TY - JOUR TI - Identification of constrained sequence elements across 239 primate genomes AU - Kuderna, Lukas F. K. AU - Ulirsch, Jacob C. AU - Rashid, Sabrina AU - Ameen, Mohamed AU - Sundaram, Laksshman AU - Hickey, Glenn AU - Cox, Anthony J. AU - Gao, Hong AU - Kumar, Arvind AU - Aguet, Francois AU - Christmas, Matthew J. AU - Clawson, Hiram AU - Haeussler, Maximilian AU - Janiak, Mareike C. AU - Kuhlwilm, Martin AU - Orkin, Joseph D. AU - Bataillon, Thomas AU - Manu, Shivakumara AU - Valenzuela, Alejandro AU - Bergman, Juraj AU - Rouselle, Marjolaine AU - Silva, Felipe Ennes AU - Agueda, Lidia AU - Blanc, Julie AU - Gut, Marta AU - Vries, Dorien AU - Goodhead, Ian AU - Harris, R. Alan AU - Raveendran, Muthuswamy AU - Jensen, Axel AU - Chuma, Idriss S. AU - Horvath, Julie E. AU - Hvilsom, Christina AU - Juan, David AU - Frandsen, Peter AU - Schraiber, Joshua G. AU - Melo, Fabiano R. AU - Bertuol, Fabricio AU - Byrne, Hazel AU - Sampaio, Iracilda AU - Farias, Izeni AU - Valsecchi, Joao AU - Messias, Malu AU - Silva, Maria N. F. AU - Trivedi, Mihir AU - Rossi, Rogerio AU - Hrbek, Tomas AU - Andriaholinirina, Nicole AU - Rabarivola, Clement J. AU - Zaramody, Alphonse AU - Jolly, Clifford J. AU - Phillips-Conroy, Jane AU - Wilkerson, Gregory AU - Abee, Christian AU - Simmons, Joe H. AU - Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo AU - Kanthaswamy, Sree AU - Shiferaw, Fekadu AU - Wu, Dongdong AU - Zhou, Long AU - Shao, Yong AU - Zhang, Guojie AU - Keyyu, Julius D. AU - Knauf, Sascha AU - Le, Minh D. AU - Lizano, Esther AU - Merker, Stefan AU - Navarro, Arcadi AU - Nadler, Tilo AU - Khor, Chiea Chuen AU - Lee, Jessica AU - Tan, Patrick AU - Lim, Weng Khong AU - Kitchener, Andrew C. AU - Zinner, Dietmar AU - Gut, Ivo AU - Melin, Amanda D. AU - Guschanski, Katerina AU - Schierup, Mikkel Heide AU - Beck, Robin M. D. AU - Karakikes, Ioannis AU - Wang, Kevin C. AU - Umapathy, Govindhaswamy AU - Roos, Christian AU - Boubli, Jean P. AU - Siepel, Adam AU - Kundaje, Anshul AU - Paten, Benedict AU - Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin AU - Rogers, Jeffrey AU - Marques Bonet, Tomas AU - Farh, Kyle Kai-How T2 - NATURE DA - 2023/11/29/ PY - 2023/11/29/ DO - 10.1038/s41586-023-06798-8 SP - SN - 1476-4687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A retrospective study of vector borne disease prevalence among anemic dogs in North Carolina AU - Anderson, Katie L. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam AU - Moore, George E. AU - Kendall, Allison T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Background Anemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. Further understanding of the prevalence of vector borne diseases (VBD) in anemic dogs is needed. Objectives The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the rate of exposure to or infection with VBD among anemic dogs presented to a teaching hospital in North Carolina and to further characterize the anemia in dogs with VBD exposure. Animals A total of 597 anemic dogs that were concurrently tested for VBD were examined at a referral veterinary hospital between January 2012 and December 2018. Methods Retrospective descriptive study. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and VBD testing data were obtained from medical records. Results Of the 597 anemic dogs examined, 180 (30.15%; 95% CI: 26.49–34.01%) tested positive for one or more VBD. There was no difference in the severity of anemia or the proportion of dogs displaying a regenerative anemia between dogs testing positive and negative for VBD. Conclusions A large proportion of anemic dogs from this region test positive for exposure to or infection with VBD. Our study supported the use of PCR and serology run in parallel to maximize the chance of detecting exposure to or infection with VBD compared to either serology or PCR alone. At this time, it is unknown whether infection with VBD contributed to the development of anemia in these patients. However, given the prevalence of VBD exposure in anemic dogs, testing for VBD in anemic patients from this region of the United States is warranted. DA - 2023/11/8/ PY - 2023/11/8/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0293901 VL - 18 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Eotaxin-1/CCR3 Axis and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Are Critical in Anti-NC16A IgE-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid AU - Jordan, Tyler J. M. AU - Chen, Jinbo AU - Li, Ning AU - Burette, Susan AU - Wan, Li AU - Chen, Liuqing AU - Culton, Donna A. AU - Geng, Songmei AU - Googe, Paul AU - Thomas, Nancy E. AU - Diaz, Luis A. AU - Liu, Zhi T2 - JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY AB - Abstract Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune bullous skin disease of humans and is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and circulating and tissue-bound IgG and IgE autoantibodies directed against two hemidesmosomal proteins: BP180 and BP230. The noncollagenous 16A domain (NC16A) of BP180 has been found to contain major epitopes recognized by autoantibodies in BP. We recently established the pathogenicity of anti-NC16A IgE through passive transfer of patient-derived autoantibodies to double-humanized mice that express the human high-affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, and human NC16A domain (FcεRI/NC16A). In this model, anti-NC16A IgEs recruit eosinophils to mediate tissue injury and clinical disease in FcεRI/NC16A mice. The objective of this study was to characterize the molecular and cellular events that underlie eosinophil recruitment and eosinophil-dependent tissue injury in anti-NC16A IgE-induced BP. We show that anti-NC16A IgEs significantly increase levels of key eosinophil chemoattractants, eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2, as well as the proteolytic enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the lesional skin of FcεRI/NC16A mice. Importantly, neutralization of eotaxin-1, but not eotaxin-2, and blockade of the main eotaxin receptor, CCR3, drastically reduce anti-NC16A IgE-induced disease activity. We further show that anti-NC16A IgE/NC16A immune complexes induce the release of MMP-9 from eosinophils, and that MMP-9–deficient mice are resistant to anti-NC16A IgE-induced BP. Lastly, we find significantly increased levels of eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, and MMP-9 in blister fluids of BP patients. Taken together, this study establishes the eotaxin-1/CCR3 axis and MMP-9 as key players in anti-NC16A IgE-induced BP and candidate therapeutic targets for future drug development and testing. DA - 2023/10/15/ PY - 2023/10/15/ DO - 10.4049/jimmunol.2300080 VL - 211 IS - 8 SP - 1216-1223 SN - 1550-6606 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Personalized Medicine in Companion Animal Cardiology AU - Rivas, Victor N. AU - Stern, Joshua A. AU - Ueda, Yu T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Cardiomyopathies remain one of the most common inherited cardiac diseases in both human and veterinary patients. To date, well over 100 mutated genes are known to cause cardiomyopathies in humans with only a handful known in cats and dogs. This review highlights the need and use of personalized one-health approaches to cardiovascular case management and advancement in pharmacogenetic-based therapy in veterinary medicine. Personalized medicine holds promise in understanding the molecular basis of disease and ultimately will unlock the next generation of targeted novel pharmaceuticals and aid in the reversal of detrimental effects at a molecular level. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.016 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 1255-1276 SN - 1878-1306 KW - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) KW - Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) KW - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) KW - Cats KW - Dogs KW - Pharmacogenetics KW - Pharmacogenomics KW - Genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Delayed-release rapamycin halts progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in subclinical feline hypertrophic results of the RAPACAT trial AU - Kaplan, Joanna L. AU - Rivas, Victor N. AU - Walker, Ashley L. AU - Grubb, Louise AU - Farrell, Aisling AU - Fitzgerald, Stuart AU - Kennedy, Susan AU - Pjauregui, Carina E. AU - Crofton, Amanda E. AU - Pmclaughlin, Chris AU - Van Zile, Rachel AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Pmeurs, Kathryn M. AU - Pstern, Joshua A. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains a disease with little therapeutic advancement. Rapamycin modulates the mTOR pathway, preventing and reversing cardiac hypertrophy in rodent disease models. Its use in human renal allograft patients is associated with reduced cardiac wall thickness. We sought to evaluate the effects of once-weekly delayed-release (DR) rapamycin over 6 months on echocardiographic, biochemical, and biomarker responses in cats with subclinical, nonobstructive HCM.43 client-owned cats with subclinical HCM.Cats enrolled in this double-blinded, multicentered, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial were allocated to low- or high-dose DR rapamycin or placebo. Cats underwent physical examination, quality-of-life assessment, blood pressure, hematology, biochemistry, total T4, urinalysis, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and cardiac troponin I at baseline and days 60, 120, and 180. Fructosamine was analyzed at screening and day 180. Echocardiograms were performed at all time points excluding day 120. Outcome variables were compared using a repeated measures ANCOVA.No demographic, echocardiographic, or clinicopathologic values were significantly different between study groups at baseline, confirming successful randomization. At day 180, the primary study outcome variable, maximum LV myocardial wall thickness at any location, was significantly lower in the low-dose DR rapamycin group compared to placebo (P = .01). Oral DR rapamycin was well tolerated with no significant differences in adverse events between groups.Results demonstrate that DR rapamycin was well tolerated and may prevent or delay progressive LV hypertrophy in cats with subclinical HCM. Additional studies are warranted to confirm and further characterize these results. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.04.0187 VL - 261 IS - 11 SP - 1628-1637 SN - 1943-569X KW - HCM KW - sirolimus KW - occult KW - cat KW - mTOR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of mesenchymal stem cells for tendon healing in veterinary and human medicine: getting to the "core" of the problem through a one health approach AU - V. Schnabel, Lauren AU - Koch, Drew W. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract The purpose of this manuscript, which is part of the Currents in One Health series, is to take a comparative approach to stem cell treatment for tendon injury and consider how the horse might inform treatment in other veterinary species and humans. There is increasing experimental and clinical evidence for the use of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells to treat tendon injuries in the horse. The same evidence does not currently exist for other species. This manuscript will review why the equine superficial digital flexor tendon core lesion might be considered optimal for stem cell delivery and stem cell interaction with the injury environment and will also introduce the concept of stem cell licensing for future evaluation. The companion Currents in One Health by Koch and Schnabel, AJVR , October 2023, addresses in detail what is known about stem cell licensing for the treatment of other diseases using rodent models and how this information can potentially be applied to tendon healing. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.07.0388 VL - 261 IS - 10 SP - 1435-1442 SN - 1943-569X KW - mesenchymal stem cell KW - Achilles tendon KW - superficial digital flexor tendon KW - core lesion KW - one health ER - TY - JOUR TI - Examination of Motivational Influences on Clinical-Year Veterinary Students' Career Decisions AU - Lyon, Shane D. AU - Hofmeister, Erik H. AU - McCool, Katie E. AU - Shaver, Stephanie L. AU - Diehl, Kathryn A. AU - Woolcock, Andrew D. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - The purpose of this study was to identify motivations for fourth-year veterinary students to choose future career paths based on post-graduation employment or post-graduation education. Approximately 500 students from four institutions were invited to participate in an online survey. Surveys were based on the cognitive evaluation theory, a minitheory within the self-determination macrotheory framework developed by Deci and Ryan. Intrinsic motivational factors were categorized by autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and extrinsic motivators were categorized by environmental and interpersonal factors. Students pursuing post-graduation education have intrinsic motivators that aligned with competence and were extrinsically motivated by a mentor, while students interested in post-graduation employment had intrinsic motivators that were more focused on autonomy with extrinsic motivational influences of debt/finances and geographic location. DA - 2023/12/20/ PY - 2023/12/20/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2022-0090 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 694-702 SN - 1943-7218 KW - veterinary graduates KW - veterinary student careers KW - transition to practice KW - post-graduate training KW - career decision ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding Crassostrea virginica tolerance of Perkinsus marinus through global gene expression analysis AU - Proestou, Dina A. AU - Sullivan, Mary E. AU - Lundgren, Kathryn Markey AU - Ben-Horin, Tal AU - Witkop, Erin M. AU - Hart, Keegan M. T2 - Frontiers in Genetics AB - Disease tolerance, a host's ability to limit damage from a given parasite burden, is quantified by the relationship between pathogen load and host survival or reproduction. Dermo disease, caused by the protozoan parasite P. marinus, negatively impacts survival in both wild and cultured eastern oyster (C. virginica) populations. Resistance to P. marinus has been the focus of previous studies, but tolerance also has important consequences for disease management in cultured and wild populations. In this study we measured dermo tolerance and evaluated global expression patterns of two sensitive and two tolerant eastern oyster families experimentally challenged with distinct doses of P. marinus (0, 106, 107, and 108 parasite spores per gram wet weight, n = 3-5 individuals per family per dose). Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified several modules correlated with increasing parasite dose/infection intensity, as well as phenotype. Modules positively correlated with dose included transcripts and enriched GO terms related to hemocyte activation and cell cycle activity. Additionally, these modules included G-protein coupled receptor, toll-like receptor, and tumor necrosis factor pathways, which are important for immune effector molecule and apoptosis activation. Increased metabolic activity was also positively correlated with treatment. The module negatively correlated with infection intensity was enriched with GO terms associated with normal cellular activity and growth, indicating a trade-off with increased immune response. The module positively correlated with the tolerant phenotype was enriched for transcripts associated with "programmed cell death" and contained a large number of tripartite motif-containing proteins. Differential expression analysis was also performed on the 108 dosed group using the most sensitive family as the comparison reference. Results were consistent with the network analysis, but signals for "programmed cell death" and serine protease inhibitors were stronger in one tolerant family than the other, suggesting that there are multiple avenues for disease tolerance. These results provide new insight for defining dermo response traits and have important implications for applying selective breeding for disease management. DA - 2023/1/19/ PY - 2023/1/19/ DO - 10.3389/fgene.2023.1054558 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1054558 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Exploration of Machine Learning Methods for Gait Analysis of Potential Guide Dogs AU - Wu, Yifan AU - Nichols, Colt AU - Foster, Marc AU - Martin, Devon AU - Dieffenderfer, James AU - Enomoto, Masataka AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Russenberger, Jane AU - Brenninkmeyer, Gerald AU - Bozkurt, Alper AU - Roberts, David L. T2 - TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ANIMAL-COMPUTER INTERACTION, ACI 2023 AB - Gait analysis is important for guide dog organizations, as ideal guide dogs have a smooth and efficient gait, where they can also easily shift between and maintain various gaits. Gait quality and natural traveling speed are two of the multiple factors important in matching a guide dog to its visually impaired handler. Gait evaluation typically includes subjective visual observation of the dog or objective assessments obtained from special-designed equipment. Guide dog organizations need a method to easily collect and analyze objective data of gait information. In this work, we explored how various machine learning models could learn and analyze gait patterns from inertial measurements data that were collected during two different data collection experiments using a wearable sensor device. We also evaluated how well each machine learning model could generalize behavior patterns from various dogs under different environments. Additionally, we compared how sensor placement locations could affect gait prediction performance by attaching the sensor device to the dog’s neck and back area respectively. The tested machine learning models were able to classify different gaits in the range of 42% to 91% in terms of accuracy, and predict various gait parameters with an error rate ranging from 14% to 29% depending on the setup. Furthermore, we also observed that using behavior data collected from the neck region contains more movement information than the back area. By performing a cross-dataset generalization test on the machine learning models, we found that even with performance drop, the models were able to learn gait-specific behavior patterns that are generalizable for different dogs. Although the results were preliminary, the proposed gait analysis exploration still showed promising potential for studying behavior patterns of candidate guide dogs. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1145/3637882.3637883 SP - UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3637882.3637883 KW - Guide Dog KW - Canine Behavior Analysis KW - Canine Gait Analysis KW - IMU KW - Machine Learning ER - TY - JOUR TI - The clinical features and treatment of fishhook injuries in freshwater turtles: 126 cases from 1997-2022 AU - Hale, Lily M. AU - Kapp, Sabrina L. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Ozawa, Sarah M. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To describe the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of wild freshwater turtles with fishing hook injuries.126 wild turtles residing in central North Carolina that were presented to a wildlife rescue clinic.Medical records from July 1997 to July 2022 were reviewed, and data were collected and analyzed.The most common species presenting for a fishhook injury was the yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) (n = 69/126 [54.8%]; 95% CI, 45.7 to 63.6). The most common location identified was the oral cavity (n = 77/140 [55%]; 95% CI, 46.4 to 63.4) and the most common removal method was retrograde removal after cutting the barb off of the hook (76/120 [63.3%]; 95% CI, 54.1 to 71.9). Fishhooks embedded in the esophagus had a significantly higher chance of complications affecting recovery (OR estimate, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.07 to 11.38). There was no significant increase in mortality associated with the location of the injury; however, there was a significant increase in mortality in patients that experienced complications (P < 0.001). The time in care ranged from 1 to 150 days (median, 16 days). Of the turtles evaluated, 10.8% (n = 12/111; 95% CI, 5.7 to 18.1) were euthanized or died after treatment and 89.2% (99/111; 95% CI, 81.9 to 94.3) were released.These findings describe various successful techniques to remove fishhooks from turtles. While no superior treatment was identified, considerations should be taken to provide patient comfort, decrease injury-associated complications, and shorten recovery time by using minimally invasive techniques. Overall, freshwater turtles with fishhook injuries have a high release rate even when the injuries are severe. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.03.0146 VL - 261 IS - 12 SP - 1829-1837 SN - 1943-569X KW - fishing KW - Trachemys KW - foreign body KW - retrograde KW - esophagostomy KW - celiotomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Respondents to an American College of Veterinary Surgeons diplomate survey support the promotion of diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. AU - Stampley, Anita R. AU - Marcellin-Little, Denis J. AU - Kedrowicz, April A. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To objectively measure the current demographic makeup of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) diplomates and to develop a survey tool to be used as a metric to measure future changes in the ACVS demographic profile. SAMPLE 737 ACVS diplomates. METHODS A 14-item electronic survey was sent to 2,199 ACVS diplomates between August 25 and September 9, 2021, via email. Survey items included demographic information as well as perceptions about the ACVS and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Responses were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. RESULTS The survey response rate was 34% (737/2,199). The median age category among respondents was 45 to 54. The median years in practice as a diplomate was 11 to 15. The majority of respondents identified as white/Caucasian and heterosexual, with male and female respondents being similarly represented. Most respondents identified English as their first language. Few considered themselves first-generation college graduates or identified as disabled. Many respondents considered DEI to be an important initiative to promote in the ACVS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that the majority of ACVS respondents are supportive of DEI efforts. This study also serves as an objective analysis that can be reassessed in the future to determine the success of such initiatives. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.06.0310 VL - 261 IS - 12 SP - 1847-1852 SN - 1943-569X KW - DEI KW - demographic survey KW - diversity KW - equity KW - and inclusion KW - American College of Veterinary Surgeons KW - ACVS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sudden death in a 5-year-old female African pancake tortoise (Malacocherusus tornieri) AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao AU - Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes AU - White, Anne AU - Talley, Ashley AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Troan, Brigid V T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.07.0399 VL - 261 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1943-569X KW - Entamoeba invadens KW - African pancake tortoise KW - Malacocherusus tornieri KW - amoebiasis KW - hepatitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of equine cadaver limb models to enhance veterinary student self-efficacy during arthrocentesis AU - Jacobs, Carrie C. AU - Erin K. O'Neil, T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine if equine cadavers modified with joint distension would yield higher fluid volumes, require fewer needle redirects, and improve student self-efficacy.19 third-year veterinary students.Voluntary participation was sought during 4 sessions of an equine arthrocentesis and diagnostic analgesia laboratory. Half of the sessions were provided with unmodified cadavers and half were provided with cadavers modified with joint distention. Prior to and after the laboratory, participating students completed surveys regarding their self-efficacy with arthrocentesis of the metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. During the study, the number of needle redirects and the volume of fluid obtained was recorded.Increased fluid volumes were obtained from the modified metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. No difference was identified in number of needle redirects between cadaver types for either joint. Self-efficacy scores increased at the end of the laboratory for arthrocentesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint in both modified and unmodified groups. Self-efficacy scores increased at the end of the laboratory for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint for the modified but not unmodified groups.Modified equine cadavers provided a higher fluid yield following arthrocentesis compared to unmodified cadavers, but despite this, multiple attempts were required for proper needle placement. Performing equine arthrocentesis improved student self-efficacy with the task. Given our results, the model used for introduction to performing equine arthrocentesis may be less important than practice with the skill. In order to improve proficiency and self-efficacy, equine arthrocentesis should be provided multiple times throughout the veterinary curriculum. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.06.0360 VL - 261 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1943-569X KW - arthrocentesis KW - equine KW - self-efficacy KW - veterinary KW - student ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adrenal tumors treated by adrenalectomy following spontaneous rupture carry an overall favorable prognosis : retrospective evaluation of outcomes in 59 dogs and 3 cats (2000-2021) AU - Traverson, Marine AU - Zheng, Junxian AU - Tremolada, Giovanni AU - Chen, Carolyn L. AU - Cray, Megan AU - Culp, William T. N. AU - Gibson, Erin A. AU - Oblak, Michelle L. AU - Dickerson, Vanna M. AU - Lopez, Daniel J. AU - Maxwell, Elizabeth A. AU - Ansellem, Pierre AU - Skinner, Owen T. AU - Selmic, Laura E. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To conduct a retrospective multi-institutional study reporting short- and long-term outcomes of adrenalectomy in patients presenting with acute hemorrhage secondary to spontaneous adrenal rupture. ANIMALS 59 dogs and 3 cats. METHODS Medical records of dogs and cats undergoing adrenalectomy between 2000 and 2021 for ruptured adrenal masses were reviewed. Data collected included clinical presentation, preoperative diagnostics, surgical report, anesthesia and hospitalization findings, histopathology, adjuvant treatments, and long-term outcome (recurrence, metastasis, and survival). RESULTS Median time from hospital admission to surgery was 3 days, with 34% of surgeries being performed emergently (within 1 day of presentation). Need for intraoperative blood transfusion was significantly associated with emergent surgery and presence of active intraoperative hemorrhage. The short-term (≤ 14 days) complication and mortality rates were 42% and 21%, respectively. Negative prognostic factors for short-term survival included emergent surgery, intraoperative hypotension, and performing additional surgical procedures. Diagnoses included adrenocortical neoplasia (malignant [41%], benign [12%], and undetermined [5%]), pheochromocytoma (38%), a single case of adrenal fibrosis and hemorrhage (2%), and a single case of hemangiosarcoma (2%). Local recurrence and metastasis of adrenocortical carcinoma were confirmed in 1 and 3 cases, respectively. Overall median survival time was 574 days and 900 days when short-term mortality was censored. No significant relationship was found between histopathological diagnosis and survival. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Adrenalectomy for ruptured adrenal gland masses was associated with similar short- and long-term outcomes as compared with previously reported nonruptured cases. If hemodynamic stability can be achieved, delaying surgery and limiting additional procedures appear indicated to optimize short-term survival. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.06.0324 VL - 261 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1943-569X KW - adrenalectomy KW - hemorrhage KW - survival KW - rupture KW - adrenal tumor ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Role of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Managing Cardiac Emergencies AU - Ward, Jessica L. AU - Defrancesco, Teresa C. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a useful imaging tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiac emergencies. Unlike complete echocardiography , POCUS is a time-sensitive examination involving a subset of targeted thoracic ultrasound views to identify abnormalities of the heart, lungs, pleural space, and caudal vena cava. When integrated with other clinical information, POCUS can be helpful in the diagnosis of left-sided and right-sided congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and tamponade, and severe pulmonary hypertension and can help clinicians monitor resolution or recurrence of these conditions. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.017 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 1429-1443 SN - 1878-1306 KW - Echocardiography KW - Congestive heart failure KW - Respiratory distress KW - Pulmonary edema KW - Ascites KW - Pleural effusion KW - Pericardial effusion KW - Cardiac tamponade ER - TY - JOUR TI - Real-Time Feedback to Enhance the Teaching of Wire Tying AU - Roe, Simon C. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education AB - Teaching the art of wire tying is difficult because the instructor is not able to gauge the effectiveness of the final product. The impact of an incorrect technique is usually not evident. Also, the instructor does not have a way to demonstrate the different levels of tension generated by different wire knotting techniques, nor their differing abilities to resist a load that a patient may apply. In this paper, a device is described that can provide real-time feedback on wire tension generated during knot tying, and how particular knots resist an applied distraction. This device has been used to deliver a live demonstration to reinforce lecture material, and in small group teaching exercises, where real-time feedback enhances skills and understanding. A stepwise training schedule for surgery residents structured as an entrustable professional activity is proposed. DA - 2023/12/20/ PY - 2023/12/20/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2022-0102 UR - https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2022-0102 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intervention by an older, dominant bull elephant (Elephas maximus) during an agonistic interaction between adolescents at Denver Zoo AU - Readyhough, Taylor S AU - Davis, Maura AU - Joseph, Sharon AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Schreier, Amy L. T2 - In&Vertebrates AB - Bull Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) sociality is complex and understudied. Increasingly, researchers recognize the role of mature bull elephants in teaching adolescent bulls appropriate social and reproductive behaviours that enable them to have normal intra-species relationships after the adolescents leave their natal herds. We describe a specific intervention event by a mature, dominant bull in a novel social group with adolescent bull elephants at Denver Zoo, Colorado, USA. The mature bull intervened on behalf of an adolescent elephant, allowing this adolescent to escape from two other adolescents who were repeatedly chasing him, marking boundaries of appropriate behaviour for the adolescent bulls. This example provides evidence for adolescent bull elephants learning appropriate social behaviours from mature conspecifics and suggests that mature bulls play an active role in this relationship. Overall, this intervention behaviour supports the inclusion of mature bulls in social groupings of bull elephants in managed care. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.52732/OLJZ7840 UR - https://doi.org/10.52732/OLJZ7840 ER - TY - CONF TI - Efficacy and Recovery Quality of Concentrated Alfaxalone Anesthesia in Spotted Hyena (Crocuta Crocuta) - A Pilot Study AU - Larsen, R.S. AU - A, Moresco AU - G, Jankowski AU - B, Wright AU - K, Pasloske C2 - 2023/10// C3 - International Symposium on Wildlife Capture and Chemical Immobilization DA - 2023/10// SP - 34–35 UR - https://www.wildlifecapturesymposium.it/file/abstractbooksymposiumdef.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiation dose during interventional cardiology procedures: portable C-arm vs. a new generation fluoroscopy system AU - Pierce, K.V. AU - Scansen, B.A. AU - Rao, S. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Cardiology AB - Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation poses health risks for veterinary interventionalists. There are limited veterinary studies evaluating radiation dose in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. The purpose of this study was to report direct radiation dose exposure to patients during common interventional cardiology procedures and compare these doses between two fluoroscopy units. One hundred and fifty-four client-owned dogs. Patient dose during procedures using a portable C-arm were retrospectively analyzed and compared to those performed in a contemporary interventional suite. Fluoroscopy equipment, procedure type, operator, patient weight, fluoroscopy time, dose area product, and air kerma were recorded and statistically modeled using univariable and multivariable linear regression to evaluate the effect of each factor. Patient dose population (154 dogs), comprised 61 patent ductus arteriosus occlusions, 60 balloon pulmonary valvuloplasties, and 33 pacemaker implantations. Patient dose was significantly lower in the group utilizing a newer generation fluoroscopy unit vs. the group utilizing an older portable C-arm, positively correlated with patient weight, and highest during balloon pulmonary valvuloplasties compared to patent ductus arteriosus occlusions or pacemaker implantations (all P<0.010). Newer fluoroscopy systems can be equipped with technologies that improve image quality while reducing patient dose and radiation exposure to interventional personnel. We documented a significant reduction in patient radiation dose using a newer fluoroscopy system as compared to an older portable C-arm for interventional cardiology procedures in animals. Improved knowledge of patient radiation dose factors may promote better radiation safety protocols in veterinary interventional cardiology. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.03.005 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2023.03.005 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population pharmacokinetics of single dose oral pimobendan in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) AU - Cabot, Megan L. AU - Papich, Mark G. AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Thomson, Andrea E. AU - Defrancesco, Teresa AU - Ozawa, Sarah M. T2 - JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE AB - : Therapeutic options and dosing recommendations for congestive heart failure in the domestic ferret are currently extrapolated from domestic dogs and cats. The goal of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral pimobendan in the domestic ferret. : Twelve domestic ferrets were administered a single dose (average 0.4 mg/kg) of pimobendan in a commercially available, chewable, meat-flavored tablet formulation. High-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection were used to measure pimobendan and the metabolite O-desmethylpimobendan (ODMP) in plasma samples collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 hours after administration using a sparse sampling protocol. : peak plasma concentration, 14.29 ng/mL and 16.88 ng/mL; time to peak plasma concentration, 1.69 hr and 1.97 hr; area under the curve, 129.87 ng*hr/mL and 190.97 ng*hr/mL; and elimination half-life, 4.97 hr and 6.32 hr, respectively. No adverse events were noted. : A single dose of oral pimobendan in ferrets reached concentrations higher than that reported for dogs by the manufacturer and similar to peak plasma concentrations correlated with a therapeutic effect in healthy dogs in a separate study. Individual variability was high and plasma concentrations in at least half of the ferrets remained at or below the lower limit of quantification throughout the duration of the study. Additional studies are needed to characterize the pharmacodynamics, oral bioavailability, and duration of action to facilitate dosing recommendations for pimobendan in the domestic ferret. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.09.002 VL - 48 SP - 1-5 SN - 1931-6283 KW - Ferret KW - Pimobendan KW - Pharmacokinetic KW - Mustela putorius furo KW - O-desmethylpimobendan KW - Heart failure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Food-Producing and Companion Animals and Wildlife on Small-Holder Farms of Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands AU - Rhea, Sarah AU - Gensler, Catherine AU - Atlaw, Nigatu AU - Pairis-Garcia, Monique AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Valentine, Alyssa AU - Cruz, Marilyn AU - Castillo, Paulina AU - Velez, Alberto AU - Trueba, Gabriel AU - Jacob, Megan E. T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AR) has led to increasing human and animal morbidity and mortality and negative consequences for the environment. AR among Escherichia coli (EC) is on the rise, with serious concerns about extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC). In the Galápagos Islands, where antimicrobials are available without a prescription, growing demands for food production can drive antimicrobial use. Food producing animals are at the interface of wildlife and environmental health on the smallest human-inhabited Galápagos Island, Floreana. We sought to determine if ESBL-EC were present in Floreana Island farm animal species and nearby wildlife and the relatedness of ESBL-EC isolates identified. Materials and Methods: During July 4–5, 2022, we visited 8 multispecies farms, representing 75% of food-producing animal production on Floreana, and collected 227 fecal samples from farm animals and wildlife. Each sample was plated on MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (4 μg/mL). Results: ESBL-EC was isolated from 20 (9%) fecal samples collected from pigs (N = 10), chickens (N = 6), wildlife (N = 3), and dog (N = 1). All ESBL-EC isolates were from samples taken at three (38%) of the eight farms. Fifteen (75%) of the ESBL-EC isolates were from a single farm. All ESBL-EC isolates were multidrug resistant. The most prevalent ESBL genes belonged to the blaCTX-M group. Among the typeable isolates from the farm with the largest proportion of ESBL-EC isolates (N = 14), we observed nine unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, with identical patterns present across pig and chicken isolates. PFGE patterns in the three farms with ESBL-EC isolates were different. Conclusions: These results lend support for future routine AR monitoring activities at the livestock–wildlife interface in Galápagos to characterize potential interspecies transmission of AR bacteria and AR genes in this unique protected ecosystem, and the related human, animal, and environmental health impacts, and to formulate interventions to reduce AR spread in this setting. DA - 2023/11/22/ PY - 2023/11/22/ DO - 10.1089/vbz.2023.0044 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1557-7759 KW - ESBL-E. coli KW - Galapagos Islands KW - conservation KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - multidrug resistance KW - surveillance ER - TY - RPRT TI - Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Resources for Veterinarians AU - Frey, E. A3 - AVMA Committee on Antimicrobials DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// PB - AVMA Committee on Antimicrobials UR - https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/one-health/antimicrobial-use-and-antimicrobial-resistance/antimicrobial-use-veterinary-practice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Benefits and challenges of creating veterinary antibiograms for empiric antimicrobial selection in support of antimicrobial stewardship and advancement of one-health goals AU - Burbick, Claire R. AU - Fajt, Virginia R. AU - Frey, Erin AU - Fritz, Heather AU - Goodman, Laura B. AU - Lorenz, Catherine AU - Lubbers, Brian V. AU - Marshall, Edith AU - Rankin, Shelley C. AU - Silva, Marissa T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Antibiograms are important tools for antimicrobial stewardship that are often underutilized in veterinary medicine. Antibiograms summarize cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data for specific pathogens over a defined time period; in veterinary medicine, they are often stratified by host species and site of infection. They can aid practitioners with empiric therapy choices and assessment of antimicrobial resistance trends within a population in support of one-health goals for antimicrobial stewardship. For optimal application, consideration must be given to the number of isolates used, the timeframe of sample collection, laboratory analytical methodology, and the patient population contributing to the data (eg, treatment history, geographic region, and production type). There are several limitations to veterinary antibiograms, including a lack of breakpoint availability for bacterial species, a lack of standardization of laboratory methodology and technology for culture and AST, and a lack of funding to staff veterinary diagnostic laboratories at a level that supports antibiogram development and education. It is vital that veterinarians who use antibiograms understand how to apply them in practice and receive relevant information pertaining to the data to utilize the most appropriate antibiogram for their patients. This paper explores the benefits and challenges of developing and using veterinary antibiograms and proposes strategies to enhance their applicability and accuracy. Further detail regarding the application of veterinary antibiograms by privately practicing clinicians is addressed in the companion Currents in One Health article by Lorenz et al (JAVMA, September 2023). DA - 2023/6/19/ PY - 2023/6/19/ DO - 10.2460/ajvr.23.05.0086 VL - 6 SP - 1-8 J2 - ajvr OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.23.05.0086 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of Noggin-Coated Electrospun Scaffold in Corneal Wound Healing AU - Mahmood, Nasif AU - Sefat, Eelya AU - Roberts, Darby AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Gluck, Jessica M. T2 - Translational Vision Science & Technology AB - The objective of this study is to develop and characterize electrospun corneal bandage infused with Noggin protein and evaluate its therapeutic potential in the treatment of superficial nonhealing corneal ulceration.Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds were created with different blend ratios of polycaprolactone and gelatin and coated with different concentrations of Noggin protein. Morphologic, mechanical, degradation, and surface chemistry of the developed scaffold was assessed. Biocompatibility of the developed scaffold with corneal epithelial cells was evaluated by looking at cell viability, proliferation, and immunostaining. In vitro wound healing in the presence of Noggin-coated scaffold was evaluated by measuring wound closure rate after scratch.Uniform nanofibrous scaffolds coated with Noggin were constructed through optimization of electrospinning parameters and demonstrated mechanical properties better than or similar to commercially available contact lenses used in corneal wound healing. In the presence of Noggin-coated scaffold, corneal epithelial cells showed higher proliferation and wound-healing rate.This Noggin-coated electrospun scaffold represents a step toward, expanding treatment options for patients with indolent corneal ulcers.In this study, the feasibility of Noggin-coated electrospun scaffold as a therapeutic for indolent corneal ulcer was evaluated. This study also provides a better perspective for understanding electrospun scaffolds as a tunable platform to infuse topical therapeutics and use as a corneal bandage. DA - 2023/8/18/ PY - 2023/8/18/ DO - 10.1167/tvst.12.8.15 VL - 12 IS - 8 SP - 15 J2 - Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech. LA - en OP - SN - 2164-2591 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/tvst.12.8.15 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing Veterinary Student Engagement in Public Health and Epidemiology Coursework through a Client-Focused Risk Communication Assignment AU - Frey, Erin T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education AB - The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the important role veterinarians play as public health communicators and emphasized the importance of engaging veterinary students in epidemiology and public health curriculum, the majority of whom have a clinical focus and struggle to see their relevance in relation to future career plans. To enhance student engagement, second-year DVM students were asked to create a one-page risk communication handout centered on a zoonotic disease and organized with public health message mapping. Informed by the distribution of students' self-declared career plans at admission to the DVM program, students were asked to choose from a list of zoonotic pathogens previously covered in the DVM curriculum and to select a relevant focus species and expected lay audience member. This assignment was scaffolded with previous infectious disease and communication coursework and provided an opportunity for all students to engage with public health material regardless of prior interest or knowledge. Students chose 13 of 15 zoonotic diseases provided, and their species and audience focuses were distributed across previously stated career focuses, including companion animals, food producing animals, exotic animals, and wildlife. Providing options relevant to diverse student experiences and connecting the assignment to clinical competencies supported student autonomy and engagement in public health content outside clinically focused core classes. Students' successful delivery of constructive peer feedback indicated their engagement with the public health course material, integration of learning from other parts of the curriculum, and perceived relevance of the assignment to their future career focus. DA - 2023/4/5/ PY - 2023/4/5/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2021-0140 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 140-146 J2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education LA - fr OP - SN - 0748-321X 1943-7218 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2021-0140 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinary Students Underestimate Cat and Dog Owner Adherence and Knowledge Regarding Antimicrobial Use and Resistance AU - Frey, Erin AU - Kedrowicz, April AU - Hedgpeth, Mari-Wells T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education AB - The purpose of this study was to explore students’ perceptions related to cat and dog owners’ (a) knowledge of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance, (b) expectations and preferences related to antibiotic use, and (c) preferences and experiences related to veterinarian–client communication preferences and experiences. This project compared students’ responses to those provided by cat and dog owners in a previous study. Because that prior research suggested that students’ perceptions can shift over time, we also explored whether progression throughout the DVM curriculum impacted students’ views of cat and dog owners. DVM students ( n = 584) from seven schools in the Southeastern Veterinary Education Consortium completed an online survey based on prior research of cat and dog owner behavior and preferences. Results indicate that DVM students overestimate cat and dog owner's expectations for antibiotics and underestimate cat and dog owners’ adherence to veterinary directions for antibiotic use. Similarly, fewer DVM students than cat and dog owners agreed that veterinary communication about antibiotics, their side effects, and their cost occurs during visits with a sick pet. Where significant, more students in later DVM class years had a positive view about client knowledge/adherence and veterinary communication. This lack of confidence in clients’ knowledge and competence and in the quality of veterinarian–client communication indicates a need to educate students on their perceptions of veterinary–client communications, as well as reinforcing that clients generally listen and trust veterinarians’ recommendations regarding antimicrobial prescribing and stewardship. DA - 2023/12/5/ PY - 2023/12/5/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2023-0129 VL - 12 J2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education LA - en OP - SN - 0748-321X 1943-7218 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2023-0129 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The value of a head turn in neurolocalization AU - Nagendran, Aran AU - Lopez, Roberto Jose AU - Sunol, Anna AU - Brocal, Josep AU - Goncalves, Rita T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background A head turn is a clinically relevant abnormality identified on neurological examination and historically has been an isolated or concomitant sign of ipsilateral forebrain dysfunction. Experimental studies in quadrupedal mammals suggest that changes in head posture may be identified as originating in other parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Objectives To identify whether other locations within the CNS could give rise to a head turn and whether the head turn identified is isolated or concomitant with other deviations in head and body posture. Animals Forty‐nine client‐owned dogs with a presentation of a head turn, from 6 veterinary referral centers. Methods Multicenter observational prospective study including dogs with photographic evidence of a head turn, full neurological examination, and advanced imaging. Results Of the population, 15/49 had head turn only, 9/49 had head turn and head tilt only, 12/49 had head turn and body turn only, and 13/49 had head turn, head tilt, and body turn. Nearly all dogs with forebrain disease (23/24), and, all with brainstem and cerebellar disease, had an ipsilateral head turn and body turn (if present). In the cerebellar group, all head tilts were contralateral to the lesion location. In the cervical spinal cord group, all head turns, body turns and head tilts were contralateral to the lesion location. Conclusion A head turn, although most likely associated with, is not exclusively seen with forebrain disease. Certain combinations of head turn, head tilt and body turn suggest a neurolocalization other than the forebrain, with appropriate classification needed. DA - 2023/12/29/ PY - 2023/12/29/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16957 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - body turn KW - pleurothotonus KW - postural abnormalities KW - torticollis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Longitudinal Analysis of Canine Oral Microbiome Using Whole Genome Sequencing in Aging Companion Dogs AU - Templeton, Ginger B. AU - Fefer, Gilad AU - Case, Beth C. AU - Roach, Jeff AU - Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Callahan, Benjamin J. AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - ANIMALS AB - Aged companion dogs have a high prevalence of periodontal disease and canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS) and the two disorders are correlated. Similarly, periodontal disease and Alzheimer's Disease are correlated in people. However, little is known about the oral microbiota of aging dogs. The goal of this project was to characterize the longitudinal changes in oral microbiota in aged dogs. Oral swabs were taken from ten senior client-owned dogs on 2-3 occasions spanning 24 months and they underwent whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing. Cognitive status was established at each sampling time. A statistically significant increase in alpha diversity for bacterial and fungal species was observed between the first and last study visits. Bacteroidetes and proteobacteria were the most abundant bacterial phyla. Porphyromonas gulae was the most abundant bacterial species (11.6% of total reads). The species Lactobacillus gasseri had a statistically significant increase in relative abundance with age whereas Leptotrichia sp. oral taxon 212 had a statistically significant positive longitudinal association with cognition score. There is an increased fungal and bacterial alpha diversity in aging dogs over time and nearly universal oral dysbiosis. The role of the oral microbiota, particularly Leptotrichia and P. gulae and P. gingivalis, in aging and CCDS warrants further investigation. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.3390/ani13243846 VL - 13 IS - 24 SP - SN - 2076-2615 KW - oral KW - microbiome KW - canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome KW - Alzheimer's disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of atlanto-axial subluxation in 42 dogs: Analysis of joint cavity size, subluxation distance, and craniocervical junction anomalies AU - Bray, Kathryn Y. AU - Platt, Simon R. AU - Kent, Marc AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Early, Peter J. AU - Mariani, Christopher L. AU - Munana, Karen R. AU - Holmes, Shannon P. T2 - OPEN VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Atlanto-axial (AA) subluxation can be a complex syndrome in dogs. Accurate identification and assessment of this condition are key to providing treatment and resolution.The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of AA subluxation and associated neurologic deficits.A multicenter review of dogs with a diagnosis of AA subluxation was conducted, evaluating signalment, neurologic grade, duration of signs, and MRI characteristics. MRI characteristics included degree of spinal cord compression and joint subluxation, integrity of odontoid ligaments, presence of a dens, spinal cord signal intensity, and presence of syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation. A control population with normal AA joints was also evaluated. MR images of 42 dogs with AA subluxation were compared to 26 age and breed-matched control dogs.Affected dogs had a median age of 27 months and a median weight of 2.7 kg, and the most commonly affected breed was the Yorkshire terrier (47.5%). Spinal cord signal hyperintensity, increased AA joint size, and cross-sectional cord compression at the level of the dens and mid-body C2 were associated with AA subluxation. No associations were found between cord compression, the appearance of the dens, or cord signal intensity and neurologic grade. Affected dogs did not have a higher incidence of Chiari-like malformation, syringohydromyelia, or hydrocephalus than control dogs, and their neurologic grade was not associated with MRI findings. Lack of dens and/or odontoid ligaments was associated with larger subluxations.Dogs with clinical signs of AA subluxation were significantly more likely to have intramedullary hyperintensity at the level of compression ( p = 0.0004), an increased AA joint cavity size ( p = 0.0005), and increased spinal cord compression at the level of dens and mid-body C2 (p ≤ 0.05). The authors suggest an AA joint cavity size >1.4 mm and a subluxation distance >2.5 mm as cutoffs for MRI diagnosis of AA subluxation in dogs. No differences were noted between dogs with AA subluxation and control dogs regarding syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.4 VL - 13 IS - 9 SP - 1091-1098 SN - 2218-6050 KW - Canine KW - Cervical KW - Congenital KW - Malformation KW - Myelopathy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnostic agreement between three point-of-care glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate meters and reference laboratory methods in stingrays AU - Dannemiller, Nicholas G. AU - Cray, Carolyn AU - Westmoreland, Lori S. AU - Christiansen, Emily F. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Point-of-care (POC) glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) meters can potentially provide rapid insight into an elasmobranch’s metabolic state in clinical and field research settings. This study evaluated the diagnostic agreement of three commercial POC meters against reference laboratory methods for glucose and β-HB concentrations in stingrays. Blood was collected during anesthetized exams from 28 stingrays representing four species: cownose rays ( Rhinoptera bonasus ), Atlantic stingrays ( Hypanus sabina ), southern stingrays ( Hypanus americanus ), and yellow stingrays ( Urobatis jamaicensis ). Glucose and β-HB concentrations were measured with each POC meter using whole blood and plasma; in parallel, plasma glucose and β-HB concentrations were measured via reference laboratory methods. Agreement between POC meters and reference laboratory methods was assessed using Bland–Altman methods, Passing-Bablok regression, observed total error, percent relative error, and linear mixed effect models. Plasma glucose and β-HB concentrations determined by reference laboratory methods ranged from &lt;20–63 mg/dL to 0.05–5.38 mmol/L, respectively. One human POC meter—the Precision Xtra—showed the greatest agreement with reference laboratory methods when measuring glucose with whole blood [mean bias and 95% CI: 0 (−3–4) mg/dL] and β-HB with plasma [mean bias and 95% CI: 0.1 (−0.04–0.2) mmol/L]. Stingray sex, weight, buffy coat, and packed cell volume did not significantly affect the agreement between POC meters and reference laboratory methods. Across all three POC meters, mean bias and imprecision for plasma β-HB concentrations were relatively small (0–0.1 mmol/L and 0%, respectively). Utilizing POC meters to measure glucose and β-HB in stingrays may be viable when reference methods are unavailable. DA - 2023/12/20/ PY - 2023/12/20/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1254340 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - batoid KW - clinical pathology KW - elasmobranch KW - ketone KW - metabolism ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of Effects of Intestinal Normothermic Machine Perfusion and Cold Storage on Epithelial CD3+ Cell Populations AU - Antezana, A. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Freund, J. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - National Veterinary Scholars Symposium C2 - 2023/// C3 - National Veterinary Scholars Symposium DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Preserving reparative capacity in neonatal porcine intestinal epithelium with acellular placental extract AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Stewart, A. AU - Freund, J. AU - Tomblyn, S. AU - Hojnacki, J. AU - Berger, M. AU - Washburn, S. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - Comparative Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease Research Competition C2 - 2023/// C3 - Comparative Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease Research Competition DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Neonatal Porcine intestinal epithelial reparative capacity is fortified by acellular placental extract AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Stewart, A. AU - Freund, J. AU - Tomblyn, S. AU - Hojnacki, J. AU - Berger, M. AU - Washburn, S. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology C2 - 2023/// C3 - Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Pre-transplantation storage method impacts immune cell populations in intestinal grafts following transplantation AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Schaaf, C. AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Antezana, A. AU - Freund, J. AU - Rose, D. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University C2 - 2023/// C3 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Normothermic Machine Perfusion Reduces Ischemia Reperfusion Injury to Intestinal Allografts AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Abraham, N. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Freund, J. AU - Stewart, A. AU - Garman, K. AU - Barbas, A. AU - Sudan, D. AU - Gonzalez, L.M. T2 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University C2 - 2023/// C3 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of the effects of normothermic machine perfusion and cold storage preservation on porcine intestinal allograft regenerative potential and viability AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Abraham, N. AU - Schaaf, C.R. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C.A. AU - Freund, J. AU - Stewart, A. AU - Veerasammy, B.M. AU - Thomas, M. AU - Garman, K. AU - Barbas, A. AU - Sudan, D. AU - Gonzalez, L.M. T2 - MHSR Symposium C2 - 2023/// C3 - MHSR Symposium DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Post-injury probiotic treatment may impact intestinal microbiota and epithelial recovery in a pig surgical model AU - Singh, A. AU - Deck, C. AU - Ludwig, E. AU - Blakeley Ruiz, J.A. AU - Rose, E. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Blikslager, A. AU - Gonzalez, L.M. T2 - World Congress on Undergraduate Research C2 - 2023/// C3 - World Congress on Undergraduate Research DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - A Novel Approach Using Side Population Analysis to Identify Intestinal Stem Cells in Wild-type Pigs AU - Poisson, L. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Freund, J. AU - Gonzalez, L.M. T2 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University C2 - 2023/// C3 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigating the Impact of Novel Placental Extract on Equine Intestinal Repair AU - Cabrera, M. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University C2 - 2023/// C3 - College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Forum, North Carolina State University DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Equine placental-derived extract enhances the regenerative capacity of equine intestinal epithelial cells AU - Cabrera, M. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, C. AU - Gonzalez, L. T2 - National Veterinary Scholars Symposium C2 - 2023/// C3 - National Veterinary Scholars Symposium DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Prolonged Serum Storage Time and Varied Temperatures on Biochemical Values in African Savanna Elephants (Loxodonta africana) AU - Schlake, Emily L. AU - Cassady, Katherine R. AU - Gruber, Erika J. AU - Minter, Larry J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS AB - Blood samples are routinely collected from wild populations in remote locations with limited electricity, minimal diagnostic capabilities, and extreme environmental conditions. Under these conditions, serum samples may be stored for prolonged time under varied temperatures prior to processing, which could affect the ability to interpretation the results. This study’s objective was to evaluate the effects of delayed processing of serum samples and varied storage temperatures on biochemical values in African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana). Blood samples were collected from six elephants managed by the North Carolina Zoo. For each elephant, seven red top tubes were collected. One serum sample for each elephant was analyzed on Day 0 (control group). The remaining samples were stored under different temperatures including room temperature (23 °C), refrigeration (2.2 °C), and incubation (32.2 °C), with samples from each temperature group being analyzed on Day 5 and Day 10. Many of analytes (10 out of 18) did not change significantly regardless of storage temperature or time. Refrigeration improved stability in an additional four analytes over prolonged storage. We conclude that if serum is properly separated shortly after collection, many serum biochemical analytes can be accurately measured even after suboptimal serum storage, but refrigeration and prompt evaluation are still required for some analytes. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4010002 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 12-20 SN - 2673-5636 KW - elephant KW - serum chemistry KW - blood storage KW - temperature KW - serum stability KW - Loxodonta africana ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Carotenoid Concentrations in Livers of Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) AU - Lee, Hanna AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Tollefson, Troy N. AU - Ridgley, Frank AU - Smith, Dustin AU - Treiber, Kimberly AU - Scott, Heather AU - Troan, Brigid V. AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS AB - Global amphibian population decline is a major concern. Therefore, conservation centers have become increasingly needed for population sustainability breeding programs. This need makes proper nutrition programs while in human care imperative. The specific nutritional focus of this current research was to analyze vitamin A, vitamin E, and carotenoid (apocarotenoid, β-carotene, β-carotene ester, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein ester, zeaxanthin, and zeaxanthin ester) concentrations in the liver of 66 free-range marine toads (Rhinella marina) over a two-month period after entering human management. Toads were fed supplemented crickets randomly assigned to one of two diets: Diet 1 consisted of brown house crickets (Acheta domestica) gut loaded with Mazuri® Cricket Diet 5M38 and small amounts of sweet potato and carrots; Diet 2 consisted of an identical diet with the gut loaded crickets additionally dusted with Repashy® Superfoods Vitamin A Plus. Ten toads were euthanized prior to human management on Day 0 to assess baseline liver nutrients. Seven toads consuming each of the two diets (14 toads total) were euthanized on Days 9, 15, 32, and 62. Regardless of diet treatment, there were decreases (p < 0.05) in all the analyzed nutrient concentrations over the 62-day human management period. The results from this study indicate that higher dietary vitamin A, vitamin E, and carotenoid content may be needed and/or the cricket gut loading and dusting techniques used to feed the amphibians food source insects may be inadequate. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4010014 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 134-145 SN - 2673-5636 KW - amphibians KW - fat soluble vitamins KW - nutrition KW - carotenoids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Targeted Injections of Ivermectin or Potassium Chloride for Euthanasia of Anesthetized Thorny Devil Stick Insects (Eurycantha calcarata) AU - Heniff, Ashlyn C. AU - Gorges, Melinda A. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Balko, Julie A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS AB - Insects are commonly utilized in biomedical research and have become increasingly popular in museum collections and as pets. Despite this, objective evaluation of insect euthanasia is scarce. This study investigated the effectiveness of targeted injections of ivermectin or potassium chloride (KCl) for the euthanasia of anesthetized thorny devil stick insects (Eurycantha calcarata). Ten clinically healthy mature insects (six males, four females) were enrolled. Insects were weighed and anesthetized via exposure to a cotton ball soaked with 1.6 mL of liquid isoflurane in a 1 L sealed chamber until loss of righting reflex and response to stimulation (induction). Insects then received one of three treatments: ivermectin 100 mg/kg (n = 4), KCl 200 mEq/kg (n = 4), or 0.9% sodium chloride 100 mL/kg (n = 2) injected along the ventral thoracic midline between the first leg plate and the caudal adjacent plate. Following injection, insects were serially monitored for return of spontaneous movement and righting reflex. Death was defined as the absence of spontaneous movement for 48 h. Median (range) induction time and isoflurane concentration at induction was 36 (22–39) min (n = 9) and 22 (19–22)%, respectively. Euthanasia was successful in 4/4, 3/4, and 0/2 isoflurane-anesthetized insects receiving ivermectin, KCl, or 0.9% sodium chloride, respectively. Recovery was prolonged at 10.5 (sodium chloride female), 11.0 (KCl male), and 18.0 (sodium chloride male) hours. This is the first prospective investigation of euthanasia in adult E. calcarata. In this preliminary study, ivermectin 100 mg/kg via ventral midline injection was effective for euthanasia of thorny devil stick insects. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4010020 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 231-239 SN - 2673-5636 KW - euthanasia KW - insects KW - ivermectin KW - potassium chloride KW - KCl KW - thorny devil stick insect KW - Eurycantha calcarata ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinary education and experience shape beliefs about dog breeds. Part 2: Trust AU - Caddiell, Rachel M. P. AU - White, Philip AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Royal, Kenneth AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Gruen, Margaret E. T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Dog breed stereotypes are frequently used to inform people’s expectations about canine behavior, despite evidence that breed is largely uninformative in predicting individual dog behavior. Further, these beliefs differ among populations. However, it remains unknown how ratings of warmth toward a breed are associated with ratings of other social behavioral domains, and whether differences exist between populations with varying experience with dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ratings of trust and warmth among survey respondents including veterinary students, veterinary faculty and staff, undergraduates in animal-health related majors and members of the general public. Using an online survey, respondents rated their likelihood to trust a dog in varying scenarios for 10 different dog breeds. Additionally, respondents used a feelings thermometer to rate how warm or cool they felt towards each breed. Findings revealed differences in feelings thermometer and trust ratings across populations. All ratings were lower among the veterinary academic respondents compared to the general public and undergraduates. Veterinary students further along in their training, as well as undergraduates with clinical experience, reflected perceptions similar to those of the veterinary faculty and staff providing support for cultural transmission of beliefs during veterinary education and training. DA - 2023/8/24/ PY - 2023/8/24/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-40464-3 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinary education and experience shape beliefs about dog breeds Part 1: Pain sensitivity AU - Caddiell, Rachel M. P. AU - White, Philip AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Royal, Kenneth AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Gruen, Margaret E. T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Over 95% of veterinarians report believing that dog breeds differ in pain sensitivity. Ratings made by veterinarians differ from those of the general public, suggesting these beliefs may be learned during veterinary training or clinical experiences. Therefore, the current study’s primary objective was to evaluate dog breed pain sensitivity ratings during veterinary training and compare these ratings to those of the general public and undergraduates in animal-health related fields. Using an online survey, members of the general public, undergraduates, veterinary students across all four years, and veterinary faculty and staff rated pain sensitivity of 10 different dog breeds, identified only by their pictures. Compared to the general public and undergraduates, veterinary students rated pain sensitivity across breeds of dog more similarly to veterinary faculty and staff. Further, when undergraduates had clinical experience, they also rated certain dog breeds in a similar way to the veterinary students and professionals. Our findings suggest that veterinary education and clinical experiences influence pain sensitivity ratings across dog breeds. Future research should identify how these pain sensitivity beliefs are communicated and whether these beliefs affect recognition and treatment of pain by veterinarians. DA - 2023/8/24/ PY - 2023/8/24/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-40671-y VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of thoracic duct ligation and unilateral subphrenic pericardiectomy via a left fourth intercostal approach in normal canine cadavers AU - Price, Anya K. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Lawver, Jody E. AU - Scharf, Valery F. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Abstract Objective To investigate a left‐sided fourth intercostal approach to thoracic duct (TD) ligation and unilateral subphrenic pericardiectomy in dogs. Study design Retrospective computed tomography (CT) review and cadaveric study. Animals Thirteen dogs with idiopathic chylothorax and 10 canine cadavers. Methods A retrospective study of CT lymphangiograms in client‐owned dogs with idiopathic chylothorax evaluated location and branching of the TD at the left fourth intercostal space. A cadaveric study evaluated the efficacy of TD ligation at this site. Following methylene blue mesenteric lymph node injection, TDs were identified through a left fourth intercostal thoracotomy, ligated, and sealed. Unilateral subphrenic pericardiectomy was performed through the same incision. Computed tomography scans were performed to determine the success of TD ligation. Results A review of lymphangiograms revealed a single TD in 10/13 clinical cases at the fourth intercostal space. Three cases had additional branches. Thoracic duct ligation via a left fourth intercostal thoracotomy was successful in nine out of 10 cadavers. A single branch was noted intraoperatively in six out of 10, and two branches were noted in four out of 10 cadavers. All branches were observed on the left side of the esophagus. Conclusion TD ligation at the left fourth intercostal space was successfully performed in 9/10 canine cadavers and appeared feasible in a retrospective review of 10/13 clinical cases. Unilateral subphrenic pericardiectomy can also be performed via this approach. Clinical significance Fewer thoracic duct branches at this location in comparison with the standard caudal location may simplify TD ligation. If elected, unilateral subphrenic pericardiectomy can be performed through the same incision. Further investigation in clinical patients is warranted. DA - 2023/12/11/ PY - 2023/12/11/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.14060 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation Innovations and Future Directions for the Study of Rhinoceros Gut Microbiome AU - Burnham, Christina M. AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - McKenney, Erin A. AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Trivedi, Shweta T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS AB - Rhinoceros are among the largest and most endangered herbivores in the world. Three of the five extant species are critically endangered, with poaching and habitat loss contributing heavily to declines. The gut microbiome is an essential facet of host health and digestion, mediating a variety of immune and physiological functions. Certain microbes have the potential to serve as biomarkers for reproductive outcomes and predictors of disease susceptibility. Therefore, assessing gut microbial dynamics in relation to wild and managed rhinoceros populations has particular relevance for zoos and other conservation organizations that maintain assurance populations of these charismatic megafauna. The functional gut microbiomes associated with all rhinoceros species remain poorly studied, and many published reports are limited by small sample sizes and sex biases. In this review, we synthesize current research to examine the rhinoceros gut microbiome under human management and resulting conservation implications, address common pitfalls of wildlife gut microbiome studies, and propose future avenues of research in this field. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4020030 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 396-412 SN - 2673-5636 KW - black rhinoceros KW - endangered species KW - gut microbiome KW - greater one-horned rhinoceros KW - southern white rhinoceros KW - Sumatran rhinoceros KW - conservation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intravenous loss of over-the-wire catheter guidewires in 13 horses AU - Hobbs, Kallie J. AU - Young, Kimberly A. S. AU - Nannarone, Sara AU - Luethy, Daniela AU - Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte AU - Mckenzie, Harold C. AU - Ludwig, Elsa K. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Over‐the‐wire (OTW) catheter placement is performed frequently in horses. Intravascular loss of a guidewire has been anecdotally reported, but there is limited information regarding the treatment and outcome of horses that have experienced this complication of OTW catheter placement. Objectives Describe the clinical and diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of horses experiencing IV guidewire loss at the time of OTW catheter placement. Animals Thirteen horses. Methods Multicenter retrospective study to identify horses with IV guidewire loss. Horses of all ages were considered for inclusion. Horses were excluded from the study if complete medical records of signalment, indication, and outcome were not available. Intravenous guidewire loss was defined as the guidewire being lost IV at the time of OTW catheter placement. Results No horses in this study experienced adverse clinical signs associated with the loss of a guidewire. Eight horses had the guidewire removed and the guidewire was left in situ in 5 horses. None of the horses with the guidewire in situ had experienced long‐term effects. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Intravenous guidewire loss seems to have a good long‐term prognosis even in horses in which removal of the guidewire was not possible. Thus, in horses where guidewire removal is not feasible, guidewires that remain in situ may have limited to no adverse effects. DA - 2023/12/14/ PY - 2023/12/14/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16960 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - catheter KW - equine KW - guidewire KW - intravenous ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial resistance in multistate outbreaks of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections linked to animal contact-United States, 2015-2018 AU - Frey, Erin AU - Stapleton, G. Sean AU - Nichols, Megin C. AU - Gollarza, Lauren M. AU - Birhane, Meseret AU - Chen, Jessica C. AU - Mccullough, Andre AU - Carleton, Heather A. AU - Trees, Eija AU - Hise, Kelley B. AU - Tolar, Beth AU - Francois Watkins, Louise T2 - JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Animal contact is an established risk factor for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections and outbreaks. During 2015–2018, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other U.S. public health laboratories began implementing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Salmonella isolates. WGS was used to supplement the traditional methods of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for isolate subtyping, outbreak detection, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for the detection of resistance. We characterized the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of multistate salmonellosis outbreaks linked to animal contact during this time period. An isolate was considered resistant if AST yielded a resistant (or intermediate, for ciprofloxacin) interpretation to any antimicrobial tested by the CDC or if WGS showed a resistance determinant in its genome for one of these agents. We identified 31 outbreaks linked to contact with poultry ( n = 23), reptiles ( n = 6), dairy calves ( n = 1), and guinea pigs ( n = 1). Of the 26 outbreaks with resistance data available, we identified antimicrobial resistance in at least one isolate from 20 outbreaks (77%). Of 1,309 isolates with resistance information, 247 (19%) were resistant to ≥1 antimicrobial, and 134 (10%) were multidrug-resistant to antimicrobials from ≥3 antimicrobial classes. The use of resistance data predicted from WGS increased the number of isolates with resistance information available fivefold compared with AST, and 28 of 43 total resistance patterns were identified exclusively by WGS; concordance was high (>99%) for resistance determined by AST and WGS. The use of predicted resistance from WGS enhanced the characterization of the resistance profiles of outbreaks linked to animal contact by providing resistance information for more isolates. DA - 2023/12/12/ PY - 2023/12/12/ DO - 10.1128/jcm.00981-23 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1098-660X KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - outbreak KW - zoonotic infections KW - Salmonella ER - TY - JOUR TI - The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses AU - Tinsley, Tracy AU - Fogle, Callie AU - Means, Elaine AU - Robertston, James T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Dental disease is a common condition affecting horses. Its prevalence and characteristics among most of the common breeds of horses and donkeys have been investigated and described in the literature, but information about the prevalence and etiology of dental disease of miniature horses is sparse.To determine the prevalence and characteristics of dental disease of miniature horses, we performed oral and dental radiographic examinations on 100 miniature horses. The findings of these examinations were analyzed to determine the prevalence of dental disease and its correlation to age, sex, weight, body condition score, height at the withers, head length and head width. Older horses had a higher prevalence of dental disease, diastemata and crown elongations.The most common dental diseases detected in this population were crown elongation, oral mucosal ulceration, diastemata, class 1 malocclusion and hypodontia. Horses with a high body condition score had an increased likelihood of having a class 1 malocclusion. Horses with wider heads had a higher prevalence of dental disease and class 1 malocclusions.Frequent oral examinations, starting at an early age, should be prioritized as a part of miniature horse preventive health care to decrease morbidity and slow progression of dental disease. DA - 2023/11/30/ PY - 2023/11/30/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1239809 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - equine dentistry KW - miniature horse KW - dental disease KW - prevalence KW - hypodontia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Introduction to the ICADA 2023 canine atopic dermatitis pathogenesis review articles and updated definition AU - Eisenschenk, Melissa C. AU - Hensel, Patrick AU - Saridomichelakis, Manolis N. AU - Tamamoto-Mochizuki, Chie AU - Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M. AU - Santoro, Domenico T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY DA - 2023/12/14/ PY - 2023/12/14/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13183 SP - SN - 1365-3164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defining a species-specific K constant in American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) through use of computed tomography AU - Calcagno, Jaime N. AU - Nelson, Nathan C. AU - Duke, Elizabeth G. AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To use CT measurements to define the body surface area (BSA) formula in American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) and calculate the species-specific shape constant (K) to suggest chemotherapeutic doses.12 American bullfrogs owned by the North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Laboratory Animal Resources underwent CT scans without anesthesia or sedation in November 2022.As part of this prospective study, each American bullfrog underwent a complete physical exam and CT scan. 3-D surface models were created using CT data, and the resulting measurements were used for BSA calculations. Animals were grouped by sex. Nonlinear regression analysis of BSA versus body weight was performed, and a species-specific formula was derived for calculating BSA in American bullfrogs.The mean body weight of the bullfrogs was 354 grams. The mean CT-derived BSA was 414.92 cm2. The calculated K constant was 8.28 for the 12 American bullfrogs, and the CT-derived BSA formula was BSA in cm2 = 8.28 X (body weight in g)2/3. The K constant was 8.07 for females and 8.44 for males and was not significantly different between sexes (P = .5).Results indicated that the species-specific K constant for American bullfrogs is 8.28. This is the first calculated K constant that exists for amphibians to our knowledge. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0131 VL - 84 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1943-5681 KW - body surface area KW - amphibian KW - bullfrog KW - K constant KW - Lithobates catesbeianus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the effects of normothermic machine perfusion and cold storage preservation on porcine intestinal allograft regenerative potential and viability AU - Ludwig, Elsa K. AU - Abraham, Nader AU - Schaaf, Cecilia R. AU - McKinney, Caroline A. AU - Freund, John AU - Stewart, Amy S. AU - Veerasammy, Brittany A. AU - Thomas, Mallory AU - Cardona, Diana M. AU - Garman, Katherine AU - Barbas, Andrew S. AU - Sudan, Debra L. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. T2 - American Journal of Transplantation AB - Intestinal transplantation (IT) is the final treatment option for intestinal failure. Static cold storage (CS) is the standard preservation method used for intestinal allografts. However, CS and subsequent transplantation induce ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Severe IRI impairs epithelial barrier function, including loss of intestinal stem cells (ISC), critical to epithelial regeneration. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) preservation of kidney and liver allografts minimizes CS-associated IRI; however, it has not been used clinically for IT. We hypothesized that intestine NMP would induce less epithelial injury and better protect the intestine's regenerative ability when compared with CS. Full-length porcine jejunum and ileum were procured, stored at 4 °C, or perfused at 34 °C for 6 hours (T6), and transplanted. Histology was assessed following procurement (T0), T6, and 1 hour after reperfusion. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and crypt culture measured ISC viability and proliferative potential. A greater number of NMP-preserved intestine recipients survived posttransplant, which correlated with significantly decreased tissue injury following 1-hour reperfusion in NMP compared with CS samples. Additionally, ISC gene expression, spheroid area, and cellular proliferation were significantly increased in NMP-T6 compared with CS-T6 intestine. NMP appears to reduce IRI and improve graft regeneration with improved ISC viability and proliferation. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.10.026 VL - 10 J2 - American Journal of Transplantation LA - en OP - SN - 1600-6135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2023.10.026 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eosinophilic pericardial effusion and pericarditis in a cat AU - Wheatley, Meagan Alisa AU - Shamoun, John AU - Maggi, Ricardo AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Sommer, Samantha L. AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Stowe, Devorah Marks T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY OPEN REPORTS AB - A 10-year-old domestic shorthair cat presented for lethargy, anorexia and labored breathing. Significant pleural and pericardial effusions prompted thoracocentesis and pericardiocentesis. Cytologic evaluation of the pericardial effusion revealed a highly cellular hemorrhagic, eosinophilic (12%) effusion, with many markedly atypical suspected mesothelial cells, interpreted as concerning for neoplasia. Thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy and histology of the pericardium revealed predominantly eosinophilic inflammation with multifocal mesothelial hypertrophy and ulceration. A peripheral eosinophilia was not present on serial complete blood counts. Initial infectious disease testing was mostly negative. Toxoplasma gondii titers were most consistent with prior exposure, although reactivation could not be excluded. The owner's medical history included a prior diagnosis of bartonellosis. Owing to the challenges of definitive Bartonella species exclusion, the cat was treated empirically with pradofloxacin and doxycycline, and a subtotal pericardectomy. There was improvement at first but pleural effusion recurred approximately 3 months after discharge. The cat was euthanized and a necropsy was not performed. Subsequent pericardial effusion Piroplasma/Bartonella/Borrelia droplet digital PCR detected DNA of Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii, and peripheral blood culture and sequencing revealed a rare apicomplexan organism (90% homology with Colpodella species) of unknown clinical significance. Testing for filamentous bacteria and fungal pathogens was not performed.This case offers several unique entities - eosinophilic pericardial effusion and eosinophilic pericarditis of unknown etiology - and illustrates the well-known marked atypia that may occur in reactive and hyperplastic mesothelial cells, particularly of infrequently sampled and cytologically described feline pericardial effusion, supporting a cautious interpretation of this cytology finding. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1177/20551169231213498 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2055-1169 KW - Apicomplexan KW - Bartonella KW - eosinophilic effusion KW - mesothelial cells KW - pericardial effusion KW - pericarditis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) on Hindgut Microbial Composition of Pigs During the Peri-Weaning Period AU - Boston, Timothy E. AU - Wang, Feng AU - Xi, Lin AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - Scott, Mark F. AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. AU - Van Landeghem, Laurianne AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) is a prebiotic containing beta-linked galactose oligomers of 2 to 8 units. Previously, GOS positively impacted post-weaning growth performance and altered jejunal morphology. In this study, GOS-enriched whey permeate (Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie MN) was supplemented to piglets in farrowing and nursery phases. To maximize pre-weaning GOS intake, novel gruel creep feeders were used. Piglets from 24 litters received either no creep feed (NC), creep without GOS (CG-) or creep with 5.0% GOS (CG+) followed by a phase 1 nursery diet without (NG-) or with 3.8% GOS (NG+). At d 22 (pre-weaning) and d 31 (post-weaning), 6 pigs per treatment were euthanized for sample collection. DNA was extracted from cecal and rectal swabs for downstream 16S rRNA sequencing via Illumina MiSeq (Zymo Research Corp, Irvine CA). An amplicon sequence variant (ASV) table was created using the DADA2 pipeline in R and taxonomy assignment was performed using the SILVA database. Average sequencing depth after filtering was 138,323 and low sequencing counts were discarded based on 20% prevalence. Data were analyzed using the lmer and adonis procedures in RStudio ver. 4.2.2. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes did not detect pre- or post-weaning GOS effects on Chao1, Simpson, or Shannon alpha diversity measures (P &gt; 0.1). Similarly, no pre-weaning GOS effects were detected in Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) beta diversity plots (P &gt; 0.1); however, pigs fed GOS post-weaning segregated from controls (P &lt; 0.01). The relative abundance of several genera including Fusicatenbacter and Collinsella increased by 2.0 and 1.3-fold, respectively, in the cecum of NG+ pigs, whereas, Bacteroides decreased by 3.8-fold (FDR, P &lt; 0.05). In the rectum, relative abundance of Corprococcus decreased by 2.0-fold and Fusicatenbacter increased by 1.5-fold in NG+ pigs compared with NG- pigs (FDR, P &lt; 0.05). Collectively, these genera in the cecum and rectum comprise of less than 3% of the total community. In contrast, lactobacillus in the cecum (33%) and rectum (21%) had a large relative abundance but was unaffected by treatment. We conclude that supplementation of GOS in the post-weaning phase 1 nursery diet alters the hindgut microbial community and may contribute to improvements in growth performance. DA - 2023/11/6/ PY - 2023/11/6/ DO - 10.1093/jas/skad281.228 VL - 101 SP - 187-188 SN - 1525-3163 KW - microbiome KW - prebiotics KW - weaning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Components and Enzymes in Systemically Hypertensive Cats Receiving Amlodipine AU - Adin, Darcy AU - Atkins, Clarke AU - Domenig, Oliver AU - Glahn, Catherine AU - Defrancesco, Teresa AU - Meurs, Kathryn T2 - ANIMALS AB - Chronic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation is harmful. Amlodipine activates RAAS in humans and dogs, but contradictory data exist for systemically hypertensive (SHT) cats.Cats with SHT and chronic kidney disease treated with amlodipine (SHT/CKD-A) are RAAS activated.Client-owned cats: unmedicated normotensive (NT) cats (n = 9); SHT/CKD-A cats (n = 5) with median systolic blood pressure of 170 mmHg (vs. 195 mmHg, pre-treatment), chronic kidney disease, and receiving no RAAS-suppressive therapy.Serum was frozen (-80 °C) until RAAS analysis via equilibrium analysis. The RAAS variables (reported as median (minimum-maximum)) were compared between groups, using Mann-Whitney U test.Angiotensin 1, angiotensin 1,7, angiotensin III, and angiotensin 1,5, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 activity were higher in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats, while ACE activity was lower in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats (p < 0.05 all). A marker for alternative RAAS influence (ALT-S) was significantly higher (69; 58-73 pmol/pmol) in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats (35; 14-63 pmol/pmol; p = 0.001). Aldosterone concentrations were significantly higher (393; 137-564 pmol/L) in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats (129; 28-206 pmol/L; p = 0.007).Circulating RAAS is activated in systemically hypertensive cats receiving amlodipine. Although this study did not parse out the individual contributions of SHT, chronic kidney disease, and amlodipine, the findings suggest that the use of concurrent RAAS-suppressant therapy, specifically aldosterone antagonism, in amlodipine-treated SHT cats with chronic kidney disease might be indicated. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.3390/ani13223479 VL - 13 IS - 22 SP - SN - 2076-2615 KW - feline KW - blood pressure KW - kidney ER - TY - JOUR TI - Severe bronchiectasis resulting from chronic bacterial bronchitis and bronchopneumonia in a jungle cat AU - Kang, Danyue AU - Womble, Mandy AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Harrison, Tara M. AU - Premanandan, Christopher AU - Schreeg, Megan E. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Bronchiectasis is irreversible bronchial dilation that can be congenital or acquired secondary to chronic airway obstruction. Feline bronchiectasis is rare and, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously in a non-domestic felid. An ~10-y-old female jungle cat ( Felis chaus) was presented for evaluation of an abdominal mass and suspected pulmonary metastasis. The animal died during exploratory laparotomy and was submitted for postmortem examination. Gross examination revealed consolidation of the left caudal lung lobe and hila of the cranial lung lobes. Elsewhere in the lungs were several pale-yellow pleural foci of endogenous lipid pneumonia. On cut section, there was severe distension of bronchi with abundant white mucoid fluid. The remaining lung lobes were multifocally expanded by marginal emphysema. Histologically, ectatic bronchi, bronchioles, and fewer alveoli contained degenerate neutrophils, fibrin, and mucin (suppurative bronchopneumonia) with rare gram-negative bacteria. Aerobic culture yielded low growth of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli. There was chronic bronchitis, marked by moderate bronchial gland hyperplasia, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, and lymphoid hyperplasia. The palpated abdominal mass was a uterine endometrial polyp, which was considered an incidental, but novel, finding. Chronic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia should be considered as a cause of bronchiectasis and a differential diagnosis for respiratory disease in non-domestic felids. DA - 2023/11/28/ PY - 2023/11/28/ DO - 10.1177/10406387231216181 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1943-4936 KW - Escherichia coli KW - exotic animal KW - Felidae KW - lung KW - Proteus KW - respiratory disease KW - zoo animal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effect of oral cannabidiol administration to healthy adult dogs on tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear concentrations AU - Jost, Haley E. AU - Spitznagel, Katya AU - Alvarenga, Isabella Corsato AU - Peraza, Jaqueline AU - Banks, Krista AU - McGrath, Stephanie AU - Linde Henriksen, Michala T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - To determine the chronic effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) use on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), and concentration of CBD in tears of healthy dogs.Eighteen healthy research Beagles.This was a masked, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective study. Eighteen dogs were randomly assigned to three groups (six dogs per group) based on daily dosage of oral MCT oil (placebo), CBD 5 mg/kg, and CBD 10 mg/kg. Schirmer tear test (STT-1) and IOP were measured twice daily (7 am and 7 pm) every 4 weeks for 36 weeks. Week 36 tears were collected and analyzed for CBD concentrations (ng/mL) using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. A mixed linear model was used as the statistical method and p-value <.05 was considered significant.No significant differences were found between placebo vs. 5 mg/kg vs. 10 mg/kg for STT-1 or IOP (AM and PM). CBD was detected in 10 out of 11 (91%) viable tear samples receiving 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg dosages. One sample in the 5 mg/kg group had inadequate tear volume for analysis. The CBD concentration in tears was at or below the lower limit of quantification in placebo group, 4.12-11.2 ng/mL for the 5 mg/kg group, and 6.22-152 ng/mL for the 10 mg/kg group.Long-term administration of oral CBD in healthy research beagles demonstrates a favorable safety profile regarding ocular tolerability. Oral CBD administration does not appear to affect tear production or IOP over a 36-week period. This is the first canine study positively identifying concentrations of CBD in tears following oral administration. DA - 2023/11/30/ PY - 2023/11/30/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13164 SP - SN - 1463-5224 KW - canine KW - cannabidiol KW - CBD KW - intraocular pressure KW - Schirmer tear test KW - tear analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - When pink is a question: Comparative gross and microscopic skin structure analyses reveal the histological basis of skin colour in Galápagos pink land iguanas (Conolophus marthae) AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Colosimo, Giuliano AU - Gaudette, Christopher AU - Watanabe, Tatiane T. Negrao AU - Parker, Joshua AU - Sevilla, Christian AU - Gerber, Glenn P. AU - Gentile, Gabriele T2 - ACTA ZOOLOGICA AB - Abstract One of the rarest and most unusual iguanas on the planet is the Galápagos pink land iguana ( Conolophus marthae ). There have been a number of hypotheses on the source of their pink coloration, including that the colour is from blood and a relative lack of dermal pigmentation. We obtained full thickness skin biopsies of three species and compared tissue from darkly pigmented areas and lightly pigmented surfaces. “Pink” areas of pink iguanas are devoid of pigment cells (e.g. melanophores) and the dermal tissue is rich with aggregates of confluent capillaries. This was in sharp contrast to the minimally vascular (only capillaries were observed) dermal areas of the marine and yellow iguanas. The dermal stratum laxum of every biopsy site contained melanophores except for the pink skin of pink iguanas. Interestingly, marine iguanas have a much thicker epidermal stratum germinativum/granulosum, between 2 and 10 cells thick depending on location, compared to the thinner epidermal stratum germinativum/granulosum of land iguanas (one to three cells thick with most areas possessing just one or two cell layers). These microscopic differences might reflect differences in habitat and ecology of the three species. DA - 2023/11/23/ PY - 2023/11/23/ DO - 10.1111/azo.12488 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1463-6395 KW - chromatophores KW - epidermis KW - melanophores KW - skin pigmentation KW - squamates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharide (Gos) on Piglet Growth and Jejunal Morphology During the Peri-Weaning Period AU - Boston, Timothy E. AU - Wang, Feng AU - Xi, Lin AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - Scott, Mark F. AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. AU - Van Landeghem, Laurianne AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) is a specific prebiotic that is enzymatically synthesized from lactose to form beta-linked oligosaccharides containing 2-8 galactose units. In this study, GOS-enriched whey permeate (Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie MN) was supplemented to piglets in lactation and nursery phases. To maximize pre-weaning GOS intake, novel gruel creep feeders were utilized. Using a 3x2 factorial design, piglets from 24 litters received either no creep feed (NC), creep without GOS (CG-) or creep with 5% GOS (CG+) followed by a phase 1 nursery diet without (NG-) or with 3.8% GOS (NG+). After 1 week, pigs were fed common phase 2 and phase 3 diets. At d 22 (pre-weaning) and d 31 (post-weaning), 6 pigs per treatment were euthanized for intestinal measurements. Pre-weaning, creep fed pigs grew 19% faster than controls (P &lt; 0.01) but GOS effects were not detected (P &gt; 0.1). In contrast, pigs fed GOS in phase 1 grew 34 % faster than controls (P &lt; 0.04), irrespective of creep treatment (interaction P &gt; 0.1), and with corresponding greater intakes (P &lt; 0.06). These GOS effects were sustained for overall nursery performance. Furthermore, overall ADG of CG+ piglets in the nursery tended to be greatest (P = 0.09), gaining 361g/d, followed by NC (324 g/d) and CG- (310 g/d) treatments (Table 1). No effects on jejunal morphology were detected at d 22, although there was an effect of age with decreased villi length, villus area, villi:crypt ratio and increased crypt depth at d 31 (P &lt; 0.01). Supplementation of GOS in phase 1 increased villus length (36%) and area (51%) but only in pigs previously fed the control creep (CG-) diet (interaction, P &lt; 0.01). Treatment effects on cecal pH and VFA concentrations were not detected, although there was an effect of age with a decrease in pH (P &lt; 0.01) and increase in propionate and butyrate concentrations post-weaning (P &lt; 0.01). We conclude that gruel creep feeding increases weight gain regardless of GOS treatment and that nursery growth and intestinal morphology are improved by post-weaning GOS supplementation. Funded in part by Milk Specialties Global, USDA-NIFA 2022-67015-37125 and Hatch 1016618. DA - 2023/10/28/ PY - 2023/10/28/ DO - 10.1093/jas/skad341.313 VL - 101 SP - 276-277 SN - 1525-3163 KW - intestinal villi KW - galactooligosaccharides KW - prebiotics KW - weaning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review AU - Soboll-Hussey, Gisela AU - Dorman, David C. AU - Burgess, Brandy A. AU - Goehring, Lutz AU - Gross, Peggy AU - Neinast, Claire AU - Osterrieder, Klaus AU - Pusterla, Nicola AU - Lunn, David P. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death. Objective To determine if there is an association between the level and duration of EHV‐1 viremia and either abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in domesticated horses? Methods A systematic review was performed searching numerous databases to identify peer reviewed reports that evaluated viremia and EHM, or viremia and abortion published before January 19, 2021. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were assessed for risk of bias or publication quality. Results A total of 189 unique studies were identified, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Thirty studies evaluated viremia and neurologic outcomes including 4 observational studies. Eight experimental studies examined viremia and abortion, which used the Ab4 and OH03 virus strains or recombinant Ab4 derivatives. Incidence rates for both EHM and abortion in experimental studies varied among the studies as did the level of evidence. Viremia was generally detectable before the onset of either EHM or abortion. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate, sample sizes were small, and multiple studies reported negative outcome data. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results of this study support that viremia is regularly present before EHM or abortion occurs. However, no inferences could be made about the relationship between the occurrence of either neurological signs or abortion and the magnitude or duration of viremia. DA - 2023/12/9/ PY - 2023/12/9/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16948 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - abortion KW - diagnosis KW - equine KW - equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy KW - herpesvirus-1 KW - randomized clinical trial KW - systematic review KW - viremia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses AU - Pusterla, Nicola AU - Dorman, David C. AU - Burgess, Brandy A. AU - Goehring, Lutz AU - Gross, Margaret AU - Osterrieder, Klaus AU - Soboll Hussey, Gisela AU - Lunn, David P. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection is associated with upper respiratory disease, EHM, abortions, and neonatal death. Research Questions Are nasal secretions a more sensitive biological sample compared to blood for the detection of EHV‐1 infection? How long is EHV‐1 detectable after primary infection by PCR? Methods MedLine and Web of Science searches identified original peer‐reviewed reports evaluating nasal shedding and viremia using virus isolation methods or PCR published in English before October 9, 2023. Results Sixty experimental and 20 observational studies met inclusion criteria. EHV‐1 detection frequency by qPCR in nasal secretions and blood from naturally‐infected horses with fever and respiratory signs were 15% and 9%, respectively; qPCR detection rates in nasal secretions and blood from horses with suspected EHM were 94% and 70%, respectively. In experimental studies the sensitivity of qPCR matched or exceeded that seen for virus isolation from either nasal secretions or blood. Detection of nasal shedding typically occurred within 2 days after EHV‐1 inoculation with a detection period of 3 to 7 days. Viremia lasted 2 to 7 days and was usually detected ≥1 days after positive identification of EHV‐1 in nasal secretions. Nasal shedding and viremia decreased over time and remained detectable in some horses for several weeks after inoculation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Under experimental conditions, blood and nasal secretions have similar sensitivity for the detection of EHV‐1 when horses are sampled on multiple consecutive days. In contrast, in observational studies detection of EHV‐1 in nasal secretions was consistently more successful. DA - 2023/12/9/ PY - 2023/12/9/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16958 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - abortion KW - equine KW - equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy KW - herpesvirus-1 KW - nasal shedding KW - quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) KW - rhinopneumonitis KW - viremia KW - virus isolation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Pyrantel Pamoate Treatment on Fecal Pinworm (Leidynema appendiculata) Parasites of Dietary Dubia Roaches (Blaptica dubia): Efforts to Eliminate Passthrough Fecal Pseudoparasites in Lesser Hedgehog Tenrecs (Echinops telfairi) AU - Browder, Elizabeth AU - Kapp, Sabrina AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Flowers, James AU - Christian, Larry S. AU - Dombrowski, Daniel S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS AB - Pinworm ova were discovered on lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) fecal exams. Ova were passthrough pseudoparasite pinworms originating from feeder roaches (Blaptica dubia). Roaches were maintained as a feeder colony and offered to tenrecs as a portion of their diet. Pinworms were identified as Leidynema appendiculata. This study aimed to determine if these pinworms could be eliminated from the roaches. Roaches were randomly assigned into groups (n = 24), including a control (A) and four treatment groups (B–E). Treatment group roaches received oral dosing of anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate at four concentrations (mg/g as offered): 3.5 (Group B), 14.0 (Group C), 26.0 (Group D), and 35.0 (Group E). Roach diets were made weekly and offered to roaches 2 consecutive days per week for 3 consecutive weeks. The total pinworm ova per gram of roach feces examined were visually reduced in all treatment groups compared to controls at the end of the feed dosing period (Day 23). Post-treatment pinworm numbers were visually reduced in all treatment groups compared to controls on Day 29 and Day 65. Groups receiving higher concentrations of the oral dosing (C–E) significantly differed from controls at Day 29 (p = 0.0086, p = 0.0045, and p = 0.0013, respectively) with a concentration-dependent response. Parasites were not eliminated in any group at Day 29 or 65 post-treatment, with an increasing visual trend indicating recontamination. This is the first report confirming a passthrough pseudoparasite in tenrecs from dubia roaches, and anthelmintic dosage research is warranted. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4010015 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 146-157 SN - 2673-5636 KW - anthelmintic KW - Blaptica dubia KW - Echinops telfairi KW - husbandry KW - Leidynema appendiculata KW - museum KW - pinworm KW - pseudoparasite KW - pyrantel pamoate KW - tenrec ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reference Intervals and Clinical Utility of Acute Phase Proteins and Serum Proteins Electrophoresis in the Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) AU - Cabot, Megan L. AU - Dannemiller, Nicholas G. AU - Cray, Carolyn AU - Minter, Larry J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS AB - Measurements of specific acute phase proteins (APP) and protein electrophoresis (EPH) fractions have been widely used to better assess the health of species under managed care across numerous taxa. To date, APP assays have not been validated in the hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), and reference intervals have not yet been established. This information is critical for the interpretation of APP and EPH measurements used in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases during routine veterinary care of this species. To obtain this information, banked serum samples from hamadryas baboons of various age, sex, and health status, under managed care at the North Carolina Zoo, were analyzed. A small pilot study found significantly higher serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) but not haptoglobin in baboons with acute inflammation compared to healthy counterparts, so these two APPs were investigated further. Reagents for serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were validated, although differences in CRP reagents were observed. Based on the results of this study, SAA and CRP were defined as major APPs that were significantly increased in baboons with active inflammation or infection compared to healthy conspecifics. Baboons with acute inflammation additionally had significantly higher gamma globulins compared to healthy baboons. Although mean albumin concentrations were lower in baboons with acute inflammation, the difference from healthy baboons was not statistically significant. This study identifies SAA, CRP, and EPH as useful tools in the diagnosis of inflammatory disease in the hamadryas baboon and establishes reference intervals to aid in the future veterinary care of this species. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4010012 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 108-117 SN - 2673-5636 KW - acute phase protein KW - C-reactive protein KW - hamadryas baboon KW - Papio hamadryas KW - protein electrophoresis KW - serum amyloid A ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preventing Cardiogenic Thromboembolism in Cats: Literature Gaps, Rational Recommendations, and Future Therapies AU - Shaverdian, Meg AU - Li, Ronald H.L. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice AB - Cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism (CATE) is a devastating complication in cats with cardiomyopathies with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CATE, its recurrence and mortality remain high. This highlights the urgent need for a greater understanding of CATE pathophysiology so that novel diagnostic tests and therapeutics can be developed. This comprehensive review aims to summarize existing literature on pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and current recommendations on the prevention and treatment of CATE. It also identifies and describes knowledge gaps and research priorities in the roles of immunothrombosis and procoagulant platelets in the pathogenesis of CATE. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.06.002 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 1309–1323 SN - 0195-5616 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.06.002 KW - Immunothrombosis KW - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy KW - Platelet priming KW - Neutrophil extracellular traps KW - Thromboprophylaxis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Update on the skin barrier, cutaneous microbiome and host defence peptides in canine atopic dermatitis AU - Santoro, Domenico AU - Saridomichelakis, Manolis AU - Eisenschenk, Melissa AU - Tamamoto-Mochizuki, Chie AU - Hensel, Patrick AU - Pucheu-Haston, Cherie T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory skin disease associated with cutaneous microbiome, immunological and skin barrier alterations. This review summarises the current evidence on skin barrier defects and on cutaneous microbiome dysfunction in canine AD. Objective To this aim, online citation databases, abstracts and proceedings from international meetings on skin barrier and cutaneous microbiome published between 2015 and 2023 were reviewed. Results Since the last update on the pathogenesis of canine AD, published by the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals in 2015, 49 articles have been published on skin barrier function, cutaneous/aural innate immunity and the cutaneous/aural microbiome in atopic dogs. Skin barrier dysfunction and cutaneous microbial dysbiosis are essential players in the pathogenesis of canine AD. It is still unclear if such alterations are primary or secondary to cutaneous inflammation, although some evidence supports their primary involvement in the pathogenesis of canine AD. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Although many studies have been published since 2015, the understanding of the cutaneous host–microbe interaction is still unclear, as is the role that cutaneous dysbiosis plays in the development and/or worsening of canine AD. More studies are needed aiming to design new therapeutic approaches to restore the skin barrier, to increase and optimise the cutaneous natural defences, and to rebalance the cutaneous microbiome. DA - 2023/11/22/ PY - 2023/11/22/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13215 SP - SN - 1365-3164 KW - ceramides KW - cutaneous dysbiosis KW - filaggrin KW - host defence peptides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pancreatic Torsion Resulting in Acute Pancreatic Necrosis in a Young Dog AU - Multani, Rajdeep AU - Cohen, Eli B. AU - Haas, Jason AU - Borst, Luke AU - Womble, Mandy AU - Musulin, Sarah T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT We report a case of 7 mo old French bulldog who was referred to North Carolina State University Small Animal Emergency and Triage Services because of acute abdomen, regurgitation, lethargy, and fever. The patient had a history of pulmonic stenosis, which was corrected by balloon valvuloplasty 3 wk before presenting for the current complaint. The patient had nonspecific changes noted on blood work at his referring veterinarian. An abdominal ultrasound examination showed pathological changes that were supportive of a left-limb pancreatic torsion that was confirmed postmortem. