrik, Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 1–13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation between reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression and MIB-1 expression in canine brain tumors- an important animal model for developing telomerase based therapeutics AU - Long, S. AU - Nicholson, I. AU - Argyle, D.J. AU - Nixon, C. AU - Botteron, C. AU - Olby, N. AU - Smith, K. AU - Rutteman, G. AU - Nasir, L. T2 - Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 32 SP - 662–73 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: a retrospective study of 32 cases. AU - Alward, A AU - Corriher, CA AU - Barton, MH AU - Sellon, DC AU - Blikslager, AT AU - Jones, SL T2 - Journal of veterinary internal medicine AB - Background:Ingestion of wilted red maple leaves by horses can result in severe hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Little is known about what factors influence the outcome of red maple leaf toxicosis in horses. Hypothesis:Our hypothesis was that physical examination findings, clinicopathologic variables or therapeutic modalities may predict outcome in horses with red maple leaf toxicity. Animals:Horses with red maple leaf toxicosis presented to referral hospitals in the southeast region of the United States. Methods:A multi‐institutional retrospective study was designed to identify factors that predict mortality in horses with red maple toxicosis. Results:Thirty‐two horses with red maple toxicosis were identified, 19 of which died. Twenty‐nine horses presented with anemia and 24 had clinicopathologic evidence of systemic inflammation. Renal insufficiency was identified in 12/30 (41%) horses. Laminitis (9/28) and colic (13/30) also were identified in horses with red maple toxicosis, but development of these 2 conditions did not have a negative effect on short‐term survival. Horses with red maple toxicosis that survived to discharge were likely to have developed pyrexia during hospitalization ( P = .030). Horses that were treated with a corticosteroid had a significantly increased likelihood of death ( P = .045). There was no significant relationship between initial serum hemoglobin concentration, methemoglobin concentration, or percentage methemoglobin and mortality in this horse series. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study suggests that information obtained on initial examination cannot be used to accurately predict survival in horses with red maple toxicosis, but horses that receive corticosteroids are unlikely to survive. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00722.x VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1197–1201, UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/17063716 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Views conclusions in ultrasound study as unsupported [1] AU - Pease, A. AU - Cook, V. AU - Jones, S. AU - Blikslager, A. AU - Scrivani, P. AU - Erb, H. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 228 IS - 7 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645467501&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclooxygenase expression in the early stages of equine laminitis: A cytologic study AU - Blikslager, A.T. AU - Yin, C. AU - Cochran, A.M. AU - Wooten, J.G. AU - Pettigrew, A. AU - Belknap, J.K. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Recent reports indicate increased amounts of mRNA from inflammation-related genes in the prodromal stage of laminitis.Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) undergo distinct patterns of expression in equine laminae in the developmental stage (DEV) and acute clinical stage (LAM) of laminitis.Horses selected from an outbred population were placed into 1 of 4 groups: DEV (n = 5), CON-3h (control group for DEV, n = 5), LAM (n = 5) and CON-10h (control group for LAM, n = 5).Laminar and skin samples were obtained from (1) animals either undergoing leukopenia (DEV) or the onset of clinical signs of laminitis (LAM) after black walnut extract (BWE) administration and (2) animals either 3 (CON-3h) or 10 (CON-10h) hours after administration of water. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed for COX-1 and COX-2.Upon immunohistochemical analysis of all 4 groups, COX-2 was expressed by most viable epithelial cells in both laminae and skin. COX-1 exhibited similar epithelial expression to COX-2 in skin epidermis, but was expressed exclusively in the basal layer of laminar epidermis. COX-1 protein was not detectable in dermal vasculature of equine skin or laminae, whereas COX-2 was present in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of dermal vasculature in both skin and laminae in all groups. A marked increase in laminar COX-2 protein concentrations was detected on immunoblotting in the DEV group, although a lesser increase was observed in the LAM group.COX-2 protein expression is markedly increased in the resident laminar cell types in the developmental stage of BWE-induced laminitis. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1191:CEITES]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1191-1196 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750288395&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) KW - cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) KW - immunoblot KW - immunohistochemistry KW - laminae KW - real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) ER - TY - BOOK TI - Principles of Intestinal Injury and Determination of Intestinal Viability AU - Blikslager, A.T. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/B1-41-600123-9/50036-X SE - 395-401 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84860691395&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Stomach and spleen AU - Blikslager, A.T. AU - Wilson, D.A. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/B1-41-600123-9/50034-6 SE - 374-386 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67949122235&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intestinal mucosal epithelium: The barrier to sepsis AU - Blikslager, A.T. T2 - Journal of Organ Dysfunction AB - The intestinal epithelium provides a critical barrier to pathogens and their toxins within the intestinal lumen. The epithelium is capable of directly interacting with intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella species, resulting in a release of cytokines beneath the epithelium that likely play a role in sepsis. More directly, the epithelium expresses Toll-like receptors so that it can directly respond to luminal lipopolysaccharide. Breaching of the epithelial barrier is likely the principal cause of sepsis in patients with compromised intestinal circulation. However, a number of reparative mechanisms have developed to rapidly repair epithelial defects, including epithelial migration (restitution) and closure of injured tight junctions. Therefore, barrier function and prevention of sepsis are related to the ability of the epithelium to react in an appropriate manner to luminal bacteria, prevent passage of bacteria across the barrier, and rapidly repair the barrier when it is damaged. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/17471060600765018 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 250-253 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33751177759&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Novel Gammaherpesvirus Associated with Genital Lesions in a Blainville's Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) AU - Saliki, Jeremiah T. AU - Cooper, Emily J. AU - Rotstein, David S. AU - Caseltine, Shannon L. AU - Pabst, D. Ann AU - McLellan, William A. AU - Govett, Pamela AU - Harms, Craig AU - Smolarek, Kara A. AU - Romero, Carlos H. AU - al. T2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases AB - An adult male Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) was found stranded on the Atlantic coast of the USA on 28 January 2004. Necropsy revealed a focal papilloma-like penile lesion, the cells from which revealed single 4-6 microm basophilic intranuclear inclusions. Total DNA extracted from lesion material was tested using a pan-herpes-virus PCR assay that targets the DNA polymerase gene and found to be positive. When the amplified DNA fragment was cloned, sequenced, and compared to GenBank-deposited herpesvirus DNA polymerase sequences, the detected virus was determined to be a distinct member of the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses. This new virus, tentatively named Ziphiid herpesvirus type 1, was associated with but not determined to be the cause of genital disease in the Blainville's beaked whale. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.142 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 142-148 J2 - Journal of Wildlife Diseases LA - en OP - SN - 0090-3558 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.142 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Splenic Hemangiosarcoma in a Corn Snake, Elaphe guttata AU - Tuttle, Allison D. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Van Wettere, Amaud J.N.J. AU - Grafinger, Michael S. AU - Lewbart, Gregory, A. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - An adult corn snake with a prominent mid-body swelling and history of anorexia presented for evaluation. Contrast radiographs were performed which showed a soft tissue opacity, likely an extraluminal mass, that compressed the gastrointestinal tract both ventrally and to the left. Surgical exploration showed a highly vascular, encapsulated, red mass and the mass was removed. Histopathology on the mass showed it to be a splenic hemangiosarcoma. Despite mass removal and aggressive supportive care, the snake died one and a half months later. This is the first report of splenic hemangiosarcoma in any reptile species and expands the list of known differential diagnoses for mid-body swellings in a snake. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.16.4.140 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 140-143 J2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery LA - en OP - SN - 1529-9651 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.16.4.140 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Immunology and Immunopathology AU - Lunn, D.P. AU - Soboll, G. AU - Breathnach, C.C. T2 - Equine Respiratory Disorders A2 - McGorum, B A2 - Robinson, E A2 - Dixon, P A2 - Schumacher, J PY - 2006/// ET - 1st SP - 71–82 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP TI - Echinoderms. AU - Harms, C.A. T2 - Invertebrate Medicine A2 - Lewbart, G.A. PY - 2006/// PB - Blackwell ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leading Edge - Management of refractory canine epilepsy AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Veterinary Forum DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 23 SP - 42–46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimized Transduction of Canine Paediatric CD34+ Cells Using an MSCV-based Bicistronic Vector AU - Suter, S. E. AU - Gouthro, T. A. AU - McSweeney, P. A. AU - Nash, R. A. AU - Haskins, M. E. AU - Felsburg, P. J. AU - Henthorn, P. S. T2 - Veterinary Research Communications DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1007/s11259-006-3356-7 VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 881-901 J2 - Vet Res Commun LA - en OP - SN - 0165-7380 1573-7446 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-006-3356-7 DB - Crossref KW - XSCID KW - CD34(+) KW - retroviral transduction KW - amphotropic retrovirus KW - gamma c ER - TY - JOUR TI - Report of the equine herpesvirus-1 Havermeyer Workshop, San Gimignano, Tuscany, June 2004 AU - Slater, J.D. AU - Lunn, D.P. AU - Horohov, D.W. AU - Antczak, D.F. AU - Babiuk, L. AU - Breathnach, C. AU - Chang, Y.-W. AU - Davis-Poynter, N. AU - Edington, N. AU - Ellis, S. AU - Foote, C. AU - Goehring, L. AU - Kohn, C.W. AU - Kydd, J. AU - Matsumura, T. AU - Minke, J. AU - Morley, P. AU - Mumford, J. AU - Neubauer, T. AU - O’Callaghan, D. AU - Osterrieder, K. AU - Reed, S. AU - Smith, K. AU - Townsend, H. AU - van der Meulen, K. AU - Whalley, M. AU - Wilson, W.D. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Amongst the infectious diseases that threaten equine health, herpesviral infections remain a world wide cause of serious morbidity and mortality. Equine herpesvirus-1 infection is the most important pathogen, causing an array of disorders including epidemic respiratory disease abortion, neonatal foal death, myeloencephalopathy and chorioretinopathy. Despite intense scientific investigation, extensive use of vaccination, and established codes of practice for control of disease outbreaks, infection and disease remain common. While equine herpesvirus-1 infection remains a daunting challenge for immunoprophylaxis, many critical advances in equine immunology have resulted in studies of this virus, particularly related to MHC-restricted cytotoxicity in the horse. A workshop was convened in San Gimignano, Tuscany, Italy in June 2004, to bring together clinical and basic researchers in the field of equine herpesvirus-1 study to discuss the latest advances and future prospects for improving our understanding of these diseases, and equine immunity to herpesviral infection. This report highlights the new information that was the focus of this workshop, and is intended to summarize this material and identify the critical questions in the field. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.004 VL - 111 IS - 1-2 SP - 3-13 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.004 DB - Crossref KW - horses KW - equine herpesvirus-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leukocyte emigration in the early stages of laminitis AU - Black, Samuel J. AU - Lunn, D. Paul AU - Yin, Cailing AU - Hwang, Misako AU - Lenz, Stephen D. AU - Belknap, James K. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - The mechanisms that initiate the pathophysiologic changes in the digital laminae in equine laminitis are poorly understood. Due to the fact that (1) the horse at risk of laminitis has many similarities clinically to the human sepsis patient and (2) our recent finding of marked laminar proinflammatory cytokine expression at the developmental time point of the black walnut extract (BWE) model of laminitis, we tested the possibility that, similar to organ damage in human sepsis, leukocyte emigration is an early event in laminitis. Using immunoperoxidase methods with an anti-equine CD13 monoclonal antibody that recognizes neutrophils and monocytes, we discovered that, whereas the dermal microvasculature of the skin commonly has a marginal pool of leukocytes, the normal laminar dermal microvasculature has minimal to no perivascular leukocytes. However, increases in leukocyte numbers occurred around the dermal vasculature of both the laminae and the skin in the majority of BWE-treated horses in the developmental stage and at the onset of clinical signs of lameness in the BWE model. These findings indicate that, similar to organ failure in human sepsis, leukocyte emigration is likely to play a significant role in initiating numerous pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to the development of laminitis. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.017 VL - 109 IS - 1-2 SP - 161-166 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.017 DB - Crossref KW - laminitis KW - neutrophil KW - leukocyte emigration KW - CD13 KW - sepsis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytokine responses to EHV-1 infection in immune and non-immune ponies AU - Coombs, Dane K. AU - Patton, T. AU - Kohler, Andrea K. AU - Soboll, G. AU - Breathnach, Cormac AU - Townsend, Hugh G.G. AU - Lunn, D.P. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Protecting equids against equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection remains an elusive goal. Repeated infection with EHV-1 leads to protective immunity against clinical respiratory disease, and a study was conducted to measure the regulatory cytokine response (IFN-gamma and IL-4) in repeatedly infected immune ponies compared to non-immune ponies. Two groups of four ponies were established. Group 1 ponies had previously been infected on two occasions, and most recently 7 months before this study. Group 2 ponies had no history no vaccination or challenge infection prior to this study. Both groups were subjected to an intranasal challenge infection with EHV-1, and blood samples were collected pre-infection, and at 7 and 21 days post-infection for preparation of PBMCs. At each time point, the in vitro responses of PBMCs to stimulation with EHV-1 were measured, including IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA production, and lymphoproliferation. Group 1 ponies showed no signs of clinical disease or viral shedding after challenge infection. Group 2 ponies experienced a biphasic pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and nasal shedding of virus after infection. Group 1 ponies had an immune response characterized both before and subsequent to challenge infection by an IFN-gamma response to EHV-1 in the absence of an IL-4 response, and demonstrated increased EHV-1-specific lymphoproliferation post-infection. Group 2 ponies had limited cytokine or lymphoproliferative responses to EHV-1 pre-challenge, and demonstrated increases in both IFN-gamma and IL-4 responses post-challenge, but without any lymphoproliferative response. Protective immunity to EHV-1 infection was therefore characterized by a polarized IFN-gamma dependent immunoregulatory cytokine response. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.013 VL - 111 IS - 1-2 SP - 109-116 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.013 DB - Crossref KW - horses KW - equine herpesvirus-1 KW - IFN-gamma KW - IL-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antibody and cellular immune responses following DNA vaccination and EHV-1 infection of ponies AU - Soboll, G. AU - Hussey, S.B. AU - Whalley, J.M. AU - Allen, G.P. AU - Koen, M.T. AU - Santucci, N. AU - Fraser, D.G. AU - Macklin, M.D. AU - Swain, W.F. AU - Lunn, D.P. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is the cause of serious disease with high economic impact on the horse industry, as outbreaks of EHV-1 disease occur every year despite the frequent use of vaccines. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are important for protection from primary and reactivating latent EHV-1 infection. DNA vaccination is a powerful technique for stimulating CTLs, and the aim of this study was to assess antibody and cellular immune responses and protection resulting from DNA vaccination of ponies with combinations of EHV-1 genes. Fifteen ponies were divided into three groups of five ponies each. Two vaccination groups were DNA vaccinated on four different occasions with combinations of plasmids encoding the gB, gC, and gD glycoproteins or plasmids encoding the immediate early (IE) and early proteins (UL5) of EHV-1, using the PowderJect XR research device. Total dose of DNA/plasmid/vaccination were 25 μg. A third group comprised unvaccinated control ponies. All ponies were challenge infected with EHV-1 6 weeks after the last vaccination, and protection from clinical disease, viral shedding, and viremia was determined. Virus neutralizing antibodies and isotype specific antibody responses against whole EHV-1 did not increase in either vaccination group in response to vaccination. However, glycoprotein gene vaccinated ponies showed gD and gC specific antibody responses. Vaccination did not affect EHV-1 specific lymphoproliferative or CTL responses. Following challenge infection with EHV-1, ponies in all three groups showed clinical signs of disease. EHV-1 specific CTLs, proliferative responses, and antibody responses increased significantly in all three groups following challenge infection. In summary, particle-mediated EHV-1 DNA vaccination induced limited immune responses and protection. Future vaccination strategies must focus on generating stronger CTL responses. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.011 VL - 111 IS - 1-2 SP - 81-95 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.011 DB - Crossref KW - EHV-1 KW - horses KW - DNA vaccination KW - CTL ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune responses to commercial equine vaccines against equine herpesvirus-1, equine influenza virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and tetanus AU - Holmes, Mark A. AU - Townsend, Hugh G.G. AU - Kohler, Andrea K. AU - Hussey, Steve AU - Breathnach, Cormac AU - Barnett, Craig AU - Holland, Robert AU - Lunn, D.P. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - Horses are commonly vaccinated to protect against pathogens which are responsible for diseases which are endemic within the general horse population, such as equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), and against a variety of diseases which are less common but which lead to greater morbidity and mortality, such as eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEE) and tetanus. This study consisted of two trials which investigated the antigenicity of commercially available vaccines licensed in the USA to protect against EIV, EHV-1 respiratory disease, EHV-1 abortion, EEE and tetanus in horses. Trial I was conducted to compare serological responses to vaccines produced by three manufacturers against EIV, EHV-1 (respiratory disease), EEE, and tetanus given as multivalent preparations or as multiple vaccine courses. Trial II compared vaccines from two manufacturers licensed to protect against EHV-1 abortion, and measured EHV-1-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA production in addition to serological evidence of antigenicity. In Trial I significant differences were found between the antigenicity of different commercial vaccines that should be considered in product selection. It was difficult to identify vaccines that generate significant immune responses to respiratory viruses. The most dramatic differences in vaccine performance occurred in the case of the tetanus antigen. In Trial II both vaccines generated significant antibody responses and showed evidence of EHV-1-specific IFN-γ mRNA responses. Overall there were wide variations in vaccine response, and the vaccines with the best responses were not produced by a single manufacturer. Differences in vaccine performance may have resulted from differences in antigen load and adjuvant formulation. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.010 VL - 111 IS - 1-2 SP - 67-80 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.010 DB - Crossref KW - horses KW - vaccination KW - infectious disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immunization with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) constructs encoding the HA or NP gene protects ponies from equine influenza virus challenge AU - Breathnach, C AU - Clark, H AU - Clark, R AU - Olsen, C AU - Townsend, H AU - Lunn, D T2 - Vaccine AB - Two novel recombinant strains of modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) for the vaccination of horses against equine influenza virus were developed, and preliminary evidence of their immunogenicity in ponies was demonstrated [Breathnach CC, Rudersdorf R, Lunn DP. Use of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara vectors for equine influenza vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004:98;127-36]. The present study assessed the protective efficacy of these rMVA strains in ponies, examined the advantage of combining rMVA vaccination with a DNA priming dose, and investigated the protection resulting from equine influenza nucleoprotein (NP) versus haemagglutinin (HA) vaccination. Twenty yearling ponies, seronegative for equine influenza virus, were divided into four groups of five. Group 1 and Group 2 ponies were vaccinated using a DNA prime-rMVA boost vaccination regimen, with HA- or NP-expressing vectors, respectively. Group 3 ponies were vaccinated with rMVA-HA only. Group 4 ponies served as unvaccinated controls. Vaccines were administered on days 0, 42 and 70, and all ponies were challenge infected with influenza virus on day 100. Antigen-specific antibody and cellular immune responses to each vaccination regimen were monitored throughout the experiment. Both groups of HA-vaccinated ponies were significantly protected from clinical disease following challenge infection, demonstrating the efficacy of rMVA vaccination with or without a DNA prime. NP-vaccination provided more limited protection from clinical disease. The protective post-vaccinal immune responses were characterized by antigen-specific IgGa, IgGb and IgA antibodies which were induced both in serum and in nasal secretions. Virus-specific lymphoproliferative and IFN-gamma mRNA responses were also elicited by each vaccination regimen. These data demonstrate that vaccination of horses with rMVA alone, or as part of a prime-boost regimen, is an effective means of inducing protective immunity to influenza virus infection, and also indicate that NP-specific immune responses can contribute to protection of horses. DA - 2006/2/20/ PY - 2006/2/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.091 VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - 1180-1190 J2 - Vaccine LA - en OP - SN - 0264-410X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.091 DB - Crossref KW - horses KW - influenza virus KW - vaccination KW - haemaggluttinin KW - nucleoprotein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection and Quantification of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Viremia and Nasal Shedding by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction AU - Hussey, Stephen B. AU - Clark, Rodney AU - Lunn, Katharine F. AU - Breathnach, Cormac AU - Soboll, Gisela AU - Whalley, J. Millar AU - Lunn, D. Paul T2 - Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation AB - Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection is common in young horses throughout the world, resulting in respiratory disease, epidemic abortion, sporadic myelitis, or latent infections. To improve on conventional diagnostic tests for EHV-1, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was developed, using primers and probes specific for the EHV-1 gB gene. Amplification efficiencies of 100% ± 5% were obtained for DNA isolated from a plasmid, infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and nasal secretions from infected ponies. The dynamic range of the assay was 8 log 10 dilutions, and the lower limit of detection was 6 DNA copies. Fifteen ponies, seronegative for EHV-1, were experimentally infected with EHV-1, and nasal samples were used to quantify shedding of virus by both virus isolation and real-time PCR analysis. Virus isolation identified nasal shedding of EHV-1 in 12/15 ponies on a total of 25 days; real-time PCR detected viral shedding in 15/15 ponies on 75 days. Viremia was quantified using PBMC DNA, subsequent to challenge infection in 3 additional ponies. Viremia was identified in 1/3 ponies on a single day by virus isolation; real-time PCR detected viremia in 3/3 ponies on 17 days. When real-time PCR was used to analyze PBMC DNA from 11 latently infected ponies (documented by nested PCR), EHV-1 was not detected. We conclude that real-time PCR is a sensitive and quantitative test for EHV-1 nasal shedding and viremia and provides a valuable tool for EHV-1 surveillance, diagnosis of clinical disease, and investigation of vaccine efficacy. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1177/104063870601800403 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 335-342 J2 - J VET Diagn Invest LA - en OP - SN - 1040-6387 1943-4936 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800403 DB - Crossref KW - diagnosis KW - equine herpesvirus-1 KW - real-time PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foals are interferon gamma-deficient at birth AU - Breathnach, C.C. AU - Sturgill-Wright, T. AU - Stiltner, J.L. AU - Adams, A.A. AU - Lunn, D.P. AU - Horohov, D.W. T2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology AB - The increased vulnerability of foals to specific pathogens such as Rhodococcus equi is believed to reflect an innate immunodeficiency, the nature of which remains poorly understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that neonates of many species fail to mount potent Th1 responses. The current research investigates the ability of circulating and pulmonary lymphocytes of developing foals to produce interferon gamma (IFNgamma). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared from up to 10 horse foals at regular intervals throughout the first 6 months of life. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected at 1, 3 or 6 months of age from three groups of five foals. The PBMC and BAL cells were stimulated in vitro and IFNgamma production was measured by intracellular staining. In addition, RNA was extracted from freshly isolated and in vitro stimulated PBMC and BAL cells for quantitation of IFNgamma gene expression by real time PCR. Newborn foals exhibited a marked inability to express the IFNgamma gene and produce IFNgamma protein. This deficiency was observed in both circulating and pulmonary lymphocytes. However, IFNgamma gene expression and protein production increased steadily throughout the first 6 months of life, reaching adult levels within the first year of life. These findings suggest that foals are born with an inherent inability to mount a Th1-based cell mediated immune response which may contribute to their susceptibility to intracellular pathogens. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.010 VL - 112 IS - 3-4 SP - 199-209 J2 - Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology LA - en OP - SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.010 DB - Crossref KW - equine KW - real time PCR KW - BAL KW - IFN KW - cytokine KW - flow cytometry KW - neonate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rejection of RG-2 gliomas is mediated by microglia and T lymphocytes AU - Mariani, Christopher L. AU - Kouri, Joshua G. AU - Streit, Wolfgang J. T2 - Journal of Neuro-Oncology DA - 2006/4/13/ PY - 2006/4/13/ DO - 10.1007/s11060-006-9137-x VL - 79 IS - 3 SP - 243-253 J2 - J Neurooncol LA - en OP - SN - 0167-594X 1573-7373 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-006-9137-x DB - Crossref KW - allograft KW - brain tumor KW - glioblastoma multiforme KW - immunohistochemistry KW - immunotherapy KW - MRI ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanomaterials and the skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.109 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 303 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BIOSIS&KeyUT=BIOSIS:PREV200700229001&KeyUID=BIOSIS:PREV200700229001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A serial dilution microfluidic device for cytotoxicity assays AU - O’Neill, Adrian T. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy AU - Walker, Glenn M. AU - IEEE T2 - 2006 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-15 DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// SP - 3038-3041 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000247284703129&KeyUID=WOS:000247284703129 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying the Rasch rating scale model to gain insights into students' conceptualisation of quality mathematics instruction AU - Bradley, K.D. AU - Sampson, S.O. AU - Royal, K.D. T2 - Mathematics Education Research Journal DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1007/BF03217433 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 11-26 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-69949085145&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Tumours of the musculoskeletal system AU - Lascelles, B.D.X. T2 - BSAVA Manual of Lameness A2 - Houlton, J.E.F. A2 - Cook, J.L. A2 - Jf, Innes A2 - Langley-Hobbs, S.J. PY - 2006/// SP - 128–134 PB - BSAVA Publications ER - TY - JOUR TI - Financial and welfare implications of immediate euthanasia of casualty nursery pigs AU - Morrow, W.E. AU - Meyer, R.E. AU - J, Roberts AU - Lascelles, B.D.X. T2 - Journal of Swine Health Production DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 25-34 ER - TY - CONF TI - Early weaning stress predisposes adult pigs to stress-induced colonic barrier dysfunction: a novel model for stress-induced gastrointestinal disorders in humans AU - Moeser, Adam J AU - Lascelles, Duncan X AU - Blikslager, Anthony T T2 - WB SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300 … C2 - 2006/// C3 - Gastroenterology DA - 2006/// VL - 130 SP - A89-A89 M1 - 4 ER - TY - CONF TI - Bile enhances barrier function by a COX-2 dependent mechanism in porcine duodenum AU - Wooten, Jenna G AU - Lascelles, BDX AU - Moeser, Adam J AU - Cook, Vanessa L AU - Little, Dianne AU - Blikslager, Anthony T T2 - WB SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300 … C2 - 2006/// C3 - GASTROENTEROLOGY DA - 2006/// VL - 130 SP - A241-A241 M1 - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - President's message: board or college--what's in a name? AU - Bristol, D. G. T2 - ABVP News DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - March ER - TY - CHAP TI - A serial dilution microfluidic device for cytotoxicity assays AU - O'Neill, A. T. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Walker, G. M. T2 - 28th annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society PY - 2006/// SP - 2836-2839 PB - Piscataway, NJ: IEEE ER - TY - CONF TI - Stranded sea turtle medicine AU - Lewbart, G. A. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings of the AVMA Annual Conference DA - 2006/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Signs of strife: Detect and deter illness in your finned friends AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Annual Ponds USA and Watergardens DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 2006 SP - 58-65 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Laws and regulations: European and American AU - Cooper, M. AU - Lewbart, Gregory AU - Lewbart, D. T. T2 - Reptile medicine and surgery (2nd ed.) PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50084-5 SP - 1031–1050 PB - Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier SN - 072169327X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Koi health and well-being AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Koi World and Water Gardens DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// SP - 42-48 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Invertebrate medicine AU - Lewbart, G. A. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// PB - Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing SN - 0813818443 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction to invertebrate medicine AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Exotic DVM DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 25-30 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fish supplement for the Exotic companion medicine handbook AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Zoological medicine network PY - 2006/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Danger in the deep end: How water, power failures and chlorinated can create a deadly fish cocktail AU - Lewbart, G. A. T2 - Ponds DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// IS - Fall 2006 SP - 22-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endocrine diseases of older horses AU - Breuhaus, B. A. T2 - Ahead of the curve: OVMA Conference Proceedings, 26-28 January, 2006 DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Doxycycline-induced oesophagitis AU - Bissett, S. A. T2 - NAVC Clinician's Brief DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seizure management in dogs AU - Olby, N. T2 - NAVC Clinician's Brief DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intracranial vs extracranial seizures AU - Olby, N. T2 - NAVC Clinician's Brief DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of preoperative oxytetracycline administration on community composition and antimicrobial susceptibility of cloacal bacterial flora of loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, post-hatchlings AU - Kelly, T. R. AU - Harms, Craig AU - Lemons, C. AU - McLellan, C. AU - Hohn, A. A. T2 - Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery AB - ABSTRACT Cloacal cultures from loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, post-hatchlings were obtained and evaluated for bacterial flora composition and antimicrobial susceptibility before and after laparoscopic surgery with or without preoperative oxytetracycline. Eight of 16 turtles received 25 mg/kg oxytetracycline IM. An equivalent volume of saline was administered to eight control turtles. Cultures were performed in all turtles immediately prior to treatment, at one week, and at one month following treatment. Minimum inhibitory concentration of tetracycline testing was performed. Cloacal bacterial diversity was also evaluated prior to and after administration of oxytetracycline in each group. There was an apparent shift in the community composition and diversity of cloacal bacterial flora in both groups between treatment times. In the saline treated hatchlings, the cloacal bacterial species diversity was unchanged or increased following treatment, whereas the bacterial flora diversity in the oxytetracy... DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.5818/1529-9651.16.1.9 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subtotal Ear Canal Ablation in 18 Dogs and One Cat With Minimal Distal Ear Canal Pathology AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Hardie, Elizabeth M. AU - Murphy, K. Marcia T2 - Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association AB - A modified technique for performing total ear canal ablations is described. This technique requires less dissection than the standard technique and maintains a portion of the distal vertical ear canal. Subtotal ear canal ablations were performed in 18 dogs and one cat for the treatment of otitis externa or masses of the horizontal ear canal. Animals with otitis externa had minimal involvement of the distal ear canal. Dermatological problems associated with the remaining ear canal and pinnae occurred in eight animals and resolved with medical management. Normal ear carriage was maintained in all animals with erect ears. Further investigation is required before the procedure can be recommended as a treatment for otitis externa not caused by masses or anatomical abnormalities of the horizontal ear canal in dogs with pendulous ears. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.5326/0420371 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - 371-380 J2 - Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association LA - en OP - SN - 0587-2871 1547-3317 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420371 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for widespread distribution of piscidin antimicrobial peptides in teleost fish AU - Silphaduang, U. AU - Colorni, A. AU - Noga, E. J. T2 - DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB - DAO Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials DAO 72:241-252 (2006) - doi:10.3354/dao072241 Evidence for widespread distribution of piscidin antimicrobial peptides in teleost fish U. Silphaduang1,3, A. Colorni2, E. J. Noga1,* 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA 2Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Ltd., National Center for Mariculture, PO Box 1212, Eilat 88112, Israel 3Present address: Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada *Corresponding author. Email: ed_noga@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are increasingly recognized as a critical component of the host’s defense against infection. Several types of AMPs have been recently identified from mucosal tissues or immune cells of a number of teleosts. Among these are the piscidins, which are 22 residue, α-helical AMPs that were originally isolated from mast cells of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis male × Morone chrysops female. Using an antibody specific for the conserved N-terminal amino acid sequence of piscidin 1, we used immunohistochemistry to probe skin, gill, and gastrointestinal tract of 39 teleosts representing 7 different orders. Nine fish species were piscidin-positive, with all of these species being in the Perciformes, the largest and most evolutionarily advanced order of teleosts. Piscidin-positive cells were identified in speciesbelonging to the families Moronidae, Serranidae, Sciaenidae, Siganidae and Belontidae. Immunopositive cells were usually most consistent with mast cells, although in some species, the granule appearance and tinctorial properties diverged somewhat from those of a typical piscine mast cell. In addition, rodlet cells were piscidin-positive in one member of the family Cichlidae; to our knowledge, it is the first time that a host-associated chemical biomarker has been identified in rodlet cells. Our data suggest that piscidins are present in many evolutionarily advanced teleosts. Piscidin-immunoreactive cells were most common at sites of pathogen entry, including the skin, gill and gastrointestinal tract. These results strongly suggest that piscidins are a widespread and important component of many fishes’ defense against disease. KEY WORDS: Piscidins · Mast cells · Rodlet cells · Innate immunity · Pisces Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in DAO Vol. 72, No. 3. Online publication date: October 27, 2006 Print ISSN: 0177-5103; Online ISSN: 1616-1580 Copyright © 2006 Inter-Research. DA - 2006/10/27/ PY - 2006/10/27/ DO - 10.3354/dao072241 VL - 72 IS - 3 SP - 241-252 SN - 1616-1580 KW - piscidins KW - mast cells KW - rodlet cells KW - innate immunity KW - pisces ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in feline oral squamous cell carcinomas AU - Looper, J. S. AU - Malarkey, D. E. AU - Ruslander, D. AU - Proulx, D. AU - Thrall, D. E. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - Abstract Feline oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) have a poor prognosis despite aggressive treatment with surgery, radiation and anticancer drugs. Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a membrane‐bound tyrosine kinase receptor, has been found in many human epithelial neoplasms, including oral SCC. EGFR overexpression has been associated with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether feline oral SCC express EGFR. Thirteen formalin‐fixed paraffin wax‐embedded biopsy samples from feline oral SCC were analysed for EGFR expression using immunohistochemistry. Nine of 13 tumours (69%) were positive for EGFR expression, suggesting that altered EGFR expression plays a role in feline oral SCC and provides a rationale for a potential clinical benefit using EGFR inhibitors in combination with conventional treatments. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2006.00091.x VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 33-40 SN - 1476-5829 KW - epidermal growth factor receptor KW - feline KW - immunohistochemistry KW - oral squamous cell carcinoma KW - tyrosine kinase inhibitors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustained Release Cyclosporine Therapy for Bilateral Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in a Red Wolf (Canis rufus) AU - Acton, Anne E. AU - Beale, A. Brady AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - A 12-yr-old intact male red wolf (Canis rufus) diagnosed with bilateral idiopathic dry eye was treated with subconjunctival drug delivery implants designed to release therapeutic levels of cyclosporine from 12-24 mo. Normal tear production and corneal health has been maintained, alleviating the need for daily handling of the animal for topical medication. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1638/06-021.1 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 562-564 SN - 1042-7260 1937-2825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/06-021.1 KW - Canis rufus KW - cyclosporine KW - dry eye KW - keratoconjuctivitis sicca (KCS) KW - sustained-release delivery KW - red wolf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surgical excision of mycotic (Cladosporium sp.) granulomas from the mantle of a cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - McAlarney, Ryan AU - Christian, Larry S. AU - Geissler, Kyleigh AU - Lemons, Carol T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - An adult female European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) from a public aquarium presented with an eruptive skin lesion of the dorsal mantle. Radiographs, hemolymph collection, and excisional biopsy were performed using anesthesia with ethanol 1.5–3% in seawater. Elastic and freely mobile skin permitted closure with minimal tension following wide excision around the lesions, which did not appear to penetrate deep to the underlying cuttlebone. Biopsy revealed hemocyte granulomas surrounding thin, septate, infrequently branching fungal hyphae, and culture yielded Cladosporium sp. Itraconazole was administered postoperatively in food items. The cuttlefish recovered to normal feeding and activity levels with complete surgical site healing. Two months following the procedure, the animal was found dead in exhibit. Histopathologic examination revealed multisystemic fungal infection. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1638/06-033.1 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 524-530 SN - 1042-7260 KW - Cladosporium KW - cuttlefish KW - Sepia officinalis KW - surgery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) following single intravenous and intramuscular injections AU - Tuttle, Allison D. AU - Papich, Mark AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Christian, Shane AU - Gunkel, Conny AU - Harms, Craig A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug ketoprofen (KTP) is a commonly used antiinflammatory and analgesic agent in reptile medicine, but no studies documenting its pharmacokinetics in this species have been published. Ketoprofen was administered as a racemic mixture to green iguanas (Iguana iguana) intravenously (i.v.) and intramuscularly (i.m.) at 2 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed and indicated that ketoprofen in iguanas administered by the intravenous route has a classical two-compartmental distribution pattern, a slow clearance (67 ml/ kg/hr) and a long terminal half-life (31 hr) compared to ketoprofen studies reported in mammals. When delivered by the intramuscular route, bioavailability was 78%. These data indicate the daily dosing that is generally recommended for reptile patients, as an extrapolation from mammalian data, may be more frequent than necessary. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1638/06-029.1 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 567-570 SN - 1937-2825 KW - analgesia KW - green iguana (Iguana iguana) KW - ketoprofen KW - pharrnacokinetics KW - NSAID KW - reptile ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dermatotoxicity of cutting fluid mixtures: In vitro and in vivo studies AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Inman, Alfred O. AU - Barlow, Beth M. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. T2 - CUTANEOUS AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY AB - Cutting fluids are widely used in the metal-machining industry to lubricate and reduce heat generation when metals are cut by a metal-cutting tool. These cutting fluids have caused occupational irritant contact dermatitis (OICD), and many of the additives used in these cutting fluid mixtures are thought to be responsible for OICD in workers. The purpose of this study was to assess single or various combinations of these additives in initiating the OICD response following an acute 8-hour exposure in porcine skin in vivo and in vitro using the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). Pigs (n = 4) were exposed to 5% mineral oil (MO) or 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) aqueous mixtures containing various combinations of 2% triazine (TRI), 5% triethanolamine (TEA), 5% linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). Erythema and edema were evaluated and skin biopsies for histopathology were obtained at 4 and 8 hours. IPPSFs (n = 4) were exposed to control MO or PEG mixtures and complete MO or PEG mixtures, and perfusate samples were collected hourly to determine interleukin- (IL-) 8 release. The only significant (p < 0.05) mixture effects observed in IPPSFs were with SRA + MO that caused an increase in IL-8 release after 1 or 2 hours' exposure. In vivo exposure to TRI alone appeared to increase erythema, edema, and dermal inflammation compared to the other additives, while SRA alone was least likely to initiate a dermal inflammatory response. In 2-component mixture exposures, the presence of TRI appeared to increase the dermal inflammatory response at 4 and 8 hours especially with the PEG mixtures. In the 3- and 4-component mixtures, MO mixtures are more likely to incite an inflammatory response than PEG mixtures. TRI exhibited the highest toxicity toward HEK, which correlates well to the in vivo irritation and morphology results. In summary, these preliminary studies suggest that the biocide, TRI, is the more potent of the 4 performance additives in causing dermal irritation, and this may vary depending on whether the worker is exposed to a synthetic (PEG)- or MO-based fluid. These findings will however require further clinical studies to validate these acute dermal effects as well as human cumulative irritation following exposure to similar cutting fluid formulations in the workplace. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/15569520601013137 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 235-247 SN - 1556-9535 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000242997200001&KeyUID=WOS:000242997200001 KW - alkylbenzene sulfonate KW - cutting fluids KW - HEK KW - mixtures KW - ricinoleic acid KW - triazine KW - triethanolamine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treatment of Conidiobolus sp pneumonia with itraconazole in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy AU - Hawkins, Eleanor AU - Grooters, A. M. AU - Cowgill, E. S. AU - Proulx, D. R. AU - Davainis, G. M. AU - Ruslander, D. M. AU - Grindem, C. B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 20, Issue 6 p. 1479-1482 Open Access Treatment of Conidiobolus sp. Pneumonia with Itraconazole in a Dog Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM), Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606; e-mail: eleanor_hawkins@ncsu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorAmy M. Grooters, Amy M. Grooters Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth S. Cowgill, Elizabeth S. Cowgill Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid R. Proulx, David R. Proulx Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGrace M. Davainis, Grace M. Davainis Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Ruslander, David M. Ruslander Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM), Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606; e-mail: eleanor_hawkins@ncsu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorAmy M. Grooters, Amy M. Grooters Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth S. Cowgill, Elizabeth S. Cowgill Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid R. Proulx, David R. Proulx Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGrace M. Davainis, Grace M. Davainis Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Ruslander, David M. Ruslander Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 February 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00769.xCitations: 11 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 236– 301. 2 Prabhu RM, Patel R. Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: A review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10: 31– 47. 3 Grooters AM. Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33: 695– 720. 4 Humber RA, Brown CC, Kornegay RW. Equine zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus lamprauges. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 573– 576. 5 Temple ME, Brady MT, Koranyi KI, et al. Periorbital cellulitis secondary to Conidiobolus incongruus. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 351– 354. 6 Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Singh P. Orofacial conidiobolo-mycosis due to Conidiobolus incongruus. Mycoses 2003; 46: 137– 140. 7 Khan ZU, Khoursheed M., Makar R., et al. Basidiobolus ranarum as an etiologic agent of gastrointestinal zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2360– 2363. 8 Zamos DT, Schumacher J., Loy JK. Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208: 100– 101. 9 Ketterer PJ, Kelly MA, Connole MD, et al. Rhinocerebral and nasal zygomycosis in sheep caused by Conidiobolus incongruus. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 85– 87. 10 Morris M., Ngeleka M., Adogwa AO, et al. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis in a sheep. Can Vet J 2001; 42: 227– 228. 11 Carrigan MJ, Small AC, Perry GH. Ovine nasal zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus incongruus. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 23– 240. 12 Bauer RW, LeMarie SL, Roy AF. Oral conidiobolomycosis in a dog. Vet Dermatol 1997; 8: 115– 120. 13 Hillier A., Kunkle GA, Ginn PE, et al. Canine subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus sp: A case report and review of Conidiobolus infections in other species. Vet Dermatol 1994; 5: 205– 213. 14 French RA, Ashworth CD. Zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (Lama glama). Vet Pathol 1994; 31: 120– 122. 15 Moll HD, Schumacher J., Hoover TR. Entomophthoramycosis conidiobolae in a llama. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200: 969– 970. 16 Stephens CP, Gibson JA. Disseminated zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus incongruus in a deer. Aust Vet J 1997; 75: 358– 359. 17 Steiger RR, Williams MA. Granulomatous tracheitis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 311– 314. 18 King JC, Dunphy D. Fatal phycomycosis without underlying disease. J Iowa Med Soc 1972; 62: 485– 488. 19 King DS, Jong SC. Identity of the etiological agent of the first deep entomophthoraceous infection of man in the United States. Mycologia 1976; 68: 181– 183. 20 Eckert HL, Khoury GH, Pore RS, et al. Entomophthora phycomycotic infection reported for the first time in the United States. Chest 1972; 61: 392– 394. 21 Busapakum R., Youngchaiyud U., Sriumpai S., et al. Disseminated infection with Conidiobolus incongruus. Sabouraudia 1983; 21: 323– 330. 22 Jaffey PB, Haque AK, El-Zaatari M., et al. Disseminated Conidiobolus infection with endocarditis in a cocaine abuser. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: 1276– 1278. 23 Walker SD, Clark RV, King CT, et al. Fatal disseminated Conidiobolus coronatus infection in a renal transplant patient. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 98: 559– 564. 24 Affolter VK, Moore PF. Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis: Reactive histiocytosis of dermal dendritic cells. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 21: 40– 48. 25 Espinel-Ingroff A. Utility of mould susceptibility testing. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16: 527– 532. Citing Literature Volume20, Issue6November 2006Pages 1479-1482 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00769.x VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 1479–1482 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G concentrations in healthy or ill neonatal foals and healthy adult horses AU - Barton, Michelle Henry AU - Hurley, David AU - Norton, Natalie AU - Heusner, Gary AU - Costa, Lais AU - Jones, Samuel AU - Byars, Doug AU - Watanabe, Kiyotaka T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Background:Lactoferrin is a colostral glycoprotein with antimicrobial properties. Hypotheses: (1) Serum lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations are correlated and increase in healthy foals after ingestion of colostrum; (2) compared to healthy foals, ill foals will have lower lactoferrin concentrations that correlate with their IgG concentration, neutrophil count, the diagnosis of sepsis, and survival; and (3) plasma concentrations of lactoferrin will be less than serum concentrations. Animals:Healthy foals (n = 16), mature horses (n = 10), and ill foals 1–4 days old (n = 111) that were examined for suspected sepsis were used for blood collection. Colostrum was obtained from 10 healthy mares unrelated to the foals. Methods:Blood was obtained from the healthy foals at birth and 1–3 days of age and from the ill foals at admission. Serum IgG was quantified by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Lactoferrin concentrations in colostrum and blood were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay. The sepsis score, blood culture results, neutrophil counts, and survival were obtained on ill foals. Results:The mean colostral lactoferrin concentration was 21.7 μg/mL. Compared to values at birth, serum IgG (18 ± 2 versus 2,921 ± 245 mg/dL, SEM) and lactoferrin (249 ± 39 versus 445 ± 63 ng/mL, SEM) concentrations were significantly greater in healthy foals 1–3 days old. Serum lactoferrin concentration in 1–3‐day‐old healthy foals was not different from mature horses or ill foals. IgG and lactoferrin concentrations were significantly correlated only in healthy foals. Serum lactoferrin concentrations were significantly lower in ill neutropenic foals. The serum IgG concentration was significantly lower in ill foals as compared to healthy foals. Only serum IgG was significantly less in ill foals with a positive sepsis score and in nonsurvivors. Plasma lactoferrin concentrations were lower than serum concentrations, although values were significantly correlated. Clinical Importance: Although both serum IgG and lactoferrin concentrations increase in healthy foals after ingestion of colostrum, only serum IgG is significantly correlated with the sepsis score and outcome. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00766.x VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 1457-1462 SN - 0891-6640 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/17186865 KW - blood culture KW - colostrum KW - horse KW - passive immunity KW - sepsis score KW - survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serological and molecular evidence of exposure to arthropod-borne organisms in cats from northeastern Spain AU - Solano-Gallego, Laia AU - Hegarty, Barbara AU - Espada, Yvonne AU - Llull, Joan AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward T2 - VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY AB - One hundred sixty-eight cat sera from Spain were tested for IgG antibodies to Rickettsia conorii (Rc), Ehrlichia canis (Ec), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap) and Bartonella henselae (Bh) antigens using IFA and for FeLV antigen and FIV antibody by ELISA. For 47 whole blood samples, PCR testing was performed for Rickettsia, Ehrlichia and Bartonella. Seroprevalences were: Bh (71.4%), Rc (44%), Ec (11.3%), FeLV (8.5%), FIV (7.4%) and Ap (1.8%). Bh antibodies were associated with seroreactivity to both Ec and Rc antigens. FIV antibodies were associated with illness and cats older than 2 years. Bartonella henselae and B. clarridgeiae (Bcl) DNA was amplified from seven and one sample, respectively. DA - 2006/12/20/ PY - 2006/12/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.010 VL - 118 IS - 3-4 SP - 274-277 SN - 0378-1135 KW - Spain KW - cat KW - vector-borne pathogens KW - retrovirus ER - TY - CHAP TI - Molecular characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii infecting dogs and people in North Carolina AU - Kidd, L. AU - Hegarty, B. AU - Sexton, D. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. T2 - Century of rickettsiology: emerging, reemerging rickettsioses, molecular diagnostics, and emerging veterinary rickettsioses PY - 2006/// VL - 1078 SP - 400-409 PB - Oxford: Blackwell Publishing SN - 1573316016 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnosis and management of Wegener's granulomatosis in a dog AU - Krug, William AU - Manfra Marretta, Sandra AU - Lorimier, Louis-Philippe AU - White, Dean K. AU - Borst, Luke T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY AB - A four-year-old maele/neutered mixed-breed dog was prsented for severe, multifocal, proliferative gingivitis. Histopathologic examination of incisional biopsies supported a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis, an autoimmune vasculitis previously unreported in the veterinary literature. Diagnostic investigations for infectious, neoplastic, or other inflammatory conditions all provided negative results. Management with a combination of immunosuppressive agents resulted in complete resolution and remission of the presenting lesions and associated clinical signs. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1177/089875640602300406 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 231-236 SN - 2470-4083 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of measurements obtained by use of an electrogoniometer and a universal plastic goniometer for the assessment of joint motion in dogs AU - Thomas, Todd M. AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Roe, Simon C. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Brosey, Bess P. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To compare measurements obtained by use of a universal plastic goniometer (UG) and an electrogoniometer (EG) and from radiographs and to compare joint motion in German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers.12 healthy adult German Shepherd Dogs and data previously collected from 16 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers.German Shepherd Dogs were sedated. One investigator then measured motion of the carpal, cubital (elbow), shoulder, tarsal, stifle, and hip joints of the sedated dogs. Measurements were made in triplicate with a UG and an EG. Radiographs were taken of all joints in maximal flexion and extension. Values were compared between the UG and EG and with values previously determined for joints of 16 Labrador Retrievers.An EG had higher variability than a UG for all dogs. The EG variability appeared to result from the technique for the EG. German Shepherd Dogs had lower values in flexion and extension than did Labrador Retrievers for all joints, except the carpal joints. German Shepherd Dogs had less motion in the tarsal joints, compared with motion for the Labrador Retrievers, but had similar motion in all other joints.A UG is reliable for obtaining measurements in German Shepherd Dogs. There was higher variability for the EG than for the UG, and an EG cannot be recommended for use. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1974 VL - 67 IS - 12 SP - 1974-1979 SN - 0002-9645 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1974 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Toxicology of Nanomaterials AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. AU - Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P. T2 - Biological Concepts and Techniques in Toxicology: An Integrated Approach PY - 2006/// SP - 217-233 PB - New York: Taylor & Francis SN - 082472979X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845739533&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - The integument AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology A2 - J. A. Eurell, A2 - Frappier, B. L. PY - 2006/// SP - 320-349 PB - Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing SN - 0781741483 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Structure and function of skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. T2 - Dermal absorption models in toxicology and pharmacology PY - 2006/// SP - 1-19 PB - Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis SN - 0415700361 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Skin penetration, cytotoxicity, proteomic analyses, and inflammatory potential of nanomaterials; fullerenes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and quantum dots AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. AU - Riviere, J. E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 29 IS - Sup. 1 SP - 196-197 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New technology and clinical applications of nanomedicine: Highlights of the second annual meeting of the American Academy of Nanomedicine (part I) AU - Wei, Chiming AU - Lyubchenko, Yuri L. AU - Ghandehari, Hamid AU - Hanes, Justin AU - Stebe, Kathleen J. AU - Mao, Hai-Quan AU - Haynie, Donald T. AU - Tomalia, Donald A. AU - Foldvari, Marianna AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy AU - Simeonova, Petia AU - Nie, Shuming AU - Mori, Hidezo AU - Gilbert, Susan P. AU - Needham, David T2 - NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE AB - The Second Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Nanomedicine (AANM) was held at the National Acadmy of Science Building in Washinton, DC, September 9–10, 2006. The program included two Nobel Prize Laureate Lectures, two Keynote Lectures, and 123 invited outstanding State-in-Art lectures presenting in 23 special concurrent symposia. In addition, there were 22 poster presentations in the meeting addressing different areas in nanomedicine research. All of the presenters at the meeting are outstanding investigators and researchers in the field. The Second Annual Meeting of the AANM was a great success. The meeting provides investigators from different world areas a forum and an opportunity for discussion. We believe that nanomedicine research will develop rapidly in the future. The AANM invites basic and clinical researchers from the world to join this exciting research. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1016/j.nano.2006.11.001 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 253-263 SN - 1549-9642 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845341465&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure alters protein expression in human keratinocytes AU - Witzmann, Frank A. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE AB - Carbon nanotubes have widespread applications, although little is known about their toxicity or interaction with cells. Recent studies in skin and lung reveal that carbon nanoparticles can cause toxicity. To generate a preliminary protein profile of nanotube exposure, we analyzed human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in cell culture using large-format, two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS). Compared with controls, 24 hours of MWCNT exposure altered the expression of 36 proteins (P < .01), whereas 106 were altered at 48 hours. At both time points, roughly 67% of the affected proteins were significantly down-regulated. Peptide mass fingerprinting identified most of the differentially expressed proteins, and the various protein identities reflected a complex cellular response to MWCNT exposure. In addition to proteins associated with metabolism, cell signaling, and stress, we observed a consistent effect on the expression of cytoskeletal elements and vesicular trafficking components. These data clearly show that MWCNTs are capable of altering protein expression in a target epithelial cell that constitutes a primary route of occupational exposure for manufactured nanotubes. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1016/j.nano.2006.07.005 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 158-168 SN - 1549-9642 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33748746916&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Febrile Illness Associated with Rickettsia conorii Infection in Dogs from Sicily AU - Solano-Gallego, Laia AU - Kidd, Linda AU - Trotta, Michele AU - Di Marco, Marco AU - Caldin, Marco AU - Furlanello, Tommaso AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward T2 - Emerging Infectious Diseases AB - Abstract We report serologic and molecular evidence of acute, febrile illness associated with Rickettsia conorii in 3 male Yorkshire terriers from Sicily (Italy). DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.3201/eid1212.060326 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 1985–1988 SN - 1080-6040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1212.060326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coil occlusion of residual shunts after surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus AU - Fujii, Yoko AU - Keene, Bruce W. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Atkins, Clarke E. AU - Defrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Hardie, Elizabeth M. AU - Wakao, Yoshito T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Objective— To describe use of coil embolization to occlude residual flow through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after incomplete surgical ligation. Study Design— Clinical study. Animals— Dogs (n=4) with continuous murmur after surgical ligation of PDA. Methods— After PDA ligation, residual ductal flow through the PDA was visible on color‐flow Doppler examination and left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter remained increased. Coil embolization by an arterial approach was performed to achieve complete occlusion of the PDA. Results— Embolization coils were delivered without complications and hemodynamically successful occlusion was achieved. Doppler‐visible flow resolved in 2 dogs within 3 months after embolization. Left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter indexed to body weight decreased in all dogs. Conclusions— Transcatheter coil embolization appears to be a safe and minimally invasive procedure for complete occlusion of residual PDA flow after incomplete surgical ligation. Clinical Relevance— Transcatheter coil embolization should be considered for correction of hemodynamically significant residual shunts in dogs that have incomplete PDA occlusion after open surgical ligation. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00222.x VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - 781-785 SN - 0161-3499 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bartonella quintana Endocarditis in Dogs AU - Kelly, P. AU - Rolain, J. M. AU - Maggi, Ricardo AU - Sontakke, S. AU - Keene, B. AU - Hunter, S. AU - Lepidi, H. AU - Breitschwerdt, K. T. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward AU - Raoult, D. AU - al. T2 - Emerging Infectious Diseases AB - Abstract We provide the first evidence that Bartonella quintana can infect dogs and cause typical signs of endocarditis. Using PCR and sequencing, we identified B. quintana in the blood of a dog from the United States with aortic valve endocarditis and probably also in the mitral valve of a dog from New Zealand with endocarditis. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.3201/eid1212.060724 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 1869–1872 SN - 1080-6040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1212.060724 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The low seroprevalence of tick-transmitted agents of disease in dogs from southern Ontario and Quebec AU - Gary, A. T. AU - Webb, J. A. AU - Hegarty, B. C. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - Canadian Veterinary Journal DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 47 IS - 12 SP - 1194-1200 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clearance of a dermal Huffmanela sp in a sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) using levamisole AU - MacLean, Robert A. AU - Fatzinger, Michael H. AU - Woolard, Kevin D. AU - Harms, Craig A. T2 - DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB - DAO Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials DAO 73:83-88 (2006) - doi:10.3354/dao073083 Clearance of a dermal Huffmanela sp. in a sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) using levamisole Robert A. MacLean1,2,6, Michael H. Fatzinger3, Kevin D. Woolard4, Craig A. Harms1,5,* 1Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA 2The North Carolina Zoological Park, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, North Carolina 27203, USA 3North Carolina Aquariums at Fort Fisher, 900 Loggerhead Road, Kure Beach, North Carolina 28449, USA 4Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA 5North Carolina State University Center for Marine Science and Technology, 303 College Circle, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA 6Present address: The Audubon Institute, 6500 Magazine Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA *Corresponding author. Email: craig_harms@ncsu.edu ABSTRACT: A wild-caught captive sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus developed a contiguous network of darkly pigmented linear tracks that progressed from the snout to the ventral cervical region. Microscopic examination of a skin scraping revealed nematode eggs of the genus Huffmanela, a group of histozoic nematodes that is known to parasitize requiem sharks and marine and freshwater teleosts. The fresh eggs were darkly pigmented with bipolar plugs, contained a larva, and measured 73.3 to 86.4 by 39.0 to 47.4 µm (n = 10). Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded eggs were significantly smaller (Wilcoxon rank sums test, p < 0.005), measuring 70.5 to 78.9 by 33.6 to 41.3 µm (n = 13). These measurements do not correlate with previously reported species of Huffmanela. Serial treatment with levamisole (10 mg kg–1, intramuscular [i.m.]) cleared the egg tracks within 21 d, with no recurrence or apparent complications. KEY WORDS: Parasitic nematode · Huffmanela · Carcharhinus Full text in pdf format PreviousExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in DAO Vol. 73, No. 1. Online publication date: November 21, 2006 Print ISSN: 0177-5103; Online ISSN: 1616-1580 Copyright © 2006 Inter-Research. DA - 2006/11/21/ PY - 2006/11/21/ DO - 10.3354/dao073083 VL - 73 IS - 1 SP - 83-88 SN - 1616-1580 KW - parasitic nematode KW - Huffmanela KW - Carcharhinus plumbeus KW - elasmobranchii KW - levamisole ER - TY - JOUR TI - A tracer dose of technetium-99m-labeled liposomes can estimate the effect of hyperthermia on intratumoral Doxil extravasation AU - Kleiter, Miriam M. AU - Yu, Daohai AU - Mohammadian, Lenore A. AU - Niehaus, Nelsen AU - Spasojevic, Ivan AU - Sanders, Linda AU - Viglianti, Benjamin L. AU - Yarmolenko, Pavel S. AU - Hauck, Marlene AU - Petry, Neil A. AU - Wong, Terence Z. AU - Dewhirst, Mark W. AU - Thrall, Donald E. T2 - CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH AB - Abstract Purpose: A noninvasive method to monitor intratumoral Doxil delivery in individual patients during targeted tumor therapy is important to predict treatment response. The purpose of this study was to determine if a small tracer dose of technetium-99m (99mTc)–labeled liposomes could be used to quantify the effect of local hyperthermia on intratumoral Doxil extravasation. Experimental Design: Experiments were carried out in a rat fibrosarcoma model with transplanted thigh tumors. Liposomes of approximately same size and composition as Doxil were radiolabeled using [technetium-99m (99mTc)]exametazime. Eight treatment groups received either Doxil, a tracer dose or a large dose of 99mTc-labeled liposomes, or a combination of tracer and Doxil, with or without hyperthermia. This design was chosen to assure that coadministration of both liposomal formulations did not influence their intratumoral distribution. Hyperthermia was done for 45 minutes. Scintigraphic images were obtained at 5 and 18 hours. At 18 hours, tumors were removed and gamma counts as well as doxorubicin concentrations were measured. Results: Intratumoral extravasation of the 99mTc-labeled tracer could be imaged scintigraphically under normothermic and hyperthermic conditions. The thermal enhancement ratio was slightly higher for radiolabeled liposomes than for doxorubicin concentration. However, there was a significant positive correlation of intratumoral doxorubicin concentration and intratumoral uptake of the radiolabeled tracer (expressed as percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue). Coadministration of radiolabeled liposomes did not negatively influence the amount of drug delivered with Doxil. Conclusions: The use of a radiolabeled tracer has potential value to monitor drug delivery and estimate the effect of an intervention aimed to increase liposomal accumulation, such as local hyperthermia. DA - 2006/11/15/ PY - 2006/11/15/ DO - 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0839 VL - 12 IS - 22 SP - 6800-6807 SN - 1078-0432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a failing rabbit heart as a model to predict torsadogenicity AU - Kijtawornrat, Anusak AU - Nishijima, Yoshinori AU - Roche, Brian M. AU - Keene, Bruce W. AU - Hamlin, Robert L. T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Humans with underlying cardiovascular disease are at greater risk than humans with normal hearts for developing torsade de pointes (TdP) following exposure to some drugs that prolong ventricular repolarization. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that rabbits with ischemic myocardial failure are at similarly increased risk of developing QTc prolongation and TdP following exposure to escalating doses of drugs, which is known to have a capacity to induce TdP in humans. Coronary artery ligation was performed in 28 rabbits, causing significant (p < 0.05) reduction in left ventricular shortening fraction and systolic myocardial dysfunction 4 weeks after ligation in all operated animals compared to 38 normal, nonoperated controls. All studies were performed on rabbits anesthetized with ketamine (35 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg). Rabbits were exposed to escalating doses of amiodarone (3, 10, 30 mg/kg/10 min), cisapride (0.10, 0.25, 0.50 mg/kg/10 min), clofilium (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg/10 min), dofetilide (0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 mg/kg/10 min), quinidine (3, 10, 30 mg/kg/10 min), and verapamil (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/10 min). A greater percentage of rabbits with failing hearts developed TdP following intravenous infusion of escalating doses of dofetilide (85%), clofilium (100%), or cisapride (50%) than did normal rabbits exposed to the same drug protocol (20, 33, and 0%, respectively). None of the rabbits in either group developed TdP when exposed to escalating doses of amiodarone, verapamil, or quinidine. Two out of four test articles lengthened QTc more in rabbits with myocardial failure than in normals, and TdP occurred in 13 out of 28 rabbits with myocardial failure as opposed to only four out of 38 rabbits with normal myocardial function. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/kfl025 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 205-212 SN - 1096-0929 KW - rabbits KW - torsade de pointes KW - myocardial failure KW - myocardial infarction KW - vulnerability KW - QT interval ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treatment of dystocia in a leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) by percutaneous ovocentesis AU - Hall, AJ AU - Lewbart, GA T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 158, Issue 21 p. 737-739 Short Communication Treatment of dystocia in a leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) by percutaneous ovocentesis A. J. Hall MSPH, DVM, A. J. Hall MSPH, DVM College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author A. J. Hall MSPH, DVM, A. J. Hall MSPH, DVM College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 May 2006 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.21.737Citations: 1AboutRelatedInformationPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume158, Issue21May 2006Pages 737-739 RelatedInformation RecommendedColonic adenocarcinoma in a leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)J. C. Patterson-Kane BVSc, PhD, DACVP, MRCVS, S. P. 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Hertzberg DrMedVet, Veterinary Record DA - 2006/5/27/ PY - 2006/5/27/ DO - 10.1136/vr.158.21.737 VL - 158 IS - 21 SP - 737-+ SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator injected into the vitreous cavity may penetrate the retinal veins of a porcine model of vascular occlusion AU - Mahmoud, T. H. AU - Peng, Y-W AU - D Proia, A. AU - Davidson, M. AU - Deramo, V. A. AU - Fekrat, S. T2 - BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - To determine if recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) injected into the vitreous cavity can penetrate the retinal vessels of porcine eyes with or without vascular occlusion.Eight eyes (group I) of four pigs underwent clamping of the optic nerve flush with the globe for 90 minutes. One hour after reperfusion, one eye of each pig was injected with 75 microg of rtPA, and the fellow eye was injected with balanced salt solution (BSS). Eyes were processed for immunohistochemistry. Four additional eyes (group II) of two pigs were subjected to the same injections, but without optic nerve clamping.After reperfusion, the clinical picture was similar to that of a central retinal vein occlusion. Immunoperoxidase staining showed rtPA only in the retinal veins but not the retinal arteries in all eyes injected with rtPA in both groups I and II. Those eyes also showed intense rtPA staining at the level of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). No staining was seen at the level of the ILM or inside the retinal vessels in the BSS injected eyes. Immunofluorescence staining showed intense staining at the level of the ILM, but not inside the retinal vessels in the rtPA-injected eyes.rtPA may penetrate the retinal veins, but not the arteries of porcine eyes with and without vascular occlusion. The ILM may play a part in preventing rtPA penetration. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1136/bjo.2005.089037 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - 911-915 SN - 1468-2079 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses AU - Davis, JL AU - Salmon, JH AU - Papich, MG T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Objective —To characterize pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in horses after oral and IV administration and determine the in vitro physicochemical characteristics of the drug that may affect oral absorption and tissue distribution. Animals —6 adult horses. Procedures —Horses were administered voriconazole (1 mg/kg, IV, or 4 mg/kg, PO), and plasma concentrations were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro plasma protein binding and the octanol:water partition coefficient were also assessed. Results —Voriconazole was adequately absorbed after oral administration in horses, with a systemic bioavailability of 135.75 ± 18.41%. The elimination half-life after a single orally administered dose was 13.11 ± 2.85 hours, and the maximum plasma concentration was 2.43 ± 0.4 μg/mL. Plasma protein binding was 31.68%, and the octanol:water partition coefficient was 64.69. No adverse reactions were detected during the study. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Voriconazole has excellent absorption after oral administration and a long half-life in horses. On the basis of the results of this study, it was concluded that administration of voriconazole at a dosage of 4 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours will attain plasma concentrations adequate for treatment of horses with fungal infections for which the fungi have a minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 1 μg/mL. Because of the possible nonlinearity of this drug as well as the potential for accumulation, chronic dosing studies and clinical trials are needed to determine the appropriate dosing regimen for voriconazole in horses. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.6.1070 VL - 67 IS - 6 SP - 1070-1075 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots AU - Flammer, K AU - Papich, M T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Objective —To determine the pharmacokinetics and effects of orally administered fluconazole in African grey parrots. Animals —40 clinically normal Timneh African grey parrots ( Psittacus erithacus timneh ). Procedure —In single-dose trials, parrots were placed into groups of 4 to 5 birds each and fluconazole was administered orally at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Blood samples for determination of plasma fluconazole concentrations were collected from each group at 2 or 3 of the following time points: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 31, 48, and 72 hours. In multiple-dose trials, fluconazole was administered orally to groups of 5 birds each at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg every 48 hours for 12 days. Trough plasma concentrations were measured 3 times during treatment. Groups receiving 20 mg/kg were monitored for changes in plasma biochemical analytes, and blood samples were collected on days 1 and 13 of treatment to allow comparison of terminal half-life. Results —Peak plasma concentrations of fluconazole were 7.45 and 18.59 μg/mL, and elimination half-lives were 9.22 and 10.19 hours for oral administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Oral administration of fluconazole for 12 days at 10 or 20 mg/kg every 48 hours did not cause identifiable adverse effects or change the disposition of fluconazole. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Oral administration of fluconazole to parrots at 10 to 20 mg/kg every 24 to 48 hours maintains plasma concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for several common yeast species. The prolonged dosing interval is an advantage of this treatment regimen. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.417 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 417-422 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous malathion absorption in the harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb AU - Willens, Scott AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Taylor, Sharon K. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY AB - The objective of this study was to establish an accurate in vitro model for cutaneous absorption in anurans. The harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb (HPAPL) model maintains the anatomic and physiologic integrity of the skin from the pelvic limb, including the intact capillary network. Radiolabeled malathion was applied to the skin of the dorsal thigh, and perfusate was collected over a 6h period. Residues from the skin surface, stratum externum, and dosed area beneath the stratum externum were analyzed. Kinetic parameters were calculated from these data. Absorption was significantly less for the HPAPL than previously reported for Teflon flow-through diffusion cells. However, partitioning effects were comparable. The HPAPL is an appropriate in vitro model for examining cutaneous absorption kinetics in the bullfrog. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.009 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 263-267 SN - 1872-7077 KW - organophosphorous KW - pesticide KW - bullfrog KW - Rana catesbeiana KW - marine toad KW - Bufo marinus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous malathion absorption by anuran skin in flow-through diffusion cells AU - Willens, Scott AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Taylor, Sharon K. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY AB - There is increased concern about the sublethal effects of organophosphorous (OP) compounds on human and animal health, including the potential role of OP compounds in the global decline of amphibian populations. Malathion is one of the most widely used OP pesticides with numerous agricultural and therapeutic applications, and exposure to environmentally applied malathion can lead to adverse systemic effects in anurans. Cutaneous absorption is considered a potentially important route of environmental exposure to OP compounds for amphibians, especially in aquatic environments. One in vitro system commonly used to determine the absorption kinetics of xenobiotics across the skin is the two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cell system. To establish cutaneous absorption kinetics of malathion, six full thickness skin samples taken from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of each of three bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and three marine toads (Bufo marinus) were placed into two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cells perfused with modified amphibian Ringer's solution. A 26 μg/cm2 dose of malathion-2,3-14C diluted in 100% ethanol was applied to each sample (0.44–0.45 μCi). Perfusate was collected at intervals over a 6 h period and analyzed for 14C in a scintillation counter. At the end of 6 h, surface swabs, tape strips, biopsy punches of the dosed area of skin, and peripheral samples were oxidized and analyzed for residue effects. Malathion absorption was greater across the ventral skin compared to dorsal skin in both bullfrogs and marine toads. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.010 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 255-262 SN - 1872-7077 KW - organophosphorous KW - pesticide KW - bullfrog KW - Rana catesbeiana KW - marine toad KW - Bufo marinus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patch testing of experimentally sensitized beagle dogs: development of a model for skin lesions of atopic dermatitis AU - Olivry, T AU - Deangelo, KB AU - Dunston, SM AU - Clarke, KB AU - Mccall, CA T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - In humans with atopic dermatitis (AD), the epicutaneous application of allergens (atopy patch tests or APT) to which the patients are sensitized often results in the development of inflammation resembling that of spontaneous skin lesions. Dogs are affected with a natural homologue of human AD, but information on the induction of positive patch testing reactions is limited. The objectives of this pilot study were to determine the nature and cellular dynamics of inflammation occurring after APT in dogs hypersensitive to house dust mite and flea allergens. Laboratory Beagles were sensitized experimentally to Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mites (two dogs), Ctenocephalides felis flea saliva (one dog) or both (two dogs). Two other dogs served as nonsensitized controls. Both allergens and saline were applied epicutaneously. Macroscopic evaluations and skin biopsies were performed at 4, 24, 48 and 96 h after starting allergenic challenge. Biopsies were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically with a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for canine leucocyte antigens. Positive macroscopic reactions consisted of erythema, oedema and induration, and they occurred between 24 and 96 h after allergen application. Macroscopic and microscopic APT reactions developed only whenever serum IgE was present against tested allergens. Microscopically, positive APT was associated with epidermal hyperplasia, Langerhans' cell hyperplasia, and eosinophil and lymphocyte epidermotropism. Dermal inflammation was mixed and arranged in a superficial perivascular to interstitial pattern. Numerous IgE+-CD1+ dendritic cells and gamma-delta T-lymphocytes were observed. Macroscopically and microscopically, APT reactions in these experimentally sensitized animals resembled those seen in lesional biopsy specimens of dogs and humans with spontaneous AD. Therefore, APT in hypersensitive dogs provides a relevant experimental model to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of both canine and human AD skin lesions. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00502.x VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 95-102 SN - 1365-3164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644828769&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Osteoarthritis in cats: Still a mass of unknowns AU - Roe, S. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 104-107 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanical comparison of two knots and two crimp systems for securing nylon line used for extra-articular stabilization of the canine stifle AU - Vianna, Maria L. AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Objective— To compare mechanical properties of knotted and crimped nylon loops. Study Design— In vitro mechanical evaluation. Sample Population— Loops of 27 kg‐test nylon leader. Single strand—clamped square knot compared with 2 crimp systems. Two strand—self‐locking knot compared with 2 crimped loops. Methods— (a) Single pull to failure (n=10) at 500 mm/min. Initial loop tension (N), peak load (N), peak elongation (mm), stiffness of the linear portion of the curve (N/mm), and failure mode were recorded. (b) Incremental cyclic loading to failure (n=5)—each loop was cycled 5 times to 100 N at a loading rate of 200 mm/min. Cycling was repeated, with the load increased by 50 N after each set. Elongation (mm), tension remaining (N), and after permanent deformation was present, elongation at 10 N (mm) were measured. Results— Initial tension and stiffness were greater for crimped loops when compared with knotted loops. There were no differences between crimped loops. The self‐locking knot elongated more, and was less stiff, when compared with 2 crimped loops. With incremental loading, knotted loops elongated more than crimped loops. The tension remaining in the loop fell below 10 N more quickly for knotted loops compared with crimped loops. Conclusion— Crimped loops are stiffer, and resist both static and cyclic load more effectively before becoming permanently elongated, when compared with knotted loops. Clinical Relevance— Stifle stability will be maintained more effectively by crimped nylon loops when compared with knotted loops. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00190.x VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 567-572 SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measurements of common iliac arterial blood flow in Anurans using Doppler ultrasound AU - Willens, Scott AU - Dupree, Sloan H. AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine time-average mean velocity and cross-sectional area of the common iliac artery in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and marine toads (Bufo marinus). Volumetric blood flow and weight-adjusted blood flow measurements were calculated from this data. Volumetric flow rates of frogs (31.8 ml/min) and toads (23.6 ml/min) did not differ statistically. However, when flow rates were adjusted for body mass, toads displayed a significantly greater flow rate of 238.1 ml/min/kg compared to 114.4 ml/min/kg for frogs. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1638/05-010.1 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 97-101 SN - 1937-2825 KW - bullfrog KW - blood flow KW - Bufo marinas KW - Doppler ultrasound KW - marine toad KW - Rana catesbeiana ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression profiling of human epidermal keratinocyte response following 1-minute JP-8 exposure AU - Chou, CC AU - Yang, JH AU - Chen, SD AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Li, HN AU - Chen, JJW T2 - CUTANEOUS AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY AB - The cDNA microarray analysis of 9600 expressed sequence tags was performed to examine the gene expression changes in human epidermal keratinocytes after 1-minute JP-8 exposure; 151 genes were identified as JP-8 responsive and classified into 8 clusters by self organization map. Genes involved in basal transcription and translations were up-regulated, whereas genes related to DNA repair, metabolism, and keratin were mostly down-regulated. Genes encoded for growth factors, apoptosis, signal transduction, and adhesion were also altered. These results indicated that human keratinocyte responds to a single dose of JP-8 insult and revealed several cellular processes previously not associated with jet fuel exposure. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/15569520600695728 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 141-153 SN - 1556-9527 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000238451100007&KeyUID=WOS:000238451100007 KW - cDNA microarray KW - gene expression KW - jet fuel KW - keratinocyte ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dermatological effects of chronic exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) or N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in swine AU - Monteiro-Riviere, N AU - Inman, A AU - Hedgpeth, V AU - Mosteller, B AU - Piedrahita, J T2 - CUTANEOUS AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY AB - To determine whether chronic exposure to DMBA or MNNG in combination with or without UVB exposure would induce skin carcinomas in swine.Eight gilts were exposed to 100 mJ of UVB in their left side, allowed to recuperate, and divided into two groups. Each gilt received identical high doses (DMBA 50 microM; MNNG 250 mM), low doses (DMBA 500 nM; MNNG 2.5 mM), carrier (DMSO), or nothing added treatments in the UVB and non-UVB sides. Animals were exposed weekly for 30 weeks and skin samples collected at 10, 20, and 30 weeks from initiation of exposure. An additional sample was collected 16 weeks following cessation of exposure. All samples were scored for dermal morphology, including intracellular epidermal edema, intercellular epidermal edema, papillary dermal edema, perivascular infiltrates, pyknotic stratum basale cells, collagen necrosis, and epidermal-dermal separation, and the data were analyzed by ANOVA. MNNG and UVB light had a significant effect on epidermal thickness and the number of cell layers. The greatest increase in epidermal thickness occurred from 20 weeks to 30 weeks in the UVB plus MNNG treatment. Treatment with MNNG resulted in intracellular and intercellular epidermal edema, dermal edema, and dermal inflammation at both the low and high doses of MNNG. In contrast, all the morphological evaluations of the DMBA treatments were less severe than the MNNG.Our findings show that although chronic exposure to MNNG and DMBA, with or without UVB exposure, caused severe to mild dermatopathological changes, neither resulted in the development of skin carcinomas. These results indicate that at least with respect to responses to DMBA and MNNG, the swine model mimics more closely the responses seen in human skin. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/15569520600695546 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 103-119 SN - 1556-9527 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000238451100004&KeyUID=WOS:000238451100004 KW - DMBA KW - MNNG KW - skin cancer KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytauxzoon felisinfection in cats in the mid-Atlantic states: 34 cases (1998–2004) AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Le, Jaime A. AU - Valenzisi, Amy M. AU - Tucker, Melissa D. AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Objective —To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of feline cytauxzoonosis in the midAtlantic states and compare the Cytauxzoon felis 18S rRNA gene sequences from affected cats with sequences reported from affected cats in other regions. Design —Retrospective case series. Animals —34 cats with C felis infection. Procedure —Medical records of cats in which C felis infection was diagnosed from May 1998 through June 2004 were reviewed; data collected included signalment, month of diagnosis, geographic location, clinicopathologic abnormalities, medical treatments, outcome, and necropsy findings when applicable. Cytauxzoon felis DNA was amplified, cloned, and sequenced from 4 of these cats and compared with previously reported C felis DNA sequences. Results —Of 34 C felis –infected cats, 28 resided in North Carolina, 3 resided in South Carolina, and 3 resided in Virginia; in 32 cats, a diagnosis of C felis infection was made in April through September. Pancytopenia and icterus were the most common clinicopathologic abnormalities. Thirty-two cats either died or were euthanatized, and 2 cats survived. At 5 veterinary hospitals, multiple cases were identified, and 4 multicat households had > 1 cat infected with C felis . The 18S rRNA gene sequences characterized in organisms obtained from 4 cats were nearly identical to C felis DNA sequences reported from other US regions. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Data indicate that veterinarians in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States should consider C felis infection in cats that become ill with fever, icterus, and pancytopenia or bicytopenia, especially in the spring and summer months. DA - 2006/2/15/ PY - 2006/2/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.228.4.568 VL - 228 IS - 4 SP - 568-571 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.4.568 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cellular and cytokine kinetics after epicutaneous allergen challenge (atopy patch testing) with house dust mites in high-IgE beagles AU - Marsella, R AU - Olivry, T AU - Maeda, S T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - The cellular and cytokine dynamics of reactions triggered by atopy patch testing with house dust mites were studied in six high-IgE beagles. Sites were scored and biopsied at 6, 24, 48, and 96 h, and samples were processed for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All dogs developed positive reactions at some point in time. Mean clinical scores were significantly higher than baseline at 24, 48, and 96 h. Clinically, one of six dogs had a positive reaction at 6 h; two of six reacted at 24 and 48 h, and five of six at 96 h. Histologically, superficial perivascular mononuclear and granulocytic dermatitis developed (5/6) after 6 h, and progressed in severity at 24 h (6/6). Additionally, at 48 h epidermal spongiosis, hyperplasia and pustules developed (5/6), and were marked at 96 h (6/6). At and beyond 6 h, progressive CD1c-positive epidermal Langerhans cell hyperplasia with cluster formation and dermal dendritic cell infiltration was noted. Cutaneous infiltration of CD3-positive T lymphocytes with epidermal clusters developed over time. mRNA expression for the cytokines gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12p35, IL-13, IL-18, and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) exhibited significant increases during the challenge compared to baseline, but there was no appreciable alteration in expression for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-12p40, IL-10, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), IL-5, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-8. No correlation was detected between clinical scores and cytokines. It is concluded that IL-6 plays a role in early reactions followed by an increase of TARC and IL-13, while IL-18 progressively increases in later reactions. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00508.x VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 111-120 SN - 1365-3164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644829517&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are you current on your vaccines? AU - Ford, R. B. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 101 IS - 5 SP - 254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay to measure TGF-beta mRNA and its correlation with hematologic, plasma chemistry and organo-somatic indices responses in triamcinolone-treated Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus AU - Johnson, AK AU - Harms, CA AU - Levine, JF AU - Law, JM T2 - DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY AB - A quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to measure transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), an estuarine-dependent species plagued by ulcerative skin lesions in the estuaries along the eastern United States. Atlantic menhaden were acclimated in a closed system for two weeks prior to initiation of the study. The synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide (10mg/kg body weight) was administered by intracoelomic injection and its effect on the splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA transcription, liver-somatic index, spleno-somatic index, hematology, and plasma chemistry were compared to untreated fish at 48 and 96h post-treatment. Triamcinolone-treated Atlantic menhaden showed suppression of TGF-beta mRNA production, neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, and an increase in blood glucose concentrations. The health indices used in this study may help us interpret some of the changes observed during the development of ulcerative skin lesions in wild-caught menhaden. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.021 VL - 30 IS - 5 SP - 473-484 SN - 1879-0089 KW - Atlantic menhaden KW - triamcinolone KW - TGF-beta KW - health indices KW - hematology KW - plasma chemistry KW - real-time RT-PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trace analysis of fullerenes in biological samples by simplified liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography AU - Xia, Xin-Rui AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. T2 - JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A AB - Fullerene (C60) has several potential biomedical and industrial applications. While pure fullerene is not soluble in water, nanoparticles of the fullerene aggregates (nano-C60) can be prepared in water solutions. The concentration of nano-C(60) in biological media after systemic exposure could be very low and requires trace analytical methods to be developed for the toxicological and pharmacokinetic studies of the nanomaterial. A serious drop in extraction efficiency was observed when the concentration was under 0.5 microg/mL using traditional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) protocols. The evaporation of the solvent extract to dryness was found to be the main reason for the efficiency drop and an improved evaporation method was proposed to overcome this problem. Optimal proportion of glacial acetic acid (GAA) was used to solublize the proteins and surfactants in the biological samples, so that the emulsion problem was eliminated during LLE. Magnesium perchlorate was used to destabilize the nano-C60 particles in the water solution and promoted the solvent extraction. A simplified LLE method was developed for high throughput while preserved the advantages of the traditional LLE. The developed method was used for trace analysis of fullerenes in protein containing media and tape-stripped skin samples. Under optimal experimental conditions, the detection limit was 0.34 ng/mL and the recovery was in the range of 94-100% (n=5) at a concentration of 10 ng/mL nano-C60 in the biological media. DA - 2006/10/6/ PY - 2006/10/6/ DO - 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.030 VL - 1129 IS - 2 SP - 216-222 SN - 0021-9673 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000240879200008&KeyUID=WOS:000240879200008 KW - fullerenes KW - nanoparticles KW - colloidal nanoparticles KW - emulsion KW - liquid-liquid extraction KW - solvent evaporation KW - dermal absorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Renal failure in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) following ingestion of oxalate containing plants AU - Holowaychuk, M. K. T2 - Canadian Veterinary Journal DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - 787-789 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: A retrospective study of 32 cases AU - Alward, Ashley AU - Corriher, Candice A. AU - Barton, Michelle H. AU - Sellon, Debra C. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Jones, Samuel L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Ingestion of wilted red maple leaves by horses can result in severe hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Little is known about what factors influence the outcome of red maple leaf toxicosis in horses.Our hypothesis was that physical examination findings, clinicopathologic variables or therapeutic modalities may predict outcome in horses with red maple leaf toxicity.Horses with red maple leaf toxicosis presented to referral hospitals in the southeast region of the United States.A multi-institutional retrospective study was designed to identify factors that predict mortality in horses with red maple toxicosis.Thirty-two horses with red maple toxicosis were identified, 19 of which died. Twenty-nine horses presented with anemia and 24 had clinicopathologic evidence of systemic inflammation. Renal insufficiency was identified in 12/30 (41%) horses. Laminitis (9/28) and colic (13/30) also were identified in horses with red maple toxicosis, but development of these 2 conditions did not have a negative effect on short-term survival. Horses with red maple toxicosis that survived to discharge were likely to have developed pyrexia during hospitalization (P = .030). Horses that were treated with a corticosteroid had a significantly increased likelihood of death (P = .045). There was no significant relationship between initial serum hemoglobin concentration, methemoglobin concentration, or percentage methemoglobin and mortality in this horse series.This study suggests that information obtained on initial examination cannot be used to accurately predict survival in horses with red maple toxicosis, but horses that receive corticosteroids are unlikely to survive. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1197:RMARLT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1197-1201 SN - 0891-6640 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750326132&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - equidae KW - Heinz body KW - hemolysis KW - methemoglobin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predisposing factors for small colon impaction in horses and outcome of medical and surgical treatment: 44 cases (1999–2004) AU - Frederico, Lisa M. AU - Jones, Samuel L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Objective —To identify factors associated with development of small colon impaction in horses and with selection of medical versus surgical treatment and to determine the prognosis for affected horses following medical or surgical management. Design —Retrospective case series. Animals —44 horses with primary impaction of the small colon. Procedures —Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical findings, treatment (medical vs surgical), hospitalization time, and outcome. For comparison purposes, the same information was collected for 83 horses with primary impaction of the large colon. Results —Diarrhea was the only factor found to be associated with development of small colon impaction. Horses with small colon impaction were 10.8 times as likely to have diarrhea at the time of initial examination as were horses with large colon impaction. Abdominal distension was the only factor associated with use of surgical versus medical treatment. Horses with small colon impaction that were treated surgically were 5.2 times as likely to have had abdominal distension at the time of admission as were horses with small colon impaction that were treated medically. Overall, 21 of 23 (91%) horses treated medically and 20 of 21 (95%) horses treated surgically survived to discharge. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggest that diarrhea may be a risk factor for development of small colon impaction and that horses with small colon impaction that have abdominal distension at the time of initial examination are more likely to require surgical than medical treatment. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.2460/javma.229.10.1612 VL - 229 IS - 10 SP - 1612-1616 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.10.1612 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phase I trial of doxorubicin-containing low temperature sensitive liposomes in spontaneous canine tumors AU - Hauck, Marlene L. AU - LaRue, Susan M. AU - Petros, William P. AU - Poulson, Jean M. AU - Yu, Daohai AU - Spasojevic, Ivan AU - Pruitt, Amy F. AU - Klein, Allison AU - Case, Beth AU - Thrall, Donald E. AU - Needha, David AU - Dewhirst, Mark W. T2 - CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH AB - Abstract Purpose: To determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of doxorubicin encapsulated in a low temperature sensitive liposome (LTSL) when given concurrently with local hyperthermia to canine solid tumors. Experimental Design: Privately owned dogs with solid tumors (carcinomas or sarcomas) were treated. The tumors did not involve bone and were located at sites amenable to local hyperthermia. LTSL-doxorubicin was given (0.7-1.0 mg/kg i.v.) over 30 minutes during local tumor hyperthermia in a standard phase I dose escalation study. Three treatments, given 3 weeks apart, were scheduled. Toxicity was monitored for an additional month. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated during the first treatment cycle. Results: Twenty-one patients were enrolled: 18 with sarcomas and 3 with carcinomas. Grade 4 neutropenia and acute death secondary to liver failure, possibly drug related, were the dose-limiting toxicities. The maximum tolerated dose was 0.93 mg/kg. Other toxicities, with the possible exception of renal damage, were consistent with those observed following free doxorubicin administration. Of the 20 dogs that received ≥2 doses of LTSL-doxorubicin, 12 had stable disease, and 6 had a partial response to treatment. Pharmacokinetic variables were more similar to those of free doxorubicin than the marketed liposomal product. Tumor drug concentrations at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg averaged 9.12 ± 6.17 ng/mg tissue. Conclusion: LTSL-doxorubicin offers a novel approach to improving drug delivery to solid tumors. It was well tolerated and resulted in favorable response profiles in these patients. Additional evaluation in human patients is warranted. DA - 2006/7/1/ PY - 2006/7/1/ DO - 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0226 VL - 12 IS - 13 SP - 4004-4010 SN - 1078-0432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine announces plans to expand equine services AU - Blikslager, A T2 - JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2006.03.008 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 148-+ SN - 0737-0806 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neutrophils do not mediate the pathophysiological sequelae of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal piglets AU - Zadrozny, Leah M. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. AU - Armstrong, Martha U. AU - Jones, Samuel L. AU - Gookin, Jody L. T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - Cryptosporidium parvum is a minimally invasive protozoal pathogen of intestinal epithelium that results in villus atrophy, mucosal lipid peroxidation, diarrhea, and diminished barrier function. Influx of neutrophils is a consistent feature of human and animal cryptosporidiosis, and yet their contribution to the pathological sequelae of infection has not been investigated. Accordingly, we used an established neonatal piglet model of C. parvum infection to examine the role of neutrophils in disease pathogenesis by inhibiting their recruitment and activation in vivo using a monoclonal anti-CD18 antibody. Infected piglets were treated daily with anti-CD18 or isotype control immunoglobulin G and euthanized at peak infection, at which time neutrophil infiltrates, lipid peroxidation, severity of infection, and intestinal barrier function were quantified. C. parvum infection resulted in a significant increase in mucosal neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity that was prevented by treatment of piglets with anti-CD18 antibody. Neutrophil recruitment was dependent on mucosal superoxide formation (prevented by treatment of infected piglets with superoxide dismutase). Neutrophils did not contribute to peroxynitrite formation or peroxidative injury of C. parvum-infected mucosa and had no impact on the severity of epithelial infection, villus atrophy, or diarrhea. The presence of neutrophils in C. parvum-infected mucosa was associated with enhanced barrier function that could not be attributed to mucosal elaboration of prostaglandins or stimulation of their synthesis. These studies are the first to demonstrate that neutrophilic inflammation arising in response to infection by a noninvasive epithelial pathogen results in physiologic rather than pathological effects in vivo. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1128/IAI.00153-06 VL - 74 IS - 10 SP - 5497-5505 SN - 1098-5522 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/16988224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multifocal sialoceles and sialoliths in a yellow-naped amazon parrot (Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata) with chronic ptyalism AU - Souza, Marcy J. AU - Wilson, G. Heather AU - Carmichael, K. Paige T2 - JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - A yellow-naped Amazon parrot (Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata) was presented with a 1-year history of feather-destructive behavior with an incidental 14-year history of ptyalism. Palpation, radiographs, fluoroscopy, and biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of multiple sialoceles and sialoliths throughout the cervical region. Treatment for ptyalism was not necessary in this parrot; however, treatment in other species generally involves surgical resection or medical treatment with anticholinergics or botulinum toxin A injections. Clinical signs associated with both the presence of sialoceles and feather-destructive behavior improved briefly with changes in husbandry and medical treatment including antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications. There have been few reports of this lesion in avian species, except for occasional reports in pigeons where the underlying cause is thought to be either hypovitaminosis A or herpesviral infection. This parrot was on a nutritionally adequate diet and had a negative antibody titer for Pacheco's disease, and no underlying cause was identified. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1647/1082-6742(2006)20[101:MSASIA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 101-104 SN - 1938-2871 KW - sialocele KW - sialolith KW - ptyalism KW - salivation KW - sialorrhea KW - avian KW - bird KW - yellow-naped Amazon parrot KW - Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata ER - TY - JOUR TI - Misconceptions about emergency and critical care: Metabolic disease and intensive care medicine AU - Holowaychuk, M. K. AU - Martin, L. G. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 434- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Misconceptions about emergency and critical care: Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation, fluid therapy, shock, and trauma AU - Holowaychuk, M. K. AU - Martin, L. G. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 420- ER - TY - BOOK TI - Kirk and Bistner's handbook of veterinary procedures and emergency treatment (8th ed.) AU - Ford, R. B. AU - Mazzaferro, E. M. CN - SF748 .B57 2006 DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// PB - Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders SN - 0721601383 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fullerene-based amino acid nanoparticle interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes AU - Rouse, Jillian G. AU - Yang, Jianzhong AU - Barron, Andrew R. AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. T2 - TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO AB - The functionalization of C(60) with such complexes as amino acids has the potential to provide greater interaction between the fullerene and the biological environment yielding potential new medical and pharmacological applications. Although scientific research in the past decade has revealed much about the chemical and physical properties of C(60), the biological activities of this compound and its derivatives are still relatively unclear. In an attempt to understand the biological activity of functionalized C(60), human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) were exposed to fullerene-based amino acid (Baa) solutions ranging in concentrations of 0.4-0.00004 mg/mL in a humidified 5% CO(2) atmosphere at 37 degrees C. MTT cell viability after 48 h significantly decreased (p<0.05) for concentrations of 0.4 and 0.04 mg/mL. In an additional study, human cytokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-10 were assessed for concentrations ranging from 0.4-0.004 mg/mL. Media was harvested at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h for cytokine analysis. IL-8 concentrations for the 0.04 mg/mL treatment were significantly greater (p<0.05) than all other concentrations at 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. IL-6 and IL-1beta activities were greater at the 24h and 48 h for 0.4 and 0.04 mg/mL. No significant TNF-alpha or IL-10 activity existed at any time points for any of the concentrations. These results indicate that concentrations lower than 0.04 mg/mL initiate less cytokine activity and maintain cell viability. In HEK, Baa concentrations of 0.4 and 0.04 mg/mL decrease cell viability and initiate a pro-inflammatory response. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.04.004 VL - 20 IS - 8 SP - 1313-1320 SN - 0887-2333 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000242136100006&KeyUID=WOS:000242136100006 KW - fullerene KW - cytotoxicity KW - human epidermal keratinocytes KW - nanoparticles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequently asked questions AU - Ford, R. B. T2 - Veterinary Technician DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the gross and histologic reactions to five commonly used suture materials in the skin of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) AU - Tuttle, A. D. AU - Law, J. M. AU - Harms, C. A. AU - Lewbart, G. A. AU - Harvey, S. B. T2 - Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 22-26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Desmoglein-1 is a minor autoantigen in dogs with pemphigus foliaceus AU - Olivry, T. AU - LaVoy, A. AU - Dunston, S.M. AU - Brown, R.S. AU - Lennon, E.M. AU - Warren, S.J. AU - Prisayanh, P. AU - Müller, E.J. AU - Suter, M.M. AU - Dean, G.A. AU - al., T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - The majority of human patients with pemphigus foliaceus (PF) have circulating IgG autoantibodies that target conformational epitopes on the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-1 (dsg1). Limited studies using immunoblot techniques suggested that the principal autoantigen in dogs with PF might also be dsg1. It was the objective of this study to test this hypothesis. A comprehensive survey of canine PF sera was conducted using a novel screening strategy that detects conformational epitopes. This method consists of the ectopic expression of canine dsg1 at the surface of human 293T epithelial kidney cells and their live screening, i.e. prior to fixation. Out of seven control human PF sera that bound to canine epidermis, three (57%) contained IgG autoantibodies that recognized ectopically expressed canine dsg1 with a membrane and punctate pattern. Out of 83 canine PF sera only five (6%) contained IgG that recognized canine dsg1. Consistent with findings for human PF sera obtained in this study, autoantibody binding was conformation- and glycosylation-dependent as demonstrated by calcium chelation with EDTA and tunicamycin or wheat germ agglutinin treatment, respectively. In conclusion, these studies establish canine dsg1 as a minor autoantigen for canine PF. Antigenic epitopes appear to be conformation- and glycosylation-dependent. DA - 2006/4/15/ PY - 2006/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.002 VL - 110 IS - 3-4 SP - 245-255 SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644524373&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - autoimmunity KW - blistering KW - canine KW - cadherin KW - desmosome KW - skin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclooxygenase expression in the early stages of equine laminitis: A cytologic study AU - Blikslager, Anthony AU - Yin, C. L. AU - Cochran, A. M. AU - Wooten, J. G. AU - Pettigrew, A. AU - Belknap, J. K. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Background:Recent reports indicate increased amounts of mRNA from inflammation‐related genes in the prodromal stage of laminitis. Hypothesis:Cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) undergo distinct patterns of expression in equine laminae in the developmental stage (DEV) and acute clinical stage (LAM) of laminitis. Animals:Horses selected from an outbred population were placed into 1 of 4 groups: DEV (n = 5), CON‐3h (control group for DEV, n = 5), LAM (n = 5) and CON‐10h (control group for LAM, n = 5). Methods:Laminar and skin samples were obtained from (1) animals either undergoing leukopenia (DEV) or the onset of clinical signs of laminitis (LAM) after black walnut extract (BWE) administration and (2) animals either 3 (CON‐3h) or 10 (CON‐10h) hours after administration of water. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed for COX‐1 and COX‐2. Results:Upon immunohistochemical analysis of all 4 groups, COX‐2 was expressed by most viable epithelial cells in both laminae and skin. COX‐1 exhibited similar epithelial expression to COX‐2 in skin epidermis, but was expressed exclusively in the basal layer of laminar epidermis. COX‐1 protein was not detectable in dermal vasculature of equine skin or laminae, whereas COX‐2 was present in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of dermal vasculature in both skin and laminae in all groups. A marked increase in laminar COX‐2 protein concentrations was detected on immunoblotting in the DEV group, although a lesser increase was observed in the LAM group. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: COX‐2 protein expression is markedly increased in the resident laminar cell types in the developmental stage of BWE‐induced laminitis. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00721.x VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1191–1196 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine trichinosis presenting with syncope and AV conduction disturbance AU - Sleeper, Meg M. AU - Bissett, Sally AU - Craig, Linden T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1228:CTPWSA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1228-1231 SN - 0891-6640 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antibiotic drug selection in companion birds AU - Flammer, Keven T2 - JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE AB - A variety of antibiotics are available for treating companion birds. Drug selection should consider pathogen susceptibility, the severity of illness, conditions at the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected drugs, potential drug toxicity, and the cost of treatment. The ability of the bird owner to comply with the recommended treatment regimen and the potential impact on the bird-owner bond must also be assessed. This article will review rational selection of an antibiotic and dosage regimen for treatment of common bacterial infections in companion birds. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1053/j.jepm.2006.06.003 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 166-176 SN - 1557-5063 KW - psittacine KW - avian KW - pharmacology KW - drug therapy KW - antibiotics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vaccination with mRNAs encoding tumor-associated antigens and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor efficiently primes CTL responses, but is insufficient to overcome tolerance to a model tumor/self antigen AU - Hess, PR AU - Boczkowski, D AU - Nair, SK AU - Snyder, D AU - Gilboa, E T2 - CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1007/s00262-005-0064-z VL - 55 IS - 6 SP - 672-683 SN - 1432-0851 KW - CTL KW - mRNA vaccine KW - GM-CSF KW - SV40 large T antigen KW - tolerance ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Ubiquinone, idebenone, and kinetin provide ineffective photoprotection to skin when compared to a topical antioxidant combination of vitamins C and E with ferulic acid AU - Tournas, Joshua A. AU - Lin, Fu-Hsiung AU - Burch, James A. AU - Selim, M. Angelica AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Zielinski, Jan E. AU - Pinnell, Sheldon R. AB - minimal erythema dose sunburn cell TO THE EDITOR Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10) is an important lipophilic antioxidant synthesized by the body and critical for protection of mitochondrial membranes (Crane, 2001Crane F.L. Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q10.J Am College Nutr. 2001; 20: 591-598Crossref PubMed Scopus (690) Google Scholar; Dallner and Sindelar, 2000Dallner G. Sindelar P.J. Regulation of ubiquinone metabolism.Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 29: 285-294Crossref PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar). Idebenone is a synthetic derivative of ubiquinone with a shorter carbon side chain and subsequent increased solubility (Wieland et al., 1995Wieland E. Schutz E. Armstrong V.W. Kuthe F. Heller C. Oellerich M. Idebenone protects hepatic microsomes against oxygen radical-mediated damage in organ preservation solutions.Transplantation. 1995; 60: 444-451Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar). Both have been suggested as topical antioxidant ingredients for the protection of skin from oxidative damage caused by UV irradiation and pollution. Kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine) is a member of the cytokinin plant growth hormone family. Cytokinins are growth promoters, which positively affect cell number and division rate in both plants and animals (Vesely et al., 1985Vesely D.L. Hudson J.L. Pipkin Jr, J.L. Pack L.D. Meiners S.E. Plant growth-promoting hormones activate mammalian guanylate cyclase activity.Endocrinology. 1985; 116: 1887-1892Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar). In vitro studies have shown that kinetin has antioxidant effects, preventing oxidative damage to DNA (Olsen et al., 1999Olsen A. Siboska G.E. Clark B.F. Rattan S.I. N(6)-Furfuryladenine, kinetin, protects against Fenton reaction-mediated oxidative damage to DNA.Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1999; 265: 499-502Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). Topical kinetin has been shown to improve skin texture and reduce the appearance of fine rhytides in humans (McCullough and Weinstein, 2002McCullough J. Weinstein G. Clinical study of safety and efficacy of using topical kinetin 0.1% to treat photodamaged skin.Cosmetic Dermatol. 2002; 15: 9Google Scholar) and in animals (Kimura and Doi, 2004Kimura T. Doi K. Depigmentation and rejuvenation effects of kinetin on the aged skin of hairless descendants of Mexican hairless dogs.Rejuvenation Res. 2004; 7: 32-39Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar). We have previously reported effective photoprotection properties of an antioxidant solution containing 15% l-ascorbic acid, 1% α-tocopherol, and 0.5% ferulic acid (C+E+ferulic acid) (Lin et al., 2005Lin F.H. Lin J.Y. Gupta R.D. Tournas J.A. Burch J.A. Selim M.A. et al.Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin.J Invest Dermatol. 2005; 125: 826-832Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar). In this study, we use the same model to evaluate the antioxidant potential of ubiquinone, idebenone, and kinetin by measuring their photoprotective value. The treatment protocol and experimental design has been published in detail elsewhere (Lin et al., 2003Lin J.Y. Selim M.A. Shea C.R. Grichnik J.M. Omar M.M. Monteiro-Riviere N.A. et al.UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 48: 866-874Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar), but will be summarized here in brief. Of each of the following, 250 μl (solution) or 250 mg (cream) were applied to 7.5 × 10 cm patches of pig skin daily for 4 days: a solution containing 15% l-ascorbic acid, 1% α-tocopherol, and 0.5% ferulic acid (C+E+ferulic acid), solutions containing 1.0% ubiquinone, 1.0% idebenone, and 0.5% kinetin as well as commercial creams containing 0.1% kinetin (Kinerase, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA), 1.0% idebenone (Prevage, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA), 0.5% idebenone (TRUE Youth Revealing Complex, TRUE Cosmetics, San Francisco, CA). A 1000 W solar simulator (Lightning Cure 200, Hamamatsu, Hamamatsu City, Japan) was used to deliver the UV radiation at an intensity of 5 mW/cm2 of UVB and approximately 40 mW/cm2 of UVA, as measured by a research radiometer (IL1700, International Light, Newburyport, MA). Patches were irradiated with solar-simulated UV as described above in triplicate from 1 to 5 × minimal erythema dose (MED) in 1 × MED multiples. Evaluation was conducted 24 hours later. All experimental methods were conducted within the guidelines of and with approval by the North Carolina State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A computerized colorimetry algorithm using digital photographs (Tournas JA and Pinnell SR (2005) A computerized method for skin erythema measurement. J Investig Dermatol 124(S4): A136 (abstract)) and a Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Inc., Redmond, WA) spreadsheet were used to measure and calculate the a* (redness) values of the experimental spots, as well as to compile the statistics and graph the results. After photography, 8 mm punch biopsy sections were taken of each experimental spot and fixed in formalin. Sections were embedded and sectioned for hematoxylin and eosin (H+E) staining. The H+E-stained sections were then examined for the presence of apoptotic “sunburn cells” (SBCs). The full 8 mm width of each section was counted and the result expressed as SBC density/mm of skin. Microsoft Excel was used to determine the mean and standard deviation of the SBC densities at each UV dosage and to graph the results. Thymine dimer analysis was carried out as in the work of Mitchell et al., 2001Mitchell D.L. Volkmer B. Breitbart E.W. Byrom M. Lowery M.G. Greinert R. Identification of a non-dividing subpopulation of mouse and human epidermal cells exhibiting high levels of persistent ultraviolet photodamage.J Invest Dermatol. 2001; 117: 590-595Crossref PubMed Google Scholar. An Olympus BX41 fluorescence microscope with a Q-Fire camera (Olympus America Inc., Melville, NY) was employed to obtain the immunofluorescence images. The results for erythema (a*) and SBC density are expressed as mean±SD (n=6). The P-values were calculated by two-tailed Student's t-test. Figure 1a shows the erythema response of skin treated with C+E+ferulic acid, 1.0% ubiquinone, 1.0% idebenone, and the 1.0 and 0.5% idebenone creams (Commercial Creams 1 and 2, respectively), and Figure 1b shows the erythema response of skin treated with C+E+ferulic acid, 0.5% kinetin solution, and the 0.1% kinetin cream. It can be seen that while C+E+ferulic acid is protective at 5 × MED, ubiquinone, idebenone, and kinetin do not provide protection. The computerized colorimetric measurements show that at all UV dosage levels from 1 to 5 × MED, erythema is significantly reduced (P<0.05) when skin is treated with C+E+ferulic acid compared to control, or skin treated with any of the antioxidant solutions or the commercial creams. Additionally, none of the preparations other than C+E+ ferulic acid were significantly different from control at any UV dosage from 1 to 5 × MED. Quantitatively, the a* values for the C+E+ferulic acid-treated area were decreased by 98, 99, 91, 87, and 83% from 1 to 5 × MED, respectively. Figure 2a and b show the SBC density in skin treated with the test solutions after UV irradiation from 1 × to 5 × MED. As with the erythema, SBC density was significantly reduced in skin treated with C+E+ferulic acid as compared to control and the other solutions and creams. The 0.5% idebenone cream showed slight benefit in terms of SBC reduction, though it should be noted that this preparation also contains sunscreen in an unknown amount. Quantitatively, the mean SBC reduction afforded by C+E+ferulic acid over control was 86, 93, 95, 92, and 93% from 1 to 5 × MED, respectively. Additional experiments performed but not shown graphically showed that adding 1% idebenone to C+E+ferulic acid did not increase its photoprotective benefit in terms of both erythema and SBCs. Thymine dimer immunohistochemistry also revealed that only C+E+ferulic acid was completely protective at 4 × MED. The 0.5% idebenone cream afforded slight protection, and the other preparations were not protective. The results of this study show that ubiquinone, idebenone, and kinetin offer little to no photoprotective value in comparison to more established therapies. In addition, the slight photoprotective effect seen with commercial creams containing idebenone may be due to the sunscreen ingredients that they contain. Idebenone specifically does not increase the photoprotective value of an established antioxidant combination of C+E+ferulic acid. The results of this study also validate an earlier study showing that C+E+ferulic acid offers eight-fold UV photoprotection to skin (Lin et al., 2005Lin F.H. Lin J.Y. Gupta R.D. Tournas J.A. Burch J.A. Selim M.A. et al.Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin.J Invest Dermatol. 2005; 125: 826-832Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar). Joshua Tournas is on the speaker's board for SkinCeuticals Inc., Garland, TX, USA. This research was supported in part by Grant R43CA83538 from the National Institutes of Health. This research was presented in part as a poster at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society of Investigative Dermatology, St Louis, MO 5/4-5/7/2005. We Thank Connie Engle, RVT of the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine for her expertise in conducting the experiments, and to Doren Madey, PhD, for her assistance in preparing the manuscript. This work was done in Durham, North Carolina, USA. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1038/sj.jid.5700232 SP - 1185-1187 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000238968700039&KeyUID=WOS:000238968700039 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicity of jet fuel aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures on human epidermal keratinocytes: evaluation based on in vitro cytotoxicity and interleukin-8 release AU - Yang, Jen-Hung AU - Lee, Chia-Hue AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Tsang, Chau-Loong AU - Chou, Chi-Chung T2 - ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1007/s00204-006-0069-1 VL - 80 IS - 8 SP - 508-523 SN - 1432-0738 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000238665800007&KeyUID=WOS:000238665800007 KW - hydrocarbon mixtures KW - jet fuels KW - keratinocyte KW - cytotoxicity KW - interleukin-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 2 stimulates recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured intestine AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Nighot, Prashant K. AU - Ryan, Kathleen A. AU - Wooten, Jenna G. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology AB - Prostaglandins stimulate repair of the ischemia-injured intestinal barrier in the porcine ileum through a mechanism involving cAMP-dependent Cl − secretion and inhibition of electroneutral Na + /H + exchanger (NHE) activity. In the present study, we focused on the role of individual NHE isoforms in the recovery of barrier function. Ischemia-injured porcine ileal mucosa was mounted on Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current ( I sc ), transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and isotopic fluxes of 22 Na were measured in response to PGE 2 and selective inhibitors of epithelial NHE isoforms. Immunoassays were used to assess the expression of NHE isoforms. Forty-five minutes of intestinal ischemia resulted in a 45% reduction in TER ( P < 0.01). Near-complete restitution occurred within 60 min. Inhibition of NHE2 with HOE-694 (25 μM) added to the mucosal surface of the injured ileum stimulated significant elevations in TER, independent of changes in I sc and histological evidence of restitution. Pharmacological inhibition of NHE3 or NHE1 with mucosal S-3226 (20 μM) or serosal cariporide (25 μM), respectively, had no effect. Ischemia-injured tissues treated with mucosal S-3226 or HOE-694 exhibited equivalent reductions in mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of 22 Na + (by ∼35%) compared with nontreated ischemia-injured control tissues ( P < 0.05). Intestinal ischemia resulted in increased expression of the cytoplasmic NHE regulatory factor EBP50 in NHE2 but not in NHE3 immunoprecipitates. Selective inhibition of NHE2, and not NHE3, induces recovery of barrier function in the ischemia-injured intestine. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00380.2005 VL - 291 IS - 5 SP - G885-G894 J2 - American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology LA - en OP - SN - 0193-1857 1522-1547 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00380.2005 DB - Crossref KW - tight junction KW - restitution KW - Na+/H+ exchange ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mucosal permeability of water-soluble drugs in the equine jejunum: a preliminary investigation AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Little, D. AU - Blikslager, A. T. AU - Papich, M. G. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics AB - Ussing chambers have been used to study the mucosal permeability of drugs in humans, rats and other species. This data can then be used to develop in vitro / in vivo correlations (IVIVC) for drugs based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Due to the poor oral bioavailability of many drugs in the horse, this method may be useful for screening drugs before development to determine if they warrant further study. Cephalexin (CPX), marbofloxacin (MAR), metronidazole (MTZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) were chosen for this study based on the wide range of physicochemical properties and bioavailability in the horse. Permeability was ranked as follows: MTZ > FCZ > MAR > CPX. This correlated with the bioavailability ( R 2 = 0.633447), the Log P ( R 2 = 0.648517), as well as the molecular weight ( R 2 = 0.851208) of the drugs. Metronidazole induced a decrease in the tissue transepithelial resistance, suggestive of the possibility of tissue toxicity, which may have falsely increased its permeability. The low permeability of cephalexin across the tissue may indicate a lack of active transporters that are found in other species. From this study, we can conclude that the Ussing chamber is a promising method for determining mucosal permeability in the horse. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00757.x VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 379-385 J2 - J Vet Pharmacol Ther LA - en OP - SN - 0140-7783 1365-2885 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00757.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - PAT TI - Media and methods for cultivation of microorganisms AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. AU - Sontakke, S. C2 - 2006/// DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in tumour oxygenation during fractionated hyperthermia and radiation therapy in spontaneous canine sarcomas AU - Thrall, D. E. AU - Larue, S. M. AU - Pruitt, A. F. AU - Case, B. AU - DeWhirst, M. W. T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA AB - Tumour oxygenation was measured in seven canine soft tissue sarcomas being treated with a fractionated course of radiation and hyperthermia. Measurements obtained during treatment were compared to pre-treatment measurements. The most important finding was an increase in oxygenation in tumours with low pre-treatment oxygenation that persisted throughout treatment. This is an advantageous hyperthermia effect as it may lead to increased radiation cell killing at each fraction. In other tumours, potentially less advantageous changes in oxygenation may be hyperthermia fractionation related and this deserves further investigation. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1080/02656730600836386 VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 365-373 SN - 0265-6736 KW - hyperthermia KW - radiation therapy KW - dog KW - oxygen measurements ER - TY - JOUR TI - BartonellaSpp. in Pets and Effect on Human Health AU - Chomel, Bruno B. AU - Boulouis, Henri-Jean AU - Maruyama, Soichi AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Emerging Infectious Diseases AB - Among the many mammals infected with Bartonella spp., pets represent a large reservoir for human infection because most Bartonella spp. infecting them are zoonotic. Cats are the main reservoir for Bartonella henselae, B. clarridgeiae, and B. koehlerae. Dogs can be infected with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. washoensis, B. elizabethae, and B. quintana. The role of dogs as an important reservoir of Bartonella spp. is less clear than for cats because domestic dogs are more likely to be accidental hosts, at least in nontropical regions. Nevertheless, dogs are excellent sentinels for human infections because a similar disease spectrum develops in dogs. Transmission of B. henselae by cat fleas is better understood, although new potential vectors (ticks and biting flies) have been identified. We review current knowledge on the etiologic agents, clinical features, and epidemiologic characteristics of these emerging zoonoses. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.3201/eid1203.050931 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 389-394 J2 - Emerg. Infect. Dis. OP - SN - 1080-6040 1080-6059 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.050931 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of autoimmune skin diseases in domestic animals: I - Superficial pemphigus AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - In humans, the pemphigus denomination encompasses a group of autoimmune blistering skin diseases with intraepidermal separation resulting from cell-cell detachment by acantholysis. Entities are classified based on the level of blistering in the epidermis, and both superficial (pemphigus foliaceus, IgA pemphigus) and deep (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans and paraneoplastic pemphigus) variants are recognized. In domestic animals, subsets of pemphigus have been recognized since the mid-1970s, and the disease classification resembles that used for human patients. This article reviews up-to-date knowledge on the epidemiology, clinical signs, histopathology, immunopathology and treatment outcome of superficial pemphigus in domestic animals. Detailed information on canine, feline, equine and caprine pemphigus foliaceus, canine and feline pemphigus erythematosus and canine panepidermal pustular pemphigus is provided. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00540.x VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 291-305 SN - 1365-3164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33748306080&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of training for aquatic animal health veterinarians AU - Hughes Hartman, Kathleen AU - Yanong, Roy P. E. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - This article describes educational approaches for training veterinary students, veterinary graduates, and practicing veterinarians in the area of aquatic animal health and lists a range of general research, training, internship/residency, and continuing-education resources. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.33.3.389 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 389-393 SN - 1943-7218 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Salmonella spp in cloacal, fecal, and gastrointestinal mucosal samples from wild North American turtles AU - Saelinger, Carley A. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Christian, Larry S. AU - Lemons, Carol L. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To determine prevalence of Salmonella spp in samples collected from wild North American turtles. Animals —94 wild North American turtles of 6 species in 2 genera. Design —Prospective microbiologic study. Procedures —A convenience sample of wild North Carolina turtles admitted to a veterinary college was evaluated for Salmonella spp by use of standard techniques via microbiologic culture of cloacal swab and fecal samples. Gastrointestinal mucosa samples were also collected at necropsy from turtles that died or were euthanized. Cloacal swab samples were also collected from wild pond turtles for bacteriologic culture. Controls were established by use of wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium LT2. Results —94 turtles were tested for Salmonella spp; Salmonella spp were not detected in any sample. By use of a pathogen-prevalence and sample-size table, the true prevalence of Salmonella spp was estimated as < 5%. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggested that wild turtles in central North Carolina may not be active shedders or carriers of Salmonella spp. Despite this 0% prevalence of infection, proper hygiene practices should be followed when handling wild turtles. DA - 2006/7/15/ PY - 2006/7/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.229.2.266 VL - 229 IS - 2 SP - 266-268 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peritonitis in the horse AU - Blikslager, A.T. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education AB - Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 18, Issue 3 p. 143-143 Peritonitis in the horse A. T. Blikslager, A. T. Blikslager Equine Health Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author A. T. Blikslager, A. T. Blikslager Equine Health Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00434.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume18, Issue3June 2006Pages 143-143 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00434.x VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 143 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745200257&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphometric assessment of the proximal portion of the tibia in dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture AU - Osmond, CS AU - Marcellin-Little, DJ AU - Harrysson, OLA AU - Kidd, LB T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Based on the clinical observation that dogs with a steep tibial plateau slope had variable tibial morphology, we hypothesized that these dogs could be further characterized using measurements developed by examining computer generated models of specific proximal tibial malformations. A 3D tibial model was created from a normal canine tibia. The model was manipulated to reproduce two specific proximal tibial anomalies representing deformities originating from the tibial plateau or the proximal tibial shaft. Data from these models were used to create specific measurements that would characterize the shape of these anomalies. These measurements included the diaphyseal tibial axis (DTA)/proximal tibial axis (PTA) angle, which defined the orientation of the proximal portion of the shaft in relation to the tibial mid‐shaft. These measurements were then made on radiographs of dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. Models with tibial plateau and proximal shaft deformities had a steep tibial plateau slope (TPS). Models with proximal shaft deformity had a markedly increased DTA/PTA angle. The model with a 10° proximal shaft deformity had a DTA/PTA angle of 11.23°. Six dogs (9.0%) had a DTA/PTA angle larger than 11.23° (range, 11.4–13.9°). Dogs in this group had ruptured CCL and a steep TPS. Dogs with CCL rupture had higher TPS (mean, 31.8±4.1°) and DTA/PTA angle (mean, 6.0±3.3°) than dogs without CCL rupture (means, 23.6±3.4° and 4.1±2.2°, respectively). Dogs with proximal shaft deformity represented a distinct group, which could not be identified using the magnitude of the TPS alone. Characterizing more precisely the shape of the proximal portion of the tibia in dogs contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of steep TPS and may facilitate the optimization of the surgical management of dogs with CCL rupture. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00119.x VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 136-141 SN - 1740-8261 KW - biomodeling KW - canine KW - cruciate ligament KW - morphology KW - tibia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of a Babesia species identified in a North American raccoon AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Whittington, Julia AU - Neel, Jennifer AU - Large, Edward AU - Barger, Anne AU - Levy, Michael G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Piroplasmosis was first described in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in 1926, and the official description of a small piroplasm as Babesia lotori was done in 1981. Babesia microti-like gene sequences have been characterized in raccoons in both North American and Japan. It is well documented that the microscopic appearance of piroplasms does not always accurately predict the genotype and phylogenetic classification. Discrepancies using phenotype to predict genotype have been reported most frequently when evaluating small piroplasms. We amplified and sequenced the full-length 18S rRNA gene from a small piroplasm identified in a raccoon and used this sequence for phylogenetic analyses. Based on these analyses, the organism was placed in the Babesia sensu stricto clade, confirming that it is a true Babesia sp. This documents that at least two Babesia spp. can infect raccoons. The data generated in this study can be used to design molecular diagnostic tests for detection of this Babesia sp., which will be useful for epidemiologic and comparative phylogenetic studies. As piroplasmosis has been documented with increased frequency in humans in recent years, the results of this study will aid in the recognition of zoonotic babesiosis. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.375 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 375-380 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Babesia KW - PCR KW - phylogenetics KW - piroplasm KW - Procyon lotor KW - raccoon KW - taxonomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intracranial epidermoid cyst and syringohydromyelia in a dog AU - MacKillop, Edward AU - Schatzberg, Scott J. AU - Lahunta, Alexander T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - A 5‐year‐old female Cocker Spaniel dog had a sudden onset of vestibular disease that localized to the caudal fossa. Upon computed tomography of the brain, a large, hypoattenuating mass with a slight peripheral ring enhancement pattern was detected ventral to the cerebellum. A hypoattenuating region was also identified in the center of the C2 spinal cord segment, consistent with syringohydromyelia. Postmortem examination of the brain revealed a fluid filled, cystic mass located dorsal to medulla oblongata that caused severe compression of the overlying cerebellum. The histopathologic diagnosis was an epidermoid cyst. Extensive syringohydromyelia and obstructive hydrocephalus were identified, both thought to be secondary to overcrowding of the caudal fossa. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00150.x VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 339-344 SN - 1740-8261 KW - caudal fossa KW - epidermoid KW - syringohydromyelia KW - vestibular ER - TY - JOUR TI - Future directions in training veterinarians for companion avian species AU - Flammer, Keven T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Companion avian medicine has become a routine part of veterinary practice. More than 16 million companion birds are owned by approximately 6.4 million US households. This report outlines suggested undergraduate veterinary curricula, opportunities for post-graduate education, and options for training avian veterinarians. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.33.3.361 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 361-364 SN - 1943-7218 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Failure of imidocarb dipropionate to clear experimentally induced Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs AU - Eddlestone, S. M. AU - Neer, T. M. AU - Gaunt, S. D. AU - Corstvet, R. AU - Gill, A. AU - Hosgood, G. AU - Hegarty, B. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 840-844 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extracellular pH and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopic variables are related to outcome in canine soft tissue sarcomas treated with thermoradiotherapy AU - Lora-Michiels, Michael AU - Yu, Daohai AU - Sanders, Linda AU - Poulson, Jean M. AU - Azuma, Chieko AU - Case, Beth AU - Vujaskovic, Zeljko AU - Thrall, Donald E. AU - Charles, H. Cecil AU - Dewhirst, Mark W. T2 - CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH AB - The objective was to test whether tumor pH and (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopic end points were related to treatment outcome in pet canine patients with spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas treated with thermoradiotherapy.Forty-two dogs with evaluable (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopic end points and pH data were included in this study. Tumor variables (grade and volume), extracellular pH (pHe), T(2) relaxation times, intracellular pH, and selected phosphometabolite ratios were examined for correlation with clinical outcome.From 39 dogs, pHe was a predictor of metastasis-free survival (MFS), with hazard ratio (HR, 0.29; P = 0.005) and overall survival (OS) with (HR, 0.36; P = 0.013). Tumor volume (>19 cm(3)) was related to MFS (HR, 2.14; P = 0.04), time to local failure (HR, 3.4; P = 0.025), and OS (HR, 2.27; P = 0.03). There was no association between T(2) or intracellular pH and clinical outcome. Tumor grade (high versus low/intermediate) and phosphodiester/betaATP ratio were identified as significant predictors for MFS, with (HR, 2.66; P = 0.009) and (HR, 0.75; P = 0.027), respectively, and as predictors of OS with (HR, 2.66; P = 0.009) and (HR, 0.76; P = 0.03), respectively. The phosphodiester/phosphocreatinine ratio predicted time to local failure (HR, 1.24; P = 0.017).pHe was predictive of metastasis and OS in canine spontaneous sarcomas. To our knowledge, this is the first time that pHe has been shown to be predictive of clinical outcome. The results suggest that additional studies should be considered evaluating the prognostic significance of this variable. Phospholipid resonances, related to membrane metabolism, were related to clinical outcome, confirming recent results reported in human patients with soft tissue sarcomas treated with thermoradiotherapy. DA - 2006/10/1/ PY - 2006/10/1/ DO - 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2669 VL - 12 IS - 19 SP - 5733-5740 SN - 1078-0432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemiologic investigation of lead poisoning in trumpeter and tundra swans in Washington State, USA, 2000-2002 AU - Degernes, Laurel AU - Heilman, Sarah AU - Trogdon, Maureen AU - Jordan, Martha AU - Davison, Mike AU - Kraege, Don AU - Correa, Maria AU - Cowen, Peter T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - An observational study was conducted to determine the proportionate mortality of wild trumpeter (Cygnus buccinator) and tundra (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) swans that died during the winters of 2000–02 in northwestern Washington State, USA. Among 400 swans necropsied, 81% were lead poisoned (302/365 trumpeter swans; 20/35 tundra swans). Mortality started in mid-November and peaked from late December through mid-February; swan mortality that was not associated with lead poisoning was uniformly lower throughout the winter months. Lead poisoning was 24 times more likely to be the cause of death in swans found in Whatcom County compared to swans found in other locations in northwestern Washington State (95% CI: 12.7, 47.0). Mortality attributable to lead poisoning was twice as likely in adults as in juveniles (95% CI: 1.0, 4.2). Aspergillosis was documented in 62 trumpeter and two tundra swans, including 37 swans in which mortality was caused by lead poisoning. Males were twice as likely as females to have aspergillosis (95% CI: 1.1, 3.8). Traumatic injuries were documented in 37 trumpeter and seven tundra swans, including seven trumpeter swans with concurrent lead poisoning. Dead swans found outside Whatcom County were four times more likely to have traumatic injuries compared to those found in Whatcom County (95% CI: 1.6, 10.0). Overall, lead-poisoned swans were significantly less likely to have concurrent aspergillosis or traumatic injuries. There was no apparent association between grit ingestion (total mass or mass categorized by size) and lead poisoning or number of lead shot. Not surprisingly, lead-poisoned swans were more likely to have one or more lead shot compared to swans that died from other causes (OR 294; 95% CI: 92, 1,005); lead-poisoned swans were also more likely to have one or more nontoxic shot compared to swans that were not poisoned (OR 63; 95% CI: 19, 318). The source(s) of shot are unknown but likely are in or near Whatcom County, Washington. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.345 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 345-358 SN - 1943-3700 KW - aspergillosis KW - Cygnus buccinator KW - Cygnus columbianus columbianus KW - lead poisoning KW - powerline collisions KW - trumpeter swan KW - tundra swan KW - waterfowl ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of ronidazole for treatment of feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection AU - Gookin, Jody L. AU - Copple, Christina N. AU - Papich, Mark G. AU - Poore, Matthew F. AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. AU - Twedt, David C. AU - Levy, Michael G. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - To determine the efficacy of ronidazole (RDZ), tinidazole (TDZ), and metronidazole (MDZ) against Tritrichomonas foetus in vitro and of RDZ for treatment of feline naturally occurring or experimentally induced T. foetus infection.A cat naturally infected with T. foetus infection and diarrhea. Ten specific-pathogen-free (SPF) kittens.RDZ, TDZ, and MDZ were tested for activity against 3 different feline isolates of T. foetus in vitro. RDZ then was administered to a naturally infected cat at 10 mg/kg PO q24h for 10 days. SPF kittens were infected orogastrically with feline T. foetus and treated with either placebo or RDZ (10 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Cats with relapsing infection or those receiving placebo were treated subsequently with RDZ (either 30 or 50 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Feces were examined for T. foetus by direct microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing weekly.Both RDZ and TDZ killed T. foetus at concentrations >0.1 microg/mL in vitro. In the naturally infected cat, RDZ abolished diarrhea and T. foetus infection for 85 days after treatment, at which time infection and diarrhea relapsed. Retreatment with RDZ eradicated diarrhea and T. foetus infection for over 407 days. In experimentally induced infection, RDZ at 10 mg/kg caused initial improvement, but infection relapsed in all 5 cats 2 to 20 weeks after treatment. At 30 or 50 mg/kg, 10/10 cats were negative for T. foetus infection for follow-up durations of 21 to 30 weeks after treatment.Oral administration of RDZ at 30 to 50 mg/kg q12h for 14 days resolved diarrhea and eradicated infection (on the basis of polymerase chain reaction [PCR] testing) in 1 naturally infected cat and 10 experimentally inoculated cats receiving a different isolate of T. foetus. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[536:EORFTO]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 536-543 SN - 1939-1676 KW - colitis KW - diarrhea KW - metronidazole KW - nitroimidazole KW - tinidazole ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early, sustained efficacy of adeno-associated virus vector-mediated gene therapy in glycogen storage disease type Ia AU - Koeberl, D. D. AU - Sun, B. D. AU - Damodaran, T. V. AU - Brown, T. AU - Millington, D. S. AU - Benjamin, D. J., Jr. AU - Bird, A. AU - Schneider, A. AU - Hillman, S. AU - Jackson, M. AU - Beaty, R. M. AU - Chen, Y. T. T2 - GENE THERAPY AB - The deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) underlies life-threatening hypoglycemia and growth retardation in glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia). An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding G6Pase was pseudotyped as AAV8 and administered to 2-week-old GSD-Ia mice (n = 9). Median survival was prolonged to 7 months following vector administration, in contrast to untreated GSD-Ia mice that survived for only 2 weeks. Although GSD-Ia mice were initially growth-retarded, treated mice increased fourfold in weight to normal size. Blood glucose was partially corrected by 2 weeks following treatment, whereas blood cholesterol normalized. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was partially corrected to 25% of the normal level at 7 months of age in treated mice, and blood glucose during fasting remained lower in treated, affected mice than in normal mice. Glycogen storage was partially corrected in the liver by 2 weeks following treatment, but reaccumulated to pre-treatment levels by 7 months old (m.o.). Vector genome DNA decreased between 3 days and 3 weeks in the liver following vector administration, mainly through the loss of single-stranded genomes; however, double-stranded vector genomes were more stable. Although CD8+ lymphocytic infiltrates were present in the liver, partial biochemical correction was sustained at 7 m.o. The development of efficacious AAV vector-mediated gene therapy could significantly reduce the impact of long-term complications in GSD-Ia, including hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia and growth failure. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1038/sj.gt.3302774 VL - 13 IS - 17 SP - 1281-1289 SN - 1476-5462 KW - adeno-associated virus KW - glycogen storage disease KW - growth failure KW - metabolism KW - hypoglycemia KW - glucose-6-phosphatase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current perspectives on curriculum needs in zoological medicine AU - Stoskopf, Michael K. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Advances have been made in expanding veterinary curricula to deliver basic key knowledge and skills necessary for provision of health care to captive and companion non-domestic or non-traditional species in the veterinary colleges of the United States and Canada. These advances were in large part facilitated by the deliberations and recommendations of the White Oak Accords. Though a five-year review of curricular opportunities at US and Canadian veterinary colleges shows that progress has been made in implementing the recommendations of the White Oak Accords, there remains room for improvement. The broadly comparative and health-maintenance basis of zoological medicine contributes critically to the potential for veterinary medicine to make important contributions to the concept of the integrated health of the planet. Emergence of key zoonotic and production-animal diseases derived from and within wildlife populations since 2000 has increased awareness worldwide of the importance of zoological medicine in protecting both production livestock and public health. These areas are addressed in elective curricula at colleges emerging as centers of excellence in zoological medicine, but it is critical that core curricula in zoological medicine at all schools be strengthened to include these important areas to prepare our DVM/VMD graduates to protect companion-animal, production-animal, and public health. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.3138/jvme.33.3.331 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 331-337 SN - 0748-321X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation of brain magnetic resonance imaging changes with pallidal manganese concentrations in rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese inhalation AU - Dorman, David C. AU - Struve, Melanie F. AU - Wong, Brian A. AU - Dye, Janice A. AU - Robertson, Ian D. T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - High-dose manganese exposure is associated with parkinsonism. Because manganese is paramagnetic, its relative distribution within the brain can be examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Herein, we present the first comprehensive study to use MRI, pallidal index (PI), and T1 relaxation rate (R1) in concert with chemical analysis to establish a direct association between MRI changes and pallidal manganese concentration in rhesus monkeys following subchronic inhalation of manganese sulfate (MnSO4). Monkeys exposed to MnSO4 at ≥ 0.06 mg Mn/m3 developed increased manganese concentrations in the globus pallidus, putamen, olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum. Manganese concentrations within the olfactory system of the MnSO4-exposed monkeys demonstrated a decreasing rostral-caudal concentration gradient, a finding consistent with olfactory transport of inhaled manganese. Marked MRI signal hyperintensities were seen within the olfactory bulb and the globus pallidus; however, comparable changes could not be discerned in the intervening tissue. The R1 and PI were correlated with the pallidal manganese concentration. However, increases in white matter manganese concentrations in MnSO4-exposed monkeys confounded the PI measurement and may lead to underestimation of pallidal manganese accumulation. Our results indicate that the R1 can be used to estimate regional brain manganese concentrations and may be a reliable biomarker of occupational manganese exposure. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide evidence of direct olfactory transport of an inhaled metal in a nonhuman primate. Pallidal delivery of manganese, however, likely arises primarily from systemic delivery and not directly from olfactory transport. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/kfj209 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 219-227 SN - 1096-0929 KW - Parkinson's disease KW - secondary KW - manganese poisoning KW - pharmacokinetics KW - inhalation exposure KW - Macaca mulatta KW - magnetic resonance imaging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alpha1-proteinase inhibitor deficiency and Bartonella infection in association with panniculitis, polyarthritis, and meningitis in a dog AU - Mellor, P. J. AU - Fetz, K. AU - Maggi, R. G. AU - Haugland, S. AU - Dunning, M. AU - Villiers, E. J. AU - Mellanby, R. J. AU - Williams, D. AU - Breitschwerdt, E. AU - Herrtage, M. E. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 1023-1028 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A serological study of exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens in dogs from northeastern Spain AU - Solano-Gallego, L AU - Llull, J AU - Osso, M AU - Hegarty, B AU - Breitschwerdt, E T2 - VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - There is limited information regarding the prevalence of many vector borne pathogens in Europe and especially in Spanish dogs. We investigated 206 sick and 260 clinically healthy dogs from three different regions in northeastern Spain for antibodies to Rickettsia conorii (Rc), Ehrlichia canis (Ec), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap), Bartonella henselae (Bh), Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (Bvb), Leishmania infantum (Li) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) and for antigen of Dirofilaria immitis (Di). Total prevalences were the following: Rc (56.4%), Li (30%), Ec (16.7%), Bh (16.8%), Ap (11.5%), Bvb (1.07%), Di (0.6%) and Bb (0.6%). Seroprevalences for Rc, Ec, Ap, Bh, and Bvb and Bb and Di antigens were similar among the three different study sites. The Ec seroprevalence, as determined by Snap 3DX, was statistically lower in dogs from Mallorca (0%) than Tarragona (16%) and Barcelona (5%) (P < 0.0001). Detection of Rc antibodies was associated with seroreactivity to Ec and Ap antigens (P = 0.018 and P = 0.002, respectively). IFA Ec antibodies were associated with Ap seroreactivity (P < 0.0001). There was no association between the clinical status, sex, time of the year when samples were collected, life-style or exposure to fleas or ticks and a positive test result for Ec, Bh, Bvb, or Bb antibodies or Di antigens. Li seroreactivity was associated with illness and living outdoors (P < 0.0001, P = 0.029; respectively), Rc seroreactivity with the male gender (P = 0.028) and Ap seroreactivity with living outdoors (P = 0.045). This study indicates that exposure to Rc, Li, Ec or related Ehrlichia spp., Bh and Ap or a related spp., is common whereas Di, Bb and Bvb is uncommon among dogs from the Mediterranean basin. We also provide serological data that suggests the existence of a novel Ehrlichia species on Mallorca island. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1051/vetres:2005054 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 231-244 SN - 1297-9716 KW - rickettsial pathogens KW - dogs KW - Spain ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Model for Teaching Raptor Medicine in the Veterinary Curriculum AU - Degernes, Laurel A. AU - Nettifee Osborne, Julie A. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education AB - Injured or sick wild avian species, especially raptors (birds of prey, including hawks, owls, falcons, and eagles), can present different challenges to veterinary students and veterinarians who are trained in companion avian medicine (e.g., parrot medicine). Proper capture and restraint, feeding, housing, and certain diagnostic and treatment techniques involving raptors require different skills, knowledge, and resources than working with parrots. We developed an innovative raptor medicine program that enables students to acquire proficiency in safe capture, restraint, and examination techniques and in common diagnostic and treatment procedures. A self-assessment survey was developed to determine students' confidence and proficiency in 10 procedures taught in the lab. Groups were compared by class status (Year 1 vs. Year 2 and 3) and level of prior raptor experience (non-experienced or experienced). In surveys conducted before and after teaching two sets of raptor training labs, students rated themselves significantly more proficient in all 10 diagnostic and treatment procedures after completing the two raptor laboratories. The greatest improvements were observed in technical skill procedures such as fluid administration, intramuscular injections, cloacal swabs, venipuncture, and bandaging. Our approach to incorporating elective wildlife learning experiences into the veterinary curriculum may be replicable in other veterinary schools, with or without a wildlife rehabilitation program. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.3138/jvme.33.3.365 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 365–372 SN - 0748-321X 1943-7218 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.33.3.365 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Model for Improving Student Confidence and Experience in Diagnostic Sample Collection and Interpretation AU - Williams, Laurel E. AU - Nettifee-Osborne, Julie A. AU - Johnson, Jeffrey L. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education AB - Confidence and proficiency in diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases is of obvious importance to veterinary students. Traditional teaching methods relying on live-animal laboratories or teaching-hospital cases may not provide the breadth and depth of experience necessary to promote optimal development of confidence and skills. These settings also raise concerns about expense, about animal welfare when animals are used in teaching laboratories, and about the stress and potential risks associated with client-owned pets in the teaching hospital. A one-week course implemented in our veterinary curriculum provides the opportunity for students to develop self-assurance and experience in sample collection and interpretation skills in a realistic, clinical-model setting. This course provides students with significantly improved levels of confidence when performing procedures and interpreting results from a variety of procedures and helps prepare them to become clinicians entering the practice of veterinary medicine. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.3138/jvme.33.1.132 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 132-139 J2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education LA - en OP - SN - 0748-321X 1943-7218 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.33.1.132 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vesicular cutaneous lupus AU - Jackson, H. A. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 251- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Ehrlichia canis infection in the dog does not cause immunosuppression AU - Hess, PR AU - English, RV AU - Hegarty, BC AU - Brown, GD AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - A carrier state develops in some Ehrlichia canis-infected dogs due to ineffective host defenses. The subsequent development of immune-mediated diseases or opportunistic infections in chronic ehrlichiosis suggests dysregulation of immunity; however, the immunobiology of this infection has not been well characterized. In this study, eight dogs were infected with E. canis, and changes in seroreactivity, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations, peripheral blood T cell subsets, lymphocyte blastogenesis (LBT), and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity were evaluated over 4 months. Infection, which was documented by seroconversion, polymerase chain reaction, and blood culture, caused self-limiting fever and thrombocytopenia. Infected dogs developed an anti-E. canis antibody response but were not immune to re-infection. Serum IgM, IgG, and IgA concentrations were unaffected by E. canis. The percentage of circulating CD4+ T cells was similar in uninfected and infected dogs at all points. Infected dogs developed a CD8+ lymphocytosis 6 weeks after inoculation that subsequently subsided, despite organism persistence. Functional defects of cell-mediated immunity, measured as suppression of LAK activity or mitogen-driven LBT, were not observed. These results suggest that immune responses are not grossly impaired in young dogs during the first several months following experimental E. canis infection. DA - 2006/1/15/ PY - 2006/1/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.027 VL - 109 IS - 1-2 SP - 117-125 SN - 1873-2534 KW - Ehrlichia canis KW - dog KW - immunoregulation KW - immunophenotype analysis KW - lymphocyte proliferation KW - LAK KW - CD8(+) T cell ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of an indirect immunofluorescence assay, western blot analysis, and a commercially available ELISA for detection ofEhrlichia canisantibodies in canine sera AU - O'Connor, Thomas P. AU - Hanscom, Jancy L. AU - Hegarty, Barbara C. AU - Groat, Randall G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To examine the correlation between results for an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) that uses Ehrlichia canis antigen as a substrate (ie, E canis -IFA), 2 western blot (WB) analyses, and a commercially available ELISA in the detection of E canis antibody in dog sera. Sample Population —54 canine serum samples that were reactive on E canis -IFA and 16 canine serum samples that were E canis -IFA nonreactive. Procedure —Serum samples were evaluated by use of 2 WB analyses and a commercially available ELISA. Correlation between results of the 3 testing modalities (ie, IFA, WB analyses, and the ELISA) was examined by use of nonreactive ( E canis -IFA reciprocal titer, < 20), low-titer (reciprocal titer, 80 to 160), medium-titer (reciprocal titer, 320 to 2,560), and high-titer (reciprocal titer, 5,120 to > 20,480) serum samples. Results —For all serum samples in the nonreactive (n = 16), medium-titer (17), and high-titer (18) groups, correlation of results among IFA, WB analyses, and the commercially available ELISA was excellent. A poor correlation was found between IFA results and those of WB analyses and the ELISA for serum samples in the low-titer group (19), with only 4 of the 19 serum samples having positive results on both WB analyses and the commercially available ELISA. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —The discrepancy between E canis -IFA, WB analyses, and the commercially available ELISA results for the low-titer serum samples may be related to a high IFA sensitivity or, more likely, a lack of specificity associated with cross-reactivity among Ehrlichia spp. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.206 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 206-210 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.206 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current concepts of navicular disease AU - Dyson, S. AU - Murray, R. AU - Blunden, T. AU - Schramme, M. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 45-56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pulmonary lesions in cats with diabetes mellitus AU - Mexas, AM AU - Hess, RS AU - Hawkins, EC AU - Martin, LD T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy of cats and humans. Although few studies have examined the effects of DM on the pulmonary system, changes in pulmonary function and immunology in humans with type I and II diabetes, and pulmonary lesions in a murine diabetic model have been documented. Our objective was to determine whether pulmonary lesions occurred in cats with DM. Medical records and necropsy evaluations of 42 cats with DM were compared with those of 45 age-matched, nondiabetic cats for the presence of clinical evidence of respiratory disease and pulmonary histopathological findings at the time of necropsy. No statistical difference was noted in the presence of clinical evidence of respiratory disease between cats with diabetes and control cats. Nevertheless, there was a significant association between the presence of abnormal pulmonary histopathology and DM (P= .018, odds ratio = 3 inclusive of all cats; P= .005, odds ratio = 5 when non-DM cats with overt clinical evidence of respiratory disease were excluded). Pulmonary abnormalities detected by histopathological examination in cats with diabetes included congestion and edema, histiocytosis, pneumonia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, fibrosis, mineralization, neoplasia, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. The observed association between DM and pulmonary lesions in cats, independent of clinical evidence of respiratory disease, emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the respiratory tract in sick cats with diabetes. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[47:PLICWD]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 47-51 SN - 1939-1676 KW - complications of diabetes mellitus KW - feline KW - lung histopathology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds AU - Pesteanu-Somogyi, LD AU - Radzai, C AU - Pressler, BM T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - Although known that purebreed cats are more likely to develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), previous studies have not examined the prevalence of disease in individual breeds. All cats diagnosed with FIP at a veterinary teaching hospital over a 16-year period were identified. Breed, sex and reproductive status of affected cats were compared to the general cat population and to mixed breed cats evaluated during the same period. As with previous studies sexually intact cats and purebreed cats were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with FIP; males and young cats also had a higher prevalence of disease. Abyssinians, Bengals, Birmans, Himalayans, Ragdolls and Rexes had a significantly higher risk, whereas Burmese, Exotic Shorthairs, Manxes, Persians, Russian Blues and Siamese cats were not at increased risk for development of FIP. Although additional factors doubtlessly influence the relative prevalence of FIP, this study provides additional guidance when prioritizing differentials in ill purebreed cats. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.04.003 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 1-5 SN - 1532-2750 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NF-kappa B-mediated expression of iNOS promotes epithelial defense against infection by Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal piglets AU - Gookin, JL AU - Chiang, S AU - Allen, J AU - Armstrong, MU AU - Stauffer, SH AU - Finnegan, C AU - Murtaugh, MP T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - Cryptosporidium sp. parasitizes intestinal epithelium, resulting in enterocyte loss, villous atrophy, and malabsorptive diarrhea. We have shown that mucosal expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) is increased in infected piglets and that inhibition of iNOS in vitro has no short-term effect on barrier function. NO exerts inhibitory effects on a variety of pathogens; nevertheless, the specific sites of iNOS expression, pathways of iNOS induction, and mechanism of NO action in cryptosporidiosis remain unclear. Using an in vivo model of Cryptosporidium parvum infection, we have examined the location, mechanism of induction, specificity, and consequence of iNOS expression in neonatal piglets. In acute C. parvum infection, iNOS expression predominated in the villous epithelium, was NF-kappaB dependent, and was not restricted to infected enterocytes. Ongoing treatment of infected piglets with a selective iNOS inhibitor resulted in significant increases in villous epithelial parasitism and oocyst excretion but was not detrimental to maintenance of mucosal barrier function. Intensified parasitism could not be attributed to attenuated fluid loss or changes in epithelial proliferation or replacement rate, inasmuch as iNOS inhibition did not alter severity of diarrhea, piglet hydration, Cl- secretion, or kinetics of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled enterocytes. These findings suggest that induction of iNOS represents a nonspecific response of the epithelium that mediates enterocyte defense against C. parvum infection. iNOS did not contribute to the pathogenic sequelae of C. parvum infection. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00460.2004 VL - 290 IS - 1 SP - G164-G174 SN - 1522-1547 KW - nitric oxide KW - barrier function KW - diarrhea KW - cryptosporidiosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular assays for detecting Aphanomyces invadans in ulcerative mycotic fish lesions AU - Vandersea, MW AU - Litaker, RW AU - Yonnish, B AU - Sosa, E AU - Landsberg, JH AU - Pullinger, C AU - Moon-Butzin, P AU - Green, J AU - Morris, JA AU - Kator, H AU - Noga, EJ AU - Tester, PA T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT The pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans is the primary etiological agent in ulcerative mycosis, an ulcerative skin disease caused by a fungus-like agent of wild and cultured fish. We developed sensitive PCR and fluorescent peptide nucleic acid in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to detect A. invadans . Laboratory-challenged killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) were first tested to optimize and validate the assays. Skin ulcers of Atlantic menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus ) from populations found in the Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries in North Carolina were then surveyed. Results from both assays indicated that all of the lesioned menhaden ( n = 50) collected in September 2004 were positive for A. invadans . Neither the FISH assay nor the PCR assay cross-reacted with other closely related oomycetes. These results provided strong evidence that A. invadans is the primary oomycete pathogen in ulcerative mycosis and demonstrated the utility of the assays. The FISH assay is the first molecular assay to provide unambiguous visual confirmation that hyphae in the ulcerated lesions were exclusively A. invadans . DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1551-1557.2006 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 1551-1557 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Keratometry, biometry and prediction of intraocular lens power in the equine eye AU - McMullen, Richard J. AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - To determine ocular dimensions (A- and B-scan ultrasound) and corneal curvature (radius of corneal diameter determined in B-scan ultrasound) in the equine eye and to calculate the appropriate dioptric power for a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) necessary to achieve emmetropia in the eyes of horses undergoing lens extraction.Fourteen clinically normal adult horses of various breeds. Additionally, for comparison, one American Miniature colt foal, and one 2.5-year-old Shire gelding were examined.B-scan ultrasound was performed on one eye from each horse. One eye from both the Shire and the American Miniature were examined for comparison. Data from ultrasound (globe measurements and corneal curvature), and the estimated postoperative IOL positions were entered into theoretical IOL formulas (Binkhorst and Retzlaff theoretical formulas) in order to calculate the predicted IOL strength required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in horses.Mean axial length of globes was 39.23 mm +/- 1.26 mm, mean preoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) was 5.63 +/- 0.86 mm, and mean lens thickness was 11.75 +/- 0.80 mm. Predicted postoperative ACD (PACD) was calculated as the ACD plus 50% of the lens thickness. Additionally, PACD 2 mm anterior and 2 mm posterior to the center of the lens were calculated in order to evaluate the effect of IOL position on its required refractive power. Required IOL strength calculated, using the three values for the predicted postoperative ACD, was 29.91 D +/- 2.50, 29 D +/- 2.52 (center of lens); 27.13 D +/- 2.27, 26.33 D +/- 2.20 (2 mm anterior to center of lens); and 33.18 D +/- 2.78, 32.24 D +/- 2.68 (2 mm posterior to center of lens) with the Binkhorst and Retzlaff theoretical formulas, respectively.An IOL of substantially lower diopter strength than that needed in either dogs or cats is required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in adult horses. IOL strength of approximately 30 D, depending on where the IOL ultimately comes to rest, will probably be required. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00493.x VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 357-360 J2 - Vet Ophthalmol LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00493.x DB - Crossref KW - biometry KW - equine KW - intraocular lens KW - keratometry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histopathology in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched controls. Part 2: The deep digital flexor tendon AU - Blunden, A AU - Dyson, S AU - Murray, R AU - Schramme, M T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Summary Reasons for performing study : Causes of palmar foot pain and the aetiopathogenesis of navicular disease remain poorly understood, despite the high incidence of foot‐related lameness. Hypotheses : Abnormalities of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) may contribute to palmar foot pain; ageing degenerative changes may be seen in horses free from lameness; and horses with lameness are likely to have a greater severity of abnormalities than age‐matched horses with no history of foot pain. Methods : Feet were selected from horses with a history of uni‐ or bilateral forelimb lameness of at least 2 months' duration. Histology of the DDFT from the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint to its insertion were examined and the severity of lesions for each site graded. Associations between lesions of the navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligaments (CSL), distal sesamoidean impar ligament, navicular bursa, distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint synovium and collateral ligaments of the DIP joint and DDFT were assessed. Results : There was no relationship between age and grade of histological abnormality of the DDFT. There were significant histological differences between groups for lesions of the dorsal layers of the DDFT, but not for lesions of the palmar aspect. There were significant associations between histological grades for the superficial dorsal layer of the DDFT and flexor aspect of the navicular bone; and between the deep dorsal layer of the DDFT and the proximal border and medulla of the navicular bone. The navicular bursa grade was correlated with grades for the superficial dorsal, deep dorsal and deep palmar layers of the DDFT. The histological grades for the CSL and the superficial dorsal layer of the DDFT were also associated. Conclusions : Pathological abnormalities in lame horses often involved the DDFT in addition to the navicular bone. Vascular and matrix changes may precede changes in the fibrocartilage of the navicular bone. Potential relevance : Identification of factors leading to vascular changes within the interstitium of the DDFT and changes in matrix composition, may help in future management of palmar foot pain. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.2746/042516406775374342 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 23-27 SN - 0425-1644 KW - horse KW - deep digital flexor tendon KW - lameness KW - navicular disease KW - foot KW - histopathology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histopathology in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched controls. Part 1: Navicular bone and related structures AU - Blunden, A. AU - Dyson, S. AU - Murray, R. AU - Schramme, M. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - Summary Reasons for performing study : Causes of palmar foot pain and the aetiopathogenesis of navicular disease remain poorly understood, despite the high incidence of foot‐related lameness. Hypotheses : Abnormalities of the collateral sesamoidean ligaments (CSLs), distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), navicular bone, navicular bursa, distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint or collateral ligaments (CLs) of the DIP joint may contribute to palmar foot pain. Methods : Feet were selected from horses with a history of unilateral or bilateral forelimb lameness of at least 2 months' duration that was improved by perineural analgesia of the palmar digital nerves, immediately proximal to the cartilages of the foot ( Group 1 , n = 32); or from age‐matched control horses ( Group 2 , n = 19) that were humanely destroyed for other reasons and had no history of forelimb foot pain. Eight units of tissue were collected for histology: the palmar half of the articular surface of the distal phalanx, including the insertions of the DDFT and DSIL; navicular bone and insertion of the CSLs; DDFT from the level of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint to 5 mm proximal to its insertion; synovial membrane from the palmar pouch of the DIP joint and the navicular bursa; CLs of the DIP joint and DSIL. The severity of histological lesions for each site were graded. Results were compared between Groups 1 and 2 . Results : There was no relationship between age and grade of histological abnormality. There were significant histological differences between groups for lesions of the flexor aspect, proximal and distal borders, and medulla of the navicular bone; the DSIL and its insertion and the navicular bursa; but not for lesions of the CSLs, the dorsal aspect of the navicular bone, distal phalanx and articular cartilage, synovium or CLs of the DIP joint. Conclusions : Pathological abnormalities in lame horses often involved not only the navicular bone, but also the DSIL and navicular bursa. Abnormalities of the navicular bone medulla were generally only seen dorsal to lesions of the FFC. Potential relevance : Adaptive and reactive change may be occurring in the navicular apparatus in all horses to variable degrees and determination of the pathogenesis of lesions that lead to pain and biomechanical dysfunction should assist specific preventative or treatment protocols. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2746/042516406775374298 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 15-22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Femoral Neuropathy in a Dog with Iliopsoas Muscle Injury AU - Stepnik, Matthew W. AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Thompson, R. Randall AU - Marcellin Little, Denis J. T2 - Veterinary Surgery AB - Objective— To report femoral nerve dysfunction caused by focal iliopsoas muscle injury and treated by performing tenectomy of the muscle insertion. Study Design— Case report. Animals— A 4‐year‐old, castrated male, English Mastiff. Results— Iliopsoas muscle injury caused femoral nerve deficits and severe pain. Focal injury was not detected by ultrasonography or computed tomography but was visible on magnetic resonance (MRI) images. Tenectomy of the insertion of the iliopsoas muscle relieved signs of pain. Conclusions— Femoral nerve dysfunction may occur with iliopsoas muscle injury. Clinical Relevance— Iliopsoas muscle injury should be considered in patients with hip pain and MRI is a useful test for diagnosis. Tenectomy may be indicated for relief of chronic iliopsoas muscle pain. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00130.X VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 186-190 J2 - Veterinary Surgery LA - en OP - SN - 0161-3499 1532-950X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2006.00130.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of colonoscopic allergen provocation as a diagnostic tool in dogs with proven food hypersensitivity reactions AU - Allenspach, K AU - Vaden, SL AU - Harris, TS AU - Grone, A AU - Doherr, MG AU - Griot-Wenk, ME AU - Bischoff, SC AU - Gaschen, F T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - O bjective : To evaluate the colonoscopic allergen provocation (COLAP) test as a new tool for the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy. M ethods : Oral food challenges as well as COLAP testing were performed in a colony of nine research dogs with proven immediate‐type food allergic reactions. In addition, COLAP was performed in five healthy dogs. R esults : When compared with the oral challenge test, COLAP accurately determined 18 of 23 (73 per cent) positive oral challenge reactions (73 per cent) in dogs with food allergies and was negative in the healthy dogs. C linical S ignificance : The accuracy of this new test may be higher than that for gastric sensitivity testing. Therefore, COLAP holds promise as a new test to confirm the diagnosis of suspect IgE‐mediated food allergy in dogs. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00007.x VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 21-26 SN - 0022-4510 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of ophthalmic Nd:YAG laser energy on intraocular lenses after posterior capsulotomy in normal dog eyes AU - Beale, A. Brady AU - Salmon, Jacklyn AU - Michau, Tammy M. AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Abstract Objective To determine Nd:YAG laser energy requirements for posterior capsulotomy and intraocular lens (IOL) damage threshold for foldable acrylic IOLs as compared to traditional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Materials and procedures Four groups of five–six fresh canine cadaver eyes were used in this study. The groups included (1) unaltered eyes (2) aphakic eyes (3) eyes implanted with PMMA IOLs, and (4) eyes implanted with acrylic IOLs. Laser energy was delivered to the posterior capsule in grid fashion for 10 sites each of five levels of laser energy ranging from 0.5 mJ to 9 mJ. Number of successful capsulotomy sites was recorded based on slit‐lamp observation. Sites of IOL damage were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis of number of capsulotomies and IOL defects per laser energy level was conducted among and between groups using anova with Tukey's HSD test. Results When comparing groups (a) including all energy levels ( n = 25) and (b) by specific energy levels ( n = 5), there was no significant difference ( P < 0.05) in number of successful capsulotomy sites between IOL types. The 50% incidence threshold for successful capsulotomy was 2.74 mJ for acrylic IOLs and 2.64 mJ for PMMA IOLs. Energy‐dependent damage to both types of IOL was detected for medium, high‐medium, and high laser energy. Calculated 50% damage threshold was 4.9 mJ for acrylic IOL and 5.7 mJ for PMMA IOL. Damage to the IOL varied subjectively between IOL type, but there was no significant difference in number of defects caused, with the exception of high‐medium energy. Conclusions Both posterior lens capsules and IOLs were disrupted in an energy‐dependent manner with minimal difference in number of capsulotomy sites or damage to the IOL between acrylic and PMMA IOLs. A therapeutic margin between capsulotomy threshold (2.6–2.7 mJ) and IOL damage threshold (4.9–5.7 mJ) was determined to reliably achieve capsulotomies with minimal IOL damage for both acrylic and PMMA IOLs in normal canine cadaver eyes. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 335-340 J2 - Vet Ophthalmol LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x DB - Crossref KW - canine KW - Nd : YAG laser capsulotomy KW - posterior capsular opacity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line for in vitro studies of microbial pathogenesis in swine AU - Schierack, P AU - Nordhoff, M AU - Pollmann, M AU - Weyrauch, KD AU - Amasheh, S AU - Lodemann, U AU - Jores, J AU - Tachu, B AU - Kleta, S AU - Blikslager, A AU - Tedin, K AU - Wieler, LH T2 - HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1007/s00418-005-0067-z VL - 125 IS - 3 SP - 293-305 SN - 0948-6143 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32444445149&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - microbial pathogenesis KW - in vitro infection model KW - porcine intestinal epithelial cell line ER - TY - JOUR TI - CCNU in the treatment of canine epitheliotropic lymphoma AU - Williams, LE AU - Rassnick, KM AU - Power, HT AU - Lana, SE AU - Morrison-Collister, KE AU - Hansen, K AU - Johnson, JL T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - This retrospective study examined the use of CCNU (1-[2-chloroethyl]3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosurea) in 36 dogs with epitheliotropic lymphoma. Thirty-one (86%) dogs had the cutaneous form of disease, and 5 (14%) dogs had the oral form of disease. Nineteen (51%) dogs were treated with other chemotherapeutic agents before receiving CCNU. All dogs had detectable disease at the time CCNU therapy was initiated. Dogs received a median starting CCNU dosage of 70 mg/m2 (range, 50-100 mg/m2). The median number of treatments administered was 3 (range, 1-12 treatments). After the initial treatment, the CCNU dosage was adjusted in 9 of 26 (35%) dogs in which CCNU was continued: 7 had dosage reductions, and 2 had dosage escalations. Twenty-eight of 36 (78%) dogs had a measurable response to CCNU for a median duration of 106 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 75-182). Six dogs (17%) had a complete response, including 5 dogs with the cutaneous form and 1 dog with the oral form. Twenty-two dogs (61%) had a partial response, including 20 dogs with the cutaneous form and 2 dogs with the oral form, for a median duration of 88 days (95% CI, 62-170). Toxicoses after CCNU chemotherapy included myelosuppression in up to 29% of the dogs, gastrointestinal signs in up to 22% of the dogs, and liver enzyme activity increases in up to 86% of the dogs. This study demonstrates that CCNU chemotherapy can be considered a reasonable option for the treatment of canine epitheliotropic lymphoma in dogs. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[136:CITTOC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 136-143 SN - 0891-6640 KW - chemotherapy KW - dog KW - mycosis fungoides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of viral presence in semen and reproductive function of frozen-thawed spermatozoa from Pallas'-cats (Otocolobus manul) infected with feline herpesvirus AU - Swanson, William F. AU - Maggs, David J. AU - Clarke, Heather E. AU - Newell, Annie E. AU - Bond, Jennifer B. AU - Bateman, Helen L. AU - Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Although herpesviruses are known to contaminate the semen of several mammalian species, the occurrence of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) in semen of infected cats has not been reported. Our objectives in this study were to investigate the presence of FHV-1 DNA in seminal fluid and frozen-thawed spermatozoa from FHV-1 infected Pallas' cats (Otocolobus manul) and assess the functionality of their frozen-thawed spermatozoa in vitro. Over a 3-yr period, semen (n = 33 ejaculates) was collected periodically via electroejaculation from four Pallas' cats chronically infected with FHV-1. Spermic ejaculates were frozen by pelleting on dry ice and stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, sperm motility and acrosome status were assessed over time during in vitro culture. For vitro fertilization (IVF), viable domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed Pallas' cat spermatozoa and evaluated for embryo cleavage. For FHV-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, DNA was extracted from seminal fluid, frozen-thawed spermatozoa, inseminated oocytes, heterologous IVF embryos, and conjunctival biopsies and analyzed for presence of a 322-base pair region of the FHV-1 thymidine kinase gene. Immediately post-thaw, sperm motility and percentage of intact acrosomes were decreased (P < 0.05) compared to fresh samples, and declined further (P < 0.05) during culture. However, all frozen-thawed IVF samples were capable of fertilizing domestic cat oocytes (overall, 46.1 +/- 6.0% cleavage). PCR analysis did not identify FHV-1 DNA in any reproductive sample despite the repeated detection of FHV-1 DNA in conjunctival biopsies. These results suggest that semen collected from Pallas' cats infected with FHV-1 does not contain cell-associated or non-cell-associated virus and that frozen-thawed spermatozoa exhibit adequate function for potential genetic rescue with minimal risk of FHV-1 transmission. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1638/05-073.1 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 336-346 SN - 1937-2825 KW - assisted reproduction KW - cryopreservation KW - herpesvirus KW - Otocolobus manul KW - Pallas' cat KW - semen ER - TY - JOUR TI - A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of organophosphate dermal absorption AU - Merwe, D AU - Brooks, JD AU - Gehring, R AU - Baynes, RE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Riviere, JE T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - The rate and extent of dermal absorption are important in the analysis of risk from dermal exposure to toxic chemicals and for the development of topically applied drugs, barriers, insect repellents, and cosmetics. In vitro flow-through cells offer a convenient method for the study of dermal absorption that is relevant to the initial processes of dermal absorption. This study describes a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed to simulate the absorption of organophosphate pesticides, such as parathion, fenthion, and methyl parathion through porcine skin with flow-through cells. Parameters related to the structure of the stratum corneum and solvent evaporation rates were independently estimated. Three parameters were optimized based on experimental dermal absorption data, including solvent evaporation rate, diffusivity, and a mass transfer factor. Diffusion cell studies were conducted to validate the model under a variety of conditions, including different dose ranges (6.3-106.9 microg/cm2 for parathion; 0.8-23.6 microg/cm2 for fenthion; 1.6-39.3 microg/cm2 for methyl parathion), different solvents (ethanol, 2-propanol and acetone), different solvent volumes (5-120 microl for ethanol; 20-80 microl for 2-propanol and acetone), occlusion versus open to atmosphere dosing, and corneocyte removal by tape-stripping. The study demonstrated the utility of PBPK models for studying dermal absorption, which can be useful as explanatory and predictive tools that may be used for in silico hypotheses generation and limited hypotheses testing. The similarity between the overall shapes of the experimental and model-predicted flux/time curves and the successful simulation of altered system conditions for this series of small, lipophilic compounds indicated that the absorption processes that were described in the model successfully simulated important aspects of dermal absorption in flow-through cells. These data have direct relevance to topical organophosphate pesticide risk assessments. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/kfj014 VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 188-204 SN - 1096-0929 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000233991000018&KeyUID=WOS:000233991000018 KW - dermal absorption KW - PBPK model KW - parathion KW - fenthion KW - methyl parathion ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of oral and intravenous pimonidazole in canine tumors using intravenous CCI-103F as a control hypoxia marker AU - Kleiter, MM AU - Thrall, DE AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Ji, XS AU - Lee, DYW AU - Chou, SC AU - Raleigh, JA T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS AB - Pimonidazole HCl is widely used in immunohistochemical analyses of hypoxia in normal and malignant tissues. The present study investigates oral administration as a means of minimizing invasiveness.Twelve dogs with confirmed malignancy received 0.5 g/m2 of pimonidazole HCl: 6 by mouth and 6 by i.v. infusion. All dogs received i.v. CCI-103F as a control. Plasma levels of pimonidazole, pimonidazole N-oxide, and CCI-103F were measured. Tumor biopsies were formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, sectioned, immunostained, and analyzed for pimonidazole and CCI-103F binding. pH dependence for pimonidazole and CCI-103F binding was studied in vitro.Pimonidazole and CCI-103F binding in carcinomas and sarcomas was strongly correlated for both oral and i.v. pimonidazole HCl (r2=0.97). On average, the extent of pimonidazole binding exceeded that for CCI-103F by a factor of approximately 1.2, with the factor ranging from 1.0 to 1.65. Binding of both markers was pH dependent, but pimonidazole binding was greater at all values of pH.Oral pimonidazole HCl is effective as a hypoxia marker in spontaneously arising canine tumors. Selective cellular uptake and concomitant higher levels of binding in regions of hypoxia at the high end of pH gradients might account for the greater extent of pimonidazole binding. DA - 2006/2/1/ PY - 2006/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.09.010 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 592-602 SN - 1879-355X KW - hypoxia KW - pimonidazole KW - CCI-103F KW - differential metabolism KW - pH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrantel pamoate resistance in horses receiving daily administration of pyrantel tartrate AU - Brazik, E. L. AU - Luquire, J. T. AU - Little, D. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Case Descriptions —16 horses treated daily with pyrantel tartrate (2.64 mg/kg [1.2 mg/lb], PO) as part of a prophylactic anthelmintic program. Clinical Findings —Fecal worm egg counts (FWECs) were obtained on all 16 horses. Mean FWEC was 478 eggs/g (epg; range, 0 to 4,075 epg). Three of the 16 horses were responsible for 85% of the total fecal egg output for the herd on the day of sampling. Six horses had FWECs < 200 epg. Three horses that had arrived within 4 months of the sampling date had FWECs < 100 epg. Treatment and Outcome —An FWEC reduction test was initiated the day after FWECs were obtained; all horses with FWECs > 100 epg (9 horses) were treated with pyrantel pamoate (6.6 mg/kg [3 mg/lb], PO), and 14 days later, the FWEC was repeated. During the 14-day period, all horses received pyrantel tartrate (2.64 mg/kg, PO) daily. Fecal worm egg count reduction was calculated for each horse. Mean FWEC reduction for the group was 28.5% (range, increase of 21% in FWECs 14 days after treatment to a decrease of 100% in FWEC 14 days after treatment). Clinical Relevance —Farms should be monitored for cyathostomes resistant to pyrantel pamoate prior to use of pyrantel tartrate. Fecal worm egg counts should be monitored routinely in horses before and after treatment to ensure efficacy of cyathostome control measures. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2460/javma.228.1.101 VL - 228 IS - 1 SP - 101-103 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Idiopathic sclerosing orbital pseudotumor in seven cats AU - Billson, FM AU - Miller-Michau, T AU - Mould, JRB AU - Davidson, MG T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - Abstract Objective To review the clinical presentation and histopathologic findings on a series of cats with orbital fibrotic disease and compare the data to that of humans with sclerosing orbital pseudotumor. Animals A retrospective study was undertaken, which identified tissue samples from seven cats between 1997 and 2002 with a history of orbital mass effect and pathology characterized by fibrous tissue proliferation. Procedure Information was obtained from medical records for affected cats, including age, sex, clinical signs, management, and outcome, with histopathology re‐examined. Results Six of seven cats presented with unilateral orbital involvement that progressed to bilateral orbital disease despite treatment. Onset was insidious, evolving over weeks to months and was associated with fixation of orbital structures. Owners of six of the cats opted for euthanasia because of disease progression and pain. Histopathology of affected orbital tissue included extensive fibrosis with encapsulation of normal tissues without characteristics of neoplasia. Conclusions Clinical findings and histopathology of globes and orbital tissues in cats bore many similarities to idiopathic sclerosing orbital pseudotumor in humans. In cats, the prognosis for the globe appears to be poor but an elucidation of the pathogenesis and earlier diagnosis coupled with more aggressive treatment modalities as indicated in humans may be beneficial. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00436.x VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 45-51 SN - 1463-5224 KW - cat KW - feline KW - fibrosis KW - orbit KW - pseudotumor KW - sclerosing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal incontinence associated with epidural spinal hematoma and intervertebral disk extrusion in a dog AU - Cerda-Gonzalez, Sofia AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Case Description —A 7-year-old castrated male Great Dane was evaluated because of a 2-month history of fecal incontinence. Clinical Findings —On the basis of the presence of paraparesis and apparently normal spinal reflexes, the neurologic signs were localized in the region of the third thoracic to the third lumbar spinal cord segments. On the basis of the findings of magnetic resonance imaging, a presumptive diagnosis of a compressive intervertebral disk extrusion with secondary hemorrhage and epidural hematoma formation was made. Treatment and Outcome —A right-sided hemil-aminectomy was performed (centered at the T13-L1 intervertebral space) to further characterize the lesion and decompress the spinal cord. The histopathologic diagnosis was extruded intervertebral disk material with chronic hemorrhage and inflammation. Three weeks after surgery, there was complete resolution of the dog's fecal incontinence and moderate improvements in its hind limb function. Clinical Relevance —Thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries can result in upper motor neuron fecal incontinence in ambulatory dogs. Epidural spinal hematomas may develop secondary to intervertebral disk herniations and cause spinal cord compression resulting in neurologic deficits. DA - 2006/1/15/ PY - 2006/1/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.228.2.230 VL - 228 IS - 2 SP - 230-235 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.2.230 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of concentration of voriconazole in aqueous humor after topical and oral administration in horses AU - Clode, Alison B. AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Salmon, Jacklyn AU - Michau, Tammy Miller AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To determine penetration of topically and orally administered voriconazole into ocular tissues and evaluate concentrations of the drug in blood and signs of toxicosis after topical application in horses. Animals —11 healthy adult horses. Procedure —Each eye in 6 horses was treated with a single concentration (0.5%, 1.0%, or 3.0%) of a topically administered voriconazole solution every 4 hours for 7 doses. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed and plasma samples were collected after application of the final dose. Voriconazole concentrations in aqueous humor (AH) and plasma were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. Five horses received a single orally administered dose of voriconazole (4 mg/kg); anterior chamber paracentesis was performed, and voriconazole concentrations in AH were measured. Results —Mean ± SD voriconazole concentrations in AH after topical administration of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% solutions (n = 4 eyes for each concentration) were 1.43 ± 0.37 μg/mL, 2.35 ± 0.78 μg/mL, and 2.40 ± 0.29 μg/mL, respectively. The 1.0% and 3.0% solutions resulted in significantly higher AH concentrations than the 0.5% solution, and only the 3.0% solution induced signs of ocular toxicosis. Voriconazole was detected in the plasma for 1 hour after the final topically administered dose of all solutions. Mean ± SD voriconazole concentration in AH after a single orally administered dose was 0.86 ± 0.22 μg/mL. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results indicated that voriconazole effectively penetrated the cornea in clinically normal eyes and reached detectable concentrations in the AH after topical administration. The drug also penetrated noninflamed equine eyes after oral administration. Low plasma concentrations of voriconazole were detected after topical administration. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 296-301 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs AU - Lascelles, BDX AU - Roe, SC AU - Smith, E AU - Reynolds, L AU - Markham, J AU - Marcellin-Little, D AU - Bergh, MS AU - Budsberg, SC T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To compare ground reaction forces (GRFs) measured by use of a pressure-sensitive walk-way (PSW) and a force plate (FP) and evaluate weekly variation in the GRFs and static vertical forces in dogs.34 clinically normal dogs and 5 research dogs with lameness.GRF data were collected from 5 lame and 14 clinically normal dogs by use of an FP and a PSW. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and velocity measurements (determined by use of photocells and PSW data) were compared between groups. Peak vertical force, VI, stride length, ground phase time (ie, contact time), and static body weight distribution data were collected on 2 occasions, 1 week apart, in 20 different clinically normal dogs by use of a PSW; week-to-week variation in values was evaluated.Measurements of velocity derived by use of the photocells were not different from those derived by use of the PSW. For any 1 limb, values derived by use of the PSW were significantly lower than values derived with the FP. For values obtained by use of either technique, there were no differences between left and right limbs except for values of PVF measured via PSW in forelimbs. Values of PVF, VI, contact time, stride length, and static weight distribution generated by the PSW did not vary from week to week.Values for GRFs varied between the FP and PSW. However, data derived by use of PSW were consistent and could be used to evaluate kinetic variables over time in the same dog. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.277 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 277-282 SN - 0002-9645 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.277 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cellular composition of bronchial brushings obtained from healthy dogs and dogs with chronic cough and cytologic composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from dogs with chronic cough AU - Hawkins, EC AU - Rogala, AR AU - Large, EE AU - Bradley, JM AU - Grindem, CB T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To determine whether bronchial brushings from dogs with chronic cough have increased numbers of goblet cells and WBCs, compared with numbers for healthy dogs, or have differing WBC populations, compared with populations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from dogs with chronic cough.9 healthy dogs and 10 dogs with chronic cough.Specimens were collected by use of bronchoscopy. Cellular composition was determined for brushings, and results from dogs with chronic cough were compared with those from healthy dogs. Cellular composition of brushings was compared with composition of BAL obtained from dogs with chronic cough.Brushings from healthy dogs contained a median of 2.9 x 10(6) epithelial cells, comprising 100% epithelial cells (96% ciliated, 3% goblet, and 1% other) and no WBCs. Brushings from dogs with chronic cough had 4.5 x 10(6) epithelial cells, comprising 93% epithelial cells (86% ciliated, 2% goblet, and 12% other). Dogs with chronic cough had significantly greater percentages of WBCs (7%) and neutrophils (6%), compared with values for healthy dogs. Five dogs with chronic cough had no neutrophilic inflammation evident in BAL, but 4 of these had evidence of neutrophilic inflammation in brushings.Neutrophils, but not goblet cells, were increased in brushings from dogs with chronic cough. Analysis of bronchial brushings provides information about airway inflammation that differs from that found by examination of BAL in some dogs with chronic cough and is a more sensitive indicator of airway inflammation than cytologic examination of BAL in these dogs. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.1.160 VL - 67 IS - 1 SP - 160-167 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pilot investigation of a model for canine atopic dermatitis: environmental house dust mite challenge of high-IgE-producing beagles, mite hypersensitive dogs with atopic dermatitis and normal dogs AU - Marsella, R AU - Olivry, T AU - Nicklin, C AU - Lopez, J T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Although canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is common, few models are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate high‐IgE beagles epicutaneously sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) as a possible model for cAD. Six high‐IgE beagles were environmentally challenged with HDM using various doses and protocols. Similar challenge protocols were used in positive and negative control dogs: three dogs with naturally occurring cAD and positive intradermal skin test (IDT) to HDM and three normal dogs without history of skin disease and negative IDT to HDM. All high‐IgE beagles and all atopic dogs developed severe cutaneous lesions and pruritus after challenge. Lesions were erythematous papules and macules in contact areas such as face, ears, ventral abdomen, groin, axillae and feet. They were first visible after 6 h and increased in severity over time. No normal dog developed pruritus or lesions. Biopsies of representative lesions in the high‐IgE beagles were taken for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. There was superficial perivascular dermatitis with mononuclear infiltrates and spongiosis. Lymphocytes and eosinophils accumulated in small epidermal micro‐abscesses with hyperplasia of epidermal IgE‐bearing dendritic cells. These findings suggest that this colony of high‐IgE beagles develops a dermatitis that clinically, histopathologically and immunologically resembles the naturally occurring canine disease. It is also concluded that this modality of challenge is not irritating to normal dogs but induces flare‐ups in hypersensitive atopic dogs. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00496.x VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 24-35 SN - 1365-3164 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644913644&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A canine model of cutaneous late-phase reactions: prednisolone inhibition of cellular and cytokine responses AU - Pucheu-Haston, CM AU - Shuster, D AU - Olivry, T AU - Brianceau, P AU - Lockwood, P AU - McClanahan, T AU - Malefyt, RD AU - Mattson, JD AU - Hammerberg, B T2 - IMMUNOLOGY AB - Summary Immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated late‐phase reactions can be induced in atopic humans by intradermal injection of relevant allergens or anti‐IgE antibodies. The histology of these reactions resembles that of naturally occurring atopic dermatitis. Strikingly similar responses can be induced in dogs, suggesting that a canine model could prove valuable for preclinical investigation of drugs targeting late‐phase reactions. This study was designed to characterize the cellular, cytokine and chemokine responses after intradermal anti‐IgE injection in untreated and prednisolone‐treated dogs. Normal beagles were untreated or treated with prednisolone before intradermal injection of polyclonal rabbit anti‐canine IgE or normal rabbit IgG. Biopsies were taken before injection and 6, 24 and 48 hr after injection. Samples were evaluated by histological and immunohistochemical staining, as well as by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Dermal eosinophil and neutrophil numbers increased dramatically within 6 hr after injection of rabbit anti‐canine IgE, and remained moderately elevated at 48 hr. The numbers of CD1c + and CD3 + mononuclear cells were also increased at 6 hr. The real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated marked increases in mRNA expression for interleukin‐13 (IL‐13), CCL2, CCL5 and CCL17. Levels of mRNA for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6 and IFN‐γ did not change within the limits of detection. Prednisolone administration suppressed the influx of neutrophils, eosinophils, CD1c + and CD3 + cells, as well as expression of IL‐13, CCL2, CCL5 and CCL17. These data document the cytokine and chemokine responses to anti‐IgE injection in canine skin, and they demonstrate the ability of the model to characterize the anti‐inflammatory effects of a known therapeutic agent. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02276.x VL - 117 IS - 2 SP - 177-187 SN - 1365-2567 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645064542&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - animal models/studies KW - cows/pigs/horses/cats/dogs KW - allergy KW - atopy KW - basophils/mast cells KW - skin (dermatology) immunology/disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenges for assessing carbon nanomaterial toxicity to the skin AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA AU - Inman, AO T2 - CARBON AB - This manuscript reviews a number of issues that must be dealt with to assess carbon nanomaterial interactions with the skin in the context of potential toxicity. The potential pathway for dermal absorption of carbon nanomaterials is discussed. The few existing studies assessing carbon nanomaterial toxicity to skin are reviewed. This paper addresses potential confounding factors in dealing with the experimental design of nanomaterial toxicity studies and their interpretation. Certain standard cytotoxicity assays that are well suited to assess chemical toxicity may generate conflicting results when carbon materials are assessed. This was demonstrated in an experimental study comparing carbon effects on human keratinocyte cytotoxicity assessed by transmission electron microscopy, neutral red and MTT cell viability assays, as well as irritation assessed by release of the cytokine IL-8. Four sources of carbon black particles were assessed. Conflicting results were obtained across all cytotoxicity endpoints potentially secondary to the adsorbing properties of carbon interfering with viability markers in the assay systems. These data suggest that a single cytotoxicity assay should not be relied upon in assessing carbon nanomaterial toxicity and that carbon black may not be optimal control particles for assessing nanomaterial toxicity in epidermal cell culture systems due to the wide range of responses seen between the carbon black varieties. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.11.004 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 1070-1078 SN - 1873-3891 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000236683800007&KeyUID=WOS:000236683800007 KW - carbon nanoparticles KW - bioactivity KW - scanning electron microscopy KW - transmission electron microscopy KW - aggregation ER - TY - CHAP TI - Echinoderms AU - Harms, C.A. T2 - Invertebrate Medicine A2 - Lewbart, G.A. AB - This chapter contains section titled: Natural History and Taxonomy Anatomy and Physiology Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine Infectious Diseases Neoplasia Miscellaneous Conditions Clinical Procedures Treatment Protocols Human Health Hazards References PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1002/9780470344606.ch17 SP - 245-256 PB - Blackwell ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vector-borne diseases: What you don't know can kill you, your clients, or your patients AU - Breitschwerdt, E. B. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 1-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Median sternotomy closure in dogs: A mechanical comparison of technique stability AU - Davis, KM AU - Roe, SC AU - Mathews, KG AU - Mente, PL T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine median sternotomy closure using double-loop cerclage compared with other commonly used cerclage sternotomy closure patterns.Experimental study.Forty canine cadaveric sternal segments.Median sternotomy-wire constructs were loaded to failure in a materials testing machine. Each construct was radiographed before and after testing. Specific wire configurations tested were: 2 single twist cerclage centered on the sternebrae, single twist figure of 8 pattern centered on the sternal synchondrosis, double twist figure of 8 pattern centered on the sternal synchondrosis, 2 double-loop cerclage centered on the sternebrae, and 1 double-loop cerclage centered on the sternal synchondrosis. Wire configurations were compared by craniocaudal translation of sternabrae on pre-test radiographs, and displacement during loading, and mode of failure, based on analysis of test video, and post-test radiographs.Double-loop cerclage did not provide superior mechanical stabilization of median sternotomy. Both figure of 8 patterns had the least displacement at higher loads. Two single twists that were centered on sternebrae were least able to prevent displacement at higher loads, caused the most craniocaudal translation before testing, and fractured more often at loads < or = 200 N compared with other configurations.Sternal wiring techniques stabilizing sternal synchondroses had the least displacement. Overall, figure of 8 cerclage appeared most suitable because they minimized displacement at high loads and facilitated accurate reduction during tensioning.In closing canine sternotomy, figure of 8 cerclage may be most suitable. Double-loop cerclage centered on the sternal synchondrosis should be avoided because of wire failure at high loads. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00143.x VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 271-277 SN - 0161-3499 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro evaluation of five canine tibial plateau leveling methods AU - Hildreth, BE AU - Marcellin-Little, DJ AU - Roe, SC AU - Harrysson, OLA T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To compare application time, accuracy of tibial plateau slope (TPS) correction, presence and magnitude of rotational and angular deformities, and mechanical properties of 5 canine tibial plateau leveling methods.27 canine tibial replicas created by rapid prototyping methods.The application time, accuracy of TPS correction, presence and magnitude of rotational and angular deformation, and construct axial stiffness of 3 internal fixation methods (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, tibial wedge osteotomy, and chevron wedge osteotomy [CWO]) and 2 external skeletal fixation (ESF) methods (hinged hybrid circular external fixation and wedge osteotomy linear fixation [WOLF]) were assessed.Mean bone model axial stiffness did not differ among methods. Mean application time was more rapid for WOLF than for other methods. Mean TPSs did not differ from our 5 degrees target and were lower for ESF methods, compared with internal fixation methods. Mean postoperative rotational malalignment did not differ from our target or among groups. Mean postoperative medio-lateral angulation did not differ from our target, except for CWO. Internal fixation methods lead to axially stiffer constructs than ESF methods. Reuse of ESF frames did not lead to a decrease in axial stiffness.The 5 tibial plateau leveling methods had acceptable geometric and mechanical properties. External skeletal fixation methods were more accurate as a result of precise data available for determining the exact magnitude of correction required to achieve a 5 degrees TPS. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.693 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 693-700 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and evaluation of a PCR assay for the detection of Cytauxzoon felis DNA in feline blood samples AU - Birkenheuer, AJ AU - Marr, H AU - Alleman, AR AU - Levy, MG AU - Breitschwerdt, EB T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB - Cytauxzoonosis is an emerging tick borne infectious disease of domestic cats in the United States, caused by the organism Cytauxzoon felis (C. felis). In naturally infected domestic cats the disease is almost always fatal. Currently there are no commercially available molecular or serologic tests to facilitate the antemortem diagnosis of C. felis infection. Clinical and pathological diagnosis of cytauxzoonosis is based on microscopic identification of parasites in tissues or on blood smears. We have developed and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay for the diagnosis of C. felis infections in feline blood samples. The assay is sensitive enough to detect one copy of a cloned fragment of the C. felis 18S rRNA gene. This PCR assay can be used for the rapid clinical diagnosis of cytauxzoonosis and for epidemiological studies that will better define the geographic distribution of C. felis infection in cats. DA - 2006/4/15/ PY - 2006/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.007 VL - 137 IS - 1-2 SP - 144-149 SN - 1873-2550 KW - cytauxzoonosis KW - piroplasmosis KW - pancytopenia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measurement of free thyroxine concentration in horses by equilibrium dialysis AU - Breuhaus, BA AU - Refsal, KR AU - Beyerlein, SL T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The purpose of the study reported here was to validate measurement of free thyroxine (fT4) concentration in equine serum by equilibrium dialysis (fT4D), and to compare values with fT4 concentration measured directly and with total T4 (TT4) concentration. The fT4D, fT4, and TT4 concentrations were measured over a range of values in euthyroid horses and horses made hypothyroid by administration of propylthiouracil (PTU). Concentrations of fT4D (<1.8-83 pmol/L) were consistently higher than those of fT4 (<1-40 pmol/L). There was a significant (P < .001) regression of fT4D on fT4 in 503 samples from normal horses (y = 2.086x - 0.430). In baseline samples from 71 healthy euthyroid horses, fT4 concentration ranged from 6-21 pmol/L (median, 11 pmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI]10.5-11.8 pmol/L), and fT4D concentration ranged from 7-47 pmol/L (median, 22 pmol/L; 95% CI 20.9-25.1 pmol/L). Free T4D, fT4, and TT4 concentrations were also measured in 34 ill horses. Horses consuming PTU and ill horses had significantly (P < .05) lower serum concentration of TT4, fT4, and fT4D than did clinically normal, healthy horses. If serum samples from ill horses were further subdivided into samples from horses that lived and samples from horses that died, fT4D concentration was not significantly different in ill horses that lived, compared with that in healthy horses, whereas fT4 concentration was still significantly decreased in ill horses that died (P < 0.001). We conclude that measurement of fT4 concentration by equilibrium dialysis is a valid technique in the horse, and its use may provide improved ability to distinguish nonthyroidal illness syndrome from hypothyroidism in that species. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[371:MOFTCI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 371-376 SN - 1939-1676 KW - assay validation KW - equilibrium dialysis KW - free thyroxine KW - horse KW - nonthyroidal illness syndrome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Canine chronic inflammatory rhinitis AU - Windsor, RC AU - Johnson, LR T2 - CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Chronic inflammatory rhinitis is commonly found in dogs with chronic nasal disease and is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in the nasal mucosa in the absence of an obvious etiologic process. The pathogenesis of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis remains unknown. Animals respond poorly to antibiotics, oral glucocorticoids, and antihistamines, making primary infectious, immune-mediated, or allergic etiologies unlikely. Aberrant immune response to inhaled organisms or allergens may induce inflammation in some animals. Common clinical signs include nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, epistaxis, and stertor. Diagnosis is made by performing a thorough history, physical examination, radiography or advanced imaging (via computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging), rhinoscopy, and nasal mucosal biopsy to rule out primary etiologies of nasal discharge. Treatment strategies have included various antibiotics, antihistamines, oral and inhalant steroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatories, and antifungal medications. Some dogs may respond partially to doxycycline or azithromycin, although it is unclear whether response is related to antimicrobial or antiinflammatory properties of these drugs. Hydration of the nasal cavity through nasal drops or aerosols may limit nasal discharge, and some animals may improve with inhalant (but rarely oral) glucocorticoids. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1053/j.ctsap.2005.12.014 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 76-81 SN - 1096-2867 KW - rhinitis KW - nasal KW - canine KW - inflammatory KW - lymphoplasmacytic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Value of a single-shot turbo spin-echo pulse sequence for assessing the architecture of the subarachnoid space and the constitutive nature of cerebrospinal fluid AU - Pease, A AU - Sullivan, S AU - Olby, N AU - Galano, H AU - Cerda-Gonzalez, S AU - Robertson, ID AU - Gavin, P AU - Thrall, D T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Three case history reports are presented to illustrate the value of the single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence for assessment of the subarachnoid space. The use of the single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence, which is a heavily T2‐weighted sequence, allows for a rapid, noninvasive evaluation of the subarachnoid space by using the high signal from cerebrospinal fluid. This sequence can be completed in seconds rather than the several minutes required for a T2‐fast spin‐echo sequence. Unlike the standard T2‐fast spin‐echo sequence, a single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence also provides qualitative information about the protein and the cellular content of the cerebrospinal fluid, such as in patients with inflammatory debris or hemorrhage in the cerebrospinal fluid. Although the resolution of the single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence images is relatively poor compared with more conventional sequences, the qualitative information about the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid and the rapid acquisition time, make it a useful sequence to include in standard protocols of spinal magnetic resonance imaging. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00136.x VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 254-259 SN - 1740-8261 KW - cervical KW - half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo KW - magnetic resonance imaging KW - myelogram KW - shot turbo spin echo ER - TY - JOUR TI - The pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin in the horse following oral and intravenous administration AU - Davis, JL AU - Papich, MG AU - Weingarten, A T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and physicochemical characteristics of orbifloxacin in the horse. Six healthy adult horses were administered oral and intravenous orbifloxacin at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Plasma protein binding and lipophilicity were determined in vitro . Following i.v. administration, orbifloxacin had a terminal half‐life ( t 1/2 ) of 5.08 h and a volume of distribution (V d(ss) ) of 1.58 L/kg. Following oral administration, the average maximum plasma concentration ( C max ) was 1.25 μ g/mL with a t 1/2 of 3.42 h. Systemic bioavailability was 68.35%. Plasma protein binding was 20.64%. The octanol:water partition coefficient (pH 7.4) was 0.2 ± 0.11. No adverse reactions were noted during this study. Dosage regimens were determined from the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic parameters established for fluoroquinolone antibiotics. For susceptible bacteria, an oral dose of approximately 5 mg/kg once daily will produce plasma concentrations within the suggested range. This dose is suggested for further studies on the clinical efficacy of orbifloxacin for treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in the horse. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00737.x VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 191-197 SN - 1365-2885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atresia coli in an alpaca cria AU - Poulsen, KP AU - Elce, YA AU - Frederico, LM AU - Remick, AK AU - Capucille, DJ T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 158, Issue 17 p. 598-599 Short Communication Atresia coli in an alpaca cria K. P. Poulsen DVM, K. P. Poulsen DVM Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Poulsen’s present address is Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USASearch for more papers by this authorY. A. Elce DVM, DipACVS, Y. A. Elce DVM, DipACVS Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. M. Frederico DVM, L. M. Frederico DVM Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorA. K. Remick DVM, A. K. Remick DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. J. Capucille DVM, MS, DipAVBP, D. J. Capucille DVM, MS, DipAVBP Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author K. P. Poulsen DVM, K. P. Poulsen DVM Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Poulsen’s present address is Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USASearch for more papers by this authorY. A. Elce DVM, DipACVS, Y. A. Elce DVM, DipACVS Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. M. Frederico DVM, L. M. Frederico DVM Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorA. K. Remick DVM, A. K. Remick DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. J. Capucille DVM, MS, DipAVBP, D. J. Capucille DVM, MS, DipAVBP Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 April 2006 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.17.598Citations: 6 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume158, Issue17April 2006Pages 598-599 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/4/29/ PY - 2006/4/29/ DO - 10.1136/vr.158.17.598 VL - 158 IS - 17 SP - 598-599 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ileocolic intussusception in a pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) AU - Wosar, MA AU - Lewbart, GA T2 - VETERINARY RECORD AB - Veterinary RecordVolume 158, Issue 20 p. 698-699 Article Ileocolic intussusception in a pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS, M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Wosar’s present address is Miami Veterinary Specialists, 8601 Sunset Drive, Miami, FL 33143, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS, M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Wosar’s present address is Miami Veterinary Specialists, 8601 Sunset Drive, Miami, FL 33143, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 May 2006 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.20.698Citations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume158, Issue20May 2006Pages 698-699 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/5/20/ PY - 2006/5/20/ DO - 10.1136/vr.158.20.698 VL - 158 IS - 20 SP - 698-699 SN - 0042-4900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selecting soybean meal characteristics preferred for swine nutrition AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Moeser, A. J. AU - Muley, N. S. AU - Sewalt, V. J. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - As environmental constraints become more important issues for the animal industry, selecting feed ingredients that yield good animal performance but also minimize environmental impact of animal production becomes critical. The objective of this research was to identify which compositional features would be desirable for soybean meal to maximize nutritional value and minimize animal waste. Eight soybean samples were selected from a database of 72, such that maximal variability for CP, NDF, and ADF content was obtained. Samples were subsequently processed into meal using standardized procedures. In Experiment 1, 8 cannulated pigs were used to determine ileal digestibility following a Latin square design. In Experiment 2, 5 of the samples were used in complete feeds and 10 pigs were used in a crossover Latin square design to determine the total tract digestibility, odorants in fresh and 5-d-old manure, and ammonia emission from manure. Differences up to 6% in ileal DM digestibility and 8% in ileal CP digestibility were observed. This difference was reduced to 1.1% for total tract DM digestibility and 4% for total tract CP digestibility. Differences in odorant concentration were 3-fold and for in vitro ammonia emission were 42%. The only compositional variable with a significant effect on digestibility was stachyose, which negatively affected ileal digestibility of DM (r = −0.80, P = 0.02) and energy (r = −0.73, P = 0.04). None of the compositional variables measured affected ileal CP digestibility. Ileal CP digestibility, however, was correlated with estimated CP fermentation in the large intestine (r = −0.86, P = 0.06) and with in vitro ammonia emission after 48h (r = −0.81, P = 0.09). In conclusion, nutritionally relevant variability exists in soy varieties. Low stachyose content is important for maximizing ileal energy digestibility of soybean meal. Although no compositional variable was identified that explained differences in ileal CP digestibility, maximizing ileal CP digestibility is of interest for maximizing the nutritional value of soybean meal and possibly for reducing ammonia and odor emissions. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.2527/2006.8461387x VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 1387-1395 SN - 1525-3163 KW - ammonia KW - digestibility KW - odor KW - soybean meal KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Novel Bioerodible Deep Scleral Lamellar Cyclosporine Implant for Uveitis AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Salmon, Jacklyn H. AU - Wilkie, David A. AU - Cruysberg, Lars P. J. AU - Kim, Jonghyeon AU - Hayat, Matt AU - Kim, Hyuncheol AU - Kim, Stephanie AU - Yuan, Peng AU - Lee, Susan S. AU - Harrington, Susan M. AU - Murray, Patrick R. AU - Edelhauser, Henry F. AU - Csaky, Karl G. AU - Robinson, Michael R. T2 - Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science AB - purpose. To determine the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of an episcleral or deep scleral lamellar sustained release cyclosporine (CsA) device in a naturally occurring animal model of uveitis. methods. A two-compartment perfusion chamber was used to assess in vitro human and equine scleral permeability of fluorescein, dexamethasone-fluorescein, or CsA. A biodegradable, matrix-reservoir CsA implant was designed, and release rates of CsA were determined in vitro. Tissue CsA levels were measured in eyes with the implant. Horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) received episcleral or deep scleral lamellar CsA implants and were monitored for up to 3 years. results. Dexamethasone-fluorescein and CsA penetrated the in vitro equine sclera poorly; however, low but detectable levels of CsA were detected intraocularly in vivo. The implant placed episclerally failed to control inflammatory episodes in ERU. CsA implants placed in the deep sclera adjacent to the suprachoroidal space resulted in high levels of CsA in most ocular tissues. In clinical equine patients with ERU, frequency of uveitic flare-ups was significantly decreased after implantation of a deep scleral lamellar CsA implant. conclusions. Diffusion of CsA across the sclera from the episcleral space was not a feasible method of drug delivery to the equine eye. However, placing a deep scleral lamellar CsA implant adjacent to the suprachoroidal space was effective in achieving therapeutic ocular drug concentrations and controlling uveitis in horses with ERU. DA - 2006/6/1/ PY - 2006/6/1/ DO - 10.1167/iovs.05-1540 VL - 47 IS - 6 SP - 2596 J2 - Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 1552-5783 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-1540 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physicochemical properties AU - Ryman-Rasmussen, JP AU - Riviere, JE AU - Monteiro-Riviere, NA T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Skin is the largest organ of the body and is a potential route of exposure to engineered nanomaterials, but the permeability of the skin to these nanomaterials is unknown. We selected commercially available quantum dots (QD) of two core/shell sizes and shapes and three different surface coatings to determine if QD could penetrate intact skin in a size- or coating-dependent manner. Spherical 4.6 nm core/shell diameter QD 565 and ellipsoid 12 nm (major axis) by 6 nm (minor axis) core/shell diameter QD 655 with neutral (polyethylene glycol), anionic (carboxylic acids) or cationic (polyethylene glycol-amine) coatings were topically applied to porcine skin in flow-through diffusion cells at an occupationally relevant dose for 8 h and 24 h. Confocal microscopy revealed that spherical QD 565 of each surface coating penetrated the stratum corneum and localized within the epidermal and dermal layers by 8 h. Similarly, polyethylene glycol– and polyethylene glycol-amine–coated ellipsoid QD 655 localized within the epidermal layers by 8 h. No penetration of carboxylic acid–coated QD 655 was evident until 24 h, at which time localization in the epidermal layers was observed. This study showed that quantum dots of different sizes, shapes, and surface coatings can penetrate intact skin at an occupationally relevant dose within the span of an average-length work day. These results suggest that skin is surprisingly permeable to nanomaterials with diverse physicochemical properties and may serve as a portal of entry for localized, and possibly systemic, exposure of humans to QD and other engineered nanoscale materials. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/kfj122 VL - 91 IS - 1 SP - 159-165 SN - 1096-0929 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000236808200018&KeyUID=WOS:000236808200018 KW - quantum dots KW - semiconductor nanocrystals KW - skin KW - nanomaterials KW - nanotoxicology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses AU - Davis, JL AU - Salmon, JH AU - Papich, MG T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To determine pharmacokinetics, safety, and penetration into interstitial fluid (ISF), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), and aqueous humor of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses.6 adult horses.The effect of feeding on drug absorption was determined. Plasma samples were obtained after administration of single or multiple doses of doxycycline (20 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. Additionally, ISF, PMNLs, and aqueous humor samples were obtained after the final administration. Horses were monitored for adverse reactions.Feeding decreased drug absorption. After multiple doses, mean +/- SD time to maximum concentration was 1.63 +/- 1.36 hours, maximum concentration was 1.74 +/- 0.3 microg/mL, and elimination half-life was 12.07 +/- 3.17 hours. Plasma protein binding was 81.76 +/- 2.43%. The ISF concentrations correlated with the calculated percentage of non-protein-bound drug. Maximum concentration was 17.27 +/- 8.98 times as great in PMNLs, compared with plasma. Drug was detected in aqueous humor at 7.5% to 10% of plasma concentrations. One horse developed signs of acute colitis and required euthanasia.Results suggest that doxycycline administered at a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours will result in drug concentrations adequate for killing intracellular bacteria and bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration < or = 0.25 microg/mL. For bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 microg/mL, a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours may be required; extreme caution should be exercised with the higher dosage until more safety data are available. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.310 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 310-316 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii typing scheme based upon 16S–23S ITS and Pap31 sequences from dog, coyote, gray fox, and human isolates AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. AU - Chomel, Bruno AU - Hegarty, Barbara C. AU - Henn, Jennifer AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - Molecular and Cellular Probes AB - Since the isolation of Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii from a dog with endocarditis in 1993, this organism has emerged as an important pathogen in dogs and as an emerging pathogen in people. Current evidence indicates that coyotes, dogs and gray foxes potentially serve as reservoir hosts. Based upon sequence differences within the 16S–23S ITS region and Pap31 gene, we propose a classification scheme that divides B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii isolates into four distinct types. Two conserved sequences, of 37 and 18 bp, respectively, are differentially present within the ITS region of each of the four B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii types. To date, B. vinsonii berkhoffii types I, II, and III have been identified in the US, type III in Europe and type IV in Canada. Based upon the proposed genotyping scheme, the geographic distribution of B. vinsonii berkhoffii types needs to be more thoroughly delineated in future molecular epidemiological studies involving Bartonella infection in coyotes, dogs, gray foxes, human beings and potentially other animals or in arthropod vectors. Strain typing may help to better define the reservoir potential, carriership patterns, modes of transmission, and geographic distribution for each B. vinsonii berkhoffii type. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.11.002 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 128-134 J2 - Molecular and Cellular Probes LA - en OP - SN - 0890-8508 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2005.11.002 DB - Crossref KW - Bartonella KW - bacteria KW - canine KW - pathogen KW - classification KW - genes ER -