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7382 VL - 59 IS - 6 SP - 297-301 SN - 1547-3317 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aquatic and Terrestrial Invertebrate Welfare AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Zachariah, Trevor T. T2 - ANIMALS AB - Invertebrates are a diverse group of animals that make up the majority of the animal kingdom and encompass a wide array of species with varying adaptations and characteristics. Invertebrates are found in nearly all of the world’s habitats, including aquatic, marine, and terrestrial environments. There are many misconceptions about invertebrate sentience, welfare requirements, the need for environmental enrichment, and overall care and husbandry for this amazing group of animals. This review addresses these topics and more for a select group of invertebrates with biomedical, economical, display, and human companionship importance. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.3390/ani13213375 VL - 13 IS - 21 SP - SN - 2076-2615 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/21/3375 KW - invertebrates KW - welfare KW - enrichment KW - health KW - coelenterates KW - chelicerates KW - insects KW - echinoderms KW - mollusks KW - crustaceans KW - myriapods ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naturally occurring canine laminopathy leading to a dilated and fibrosing cardiomyopathy in the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever AU - Bannasch, Danika L. AU - Oertle, Danielle T. AU - Vo, Julia AU - Batcher, Kevin L. AU - Stern, Joshua A. AU - Kaplan, Joanna L. AU - Li, Ronald H. L. AU - Madden, Indiana E. AU - Christen, Matthias AU - Leeb, Tosso AU - Joshi, Nikhil T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Abstract Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by decreased systolic function and dilation of one or both ventricles, often leading to heart failure or sudden death. Two 10-month-old sibling Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTR) died acutely with evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy with myocardial fibrosis. Association analysis using two cases and 35 controls identified three candidate regions homozygous in the two cases. Whole genome sequencing identified a frameshift deletion in the LMNA gene (NC_049228.1:g.41688530del, NP_001274080:p.(Asp576ThrfsTer124)). Three retrospectively identified NSDTRs with sudden death before 2 years of age and severe myocardial fibrosis were also homozygous for the deletion. One 5 year old with sudden death and myocardial fibrosis was heterozygous for the deletion. This variant was not identified in 722 dogs of other breeds, nor was it identified to be homozygous in 784 NSDTR. LMNA codes for lamin A/C proteins, which are type V intermediate filaments that provide structural support to the nuclear membrane. In humans, LMNA variants can cause DCM with sudden death as well as diseases of striated muscles, lipodystrophy, neuropathies, and accelerated aging disorders. This frameshift deletion is predicted to affect processing of prelamin A into lamin A. Pedigree analysis in the NSDTR and functional evaluation of heterozygotes is consistent with a predominantly recessive mode of inheritance and possibly low penetrance in heterozygotes in contrast to people, where most pathogenic LMNA variants are dominantly inherited. DA - 2023/11/4/ PY - 2023/11/4/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-46601-2 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 19077 J2 - Sci Rep LA - en OP - SN - 2045-2322 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46601-2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synergistic inhibitory effects of clopidogrel and rivaroxaban on platelet function and platelet‐dependent thrombin generation in cats AU - Lo, Sara T. AU - Li, Ronald H. L. AU - Georges, Catherine J. AU - Nguyen, Nghi AU - Chen, Cheyenne K. AU - Stuhlmann, Claire AU - Oldach, Maureen Sigmund AU - Rivas, Victor Noel AU - Fousse, Samantha AU - Harris, Samantha P. AU - Stern, Joshua A. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Abstract Background Dual antithrombotic treatment (DAT) with clopidogrel and rivaroxaban sometimes is prescribed to cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at risk of thromboembolism. To date, no studies have evaluated their combined effects on platelet function. Objectives/Hypothesis Evaluate the safety of DAT in healthy cats and compare, ex vivo, platelet‐dependent thrombin generation and agonist‐induced platelet activation and aggregation in cats treated with clopidogrel, rivaroxaban, or DAT. We hypothesized that DAT would safely modulate agonist‐induced platelet activation and aggregation more effectively than single agent treatment. Animals Nine apparently healthy 1‐year‐old cats selected from a research colony. Methods Unblinded, nonrandomized ex vivo cross‐over study. All cats received 7 days of rivaroxaban (0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg PO), clopidogrel (4.7 ± 0.8 mg/kg PO), or DAT with defined washout periods between treatments. Before and after each treatment, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐ and thrombin‐induced platelet P‐selectin expression was evaluated using flow cytometry to assess platelet activation. Platelet‐dependent thrombin generation was measured by fluorescence assay. Platelet aggregation was assessed using whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry. Results No cats exhibited adverse effects. Of the 3 treatments, only DAT significantly decreased the number of activated platelets ( P = .002), modulated platelet activation in response to thrombin ( P = .01), dampened thrombin generation potential ( P = .01), and delayed maximum reaction velocity ( P = .004) in thrombin generation. Like clopidogrel, DAT inhibited ADP‐mediated platelet aggregation. However, rivaroxaban alone resulted in increased aggregation and activation in response to ADP. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Treatment combining clopidogrel and rivaroxaban (DAT) safely decreases platelet activation, platelet response to agonists, and thrombin generation in feline platelets more effectively than monotherapy with either clopidogrel or rivaroxaban. DA - 2023/5/19/ PY - 2023/5/19/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16727 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 1390-1400 J2 - Veterinary Internal Medicne LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16727 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Circulating neutrophil extracellular traps in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism AU - Li, Ronald H. L. AU - Fabella, Arianne AU - Nguyen, Nghi AU - Kaplan, Joanna L. AU - Ontiveros, Eric AU - Stern, Joshua A. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Abstract Background Cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk of cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism (CATE). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for cardiomyopathy in cats. Hypothesis/Objectives Characterize NETs in cats with HCM or CATE. We hypothesized that circulating NETs assessed in the form of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) are increased in cats with HCM and CATE and associated with reported predisposing factors for thrombus formation. Animals Eighty‐five cats including client‐owned cats with HCM and CATE and staff‐ and student‐owned clinically healthy cats without HCM. Methods After echocardiographic evaluations, NETs were measured as cfDNA and citH3. Results Cats with CATE had significant increases in cfDNA (11.2 ng/μL; interquartile range [IQR], 8.1 to 29.6) compared to those without HCM (8.2 ng/μL; IQR, 5.7 to 11.7 μL; P = .01) and were responsible for 75% to 83% of cases with cfDNA fragments sized 100 to 2000 base pairs. Citrullinated histone 3, detected in 52% of cats with HCM (31.1 ng/mL; IQR, 16.9 to 29.8), was significantly lower than in those with CATE (48.2 ng/mL; IQR, 34.2 to 60.2; P = .007). The citH3 concentrations correlated significantly with reported risk factors of CATE, such as left atrial auricular velocity. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Neutrophil extracellualr traps, especially citH3, are increased in cats with HCM and CATE. They may serve as a novel therapeutic target and biomarker of thrombosis in cats with HCM. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1111/jvim.16676 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 490-502 J2 - Veterinary Internal Medicne LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16676 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case report: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog following treatment with melarsomine for Dirofilaria immitis AU - Philp, Helen S. AU - Farrell, Kate S. AU - Li, Ronald H. L. T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - Disseminated intravascular coagulation following melarsomine therapy for Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) is reported in a 9-year-old female intact pit bull-type dog. The dog had been diagnosed with D. immitis (antigen and microfilaria positive) and treated with imidacloprid, moxidectin, doxycycline and 3 doses of melarsomine over a 92-day period. Seven days after the third melarsomine injection, the patient was presented to her family veterinarian due to right pelvic limb swelling. Prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times were prolonged beyond the detectable range. Treatment included vitamin K1 and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) prior to referral to the authors' institution. At this time the patient remained coagulopathic. Further investigations included thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound and an echocardiogram. The patient was administered multiple units of packed red blood cells and FFP, sildenafil, dexamethasone SP, aminocaproic acid and vitamin K1. Repeat CBC approximately 20 h after admission showed persistent anemia and thrombocytopenia. Despite ongoing administration of FFP, a repeat coagulation panel showed worsening of the coagulopathy with prothrombin time of 84.2s [reference interval (RI) 7.0–9.3s], activated partial thromboplastin time &gt;140s (RI 10.4–12.9s) and fibrinogen &lt;50 mg/dL (RI 109–311 mg/dL). Following discussion with the owners, the patient was euthanized. Necropsy was performed and confirmed heartworm infection with severe pulmonary arterial thrombosis, vascular remodeling, and intraluminal degenerate nematodes. Multifocal subcutaneous and organ hemorrhage was apparent. Although coagulopathy has been described in caval syndrome associated with heartworm disease and is listed as a potential side effect of melarsomine administration, this is the first report of documented disseminated intravascular coagulation following melarsomine treatment for D. immitis . Potential mechanisms for the coagulopathy are discussed and the case report highlights a rare, but serious complication of adulticide therapy. DA - 2023/2/6/ PY - 2023/2/6/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1118798 VL - 10 SP - 1118798 J2 - Front. Vet. Sci. OP - SN - 2297-1769 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1118798 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in Imaging Techniques to Guide Therapies and Monitor Response to the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Injuries AU - Horne, Caitlyn R. AU - Tufts, Sara T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE AB - Continual advancements in diagnostic imaging have allowed for more accurate and complete diagnoses of injuries in the performance horse. The use of several different imaging tools has further allowed the equine sports medicine clinician to more carefully direct treatment options, monitor response to therapy and guide rehabilitation recommendations. The advancements in diagnostic imaging and novel treatment options have led to the improvement in the overall prognosis of many injuries that affect the horse and their performance. The purpose of this section is to review the advancements made in diagnostic imaging of the horse and to aid the practitioner in the selection of the appropriate modality and how best to use them to guide treatment and monitoring decisions. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.001 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 489-501 SN - 1558-4224 KW - Horse KW - Musculoskeletal KW - Diagnostic imaging KW - Ultrasound KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Computed tomography KW - Nuclear scintigraphy KW - Radiography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation of land treadmill scoring system for underwater treadmill in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion AU - Lewis, M. J. AU - Thomovsky, S. A. AU - Moore, G. E. T2 - VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - The underwater treadmill (UWTM) is utilized in dogs recovering from thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL-IVDE). Gait scoring is validated for dogs with TL-IVDE walking on the land treadmill (LT) but has not been reported for the UWTM. Our objective was to investigate if LT gait analysis could be applied to the UWTM and if non-ambulatory dogs walking unassisted on the UWTM, at a standardized water level, would be more likely to generate gait scores compared to on the LT. This was a prospective, observational study in dogs with TL-IVDE managed surigcally. At 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-operatively, paired video footage of dogs walking on the LT and UWTM (water level at the greater trochanter) was used to generate 0-100 stepping (SS) and coordination (regularity index, RI) scores. Scores were compared between treadmill type and over time. Twenty dogs were enrolled and seventy-eight paired recordings were available for review. Median gait scores increased over time but did not differ by treadmill type (P = 0.262 for SS, P = 0.533 for RI). Combining SS and RI, more recordings received scores of 0 for the LT (n=58/156; 37.2%) compared to the UWTM (n=44/156; 28.2%; P = 0.043). Scores of 0, at visits when there was at least movement present at multiple joints, was more common on the LT (n=11/108; 10.2%) compared to the UWTM (n=2/108, 1.9%; P = 0.026). In dogs recovering from TL-IVDE, LT-based gait scoring was feasible in dogs walking on the UWTM and might complement other gait analysis methods, especially for non-ambulatory dogs. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106039 VL - 300 SP - SN - 1532-2971 KW - Canine KW - Gait KW - Herniation KW - Rehabilitation KW - Spinal cord injury ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of 3D-Printed Dog Teeth for Pre-clinical Training of Endodontic Therapy in Veterinary Dentistry AU - Carvalho, Vanessa Graciela AU - Bordim, Nicole Bernart Casara AU - Fantoni, Denise Tabacchi AU - Villamizar-Martinez, Lenin A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY AB - Artificial teeth in dental training have become a valuable tool for students to gain hands-on experience in a safe and controlled environment. This training method allows students to practice various dental procedures and develop their skills without putting patients at risk. Artificial teeth can be used to simulate dental conditions, allowing students to gain experience in dealing with various situations and techniques. Although previous studies in human dentistry have demonstrated the feasibility of using 3D-printed teeth for teaching endodontic procedures such as root canal therapy, similar research has yet to be conducted in the veterinary field. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of creating 3D-printed teeth from an adult dog skull and validate their use as an alternative training tool for root canal therapy in this species. For this, cone beam computed tomography images from a medium-sized dog skull were used to replicate its teeth using a digital 3D printing system. Then, artificial mandibular first molar teeth and a 24-question survey were sent to specialized veterinary dentistry practitioners in Brazil to assess their perception of the model's characteristics during endodontic treatment. In conclusion, it was feasible to create 3D-printed models of dog teeth with high accuracy for the endodontic system. Despite the differences in the properties of the two materials between natural and artificial teeth, it was possible to use the artificial tooth as a training device for conventional endodontic treatment in dogs. The reliability level for the survey was reported as good, displaying a reliability coefficient above 0.86. DA - 2023/11/7/ PY - 2023/11/7/ DO - 10.1177/08987564231210409 SP - SN - 2470-4083 KW - artificial teeth KW - endodontic training KW - 3D KW - endodontic therapy KW - teaching tool ER - TY - JOUR TI - ACVIM Consensus Statement on the management of status epilepticus and cluster seizures in dogs and cats AU - Charalambous, Marios AU - Munana, Karen AU - Patterson, Edward E. AU - Platt, Simon R. AU - Volk, Holger A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Seizure emergencies (ie, status epilepticus [SE] and cluster seizures [CS]), are common challenging disorders with complex pathophysiology, rapidly progressive drug‐resistant and self‐sustaining character, and high morbidity and mortality. Current treatment approaches are characterized by considerable variations, but official guidelines are lacking. Objectives To establish evidence‐based guidelines and an agreement among board‐certified specialists for the appropriate management of SE and CS in dogs and cats. Animals None. Materials and Methods A panel of 5 specialists was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer‐reviewed literature with the aim to establish consensus clinical recommendations. Evidence from veterinary pharmacokinetic studies, basic research, and human medicine also was used to support the panel's recommendations, especially for the interventions where veterinary clinical evidence was lacking. Results The majority of the evidence was on the first‐line management (ie, benzodiazepines and their various administration routes) in both species. Overall, there was less evidence available on the management of emergency seizure disorders in cats in contrast to dogs. Most recommendations made by the panel were supported by a combination of a moderate level of veterinary clinical evidence and pharmacokinetic data as well as studies in humans and basic research studies. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Successful management of seizure emergencies should include an early, rapid, and stage‐based treatment approach consisting of interventions with moderate to preferably high ACVIM recommendations; management of complications and underlying causes related to seizure emergencies should accompany antiseizure medications. DA - 2023/11/3/ PY - 2023/11/3/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16928 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - cat KW - dog KW - emergency seizure disorders KW - treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Biologics and Stem Cells in Equine Ophthalmology AU - Gilger, Brian Christopher T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE AB - Regenerative therapy and biologics have the promise to treat equine ocular surface diseases, including corneal ulceration or immune-mediated keratitis, or intraocular diseases such as uveitis. The use of blood-derived products such as serum or platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cells, or amniotic membrane grafts may be beneficial for the treatment of ulcerative and chronic keratitis in horses. Furthermore, the use of stem cells or gene therapy has promise for the treatment of Intraocular diseases such as equine recurrent uveitis by providing efficacious, practical, and long-term therapy for these blinding diseases. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.004 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 541-552 SN - 1558-4224 KW - Equine KW - Eye KW - Stem cells KW - Gene therapy KW - Biologics ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel case of tracheal injury secondary to gunshot trauma in a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) AU - Gerard, Mathew P. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Marais, H. Johan T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe a case of tracheal injury secondary to gunshot trauma in a rhinoceros. ANIMALS 5-year-old female white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum ). CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES The rhinoceros was found alive with an apparent bullet entry wound cranial to the left shoulder. The rhinoceros was agitated and had bilateral epistaxis and increased respiratory noise. Immobilization of the animal facilitated closer examination and initiation of medical therapy. Radiographs obtained of the neck region at this first examination were nondiagnostic. Subsequent immobilization events allowed for further diagnostics and treatment. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Initial treatment included a broad-spectrum antibiotic and a corticosteroid. Five days following the injury, the rhinoceros was considered stable, and the animal was immobilized to investigate the cause of the epistaxis and respiratory signs. Tracheoscopy revealed a full-thickness penetrating wound in the mid to caudal region of the trachea, and the surface of a metallic projectile was viewed within the wound. Medical treatment was continued and the rhinoceros was managed conservatively. At 14 days, radiographs of the neck made with a more powerful unit revealed tissue emphysema dorsal to the trachea. A subsequent tracheoscopy 54 days after injury revealed a granulated wound. Follow-up at 4 years after injury determined that the rhinoceros was reported to be behaving normally and had successfully calved. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gunshot wounds associated with poaching are a prevalent problem in rhinoceros in Africa. Although more aggressive therapy including surgery may likely be considered in zoo or domestic animals, limited conservative treatment was successful in this wild-managed rhinoceros. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.05.0254 VL - 261 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1943-569X KW - rhinoceros KW - tracheal wound KW - gunshot KW - poaching KW - endoscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Considerations for the Use of Biologic and Regenerative Therapies in Equine Practice AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.07.001 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - XIII-XIV SN - 1558-4224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 identification methods through surveillance of companion animals in SARS-CoV-2-positive homes in North Carolina, March to December 2020 AU - Gin, Taylor E. AU - Petzold, Elizabeth A. AU - Uthappa, Diya M. AU - Neighbors, Coralei E. AU - Borough, Anna R. AU - Gin, Craig AU - Lashnits, Erin AU - Sempowski, Gregory D. AU - Denny, Thomas AU - Bienzle, Dorothee AU - Callahan, Benjamin J. AU - Woods, Christopher W. T2 - PEERJ AB - We collected oral and/or rectal swabs and serum from dogs and cats living in homes with SARS-CoV-2-PCR-positive persons for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology testing. Pre-COVID-19 serum samples from dogs and cats were used as negative controls, and samples were tested in duplicate at different timepoints. Raw ELISA results scrutinized relative to known negative samples suggested that cut-offs for IgG seropositivity may require adjustment relative to previously proposed values, while proposed cut-offs for IgM require more extensive validation. A small number of pet dogs (2/43, 4.7%) and one cat (1/21, 4.8%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and 28.6 and 37.5% of cats and dogs were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, respectively. DA - 2023/10/24/ PY - 2023/10/24/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.16310 VL - 11 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - COVID-19 KW - Coronavirus KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - Dogs KW - Cats KW - Antibody KW - Serology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial Properties of Equine Stromal Cells and Platelets and Future Directions AU - Pezzanite, Lynn M. AU - Chow, Lyndah AU - Dow, Steven W. AU - Goodrich, Laurie R. AU - Gilbertie, Jessica M. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE AB - Increasing antimicrobial resistance in veterinary practice has driven the investigation of novel therapeutic strategies including regenerative and biologic therapies to treat bacterial infection. Integration of biological approaches such as platelet lysate and mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy may represent adjunctive treatment strategies for bacterial infections that minimize systemic side effects and local tissue toxicity associated with traditional antibiotics and that are not subject to antibiotic resistance. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms by which biological therapies exert antimicrobial effects, as well as potential applications and challenges in clinical implementation in equine practice. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.005 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 565-578 SN - 1558-4224 KW - Horse KW - Antimicrobial KW - Regenerative KW - Biologic KW - Therapies KW - Mesenchymal stromal cells KW - Platelets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation of sea turtles to climate warming: Will phenological responses be sufficient to counteract changes in reproductive output? AU - Fuentes, M. M. P. B. AU - Santos, A. J. B. AU - Abreu-Grobois, A. AU - Briseno-Duenas, R. AU - Al-Khayat, J. AU - Hamza, S. AU - Saliba, S. AU - Anderson, D. AU - Rusenko, K. W. AU - Mitchell, N. J. AU - Gammon, M. AU - Bentley, B. P. AU - Beton, D. AU - Booth, D. T. B. AU - Broderick, A. C. AU - Colman, L. P. AU - Snape, R. T. E. AU - Calderon-Campuzano, M. F. AU - Cuevas, E. AU - Lopez-Castro, M. C. AU - Flores-Aguirre, C. D. AU - Cruz, F. AU - Segura-Garcia, Y. AU - Ruiz-Garcia, A. AU - Fossette, S. AU - Gatto, C. R. AU - Reina, R. D. AU - Girondot, M. AU - Godfrey, M. AU - Guzman-Hernandez, V. AU - Hart, C. E. AU - Kaska, Y. AU - Lara, P. H. AU - Marcovaldi, M. A. G. D. AU - LeBlanc, A. M. AU - Rostal, D. AU - Liles, M. J. AU - Wyneken, J. AU - Lolavar, A. AU - Williamson, S. A. AU - Manoharakrishnan, M. AU - Pusapati, C. AU - Chatting, M. AU - Salleh, S. Mohd AU - Patricio, A. R. AU - Regalla, A. AU - Restrepo, J. AU - Garcia, R. AU - Tomillo, P. Santidrian AU - Sezgin, C. AU - Shanker, K. AU - Tapilatu, F. AU - Turkozan, O. AU - Valverde, R. A. AU - Williams, K. AU - Yilmaz, C. AU - Tolen, N. AU - Nel, R. AU - Tucek, J. AU - Legouvello, D. AU - Rivas, M. L. AU - Gaspar, C. AU - Touron, M. AU - Genet, Q. AU - Salmon, M. AU - Araujo, M. R. AU - Freire, J. B. AU - Castheloge, V. D. AU - Jesus, P. R. AU - Ferreira, P. D. AU - Paladino, F. V. AU - Montero-Flores, D. AU - Sozbilen, D. AU - Monsinjon, J. R. T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Sea turtles are vulnerable to climate change since their reproductive output is influenced by incubating temperatures, with warmer temperatures causing lower hatching success and increased feminization of embryos. Their ability to cope with projected increases in ambient temperatures will depend on their capacity to adapt to shifts in climatic regimes. Here, we assessed the extent to which phenological shifts could mitigate impacts from increases in ambient temperatures (from 1.5 to 3°C in air temperatures and from 1.4 to 2.3°C in sea surface temperatures by 2100 at our sites) on four species of sea turtles, under a "middle of the road" scenario (SSP2-4.5). Sand temperatures at sea turtle nesting sites are projected to increase from 0.58 to 4.17°C by 2100 and expected shifts in nesting of 26-43 days earlier will not be sufficient to maintain current incubation temperatures at 7 (29%) of our sites, hatching success rates at 10 (42%) of our sites, with current trends in hatchling sex ratio being able to be maintained at half of the sites. We also calculated the phenological shifts that would be required (both backward for an earlier shift in nesting and forward for a later shift) to keep up with present-day incubation temperatures, hatching success rates, and sex ratios. The required shifts backward in nesting for incubation temperatures ranged from -20 to -191 days, whereas the required shifts forward ranged from +54 to +180 days. However, for half of the sites, no matter the shift the median incubation temperature will always be warmer than the 75th percentile of current ranges. Given that phenological shifts will not be able to ameliorate predicted changes in temperature, hatching success and sex ratio at most sites, turtles may need to use other adaptive responses and/or there is the need to enhance sea turtle resilience to climate warming. DA - 2023/10/31/ PY - 2023/10/31/ DO - 10.1111/gcb.16991 SP - SN - 1365-2486 KW - adaptive response KW - climate change KW - ectotherms KW - marine turtles KW - phenology KW - reproductive output KW - sea turtles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association of the FGF4L2 retrogene with fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in dogs AU - Embersics, Colleen AU - Bannasch, Danika AU - Batcher, Kevin AU - Boudreau, Elizabeth C. AU - Church, Molly AU - Miller, Andrew AU - Platt, Simon AU - Koehler, Jey AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Rossmeisl, John AU - Rissi, Daniel AU - Grahn, Robert AU - Donner, Jonas AU - Dickinson, Peter J. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy (FCE) is a well‐documented condition in dogs although rarely reported in chondrodystrophic breeds. Genetic associations have not been defined. Objectives Define the association of the chondrodystrophy‐associated FGF4L2 retrogene with histopathologically confirmed cases of FCE. Animals Ninety‐eight dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of FCE. Methods Retrospective multicenter study. Dogs were genotyped for the FGF4L2 and FGF4L1 retrogenes using DNA extracted from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Associations between breed, FCE and retrogene status were investigated with reference to a hospital population and known breed and general population allele frequencies. Results FGF4L2 genotype was defined in 89 FCE cases. Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy was present in 22 dogs from FGF4L2 ‐segregating breeds with allele frequencies of ≥5%; however, all dogs were wild type. Two Labrador retrievers with FCE carried FGF4L2 alleles. Frequency of the FGF4L2 allele was significantly ( P < .001) and negatively associated with FCE relative to predicted hospital‐population dogs. FCE was overrepresented in Boxer, Great Dane, Yorkshire Terrier, Bernese Mountain Dog, Miniature Schnauzer, Rottweiler, and Shetland Sheepdog breeds. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Study data based on genotypically and histopathologically defined cases support the historical observation that FCE is uncommon in chondrodystrophic dog breeds. FGF4 plays an important role in angiogenesis and vascular integrity; anatomical studies comparing chondrodystrophic and non‐chondrodystrophic dogs might provide insight into the pathogenesis of FCE. DA - 2023/11/2/ PY - 2023/11/2/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16925 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - canine KW - chondrodystrophy KW - FCE KW - fibroblast growth factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-Functional Small Molecule Alleviates Fracture Pain and Promotes Bone Healing AU - Shih, Yu-Ru V. AU - Kingsley, David AU - Newman, Hunter AU - Hoque, Jiaul AU - Gupta, Ankita AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Varghese, Shyni T2 - ADVANCED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Bone injuries such as fractures are one major cause of morbidities worldwide. A considerable number of fractures suffer from delayed healing, and the unresolved acute pain may transition to chronic and maladaptive pain. Current management of pain involves treatment with NSAIDs and opioids with substantial adverse effects. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the purine molecule, adenosine, can simultaneously alleviate pain and promote healing in a mouse model of tibial fracture by targeting distinctive adenosine receptor subtypes in different cell populations. To achieve this, a biomaterial‐assisted delivery of adenosine is utilized to localize and prolong its therapeutic effect at the injury site. The results demonstrate that local delivery of adenosine inhibited the nociceptive activity of peripheral neurons through activation of adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1) and mitigated pain as demonstrated by weight bearing and open field movement tests. Concurrently, local delivery of adenosine at the fracture site promoted osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells through adenosine A2B receptor (ADORA2B) resulting in improved bone healing as shown by histological analyses and microCT imaging. This study demonstrates the dual role of adenosine and its material‐assisted local delivery as a feasible therapeutic approach to treat bone trauma and associated pain. DA - 2023/11/8/ PY - 2023/11/8/ DO - 10.1002/advs.202303567 VL - 11 SP - SN - 2198-3844 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202303567 KW - adenosine KW - adenosine receptors KW - biomaterials KW - drug delivery KW - fracture healing KW - fracture pain KW - phenylboronic acids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gastric pH and serum gastrin concentration in age-matched healthy dogs and dogs with chronic kidney disease AU - Grady, Kylie AU - Ernst, Eli AU - Secoura, Patricia L. AU - Price, Josh AU - Birkenheuer, Adam AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Lidbury, Jonathan AU - Gould, Emily AU - Steiner, Jeorg M. AU - Tolbert, M. Katherine T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Gastric hyperacidity and hypergastrinemia are purported to cause gastric ulceration in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, no published studies have evaluated gastric pH with serum gastrin concentrations in dogs with CKD.To compare mean intragastric pH, mean percent pH distribution, and serum gastrin concentrations in dogs with CKD to age-matched, healthy dogs. We hypothesized there would be no difference in mean gastric pH or serum gastrin between groups.Thirteen dogs with CKD; 10 aged-matched healthy dogs.Prospective, case-control study. Serum chemistry, complete blood count, urinalysis, and serum gastrin concentrations were evaluated in all dogs before radiographic-assisted gastric placement of a pH capsule. Forty-eight-hour continuous gastric pH monitoring was performed in all dogs. Serum gastrin concentration, mean pH, and mean percentage time that gastric pH was strongly acidic (pH <1 and pH <2) were compared between groups using a repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA.No significant differences were observed between groups for any pH measurements, including mean ± SD gastric pH (CKD, 2.37 ± 0.87; healthy, 2.39 ± 0.99; P > .05). Serum gastrin concentrations were not significantly different between groups (median [range]: CKD, 10.5 ng/dL [<10-17.1]; healthy, 10.9 ng/dL [<10-15]; P > .05).Our client-owned dogs with CKD did not have lower gastric pH or higher serum gastrin concentrations compared to healthy dogs. Our results suggest that prophylactic gastric acid suppression in dogs with CKD is not warranted unless other clinical indications for use are present. DA - 2023/10/24/ PY - 2023/10/24/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16907 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - acid suppressant KW - azotemia KW - canine KW - famotidine KW - omeprazole ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and application of an interactive generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (igPBPK) model for adult beef cattle and lactating dairy cows to estimate tissue distribution and edible tissue and milk withdrawal intervals for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) AU - Chou, Wei-Chun AU - Tell, Lisa A. AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Davis, Jennifer L. AU - Cheng, Yi-Hsien AU - Maunsell, Fiona P. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Lin, Zhoumeng T2 - FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY AB - Humans can be exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through dietary intake from milk and edible tissues from food animals. This study developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict tissue and milk residues and estimate withdrawal intervals (WDIs) for multiple PFAS including PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS in beef cattle and lactating dairy cows. Results showed that model predictions were mostly within a two-fold factor of experimental data for plasma, tissues, and milk with an estimated coefficient of determination (R2) of >0.95. The predicted muscle WDIs for beef cattle were <1 day for PFOA, 449 days for PFOS, and 69 days for PFHxS, while the predicted milk WDIs in dairy cows were <1 day for PFOA, 1345 days for PFOS, and zero day for PFHxS following a high environmental exposure scenario (e.g., 49.3, 193, and 161 ng/kg/day for PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS, respectively, for beef cattle for 2 years). The model was converted to a web-based interactive generic PBPK (igPBPK) platform to provide a user-friendly dashboard for predictions of tissue and milk WDIs for PFAS in cattle. This model serves as a foundation for extrapolation to other PFAS compounds to improve safety assessment of cattle-derived food products. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114062 VL - 181 SP - SN - 1873-6351 KW - Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Chemical residue KW - Interactive generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (igPBPK) modeling KW - Withdrawal interval KW - Food safety KW - Risk assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors for intraoperative hemorrhage and perioperative complications and short- and long-term outcomes during surgical patent ductus arteriosus ligation in 417 dogs AU - McNamara, Kaitlyn L. AU - Regier, Penny J. AU - Toth, Darby AU - Mickelson, Megan AU - Luther, Jill AU - Pyne, Connor AU - Wallace, Mandy AU - Sturkie, Charlee AU - Dugat, Danielle AU - Marvel, Sarah AU - Sumner, Julia AU - Scharf, Val AU - Clark, Jory AU - Colee, James C. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of dogs undergoing surgical ligation for a left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), identify risk factors for intraoperative hemorrhage and intra- and postoperative complications, and report overall mortality rates. ANIMALS 417 client-owned dogs undergoing surgical ligation for a left-to-right shunting PDA between January 2010 and January 2020. PROCEDURES Data recorded included patient signalment, echocardiogram findings, intraoperative complications and mortality, postoperative complications, and short- and long-term outcomes. RESULTS There was no association between age and risk of intraoperative hemorrhage ( P = .7), weight and intraoperative hemorrhage ( P = .96), or increasing left atrium-to-aortic (LA:Ao) ratio and intraoperative hemorrhage ( P = .08). Intraoperative hemorrhage occurred in 10.8% of patients. Intraoperative mortality was 2%. Ninety-five percent of dogs experiencing intraoperative hemorrhage survived to discharge. Survival to discharge was 97%. One- and 5-year survival rates were 96.4% and 87%, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgical ligation for a left-to-right shunting PDA is recommended due to the good long-term prognosis. Certain preoperative factors such as age, weight, and the presence and degree of mitral valve regurgitation had no detectable association with risks of intraoperative hemorrhage and, therefore, should not preclude surgical treatment for a left-to-right shunting PDA. Future studies are needed to further assess the association between increasing LA:Ao ratio and risk of intraoperative hemorrhage. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.12.0541 VL - 261 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of a mitral regurgitation severity index to predict long-term outcome in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease AU - Vereb, Michelle AU - Atkins, Clarke E. AU - Adin, Darcy AU - Blondel, Thomas AU - Coffman, Melissa AU - Lee, Seunggon AU - Guillot, Emilie AU - Ward, Jessica L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Predicting progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs can be challenging. Hypothesis/Objectives The mitral regurgitation severity index (MRSI) will predict time to congestive heart failure (CHF) and all‐cause death in dogs with MMVD. Animals Eight hundred sixty‐nine client‐owned dogs. Methods Retrospective study pooling data from 4 previous samples including dogs with MMVD stage B2 or C. MRSI was calculated as: (heart rate [HR]/120) × left atrium‐to‐aorta ratio (LA:Ao) × (age in years/10) × 100. Alternative MRSI formulas substituting radiographic measures of left atrial size were also calculated. Cox proportional hazard modeling and time‐dependent receiver‐operator characteristic curves quantified prognostic performance. Results For Stage B2 pooled samples, MRSI > 156 was predictive of time to CHF (median 407 vs 1404 days; area under the curve [AUC] 0.68; hazard ratio 3.02 [95% CI 1.9‐4.9]; P < .001). MRSI > 173 was predictive of all‐cause death (median survival 868 vs 1843 days; AUC 0.64; hazard ratio 4.26 [95% CI 2.4‐7.5]; P < .001). MRSI showed superior predictive value compared to the individual variables of HR, LA:Ao, and age. Variations of the MRSI equation substituting radiographic vertebral left atrial size for LA:Ao were also significantly predictive of outcome in stage B2. MRSI was not consistently predictive of outcome in Stage C. Conclusions and Clinical Importance MRSI was predictive of outcome (onset of CHF and all‐cause death) in MMVD Stage B2, demonstrating utility as a useful prognostic tool. Echocardiographic LA:Ao can be effectively replaced by radiographically determined LA size in the MRSI formula. DA - 2023/11/1/ PY - 2023/11/1/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16923 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - congestive heart failure KW - echocardiography KW - prognosis KW - thoracic radiographs KW - vertebral heart size KW - vertebral left atrial size ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis AU - Osterrieder, Klaus AU - Dorman, David C. AU - Burgess, Brandy A. AU - Goehring, Lutz S. AU - Gross, Peggy AU - Neinast, Claire AU - Pusterla, Nicola AU - Hussey, Gisela Soboll AU - Lunn, David P. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with respiratory and neurologic disease, abortion, and neonatal death.Vaccines decrease the occurrence of clinical disease in EHV-1-infected horses.A systematic review was performed searching multiple databases to identify relevant studies. Selection criteria were original peer-reviewed research reports that investigated the in vivo use of vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by EHV-1 in domesticated horses. Main outcomes of interest included pyrexia, abortion, neurologic disease, viremia, and nasal shedding. We evaluated risk of bias, conducted exploratory meta-analyses of incidence data for the main outcomes, and performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for each vaccine subtype.A total of 1018 unique studies were identified, of which 35 met the inclusion criteria. Experimental studies accounted for 31/35 studies, with the remainder being observational studies. Eight vaccine subclasses were identified including commercial (modified-live, inactivated, mixed) and experimental (modified-live, inactivated, deletion mutant, DNA, recombinant). Risk of bias was generally moderate, often because of underreporting of research methods, and sample sizes were small leading to imprecision in the estimate of the effect size. Several studies reported either no benefit or minimal vaccine efficacy for the primary outcomes of interest. Meta-analyses revealed significant heterogeneity was present, and our confidence in the quality of evidence for most outcomes was low to moderate.Our review indicates that commercial and experimental vaccines minimally reduce the incidence of clinical disease associated with EHV-1 infection. DA - 2023/11/6/ PY - 2023/11/6/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16895 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - equine KW - equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) KW - equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) KW - vaccination ER - TY - JOUR TI - ACVIM-Endorsed Statements: Consensus statements, evidence-based practice guidelines and systematic reviews AU - Hinchcliff, Kenneth W. AU - ACVIM Consensus Statement Taskforce, Paul S. AU - Morley, Paul S. AU - Dibartola, Stephen P. AU - Taylor, Sandra D. AU - Harrell, Karyn A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) has commissioned groups of experts to produce “Consensus Statements” since 2000 to provide veterinarians with information about topics important to ACVIM Diplomates and the veterinary profession. The ACVIM Consensus Statements have been relatively succinct statements intended to guide decision-making about diagnosis, management or treatment of diseases of animals. During the past 20 years, Consensus Statements have evolved and several versions of guidelines have been developed by the ACVIM Board of Regents (BoR) and staff to facilitate selection of the topics, identify panel members, and determine logistics related to format and dissemination of the statements. The general purpose of these guidelines has been to clarify the responsibilities of the Chair and members of the panel, define the length of the statement, set timelines, and establish a financial agreement with panelists. Little attempt has been made to define how ACVIM Consensus Statements are prepared and the manner in which they consider the relevant literature and evaluate and report on evidence. The medical and veterinary communities increasingly rely on evidence-based statements on a particular topic for guidance and counsel on decisions relating to management of diseases.1, 2 There are several conventional formats for these statements, including consensus statements, practice guidelines, systematic reviews and position statements.3-8 Recently, scoping reviews have become more common and are gaining some traction in the veterinary literature.9 The methodology underlying each of these types of statements differs, but what all have in common is a well-described and accepted methodology for objectively considering and reporting the amount and quality of evidence. For example, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach is now widely used for developing practice (and other) guidelines, Cochrane prescribes a particular methodology for undertaking evidence-based reviews, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) defines how systematic reviews should be carried out, and the Delphi method is widely accepted for development of consensus statements.4, 5, 7, 8, 10-15 Scoping reviews are not designed or intended to produce a critically appraised and synthesized result/answer to a particular question and are therefore not included as an ACVIM-Endorsed Statement (AES).9 Narrative reviews are common in both the human and veterinary medical literature and there is a proposed methodology for evaluating their quality,16 but they are not considered sufficient to provide a rigorous, evidence-based assessment of a topic.17 Narrative reviews are not listed in the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine hierarchy of evidence.17 There is increasing recognition of the need for clear guidelines for the development of expert statements.1 The variety of formats for these evidence-based statements reflects that the underlying reason for commissioning a statement dictates its format. One size does not fit all, and such is the case with ACVIM Consensus Statements as reflected by the variety of formats found in the 45 Consensus Statements published through the end of 2020. Most (n = 34, 76%) of these Consensus Statements are narrative reviews, although recently some statements have followed GRADE, Delphi or similar methodologies, likely reflecting increased recognition that ACVIM Consensus Statements should be developed using explicit and transparent criteria and methodologies. Of the 45 ACVIM Consensus Statements published between 2000 and 2020, only 13/45 (29%) describe the methodology used to develop the statement, 11 (24%) define particular questions to be addressed in the statement, 9 (20%) utilize descriptions of levels of evidence, and 4 (9%) address a limited number of questions (ie, narrowly define the topic) yet 20 (44%) provide specific recommendations. Clearly, guidelines in effect to date have not resulted in ACVIM Consensus Statements consistently conforming to contemporary standards for such expert statements. The ACVIM Consensus Statements make valuable contributions to the veterinary literature, providing practicing specialists and nonspecialists with recommendations developed by experts in the field and are consistently the most widely read of all articles published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (based on downloads and citations). The ACVIM Consensus Statements are increasingly recognized as being an important source of expert advice and, as such, reflect well on the College. However, quality standards for such statements are increasing, and we believe that it is time that the College consider developing more uniform and rigorous practices and policies for creation of these statements. Doing so will ensure that readers of such expert statements are confident of the quality of the statement and that the statement reflects well on the ACVIM and the authors. The ACVIM supports the production of materials intended to assist clinicians and others in assessing the best available or optimal approach to providing veterinary care of animals or in understanding aspects of animal disease. These have been referred to as ACVIM Consensus Statements. One of the roles of the ACVIM is to identify appropriate topics and to ensure that these Consensus Statements are uniformly reliable and of high quality. To achieve this purpose, the ACVIM must ensure that topics are timely and relevant, panels are appropriately comprised of experts who are free of conflicts of interest, methodology is rigorous and transparent, and that there is a process for review of the draft statement. We proposed, and the Board of Regents accepted, that subsequent expert statements endorsed by the ACVIM be collectively referred to as AESs and that they be developed using specific methodologies. The roles of the Board of Regents and the Education and Research Committee may be modified from that proposed below to align with changes in the functions of the Board and Board officers. Narrative reviews, scoping reviews, and position papers are not considered suitable forms of AES. A narrative review provides a summary of current and relevant literature, but with few or limited comments on the quality of evidence and no formal recommendations for action. Importantly, they do not use PRISMA methodology.2, 15, 16 Scoping reviews do not seek to answer a particular question or questions, but are intended to identify certain characteristics or concepts in papers or studies, and examine the mapping, reporting or discussion of these characteristics or concepts.9 A position paper provides the view of an individual or group on a particular issue, is not developed with any defined methodology, and is in many cases an opinion piece. The appropriate format for an AES will vary depending on the topic, the available published evidence, and the intent of the statement. The AES can be developed using one of three approved methodologies. The methodology chosen for a particular AES will be decided as part of the process for selecting a topic, convening a panel, and developing specific questions. Consensus statements are always developed using the Delphi method and reflect the collective opinions of a group of content experts. The opinions of the experts will be based on their individual expertise, experience, and knowledge of the literature. Consensus is tested and demonstrated using prescribed methodology to identify areas of agreement and disagreement within the group of experts.14, 18 Consensus statements are applicable to situations where evidence is limited or lacking, but where there is the opportunity to reduce uncertainty and improve quality of care.6, 14 Consensus statements take advantage of the collective wisdom of a group of experienced clinicians and researchers, substituting expert opinion for objective fact. The opinion of the experts is based on their individual experience and knowledge of the relevant scientific literature. A consensus statement is applicable to situations where the evidence base is of insufficient quantity, quality, or is too varied for development of practice guidelines. An example of development of clinical consensus statements is the process used by otolaryngologists in human medicine.14 Consensus statements should not be based on a general statement of a topic (eg, “Asthma in cats”) but should be more narrowly focused. In this example, a more narrowly defined topic would be “Treatment of asthma in cats,” which addresses the specific statements: (1) inhaled corticosteroids are indicated; (2) betamethasone is the optimal inhaled corticosteroid; (3) oral corticosteroids are less effective than inhaled corticosteroids; and (4) beta-adrenergic bronchodilators are indicated. When considering the topic and its breadth, the available length of the final document should be considered. Statements should be concise and precise. Topics should be defined narrowly enough so as to be addressed within the limitations on length of the statement. Evidence-based practice guidelines (“guidelines”) guide provision of current best practice care to animals and are ideally based on a rigorous, methodical, evidenced-based review of the relevant literature. Guidelines have become increasingly important and useful to practicing clinicians given the increasing availability of novel or innovative treatments, interventions, or diagnostic methodologies and large quantity of scientific literature. Guidelines should have a consistent and transparent method of development, be of uniformly high quality, and be free of bias or conflict of interest by the developers of the guidelines. High quality guidelines recommend a course of action based on a comprehensive and systematic review, grading of the evidence, and explicit comparison of the benefits and harms of a given test or treatment, such as achieved by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) process.4, 5, 7, 8, 14 The Institute of Medicine provides a detailed user guide for preparation of guidelines as does the Cochrane website and Cochrane handbook on preparation of systematic reviews and guidelines, which also includes access to software for preparing guidelines compliant with GRADE (https://gradepro.org/product/#about; Table 1).7, 10, 11 An important component of a Guideline is the Summary of Findings table. A Summary of Findings table presents the main findings of a review in a transparent and simple tabular format. In particular, the table provides key information concerning the quality of evidence, the magnitude of effect of the interventions examined, and the sum of available data on the main outcomes.7 Systematic reviews are important to veterinarians because they provide an objective assessment of existing data to assist with decisions about clinical practice, can provide rationale and justification for research, and are used as the basis for evidence-based practice guidelines. The usefulness of a systematic review depends on the methodology and the clarity of reporting. A systematic review is a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyze and summarize the results of the included studies. The methodology must follow that of PRISMA or Cochrane systematic reviews.15 PRISMA is an evidence-based minimum set of items for reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. PRISMA focuses on the reporting of reviews that evaluate randomized trials, but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions.19 The difference between evidence-based practice guidelines and systematic reviews relates more to the topic being reviewed and the scope of the review. Guidelines address an area of clinical practice and may have a large number of questions (>5) or statements to evaluate and collate in Summary of Findings tables. Guidelines provide explicit recommendations on clinical practice. Systematic reviews may address topics that are not directly related to clinical practice, for which there are a small number of questions (<5), or both. Systematic reviews might not provide explicit recommendations. The difference between the two approaches is not always clear and the methodologies have much in common. Historically, the topic was chosen by the At-Large BoR members after consulting with colleagues and solicitation of ideas from ACVIM Diplomates. Our opinion, after reviewing all of the ACVIM Consensus Statements published to date, is that the topics chosen have been timely and well-balanced with respect to topical areas that are important to the broad interests of ACVIM Diplomates. Ideally methods to receive proposals for topics from the ACVIM should continue to be developed. Oversight of the AES program will now be provided by the Education and Research Committee (ERC) of the ACVIM. We recommend that the ERC members, in consultation with the ACVIM BoR, develop a short list of proposed topics that then is posted on the ACVIM website, with the membership being notified and asked to respond within a specified period to rank and provide comments about the proposed topics, or make suggestions for additional topics. The process for developing an AES would be to agree on the general topic and then for the ERC to seek advice from the President of the relevant specialty and the Chair of the panel on the most suitable format (ie, consensus statement, guidelines, or systematic review). The ERC and the relevant specialty President, guided by the methodologist, will be responsible for final approval of the AES topic and format. The AES should be developed by a panel comprised of individuals who are widely recognized as having expertise on the topic. Ideally, most panel members will have published basic research, clinical studies, or both on the topic or in closely related areas. The process for identifying and selecting panel members should be carefully considered to ensure that selection is impartial, all potentially interested and qualified people have been identified and considered, potential conflicts of interest have been identified and effectively managed, the process for identifying panel members is accepted and actively supported by the ACVIM membership, and the final panel composition is approved by the ACVIM BoR, which may delegate this approval to the ERC. The process also likely will differ depending on the type of statement that is being developed (Table 2). Panels for all types of AES will have a Chair who will be assigned specific responsibilities documented in a formal role description. The panel Chair should be an ACVIM Diplomate unless there are strong reasons to select a non-ACVIM-Diplomate for this role. The Chair and, if needed, Assistant Chair, of each panel will be selected after the topic of the statement has been finalized, and will be identified by consultation of the ERC with the relevant specialty President (if the topic is relevant to more than one specialty, then the Presidents of each of the relevant specialties will participate in the appointment). The ERC may seek additional advice from content experts and may call for nominations for the role(s). The process for appointing panel members differs for each type of expert statement. Typically, recommendations for membership are developed by the panel Chair in consultation with the ERC and President of the relevant specialty, with the assistance of the methodologist. The final composition of each panel is approved by the ACVIM BoR, which may delegate this approval to the ERC. At least half of the expert panel should be ACVIM Diplomates. For the Delphi method, the panel Chair, Assistant Chair, President of the relevant specialty and ERC will select 2-3 panel members who will serve as core organizers and authors of the consensus statement. These panel members, with the support of a methodologist, then will identify the additional 11-25 participants who will provide expert opinions that are the basis for content for the consensus statement. The methodologist should have expertise in the Delphi method and ensure that the correct approach and format are followed. The methodologist also will participate in writing the final document and ensure that submission deadlines are met. After a call for nominations (including self-nomination), participants would be chosen from interested Diplomates who would need to provide evidence of their qualifications, including published research and clinical experience. Diplomates also could nominate qualified persons who are not members of the ACVIM (again, providing evidence of qualifications). The panel Chair, Assistant Chair, President of the relevant specialty and ERC will select 4-6 expert panelists who will work remotely to develop the guidelines, with the support of a methodologist. The methodologist should have expertise in the GRADE method and help ensure that the correct approach and format are followed. The methodologist also can participate in writing the final document and ensure that submission deadlines are met. After a call for nominations (including self-nomination), participants would be chosen from interested Diplomates who would need to provide evidence of their qualifications (ie, published research, clinical experience). Diplomates also could nominate qualified persons who are not members of the ACVIM (again, providing evidence of qualifications). When using PRISMA guidelines or the Cochrane methodology to conduct a systematic review, the ERC and President of the relevant specialty will select a content expert as panel Chair who then would recommend 2-3 other content experts familiar with the development of meta-analyses and systematic reviews to develop the statement. This approach also would benefit from the support of a methodologist familiar with meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Regardless of the method used to identify the panel Chair and members, the Chair should drive the process, encourage equal participation by all panel members, coordinate the roles of the panel members, ensure diversity of opinion, drive the writing process to meet submission deadlines, format and editorial standards, and manage any identified conflicts of interest that become apparent (including potentially having a member with a relevant conflict of interest recuse themselves from the panel). Where applicable, the definition of “consensus” must be based on criteria specified before the panel convenes to review evidence or prepare the content of their report. When a consensus statement is developed using the Delphi method, the planned number of rounds/iterations as well as criteria for stopping discussion should be specified before development of the consensus statement, and consensus will be defined as at least 75% agreement among authors.18 When the Guideline/GRADE approach is used, consensus or lack of consensus should be reported regarding rating of evidence quality and conclusions that can be drawn from that finding but is less impactful because recommendations are rated based on quality of evidence.7 When the systematic review methodology is used, reaching consensus is not generally necessary because recommendations are based on summarized, objective data. All AES will be made available to ACVIM Diplomates for review and comment before finalizing and publishing. The draft documents will be posted on the ACVIM website, available only to Diplomates, for online provision of comment and feedback. The document will be available for no less than 30 days and its availability will be announced to all ACVIM Diplomates by email. However, formal peer review of consensus statements or practice guidelines will not be conducted. At the discretion of the panel Chair and the JVIM Co-Editors-In-Chief, it may be appropriate and desirable to obtain peer review for systematic reviews. Results of a 2020 survey of ACVIM Diplomates regarding Consensus Statements shows that the ACVIM membership is keenly aware of the potential for conflict of interest (COI) to adversely affect the outcome and content of AES. It is critically important that such conflicts be identified and managed, and the Chair of the panel and the ERC, with support from ACVIM Staff, should be charged with this responsibility. Simple disclosure of a potential COI does not represent management of that COI,20 and care must be taken that disclosure does not release the affected panel members and the panel Chair from further management or responsibility for the COI. A COI is a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as a patient's welfare or the validity of research) could be unduly influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain or career interests).20-22 Conflict of interest rules regulate the disclosure and avoidance of these conditions. A COI occurs when an entity or individual potentially becomes unreliable because of a clash between personal (or self-serving) interests and professional duties or responsibilities. Such potential conflicts affect the ability to trust recommendations or the veracity of evidentiary statements when a company or person has a vested interest (such as money, status, knowledge, relationships, or reputation) that puts into question whether their actions, judgment, or decision-making can be unbiased.20 Conflicts of interest can exist in the absence of any financial implications. When such a situation arises, the party is usually asked to recuse themselves. Importantly, perceived or potential COIs can tarnish the AES and the ACVIM unless clearly and transparently managed from the beginning of the process. Important concepts in managing COI are identifying the potential COI (disclosure or discovery) and managing the COI. To be managed, a COI must be identified. This can be done by either the individual (self-disclosure) or by a third party (discovery). Although considered by some to be critically important to managing COI, there is limited evidence regarding the effect of COI disclosure. Research suggests that disclosure can have “perverse effects” or, at least, is not the panacea it is often perceived to be. These perverse effects include unwarranted immunity of the individual declaring the COI from criticism or censure for their role in developing an AES. Disclosure could have the unintended result of enabling or permitting a COI without preventing the effect of the COI. Those with a COI are expected to recuse themselves from (ie, abstain from) decisions where such a conflict exists. It may be sufficient to recuse an individual regarding discussions and decisions of a specific topic, or it may be more appropriate for an affected party to be fully excused from participating in the AES. The obligation to recuse depends on: 1) the potentially conflicted individual identifying (ie, being aware of) and disclosing the potential COI, and 2) the individual recusing themselves (as opposed to a neutral party removing them from the situation). It could be appropriate for a neutral adjudicator to assess the potential COI and to decide on whether to retain or remove the individual in question. Optimally, AES panels would only include members who are free of COIs relevant to the topic of the statement. However, this will not always be feasible or possible, and processes must be in place to identify and manage COI. Transparency is key, and privacy concerns can be addressed by having the process widely acknowledged with details of the specific COI and management being private until publication of the statement, when COIs and management should be disclosed. Review of COI information is conducted as follows: Panel Chairs and panel members: The ERC, the ACVIM Chief Executive Officer and the ACVIM President will review all COI information and determine whether any relationship represents a potentially relevant COI. The final recommendations on management of the COI are provided to the ACVIM BoR for information, endorsement and approval. If a relevant COI exists, it will be managed as follows: Disclosure and Review: Recusal: Divestment: Transparency: This editorial was prepared by the authors and was not peer reviewed. Kenneth Hinchcliff and Stephen DiBartola are Co-Editors-in-Chief of the JVIM. None of the other authors declares a conflict of interest. DA - 2023/10/3/ PY - 2023/10/3/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16869 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1939-1676 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Allergen-Specific Immuno-Therapy in Horses with Allergic Cutaneous and Respiratory Diseases-A Systematic Review AU - Herrmann, Ina AU - Sanchez, Adrianna Jordan T2 - VETERINARY SCIENCES AB - Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only current intervention that has the ability to modify the immune response toward a tolerogenic state. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of AIT in horses with allergic diseases in a systematic manner. Three databases were searched to identify articles reporting clinical outcomes and adverse events associated with AIT. The articles were evaluated for beneficial responses to AIT, defined as a ≥50% reduction in clinical signs, and clinical remission. Horses with respiratory diseases, urticaria, and pruritic dermatitis receiving insect monotherapy or multi-allergen AIT were included. All adverse events were graded, and analytical and confounding biases were assessed. The results showed that multi-allergen AIT had a beneficial response in 75% of horses with respiratory diseases, 88% with urticaria, and 56% with pruritic dermatitis. However, horses treated solely with insect AIT for pruritic dermatitis had a lower response rate (36%). Self-limiting local reactions were the most common adverse events, with systemic reactions grade II accounting for 11% of reported events. Analytical and confounding biases were identified as major limitations in the available studies. Further research is needed to address these biases and provide stronger evidence on the efficacy and safety of AIT in horses with allergic diseases. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.3390/vetsci10100613 VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - SN - 2306-7381 KW - adverse events KW - allergy KW - allergen-specific immunotherapy KW - equine KW - horse ER - TY - JOUR TI - Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis AU - Hensel, Patrick AU - Saridomichelakis, Manolis AU - Eisenschenk, Melissa AU - Tamamoto-Mochizuki, Chie AU - Pucheu-Haston, Cherie AU - Santoro, Domenico AU - IDADA T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common, complex and multifactorial disease involving, among others, genetic predisposition, environmental factors and allergic sensitisation. Objective This review summarises the current evidence on the role of genetic and environmental factors and allergic sensitisation in the pathogenesis of cAD since the last review by ICADA in 2015. Materials and Methods Online citation databases and proceedings from international meetings on genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens relevant to cAD that had been published between 2015 and 2022 were reviewed. Results Despite intensive research efforts, the detailed genetic background predisposing to cAD and the effect of a wide range of environmental factors still need more clarification. Genome‐wide association studies and investigations on genetic biomarkers, such as microRNAs, have provided some new information. Environmental factors appear to play a major role. Lifestyle, especially during puppyhood, appears to have an important impact on the developing immune system. Factors such as growing up in a rural environment, large size of family, contact with other animals, and a nonprocessed meat‐based diet may reduce the risk for subsequent development of cAD. It appears that Toxocara canis infection may have a protective effect against Dermatophagoides farinae ‐induced cAD. House dust mites ( D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus ) remain the most common allergen group to which atopic dogs react. Currently, the major allergens related to D. farinae in dogs include Der f 2, Der f 15, Der f 18 and Zen 1. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Canine atopic dermatitis remains a complex, genetically heterogeneous disease that is influenced by multiple environmental factors. Further, well‐designed studies are necessary to shed more light on the role of genetics, environmental factors and major allergens in the pathogenesis of cAD. DA - 2023/10/15/ PY - 2023/10/15/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13210 SP - SN - 1365-3164 KW - allergy KW - dog KW - house dust mites KW - hygiene hypothesis KW - major allergens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines in healthy canine tears using Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring AU - Spitznagel, Katya M. AU - Mikeska, Railey AU - Jost, Haley AU - Mcgrath, Stephanie AU - Mehaffy, Carolina AU - Henriksen, Michala de Linde T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - Abstract Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM‐MS for detecting pro‐inflammatory cytokines in canine tears from healthy research Beagles. Methods A complete ophthalmic examination was performed on 15 healthy research Beagles to verify no ophthalmic diseases. Tears were collected OU by placing a Weck‐Cel® cellulose spear in the ventral conjunctival fornix for 1 min. The Weck‐Cel® spear was placed in a 2.0 mL tube with a centrifuge filter forcing tears to flow through the filter into the bottom of the tube. The tears were analyzed using the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM‐MS. Descriptive data from this study was reported as the normalized total peak area (nTPA) and median (range) using data imported from the online MRM‐MS Skyline program. Results The level of 16 pro‐inflammatory cytokines was successfully detected in all 15 dogs. The four cytokines with the highest median amounts in the samples were IL‐2 = 0.1243 (0.019–6.7289), IL‐6 = 0.964 (0.0036–16.9365), TNFα = 0.1644 (0.0096–0.7138), and CSF‐2 = 0.4022 (0.1475–2.6208). Conclusions This study revealed that 16 pro‐inflammatory cytokines in canine tears from healthy dogs can be detected with Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM‐MS. DA - 2023/10/24/ PY - 2023/10/24/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13156 SP - SN - 1463-5224 KW - dogs KW - inflammation KW - methodology KW - proteomics KW - SpikeMix KW - tear film ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrospective evaluation of wobbly hedgehog syndrome in 49 African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris): 2000-2020 AU - Gonzalez, Gabriela A. AU - Balko, Julie A. AU - Sadar, Miranda J. AU - Alexander, Amy B. AU - Sheldon, Julie D. AU - Doss, Grayson A. AU - Keller, Krista A. AU - Gardhouse, Sara M. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To retrospectively evaluate the prevalence and clinical progression of wobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS) and concurrent incidence of neoplasia in a cohort of African pygmy hedgehogs ( Atelerix albiventris ). ANIMALS 49 hedgehogs. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PROCEDURES Medical records of hedgehogs from 7 institutions across the US over a 20-year period (2000 to 2020) were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were hedgehogs of any sex or age with postmortem CNS histopathology consistent with WHS. Collected data included sex, age at onset and euthanasia, major histopathologic findings, reported neurologic clinical signs, and treatments administered. RESULTS 24 males and 25 females were included. Fifteen of 49 (31%) individuals had subclinical WHS with no reported antemortem neurologic clinical signs. In neurologically affected (clinical) hedgehogs (n = 34), the mean ± SD age at onset was 3.3 ± 1.5 years with a median (range) time from onset to euthanasia of 51 days (1 to 319 days). In neurologically affected hedgehogs, the most commonly reported clinical signs were ataxia (n = 21) and pelvic limb paresis (16) and the most commonly administered treatment was meloxicam (13). Overall, 31 of 49 (63%) hedgehogs had a concurrent histopathologic diagnosis of neoplasia outside of the CNS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prognosis for hedgehogs with WHS is poor. No treatment had a significant effect on survival time, and neoplasia was a common comorbidity in the current cohort. A small but clinically relevant subset of neurologically normal hedgehogs had a histopathologic diagnosis of WHS. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.2460/javma.23.03.0167 VL - 261 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antibiograms as one-health tools for antimicrobial stewardship: California’s experience with livestock antibiogram development AU - Lorenz, Catherine AU - Silva, Marissa AU - Frey, Erin AU - Fritz, Heather AU - Marshall, Edith T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Antibiograms are collections of antimicrobial susceptibility data for a particular bacterial organism and host species. Antibiograms are important tools for antimicrobial stewardship, as they may be used to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy and assess trends in antimicrobial resistance, maximizing treatment success and preserving the efficacy of currently available pharmaceuticals. Targeted use of antimicrobials is critically important to minimize the spread of antimicrobial resistance, which may be conveyed between animals and humans directly but may also be spread through the environment and ecological niches, such as soil, water, and wildlife reservoirs. To effectively utilize antibiograms as part of a comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship plan, veterinarians need to know data characteristics, including the source population, body site (when possible), and number of isolates included, in addition to the animal species and bacterial organisms for which each breakpoint was developed. Although widely used in human health systems, antibiograms are not often available in veterinary medicine. This paper describes antibiogram creation and use, discusses antibiogram development by US veterinary diagnostic laboratories, and shares California’s process to create and promote livestock antibiograms. The companion Currents in One Health article by Burbick et al, AJVR , September 2023, addresses the benefits and challenges associated with developing veterinary antibiograms. DA - 2023/6/29/ PY - 2023/6/29/ DO - 10.2460/javma.23.05.0228 VL - 261 IS - 9 SP - 1-9 J2 - javma OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.23.05.0228 DB - Crossref KW - antibiogram KW - veterinary antimicrobial stewardship KW - antimicrobial susceptibility testing KW - livestock KW - antimicrobial resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chronic, progressive paraparesis and acute paraplegia in an 8-year-old Australian Shepherd mixed-breed dog AU - Kei, Tiffany G. AU - Korff, Courtney P. AU - Porter, Ian R. AU - Early, Peter J. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.11.0529 VL - 261 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementing Competency-Based Veterinary Education: A Survey of AAVMC Member Institutions on Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategies for Success AU - Banse, Heidi E. AU - Kedrowicz, April AU - Michel, Kathryn E. AU - Burton, Erin N. AU - Jean, Kathleen Yvorchuk-St AU - Anderson, Jim AU - Anderson, Stacy AU - Barr, Margaret C. AU - Boller, Elise AU - Chaney, Kristin AU - Inzana, Karen Dyer AU - Matthew, Susan M. AU - Rollins, Don AU - Salisbury, S. Kathleen AU - Schmidt, Peggy AU - Smith, Nicola AU - Trace, Chris T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Competency-based education is increasingly being adopted across the health professions. A model for competency-based education in veterinary medicine was recently developed by a working group of the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) and is being used in institutions worldwide. The purpose of this study was to gather information on progress in and barriers to implementing competency-based education (including use of the AAVMC competency-based veterinary education (CBVE) Model) by AAVMC member schools to inform the development of strategies to support institutions in successful implementation of the CBVE Model. A cross-sectional survey was developed and distributed to AAVMC member institutions via an AAVMC web-based communication platform. Thirty-four of 55 AAVMC member institutions responded to the survey (62% response rate). Twenty schools reported using a competency-based education framework. Eleven of these institutions had implemented the AAVMC CBVE Framework, with an additional 12 institutions anticipating implementing it over the next 3 years. Timing, resources, and change management were the most commonly reported challenges to implementation. Suggestions for development of training resources included translation of milestones to pre-clinical courses, development of assessments, guidance on making progress decisions, illustrative overviews of specific components of the CBVE Model (e.g., the AAVMC CBVE Framework, EPAs, entrustment scales, milestones), and curriculum mapping. This study assesses progress in implementing the CBVE Model in AAVMC member schools and aids in identifying key challenges and resources to support faculty and institutions in the successful adoption and implementation of this educational model. DA - 2023/10/6/ PY - 2023/10/6/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2023-0012 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1943-7218 KW - Faculty/staff development KW - curriculum KW - competency-based veterinary education ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gastrointestinal tract pathology of the owl monkey (Aotus spp.) AU - Hensel, Martha E. AU - Rodrigues-Hoffmann, Aline AU - Dray, Beth K. AU - Wilkerson, Gregory K. AU - Baze, Wally B. AU - Sulkosky, Sarah AU - Hodo, Carolyn L. T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - Owl monkeys are small nocturnal new world primates in the genus Aotus that are most used in biomedical research for malaria. Cardiomyopathy and nephropathy are well-described common diseases contributing to their morbidity and mortality; less is known about lesions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Records from a 14-year period (2008-2022) at the Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research were queried to identify instances of spontaneous gastrointestinal disease that directly contributed to the cause of death from the 235 adult owl monkeys submitted for necropsy. Of the 235, 10.6% (25/235) had gastrointestinal disease listed as a significant factor that contributed to morbidity and mortality. Diagnoses included candidiasis (3/25), gastric bloat (4/25), and intestinal incarceration and ischemia secondary (11/25), which included intussusception (4/25), mesenteric rent (3/25), strangulating lipoma (2/25), intestinal torsion (1/25), and an inguinal hernia (1/25). Intestinal adenocarcinomas affecting the jejunum (4/25) were the most common neoplasia diagnosis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (1/25) and intestinal lymphoma (2/25) were also diagnosed. This report provides evidence of spontaneous lesions in the species that contribute to morbidity and mortality. DA - 2023/10/13/ PY - 2023/10/13/ DO - 10.1177/03009858231204260 SP - SN - 1544-2217 KW - Aotus spp. KW - gastrointestinal KW - intestinal incarceration KW - owl monkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypoxia Primes Human ISCs for Interleukin-Dependent Rescue of Stem Cell Activity AU - Rivera, Kristina R. AU - Bilton, R. Jarrett AU - Burclaff, Joseph AU - Czerwinski, Michael J. AU - Liu, Jintong AU - Trueblood, Jessica M. AU - Hinesley, Caroline M. AU - Breau, Keith A. AU - Deal, Halston E. AU - Joshi, Shlok AU - Pozdin, Vladimir A. AU - Yao, Ming AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Daniele, Michael A. AU - Magness, Scott T. T2 - CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY AB - Hypoxia in the intestinal epithelium can be caused by acute ischemic events or chronic inflammation in which immune cell infiltration produces inflammatory hypoxia starving the mucosa of oxygen. The epithelium has the capacity to regenerate after some ischemic and inflammatory conditions suggesting that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are highly tolerant to acute and chronic hypoxia; however, the impact of hypoxia on human ISC (hISC) function has not been reported. Here we present a new microphysiological system (MPS) to investigate how hypoxia affects hISCs from healthy donors and test the hypothesis that prolonged hypoxia modulates how hISCs respond to inflammation-associated interleukins (ILs).hISCs were exposed to <1.0% oxygen in the MPS for 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Viability, hypoxia-inducible factor 1a (HIF1a) response, transcriptomics, cell cycle dynamics, and response to cytokines were evaluated in hISCs under hypoxia. HIF stabilizers and inhibitors were screened to evaluate HIF-dependent responses.The MPS enables precise, real-time control and monitoring of oxygen levels at the cell surface. Under hypoxia, hISCs maintain viability until 72 hours and exhibit peak HIF1a at 24 hours. hISC activity was reduced at 24 hours but recovered at 48 hours. Hypoxia induced increases in the proportion of hISCs in G1 and expression changes in 16 IL receptors. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition failed to reproduce hypoxia-dependent IL-receptor expression patterns. hISC activity increased when treated IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL13, and IL25 and rescued hISC activity caused by 24 hours of hypoxia.Hypoxia pushes hISCs into a dormant but reversible proliferative state and primes hISCs to respond to a subset of ILs that preserves hISC activity. These findings have important implications for understanding intestinal epithelial regeneration mechanisms caused by inflammatory hypoxia. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.012 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 823-846 SN - 2352-345X KW - Inflammatory Hypoxia KW - Microphysiological System KW - Intestinal Stem Cells KW - Stem Cell Priming KW - Oxygen Sensor KW - Cytokines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical presentation and short-term outcomes of dogs ≥15 kg with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts AU - Spies, Kate AU - Ogden, Jessica AU - Sterman, Allyson AU - Davidson, Jackie AU - Scharf, Valery AU - Reyes, Bianca AU - Luther, Jill Kristine AU - Martin, Libby AU - Kudej, Raymond AU - Stockman, Tiffany AU - Gallaher, Hayley Maloof-Jones AU - Buote, Nicole J. AU - Smith, Meghan AU - Ciepluch, Brittany AU - Amore, Riley AU - Sherman, Alec H. AU - Wallace, Mandy L. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To describe demographics, clinical presentation, shunt anatomy, clinical progression, and complications in large dogs ≥15 kg with single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) treated with or without surgery.Multicenter retrospective (10 university hospitals, one private referral institution).Dogs ≥15 kg (n = 63).Medical records of dogs ≥15 kg diagnosed with EHPSS between January 01, 2005 and December 31, 2020 were reviewed. Dogs had a minimum follow-up of 90 days. Signalment, clinical signs, diagnostics, shunt anatomy, treatment interventions, and perioperative complications were assessed.Median age was 21.9 months (IQR: 9-36.8). The breed most represented was the Golden retriever (17/63 dogs). Portocaval (17/63) and splenocaval (15/63) shunt configurations were most common. Portal vein hypoplasia was noted in 18 imaging reports. Of the surgically treated dogs, 14/45 (35.6%) had short-term complications, and 3/45 (6.7%) had shunt-related deaths. Medical management was discontinued in 15/40 and reduced in 9/40 of surviving dogs who had surgical attenuation. All medically managed, nonattenuated dogs (18/18) were maintained on their original shunt-related medication regimens.Clinical presentation of dogs ≥15 kg with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts was similar to the more commonly reported small breed dogs. Surgical management of single EHPSS in large dogs ≥15 kg had similar clinical short-term outcomes as small breed dogs.Clinicians should be aware that large breed dogs with EHPSS share similar characteristics and clinical outcomes to small breed dogs. The significance of the presence of a hypoplastic portal vein warrants further research. Surgical treatment is a viable option for large breed dogs with EHPSS. DA - 2023/10/16/ PY - 2023/10/16/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.14040 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wound-triggered shape change microgels for the development of enhanced biomimetic function platelet-like particles AU - Chee, Eunice AU - Mihalko, Emily AU - Nellenbach, Kimberly AU - Sollinger, Jennifer AU - Huang, Ke AU - Hon, Mason AU - Pandit, Sanika AU - Cheng, Ke AU - Brown, Ashley T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A AB - Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis and wound healing and conditional shape change is an important component of platelet functionality. In normal circumstances, platelets travel through the circulatory system in an inactive rounded state, which enables platelets to easily move to vessel walls for attachment. When an injury occurs, platelets are prompted by molecules, such as thrombin, to shift into a stellate shape and increase exposure of fibrin-binding receptors. When active, platelets promote hemostasis and clot retraction, which enhances clot stability and promotes healing. However, in conditions where platelets are depleted or hyporeactive, these functions are diminished and lead to inhibited hemostasis and healing. To treat platelet depletion, our group developed platelet-like particles (PLPs) which consist of highly deformable microgels coupled to fibrin binding motif. However, first generation PLPs do not exhibit wound-triggered shape change like native platelets. Thus, the objective of these studies was to develop a PLP formulation that changes shape when prompted by thrombin. To create thrombin-sensitive PLPs (TS-PLPs), we incorporated a thrombin-cleavable peptide into the microgel body and then evaluated PLP properties before and after exposure to thrombin including morphology, size, and in vitro clot retraction. Once thrombin-prompted shape change ability was confirmed, the TS-PLPs were tested in vivo for hemostatic ability and subsequent wound healing outcomes in a murine liver trauma model. We found that TS-PLPs exhibit a wound-triggered shape change, induce significant clot retraction following exposure to thrombin and promote hemostasis and healing in vivo after trauma. DA - 2023/10/17/ PY - 2023/10/17/ DO - 10.1002/jbm.a.37625 SP - SN - 1552-4965 KW - fibrin KW - hemostasis KW - synthetic platelet KW - trauma KW - wound healing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ten Years of Wildlife Health and Conservation in the Galapagos, 2013-2022 AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Munoz Perez, Juan Pablo AU - Paez-Rosas, Diego AU - Valle, Carlos AU - Alarcon-Ruales, Daniela AU - Hirschfeld, Maximilian AU - Deresienski, Diane AU - Lohmann, Kenneth J. T2 - ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS AB - In June of 2013, our team embarked on the first of what would be many projects investigating the health of Galápagos wildlife. With a permit from the Galápagos National Park (PNG) in progress, and the support of the Galápagos Science Center (GSC), three of us (Greg Lewbart, Max Hirschfeld, Ken Lohmann), along with PNG Ranger Juan Garcia and several GSC volunteers, initiated and completed a 2-day health assessment of 28 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and a single hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). While waiting for our research permit and our aviso de campo (field permit) to be finalized, we had almost a week to explore San Cristóbal and think about future projects related to veterinary medicine and wild animal welfare. A literature search turned up hundreds of articles on wildlife evolution, natural history, ecology, genetics, invasive species eradication, anatomy, and physiology. The veterinary literature was limited to about five dozen publications, most focused on avian species. Many avian taxa were covered and included topics such as parasites, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, pollution, and baseline health assessments (Calle et al. 2017). Very few papers addressed health and diseases of reptiles, and we decided this would be a good area to focus. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-031-28089-4_20 SP - 291-317 SN - 2195-1055 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional programming in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effect of low dietary protein on growth and the intestinal microbiome and transcriptome AU - Deck, Courtney A. AU - Salger, Scott A. AU - Reynolds, Hannah M. AU - Tada, Michael D. AU - Severance, Madeline E. AU - Ferket, Peter AU - Egna, Hillary S. AU - Fatema, Mst. Kaniz AU - Haque, Shahroz M. AU - Borski, Russell J. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Nutritional programming is the idea that early nutrient contributions can influence organismal structure or function and is documented in a variety of vertebrates, yet studies in fish are largely lacking. Tilapia are an important foodfish, with global production having increased rapidly since the 1990s. They exhibit high disease-resistance and grow well on formulated feeds which makes them an ideal aquaculture species, however incorporating high quality proteins into feeds can be costly. As feed constitutes 50–70% of total production costs in aquaculture, reducing protein content could curb these costs and increase revenue. Thus, we examined the effects of feeding Nile tilapia ( O . niloticus ) fry a restricted protein diet for the first 7–21 days on growth, gut microbial flora, and the intestinal transcriptome. Fish were fed either a 25% restricted or 48% control crude protein starter (ST) diet for up to 21 days and then switched to a 25% or 38% control crude protein growout (GO) diet. Fish fed a 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by a 38% GO diet had significantly higher lengths and weights and better feed efficiency than fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet after 56 days of culture. Growth of fry on the 25% ST, 7-day/38% GO and the 25% ST,7-day/25% GO diets did not differ from the those fed the control protein diets, while fish fed the 25% ST diet for 21 days had significantly lower growth and survival rates. We observed no significant differences in either alpha or beta diversity of the gut microbial flora between diets, however species richness (Shannon Index) was higher in fry fed the 25% protein ST diet regardless of the GO diet. Similarly, fish fed the 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by the 38% GO diet had minimal changes to the intestinal transcriptome relative to fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet. However, those fed 25% ST and GO diets for the entire 56 days exhibited substantial differences in the gut transcriptome from other groups showing gene expression profiles characteristic of detrimental changes to gut physiology, protein metabolism and immune function. Results suggest protein restriction for up to 14 days early in development leads to enhanced growth and feed efficiency with minimal effects on gut microbes or intestinal function. Protein restriction beyond this period appears detrimental to fish growth and health as underscored by expression of disease related genes and higher mortality rates. DA - 2023/10/4/ PY - 2023/10/4/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0292431 VL - 18 IS - 10 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feasibility of laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy in canine cadavers AU - Reyes, Bianca C. AU - Scharf, Valery F. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To describe a technique for laparoscopic partial cystectomy and evaluate sealing of canine urinary bladder tissue with an endoscopic stapler.Prospective, cadaveric study.Eleven canine cadavers.Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was performed with an endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA) stapler. Leak testing and urodynamic evaluation was performed to measure intravesical pressure at initial leakage and catastrophic failure or the maximum pressure at which intravesical pressure plateaued. Surgical time, complications, and site of leakage were also recorded.Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was successfully performed in 10 of 11 cadavers. Median procedure time was 13.6 min (10.1-15.2 min). Median intravesical pressure at initial leakage was 31 mmHg (28-56 mmHg) with a median increase from initial pressure of 15 mmHg (11-37 mmHg). No catastrophic failure of the cystectomy site was observed during leak testing. Intravesical pressure plateaued at a median of 52 mmHg (39-73 mmHg), which was a median of 13 mmHg (8-23 mmHg) higher than intravesical pressure at initial leakage. The median total volume infused at the time of plateau of intravesical pressure was 89 mL (58-133 mL).Laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy was feasible in canine cadavers. Endoscopic GIA staplers appear to seal the canine urinary bladder with minimal leakage.Use of an endoscopic GIA stapler may provide a minimally invasive option for partial cystectomy in dogs. Further evaluation for application to clinical cases is warranted. DA - 2023/10/27/ PY - 2023/10/27/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.14045 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differentiation of stable kidney function versus progressive dysfunction in dogs AU - Cowgill, Larry D. AU - Segev, Gilad AU - Vaden, Shelly AU - Ross, Sheri AU - Dufayet, Cedric AU - Cohn, Leah A. AU - Nabity, Mary AU - Farace, Giosi AU - Szlosek, Donald AU - Ouyang, Zenhwa AU - Peterson, Sarah AU - Beall, Melissa AU - Yerramilli, Murthy AU - Polzin, David T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Circulating creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) are biomarkers of kidney function that have been used variously to define stable vs progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Slope monitoring of inverse biomarker values (creatinine-1 or SDMA-1 ) has shown promise, but quantitative criteria to distinguish stable vs progressive CKD using this approach are lacking.Assessment of creatinine-1 and SDMA-1 slope cutoffs to distinguish stable vs progressive CKD.One hundred ten clinically healthy university staff-owned dogs and 29 male colony dogs with progressive X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN).Retrospective analysis combining 2 prospective observational studies, 1 tracking kidney function biomarkers in healthy dogs (HDs) to a maximum of 3 years, and 1 tracking kidney function biomarkers in male colony dogs with progressive XLHN to a maximum of 1 year. The minimum slope of creatinine-1 or SDMA-1 as measured using the IDEXX SDMA test from HD was assigned as the slope cutoff for stable kidney function.The stable vs progressive slope cutoff was -0.0119 week × dL/mg for creatinine-1 and -0.0007 week × dL/μg for SDMA-1 .In the studied CKD population, progressive dysfunction can be distinguished from stable kidney function by using the slope of creatinine-1 or SDMA-1 . These criteria may serve to characterize CKD in other cohorts of dogs and to establish guidelines for degrees of progression rate in dogs with naturally occurring CKD. DA - 2023/10/20/ PY - 2023/10/20/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16885 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - biomarker KW - creatinine KW - disease monitoring KW - inverse slope KW - symmetric dimethylarginine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between stable management practices and ocular disease in horses AU - Ludwig, Claire AU - Barr, Erin AU - Gilger, Brian AB - Background: Ocular diseases, especially corneal diseases, are common in horses and their occurrence is associated with trauma. It is not known if management practices promote or prevent the development of ocular diseases, such as corneal ulcers. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate how stable management practices, such as environment, feeding, or use of fly masks, are related to the development of eye diseases, primarily corneal ulceration, in horses. Study design: A survey of horse owners in the state of North Carolina was conducted which asked owners how they managed their horses and their responses were correlated to the types of eye diseases the horses experienced. Methods: Data collected from the survey included the primary environment of the horse (stable or pasture), type and method of feeding of hay, use of fly masks, and eye diseases that the horses have developed. Correlations between management practices and eye disease were then performed. Results: Of 446 horses, 161 (36% of total) had been diagnosed with a corneal ulcer, 44 (10%) had multiple corneal ulcers, 65 [15%] horses had uveitis, and 15 (3%) had immune-mediated keratitis. Horses that were kept in pasture exclusively were significantly less likely to have had a corneal ulcer than horses kept in a combination of pasture and stalls (p=0.0348). There were no significant correlations between types of hay or how hay was fed with the occurrence of corneal ulceration or other ocular diseases. Main limitations: Results, such as disease diagnoses, are solely based on horse owner responses and not medical professionals. Conclusions: Horses kept primarily in pasture have fewer ocular diseases, likely because they sustain less ocular trauma compared to horses kept in stables. How hay is fed does not correlate with the incidence of corneal or other ocular disease. DA - 2023/10/18/ PY - 2023/10/18/ DO - 10.22541/au.169762675.55681297/v1 UR - https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169762675.55681297/v1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phase-Dependent Differential In Vitro and Ex Vivo Susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum to Azole Antifungals AU - Roberts, Darby AU - Salmon, Jacklyn AU - Cubeta, Marc A AU - Gilger, Brian C AB - Fungal keratitis (FK) is an invasive infection of the cornea primarily associated with Aspergillus and Fusarium species. FK is treated empirically with a limited selection of topical antifungals with varying levels of success. Though clinical infections are typically characterized by a dense network of mature mycelium, traditional models used to test antifungal susceptibility of FK isolates exclusively evaluate susceptibility in fungal cultures derived from asexual spores known as conidia. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in fungal response when topical antifungal treatment is initiated at progressive phases of fungal development. We compared efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole against in vitro cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. A porcine cadaver corneal model was used to compare antifungal efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole in ex vivo tissue cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. Our results demonstrate phase-dependent susceptibility of both A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum to both azoles in vitro as well as ex vivo. We conclude that traditional antifungal susceptibility testing with conidial suspensions does not correlate with fungal susceptibility in cultures of a more advanced developmental phase. A revised method of antifungal susceptibility testing that evaluates hyphal susceptibility may better predict fungal response in the clinical setting where treatment is often delayed until days after the initial insult. DA - 2023/9/6/ PY - 2023/9/6/ DO - 10.20944/preprints202309.0403.v1 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.0403.v1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim After Oral Administration of Single and Multiple Doses to Rhode Island Red Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Enomoto, Hiroko AU - Meyer, Emma G. AU - Thomson, Andrea AU - Baynes, Ronald E. AU - Flammer, Keven T2 - JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY AB - Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP), a commonly prescribed antibiotic for backyard hens, is neither Food and Drug Administration approved nor prohibited in laying hens in the United States. The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma concentrations above targeted minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint values for Enterobacteriaceae could be achieved with oral dosing. Five Rhode Island red hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were administered a single dose of 96 mg/kg SMZ-TMP (80 mg/kg SMZ and 16 mg/kg TMP) IV followed by the same dose orally after a washout period. Following oral dosing, mean SMZ concentrations exceeded the target breakpoint for approximately 12 hours; however, TMP only briefly exceeded the target breakpoint. Bioavailability was 60.5% for SMZ and 82.0% for TMP. Ten naïve birds were allocated into control (n = 4) and treatment (n = 6) groups for a 7-day multi-dose study. Treatment birds received an oral suspension dosed at 16 mg/kg TMP and 80 mg/kg SMZ every 48 hours (on days 1, 3, 5, and 7); TMP tablets were additionally dosed at 25 mg/bird on days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and 50 mg/bird on days 2, 4, and 6. Plasma SMZ-TMP concentrations were measured on a multiple time interval by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using a noncompartmental model. No accumulation for either drug was noted following repeated dosing, and no statistical differences in biochemical values, packed cell volumes, or weight were found between pre- and posttreatment in either the treatment or control groups. Sulfamethoxazole (80 mg/kg q48h PO) and TMP (24.1-28.0 mg/kg q24h PO) maintained therapeutic plasma concentrations at or exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint of Enterobacteriaceae for 72 and 24 hours for TMP and SMZ, respectively, without evidence of adverse effects or drug accumulation. Further studies are needed to refine this dosage regimen and evaluate adverse effects in ill birds. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1647/22-00020 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 1-12 SN - 1938-2871 KW - pharmacokinetics KW - sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim KW - safety KW - avian KW - chicken KW - Gallus gallus domesticus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urinary cystatin B differentiates progressive versus stable IRIS Stage 1 chronic kidney disease in dogs AU - Segev, Gilad AU - Vaden, Shelly AU - Ross, Sheri AU - Dufayet, Cedric AU - Cohn, Leah A. AU - Farace, Giosi AU - Szlosek, Donald AU - Ouyang, Zenhwa AU - Peterson, Sarah AU - Beall, Melissa AU - Yerramilli, Murthy AU - Polzin, David AU - Cowgill, Larry D. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Early identification of dogs with progressive vs stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) might afford opportunity for interventions that would slow progression. However, currently no surrogate biomarker reliably predicts CKD progression.Urinary cystatin B (uCysB), a novel kidney injury biomarker, predicts progressive disease in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) CKD Stage 1.Seventy-two dogs, including 20 dogs from 4 university centers with IRIS CKD Stage 1, with IDEXX symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentration up to 17 μg/dL and no systemic comorbidities, and 52 clinically healthy staff-owned dogs from a fifth university center.A multicenter prospective longitudinal study was conducted between 2016 and 2021 to assess uCysB concentration in IRIS CKD Stage 1 and control dogs. Dogs were followed to a maximum of 3 years (control) or 25 months (CKD). Stage 1 IRIS CKD was classified as stable or progressive using the slope of 1/SDMA, calculated from 3 timepoints during the initial 90-day period. Dogs with slope above or below -0.0007 week × dL/μg were classified as stable or progressive, respectively. Mixed effects modeling was used to assess the association between uCysB and progression rate.Estimates of first visit uCysB results predictive of active ongoing kidney injury based on the mixed effects models were 17 ng/mL for control, 24 ng/mL for stable CKD, and 212 ng/mL for progressive CKD (P < .001).Urinary cystatin B differentiated stable vs progressive IRIS CKD Stage 1. Identification of dogs with progressive CKD may provide an opportunity for clinicians to intervene early and slow progression rate. DA - 2023/10/10/ PY - 2023/10/10/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16887 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - biomarker KW - creatinine KW - disease monitoring KW - inverse slope KW - symmetric dimethylarginine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Additional evidence supports GRM6 p.Thr178Met as a cause of congenital stationary night blindness in three horse breeds AU - Esdaile, Elizabeth AU - Knickelbein, Kelly E. AU - Donnelly, Callum G. AU - Ferneding, Michelle AU - Motta, Monica J. AU - Story, Brett D. AU - Avila, Felipe AU - Finno, Carrie J. AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Sandmeyer, Lynne AU - Thomasy, Sara AU - Bellone, Rebecca R. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an ocular disorder characterized by nyctalopia. An autosomal recessive missense mutation in glutamate metabotropic receptor 6 (GRM6 c.533C>T, p.(Thr178Met)), called CSNB2, was previously identified in one Tennessee Walking Horse and predicted to reduce binding affinity of the neurotransmitter glutamate, impacting the retinal rod ON-bipolar cell signaling pathway. Thus, the first aim was to identify the allele frequency (AF) of CSNB2 in breeds with reported cases of CSNB and breeds closely related to the Tennessee Walking Horse. The second aim was to perform ocular examinations in multiple breeds to confirm the link between genotype and CSNB phenotype. In evaluating 3518 horses from 14 breeds, the CSNB2 allele was identified in nine previously unreported breeds. The estimated AF was highest in pacing Standardbreds (0.17) and lowest in American Quarter Horses (0.0010). Complete ophthalmic examinations and electroretinograms (ERG) were performed on 19 horses from three breeds, including one CSNB2 homozygote from each breed. All three CSNB2/CSNB2 horses had an electronegative ERG waveform under scotopic light conditions consistent with CSNB. The remaining 16 horses (seven CSNB2/N and nine N/N) had normal scotopic ERG results. All horses had normal photopic ERGs. This study provides additional evidence that GRM6 c.533C>T homozygosity is likely causal to CSNB in Tennessee Walking Horses, Standardbreds, and Missouri Fox Trotting Horses. Genetic testing is recommended for breeds with the CSNB2 allele to limit the production of affected horses. This study represents the largest across-breed identification of CSNB in the horse and suggests that this disorder is likely underdiagnosed. DA - 2023/10/10/ PY - 2023/10/10/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13151 VL - 10 SP - J2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13151 DB - Crossref KW - allele frequency KW - CSNB KW - CSNB2 KW - equine genetics KW - glutamate metabotropic receptor 6 KW - night blind ER - TY - JOUR TI - Primary ocular hemangiosarcoma in a dog AU - Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes AU - Souza Teixeira Campos, Maria Eduarda AU - Oh, Annie AU - Smith, Hannah AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract A 10‐year‐old, male, neutered Boxer dog had an ulcerated mass covering nearly 90% of the left cornea. The dog had a 1year and 5months history of a previously removed left corneal hemangiosarcoma before clinical presentation. Visualisation and evaluation of the anterior chamber and internal ocular structures could not be performed because of the severe extension of the ocular mass. Enucleation of the left eye (OS) with extensive removal of the associated soft tissue was performed and submitted for histological examination. Histological findings confirmed corneal hemangiosarcoma with neoplastic extension to the limbus/conjunctiva. Corneal hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas are rare in all domestic species. In dogs, a definitive cause for the development of corneal hemangiosarcomas is still undetermined. However, it is speculated that increased exposure to solar radiation and chronic inflammation‐inducing neovascularisation are predisposing factors. There was no evidence of mass recurrence or metastasis after 5 months of follow‐up. DA - 2023/10/12/ PY - 2023/10/12/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.751 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2052-6121 KW - dogs KW - eyes KW - histopathology KW - neoplasia KW - ophthalmology KW - ocular hemangiosarcoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adeno-associated virus-vectored erythropoietin gene therapy for anemia in cats with chronic kidney disease AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Kendall, Allison R. AU - Foster, Jonathan D. AU - New, Heidi L. AU - Eagleson, Jane S. AU - May, Jacky L. AU - Traas, Anne M. AU - Wilson, Matthew J. AU - Mcintyre, Beth H. AU - Hinderer, Christian J. AU - Olenick, Lauren K. AU - Wilson, James M. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated anemia in cats is needed. SB-001 is an adeno-associated virus-vectored (AAV)-based gene therapeutic agent that is administered intramuscularly, causing the expression of feline erythropoietin.We hypothesized that SB-001 injection would lead to a sustained increase in PCV in cats with CKD-associated anemia.Twenty-three cats with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) Stage 2 to 4 CKD-associated anemia were enrolled at 4 veterinary clinics.In a prospective clinical trial, cats were treated with 1 of 3 regimens of SB-001 (Lo 1.2 × 109 genome copies [GCs] on Day 0; Lo ± Hi [supplemental 2nd dose of 3.65 × 109 GC on Day 42]; Hi 3.65 × 109 GC IM on Day 0) and followed for 70 days.A response to SB-001 at any time between Day 28 and Day 70 was seen in 86% (95% confidence interval 65, 97%) of all cats. There was a significant (P < .003) increase in PCV from Day 0 to Day 28 (mean increase 6 ± 6 percentage points [pp]; n = 21), Day 42 (8 ± 9 pp; n = 21), Day 56 (10 ± 11 pp; n = 17), and Day 70 (13 ± 14 pp, n = 14). Twelve cats were hypertensive at baseline, 4 of which developed encephalopathy during the study. An additional 6 cats became hypertensive during the study.Results of this study suggest that SB-001 therapy represents a suitable single injection treatment that can address nonregenerative anemia in cats with CKD. It was generally well tolerated; however, hypertension and encephalopathy developed in some cats as previously described in association with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy. DA - 2023/10/17/ PY - 2023/10/17/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16900 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - AAV KW - cats KW - red blood cells KW - renal disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel genomic prognostic biomarkers for dogs with cancer AU - Chon, Esther AU - Sakthikumar, Sharadha AU - Tang, Min AU - Hamilton, Matthew J. AU - Vaughan, Andrew AU - Smith, Ashley AU - Sommer, Breann AU - Robat, Cecilia AU - Manley, Christina AU - Mullin, Christine AU - Ohashi, Emi AU - Manor, Emily AU - Custis, James AU - Intile, Joanne AU - Shiu, Kai Biu AU - Parshley, Lisa AU - Bergman, Noelle AU - Sheppard-Olivares, Sabina AU - Hafeman, Scott AU - Wright, Zachary AU - Haworth, David AU - Hendricks, William AU - Wang, Guannan T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Growing evidence from dogs and humans supports the abundance of mutation-based biomarkers in tumors of dogs. Increasing the use of clinical genomic diagnostic testing now provides another powerful data source for biomarker discovery.Analyzed clinical outcomes in dogs with cancer profiled using SearchLight DNA, a cancer gene panel for dogs, to identify mutations with prognostic value.A total of 127 cases of cancer in dogs were analyzed using SearchLight DNA and for which clinical outcome information was available.Clinical data points were collected by medical record review. Variables including mutated genes, mutations, signalment, and treatment were fitted using Cox proportional hazard models to identify factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS). The log-rank test was used to compare PFS between patients receiving and not receiving targeted treatment before first progression.Combined genomic and outcomes analysis identified 336 unique mutations in 89 genes across 26 cancer types. Mutations in 6 genes (CCND1, CCND3, SMARCB1, FANCG, CDKN2A/B, and MSH6) were significantly associated with shorter PFS. Dogs that received targeted treatment before first progression (n = 45) experienced significantly longer PFS compared with those that did not (n = 82, P = .01). This significance held true for 29 dogs that received genomically informed targeted treatment compared with those that did not (P = .05).We identified novel mutations with prognostic value and demonstrate the benefit of targeted treatment across multiple cancer types. These results provide clinical evidence of the potential for genomics and precision medicine in dogs with cancer. DA - 2023/10/6/ PY - 2023/10/6/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16893 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - dog KW - genes KW - mutations KW - outcomes KW - precision medicine KW - progression-free survival KW - real-world KW - targeted therapy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence in dogs and association with incidence of human anaplasmosis AU - Braff, Jennifer C. AU - Arguello-Marin, Andrea AU - Hanscom, Jancy AU - Saucier, Jill AU - Beall, Melissa J. AU - Qurollo, Barbara A. AU - Chandrashekar, Ramaswamy AU - Buch, Jesse T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS AB - Point-of-care (POC) ELISA tests are routinely used in US veterinary practices to screen canine patients for antibodies to tick-transmitted pathogens. Results are also used to monitor spatial and temporal trends in canine seroprevalence, and these data can build awareness of the risk to humans of tick-transmitted diseases such as Lyme disease and anaplasmosis. This study utilized a second-generation test that has incorporated additional Anaplasma-specific peptides into a commercial POC ELISA test to allow detection of Anaplasma spp. antibodies earlier post-infection. A convenience population consisting of 19,894 canine samples from a US commercial diagnostic laboratory were tested using the second-generation POC ELISA test to describe regional Anaplasma spp. canine seroprevalence and assess correlation to anaplasmosis cases reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by state. Antibodies to Anaplasma spp. were detected in 1646 samples (8.3%) with the Northeast and Midwest US census regions having the highest proportion of positive samples. At the state level, a significant correlation was found between canine Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence and human anaplasmosis incidence (r2 = 0.64). Although estimates of canine Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence presented here using the second-generation POC ELISA are generally increased, especially in the Northeast and Midwest, the regional distribution of canine samples testing positive for Anaplasma spp. antibodies is consistent with previous reports. The observed correlation with human anaplasmosis incidence indicates that results from the second-generation POC ELISA will continue to add value in epidemiological assessment of human anaplasmosis risk. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100923 VL - 45 SP - SN - 2405-9390 KW - Anaplasma KW - United States KW - Dogs KW - Anaplasmosis KW - Tick KW - Zoonotic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Corticosterone Concentrations in Dermal Secretions and Urine in Free-Ranging Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) in Human Care AU - Clarke, Emma AU - Heugten, Kimberly Ange-van AU - Tollefson, Troy N. AU - Ridgley, Frank N. AU - Smith, Dustin AU - Brown, Janine L. AU - Scott, Heather AU - Minter, Larry J. T2 - VETERINARY MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL AB - Corticosterone concentrations have been measured in amphibians by collecting blood or urine samples. However, blood sampling is invasive, and urine can be difficult to collect. A novel method of swabbing the skin of an amphibian has been utilized in numerous species but has not been verified in marine toads (Rhinella marina). This pilot study tested dermal swabs as a noninvasive method for collecting and measuring dermal corticosterone secretions. Swabs were used to collect dermal secretion samples from sixty-six free-ranging marine toads collected on Zoo Miami grounds. The subsequent day the toads were shipped to the North Carolina Zoo where dermal samples were collected again. Additional dermal and urine samples were collected on days 9, 15, 32, and 62 under human care to measure corticosterone concentrations. There was no significant correlation (P ≥ 0.05) noted between corticosterone concentrations reported in dermal swabs and those in urine samples at all four of the euthanasia time points or between the corticosterone concentrations reported in either urine or dermal swabs and the weight of the toads. Dermal swab concentrations (ng/mL) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) on the day of capture (0.64 ± 0.03) and the day of arrival (0.67 ± 0.03) than on day 15 (0.47 ± 0.03). The urine corticosterone concentrations decreased while the toads were in human care with a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) between days 9 (0.45 ± 0.07) and 32 (0.21 ± 0.06). This study demonstrated that dermal swabs can be used to collect marine toad corticosterone concentration samples. DA - 2023/9/19/ PY - 2023/9/19/ DO - 10.1155/2023/1467549 VL - 2023 SP - SN - 2042-0048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of fluralaner as a systemic drug to control infestations of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, in poultry facilities AU - Gonzalez-Morales, Maria A. AU - Thomson, Andrea E. AU - Yeatts, James AU - Enomoto, Hiroko AU - Haija, Ahmed AU - Santangelo, Richard G. AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Crespo, Rocio AU - Schal, Coby AU - Baynes, Ronald T2 - PARASITES & VECTORS AB - Abstract Background Bed bug infestations are re-emerging in the poultry industry throughout the USA. Although the impacts of bed bugs on birds’ health and welfare are poorly understood, adverse outcomes are expected, including stress, anemia, infections and lower production rates. Worker welfare is also an important consideration in commercial poultry farms. A limited number of insecticides are available for use in the complex spatial environment of commercial farms. Systemic drugs have the potential to overcome the limitations of existing pest management tactics. A recent study showed that fluralaner administered to chickens caused high levels of mortality in bed bugs. Methods To further understand the efficacy of this approach, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of an oral solid formulation of fluralaner in 11 chickens and quantified its plasma concentration in chickens using UPLC/MS. We administered fluralaner to chickens with two doses of Bravecto ® (each 0.5 mg/kg body mass) via gavage 1 week apart and evaluated its efficacy on bed bugs that fed on medicated chickens for up to 28 days post-treatment. Results Bed bugs that fed on fluralaner-treated chickens experienced > 50% mortality within 30 min of the administration of Bravecto and 100% mortality 2 days post-treatment. Mortality slowly declined to 66.6% by day 28. Fluralaner was quantifiable in the hens’ plasma for at least 28 days post-treatment. The treatment resulted in maximal plasma concentrations ( C max ) of 106.4 ng/ml around day 9.0 ( T max ), substantially higher than the LC 90 , the concentration needed to kill 90% of the bed bugs. Conclusions Fluralaner appears to be a promising candidate for bed bug control in poultry farms, with a treatment effect lasting at least 28 days. Graphical Abstract DA - 2023/9/21/ PY - 2023/9/21/ DO - 10.1186/s13071-023-05962-3 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1756-3305 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05962-3 KW - Cimex KW - Bed bugs KW - Fluralaner KW - Pharmacokinetics KW - Poultry KW - Ectoparasites ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of a "horizontal centrifugation protocol" to prepare autologous platelet-rich fibrin membranes for corneal reconstruction surgery in dogs with complicated corneal ulcerations: A case series AU - Bruun, Louise Baadsgaard AU - Hardon, Tommy A. Waskiw AU - Krogh, Anne K. Havnsoe AU - Qvortup, Klaus AU - Heegaard, Steffen AU - Kristensen, Annemarie Thuri AU - Henriksen, Michala de Linde T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - Abstract Objective The purpose of this case series was to describe the effect of autologous PRF membrane for corneal reconstruction surgery in dogs. PRF membranes made from two healthy dogs unrelated to the current case series were used for PRF histologic analyses. Animals Seven dogs with complicated corneal ulcerations. Procedure A complete ophthalmic examination, hematology, and fibrinogen analysis were performed pre‐surgery. A PRF clot was made from autologous blood in a serum tube after centrifugation in a horizontal Bio‐PRF® Centrifuge at 700 × g for 8 min. The PRF clot was processed in a PRF‐Box® into a PRF membrane. The PRF membrane was sutured to the corneal ulcer bed. Each dog had a follow‐up at days 5–7, 12–14, and 30–40 post‐surgery. A final long‐term follow‐up was performed as well. Results A positive outcome with healing and a “good” quality PRF membrane was seen in six out of seven dogs. One dog had a fibrinogen level below normal range and the PRF membrane was of “poor” quality. This dog developed a descemetocele 13 days post‐surgery and needed rescue surgery. Mean healing time for all dogs was 9 ± 5.5 days. Minimal scarring, corneal pigmentation, and vascularization were observed at the final long‐term follow‐up 288 ± 44 days post‐surgery. Conclusion PRF membrane was successful as graft material for corneal ulceration reconstruction surgery. Low fibrinogen appeared to have negative effect on the quality of the PRF membrane, showing the importance for the surgeon to evaluate the quality of the PRF membrane prior to surgery. DA - 2023/9/18/ PY - 2023/9/18/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13148 SP - SN - 1463-5224 KW - clinical study KW - cornea KW - graft material KW - infected corneal ulceration KW - methodology KW - pedicle conjunctival graft ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and validation of a sleep questionnaire, SNoRE 3.0, to evaluate sleep in companion dogs AU - Mondino, A. AU - Ludwig, C. AU - Menchaca, C. AU - Russell, K. AU - Simon, K. E. AU - Griffith, E. AU - Kis, A. AU - Lascelles, B. D. X. AU - Gruen, M. E. AU - Olby, N. J. T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Disturbances in the sleep–wake cycle are a debilitating, yet rather common condition not only in humans, but also in family dogs. While there is an emerging need for easy-to-use tools to document sleep alterations (in order to ultimately treat and/or prevent them), the veterinary tools which yield objective data (e.g. polysomnography, activity monitors) are both labor intensive and expensive. In this study, we developed a modified version of a previously used sleep questionnaire (SNoRE) and determined criterion validity in companion dogs against polysomnography and physical activity monitors (PAMs). Since a negative correlation between sleep time and cognitive performance in senior dogs has been demonstrated, we evaluated the correlation between the SNoRE scores and the Canine Dementia Scale (CADES, which includes a factor concerning sleep). There was a significant correlation between SNoRE 3.0 questionnaire scores and polysomnography data (latency to NREM sleep, ρ = 0.507, p < 0.001) as well as PAMs’ data (activity between 1:00 and 3:00 AM, p < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between the SNoRE 3.0 scores and the CADES scores (ρ = 0.625, p < 0.001). Additionally, the questionnaire structure was validated by a confirmatory factor analysis, and it also showed an adequate test–retest reliability. In conclusion the present paper describes a valid and reliable questionnaire tool, that can be used as a cost-effective way to monitor dog sleep in clinical settings. DA - 2023/8/16/ PY - 2023/8/16/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-40048-1 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of caregivers' assessments of clinical outcome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy administered levetiracetam, zonisamide, or phenobarbital monotherapy AU - Gristina, Bryanna R. AU - Waldron, Rennie J. AU - Nettifee, Julie A. AU - Munana, Karen R. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To investigate caregivers' assessments of outcome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) administered levetiracetam (LEV), zonisamide (ZNS), or phenobarbital (PB) monotherapy.100 dogs with IE administered LEV (n = 34), ZNS (31), or PB (35) monotherapy between January 1, 2003, and February 6, 2019, and survey responses from their caregivers.Information on duration of therapy, adverse effects (AEs), and outcome was obtained from medical record review and caregiver questionnaire.A significant improvement in mean quality of life score was reported during monotherapy (7.7; SD, 2.14) compared to before treatment (6.25; SD, 2.63; P < .0001), with no difference identified between monotherapy groups. Compared to ZNS monotherapy, dogs prescribed PB monotherapy had a significantly younger median age at seizure onset (2.6 vs 4.3 years; P = .024). A significant relationship was identified between the occurrence of reported AEs and monotherapy group, with a higher prevalence in the PB group (77% [27/35]) and a lower prevalence in the ZNS group (39% [12/31]; P = .0066). Treatment failure rates for PB, LEV, and ZNS monotherapy were 51%, 35%, and 45%, respectively, with failure attributed most commonly to inadequate seizure control. No significant difference was identified between groups with respect to rate of or time to failure.Most caregivers reported a favorable outcome with administration of LEV, ZNS, or PB monotherapy to dogs with IE. Phenobarbital is associated with the highest prevalence of AEs but no difference in quality of life score. Prospective controlled studies are needed to further compare the efficacy and safety of these monotherapies in dogs with IE. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.10.0469 VL - 261 IS - 7 SP - 1020-1027 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lesser vestibular periurethral gland-like inflammation associated with lower urinary tract signs in a female dog AU - Price, Matthew AU - Slead, Tanner S. AU - Secoura, Patricia L. AU - Kendall, Allison R. AU - Vaden, Shelly L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A 4-year-old female spayed mixed breed dog presented with a 2-year history of painful urination and recurrent hematuria.The dog had a large sensitive bladder, palpation of which was followed by painful urination. Pollakiuria accompanied by vocalization were noted during observation of voiding.Cystoscopy identified a focal, rounded expansion of epithelial tissue in the right lateral aspect of the urethral papilla containing purulent material consistent with an abscess. A sample submitted for culture yielded growth of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Proteus mirabilis.Purulent material was expelled by manual pressure during cystourethroscopy. Enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg PO q24h for 42 days) and carprofen (4.4 mg/kg PO q24h for 14 days) were initiated. Clinical signs resolved within 2 days.Inflammation in the region of the lesser vestibular paraurethral glands should be considered as a differential for female dogs presenting with chronic dysuria. DA - 2023/9/29/ PY - 2023/9/29/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16889 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - dysuria KW - Skene's glands KW - skenitis KW - urinary tract infection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Idiopathic functional urinary outflow tract obstruction in dogs, a retrospective case series (2010-2021): 31 cases AU - Mathews, Kathrina AU - Toedebusch, Christine AU - Palm, Carrie AU - Kendall, Allison AU - Westropp, Jodi L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Idiopathic functional urinary outflow tract obstruction (iFUOTO) is an uncommon but life-limiting disease whose etiology and clinical course of disease remain poorly understood.Characterize signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, treatments, and propose a standardized response score for dogs with iFUOTO.Thirty-one client-owned dogs diagnosed with iFUOTO.Retrospective case series. Medical records from 2010 to 2021 were reviewed and findings recorded. Dogs were categorized based on the presence or absence of overt signs of neurological disease. Response to treatment was scored.Thirty-one dogs were included. All dogs had stranguria and 14 (45%) had overflow urinary incontinence. Mean age of onset for signs was 6.9 years±8 months. Twenty-four dogs (77%) were castrated males, 5 (16%) intact males, and 2 (6%) spayed females. Eight (26%) of dogs had overt neurological deficits. Follow-up data were available for 29 dogs (median 38 days, range: 2-1277). Final outcome scores were not significantly different among dogs with overt signs of neurological disease (median score 2.5; range: 0-3) and those without (median score 1; range; 0-3; P = .35). Treatments included alpha antagonists, skeletal muscle relaxants, parasympathomimetics, anti-inflammatories, castration, temporary placement of a urethral catheter, or a combination of these.Multimodal treatment was frequently prescribed, but a standard outcome score is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these therapies. Serial neurological examinations and monitoring of the dogs' dysuria are warranted. DA - 2023/9/29/ PY - 2023/9/29/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16843 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - renal/canine KW - urethral obstruction KW - urinary tract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decision making on antimicrobial use: Cat and dog owners’ knowledge and preferences for veterinary communication AU - Frey, Erin AU - Kedrowicz, April AU - Hedgpeth, Mari‐Wells T2 - Veterinary Record AB - Abstract Background Veterinarians' understanding of cat and dog owners’ perceptions about antimicrobial use will enhance their ability to communicate with clients to uphold antimicrobial stewardship guidelines. Methods A total of 571 cat and dog owners were surveyed via an online platform to understand their antimicrobial knowledge and preferences for veterinary communication in antimicrobial use decision making. Data were analysed descriptively and inferentially to determine relationships between variables. Results Cat and dog owners’ backgrounds had an impact their antimicrobial knowledge. Women, individuals with a university degree, those with a health/science background and those identifying as white had a higher level of knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Owners’ trust in veterinarians positively impacts adherence to recommendations. Where there was a strong preference for one type of messaging regarding antimicrobial use and stewardship, the owner's background was not predictive of a difference in response. Limitations The study population was mostly white, which reflects the US population and the reported distribution of pet owners who own dogs and cats. Respondents may have been susceptible to recall bias and/or social desirability bias. Conclusion Veterinarians should tailor their communication to meet clients’ level of knowledge and rely on competent communication to enhance understanding and facilitate adherence to antimicrobial stewardship guidelines. DA - 2023/9/10/ PY - 2023/9/10/ DO - 10.1002/vetr.3411 VL - 9 SP - J2 - Veterinary Record LA - en OP - SN - 0042-4900 2042-7670 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.3411 DB - Crossref KW - antimicrobials KW - companion animals KW - microbiology KW - surveys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbiome analysis of bile from apparently healthy cats and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease AU - Slead, Tanner S. AU - Callahan, Benjamin J. AU - Schreeg, Megan E. AU - Seiler, Gabriela S. AU - Stowe, Devorah M. AU - Azcarate-Peril, Maria Andrea AU - Jacob, Megan E. AU - Gookin, Jody L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Bacterial infection of bile is a common cause of hepatobiliary disease in cats. Whether bile harbors a core microbiota in health or in cases of suspected hepatobiliary disease in cats is unknown.Establish if gallbladder bile in apparently healthy cats harbors a core microbiota composed of bacterial taxa common to many individuals. Compare results of bile cytology, bile culture, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in apparently healthy cats and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease.Forty-three client-owned cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease and 17 control cats.Bile was collected by ultrasound guided cholecystocentesis (cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease) or laparotomy after euthanasia (controls). Bile samples underwent cytologic examination, aerobic and anaerobic culture, and DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.Microbiome sequencing did not identify a core microbiota in control cats or cats having bile sampled because of clinical suspicion for hepatobiliary disease. Microbiome profiles from control cats were indistinguishable from profiles obtained from sampling instruments and reagents that were not exposed to bile (technical controls). Bacterial taxa that could not be explained by contamination or off-target amplification were identified only in samples from cats with bactibilia and positive bile culture results for Escherichia coli. In several E. coli positive samples, microbiome sequencing also identified a small number of potentially co-infecting bacterial genera not identified by culture.Cat bile does not harbor a core microbiota. Uncultured bacteria may contribute to pathogenesis of hepatobiliary disease in cats with bile E. coli infection. DA - 2023/9/13/ PY - 2023/9/13/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16852 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - cholangitis KW - feline KW - gallbladder KW - microbiota ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meta-Analysis of Nanoparticle Distribution in Tumors and Major Organs in Tumor-Bearing Mice AU - Chen, Qiran AU - Yuan, Long AU - Chou, Wei-Chun AU - Cheng, Yi-Hsien AU - He, Chunla AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Lin, Zhoumeng T2 - ACS NANO AB - Low tumor delivery efficiency is a critical barrier in cancer nanomedicine. This study reports an updated version of “Nano-Tumor Database”, which increases the number of time-dependent concentration data sets for different nanoparticles (NPs) in tumors from the previous version of 376 data sets with 1732 data points from 200 studies to the current version of 534 data sets with 2345 data points from 297 studies published from 2005 to 2021. Additionally, the current database includes 1972 data sets for five major organs (i.e., liver, spleen, lung, heart, and kidney) with a total of 8461 concentration data points. Tumor delivery and organ distribution are calculated using three pharmacokinetic parameters, including delivery efficiency, maximum concentration, and distribution coefficient. The median tumor delivery efficiency is 0.67% injected dose (ID), which is low but is consistent with previous studies. Employing the best regression model for tumor delivery efficiency, we generate hypothetical scenarios with different combinations of NP factors that may lead to a higher delivery efficiency of >3%ID, which requires further experimentation to confirm. In healthy organs, the highest NP accumulation is in the liver (10.69%ID/g), followed by the spleen 6.93%ID/g and the kidney 3.22%ID/g. Our perspective on how to facilitate NP design and clinical translation is presented. This study reports a substantially expanded “Nano-Tumor Database” and several statistical models that may help nanomedicine design in the future. DA - 2023/10/9/ PY - 2023/10/9/ DO - 10.1021/acsnano.3c04037 VL - 17 IS - 20 SP - 19810-19831 SN - 1936-086X UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04037 KW - Nanoparticle KW - Tumor delivery KW - Tissue distribution KW - Cancer KW - Nanomedicine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of resistance and virulence plasmids in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from North Carolina food animal production, 2018-2019 AU - Hull, Dawn M. AU - Harrel, Erin AU - Harden, Lyndy AU - Thakur, Siddhartha T2 - FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB - Campylobacter remains the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the U.S. and worldwide. Campylobacter plasmids may play a significant role in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence factor distribution, and potentially drive rapid adaptation. C. coli (n = 345) and C. jejuni (n = 199) isolates collected from live cattle, swine, turkey, and chickens, poultry carcasses at production, and retail meat in N.C. were analyzed to determine plasmid prevalence, extrachromosomal virulence and AMR genes, and the phylogeny of assembled plasmids. Putative plasmids ranging from <2 kb to 237kb were identified with virulence factors present in 66.1% (228/345) C. coli and 88.4% (176/199) C. jejuni plasmids (promoting adherence, invasion, exotoxin production, immune modulation, chemotaxis, mobility, and the type IV secretion system). AMR genes were identified in 21.2% (73/345) C. coli and 28.1% C. jejuni plasmids (conferring resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, nucleosides, and lincosamides). Megaplasmids (>100 kb) were present in 25.7% (140/544) of the isolates and carried genes previously recognized to be involved with interspecies recombination. Our study highlights the extensive distribution and diversity of Campylobacter plasmids in food animal production and their role in the dissemination of biomedically important genes. Characterizing Campylobacter plasmids within the food animal production niche is important to understanding the epidemiology of potential emerging strains. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104348 VL - 116 SP - SN - 1095-9998 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Food -borne pathogen KW - Horizontal gene transfer KW - Transposons KW - Bioinformatics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Longitudinal effects of oral administration of antimicrobial drugs on fecal microbiota of horses AU - Gomez, Diego AU - Toribio, Ramiro AU - Caddey, Benjamin AU - Costa, Marcio AU - Vijan, Stephanie AU - Dembek, Katarzyna T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Antimicrobial drug-associated diarrhea (AAD) is the most common adverse effect in horses receiving antimicrobials. Little information on how oral administration of antimicrobials alters intestinal microbiota in horses is available.Investigate changes of the fecal microbiota in response to oral administration of antimicrobials.Twenty healthy horses.Prospective, longitudinal study. Horses were randomly assigned to 4 groups comprising 4 horses each: group 1 (metronidazole); group 2 (erythromycin); group 3 (doxycycline); group 4 (sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, SMZ-TMP); and group 5 (control). Antimicrobials were administered for 5 days. Fecal samples were obtained before (day 0) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 30 days of the study period. Fecal microbiota was characterized by high throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA.Horses remained healthy throughout the study. Richness and diversity in doxycycline, erythromycin, and metronidazole, but not SMZ-TMP groups, was significantly lower (P < .05) at multiple time points after administration of antimicrobials compared with samples from day 0. Main changes in the microbiota were observed during the time of antimicrobial administration (day 2-5; weighted and unweighted UniFrac PERMANOVA P < .05). Administration of erythromycin, doxycycline and, to a lesser extent, metronidazole produced a pronounced alteration in the microbiota compared with day 0 samples by decreasing the abundance of Treponema, Fibrobacter, and Lachnospiraceae and increasing Fusobacterium and Escherichia-Shigella.Oral administration of antimicrobials alters the intestinal microbiota of healthy horses resembling horses with dysbiosis, potentially resulting in intestinal inflammation and predisposition to diarrhea. DA - 2023/9/8/ PY - 2023/9/8/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16853 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - antimicrobial-associated diarrhea KW - colitis KW - dysbiosis KW - gastrointestinal KW - macrolides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia with severe thrombocytopenia in a Pembroke Welsh Corgi AU - Tucker, Samuel M. AU - Baja, Alexie J. AU - Rasche, Brittany L. AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao AU - Harrell, Karyn A. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract An 8‐year‐old, female, spayed Pembroke Welsh Corgi presented for a 3‐day history of worsening lethargy and pale pink mucous membranes. Hematological analysis revealed a normocytic, normochromic, regenerative anaemia, positive saline agglutination and marked thrombocytopenia, supportive of a diagnosis of immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, either as a secondary result of immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia or an additional immune‐mediated process. Due to continued decreases in packed cell volume despite immunosuppressive therapy and packed red blood cell transfusion, euthanasia was elected. Gross postmortem examination revealed cutaneous and visceral petechiae to ecchymoses, visceral icterus, and moderate splenomegaly. Microscopically, the bone marrow was hypercellular with moderate to marked increase in numbers of erythroid lineage cells relative to myeloid lineage cells. Few macrophages displayed erythrophagia. Given the drastically worsening thrombocytopenia, immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia was considered more likely, but this could not be entirely verified. This presentation of immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia with thrombocytopenia illustrates the clinical diagnosis and management of immune‐mediated haematological diseases in dogs. DA - 2023/9/20/ PY - 2023/9/20/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.727 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2052-6121 KW - autoimmune disease KW - haematology KW - immune-mediated diseases ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of pimobendan after oral administration to dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease AU - McManamey, Anna K. AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Papich, Mark G. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Pimobendan is an important therapy for dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). The pharmacokinetics are reported in healthy dogs but not in dogs with heart disease.To determine if dog characteristics such as age, breed, body condition score, ACVIM stage of heart disease or biochemical laboratory value alter the pharmacokinetics of orally administered pimobendan and its metabolite in a cohort of dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.Fifty-seven client-owned dogs with MMVD ACVIM Stage B2, C, or D and administered pimobendan to steady state blood concentrations.Prospective, observational study. Samples were collected using a sparse-sampling protocol at specific intervals after administration of pimobendan. Plasma pimobendan and the active metabolite (O-desmethyl-pimobendan, ODMP) concentrations were determined via high-pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Data was analyzed via a population pharmacokinetic approach and nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NLME). Numerous covariates were examined in the NLME model.The absorption and elimination half-lives (t1/2 ) were approximately 1.4 and 1 hour for pimobendan and 1.4 and 1.3 hours for ODMP, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters were highly variable, especially the values for pimobendan absorption and elimination rate, and absorption rate of ODMP with coefficients of variation of 147.84%, 64.51% and 64.49%, respectively. No covariate evaluated was a significant source of variability.The pharmacokinetic parameters were highly variable among this group of dogs with MMVD. The variability was not associated with the dog's age, body weight or condition score, stage of heart disease, dose, serum creatinine, or alkaline phosphatase. DA - 2023/9/30/ PY - 2023/9/30/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16891 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16891 KW - canine KW - heart failure KW - valvular heart disease KW - Vetmedin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phase-Dependent Differential In Vitro and Ex Vivo Susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum to Azole Antifungals AU - Roberts, Darby AU - Salmon, Jacklyn AU - Cubeta, Marc A. AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Journal of Fungi AB - Fungal keratitis (FK) is an invasive infection of the cornea primarily associated with Aspergillus and Fusarium species. FK is treated empirically with a limited selection of topical antifungals with varying levels of success. Though clinical infections are typically characterized by a dense network of mature mycelium, traditional models used to test antifungal susceptibility of FK isolates exclusively evaluate susceptibility in fungal cultures derived from asexual spores known as conidia. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in fungal response when topical antifungal treatment is initiated at progressive phases of fungal development. We compared the efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole against in vitro cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. A porcine cadaver corneal model was used to compare antifungal efficacy of voriconazole and luliconazole in ex vivo tissue cultures of A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum at 0, 24, and 48 h of fungal development. Our results demonstrate phase-dependent susceptibility of both A. flavus and F. keratoplasticum to both azoles in vitro as well as ex vivo. We conclude that traditional antifungal susceptibility testing with conidial suspensions does not correlate with fungal susceptibility in cultures of a more advanced developmental phase. A revised method of antifungal susceptibility testing that evaluates hyphal susceptibility may better predict fungal response in the clinical setting where treatment is often delayed until days after the initial insult. DA - 2023/9/26/ PY - 2023/9/26/ DO - 10.3390/jof9100966 VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - 966 J2 - JoF LA - en OP - SN - 2309-608X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9100966 DB - Crossref KW - Aspergillus KW - Fusarium KW - fungal keratitis KW - antifungal susceptibility KW - MIC KW - azole ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of machine learning algorithms to estimate maximum residue limits for veterinary medicines AU - Zad, Nader AU - Tell, Lisa A. AU - Ramachandran, Remya Ampadi AU - Xu, Xuan AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Baynes, Ronald AU - Lin, Zhoumeng AU - Maunsell, Fiona AU - Davis, Jennifer AU - Jaberi-Douraki, Majid T2 - FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY AB - Establishing maximum-residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary medicine helps to protect the human food supply. Guidelines for establishing MRLs are outlined by regulatory authorities that drug sponsors follow in each country. During the drug approval process, residue limits are targeted for specific animal species and matrices. Therefore, MRLs are commonly not established for other species. This study demonstrates unestablished MRLs can be reliably predicted for under-represented food commodity groups using machine learning (ML). Classification methods with imbalanced data were used to analyze MRL data from multiple countries by implementing resampling techniques in different ML classifiers. Afterward, we developed and evaluated a data-mining method for predicting unestablished MRLs. Seven different ML classifiers such as support vector classifier, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), random forest, decision tree, k-neighbors, Gaussian NB, and AdaBoost have been selected in this baseline study. Among these, the neural network MLP classifier reliably scored the highest average-weighted F1 score (accuracy >99% with markers and ≈88% without markets) in predicting unestablished MRLs. This provides the first study to apply ML algorithms in regulatory food animal medicine. By predicting and estimating MRLs, we can potentially decrease the use and cost of live animals and the overall research burden of determining new MRLs. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113920 VL - 179 SP - SN - 1873-6351 KW - Unestablished MRL KW - Veterinary drugs KW - Machine learning KW - International market and trade KW - Published commodity (animal organ) KW - Data resampling techniques ER - TY - JOUR TI - Myxobolus lentisuturalis infection in a farmed population of goldfish Carassius auratus from the USA AU - Hepps Keeney, Caitlin M. AU - Waltzek, Thomas B. AU - Oliveira Viadanna, Pedro H. AU - Frasca, Salvatore, Jr. AU - Reinhardt, Emily AU - Lovy, Jan AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AB - Myxobolus lentisuturalis is a myxozoan parasite of piscine muscle that has been described in goldfish Carassius auratus and Prussian carp Carassius gibelio . This report documents a naturally occurring infection of M. lentisuturalis in a population of farmed goldfish in the USA. Postmortem examination was performed on 4 affected goldfish. Gross findings included large cystic cavities along the dorsal midline filled with caseous exudate. Histopathology revealed myxozoan plasmodia and spores in the epaxial muscles with varying degrees of granulomatous and necrotizing myositis accompanied by lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis. Spore morphology and dimensions were consistent with M. lentisuturalis , as observed by light microscopy. PCR and sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA of infected muscle samples from 2 goldfish confirmed the parasite to have 99-100% nucleotide identity to M . lentisuturalis sequences recovered from similar cases of this parasite infecting goldfish in China and Italy and Prussian carp in China. This is the first reported case of M. lentisuturalis in the USA and furthers the understanding of the pathogenicity of this under-described parasite. DA - 2023/6/1/ PY - 2023/6/1/ DO - 10.3354/dao03735 VL - 154 SP - 7-14 SN - 1616-1580 KW - Myxobolus lentisuturalis KW - Goldfish KW - Carassius auratus KW - Myxozoan KW - Myositis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors influencing death prior to discharge in 302 dogs undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for treatment of primary adrenal gland tumours AU - Piegols, Hunter J. AU - Abrams, Brittany E. AU - Lapsley, Janis M. AU - Cray, Megan T. AU - Dornbusch, Josephine A. AU - Murphy, Christina AU - Wustefeld-Janssens, Brandan G. AU - Souza, Carlos H. AU - Traverson, Marine AU - Amsellem, Pierre AU - Williams, Elroy AU - Skinner, Owen T. AU - Liptak, Julius M. AU - Stephens, Julie A. AU - Selmic, Laura E. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY AB - Abstract Adrenalectomies for canine adrenal tumours are associated with peri‐operative morbidity and mortality. Objectives of this study included assessing the prognostic value of tumour‐ or surgery‐related variables in predicting peri‐operative mortality and overall survival in dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for primary adrenal tumours as well as pre‐treatment with phenoxybenzamine on survival to discharge with pheochromocytomas specifically. A multi‐institutional retrospective cohort study was performed across nine institutions. Electronic medical record searches identified 302 dogs which met the inclusion criteria. Data collected included dog‐related, tumour‐related, treatment‐related, surgery‐related, and outcome variables. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression and cox proportional hazards models were used to identify variables associated with death prior to discharge and tumour‐related survival. Overall, 87% of dogs survived to discharge with a tumour‐related survival time of 3.96 years. Post‐operative complications were reported in 25%. Increased surgical time ( p = 0.002) and pre‐surgical medical treatment other than phenoxybenzamine ( p = 0.024) were significantly associated with increased peri‐operative mortality while ureteronephrectomy ( p = 0.021), post‐operative pancreatitis (p = 0.025), and post‐operative aspiration pneumonia ( p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased overall survival. Phenoxybenzamine pretreatment had no effect on peri‐operative mortality. Thirty‐seven of 45 (82%) dogs with pheochromocytomas not pretreated survived to discharge, and 50 of 59 (85%) dogs with pheochromocytomas pretreated with phenoxybenzamine survived to discharge ( p = 0.730). This study provides information on risk factors for death prior to discharge and tumour‐related survival that may help guide clinical management and owner expectations. In addition, the study findings challenge the previously reported benefit of phenoxybenzamine for pretreatment of dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for pheochromocytomas. DA - 2023/8/31/ PY - 2023/8/31/ DO - 10.1111/vco.12931 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1476-5829 KW - adrenal glands KW - adrenalectomy KW - dogs KW - phenoxybenzamine KW - pheochromocytoma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partial Amputation of a Nonreducing Prolapsed Phallus in an Ostrich (Struthio camelus) AU - Lima, Heloísa C. AU - Alves, Arthur C. T. AU - Mendes, Madalena R. C. AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Rahal, Sheila C. T2 - Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery AB - A 19-year-old male ostrich (Struthio camelus) was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital (São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil) due to a 6-month history of recurrent prolapse of the phallus. On physical examination, 2 ulcerative wounds were present on the phallus, as well as caseous plaques and myiasis. Conservative treatment resulted in improvement but prolapse of the phallus remained. Thus, a decision was made to perform a partial phallectomy. The surgery was successful and no postoperative complications occurred. When the ostrich was reexamined 6 months postsurgery, the ostrich was alert, in good health, and the surgical site completely healed. The owner verbally reported no recurrence of the phallus prolapse 1 year after surgery. DA - 2023/9/19/ PY - 2023/9/19/ DO - 10.1647/20-00088 VL - 37 IS - 2 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/20-00088 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum vitamin D in sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in range countries: A pilot study AU - Feltrer-Rambaud, Yedra AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Pizarro, Andrea AU - Tomeo-Martin, Beatriz AU - Pesquera, Lara Carrasco AU - Moresco, Natalie AU - Atencia, Rebeca T2 - VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE AB - Abstract Background Vitamin D is essential for skeletal health, calcium homeostasis and general health. The major and more stable form of vitamin D in circulation is 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OH‐D); this is the most valuable indicator of vitamin D status. There are studies on laboratory and zoo‐housed chimpanzees; however, serum vitamin D status has not been documented in chimpanzees in range countries. Objectives (1) Determine the range of circulating 25‐OH‐D concentrations in chimpanzees in range countries. (2) Assess the influence of age, sex, and sun exposure on 25‐OH‐D serum concentrations. Methods Opportunistic blood samples were obtained from 127 clinically healthy chimpanzees. Serum 25‐OH‐D concentration was measured with a commercially available competitive ELISA. Results The median overall 25‐OH‐D concentration for chimpanzees in range countries was 46.24 nmol/L (range: 17.10–109.23 nmol/L). Males had a significantly lower concentration (40.15 nmol/L) than females (49.61 nmol/L), and infants (37.99 nmol/L) had a significantly lower concentration than adults (46.04 nmol/L). Concentrations of 25‐OH‐D in chimpanzees in sunnier habitats were significantly higher compared to thick tropical forest habitat. Conclusion The present constitutes a large dataset of serum 25‐OH‐D concentrations in range country sanctuary chimpanzees and contributes to document normal ranges. Age, sex, and sun exposure influenced serum concentrations of 25‐OH‐D in sanctuary chimpanzees. DA - 2023/9/19/ PY - 2023/9/19/ DO - 10.1002/vms3.1279 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2053-1095 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1279 KW - Great apes KW - vitamin D KW - 25-OH-D KW - physiologic ranges KW - sun exposure KW - primate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case report: Substantial improvement of autism spectrum disorder in a child with learning disabilities in conjunction with treatment for poly-microbial vector borne infections AU - Offutt, Amy AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY AB - Poly-microbial vector-borne infections may have contributed to neuropsychiatric symptoms in a boy diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Targeted antimicrobial treatment resulted in substantial improvement in cognitive (such as learning disabilities, focus, concentration) and neurobehavioral (such as oppositional, defiant, anti-social, disordered mood, immaturity, tics) symptoms. DA - 2023/8/18/ PY - 2023/8/18/ DO - 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1205545 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-0640 KW - tics KW - infections KW - Bartonella KW - Lyme KW - PANS KW - OCD KW - autism KW - ADHD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in purpose-bred cats with the A31P mutation in cardiac myosin binding protein-C AU - Stern, Joshua A. AU - Rivas, Victor N. AU - Kaplan, Joanna L. AU - Ueda, Yu AU - Oldach, Maureen S. AU - Ontiveros, Eric S. AU - Kooiker, Kristina B. AU - Dijk, Sabine J. AU - Harris, Samantha P. T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract We sought to establish a large animal model of inherited hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with sufficient disease severity and early penetrance for identification of novel therapeutic strategies. HCM is the most common inherited cardiac disorder affecting 1 in 250–500 people, yet few therapies for its treatment or prevention are available. A research colony of purpose-bred cats carrying the A31P mutation in MYBPC3 was founded using sperm from a single heterozygous male cat. Cardiac function in four generations was assessed by periodic echocardiography and measurement of blood biomarkers. Results showed that HCM penetrance was age-dependent, and that penetrance occurred earlier and was more severe in successive generations, especially in homozygotes. Homozygosity was also associated with progression from preclinical to clinical disease. A31P homozygous cats represent a heritable model of HCM with early disease penetrance and a severe phenotype necessary for interventional studies aimed at altering disease progression. The occurrence of a more severe phenotype in later generations of cats, and the occasional occurrence of HCM in wildtype cats suggests the presence of at least one gene modifier or a second causal variant in this research colony that exacerbates the HCM phenotype when inherited in combination with the A31P mutation. DA - 2023/6/26/ PY - 2023/6/26/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-36932-5 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of a Questionnaire Used to Measure Self-Perception of Self-Regulated Learning in Veterinary Students AU - Sheats, M. Katie AU - Petritz, Olivia A. AU - Robertson, James B. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - In the United States, the veterinary medical curriculum is 4 years, and at most institutions, no more than one-third of that time is devoted to clinical training, meaning that graduates must continue learning post-graduation. Additionally, practicing veterinarians must keep up with new discoveries and techniques in the veterinary medical field, and may also choose to pursue specific interests or specialties post-graduation. For these reasons, it is essential that veterinarians be competent, self-regulated, life-long learners. Despite agreement regarding the importance of self-regulated learning (SRL) for veterinary professionals, there is currently a paucity of data available on self-regulated learning in veterinary students. The Self-Regulated Learning Perception Scale (SRLPS) is a 41-item instrument that has been previously validated in other graduate student populations, including medical students. It addresses four domains of self-regulated learning including motivation and action to learning, planning and goal setting, strategies for learning, and assessment and self-directedness. For this project, we hypothesized that the SRLPS would have high reliability among veterinary students. As part of a larger online survey, 82 veterinary students (years 1–4) voluntarily completed the SRLPS. The instrument was generally internally consistent, with the dimensions “Motivation and action to learn,” “Planning and goal setting,” “Strategies for learning and assessment,” and “Lack of self-directedness” having Cronbach's alpha values of .73, .8, .87, and .63 respectively. The SRLPS could have broad applications in veterinary educational practices and research, including assessing impact of courses on professional development and/or coaching/mentoring programs and better understanding short- and long-term educational and career outcomes for veterinarians. DA - 2023/9/13/ PY - 2023/9/13/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2023-0046 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1943-7218 UR - https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2023-0046 KW - lifelong learning KW - self-regulated learner KW - student motivation KW - reflection KW - professionalism KW - mentoring KW - remediation ER - TY - JOUR TI - First reported case of leishmaniasis in a cat in Trinidad and Tobago AU - Pargass, Indira AU - Wint, Crystal AU - Suepaul, Rod AU - Frontera-Acevedo, Karelma AU - Qurollo, Barbara A. T2 - VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS AB - A 3-year-old, female, domestic shorthair cat, was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM), Trinidad and Tobago for a swollen nose, and multiple, variably sized small masses on both ears. The initial diagnostic tests included a CBC, serum biochemistry profile, cytological evaluation of masses on the ear and nose, and FeLV/FIV testing. The CBC and biochemistry results were unremarkable except for a hyperproteinaemia and hyperglobulinemia. Cytology of the nose and ear lesions revealed mixed inflammation and high numbers of intracellular and extracellular organisms consistent with Leishmania amastigotes. The cat was FeLV/FIV negative. Histopathology and Leishmania IFA and PCR analysis were subsequently performed, confirming the Leishmania diagnosis. The PCR, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree analyses identified L. amazonensis. This is the first reported case of L. amazonensis infection in a domestic animal in Trinidad with molecular characterization indicating it exists in the region and is likely being transmitted by sandflies. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100896 VL - 42 SP - SN - 2405-9390 KW - Leishmania amazonensis KW - Amastigotes KW - PCR KW - protozoa KW - Macrophages KW - Trinidad ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in dogs and cats: which immune-mediated diseases to consider? AU - Bizikova, Petra AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Anderson, Jamie G. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases of the skin often present with oral cavity involvement. Autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases and pemphigus vulgaris are classic examples. While the primary lesions (vesicles and bullae) are relatively specific, these fragile lesions evolve rapidly into erosions and ulcers, which are lesion types that overlap with many diseases. Furthermore, some immune-mediated diseases such as severe adverse drug reactions, lupus diseases, canine uveodermatological syndrome, and vasculitis, may or may not involve the oral cavity, and often nonoral clinical manifestations are more diagnostic. In these situations, disease knowledge combined with signalment, lesion distribution, and history help to narrow the differentials. Surgical biopsy is required for confirmation in most diseases, while immunosuppressive treatments most typically involve glucocorticoids with or without nonsteroidal immunosuppressants. DA - 2023/6/1/ PY - 2023/6/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.22.12.0573 VL - 261 SP - S48-S57 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of thrombin generation in dogs administered clopidogrel AU - Rank, Kaitlyn AU - Lynch, Alex M. AU - Ruterbories, Laura K. AU - Li, Ronald H. L. AU - Ueda, Yu T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - The antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel can vary between patients. A modified thromboelastography (TEG) protocol (TEG-Platelet Mapping assay® [TEG-PM]) can be used for clopidogrel monitoring but is not widely available. Thrombin generation (TG) assays could offer a novel alternative. The main objective of this pilot study was to assess TG assay variables (lag time, peak, endogenous thrombin potential [ETP]) in dogs before and after 7 days of clopidogrel administration and compare with TEG-PM variables (maximum amplitude [MA]-ADP and percentage (%) inhibition).Six healthy mix-breed dogs were enrolled in this pilot study. Blood samples for platelet count, TG assays, and TEG-PM were obtained at two time points, corresponding to baseline, and after 7 days of clopidogrel administration (mean 2.3 +/- 0.3 mg/kg PO q24 hours). Data were then compared with a Student's t-test.There was no significant change in TG assay variables performed on platelet poor plasma after 7 days of clopidogrel administration: lag time (Day 1: 1.8 +/- 0.2 min, Day 7: 1.8 +/- 0.2 min, p = 0.42); peak (Day 1: 76 +/- 7 nM, Day 7: 72 +/- 10 nM, p = 0.49); and ETP (Day 1: 399 +/- 27 nM*min, Day 7: 392 +/- 32 nM*min; p = 0.49). There were significant changes in TEG MA-ADP (Day 1: 19 +/- 8 mm, Day 7: 9 +/- 6 mm, p = 0.04) and % inhibition (Day 1: 58 +/- 27, Day 7: 99 +/- 0.3, p = 0.02).Clopidogrel administration did not lead to changes in TG assay variables performed on platelet poor plasma samples, despite concomitant changes in TEG-PM variables consistent with platelet inhibition. Based on this pilot study, thrombin generation performed on platelet poor plasma may not be a useful antiplatelet monitoring tool in dogs. DA - 2023/8/23/ PY - 2023/8/23/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1194242 VL - 10 SP - J2 - Front. Vet. Sci. OP - SN - 2297-1769 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1194242 DB - Crossref KW - coagulation KW - platelet inhibitory KW - antithrombotic KW - therapeutic monitoring KW - canine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnosis and management of dogs with degenerative myelopathy: A survey of neurologists and rehabilitation professionals AU - Bouche, Teryn V. AU - Coates, Joan R. AU - Moore, Sarah A. AU - Faissler, Dominik AU - Rishniw, Mark AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Antemortem diagnosis of degenerative myelopathy (DM) in dogs is presumptive and there are no accepted guidelines for the management of this condition.Describe current practices of neurology clinicians and physical rehabilitation professionals in the diagnosis and management of DM.None.Online surveys examining diagnosis and management of DM were constructed and distributed via neurology and rehabilitation listservs.One hundred ninety neurology and 79 rehabilitation professionals from 20 countries participated. Most neurology (142/189) and rehabilitation (23/39) respondents required genetic testing for the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutation and 82/189 neurologists also required spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for presumptive DM diagnosis. Most neurology respondents recommended exercise (187/190) and physical rehabilitation (184/190). Over 50% (102/190) of neurology respondents perform rechecks on dogs diagnosed with DM. Rehabilitation respondents reported preservation or improvement of strength (78/79) and coordination (77/79) as therapeutic goals. At-home exercises (75/79), underwater treadmill (64/79), gait training (55/79), and strength building exercises (65/79) were used to maintain strength (58/79), coordination (56/79), muscle mass (56/79), and improve overall wellbeing (54/79). Neurology respondents reported that owners elect euthanasia when dogs become nonambulatory paraparetic whereas rehabilitation respondents report euthanasia when paraplegia and incontinence develop.The majority of dogs diagnosed with DM have not undergone advanced imaging, the combination of history, neurological findings, and genetic testing is heavily relied upon. Whereas the diagnosis of DM is frequently made by veterinary neurologists, continued care is often performed by rehabilitation professionals or primary veterinarians. DA - 2023/8/22/ PY - 2023/8/22/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16829 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16829 KW - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis KW - degenerative KW - rehabilitation KW - SOD1 KW - spinal cord ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporary noise-induced underwater hearing loss in an aquatic turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) AU - Salas, Andria K. AU - Capuano, Alyssa M. AU - Harms, Craig A. AU - Piniak, Wendy E. D. AU - Mooney, T. Aran T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Noise pollution in aquatic environments can cause hearing loss in noise-exposed animals. We investigated whether exposure to continuous underwater white noise (50–1000 Hz) affects the auditory sensitivity of an aquatic turtle Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider) across 16 noise conditions of differing durations and amplitudes. Sound exposure levels (SELs) ranged between 155 and 193 dB re 1 μPa2 s, and auditory sensitivity was measured at 400 Hz using auditory evoked potential methods. Comparing control and post-exposure thresholds revealed temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in all three individuals, with at least two of the three turtles experiencing TTS at all but the two lowest SELs tested, and shifts up to 40 dB. There were significant positive relationships between shift magnitude and exposure duration, amplitude, and SEL. The mean predicted TTS onset was 160 dB re 1 μPa2 s. There was individual variation in susceptibility to TTS, threshold shift magnitude, and recovery rate, which was non-monotonic and occurred on time scales ranging from &lt; 1 h to &gt; 2 days post-exposure. Recovery rates were generally greater after higher magnitude shifts. Sound levels inducing hearing loss were comparatively low, suggesting aquatic turtles may be more sensitive to underwater noise than previously considered. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.1121/10.0020588 VL - 154 IS - 2 SP - 1003-1017 SN - 1520-8524 ER - TY - JOUR TI - COAST Development Group's international consensus guidelines for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis AU - Cachon, Thibaut AU - Frykman, Ole AU - Innes, John F. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Okumura, Masahiro AU - Sousa, Pedro AU - Staffieri, Francesco AU - Steagall, Paulo V. AU - Van Ryssen, Bernadette T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - This report describes consensus guidelines and recommendations for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis (OA) according to the "Canine OsteoArthritis Staging Tool excluding radiography" (COASTeR) stage of OA, by the COAST Development Group. The recommendations are based on evidence-based medicine and clinical experience and are proposed with international relevance in mind. The aim is to provide veterinarians with a practical reference to consolidated information and to support the development of patient-specific OA management protocols and informed treatment choices based on the stage of OA. DA - 2023/8/3/ PY - 2023/8/3/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1137888 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - dog KW - pain KW - osteoarthritis KW - staging KW - management KW - treatment guidelines KW - COASTeR KW - COAST ER - TY - JOUR TI - Study of the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, marine based fatty acid compounds (PCSO-524 and EAB-277), and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with hip osteoarthritis: a prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial (vol 10, 1033188, 2023) AU - Kampa, Naruepon AU - Kaenkangploo, Duangdaun AU - Jitpean, Supranee AU - Srithunyarat, Thanikul AU - Seesupa, Suvaluk AU - Hoisang, Somphong AU - Yongvanit, Karn AU - Kamlangchai, Phanthit AU - Tuchpramuk, Pongsatorn AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Corrigendum on: Kampa, N., Kaenkangploo, D., Jitpean, S., Srithunyarat, T., Seesupa, S., Hoisang, S., Yongvanit, K., Kamlangchai, P., Tuchpramuk, P., & Lascelles, B. D. (2023). Study of the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, marine based fatty acid compounds , and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with hip osteoarthritis: A prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1033188. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1033188 DA - 2023/8/2/ PY - 2023/8/2/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1252778 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - OA KW - marine-based fatty acid KW - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) KW - gait analysis KW - PVF ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of taurine supplementation on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of dogs with congestive heart failure AU - Brethel, Sara AU - Locker, Seth AU - Girens, Renee AU - Rivera, Paulo AU - Meurs, Kathryn AU - Adin, Darcy T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - The role of taurine in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs without systemic deficiency is unexplored. Taurine might have beneficial cardiac effects aside from deficit replacement. We hypothesized that oral taurine supplementation administered to dogs with naturally-occurring CHF would suppress the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Oral taurine was administered to 14 dogs with stable CHF. Serum biochemical variables, blood taurine concentrations, and comprehensive analysis of RAAS variables were compared before and 2 weeks after taurine supplementation added to background furosemide and pimobendan therapy for CHF. Whole blood taurine concentrations increased after supplementation (median 408 nMol/mL, range 248-608 before and median 493 nMol/mL, range 396-690 after; P = .006). Aldosterone to angiotensin II ratio (AA2) was significantly decreased after taurine supplementation (median 1.00, range 0.03-7.05 before and median 0.65, range 0.01-3.63 after; P = .009), but no other RAAS components significantly differed between timepoints. A subset of dogs showed marked decreases in RAAS metabolites after supplementation and these dogs were more likely to have been recently hospitalized for CHF treatment than dogs that did not show marked decreases in classical RAAS metabolites. Overall, taurine only lowered AA2 in this group of dogs, however, response heterogeneity was noted, with some dogs showing RAAS suppression. DA - 2023/7/3/ PY - 2023/7/3/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-37978-1 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gold Nanostars Obviate Limitations to Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) for the Treatment of Intracranial Tumors AU - Srinivasan, Ethan S. AU - Liu, Yang AU - Odion, Ren A. AU - Chongsathidkiet, Pakawat AU - Wachsmuth, Lucas P. AU - Haskell-Mendoza, Aden P. AU - Edwards, Ryan M. AU - Canning, Aidan J. AU - Willoughby, Gavin AU - Hinton, Joseph AU - Norton, Stephen J. AU - Lascola, Christopher D. AU - Maccarini, Paolo F. AU - Mariani, Christopher L. AU - Vo-Dinh, Tuan AU - Fecci, Peter E. T2 - CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH DA - 2023/8/15/ PY - 2023/8/15/ DO - 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-1871NonCommercial-NoDerivatives4.0International(CC VL - 29 IS - 16 SP - 3214-3224 SN - 1557-3265 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistent spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a dog with pulmonary fibrosis AU - Amirsultan, Sophia AU - Lynch, Alex AU - Meritet, Danielle AU - Nelson, Nathan T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract A 5‐year‐old, 5.8‐kg, neutered, male, mix‐breed dog was presented to the emergency service of a university hospital for assessment of respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs identified a moderate pneumomediastinum, mild cervical subcutaneous emphysema and moderate bilateral diffuse bronchial and unstructured interstitial pulmonary patterns. The dog had a 6‐week long history of progressive respiratory signs before presentation, culminating in acute respiratory embarrassment in the absence of a precipitating event. Three sets of radiographs were performed before presentation, which demonstrated a persistent pneumomediastinum and progressively severe pulmonary infiltrates. The dog was humanely euthanased after 24 hours of hospitalised care, with a diagnosis of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis made at postmortem examination. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is usually an acute condition, which resolves within a few weeks of diagnosis and does not recur. Persistent spontaneous pneumomediastinum has been described in people previously, and is a rare potential sequela to severe chronic pulmonary disease in dogs. DA - 2023/8/24/ PY - 2023/8/24/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.708 VL - 8 SP - SN - 2052-6121 KW - dogs KW - histopathology KW - radiography KW - respiratory disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Healing of Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina) Shells AU - Souza, Ashley R. AU - Masterson, Christopher AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS AB - Photobiomodulation therapy (cold laser or low-level laser therapy) has been evaluated in human and small animal medicine; however, there is a lack of knowledge about the role photobiomodulation therapy could play in reptile rehabilitation and release. This study used a quantifiable unit, Hounsfield units (bone density measurement), in computed tomography (CT) to evaluate if photobiomodulation therapy showed a significant healing difference between groups treated with photobiomodulation and those that were not. This study included 20 eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) presented to a rehabilitation center that sustained shell fractures without penetrating the coelom. They all received similar medical treatments, except that the photobiomodulation group received 250 Hz of red light laser for three minutes three times a week for eight weeks. The turtles were evaluated over the course of two months of therapy. Computed tomography scans were performed prior to therapy, at the midpoint of treatment (one month postinjury), and at the end of the study (two months postinjury). The average Hounsfield units of the fractures were evaluated using nonparametric means, the Wilcoxon/Kruskal–Wallis tests (ranked sums), and found that there were no significant differences in shell density between the photobiomodulation and control groups amongst the scans. This study did find that there was a significant difference (p = 0.0455) between the two groups in regard to the width of the fracture between pre- and post-treatment scans. This study found that the photobiomodulation group had a significantly decreased width of the fracture site between pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements, showing that photobiomodulation could be a relatively easy and effective treatment to promote healing of fractured turtle shells. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4030041 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 578-586 SN - 2673-5636 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/4/3/41 KW - photobiomodulation KW - cold laser KW - eastern box turtle KW - Terrapene carolina KW - computed tomography KW - shell fracture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Iridial melanocytoma in a ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis): A case report and review of avian melanocytic neoplasia AU - Spitznagel, Katya AU - Sadar, Miranda J. AU - Terhaar, Hannah AU - Brandao, Joao AU - Teixeira, Leandro AU - Henriksen, Michala de Linde T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - Abstract A 21‐year‐old, suspected female captive ferruginous hawk ( Buteo regalis ) was followed for 3 years due to an iridial mass of the left eye (OS) that progressively increased in size. Enucleation of OS was eventually recommended due to the iridial mass taking up approximately 75% of the anterior chamber, and the bird seemed less active. A complete physical examination, complete blood cell count, biochemistry, and survey radiographs were performed pre‐surgery with no findings indicating metastasis. A subconjunctival enucleation was performed and the globe was submitted for histopathology through the Comparative Ocular Pathology Lab of Wisconsin. The histopathologic evaluation determined the mass to be consistent with an iris melanocytoma, which has not been previously reported in this species. The patient recovered well from surgery and has remained comfortable and active for 117 days post‐surgery. This case report aimed to review the current available information on avian ocular neoplasms as well as describe the clinical presentation, medical management and surgical procedure, and long‐term follow‐up for this patient to enhance clinical understanding of the behavior of iris melanocytic tumors in avian species. DA - 2023/8/15/ PY - 2023/8/15/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13141 SP - SN - 1463-5224 KW - cancer KW - intraocular mass KW - intraocular pressure KW - neoplasia KW - raptor KW - uveitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health status of the red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus) determined by hematology, biochemistry, blood gases, and physical examination AU - Skehel, Alice AU - Ulloa, Catalina AU - Deresienski, Diane AU - Regalado, Cristina AU - Munoz-Perez, Juan Pablo AU - Garcia, Juan Augusto AU - Hardesty, Britta Denise AU - Passingham, Ronald K. AU - Castaneda, Jason Steve AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Valle, Carlos A. T2 - PEERJ AB - The red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus , is a species of seabird native to the Galápagos archipelago, and widely distributed across the neotropics. General health, blood chemistry, and haematology parameters have not been published for this species. Blood analyses were performed on samples drawn from 51 clinically healthy red-billed tropicbirds captured from their burrows at Islote Pitt on San Cristóbal Island in July, 2016 (21) and Daphne Major Island in June, 2017 (30). In the field, a point of care blood analyser (iSTAT) was used to obtain results for HCO 3- , pH, pCO 2 , pO 2 , TCO 2 , iCa, Na, K, Cl, Hb, HCT, anion gap, creatinine, glucose and urea nitrogen. Additionally, a portable Lactate Plus TM analyser was used to measure blood lactate, and blood smears were also created in situ . The blood slides were used to estimate leukocyte counts and 100-cell differentials. Alongside these biochemistry and haematology parameters, average heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature and scaled mass index (calculated from weight and a body measurement) were compared to determine the standard measurements for a healthy individual. The baseline data, and reference intervals reported in this paper are essential to detecting changes in the health of red-billed tropicbirds in the future. DA - 2023/8/7/ PY - 2023/8/7/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.15713 VL - 11 SP - SN - 2167-8359 KW - Phaethon aethereus KW - Biochemistry KW - Galapagos KW - Hematology KW - Red-billed tropicbirds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mild to moderate increases in activity are associated with increased seizure incidence in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy receiving anti-epileptic drugs AU - Cameron, S. AU - Grady, K. M. AU - Kent, S. P. AU - Sousa, M. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Objective Epilepsy is a chronic disorder, and approximately 25% to 30% of dogs with epilepsy are refractory to anti‐epileptic drugs. As increased activity has been shown to reduce seizure frequency in people with epilepsy, the goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between deviation from baseline activity and seizure incidence in dogs with epilepsy. Materials and Methods Activity and seizure data were obtained using a canine activity monitoring device and owner observed seizure logs in 53 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy receiving anti‐epileptic drugs. Each dog's activity was individually measured, and 14‐day baseline averages were calculated. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate how an observed increase in activity, ranging from 0% to 50%, above baseline activity, affects the incidence of a seizure in the following 24 hours. Results A total of 8540 activity days and 365 seizure days were used in the final analysis with an average of 11 seizures per dog (range 0 to 30 seizures). Seizure incidence was significantly more likely when activity was 10%, 20%, or 30% above baseline activity in the 24 hours before the day of a documented seizure [95% confidence interval (1.02 to 1.60), P=0.033; 95% confidence interval (1.08 to 1.80), P=0.010; 95% confidence interval (1.13 to 2.07), P=0.005, respectively]. However, when activity levels were 40% and 50% above baseline, the effect diminished (95% confidence interval (0.74 to 1.70), P=0.532; or 95% confidence interval (0.56 to 1.66), P=0.988, respectively). Clinical Significance Differently than in humans, this study demonstrated that a mild to moderate increase in activity resulted in a higher seizure incidence within 24 hours in dogs with epilepsy. DA - 2023/8/12/ PY - 2023/8/12/ DO - 10.1111/jsap.13655 SP - SN - 1748-5827 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of storage up to 1 year on the in vitro antimicrobial activity of preformulated antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate beads AU - Hartman, Emily Allyson AU - Hernandez, Daniela Pena AU - Hendrix, Gena Kenitra AU - Risselada, Marije AU - Weng, Hsin-Yi AU - Papich, Mark G. AU - Kim, Sun Young T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Abstract Objective To compare antimicrobial activity as demonstrated by the zone of inhibition (ZOI) produced by antibiotic‐impregnated calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ) beads after storage for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Study design Controlled laboratory study. Sample population Three‐millimeter diameter CaSO 4 beads impregnated with vancomycin (125 mg/mL), or amikacin (250 mg/mL), or without antibiotic (control). Methods Calcium sulfate beads were created at the onset of the study. Individual beads were separated in sterile containers and stored in a closed cabinet at room temperature and humidity for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months until testing. The ZOI against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recorded with serial replating on a fresh lawn of bacteria every 24 h until beads failed to produce a ZOI. The ZOIs and their changes were compared with mixed‐effects linear models. Eluted concentrations of vancomycin measured with high‐performance liquid chromatography were reported. Results At 24 h, ZOIs were comparable regardless of time since formulation, except vancomycin against P. aeruginosa, which failed to generate a ZOI. The daily changes of ZOI and duration of activity of antibiotics did not vary between storage length ( p > .05). There was no consistent change in eluted drug concentration between storage length of beads. Conclusion Light protected storage at room temperature for up to 12 months did not impair the in vitro activity of antibiotic‐impregnated CaSO 4 beads, as demonstrated through ZOIs. Clinical significance When stored correctly, antibiotic‐impregnated CaSO 4 beads can be used at least up to 12 months after formulation. DA - 2023/8/13/ PY - 2023/8/13/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.14014 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of antibiotic use for dogs and cats in United States veterinary teaching hospitals, August 2020 AU - Beaudoin, Amanda L. AU - Bollig, Emma R. AU - Burgess, Brandy A. AU - Cohn, Leah A. AU - Cole, Stephen D. AU - Dear, Jonathan D. AU - Fellman, Claire L. AU - Frey, Erin AU - Goggs, Robert AU - Johnston, Andrea AU - Kreuder, Amanda J. AU - KuKanich, Kate S. AU - LeCuyer, Tessa E. AU - Menard, Julie AU - Reagan, Krystle L. AU - Sykes, Jane E. AU - Veir, Julia K. AU - Viviano, Katrina AU - Wayne, Annie AU - Granick, Jennifer L. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Awareness of prescribing practices helps identify opportunities to improve antibiotic use (AU).To estimate AU prevalence in dogs and cats in U.S. veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) and identify antibiotic drugs commonly prescribed, indications for use, and evidence of bacterial infection.Medical record data were collected from dogs and cats examined at 14 VTHs.Data were collected from VTH medical records of dogs and cats examined by primary care, urgent care, emergency and critical care, internal medicine, and surgery services on a single day during August 13-September 3, 2020. Data included signalment; clinical service; inpatient or outpatient status; clinical conditions; diagnostic tests; evidence of bacterial infection; intended reason for AU; name and route of antibiotics prescribed.Of 883 dogs and cats, 322 (36.5%) were prescribed at least 1 antibiotic. Among 285 antibiotics administered systemically intended for treatment of infection, 10.9% were prescribed without evidence of infection. The most common class of antibiotics presribed for systemic administration was potentiated penicillin for dogs (115/346, 33.3%) and cats (27/80, 33.8%). For dogs and cats, first-generation cephalosporins (93/346, 26.9% and 11/80, 13.8%, respectively) and fluoroquinolones (51/346, 14.7% and 19/80, 23.8%, respectively) was second or third most-prescribed. Common AU indications included skin, respiratory, and urinary conditions, and perioperative use.Collaborative data collection provides a sustainable methodology to generate national AU prevalence estimates and bring attention to areas requiring additional research and detailed data collection. These efforts can also identify practice improvement opportunities in settings where future veterinarians are trained. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.1111/jvim.16814 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1864-1875 J2 - Veterinary Internal Medicne LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16814 DB - Crossref KW - antibiotic indication KW - antibiotic measurement KW - antibiotic prophylaxis KW - antibiotic resistance KW - antibiotic stewardship KW - cats KW - dogs ER - TY - JOUR TI - A postnatal network of co-hepato/pancreatic stem/progenitors in the biliary trees of pigs and humans AU - Zhang, Wencheng AU - Wang, Xicheng AU - Lanzoni, Giacomo AU - Wauthier, Eliane AU - Simpson, Sean AU - Ezzell, Jennifer Ashley AU - Allen, Amanda AU - Suitt, Carolyn AU - Krolik, Jonah AU - Jhirad, Alexander AU - Dominguez-Bendala, Juan AU - Cardinale, Vincenzo AU - Alvaro, Domenico AU - Overi, Diletta AU - Gaudio, Eugenio AU - Sethupathy, Praveen AU - Carpino, Guido AU - Adin, Christopher AU - Piedrahita, Jorge A. AU - Mathews, Kyle AU - He, Zhiying AU - Reid, Lola McAdams T2 - NPJ REGENERATIVE MEDICINE AB - Abstract A network of co-hepato/pancreatic stem/progenitors exists in pigs and humans in Brunner’s Glands in the submucosa of the duodenum, in peribiliary glands (PBGs) of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary trees, and in pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) of intrapancreatic biliary trees, collectively supporting hepatic and pancreatic regeneration postnatally. The network is found in humans postnatally throughout life and, so far, has been demonstrated in pigs postnatally at least through to young adulthood. These stem/progenitors in vivo in pigs are in highest numbers in Brunner’s Glands and in PDGs nearest the duodenum, and in humans are in Brunner’s Glands and in PBGs in the hepato/pancreatic common duct, a duct missing postnatally in pigs. Elsewhere in PDGs in pigs and in all PDGs in humans are only committed unipotent or bipotent progenitors. Stem/progenitors have genetic signatures in liver/pancreas-related RNA-seq data based on correlation, hierarchical clustering, differential gene expression and principal component analyses (PCA). Gene expression includes representative traits of pluripotency genes (SOX2, OCT4), endodermal transcription factors (e.g. SOX9, SOX17, PDX1), other stem cell traits (e.g. NCAM, CD44, sodium iodide symporter or NIS), and proliferation biomarkers (Ki67). Hepato/pancreatic multipotentiality was demonstrated by the stem/progenitors’ responses under distinct ex vivo conditions or in vivo when patch grafted as organoids onto the liver versus the pancreas. Therefore, pigs are logical hosts for translational/preclinical studies for cell therapies with these stem/progenitors for hepatic and pancreatic dysfunctions. DA - 2023/8/1/ PY - 2023/8/1/ DO - 10.1038/s41536-023-00303-5 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2057-3995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is chimerism associated with cancer across the tree of life? AU - Kapsetaki, Stefania AU - Fortunato, Angelo M. AU - Compton, Zachary AU - Rupp, Shawn AU - Nour, Zaid AU - Riggs-Davis, Skyelyn G. AU - Stephenson, Dylan M. AU - Duke, Elizabeth M. AU - Boddy, Amy C. AU - Harrison, Tara AU - Maley, Carlo AU - Aktipis, Athena T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Chimerism is a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life. It is defined as a multicellular organism composed of cells from other genetically distinct entities. This ability to ‘tolerate’ non-self cells may be linked to susceptibility to diseases like cancer. Here we test whether chimerism is associated with cancers across obligately multicellular organisms in the tree of life. We classified 12 obligately multicellular taxa from lowest to highest chimerism levels based on the existing literature on the presence of chimerism in these species. We then tested for associations of chimerism with tumour invasiveness, neoplasia (benign or malignant) prevalence and malignancy prevalence in 11 terrestrial mammalian species. We found that taxa with higher levels of chimerism have higher tumour invasiveness, though there was no association between malignancy or neoplasia and chimerism among mammals. This suggests that there may be an important biological relationship between chimerism and susceptibility to tissue invasion by cancerous cells. Studying chimerism might help us identify mechanisms underlying invasive cancers and also could provide insights into the detection and management of emerging transmissible cancers. DA - 2023/6/29/ PY - 2023/6/29/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0287901 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exclusion of Horizontal and Vertical Transmission as Major Sources of Trypanosoma cruzi Infections in a Breeding Colony of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) AU - Kiehl, Whitney M. AU - Hodo, Carolyn L. AU - Hamer, Gabriel L. AU - Hamer, Sarah A. AU - Wilkerson, Gregory K. T2 - COMPARATIVE MEDICINE AB - The vector-borne protozoal parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease in humans and animals. This parasite is endemic to the southern United States where outdoor-housed NHP at biomedical facilities are at risk of infection. In addi- tion to the direct morbidity caused by T. cruzi, infected animals are of limited biomedical research use because infections can produce confounding pathophysiologic changes even in animals with no clinical disease. In part due to concerns for direct T. cruzi transmission between animals, infected NHP at some institutions have been culled, removed, or otherwise isolated from uninfected animal populations. However, data that document horizontal or vertical transmission in captive NHP in the United States are not available. To evaluate the potential for inter-animal transmission and to identify environmental factors that affect the distribution of new infections in NHPs, we conducted a retrospective epidemiologic study of a rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) breeding colony in south Texas. We used archived biologic samples and husbandry records to identify the time and location of macaque seroconversion. These data were used to perform a spatial analysis of how geographic location and animal associations affected the spread of disease and to infer the importance of horizontal or vertical routes of transmission. The majority of T. cruzi infections were spatially clustered, suggesting that environmental factors promoted vector exposure in various areas of the facility. Although we cannot not rule out horizontal transmission, our data suggest that horizontal transmission was not a critical route for spread for the disease. Vertical transmission was not a contributing factor in this colony. In conclusion, our findings suggest that local triatome vectors were the major source of T. cruzi infections in captive macaques in our colony. Therefore, limiting contact with vectors, rather than segregation of infected macaques, is a key strategy for disease prevention at institutions that house macaques outdoors in the southern United States. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.30802/AALAS-CM-23-000005 VL - 73 IS - 3 SP - 229-241 SN - 1532-0820 KW - Abbreviations KW - DTU KW - discrete typing unit KW - TAM KW - T KW - cruzi -associated monkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomechanical evaluation of three adjunctive methods of orthopedic tension band-wire fixation to augment simulated patella tendon repairs in dogs AU - McKay, Rachel M. AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Beamon, Weston AU - Moore, George E. T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - To evaluate the effects of three adjunctive methods of tension band wire fixation (TBWF) on the biomechanical properties, gap formation, and failure mode in simulated canine patella tendon rupture (RPT).Randomized, ex vivo.Paired hindlimbs from 32 dog cadavers.Patellar tendons (PTs) and associated bone-muscle-tendon units were harvested. Each PT was transected then sutured using a core locking loop and simple continuous epitendinous pattern. Each hindlimb was randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 18 hindlimbs/group) using 18 gauge 316 L wire, anchored to the tibial crest distally, to perform transpatellar, suprapatellar, or combined tension band-wire (TBW) augmentation. Ten hindlimbs were utilized as control specimens. Yield, peak, and failure loads, stiffness, loads to 1 and 3 mm gap formation, and failure mode were evaluated.Combined transpatellar and suprapatellar TBW augmentation was superior to transpatellar or suprapatellar groups alone. Yield (p = .0008), peak (p = .004), and failure loads (p = .005) were greater for the combined group than for the transpatellar (p = .048) and suprapatellar groups (p = .01) respectively. There was no difference regarding the occurrence of 1 or 3 mm gap formation (1 mm, p = .05; 3 mm, p = .06); however, loads required to cause gap formation were greater in the combined group (p = .036). Mode of failure differed between techniques used for PT augmentation (p < .001).Combined transpatellar and suprapatellar adjunctive TBW augmentation for simulated PT repairs was biomechanically superior to either transpatellar or suprapatellar TBWF alone.Combined suprapatellar and transpatellar TBWF may offer a viable surgical option for increased repair-site strength and greater loads to gap formation. Further studies investigating alternative techniques and materials for RPT repair augmentation are warranted. DA - 2023/8/3/ PY - 2023/8/3/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.14000 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sex-specific differences and predictors of echocardiographic measures of diastolic dysfunction in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) AU - Rivas, Victor N. AU - Ueda, Yu AU - Stern, Joshua A. T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Diastolic dysfunction in humans is an age‐related process with an overrepresentation in women. In rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ), the incidence and predictors of diastolic dysfunction have yet to be reported. Methods Data from routine echocardiographic evaluations on clinically healthy rhesus macaques was obtained and used for univariate, bivariate, hypothesis testing, and linear regression statistical analyses interrogating differences and predictors of diastolic function. Results Rhesus macaques fully recapitulate previously reported human hemodynamic studies. Female monkeys display impaired diastology and are at an increased risk for developing diastolic dysfunction. Age, sex, and proxies of exercise activity are confirmed predictors for measures of diastolic dysfunction, regardless of specific pathogen‐free status. Conclusions Rhesus macaques share common sex‐ and age‐related echocardiographic findings as humans, therefore, serve as a valuable translational nonhuman primate model for future studies of diastolic dysfunction. These findings confirm the importance of sex‐ and age‐matching within future rhesus macaque cardiovascular research. DA - 2023/7/17/ PY - 2023/7/17/ DO - 10.1111/jmp.12662 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1600-0684 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.12662 KW - diastology KW - E/A KW - hemodynamics KW - HFpEF KW - IVRT KW - monkey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Draft genome sequences of 12 Escherichia coli co-isolated with Enterococcus spp. from dogs with polybacterial bacteriuria at a veterinary hospital AU - Walker, Grayson K. AU - Harden, Lyndy AU - Suyemoto, M. Mitsu AU - Thakur, Siddhartha AU - Jacob, Megan AU - Borst, Luke B. T2 - MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS AB - ABSTRACT Escherichia coli are frequently co-isolated with Enterococcus spp. from urine cultures of dogs with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) are augmented by Enterococcus in polymicrobial UTIs. We report the draft genome sequences of 12 UPEC co-isolated with Enterococcus spp. from canine urinary tract infections. DA - 2023/8/8/ PY - 2023/8/8/ DO - 10.1128/MRA.00262-23 SP - SN - 2576-098X KW - E KW - coli KW - UPEC KW - canine urinary tract infection KW - polymicrobial infections ER - TY - JOUR TI - Melon and rostral muscle morphology of Gervais' beaked whale (Mesoplodon europaeus): Alternating patterns of bilateral asymmetry AU - Denk, Michael AU - McLellan, William AU - Pabst, D. Ann AU - Rommel, Sentiel AU - Keenan, Tiffany AU - Sharp, Sarah AU - Niemeyer, Misty AU - Hunter, Nicole AU - Block, Gary AU - Nelson, Nathan AU - Harms, Craig AU - Thornton, Steven AU - Costidis, Alexander AU - Moore, Michael T2 - ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AB - Toothed whales utilize specialized nasal structures such as the lipid-rich melon to produce sound and propagate it into the aquatic environment. Very little nasal morphology of mesoplodont beaked whales has been described in the literature, and the anatomy of the melon and associated musculature of Gervais' beaked whale (Mesoplodon europaeus) remains undescribed. Heads of three (n = 3) Gervais' beaked whales were examined in detail via dissection as well as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two additional Gervais' beaked whale individuals (n = 2) were studied via archived CT and MRI scans. Representative transverse dissection sections of the melon were processed for polarized light imaging to verify the presence of tendons inserting into the melon tissue. Three-dimensional (3D) CT reconstructions of the melon, rostral muscles, and associated structures were performed to assess morphology and spatial relationships. In all individuals, the melon's main body demonstrated a bilaterally asymmetrical, curvilinear geometry. This curvilinear shape was defined by a pattern of alternating asymmetry in the medial rostral muscles that projected into the melon's tissue. In transverse polarized light imaging, a network of tendons originating from these asymmetrical rostral muscle projections was observed permeating the melon's lipid tissue. This curvilinear melon morphology and associated asymmetrical musculature suggest a means of lengthening the lipid pathway within a relatively short dimensional footprint. In addition, the species-specific arrangement of muscular projections suggests complex fine-tuning of the melon's geometry during echolocation. Further studies may lend additional insight into the function of this unusual melon morphology. DA - 2023/8/7/ PY - 2023/8/7/ DO - 10.1002/ar.25301 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1932-8494 KW - bioacoustics KW - echolocation KW - functional anatomy KW - nasal morphology KW - Odontoceti KW - Ziphiidae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pain sensitivity differs between dog breeds but not in the way veterinarians believe AU - Caddiell, Rachel M. P. AU - Cunningham, Rachael M. M. AU - White, Philip A. A. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Gruen, Margaret E. E. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH AB - Veterinarians hold distinct breed-specific pain sensitivity beliefs that differ from the general public but are highly consistent with one another. This is remarkable as there is no current scientific evidence for biological differences in pain sensitivity across dog breeds. Therefore, the present study evaluated whether pain sensitivity thresholds differ across a set of dog breeds and, if so, whether veterinarians' pain sensitivity ratings explain these differences or whether these ratings are attributed to behavioral characteristics.Pain sensitivity thresholds [using quantitative sensory testing (QST) methods] and canine behaviors (using owner questionnaires and emotional reactivity tests) were prospectively measured across selected dog breeds. Adult, healthy dogs from 10 dog breeds/breed types were recruited, representing breeds subjectively rated by veterinarians as high (chihuahua, German shepherd, Maltese, Siberian husky), average (border collie, Boston terrier, Jack Russell terrier), or low (golden retriever, pitbull, Labrador retriever) pain sensitivity. A final sample of 149 dogs was included in statistical analyses.Veterinarians' pain sensitivity ratings provided a minimal explanation for pain sensitivity thresholds measured using QST in dogs; however, dog breeds did differ in their pain sensitivity thresholds across the QST methods evaluated. Breed differences were observed for some aspects of emotional reactivity tests; however, these behavioral differences did not explain the differences in pain sensitivity thresholds found. Veterinarians' pain sensitivity ratings were positively associated with dog approach scores for the disgruntled stranger test suggesting that the way dogs greet strangers may be a factor influencing veterinarians' ratings of pain sensitivity across dog breeds.Overall, these findings highlight a need to investigate biological mechanisms that may explain breed differences in pain sensitivity because this may inform pain management recommendations. Further, future research should focus on when and how these breed-specific pain sensitivity beliefs developed in veterinarians, as veterinarians' beliefs could impact the recognition and treatment of pain for canine patients. DA - 2023/6/26/ PY - 2023/6/26/ DO - 10.3389/fpain.2023.1165340 VL - 4 SP - SN - 2673-561X KW - healthcare provider beliefs KW - attitudes KW - stereotypes KW - perceptions of patient pain KW - canine behavior KW - quantitative sensory testing KW - animal welfare KW - affective states ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histologic characterization of the major duodenal papilla and association with concurrent biliary, pancreatic, and intestinal pathology in cats AU - Schreeg, Megan E. AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Robertson, James AU - Gookin, Jody L. T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - Conjoining of the major pancreatic duct and common bile duct at the major duodenal papilla (MDP) is suspected to predispose cats to the clinical syndrome of "triaditis." However, microanatomy of the MDP or presence of lesions at the MDP has not been assessed in cats with or without triaditis. The aims of this study were to characterize feline MDP histomorphology and to identify associations between MDP anatomy/disease and the presence of biliary, pancreatic, or intestinal inflammation or neoplasia. Histologic assessment was prospectively performed on the MDP, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver, and pancreas from 124 client-owned cats undergoing postmortem examination. The majority of cats (104/124, 84%) had a complex ductular network at the MDP, with no distinction between pancreatic and common bile ducts. Lymphoid aggregates at the MDP were common (63/124, 51%). Inflammation of the MDP (MDPitis) was present in 35 of 124 cats (28%) and was often concurrent with cholangitis, pancreatitis, or enteritis (32/35, 91%), but was only associated with enteritis (19/35, 54%, P < .05). Triaditis was less common (19/124, 15%), but was associated with both conjoined MDP anatomy (19/19, 100%, P < .05) and MDPitis (12/19, 63%, P < .05). Neoplasia was present in 37 of 124 cats (29%), with lymphoma (28/37, 78%) predominating. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma type 2 (EATL2) was most common (n = 16/37, 43%) and was associated with triaditis and MDPitis (P < .05). These findings suggest that anatomy, immune activation, and/or inflammation of the MDP may play a role in the pathogenesis of triaditis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationships between triaditis, MDPitis, and EATL2. DA - 2023/8/10/ PY - 2023/8/10/ DO - 10.1177/03009858231189450 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1544-2217 KW - ampulla of Vater KW - cat KW - cholangitis KW - enteritis KW - lymphoma KW - major duodenal papillitis KW - pancreatitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - HYPERKALEMIA IN FOUR ANESTHETIZED RED WOLVES (CANIS RUFUS) AU - Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps AU - Gorges, Melinda A. AU - Gremling, Megan M. AU - Chinnadurai, Sathya K. AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Four clinically healthy red wolves (Canis rufus) developed hyperkalemia during routine anesthetic procedures. All cases were anesthetized using a combination of dexmedetomidine (10-24 mcg/kg), ketamine (2-3 mg/kg), and either midazolam (0.25-0.5 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.2-0.48 mg/kg). Additional anesthetics were given to effect. Total anesthetic time ranged from 60 to 420 min. Three out of four cases were treated using terbutaline (0.01 mg/kg SC), which successfully resolved the hyperkalemia. No bradyarrhythmias were seen in any cases where electrocardiography (ECG) was monitored (3/4). All cases recovered from anesthesia, with one prolonged recovery. All animals are clinically healthy at the time of writing. Factors including anesthetic duration, the use of α-2 agonists, hyperthermia, and genetics are discussed as possible triggers for hyperkalemia. Serial blood gases, with electrolyte measurements, are recommended during anesthesia of red wolves, particularly when anesthetic time may be prolonged or the patient suffers from hyperthermia. Terbutaline appears to be a successful treatment should hyperkalemia arise. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1638/2022-0100 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 387-393 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals AU - Ross, Cody T. AU - Hooper, Paul L. AU - Smith, Jennifer E. AU - Jaeggi, Adrian V. AU - Smith, Eric Alden AU - Gavrilets, Sergey AU - Zohora, Fatema tuz AU - Ziker, John AU - Xygalatas, Dimitris AU - Wroblewski, Emily E. AU - Wood, Brian AU - Winterhalder, Bruce AU - Willfuehr, Kai P. AU - Willard, Aiyana K. AU - Walker, Kara AU - Rueden, Christopher AU - Voland, Eckart AU - Valeggia, Claudia AU - Vaitla, Bapu AU - Urlacher, Samuel AU - Towner, Mary AU - Sum, Chun-Yi AU - Sugiyama, Lawrence S. AU - Strier, Karen B. AU - Starkweather, Kathrine AU - Major-Smith, Daniel AU - Shenk, Mary AU - Sear, Rebecca AU - Seabright, Edmond AU - Schacht, Ryan AU - Scelza, Brooke AU - Scaggs, Shane AU - Salerno, Jonathan AU - Revilla-Minaya, Caissa AU - Redhead, Daniel AU - Pusey, Anne AU - Purzycki, Benjamin Grant AU - Power, Eleanor A. AU - Pisor, Anne AU - Pettay, Jenni AU - Perry, Susan AU - Page, Abigail E. AU - Pacheco-Cobos, Luis AU - Oths, Kathryn AU - Oh, Seung-Yun AU - Nolin, David AU - Nettle, Daniel AU - Moya, Cristina AU - Migliano, Andrea Bamberg AU - Mertens, Karl J. AU - McNamara, Rita A. AU - McElreath, Richard AU - Mattison, Siobhan AU - Massengill, Eric AU - Marlowe, Frank AU - Madimenos, Felicia AU - Macfarlan, Shane AU - Lummaa, Virpi AU - Lizarralde, Roberto AU - Liu, Ruizhe AU - Liebert, Melissa A. AU - Lew-Levy, Sheina AU - Leslie, Paul AU - Lanning, Joseph AU - Kramer, Karen AU - Koster, Jeremy AU - Kaplan, Hillard S. AU - Jamsranjav, Bayarsaikhan AU - Hurtado, A. Magdalena AU - Hill, Kim AU - Hewlett, Barry AU - Helle, Samuli AU - Headland, Thomas AU - Headland, Janet AU - Gurven, Michael AU - Grimalda, Gianluca AU - Greaves, Russell AU - Golden, Christopher D. AU - Godoy, Irene AU - Gibson, Mhairi AU - El Mouden, Claire AU - Dyble, Mark AU - Draper, Patricia AU - Downey, Sean AU - DeMarco, Angelina L. AU - Davis, Helen Elizabeth AU - Crabtree, Stefani AU - Cortez, Carmen AU - Colleran, Heidi AU - Cohen, Emma AU - Cohen, Emma AU - Clark, Gregory AU - Clark, Julia AU - Caudell, Mark A. AU - Carminito, Chelsea E. AU - Bunce, John AU - Boyette, Adam AU - Bowles, Samuel AU - Blumenfield, Tami AU - Beheim, Bret AU - Beckerman, Stephen AU - Atkinson, Quentin AU - Apicella, Coren AU - Alam, Nurul AU - Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms. DA - 2023/5/30/ PY - 2023/5/30/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.2220124120 VL - 120 IS - 22 SP - SN - 1091-6490 KW - reproductive skew KW - inequality KW - egalitarian syndrome KW - mating systems KW - monogamy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Update on the role of cytokines and chemokines in canine atopic dermatitis AU - Tamamoto-Mochizuki, Chie AU - Santoro, Domenico N. AU - Saridomikelakis, Manolis AU - Eisenschenk, Melissa N. C. AU - Hensel, Patrick AU - Pucheu-Haston, Cherie AU - ICADA, Int Comm Allergic Dis Anim T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Cytokines and chemokines play central roles in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Numerous studies have been published and provide new insights into their roles in cAD. Objectives To summarise the research updates on the role of cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of cAD since the last review by the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals in 2015. Material and Methods Online citation databases, abstracts and proceedings from international meetings on cytokines and chemokines relevant to cAD that had been published between 2015 and 2022 were reviewed. Results Advances in technologies have allowed the simultaneous analysis of a broader range of cytokines and chemokines, which revealed an upregulation of a multipolar immunological axis (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Th22) in cAD. Most studies focused on specific cytokines, which were proposed as potential novel biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for cAD, such as interleukin‐31. Most other cytokines and chemokines had inconsistent results, perhaps as a consequence of their varied involvement in the pathogenesis of different endotypes of cAD. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Inconsistent results for many cytokines and chemokines illustrate the difficulty of studying the complex cytokine and chemokine networks in cAD, and highlight the need for more comprehensive and structured studies in the future. DA - 2023/7/23/ PY - 2023/7/23/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13192 SP - SN - 1365-3164 KW - allergy KW - cytokines KW - dog KW - hypersensitivity KW - skin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of a manually operated salad spinner centrifuge for serum separation in the healthy domestic horse (Equus caballus) and southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) AU - Cassady, Katherine R. AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Gruber, Erika J. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - Field veterinarians and researchers studying wild species, such as the southern white rhinoceros, often work in remote areas with limited access to standard laboratory equipment, hindering the ability to measure serum analytes.The first objective was to produce an inexpensive, manually operated centrifuge that could accept standard laboratory tubes by modifying a consumer-grade salad spinner with low-cost materials. The second objective was to compare biochemistry analysis results obtained from equine and southern white rhinoceros serum separated by traditional laboratory and manual salad spinner centrifugation.We optimized the design and serum separation protocol using non-anticoagulated equine blood. Equine and rhinoceros serum samples were separated by manual salad spinner or traditional laboratory centrifugation. Measured analytes included sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorous, total calcium, magnesium, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, bicarbonate, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and triglycerides. Results obtained from serum separated by each centrifugation technique were compared by Deming regression and Bland-Altman analyses.A tube adaptor insert modeled after a swing angle rotor and a two-step salad spinner centrifugation yielded serum comparable to traditional laboratory centrifugation. For the majority of analytes, no proportional or constant biases were detected between centrifugation methods. A positive proportional bias in the measurement of ALP in serum separated by manual centrifugation was detected in both equine and rhinoceros samples.Manual centrifugation with a modified salad spinner yields diagnostic quality serum suitable for the measurement of most standard biochemistry analytes. DA - 2023/7/26/ PY - 2023/7/26/ DO - 10.1111/vcp.13290 SP - SN - 1939-165X KW - blood KW - clinical chemistry KW - field medicine KW - frugal science ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Current Husbandry and Veterinary Care Practices of the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Using an Online Survey AU - Kirby, Ashley J. AU - Balko, Julie A. AU - Goertz, Caroline E. C. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - VETERINARY SCIENCES AB - Giant Pacific octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) (GPOs) are commonly housed in zoos or aquaria, and sedation, anesthesia, and/or euthanasia may be indicated for a variety of reasons. Despite this need, evidence-based data on best practices is limited and focuses on smaller or more tropical species. The objectives of this study were to survey the aquatic community regarding the husbandry and veterinary care of GPOs, with a specific focus on anesthetic and euthanasia protocols. A two-part web-based survey was distributed to four aquatic and/or veterinary email listservs. Individuals from fifty-two institutions participated in phase one. Results documented that 40 (78 percent) participating institutions currently house GPOs, with most housing one and nine institutions housing two to three GPOs. The median (range) habitat volume is 5405 (1893-16,465) L, and 78 percent of systems are closed. Of the institutions surveyed, 23 have anesthetized or sedated a GPO for nonterminal procedures, including wound care, biopsies, and hemolymph collection. Reported methods of sedation or anesthesia include magnesium chloride, ethanol, isoflurane, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), magnesium sulfate, benzocaine, and dexmedetomidine. Drugs or methods used for euthanasia include magnesium chloride, ethanol, mechanical decerebration, pentobarbital, isoflurane, MS-222, magnesium sulfate, benzocaine, potassium chloride, dexmedetomidine, and freezing. Reported observed side effects include ineffectiveness or inadequate sedation, inking, prolonged drug effects, and behavior changes. Survey data have the potential to guide the husbandry and veterinary care of GPOs and build the framework for future prospective studies on GPO sedation and anesthesia. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.3390/vetsci10070448 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - SN - 2306-7381 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/7/448 KW - octopus KW - anesthesia KW - sedation KW - veterinary ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is your diagnosis? Ulcerative shell lesions from a diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) AU - Hastain, Sydney A. A. AU - Buchy, Jessica M. M. AU - Dombrowski, Daniel S. S. AU - Womble, Mandy A. A. AU - Armwood, Abigail R. R. AU - Gruber, Erika J. J. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - An adult female intact diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences presented for an episode of scute sloughing and cystic ulcerative pitting lesions on the carapace and plastron. The patient was wild-caught as a hatchling or juvenile by another institution in 2004 and obtained by the museum in 2007. Since acquisition, this turtle has had a chronic history of pitting shell lesions, keratin scute flaking, and excessive keratin scute buildup. This turtle had two notable episodes with deep shell lesions and scute sloughing, the first of which completely resolved with topical antibiotics. During the second episode, the multifocal deep ulcerative lesions cultured positive for multiple aerobic bacteria that were initially susceptible to topical and injectable antibiotics. Healing was prolonged due to the development of antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic therapy was altered according to sensitivity results. Complete gross resolution occurred after 4 months of treatment. On presentation, multiple ulcerated and hemorrhagic lesions were present on the carapace after acute sloughing of the scutes, most notably between the right first and second costal scutes. The deep ulcers were associated with tan to yellow dry caseous granuloma-like exudative lesions that penetrated into the bone. Swabs from these lesions were submitted for cytology (Figure 1). The patient was otherwise active and eating well. Fungal hyphae with mild heterophilic inflammation The sample is of low cellularity consisting mostly of keratinized squamous epithelial cells. Focal areas of the slides contain low numbers of poorly preserved heterophils (not pictured). Numerous variably staining fungal hyphae are associated with many of the keratin aggregates. The hyphae are found individually and in mats. Hyphae are approximately 2–4 μm in diameter and septate, with thin nonstaining walls that are mostly parallel but occasionally nonparallel. They display internal complexity, often containing variably sized clear, distinct vacuoles. Rare acute and right-angled lateral branching is observed. Gross examination of the dermal fragments and multiple fragments of surrounding tissue reveals multifocal to coalescing pale tan plaques, nodules, and pitting lesions (Figure 2). On histopathologic examination, the superficial dermis is expanded by epithelial inclusion cysts. Cyst structures are lined by well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium with central keratinization and the accumulation of lamellated layers of keratin debris (Figure 3A). Embedded within the central layers of keratin are numerous fungal hyphae highlighted by Grocott's methenamine silver stain (Figure 3B). Hyphae are approximately 4 μm in diameter with nonparallel cell walls and display acute and right-angle branching and septation. The dermal fragments display marked orthokeratotic to parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, with conglomerates of keratin debris, degenerative leukocytes, and eosinophilic fluid also containing the fungal hyphae (not pictured). A pooled swab prepared from the oral cavity, cloaca, and shell submitted to the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine Zoological Pathology Program Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory tested positive for Emydomyces testavorans by quantitative PCR. Ulcerative shell disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in captive and free-ranging populations of turtles,1, 2 and clinical signs include shell erosions, lethargy, and emaciation.3 Reported causes of ulcerative shell disease include trauma, malnutrition (eg, calcium and vitamin D3 deficiencies), and various bacterial and fungal etiologies, though the cause is often unknown.1, 4 In captive individuals, poor husbandry practices such as inappropriate temperature, humidity, lighting, and/or nutrition are considered predisposing factors.4 Infectious causes are most often identified as gram-negative commensals within the Enterobacteriae order, including Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter spp.4 Bacterial ulcerative shell disease has the potential to progress to septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD), in which bacterial dermatitis and osteomyelitis may be identified.1 Fungal causes of ulcerative shell disease are rarely reported, and the majority of published reports are from nonaquatic turtle species.2 Emydomyces testavorans is a keratinophilic fungal organism in the Onygenales order.5 Onygenalean fungi have been identified as primary pathogens for ulcerative dermatitis in captive and free-ranging reptilian species, including crocodilians, lizards, and snakes.1 E. testavorans has only been recently described and has been isolated from ulcerative shell lesions in aquatic turtles, causing keratin discoloration, flaking and textural change, erosion, ulceration, and osteonecrosis.2, 5 The most consistent and striking histopathologic lesion with E. testavorans infection is the presence of epithelial inclusion cysts, identified in more than 90% of cases.2 Epithelial inclusion cysts are cystic spaces lined by stratified squamous epithelium with central keratinization. E. testavorans hyphae are typically embedded in keratin debris.5 Although the underlying mechanism of epithelial inclusion cyst formation with E. testavorans infection is unclear, it is presumed that the excessive keratinization occurs secondary to the fungal infection rather than fungal infection with tropism for previously established epithelial inclusion cysts. Since epithelial inclusion cysts in other species are not often associated with fungal infections, it is possible that immunosuppression is contributing to the pathogenesis in aquatic turtles. Definitive diagnosis of E. testavorans typically requires PCR with or without DNA sequencing. Although culture can be performed, it may be complicated by sample contamination with other common environmental bacterial and fungal organisms and by the requirement for reptile keratin-enriched media. Preferred samples are lesion swabs and biopsy material that should be refrigerated for culture and frozen for molecular diagnostics.5 In summary, this case described the cytologic features of the onygenalean fungus E. testavorans, a newly described cause of ulcerative shell lesions in aquatic turtles. The frequent association of fungal hyphae with keratin and concurrent inflammation is consistent with histologic findings of epithelial inclusion cysts associated with E. testavorans.2 The heterophilic inflammation, in this case, could be in response to the fungus, keratin, and/or concurrent bacterial infection. Although bacteria were not identified cytologically, bacterial culture was not performed to exclude this possibility. A thorough examination of keratin aggregates for fungal hyphae elements is warranted in samples from ulcerative shell lesions in aquatic turtles. The authors have no affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in, or in financial compensation with, the subject matter or materials discussed in this article. DA - 2023/7/27/ PY - 2023/7/27/ DO - 10.1111/vcp.13291 SP - SN - 1939-165X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utility of serum amyloid A in monitoring clinical response to antimicrobial treatment in horses with bacterial pneumonia AU - Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. AU - Estell, Krista AU - Cowles, Bobby AU - Amodie, Deborah AU - Crisman, Mark T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein in horses which could be a useful tool for assessing clinical response to treatment of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. Objectives To monitor SAA concentration in response to treatment and identify associations among SAA concentration, WBC and neutrophil counts, and fibrinogen in bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. Animals Eighteen adult horses with bacterial pneumonia. Methods Prospective clinical study. Horses hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia were enrolled and SAA concentration and vital signs were assessed daily. SAA concentration was measured by a handheld meter. CBC and plasma fibrinogen were assessed on days 0, 1, and 2, then every 3 days until discharge. Data were not normally distributed and therefore were log transformed. Log‐transformed data were analyzed and comparisons were performed on LSMeans by the 2‐sided Student's t ‐test at the 5% level of significance. Results Geometric mean SAA concentration on day 0 was 537 μg/mL (SE 383 μg/mL). Geometric mean SAA concentration decreased significantly over time ( P = .0001), peaking at day 2 (geomean 1038 μg/mL, SE 261.7 μg/mL) and decreasing until discharge. Plasma concentration of fibrinogen ( P = .06), neutrophil count ( P = .48), and WBC count ( P = .07) did not change significantly over time. Conclusions and Clinical Importance SAA concentration decreased significantly over the course of treatment and correlated with clinical improvement of pneumonia whereas fibrinogen, neutrophil, and WBC counts did not. DA - 2023/7/31/ PY - 2023/7/31/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16818 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - acute phase KW - antimicrobials KW - equine KW - microbiology KW - pleuropneumonia KW - respiratory ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders and thyroid hormone supplementation in adult horses and foals AU - Bertin, Francois-Rene AU - Frank, Nicholas AU - Breuhaus, Babetta A. AU - Schott, Harold C. AU - Kritchevsky, Janice E. T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Equine thyroid disorders pose a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice because of the effects of nonthyroidal factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the horse's ability to tolerate wide fluctuations in thyroid hormone concentrations and survive without a thyroid gland. While benign thyroid tumours are common in older horses, other disorders like primary hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in adult horses and congenital hypothyroidism in foals are rare. There is a common misunderstanding regarding hypothyroidism in adult horses, especially when associated with the clinical profile of obesity, lethargy, and poor performance observed in dogs and humans. Low blood thyroid hormone concentrations are often detected in horses as a secondary response to metabolic and disease states, including with the nonthyroidal illness syndrome; however, it is important to note that low thyroid hormone concentrations in these cases do not necessarily indicate hypothyroidism. Assessing equine thyroid function involves measuring thyroid hormone concentrations, including total and free fractions of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); however, interpreting these results can be challenging due to the pulsatile secretion of thyroid hormones and the many factors that can affect their concentrations. Dynamic testing, such as the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, can help assess the thyroid gland response to stimulation. Although true hypothyroidism is extremely rare, thyroid hormone supplementation is commonly used in equine practice to help manage obesity and poor performance. This review focuses on thyroid gland pathophysiology in adult horses and foals, interpretation of blood thyroid hormone concentrations, and evaluation of horses with thyroid disorders. It also discusses the use of T4 supplementation in equine practice. DA - 2023/8/3/ PY - 2023/8/3/ DO - 10.1111/evj.13981 VL - 8 SP - SN - 2042-3306 KW - endocrinology KW - hyperthyroidism KW - hypothyroidism KW - levothyroxine KW - thyroxine KW - triiodothyronine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dirofilaria immitis Identified in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki): A Wildlife Health and Conservation Concern AU - Gregory, Taylor M. AU - Livingston, Isabella AU - Hawkins, Eleanor C. AU - Loyola, Andrea AU - Cave, Ashley AU - Vaden, Shelly L. AU - Deresienski, Diane AU - Breen, Matthew AU - Riofrio-Lazo, Marjorie AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Paez-Rosas, Diego T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), an endemic and endangered pinniped, faces an increasing threat due to infectious diseases related to domestic animals. Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite responsible for canine heartworm disease, is one such threat, as canine infections on the archipelago have been documented. We used a canine heartworm antigen test kit to analyze the blood from 25 juvenile Galapagos sea lions for D. immitis. Two (8%) sea lions tested positive for D. immitis antigen. Using morphologic and genetic assessments, we evaluated 20 filarial-like worms collected from within the heart of an adult male Galapagos sea lion during a previous routine postmortem examination. The intracardiac worms were morphologically consistent with adult D. immitis, and sequence analysis of targeted PCR amplicons confirmed their identity. This is the first report of D. immitis infection in Galapagos sea lions, which could become a major health problem for these pinnipeds. Further studies are necessary to confirm the level of threat from this parasite; however, widespread adoption of routine heartworm testing, prevention, and treatment in the canine population, and the control of mosquitos, could potentially reduce the disease impact on this endangered pinniped species. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.7589/JWD-D-22-00119 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 487-494 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Dirofilaria immitis KW - Galapagos Islands KW - heartworm KW - Zalophus wollebaeki ER - TY - JOUR TI - Refrigerated multi-dose insulin vials remain sterile through 6 months of use AU - Berg, A. S. AU - Jacob, M. E. AU - Mamo, L. B. AU - Pluta, D. H. AU - Lunn, K. F. T2 - JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Objectives To evaluate sterility in refrigerated multi‐dose insulin vials through 6 months of routine aspiration. Materials and Methods Twelve vials of insulin, six of insulin glargine U100 (Lantus®, 10 mL multi‐dose vial, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ) containing the preservative metacresol, and six of protamine zinc insulin U40 (ProZinc®, 10 mL multi‐dose vial, Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA) containing the preservative phenol, were refrigerated and aspirated twice daily for 6 months, using a new insulin syringe each time. Three vials of each insulin type were wiped with a single‐use alcohol swab before sampling. Three times weekly, aspirated samples were inoculated in Tryptic Soy Broth enrichment media and incubated for evidence of microbial growth. Positive broth was cultured and speciated. Endpoints were microbial vial contamination (defined as three consecutive positive cultures of the same organism) and completion of the six‐month study period. Results Microbial contamination was not identified in any vial throughout the study period. A total of 454 aspirated samples were cultured, one of which exhibited non‐repeatable growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis . This vial was prematurely lost to breakage after 59 culture samples (29 after the positive growth). Clinical Significance Refrigerated phenol‐ and metacresol‐containing multi‐dose insulin products carry minimal risk for iatrogenic infection through 6 months of use, regardless of alcohol swab preparation. DA - 2023/8/9/ PY - 2023/8/9/ DO - 10.1111/jsap.13664 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1748-5827 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13664 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The landscape of tolerated genetic variation in humans and primates AU - Gao, Hong AU - Hamp, Tobias AU - Ede, Jeffrey AU - Schraiber, Joshua G. AU - McRae, Jeremy AU - Singer-Berk, Moriel AU - Yang, Yanshen AU - Dietrich, Anastasia S. D. AU - Fiziev, Petko P. AU - Kuderna, Lukas F. K. AU - Sundaram, Laksshman AU - Wu, Yibing AU - Adhikari, Aashish AU - Field, Yair AU - Chen, Chen AU - Batzoglou, Serafim AU - Aguet, Francois AU - Lemire, Gabrielle AU - Reimers, Rebecca AU - Balick, Daniel AU - Janiak, Mareike C. AU - Kuhlwilm, Martin AU - Orkin, Joseph D. AU - Manu, Shivakumara AU - Valenzuela, Alejandro AU - Bergman, Juraj AU - Rousselle, Marjolaine AU - Silva, Felipe Ennes AU - Agueda, Lidia AU - Blanc, Julie AU - Gut, Marta AU - Vries, Dorien AU - Goodhead, Ian AU - Harris, R. Alan AU - Raveendran, Muthuswamy AU - Jensen, Axel AU - Chuma, Idriss S. AU - Horvath, Julie E. AU - Hvilsom, Christina AU - Juan, David AU - Frandsen, Peter AU - Melo, Fabiano R. AU - Bertuol, Fabricio AU - Byrne, Hazel AU - Sampaio, Iracilda AU - Farias, Izeni AU - Amaral, Joao Valsecchi AU - Messias, Mariluce AU - Silva, Maria N. F. AU - Trivedi, Mihir AU - Rossi, Rogerio AU - Hrbek, Tomas AU - Andriaholinirina, Nicole AU - Rabarivola, Clement J. AU - Zaramody, Alphonse AU - Jolly, Clifford J. AU - Phillips-Conroy, Jane AU - Wilkerson, Gregory AU - Abee, Christian AU - Simmons, Joe H. AU - Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo AU - Kanthaswamy, Sree AU - Shiferaw, Fekadu AU - Wu, Dongdong AU - Zhou, Long AU - Shao, Yong AU - Zhang, Guojie AU - Keyyu, Julius D. AU - Knauf, Sascha AU - Le, Minh D. AU - Lizano, Esther AU - Merker, Stefan AU - Navarro, Arcadi AU - Bataillon, Thomas AU - Nadler, Tilo AU - Khor, Chiea Chuen AU - Lee, Jessica AU - Tan, Patrick AU - Lim, Weng Khong AU - Kitchener, Andrew C. AU - Zinner, Dietmar AU - Gut, Ivo AU - Melin, Amanda AU - Guschanski, Katerina AU - Schierup, Mikkel Heide AU - Beck, Robin M. D. AU - Umapathy, Govindhaswamy AU - Roos, Christian AU - Boubli, Jean P. AU - Lek, Monkol AU - Sunyaev, Shamil AU - O'Donnell-Luria, Anne AU - Rehm, Heidi L. AU - Xu, Jinbo AU - Rogers, Jeffrey AU - Marques-Bonet, Tomas AU - Farh, Kyle Kai-How T2 - SCIENCE AB - Personalized genome sequencing has revealed millions of genetic differences between individuals, but our understanding of their clinical relevance remains largely incomplete. To systematically decipher the effects of human genetic variants, we obtained whole-genome sequencing data for 809 individuals from 233 primate species and identified 4.3 million common protein-altering variants with orthologs in humans. We show that these variants can be inferred to have nondeleterious effects in humans based on their presence at high allele frequencies in other primate populations. We use this resource to classify 6% of all possible human protein-altering variants as likely benign and impute the pathogenicity of the remaining 94% of variants with deep learning, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy for diagnosing pathogenic variants in patients with genetic diseases. DA - 2023/6/2/ PY - 2023/6/2/ DO - 10.1126/science.abn8197 VL - 380 IS - 6648 SP - 929-+ SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A narrative review of the physiology and health effects of burnout associated with veterinarian-pertinent occupational stressors AU - Steffey, Michele A. AU - Griffon, Dominique J. AU - Risselada, Marije AU - Buote, Nicole J. AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Zamprogno, Helia AU - Winter, Alexandra L. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Chronic workplace stress and burnout are serious problems in veterinary medicine. Although not classified as a medical condition, burnout can affect sleep patterns and contributes to chronic low grade systemic inflammation, autonomic imbalance, hormonal imbalances and immunodeficiencies, thereby increasing the risks of physical and psychological ill health in affected individuals. Cultural misconceptions in the profession often lead to perceptions of burnout as a personal failure, ideas that healthcare professionals are somehow at lower risk for suffering, and beliefs that affected individuals can or should somehow heal themselves. However, these concepts are antiquated, harmful and incorrect, preventing the design of appropriate solutions for this serious and growing challenge to the veterinary profession. Veterinarians must first correctly identify the nature of the problem and understand its causes and impacts before rational solutions can be implemented. In this first part of two companion reviews, burnout will be defined, pathophysiology discussed, and healthcare and veterinary-relevant occupational stressors that lead to burnout identified. DA - 2023/7/3/ PY - 2023/7/3/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1184525 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - veterinary KW - burnout KW - occupational stress KW - wellbeing KW - practice management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veterinarian burnout demographics and organizational impacts: a narrative review AU - Steffey, Michele A. AU - Griffon, Dominique J. AU - Risselada, Marije AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Buote, Nicole J. AU - Zamprogno, Helia AU - Winter, Alexandra L. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Burnout is a work-related syndrome of physical and emotional exhaustion secondary to prolonged, unresolvable occupational stress. Individuals of different demographic cohorts may have disparate experiences of workplace stressors and burnout impacts. Healthcare organizations are adversely affected by burnt out workers through decreased productivity, low morale, suboptimal teamwork, and potential impacts on the quality of patient care. In this second of two companion reviews, the demographics of veterinary burnout and the impacts of burnout on affected individuals and work environments are summarized, before discussing mitigation concepts and their extrapolation for targeted strategies within the veterinary workplace and profession. DA - 2023/7/4/ PY - 2023/7/4/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1184526 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - veterinary KW - burnout KW - occupational stress KW - wellbeing KW - practice management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Galapagos birds: Inference of risk factors associated with diet AU - Mosquera, Juan AU - Valle, Carlos A. AU - Nieto-Claudin, Ainoa AU - Fessl, Birgit AU - Lewbart, Gregory AU - Deresienski, Diane AU - Bouazzi, Leila AU - Zapata, Sonia AU - Villena, Isabelle AU - Poulle, Marie-Lazarine T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular parasite of particular concern in the conservation of wildlife due to its ability to infect all homeotherms and potentially cause acute fatal disease in naive species. In the Galapagos (Ecuador), an archipelago composed of more than a hundred islets and islands, the presence of T . gondii can be attributed to human-introduced domestic cats, but little is known about its transmission in wildlife populations. We compared the prevalence of antibodies against T . gondii in sympatric Galapagos wild bird species that differ in diet and contact with oocyst-contaminated soil to determine the relative importance of trophic habits as an exposure factor. Plasma samples were obtained from 163 land birds inhabiting Santa Cruz, one of the cat-inhabited islands, and from 187 seabirds breeding in cat-free surrounding islands (Daphne Major, North Seymour, and South Plaza). These samples were tested for the presence of T . gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT ≥ 1:10). All seven species of land birds and 4/6 species of seabirds presented seropositive results. All great frigatebirds ( Fregata minor ) (N = 25) and swallow-tailed gulls ( Creagrus furcatus ) (N = 23) were seronegative. Prevalence ranged from 13% in Nazca boobies ( Sula granti ) to 100% in Galapagos mockingbirds ( Mimus parvulus ). It decreased from occasional carnivores (63.43%) to granivores-insectivores (26.22%), and strict piscivores (14.62%). These results indicate that the consumption of tissue cysts poses the highest risk of exposure to T . gondii for Galapagos birds, followed by the ingestion of plants and insects contaminated by oocysts as important transmission pathways. DA - 2023/7/5/ PY - 2023/7/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0287403 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vet the journal before you submit: turnaround times of journals publishing in zoological medicine and related fields AU - Runde, Brendan AU - Harms, Craig T2 - PEERJ COMPUTER SCIENCE AB - Many factors influence selection of a target journal for publishing scientific papers, including “fit” within the journal’s scope, acceptance rate, readership, open access options, submission and publication costs, journal quality, and timeliness of publication. Timeliness of publication can be a critical factor affecting career development, but many journals are not transparent about turnaround times. Here we evaluated 49 journals publishing papers in zoological medicine and related fields between 2017 and 2022, and aggregated and examined distributions of turnaround time of journals that publicly provided the requisite data, in order to aid authors in selecting target journals that best meet their needs. Of 49 journals evaluated, 39 provided necessary dates for reconstructing turnaround times. Of these, median times to acceptance ranged from 37 to 338 days, and median times to publication ranged from 41 to 403.5 days. The percentage of papers published in greater than 1 year (“slow”) ranged from 0 to 57.1%, while the percentage of papers published in under 6 months (“timely”) ranged from 0.8 to 99.8%. Acceptance rates and times to first decision were available for only 22% and 20%, respectively, of journals evaluated. Results may prove useful for authors deciding where to submit their works, depending on how they prioritize the many factors involved. DA - 2023/7/11/ PY - 2023/7/11/ DO - 10.7717/peerj.15656 VL - 11 SP - SN - 2376-5992 KW - Journal selection factors KW - Time of first decision KW - Time to acceptance KW - Time to publication KW - Transparency in review times KW - Turnaround time ER - TY - JOUR TI - An artificial intelligence-assisted physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to predict nanoparticle delivery to tumors in mice AU - Chou, Wei-Chun AU - Chen, Qiran AU - Yuan, Long AU - Cheng, Yi-Hsien AU - He, Chunla AU - Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A. AU - Riviere, Jim E. AU - Lin, Zhoumeng T2 - JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE AB - The critical barrier for clinical translation of cancer nanomedicine stems from the inefficient delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) to target solid tumors. Rapid growth of computational power, new machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches provide new tools to address this challenge. In this study, we established an AI-assisted physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model by integrating an AI-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with a PBPK model to simulate tumor-targeted delivery efficiency (DE) and biodistribution of various NPs. The AI-based QSAR model was developed using machine learning and deep neural network algorithms that were trained with datasets from a published “Nano-Tumor Database” to predict critical input parameters of the PBPK model. The PBPK model with optimized NP cellular uptake kinetic parameters was used to predict the maximum delivery efficiency (DEmax) and DE at 24 (DE24) and 168 h (DE168) of different NPs in the tumor after intravenous injection and achieved a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.83 [root mean squared error (RMSE) = 3.01] for DE24, R2 = 0.56 (RMSE = 2.27) for DE168, and R2 = 0.82 (RMSE = 3.51) for DEmax. The AI-PBPK model predictions correlated well with available experimentally-measured pharmacokinetic profiles of different NPs in tumors after intravenous injection (R2 ≥ 0.70 for 133 out of 288 datasets). This AI-based PBPK model provides an efficient screening tool to rapidly predict delivery efficiency of a NP based on its physicochemical properties without relying on an animal training dataset. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.040 VL - 361 SP - 53-63 SN - 1873-4995 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.040 KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Machine learning KW - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic KW - modeling KW - Nanomedicine KW - Drug delivery KW - Nanotechnology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serial ultrasonographic measurements of fetal parameters over three successive pregnancies in a captive Eastern black‐and‐white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) AU - Rooney, Tess AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Wolfman, Darcy AU - Dibble, Kelsey AU - Thompson, Kimberly A. T2 - Zoo Biology AB - This study provides ultrasonographic fetal growth charts for the Eastern black-and-white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza). Throughout three consecutive gestations (-162 to -2 days to parturition) in a single dam, we opportunistically obtained ultrasonographic measurements for the following parameters: biparietal diameter, head circumference, humerus length, femur length, tibia length, radius length, thoracic width, kidney length, and crown-rump length. Biparietal diameter was the most consistently measured parameter. First detection of fetuses occurred between 96 and 162 days before parturition. This report demonstrates that voluntary transabdominal ultrasound can be well-tolerated in the colobus monkey using operant conditioning. These findings may be useful to assess fetal development and predict parturition dates in the absence of a known conception date in this species. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1002/zoo.21795 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21795 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrospective evaluation of the etiology and clinical characteristics of peripheral edema in dogs AU - Whelchel, Bradley D. AU - Palerme, Jean-Sebastien AU - Tou, Sandy P. AU - Ward, Jessica L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background The prevalence and clinical characteristics of different etiologies of peripheral edema in dogs are unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the prevalence of different etiologies of peripheral edema, describe clinical characteristics that vary among etiologies, and report survival times. Animals Five hundred twenty‐seven dogs with peripheral edema. Methods Retrospective medical record review. Differences in clinical variables among etiology groups were assessed by Kruskal‐Wallis testing with post hoc pairwise Dunn's testing and Chi‐square testing with Monte Carlo simulation. Results The most common etiologies of peripheral edema in dogs were vasculitis (n = 193, 37%), lymphatic/venous obstruction (LVO; 114, 22%), and hypoalbuminemia (94, 18%). Right‐sided congestive heart failure (R‐CHF) was uncommon (25, 5%). Edema was localized in 377 (72%) dogs and generalized in 142 (27%) dogs, and hypoalbuminemia was more likely to cause generalized edema compared to LVO or vasculitis ( P < .0001). Concurrent abdominal effusion (155, 29%) was more common than pleural (77, 15%) or pericardial (12, 2%) effusion. Abdominal and pleural effusion occurred more commonly in dogs with hypoalbuminemia or R‐CHF compared to LVO or vasculitis ( P < .0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Distribution of edema, concurrent cavitary effusions, and clinicopathological data can help predict the underlying etiology of peripheral edema in dogs. DA - 2023/7/15/ PY - 2023/7/15/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16815 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - congestive heart failure KW - effusion KW - hypoalbuminemia KW - pitting KW - thrombosis KW - vasculitis ER - TY - JOUR TI - 45: Comparison of the Effects of Normothermic Machine Perfusion and Cold Storage Preservation on Porcine Intestinal Allograft Regenerative Potential and Viability AU - Ludwig, Elsa AU - Abraham, Nader AU - McKinney, Caroline AU - Freund, John AU - Stewart, Amy AU - Garman, Katherine AU - Barbas, Andrew AU - Sudan, Debra AU - Gonzalez, Liara T2 - Transplantation AB - Historically, intestinal transplantation (IT) has been reserved as the last treatment option for patients with irreversible intestinal failure who are unable to tolerate total parenteral nutrition. Successful IT is reliant upon graft health at the time of donation, minimizing graft injury that may occur during procurement, storage, and IT, and the ability of the graft to heal following insult. Unfortunately, the intestine is easily damaged by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). IRI induces intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and damages the mucosal barrier, which can result in bacterial translocation and activation of the local and systemic immune and inflammatory response, ultimately contributing to graft failure, rejection, and decreased recipient survival. The current, preferred method of intestinal preservation prior to IT is static cold storage (CS), however the prolonged hypothermic ischemia of CS causes cell injury and intensifies the IRI that occurs during transplantation. Furthermore, IRI to the epithelial crypt region diminishes the intestine’s ability to heal by inducing loss of the highly proliferative intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that are responsible for maintenance, regeneration, and repair of the epithelium, critical to graft health. Thus, the investigation of alternative organ preservation techniques that reduce IRI, cellular damage, and graft injury are warranted to overall improve IT success. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is a preservation method that reduces inflammation and promotes graft regeneration in other organs by preventing CS-associated IRI. However, NMP has not been described for intestine. We hypothesized that, compared to CS, intestinal NMP will induce less epithelial injury and better protect ISC regenerative potential and viability. 15 porcine intestines were flushed with UW solution, stored at 4°C (CS), or perfused with 34°C perfusate (NMP) for 6hr, and transplanted (n=9). Recipient pigs were recovered from anesthesia. Jejunal and ileal segments were collected immediately after flushing, serving as control tissue (CO), after 6hr of CS or NMP, and after 1hr of reperfusion post-IT. Histologic injury was assessed. Crypts isolated after flushing (CO), 6hr CS or NMP, and 1hr of reperfusion post-IT were cultured. Spheroid number, size, and EdU staining quantified ISC viability and proliferation. Expression of ISC and cellular proliferation genes and proteins were measured. Histologically, NMP tissue had mild epithelial erosion and increased columnar cell attenuation and expression of ISC and proliferation genes/proteins was observed. NMP spheroid areas and proliferating cell numbers were significantly larger than control and CS. Apoptotic cells were increased following CS. Post-graft reperfusion, CS had increased injury compared to uninjured control and NMP tissue. Compared to CS, NMP may improve graft regenerative potential, resulting in transplantation of healthier bowel and superior recipient survival. DA - 2023/6/27/ PY - 2023/6/27/ DO - 10.1097/01.tp.0000945636.34372.db VL - 107 IS - 7S SP - 25-25 LA - en OP - SN - 0041-1337 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000945636.34372.db DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of lidocaine for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) AU - Mones, Alissa B. AU - Santangelo, Stephen M. AU - Gorges, Melinda A. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Gerard, Mathew P. AU - Harrison, Tara M. T2 - VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA AB - To evaluate latency and duration of a brachial plexus block technique in eastern box turtles performed with 2% lidocaine at three dose rates.Prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study.Adult eastern box turtles, two for drug dose evaluation and a group of six (three male, three female) weighing 432 ± 40 g (mean ± standard deviation) for the main study.Animals were randomly assigned to four brachial plexus blocks with lidocaine at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 or 0.9% saline (treatments LID5, LID10, LID20 and CON, respectively), separated by 1 week. Treatment side was randomized and blocks were performed unilaterally. Baseline observations of mentation, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), skin temperature and limb response to manipulation or toe pinch were evaluated. Assessments were made every 10 minutes until 1 hour of normal sensory and motor function to the treated thoracic limb, or for a total of 2 hours if no block was evident.Motor and sensory blockade was achieved in treatments LID10 and LID20 in one turtle, with a latency of 10 minutes and duration of 50 minutes for both doses. Raising of the ipsilateral lower palpebra occurred with both blocks. Turtles administered lidocaine experienced higher HR compared with CON, and HR decreased over time for all individuals. Mentation and fR were not changed with any lidocaine dose.The technique was unreliable in producing brachial plexus motor and sensory blockade at the lidocaine doses evaluated in this study. HR was higher in lidocaine-administered turtles but remained within normal limits for the species. No change in mentation or fR was observed among treatments.General anesthesia with systemic analgesia is recommended for surgical procedures involving the chelonian thoracic limb. Further studies are needed to optimize a brachial plexus block in this species. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.003 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 98-101 SN - 1467-2995 KW - brachial plexus block KW - eastern box turtle KW - lido-caine KW - local anesthesia ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of orally administered trazodone on ambulation and recumbency in healthy horses AU - Hobbs, Kallie AU - Luethy, Daniela AU - Davis, Jennifer AU - Mallicote, Martha AU - Torcivia, Catherine AU - Kulp, Jeaneen AU - Stefanovski, Darko AU - Futterman, Catherine AU - Cooper, Freya AU - Eps, Andrew T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Trazodone, a serotonin receptor antagonist and reuptake inhibitor, might be a useful adjunctive treatment in the initial management of horses with acute laminitis if it minimizes ambulation or encourages recumbency.(1) Evaluate the effects of PO trazodone on ambulatory activity and recumbency in healthy horses; and (2) assess the pharmacokinetics of multiple PO doses of trazodone.In a randomized cross-over design, 8 healthy horses received placebo or trazodone at 2 doses (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg) PO q12h for 48 hours with a 14-day washout period between treatments. Forelimb step frequency was measured using a hoof-mounted accelerometer and continuous video monitoring was used to detect recumbency. Groups were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Trazodone and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) plasma concentrations were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetics were analyzed using noncompartmental methods.Step frequency was lower in horses receiving 7.5 mg/kg trazodone than in the control group (mean step reduction: 44% ± 11%). Steps-area under the curve were significantly lower in the 7.5 mg/kg group (mean ± SD: 3375 ± 525 steps × hour) as compared to the 2.5 mg/kg group (mean ± SD: 5901 ± 2232; P = .02) and compared to control (mean ± SD: 6590 ± 1241; P = .001). No difference was found in the number of recumbent episodes (P = .92) or total duration of recumbency (P = .9). Trazodone and m-CPP achieved steady-state concentrations, with an accumulation ratio of 1.45 ± 0.2.Although it did not affect recumbency, trazodone at 7.5 mg/kg q12h decreased step frequency by approximately 44%. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.1111/jvim.16821 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16821 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winning the race with aging: age-related changes in gait speed and its association with cognitive performance in dogs AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Khan, Michael AU - Case, Beth AU - Fefer, Gilad AU - Panek, Wojciech K. AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - In humans, gait speed is a crucial component in geriatric evaluation since decreasing speed can be a harbinger of cognitive decline and dementia. Aging companion dogs can suffer from age-related mobility impairment, cognitive decline and dementia known as canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome. We hypothesized that there would be an association between gait speed and cognition in aging dogs.We measured gait speed on and off leash in 46 adult and 49 senior dogs. Cognitive performance in senior dogs was assessed by means of the Canine Dementia Scale and a battery of cognitive tests.We demonstrated that dogs' food-motivated gait speed off leash is correlated with fractional lifespan and cognitive performance in dogs, particularly in the domains of attention and working memory.Food-motivated gait speed off leash represents a relatively easy variable to measure in clinical settings. Moreover, it proves to be a more effective indicator of age-related deterioration and cognitive decline than gait speed on leash. DA - 2023/6/15/ PY - 2023/6/15/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1150590 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome KW - canine gerontology KW - mobility KW - walking speed KW - memory KW - attention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function using a vasopressin stimulation test in neonatal foals AU - Elder, Erin AU - Wong, David AU - Johnson, Katheryn AU - Robertson, Hannah AU - Marner, Meghan AU - Dembek, Katarzyna T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Bacterial sepsis is the leading cause of death in foals and is associated with hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis (HPAA) dysfunction. HPAA function can be evaluated by an arginine‐vasopressin (AVP) stimulation test. Hypotheses/Objectives Administration of AVP will stimulate a dose‐dependent rise in systemic adrenocorticotropin‐releasing hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in neonatal foals. There will be no response seen in corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and baseline AVP will be within reference interval. Animals Twelve neonatal foals, <72 hours old. Methods HPAA function was assessed in foals utilizing 3 doses of AVP (2.5, 5, and 7.5 IU), administered between 24 and 48 hours of age in this randomized cross‐over study. Cortisol, ACTH, CRH and AVP were measured at 0 (baseline), 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after AVP administration with immunoassays. The fold increase in cortisol and ACTH was calculated at 15 and 30 minutes compared to baseline. Results All doses of AVP resulted in a significant increase in cortisol concentration over time, and a dose‐dependent increase in ACTH concentration over time. ACTH and cortisol were significantly increased at 15 and 30 minutes, respectively after all 3 doses of AVP compared to baseline ( P < .01). There was no change in endogenous CRH after stimulation with AVP. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Administration of AVP is safe and results in a significant rise in ACTH and cortisol in neonatal foals. A stimulation test with AVP (5 IU) can be considered for HPAA assessment in septic foals. DA - 2023/7/11/ PY - 2023/7/11/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16808 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - adrenal insufficiency KW - equine KW - equine neonates KW - sepsis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viability and Desiccation Resistance of Bartonella henselae in Biological and Non-Biological Fluids: Evidence for Pathogen Environmental Stability AU - Bush, Janice C. C. AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. G. AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. B. T2 - PATHOGENS AB - Pathogen environmental stability is an often-neglected research priority for pathogens that are known to be vector-transmitted. Bartonella henselae, the etiologic agent of Cat Scratch Disease, has become a "pathogen of interest" in several serious human illnesses, which include neoplastic, cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and rheumatologic conditions. Survival in the flea gut and feces as well as the association with a biofilm in culture-negative endocarditis provides insight into this organism's ability to adjust to environmental extremes. The detection of B. henselae DNA in blood and tissues from marine mammals also raises questions about environmental stability and modes of pathogen transmission. We investigated the ability of B. henselae to survive in fluid matrices chosen to mimic potential environmental sources of infective materials. Feline whole blood, serum and urine, bovine milk, and physiologic saline inoculated with a laboratory strain of B. henselae San Antonio 2 were subsequently evaluated by culture and qPCR at specified time intervals. Bacterial viability was also assessed following desiccation and reconstitution of each inoculated fluid matrix. Bartonella henselae SA2 was cultured from feline urine up to 24 h after inoculation, and from blood, serum, cow's milk, and physiologic saline for up to 7 days after inoculation. Of potential medical importance, bacteria were cultured following air-desiccation of all fluid inoculates. The viability and stability of Bartonella within biological and non-biological fluids in the environment may represent a previously unrecognized source of infection for animals and human beings. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.3390/pathogens12070950 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - SN - 2076-0817 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070950 KW - Bartonella KW - vector-borne KW - zoonotic KW - intracellular KW - alphaproteobacteria KW - desiccation KW - environment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case report: Laryngospasm following ethanol ablation of a parathyroid nodule in a dog with primary hyperparathyroidism AU - Rank, Kaitlyn AU - Lynch, Alex M. AU - Green, Randolph AU - Reed-Jones, Leslie AU - Harrell, Karyn AU - Ueda, Yu T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - A 12-year-old female spayed dachshund was presented for emergency assessment of respiratory distress, characterized by inspiratory dyspnea with stridor. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation of a functional parathyroid tumor was performed 72-h earlier for management of primary hyperparathyroidism. The dog was hypocalcemic (ionized calcium 0.7 mmol/L, reference interval: 0.9-1.3 mmol/L) at the time of presentation and had evidence of laryngospasm on a sedated oral exam. The dog was managed conservatively with supplemental oxygen, anxiolysis, and parenteral calcium administration. These interventions were associated with rapid and sustained improvement in clinical signs. The dog did not demonstrate any recurrence of signs afterwards. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of laryngospasm following ethanol ablation of a parathyroid nodule in a dog that developed hypocalcemia. DA - 2023/6/15/ PY - 2023/6/15/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201663 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - iatrogenic KW - hyperparathyroidism KW - hypocalcemia KW - ethanol ablation KW - laryngospasm ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of frailty instruments in human medicine and proposal of a frailty instrument for dogs AU - Melvin, Rachel L. L. AU - Ruple, Audrey AU - Pearson, Elizabeth B. B. AU - Olby, Natasha J. J. AU - Fitzpatrick, Annette L. L. AU - Creevy, Kate E. E. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Over the last few decades, frailty has become a pillar of research and clinical assessment in human gerontology. This complex syndrome, characterized by loss of physiologic reserves leading to decreased resilience to stressors, is of critical importance because it predicts higher risks of poor health outcomes, including mortality. Thus, identifying frailty among the elderly human population has become a key focus of gerontology. This narrative review presents current scientific literature on frailty in both humans and animals. The authors discuss the need for an accessible frailty instrument for companion dogs suitable for general use in veterinary medicine and the advances that would be facilitated by this instrument. A phenotypic frailty instrument for companion dogs, utilizing components that are easily collected by owners, or in the general practice setting, is proposed. The authors elaborate on the domains (physical condition, physical activity, mobility, strength, cognitive task performance, and social behavior), factors that will be included, and the data from the Dog Aging Project that inform each domain. DA - 2023/6/27/ PY - 2023/6/27/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139308 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - aging KW - age-related disease KW - geriatric KW - phenotype KW - resilience ER - TY - JOUR TI - A myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) inhibitor peptide attenuates neutrophil outside-in & beta;(2)-integrin activation and signaling AU - Conley, Haleigh AU - Till, Rebecca L. AU - Berglund, Alix K. AU - Jones, Samuel L. AU - Sheats, M. Katie T2 - CELL ADHESION & MIGRATION AB - MARCKS is an actin and PIP2-binding protein that plays an essential role in neutrophil migration and adhesion; however, the molecular details regarding MARCKS function in these processes remains unclear. Neutrophil adhesion and migration also require the cell surface receptors β2-integrins. We hypothesized that MARCKS inhibition would alter neutrophil β2-integrin activation and signaling. We utilized a MARCKS-targeting peptide to inhibit MARCKS in inside-out and outside-in β2-integrin activation in neutrophils. MANS-mediated MARCKS inhibition had no significant effect on inside-out β2-integrin activation. MANS treatment significantly attenuated ICAM-1/Mn2+-stimulated static adhesion, cell spreading and β2-integrin clustering, suggesting a role for MARCKS function in outside-in β2-integrin activation. Additional work is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms of MARCKS role in outside-in β2-integrin activation and signaling. DA - 2023/12/31/ PY - 2023/12/31/ DO - 10.1080/19336918.2023.2233204 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 1-16 SN - 1933-6926 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/19336918.2023.2233204 KW - Beta2-integrin KW - ICAM-1 KW - MARCKS KW - neutrophils KW - outside-in KW - > ER - TY - JOUR TI - Minimal clinically-important differences for the 'Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs' (LOAD) and the 'Canine Orthopedic Index' (COI) client-reported outcomes measures AU - Innes, John F. AU - Morton, Mark A. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Client-reported outcomes measures (CROMs) have been previously validated for the evaluation of canine osteoarthritis. A published systematic review indicated that the 'Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs' (LOAD) and the 'Canine Orthopedic Index' (COI) can be recommended for use in dogs with osteoarthritis; these CROMs have also been used in the context of measuring surgical outcomes of dogs with orthopaedic conditions. However, the minimal clinically-important differences (MCIDs) for these CROMs have not been investigated. Such estimates would be useful for investigators and regulators so that these CROMs can be used in clinical trials. Data from the RCVS Knowledge Canine Cruciate Registry were extracted, and baseline and 6 week follow-up data on dogs that had received surgery for cranial cruciate ligament rupture were used to make estimates of MCIDs using distribution-based and anchor-based methods. Data from 125 dogs were categorised based on the anchor question and LOAD and COI scores analysed accordingly. The four anchor-based methods provided a range of MCIDs for each CROM (1 to 8.8 for LOAD and 3.5 to 17.6 for COI). In the two different distribution-based methods, the MCIDs for LOAD ranged from 1.5 (effect size) to 2.4 (standard error of measurement) and the effect size method yielded a result of 2.2 for COI. The results showed that the value of the MCIDs depended on the method that was applied. Receiver operator characteristic curves provided areas under the curve (AUCs) greater than 0.7, which indicated that the cut-off point was acceptable; LOAD had the greater AUC at 0.867. In summary, the authors currently recommend a MCID of '4' for LOAD and '14' for COI although further work in other clinical contexts (such as osteoarthritis associated with chronic pain) is required to add confidence to these estimates. For the first time, we have provided estimates for MCIDs for these two CROMs which will facilitate sample size estimates in future clinical studies that use these CROMs as outcomes measures. DA - 2023/2/2/ PY - 2023/2/2/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0280912 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic and genetic aspects of hereditary ataxia in dogs AU - Stee, Kimberley AU - Van Poucke, Mario AU - Lowrie, Mark AU - Van Ham, Luc AU - Peelman, Luc AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Bhatti, Sofie F. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Hereditary ataxias are a large group of neurodegenerative diseases that have cerebellar or spinocerebellar dysfunction as core feature, occurring as an isolated sign or as part of a syndrome. Based on neuropathology, this group of diseases has so far been classified into cerebellar cortical degenerations, spinocerebellar degenerations, cerebellar ataxias without substantial neurodegeneration, canine multiple system degeneration, and episodic ataxia. Several new hereditary ataxia syndromes are described, but most of these diseases have similar clinical signs and unspecific diagnostic findings, wherefore achieving a definitive diagnosis in these dogs is challenging. Eighteen new genetic variants associated with these diseases have been discovered in the last decade, allowing clinicians to reach a definitive diagnosis for most of these conditions, and allowing breeding schemes to adapt to prevent breeding of affected puppies. This review summarizes the current knowledge about hereditary ataxias in dogs, and proposes to add a “multifocal degenerations with predominant (spino)cerebellar component” category regrouping canine multiple system degeneration, new hereditary ataxia syndromes that do not fit in 1 of the previous categories, as well as specific neuroaxonal dystrophies and lysosomal storage diseases that cause major (spino)cerebellar dysfunction. DA - 2023/6/21/ PY - 2023/6/21/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16742 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16742 KW - (spino)cerebellar KW - canine KW - gene KW - genetic variant KW - multiple system degeneration KW - neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishment of a consensus protocol to explore the brain pathobiome in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease Research outline and call for collaboration AU - Lathe, Richard AU - Schultek, Nikki M. AU - Balin, Brian J. AU - Ehrlich, Garth D. AU - Auber, Lavinia Alberi AU - Perry, George AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Corry, David B. AU - Doty, Richard L. AU - Rissman, Robert A. AU - Nara, Peter L. AU - Itzhaki, Ruth AU - Eimer, William A. AU - Tanzi, Rudolph E. T2 - ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA AB - Microbial infections of the brain can lead to dementia, and for many decades microbial infections have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, a causal role for infection in AD remains contentious, and the lack of standardized detection methodologies has led to inconsistent detection/identification of microbes in AD brains. There is a need for a consensus methodology; the Alzheimer's Pathobiome Initiative aims to perform comparative molecular analyses of microbes in post mortem brains versus cerebrospinal fluid, blood, olfactory neuroepithelium, oral/nasopharyngeal tissue, bronchoalveolar, urinary, and gut/stool samples. Diverse extraction methodologies, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques, and bioinformatic tools will be evaluated, in addition to direct microbial culture and metabolomic techniques. The goal is to provide a roadmap for detecting infectious agents in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD. Positive findings would then prompt tailoring of antimicrobial treatments that might attenuate or remit mounting clinical deficits in a subset of patients. DA - 2023/6/7/ PY - 2023/6/7/ DO - 10.1002/alz.13076 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1552-5279 KW - Alzheimer's disease KW - antimicrobial KW - antiviral KW - bioinformatics KW - blood KW - cerebrospinal fluid KW - collaboration KW - dementia KW - diagnosis KW - methodology KW - microbiome KW - mild cognitive impairment KW - olfactory neuroepithelium KW - pathobiome KW - polymerase chain reaction KW - protocol KW - sequencing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surgical technique and complications associated with laparoscopic pleuroperitoneal diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in a dog AU - Devereux, Emma A. AU - Scharf, Valery F. T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract An 11‐year‐old, neutered, male French bulldog was referred for surgical repair of an incidentally diagnosed pleuroperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia. Thoracic computed tomography revealed a left centroventral diaphragmatic hernia with a large volume of left‐sided intrathoracic fat. A minimally invasive laparoscopic approach was elected. A portion of the intrathoracic fat was laparoscopically reduced. Adhesions and friability of the herniated fat prevented further reduction, and the remaining fat was transected using a vessel‐sealing device to enable herniorrhaphy via intracorporeal suturing. Immediate postoperative computed tomography performed under general anaesthesia confirmed an intact diaphragm with a large volume of persistent left‐sided intrathoracic fat. The patient was immediately returned to the operating room and a keyhole left lateral thoracotomy performed to remove the remaining herniated fat. The patient recovered from surgery and anaesthesia uneventfully. There were no short‐ or long‐term postoperative complications of herniorrhaphy. DA - 2023/6/20/ PY - 2023/6/20/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.657 SP - SN - 2052-6121 KW - laparoscopic herniorrhaphy KW - minimally invasive surgery KW - pleuroperitoneal hernia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Histopathological characterisation of trunk-dominant canine pemphigus foliaceus, and comparison with classic facial and insecticide-triggered forms AU - Gedon, Natalie Katharina Yvonne AU - Bizikova, Petra AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Mendoza-Kuznetsova, Ekaterina AU - Oberkirchner, Ursula AU - Robertson, James Benjamin AU - Linder, Keith Emerson T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Background While the clinical features were described recently, the histopathological characterisation of trunk‐dominant canine pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is lacking, and whether it differs from classic facial or insecticide‐triggered PF is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives This study describes the histopathological findings of trunk‐dominant PF, and compares the results to classic facial and insecticide‐triggered PF. Animals Skin biopsies from 103 dogs with clinically characterised trunk‐dominant (n = 33), classic facial (n = 26) and insecticide‐triggered PF (n = 44) were included. Materials and Methods Histological sections, randomised and blinded, were scored for over 50 morphological parameters of pustules, epidermis, dermis, adnexa and crusts. Intact pustule area and width were measured by digital microscopy. Results In trunk‐dominant PF, 77 intact pustules were predominantly subcorneal (0.0019–1.940 mm 2 area, 0.0470–4.2532 mm wide), and contained from one to over 100 acantholytic keratinocytes. Pustules had boat acantholytic cells, corneocytes, perinuclear eosinophilic rings, neutrophil rosettes, acantholytic cell necrosis, rafts, cling‐ons and/or eosinophils. Peripustular epidermal spongiosis, necrosis and lymphocyte exocytosis occurred, as did follicular pustules. Mixed dermal inflammation often contained eosinophils. Trunk‐dominant PF did not differ from the other PF groups except for few parameters, such as having fewer rafts ( p = 0.003). Additional autoimmune inflammatory patterns occurred in all PF groups. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Trunk‐dominant PF and other canine PF variants are histologically similar, which indicates shared pathomechanisms. The identification of common boat acantholytic cells and corneocyte separation has implications for the mechanisms of acantholysis. The diversity of histopathological and polyautoimmunity features support complicated immune mechanisms. Finally, results indicate that diagnostic biopsies cannot differentiate between these PF variants in dogs. DA - 2023/6/14/ PY - 2023/6/14/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13174 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1365-3164 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13174 KW - acantholysis KW - autoimmune diseases KW - dog diseases KW - pathological findings KW - pemphigus KW - skin diseases ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performances of novel custom 3D-printed cutting guide in canine caudal maxillectomy: a cadaveric study AU - Chambers, A. AU - Traverson, M. AU - Neal, S. AU - Konala, S. AU - Harrysson, O. T2 - Frontiers in Veterinary Science AB - Caudal maxillectomies are challenging procedures for most veterinary surgeons. Custom guides may allow the procedure to become more accessible.A cadaveric study was performed to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of stereolithography guided (3D-printed) caudal maxillectomy. Mean absolute linear deviation from planned to performed cuts and mean procedure duration were compared pairwise between three study groups, with 10 canine cadaver head sides per group: 3D-printed guided caudal maxillectomy performed by an experienced surgeon (ESG) and a novice surgery resident (NSG), and freehand procedure performed by an experienced surgeon (ESF).Accuracy was systematically higher for ESG versus ESF, and statistically significant for 4 of 5 osteotomies (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in accuracy between ESG and NSG. The highest absolute mean linear deviation for ESG was <2 mm and >5 mm for ESF. Procedure duration was statistically significantly longer for ESG than ESF (p < 0.001), and for NSG than ESG (p < 0.001).Surgical accuracy of canine caudal maxillectomy was improved with the use of our novel custom cutting guide, despite a longer duration procedure. Improved accuracy obtained with the use of the custom cutting guide could prove beneficial in achieving complete oncologic margins. The time increase might be acceptable if hemorrhage can be adequately controlled in vivo. Further development in custom guides may improve the overall efficacy of the procedure. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1127025 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - 3D-printing KW - maxillectomy KW - surgical guide KW - accuracy KW - oncologic margins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis in dogs: a multicenter retrospective study AU - McGrath, C. AU - Dixon, A. AU - Hirst, C. AU - Bode, E.F. AU - DeFrancesco, T. AU - Fries, R. AU - Gordon, S. AU - Hogan, D. AU - Pereira, Y. Martinez AU - Mederska, E. AU - Ostenkamp, S. AU - Sykes, K.T. AU - Vitt, J. AU - Wesselowski, S. AU - Payne, J.R. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Cardiology AB - Pacemaker implantation is the treatment of choice for clinically relevant bradyarrhythmias. Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis (PLAT) occurs in 23.0–45.0% of people with permanent transvenous pacemakers. Serious thromboembolic complications are reported in 0.6–3.5%. The incidence of PLAT in dogs is unknown. multicenter retrospective study of seven centers with 606 client-owned dogs undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation between 2012 and 2019. 260 dogs with a transvenous pacemaker with echocardiographic follow-up, 268 dogs with a transvenous pacemaker without echocardiographic follow-up and 78 dogs with an epicardial pacemaker. 10.4% (27/260) of dogs with transvenous pacemakers and echocardiographic follow-up had PLAT identified. The median time to diagnosis was 175 days (6–1853 days). Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis was an incidental finding in 15/27 (55.6%) dogs. Of dogs with a urine protein:creatinine ratio measured at pacemaker implantation, dogs with PLAT were more likely to have proteinuria at pacemaker implantation vs. dogs without PLAT (6/6 (100.0%) vs. 21/52 (40.4%), P=0.007). Urine protein:creatinine ratio was measured in 12/27 (44.4%) dogs at PLAT diagnosis, with proteinuria identified in 10/12 (83.3%) dogs. Anti-thrombotic drugs were used following the identification of PLAT in 22/27 (81.5%) dogs. The thrombus resolved in 9/15 (60.0%) dogs in which follow-up echocardiography was performed. Dogs with PLAT had shorter survival times from implantation compared to those without PLAT (677 days [9–1988 days] vs. 1105 days [1–2661 days], P=0.003). Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis is identified in 10.4% (27/260) of dogs following transvenous pacing, is associated with proteinuria, can cause significant morbidity, and is associated with reduced survival times. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.06.004 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2023.06.004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of a questionnaire used to measure self-perception of self-regulated learning in veterinary students AU - Sheats, M.K. AU - Petritz, O. AU - Robertson, J. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education DA - 2023/5// PY - 2023/5// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of three different closure techniques on leakage pressures and leakage location following partial cystectomies in normal dogs AU - Haas, Jason M. AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Kendall, Allison AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Moore, George E. T2 - VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE AB - Abstract Background Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common neoplasia affecting the canine urinary bladder. Partial cystectomy, when used adjuctively with medical management, has been shown to meaningfully extend medial survival time. Surgical stapling devices have a wide variety of uses and advantages over traditional closure methods and, to date, investigation into their use in canine partial cystectomies has not been documented. Objective To determine the influence of three closure techniques on ex vivo leakage pressures and leakage location following canine partial cystectomy. Methods Specimens were assigned to one of three closure techniques: simple continuous appositional closure with 3‐0 suture, closure with a 60 mm gastrointestinal stapler with a 3.5 mm cartridge, and placement of a Cushing suture to augment the stapled closure, with each group containing 12 specimens. Mean initial leakage pressure (ILP), maximum leakage pressure (MLP), and leakage location at the time that ILP was recorded were compared between groups. Results Oversewn stapled constructs leaked at significantly higher ILP (28.5 mmHg) than those in the sutured (17 mmHg) or stapled (22.8 mmHg) group, respectively. MLP was greater in the oversewn stapled construct group compared to other groups. Leakage was detected in 97% partial cystectomies, with leakage occurring from the needle holes in 100% of the sutured closure group, from the staple holes in 100% of the stapled only group, and from the incisional line in 83% and from bladder wall rupture in 8% of the augmented staple closure group. All closure methods withstood normal physiologic cystic pressures. Conclusions Placement of a Cushing suture to augment stapled closures improved the ability of partial cystectomies to sustain higher intravesicular pressures compared with sutured or stapled bladder closures alone. Further in vivo studies are required to determine the clinical significance of these findings and the role of stapling equipment for partial cystectomy, as well as the clinical significance of suture penetration through the urinary bladder mucosa during closure. DA - 2023/6/8/ PY - 2023/6/8/ DO - 10.1002/vms3.1137 SP - SN - 2053-1095 KW - canine KW - closure techniques KW - leakage pressures KW - partial cystectomies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of autoantibodies to desmoglein-2 in dogs with and without cardiac disease AU - Walker, Ashley L. AU - Li, Ronald H. L. AU - Nguyen, Nghi AU - Jauregui, Carina E. AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Gagnon, Allison L. AU - Stern, Joshua A. T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Autoantibodies to desmoglein-2 have been associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in people. ARVC is a common disease in the Boxer dog. The role of anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies in Boxers with ARVC and correlation with disease status or severity is unknown. This prospective study is the first to evaluate dogs of various breeds and cardiac disease state for anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies. The sera of 46 dogs (10 ARVC Boxers, 9 healthy Boxers, 10 Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy, 10 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, and 7 healthy non-Boxer dogs) were assessed for antibody presence and concentration via Western blotting and densitometry. Anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies were detected in all dogs. Autoantibody expression did not differ between study groups and there was no correlation with age or body weight. In dogs with cardiac disease, there was weak correlation with left ventricular dilation (r = 0.423, p = 0.020) but not left atrial size (r = 0.160, p = 0.407). In ARVC Boxers there was strong correlation with the complexity of ventricular arrhythmias (r = 0.841, p = 0.007) but not total number of ectopic beats (r = 0.383, p = 0.313). Anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies were not disease specific in the studied population of dogs. Correlation with some measures of disease severity requires further study with larger populations. DA - 2023/3/28/ PY - 2023/3/28/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-32081-x VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - J2 - Sci Rep LA - en OP - SN - 2045-2322 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32081-x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk Factors for Bartonella Seroreactivity Among Veterinary Workers in the Pacific Northwest AU - Thiel, Natalie AU - Baker, Marissa AU - Lipton, Beth AU - Fuller, Lee AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Rabinowitz, Peter T2 - VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES AB - Background: Exposure to zoonotic diseases is a significant occupational risk in veterinary medicine. In this study, we characterized personal protective equipment use, injury frequency, and Bartonella seroreactivity in Washington State veterinary workers. Methods: Using a risk matrix developed to reflect occupational risk factors for exposure to Bartonella and multiple logistic regression, we explored determinants of risk for Bartonella seroreactivity. Results: Depending on the titer cutoff used, Bartonella seroreactivity was between 24.0% and 55.2%. No significant predictors of seroreactivity were found, although the relationship between high-risk status and increased seroreactivity for some Bartonella species approached significance. Serology for other zoonotic and vector borne pathogens did not identify consistent cross reactivity with Bartonella antibodies. Conclusion: The predictive power of the model was likely limited by the small sample size and high level of exposure to risk factors for most participants. Given the high proportion of veterinarians seroreactive to one or more of the three Bartonella spp. known to infect dogs and cats in the United States, as well as seroreactivity to other zoonoses, and the unclear relationship between occupational risk factors, seroreactivity, and disease expression, more research is needed in this area. DA - 2023/6/15/ PY - 2023/6/15/ DO - 10.1089/vbz.2022.0060 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1557-7759 KW - Bartonella henselae KW - Bartonella vinsonii KW - Bartonella koehlerae KW - risk matrix KW - zoonotic disease epidemiology KW - veterinarian occupational health ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ex vivo analysis of ultraviolet radiation transmission through ocular media and retina in select species AU - Himebaugh, Nicole E. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Weninger, Keith AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Ekesten, Bjorn AU - Oh, Annie T2 - Experimental Eye Research AB - The aim of this study was to assess the transmission of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200–400 nm) through intact enucleated globes of different species (dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, horses, and humans) using spectrophotometry. Globes of cats (n = 6), dogs (n = 18), pigs (n = 10), rabbits (n = 6), horses (n = 10), and humans (n = 4) were analyzed. A 5–10 mm circular area of sclera and choroid from the posterior aspect of the globe was removed under a surgical microscope, leaving the retina intact in all species except the horse. Glass coverslips were added in horses and rabbits due to retinal and globe fragility. The %T of wavelengths from 200 to 800 nm were measured through the ocular media (cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor) and retina, and compared between species. The globes of cats and dogs allowed the most amount of UV radiation transmission, while those of pigs and humans allowed the least amount of UV radiation transmission. A small amount of UV radiation transmission through the ocular media was detected in the rabbit and horse. Results from this study will support further vision research that may be used to train companion, working, and service animals. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109550 VL - 233 SP - 109550 J2 - Experimental Eye Research LA - en OP - SN - 0014-4835 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2023.109550 DB - Crossref KW - Ultraviolet radiation KW - Ocular media KW - Canine KW - Feline KW - Human KW - Vision ER - TY - JOUR TI - MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF BINTURONGS (ARCTICTIS BINTURONG) IN UNITED STATES ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS (19862019) T2 - Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine AB - Veterinary literature on diseases in binturong (Arctictis binturong) is often limited to case series or reports without population-level information. Morbidity and mortality data were collected from North American institutions through survey completion or submission of medical records. Responses included information about 74 individuals (37 males, 30 females, and 7 unknown neonates) representing 22 institutions, from 1986 to 2019. Antemortem data were available from 39 individuals, and postmortem data were available from 53 individuals. Eighteen individuals had both antemortem and postmortem records available. Age (mean ± SD) at death for adults (n = 41) was 15.2 ± 4.3 yr. Morbidity events were summarized by affected organ system; 160 events were reported. The systems with the most frequently reported events were gastrointestinal (33%; 53/160), integumentary (19%; 31/160), urinary (12%; 20/160), and musculoskeletal (19 [12%] of 160). Excluding neonates, primary causes of mortality included neoplasia (51%; 21/41), infectious or inflammatory diseases (24%; 10/41), and cardiovascular disease (17%; 7/41). Neoplasms (51%; 21/41) confirmed on histopathology included renal adenocarcinoma (47%; 10/21); mammary carcinoma (14%; 3/21); pancreatic islet cell carcinoma (2 [10%] of 21); and single instances of multicentric lymphoma, uterine carcinoma, and submucosal urethral adenoma. There were three additional cases of presumed neoplasia without histopathologic confirmation; masses were detected in the liver, heart base, and pancreas. Metastases were reported in 15 (71%) of 21 neoplasms. Although neoplasia and cardiovascular disease were common causes of mortality, they were rarely diagnosed antemortem. Neoplasia was often malignant and generally diagnosed after metastasis. Preventive medicine protocols with improved renal and cardiovascular evaluation are warranted and may result in earlier detection of subclinical disease in binturong. DA - 2023/3/20/ PY - 2023/3/20/ DO - 10.1638/2021-0089 UR - https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1156336477 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ingesta-associated choledocholithiasis in horses: 2 cases and literature review AU - Linn-Peirano, Sarah C. C. AU - Hepworth-Warren, Kate AU - Kinsella, Hannah AU - Diaz-Campos, Dubraska AU - Brenseke, Bonnie M. M. AU - Cianciolo, Rachel E. E. AU - Schroeder, Eric AU - Schreeg, Megan E. E. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - Equine ingesta-associated choledocholithiasis is a rare cause of morbidity and mortality. We describe here the clinical, gross, histologic, and microbiologic features of this condition in 2 horses and compare the features to 2 previous cases. Case 1 was a 4-y-old Thoroughbred mare with colic. Case 2 was an 18-y-old American Paint Horse mare with colic, chronic weight loss, and inappropriate mentation. Both had elevated biochemical markers of hepatocellular injury and cholestasis and were euthanized given a poor prognosis. Case 1 had a well-formed 5-cm choledocholith surrounding a piece of hay, and had chronic neutrophilic cholangiohepatitis, bridging fibrosis, and extrahepatic obstruction. Case 2 had an ill-formed choledocholith with occasional hay fragments, wood stick, and twigs, and had regionally extensive hepatocellular necrosis with mild neutrophilic cholangiohepatitis and bridging fibrosis. Enterococcus casseliflavus and Escherichia coli were isolated in both cases; Clostridium spp. were also isolated from case 2. All 4 reported cases had increased activity of cholestatic enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia, portal inflammation, and bridging fibrosis. Colic, pyrexia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, and elevated hepatocellular enzyme activity were documented in 3 cases. Foreign material in all 4 cases was plant origin (choledochophytolithiasis), including hay (n = 2), sticks/twigs (n = 2), and grass awns (n = 1). Ingesta-associated choledocholithiasis may be considered as a cause of colic, pyrexia, and elevated cholestatic biomarkers in horses. DA - 2023/5/26/ PY - 2023/5/26/ DO - 10.1177/10406387231177251 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1943-4936 KW - cholangiohepatitis KW - cholangitis KW - cholelithiasis KW - colic KW - foreign body KW - horses KW - liver KW - plant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Age-associated changes in electroretinography measures in companion dogs AU - Salzman, Michele M. AU - Merten, Natascha AU - Panek, Wojciech K. AU - Fefer, Gilad AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Mowat, Freya M. T2 - DOCUMENTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA DA - 2023/6/11/ PY - 2023/6/11/ DO - 10.1007/s10633-023-09938-7 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1573-2622 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-023-09938-7 KW - Translational model KW - Aging KW - Retina KW - ERG KW - Canine KW - Anxiolytic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the Occupational Radiation Dose from a Handheld Portable X-ray Unit During Full-mouth Intraoral Dental Radiographs in the Dog and the Cat - A Pilot Study AU - Villamizar-Martinez, Lenin A. A. AU - Losey, Jeannie T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY AB - Occupational radiation protection is an important consideration in small animal clinics world-wide. With the increased use of portable handheld X-ray devices in veterinary dentistry, concerns related to occupational radiation protection are being raised. Annual occupational dose limits for dental workers are expressed as Total Dose Equivalent (TDE) or Effective Dose. The permitted TDE can vary depending on the anatomical region, ranging from 50 millisieverts (mSv) for the external whole body exposure dose to 500 mSv for external exposure of the skin or an extremity. Although several studies have been performed in human dentistry to establish the amount of backscatter radiation produced using portable handheld X-ray devices, no similar research has been conducted in veterinary dentistry. This study aimed to determine the TDE while acquiring a full mouth intraoral radiograph set in dogs and cats and to estimate the TDE for a handheld X-ray device's operator. For this, the backscatter radiation dose recorded by three sets of monitoring dosimeters located in strategic anatomical areas of the operator was assessed after taking one hundred intraoral radiographs in each group. The study concluded that the backscatter radiation levels were far below the permitted annual occupational doses in the three patient groups of this study. Even though the portable handheld X-ray unit was demonstrated to be a safe dental radiographic unit regarding backscattering radiation, the operator's eye, ovary, and breast regions were exposed to unnecessary radiation. DA - 2023/5/23/ PY - 2023/5/23/ DO - 10.1177/08987564231175596 SP - SN - 2470-4083 KW - radiation dose KW - TDE KW - scatter radiation KW - veterinary KW - dentistry KW - portable device ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel 3D Custom-Made Silicone Tumor Model as a Support for Teaching Surgical Oncology Principles AU - Cox Laws, A AU - Wood, M AU - Harrysson, O AU - Traverson, M T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medical Education AB - Alternative laboratory teaching methods are becoming increasingly desirable and effective in medical education environments. While ethical concerns associated with the use of live animals in terminal surgery laboratories have been reduced with cadaveric models, availability, and lack of pathology can limit their ability to adequately convey surgical principles and replicate clinical training. We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) custom-made silicone soft tissue tumor model using 3D-printed molds derived from canine soft tissue sarcoma computed tomography images. This novel teaching model allows users to apply surgical oncology principles and perform basic technical tasks such as incisional biopsy, margin demarcation, marginal and wide surgical excision, and inking of surgical margins. A large cohort of students in addition to a small number of professional veterinarians at different levels of specialty training followed the laboratory guidelines and evaluated the simulated tumor model based on a qualitative survey. All participants were able to successfully complete the practical training. The model also allowed the students to identify and correct technical errors associated with biopsy sampling and margin dissection, and to understand the clinical impacts related to those errors. Face and content validity of the model were assessed using Likert-style questionnaires with overall average instructors’ scores of 3.8/5 and 4.6/5, respectively. Content validity assessment of the model by the students approximated instructors’ evaluation with an overall average score of 4.4/5. This model development emphasizes the efficacy of alternative non-cadaveric laboratory teaching tools and could become a valuable aid in the veterinary curricula. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.3138/jvme-2022-0148 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1943-7218 KW - competency KW - competencies KW - educational methods KW - simulation KW - model KW - surgery KW - veterinary teaching hospital ER - TY - JOUR TI - Training Veterinary Ophthalmology Residents on Cataract Surgery (Part A: Diplomate's Survey) AU - Knight, LaTisha N. AU - Royal, Kenneth T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - The purpose of this study was to explore the teaching methods used to train residents in cataract surgery at academic and private practice institutions. A descriptive survey was distributed online to 186 active supervising diplomates of the American Board of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ABVO) listserve. The survey included items about various educational resources and techniques available to ophthalmology residents when performing cataract surgery. Thirty-seven (19.9%) supervising diplomates completed the survey. Most supervising diplomates (29, 78.4%) required supervised practice in the wet lab. Fourteen supervising diplomates (37.8%) provided mandatory cataract surgery lectures. Nine diplomates (24.3%) required their residents to attend a formal phacoemulsification wet lab course. There was no difference in the number of diplomates who allowed their residents to perform cataract surgery as the primary surgeon during their second year compared to any other year. Thirty-three surveyed diplomates supported the idea of creating an assessment tool to improve surgical competency. This article describes the current trends in veterinary ophthalmology residency education and provides support for the creation of an assessment tool to improve surgical competency. The goal is to stimulate future research on how educators can effectively train veterinary ophthalmology residents to improve surgical proficiency. DA - 2023/3/13/ PY - 2023/3/13/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2022-0081 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1943-7218 KW - cataract surgery KW - ophthalmology KW - residents KW - veterinary education KW - training KW - phacoemulsification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hurdles of Cataract Surgery: Veterinary Ophthalmology Resident's Perspective (Part B) AU - Knight, LaTisha N. AU - Royal, Kenneth D. AU - Robertson, James B. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - The purpose of this study was to describe veterinary ophthalmology residents' perceived preparedness for performing cataract surgery who are currently enrolled in, or recently graduated from, veterinary academic or private practice institutions. A descriptive survey was distributed online to 127 residents at academic and private practice training programs in the United States. The survey included items about educational resources available for residents and techniques commonly taught during cataract surgery. Residents were asked to describe their perceived preparedness in performing various surgical steps or techniques, difficulty of each surgical step, and the available educational resources. Thirty-five (27.5%) residents completed the survey and were included in this study. Residents who had access to wet labs gained surgical competency in creating a clear corneal incision, capsulorhexis, and wound closure. They reported sculpting with the phacoemulsification handpiece, quadrant or cortical removal, and capsulorhexis as most difficult and were not as prepared or a little prepared in performing capsulorhexis and sculpting during active phacoemulsification. When comparing residents' perceived competency before and after their first surgical experience, there was a significant change in their ability to perform all surgical steps except hydrodissection (p < .05). Cataract surgery is one of the more advanced surgical skills obtained during residency training. Supervised wet lab time improves a resident's preparedness for executing certain surgical steps. However, further research is needed to determine whether educational resources such as structured curriculum or virtual simulation may improve residents' preparedness for executing surgical steps not easily replicated in a wet lab. DA - 2023/3/6/ PY - 2023/3/6/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2022-0082 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1943-7218 KW - cataract surgery KW - veterinary ophthalmology KW - residents KW - veterinary education KW - training KW - phacoemulsification ER - TY - JOUR TI - A LGR5 reporter pig model closely resembles human intestine for improved study of stem cells in disease AU - Schaaf, Cecilia R. AU - Polkoff, Kathryn M. AU - Carter, Amber AU - Stewart, Amy S. AU - Sheahan, Breanna AU - Freund, John AU - Ginzel, Joshua AU - Snyder, Joshua C. AU - Roper, Jatin AU - Piedrahita, Jorge A. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. T2 - FASEB JOURNAL AB - Abstract Intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISCs) are responsible for intestinal epithelial barrier renewal; thereby, ISCs play a critical role in intestinal pathophysiology research. While transgenic ISC reporter mice are available, advanced translational studies lack a large animal model. This study validates ISC isolation in a new porcine Leucine Rich Repeat Containing G Protein‐Coupled Receptor 5 (LGR5) reporter line and demonstrates the use of these pigs as a novel colorectal cancer (CRC) model. We applied histology, immunofluorescence, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, flow cytometry, gene expression quantification, and 3D organoid cultures to whole tissue and single cells from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of LGR5‐H2B‐GFP and wild‐type pigs. Ileum and colon LGR5‐H2B‐GFP, healthy human, and murine biopsies were compared by mRNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). To model CRC, adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) mutation was induced by CRISPR/Cas9 editing in porcine LGR5‐H2B‐GFP colonoids. Crypt‐base, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing cells co‐localized with ISC biomarkers. LGR5‐H2B‐GFP hi cells had significantly higher LGR5 expression ( p < .01) and enteroid forming efficiency ( p < .0001) compared with LGR5‐H2B‐GFP med/lo/neg cells. Using FISH, similar LGR5, OLFM4, HOPX, LYZ , and SOX9 expression was identified between human and LGR5‐H2B‐GFP pig crypt‐base cells. LGR5‐H2B‐GFP/ APC null colonoids had cystic growth in WNT/R‐spondin‐depleted media and significantly upregulated WNT/β‐catenin target gene expression ( p < .05). LGR5 + ISCs are reproducibly isolated in LGR5‐H2B‐GFP pigs and used to model CRC in an organoid platform. The known anatomical and physiologic similarities between pig and human, and those shown by crypt‐base FISH, underscore the significance of this novel LGR5‐H2B‐GFP pig to translational ISC research. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1096/fj.202300223R VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1530-6860 KW - APC mutation KW - colorectal cancer KW - intestine KW - Lgr5 KW - porcine KW - stem cell KW - transgenic large animal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Craniectomies for Dogs With Skull Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma Using the Misonix Bone Scalpel: Cadaveric Evaluation and Retrospective Case Series AU - Piazza, Alexander M. AU - McAnulty, Jonathan F. AU - Early, Peter AU - Guevar, Julien T2 - TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE AB - To evaluate the Misonix bone scalpel (MBS) for craniotomies in dogs and describe clinical findings and surgical experience in 3 dogs with large multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) of the skull. Cadaver evaluation and retrospective case series. One canine cadaver; 3 client-owned dogs. Craniotomies of different sizes and at different locations were performed with MBS. Dural tear and bone discoloration were recorded. Clinical, imaging, and surgical findings of dogs diagnosed with MLO and where MBS was used for craniectomies were retrospectively included. Cadaveric evaluation identified MBS as an efficient tool for rapid craniectomies (>5minutes) albeit dural tears and some small foci of bone discoloration were observed. Craniectomies could be performed without complications in 3 dogs with MLO without dural tear or bone discoloration. .Excision was in complete in all cases. The short-term outcome was good, and the long-term outcome was fair to good. Piezoelectric bone surgery with the Misonix bone scalpel is an alternative technology to perform craniectomies in dogs. It was not associated with complications in 3 dogs diagnosed and surgically treated for MLO. Dural tears and suspected bone necrosis can occur. Great care should be taken when using CT to establish disease free surgical osteotomy. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100772 VL - 53 SP - SN - 1946-9837 KW - piezoelectric KW - bone scalpel KW - osteochondrosarcoma KW - dog ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Kmer-based paired-end read de novo assembler and genotyper for canine MHC class I genotyping AU - Feng, Yuan AU - Hess, Paul R. AU - Tompkins, Stephen M. AU - Hildebrand, William H. AU - Zhao, Shaying T2 - ISCIENCE AB - The major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) genes are highly polymorphic. MHC-I genotyping is required for determining the peptide epitopes available to an individual's T-cell repertoire. Current genotyping software tools do not work for the dog, due to very limited known canine alleles. To address this, we developed a Kmer-based paired-end read (KPR) de novo assembler and genotyper, which assemble paired-end RNA-seq reads from MHC-I regions into contigs, and then genotype each contig and estimate its expression level. KPR tools outperform other popular software examined in typing new alleles. We used KPR tools to successfully genotype152 dogs from a published dataset. The study discovers 33 putative new alleles, finds dominant alleles in 4 dog breeds, and builds allele diversity and expression landscapes among the 152 dogs. Our software meets a significant need in biomedical research. DA - 2023/2/17/ PY - 2023/2/17/ DO - 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105996 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2589-0042 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute radiotherapy-associated oral pain may promote tumor growth at distant sites AU - Meneses, Constanza S. AU - Gidcumb, Emily M. AU - Marcus, Karen L. AU - Gonzalez, Yarines AU - Lai, Yen Hao AU - Mishra, Santosh K. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Nolan, Michael W. T2 - FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY AB - Patients developing acute radiotherapy induced dermatitis or oral mucositis commonly experience pain. When severe, this radiotherapy-associated pain (RAP) can necessitate treatment breaks; unfortunately, in a variety of cancers, prolongation of the radiotherapy course has been associated with early cancer relapse and/or death. This is often attributed to accelerated repopulation, but it is unknown whether pain or pain signaling constituents might alter tumor behavior and hasten metastatic disease progression. We studied this by testing the hypothesis that severe acute RAP at one site can hasten tumor growth at a distant site.Mice underwent single fraction tongue irradiation (27 Gy, or 0 Gy "sham" control) to induce severe glossitis. At the time of maximal oral RAP, one of three luciferase-transfected tumor cell lines were injected via tail vein (4T1, B16F10, MOC2; each paired to their syngeneic host: BALB/c or C57BL/6); tumor burden was assessed via in vivo transthoracic bioluminescence imaging and ex vivo pulmonary nodule quantification. Survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier statistics.Tongue irradiation and resultant RAP promoted lung tumor growth of 4T1-Luc2 cells in BALB/c mice. This effect was not a result of off-target radiation, nor an artefact of environmental stress caused by standard (subthermoneutral) housing temperatures. RAP did not affect the growth of B16F10-Luc2 cells, however, C57BL/6 mice undergoing tail vein injection of MOC2-Luc2 cells at the time of maximal RAP experienced early lung tumor-attributable death. Lung tumor growth was normalized when RAP was reduced by treatment with resiniferatoxin (300 µg/kg, subcutaneously, once).This research points towards radiation-induced activation of capsaicin-responsive (TRPV1) neurons as the cause for accelerated growth of tumors at distant (unirradiated) sites. DA - 2023/5/19/ PY - 2023/5/19/ DO - 10.3389/fonc.2023.1029108 VL - 13 SP - SN - 2234-943X KW - pain KW - radiotherapy KW - sensory nerves KW - cancer KW - mouse KW - TRPV1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis by injection of Amblyomma americanum salivary glands AU - Yang, Tzushan S. AU - Reichard, Mason V AU - Thomas, Jennifer E. AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Karounos, Michael AU - Hyatt, Julia AU - Miller, Craig AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - PARASITOLOGY INTERNATIONAL AB - Cytauxzoonosis is a life-threatening disease of cats, caused by the tick-borne piroplasmid hemoparasite, Cytauxzoon felis. Current experimental models for cytauxzoonosis rely on either tick transmission or direct injection of infected cat tissues. These models require researchers to directly work with infected ticks or use cats with acute cytauxzoonosis. To improve the feasibility and accessibility, there is a need to establish sharable resources among researchers. In related piroplasmid parasites, sporozoite-based inoculums are routinely produced from tick salivary glands, cryopreserved and distributed to other investigators and facilities. For these parasites, sporozoites have been the basis for vaccine development and in vitro cultivation, both of which remain lacking for C. felis research. If infectious sporozoites can be similarly isolated for C. felis, it would significantly broaden our capabilities to study this parasite. Aims of this study was to determine if C. felis sporozoites inoculums collected from the salivary glands of Amblyomma americanum ticks were capable of inducing cytauxzoonosis in naïve cats. A. americanum nymphs were acquisition-fed on a donor cat chronically infected with C. felis and allowed to molt to adults. Four groups of adult ticks (n = 50/group) were either stimulation-fed for 4 days on naïve cats or were heated at 37 °C for 4 days. After these treatments, salivary glands (SG) of each group of ticks were collected to create inoculums. Infectivity of these inoculums was then tested by subcutaneous injection into naïve cats. The two naïve cats used for stimulation feeding and as controls both developed cytauxzoonosis, indicating these groups of ticks were capable of producing infectious sporozoites. Of the 2 cats that were injected with SGs from the stimulation-fed ticks, one cat developed cytauxzoonosis and C. felis infection was confirmed by both light microscopy and PCR. The other cat did not develop cytauxzoonosis and only had equivocal evidence of infection. Neither cat injected with SGs from the heated ticks developed cytauxzoonosis. One of these cats had equivocal evidence of infection and one had no evidence of infection. This study validates the feasibility of collecting infectious sporozoites from C. felis-infected ticks that can be used to infect naïve cats. While this model requires further optimization, it has the potential to expand resources to study C. felis and further advance research in this field. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102753 VL - 95 SP - SN - 1873-0329 KW - Feline KW - Cytauxzoon felis KW - Sporozoite KW - Ticks KW - Salivary glands ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiographic measurements of the hind limbs in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) AU - Souza Siragusi, Rafael H. AU - Rahal, Sheila C. AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Silva, Jeana P. AU - Mamprim, Maria J. AU - Mayrink Cardoso, Eduardo B. T2 - J Med Primatol. AB - Abstract Background Radiographic measurements are a useful tool to assess skeletal health and development in primates. This study aimed to perform radiographic measurements of hind limbs in capuchin monkeys. Methods Twelve Sapajus spp. were used; ten adults and two sub‐adults, nine females and three males. Results and conclusions The pelvimetry showed that the pelvic inlet area presented mean values of 7.63, 10.23, and 5.43 cm 2 for adult males, adult females, and sub‐adult females, respectively. The mean inclination angle was 129.45° and the mean values for the mechanical lateral proximal and distal femoral angles were 102.32° and 90.93°, respectively. The mean values for the anatomic lateral proximal and distal femoral angles were 104.59° and 85.98°, respectively. In conclusion, the radiographic measurements proved feasible for hind limb evaluation in Sapajus spp. and can be used for comparison with animals presenting orthopedic lesions. DA - 2023/6/5/ PY - 2023/6/5/ DO - 10.1111/jmp.12654 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.12654 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systemic Exophiala equina infection in an Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina): a case report and literature review AU - Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes AU - Anderson, Stephanie AU - Capobianco, Christian AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Wiederhold, Nathan P. AU - Canete-Gibas, Connie F. AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Phaeohyphomycosis is an infection caused by melanized fungi. This disease has been reported in several animal species including invertebrates, cold-blooded vertebrates, mammals, and humans. Melanized fungi have similar phenotypical features and confirmation requires culture and molecular diagnostics. To exemplify this we present a case of a 333 g adult of unknown age, free-ranging, male Eastern box turtle ( Terrapene carolina carolina ) that was referred to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University for evaluation of multilobulated masses occupying the entire left orbit and at the right forelimb on the plantarolateral aspect of the foot. A fine needle aspirate cytologic examination of the mass on the right forelimb revealed large numbers of inflammatory cells and fungal organisms. Histopathology of the skin biopsies from the right forefoot was consistent with phaeohyphomycosis. A course of antifungal medication was started (Fluconazole 21 mg/kg loading dose IV then 5 mg/kg PO SID q 30 days). Due to concern for the patient's quality of life and the lack of a curative treatment plan, humane euthanasia was elected. Gross and histological postmortem examination confirmed the presence of multiple coelomic masses similar in appearance to those observed in the left orbit and right forefoot indicating disseminated phaeohyphomycosis. A swab of the periocular mass was submitted for fungal culture and phenotypic identification. The isolate was later identified as Exophiala equina through a combination of phenotypic characterization and sequencing of the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA. Exophiala is a genus in the family Herpotrichiellaceae, order Chaetothyriales and is considered an opportunistic “black yeast” causing infection in aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals including humans. Exophiala equina is infrequently reported in animals, with only three cases in the literature including the herein report. DA - 2023/5/12/ PY - 2023/5/12/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158393 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - Exophiala equina KW - phaeohyphomycosis KW - systemic mycosis KW - eastern box turtle KW - reptile ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can veterinary medicine improve diversity in post-graduate training programs? Current state of academic veterinary medicine and recommendations on best practices AU - Chun, Ruthanne AU - Davis, Elizabeth AU - Frank, Nicholas AU - Green, Henry W. AU - Greenhill, Lisa AU - Jandrey, Karl E. AU - Johannes, Chad M. AU - Levine, Jonathan AU - Marks, Steven L. AU - Polisetti, Sraavya AU - Rogers, Kenita S. AU - Sanchez, L. Chris T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - The American Association of Veterinary Clinicians (AAVC) convened a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusivity working group in March 2021 to address the limited diversity (including but not limited to ethnic, racial, and cultural diversity) in clinical post-DVM graduate training programs and academic faculty. Concurrent with a working group formation, the AAVC developed a strategic plan. The central mission of the AAVC is to develop, support, and connect academic leaders to fuel the future of the veterinary medical profession. House officers and their training programs are central to all goals outlined in the strategic plan. Amongst other strategic goals, the working group identified best practices for intern and resident recruitment and selection. We report herein from the current health profession literature ways to identify and recruit talented, diverse candidates especially those with non-traditional (atypical) preparation and experience. We also provide recommendations on best practices for intern and resident selection. This document highlights holistic approaches, some of which are incrementally being incorporated into the Veterinary Intern Resident Matching Program application, that emphasize diversity as a selection criteria for intern and resident selection an important step towards building a more resilient and inclusive workforce. These include expanding candidate assessment beyond grades and class rank into a more standardized method for screening candidates that includes consideration of life experiences and talents outside of veterinary medicine. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.09.0430 VL - 261 IS - 3 SP - 417-423 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case report: Low dose dexmedetomidine infusion for the management of hypoglycemia in a dog with an insulinoma AU - Green, Randolph AU - Musulin, Sarah E. AU - Baja, Alexie Jade AU - Hansen, Bernie D. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Objective To describe the use of a low dose dexmedetomidine infusion as preoperative treatment for hypoglycemia secondary to a functional pancreatic tumor in a dog. Case summary An 8.7-year-old castrated male Hungarian Vizsla presented for further evaluation of persistent hypoglycemia after the referring veterinarian established a tentative diagnosis of insulinoma based on paired insulin and glucose measurements. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography demonstrated evidence of a pancreatic mass with possible hepatic metastases. Attempts to aspirate the lesions under ultrasound guidance were unsuccessful, and the dog was hospitalized overnight for planned surgical resection of the presumed pancreatic tumor and biopsy of the hepatic lesions the following day. In response to a progressive increase in patient anxiety and agitation trazodone was prescribed ~5 mg/kg orally every 8 h and gabapentin at ~7 mg/kg every 8 h. As the dog continued to remain anxious dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1 mcg/kg was administered intravenously immediately followed with an infusion of dexmedetomidine at 1 mcg/kg/h. The anxious behaviors were successfully controlled with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Serial blood glucose measurements obtained during this time demonstrated euglycemia. The dog remained euglycemic while receiving dexmedetomidine for the remainder of the pre-operative period and for duration of hospitalization following surgical resection and biopsy. New or unique information provided This case report demonstrates a possible role for dexmedetomidine to counteract hypoglycemia in dogs with insulinomas. DA - 2023/4/6/ PY - 2023/4/6/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1161002 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - dexmedetomidine infusion KW - hypoglycemia KW - insulinoma KW - alpha-2 agonists KW - pancreatic tumor ER - TY - JOUR TI - A second-generation, point-of-care immunoassay provided improved detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia antibodies in PCR-positive dogs naturally infected with Anaplasma or Ehrlichia species AU - Richardson, Safari S. AU - Mainville, Celine A. AU - Arguello-Marin, Andrea AU - Whalley, Darcy AU - Burton, Wade AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Qurollo, Barbara A. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB - A validated second-generation SNAP 4Dx Plus (Idexx) incorporates new peptides for improved detection of antibodies against Anaplasma and Ehrlichia tick-borne pathogens in dogs. We compared the first- and second-generation SNAP 4Dx Plus using dogs naturally infected with Anaplasma or Ehrlichia species, or dogs seroreactive by an E. canis indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The second-generation immunoassay was more sensitive than the first-generation for dogs infected with A. phagocytophilum (51.1% and 29.2%, respectively), A. platys (63.6% and 35.3%, respectively), E. canis (96.2% and 88.3%, respectively), or E. ewingii (73.7% and 70.8%, respectively), and for dogs seroreactive by E. canis IFAT (87.3% and 83.9%, respectively). The second-generation immunoassay detected significantly more Anaplasma- or Ehrlichia-infected dogs that were Anaplasma ( p < 0.001) or Ehrlichia ( p = 0.031) seroreactive, respectively, than did the first-generation test. When Ehrlichia seroreactivity by E. canis IFAT and both immunoassays was compared, significantly more E. canis–infected dogs were seroreactive by E. canis IFAT than the first-generation ( p = 0.006) but not the second-generation ( p = 0.125) immunoassay. Significantly more E. ewingii–infected dogs were seroreactive by the first- ( p = 0.011) and second-generation ( p = 0.049) immunoassays than the E. canis IFAT. Medical records available for 7 dogs that were Anaplasma seroreactive by the second-generation but not the first-generation immunoassay revealed case management decisions that might have been different with an immediate anaplasmosis diagnosis, including earlier doxycycline therapy and less hospitalization. The second-generation SNAP 4Dx Plus test offered improved serologic detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in naturally infected dogs. DA - 2023/5/9/ PY - 2023/5/9/ DO - 10.1177/10406387231172723 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1943-4936 KW - Anaplasma KW - dogs KW - Ehrlichia KW - immunoassay KW - point-of-care KW - serology KW - tick-borne pathogens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Targeting Neutrophil beta(2)-Integrins: A Review of Relevant Resources, Tools, and Methods AU - Conley, Haleigh E. AU - Sheats, M. Katie T2 - BIOMOLECULES AB - Neutrophils are important innate immune cells that respond during inflammation and infection. These migratory cells utilize β2-integrin cell surface receptors to move out of the vasculature into inflamed tissues and to perform various anti-inflammatory responses. Although critical for fighting off infection, neutrophil responses can also become dysregulated and contribute to disease pathophysiology. In order to limit neutrophil-mediated damage, investigators have focused on β2-integrins as potential therapeutic targets, but so far these strategies have failed in clinical trials. As the field continues to move forward, a better understanding of β2-integrin function and signaling will aid the design of future therapeutics. Here, we provide a detailed review of resources, tools, experimental methods, and in vivo models that have been and will continue to be utilized to investigate the vitally important cell surface receptors, neutrophil β2-integrins. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.3390/biom13060892 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - SN - 2218-273X UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060892 KW - neutrophils KW - beta(2)-integrins KW - CD18 KW - CD11 KW - ICAM-1 KW - innate immune cells ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blood Supplementation Enhances Bartonella henselae Growth and Molecular Detection of Bacterial DNA in Liquid Culture AU - Liedig, Chance AU - Neupane, Pradeep AU - Lashnits, Erin AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. AU - Maggi, Ricardo G. T2 - MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM AB - This study aims to improve diagnostic detection of Bartonella henselae . Patient samples are combined with enriched bacterial cultures aimed at growing Bartonella henselae for the best possible chance at detection. However, current Bartonella growth methods could be improved. The DNA extraction method used by most laboratories should also be optimized. Sheep blood was added to increase the growth of Bartonella henselae and multiple DNA extraction methods were to be compared to each other. DA - 2023/5/25/ PY - 2023/5/25/ DO - 10.1128/spectrum.05126-22 VL - 5 SP - SN - 2165-0497 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.05126-22 KW - BAPGM KW - Bartonella culture KW - Bartonella henselae KW - bartonellosis KW - blood supplementation KW - diagnostics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pneumatic compression therapy using the EQ Press accelerates lymphatic flow in healthy equine forelimbs as determined by lymphoscintigraphy AU - Koch, Drew W. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V AU - Reynolds, Justin AU - Berry, Clifford R. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE Limb lymphedema in horses can be debilitating and painful. Pneumatic compression therapy has shown significant benefits for people suffering from lymphedema. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a novel, equine-specific pneumatic compression device on the lymphatic flow of healthy horse forelimbs as determined by Tc-99m sulfur colloid lymphoscintigraphy. ANIMALS 6 healthy Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES In a randomized crossover design, horses underwent bilateral forelimb lymphoscintigraphy following subcutaneous injection of Tc-99m sulfur colloid at the coronary band as untreated control or with pneumatic compression therapy using the EQ Press. Lateral, static images were obtained of the distal limb (time 0 to 60 minutes) and proximal limb (time 30 to 60 minutes) using a standard gamma camera. Lymphatic flow was determined by assigning a score to the time point at which Tc-99m sulfur colloid was first visualized at the level of the accessory carpal bone (1 to 7) in the distal limb and the cubital lymph node (1 to 4) in the proximal limb. RESULTS EQ Press treatment led to a significantly faster lymphatic flow of Tc-99m sulfur colloid to the predetermined anatomic locations of the accessory carpal bone ( P = .002) in the distal limb and the cubital lymph node ( P = .001) in the proximal limb. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pneumatic compression therapy as provided by an equine-specific device encouraged lymphatic flow in healthy, nonedematous equine forelimbs. These data support further study of the EQ Press for pneumatic compression therapy in horses clinically affected by lymphedema and lymphatic drainage disorders. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.22.12.0214 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of age, seasonality, and reproductive status on the gut microbiome of Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) at the North Carolina zoo AU - Burnham, Christina M. M. AU - McKenney, Erin A. A. AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Minter, Larry J. J. AU - Trivedi, Shweta T2 - ANIMAL MICROBIOME AB - Managed southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) serve as assurance populations for wild conspecifics threatened by poaching and other anthropocentric effects, though many managed populations experience subfertility and reproductive failure. Gut microbiome and host health are inextricably linked, and reproductive outcomes in managed southern white rhinoceros may be mediated in part by their diet and gut microbial diversity. Thus, understanding microbial dynamics within managed populations may help improve conservation efforts. We characterized the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome in the managed population of female southern white rhinoceros (n = 8) at the North Carolina Zoo and investigated the effects of seasonality (summer vs. winter) and age classes (juveniles (n = 2; 0-2 years), subadults (n = 2; 3-7 years), and adults (n = 4; >7 years)) on microbial richness and community structure. Collection of a fecal sample was attempted for each individual once per month from July-September 2020 and January-March 2021 resulting in a total of 41 samples analyzed. Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene. Total operational taxonomic units (OTUs), alpha diversity (species richness, Shannon diversity), and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, linear discriminant analysis effect size) indices were examined, and differentially enriched taxa were identified.There were differences (p < 0.05) in alpha and beta diversity indices across individuals, age groups, and sampling months. Subadult females had higher levels of Shannon diversity (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05) compared to adult females and harbored a community cluster distinct from both juveniles and adults. Samples collected during winter months (January-March 2021) possessed higher species richness and statistically distinct communities compared to summer months (July-September 2020) (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). Reproductively active (n = 2) and currently nonreproductive adult females (n = 2) harbored differentially enriched taxa, with the gut microbiome of nonreproductive females significantly enriched (p = 0.001) in unclassified members of Mobiluncus, a genus which possesses species associated with poor reproductive outcomes in other animal species when identified in the cervicovaginal microbiome.Together, our results increase the understanding of age and season related microbial variation in southern white rhinoceros at the North Carolina Zoo and have identified a potential microbial biomarker for reproductive concern within managed female southern white rhinoceros. DA - 2023/5/5/ PY - 2023/5/5/ DO - 10.1186/s42523-023-00249-5 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2524-4671 KW - Gut microbiome KW - Southern white rhinoceros KW - Temporal dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrospective analysis of postoperative complications following surgical treatment of ileal impaction in horses managed with manual decompression compared to jejunal enterotomy AU - Ruff, Jennifer AU - Zetterstrom, Sandra AU - Boone, Lindsey AU - Hofmeister, Erik AU - Smith, Caitlin AU - Epstein, Kira AU - Blikslager, Anthony AU - Fogle, Callie AU - Burke, Megan T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of post-operative complications and survival to discharge in horses with ileal impactions resolved by manual decompression compared with jejunal enterotomy.A total of 121 client-owned horses undergoing surgical correction of an ileal impaction at three teaching hospitals.Data from the medical records of horses undergoing surgical correction of an ileal impaction was retrospectively collected. Post-operative complications, survival to discharge, or post-operative reflux present were evaluated as dependent variables and pre-operative PCV, surgery duration, pre-operative reflux, and type of surgery were evaluated as independent variables. Type of surgery was divided into manual decompression (n = 88) and jejunal enterotomy (n = 33).There were no significant differences in development of minor complications, development of major complications, presence of post-operative reflux, amount of post-operative reflux, and survival to discharge between horses that were treated with manual decompression and those treated with distal jejunal enterotomy. Pre-operative PCV and surgery duration were significant predictors of survival to discharge.This study showed that there are no significant differences in post-operative complications and survival to discharge in horses undergoing distal jejunal enterotomy versus manual decompression for correction of ileal impaction. Pre-operative PCV and duration of surgery were found to be the only predictive factors of survival to discharge. Based on these findings, distal jejunal enterotomy should be considered earlier in horses with moderate to severe ileal impactions identified at surgery. DA - 2023/4/27/ PY - 2023/4/27/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1156678 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - colic KW - ileum KW - impaction KW - enterotomy KW - manual decompression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sleep and cognition in aging dogs. A polysomnographic study AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Catanzariti, Magaly AU - Mateos, Diego Martin AU - Khan, Michael AU - Ludwig, Claire AU - Kis, Anna AU - Gruen, Margaret E. AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Introduction Sleep is fundamental for cognitive homeostasis, especially in senior populations since clearance of amyloid beta (key in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease) occurs during sleep. Some electroencephalographic characteristics of sleep and wakefulness have been considered a hallmark of dementia. Owners of dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (a canine analog to Alzheimer's disease) report that their dogs suffer from difficulty sleeping. The aim of this study was to quantify age-related changes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle macrostructure and electroencephalographic features in senior dogs and to correlate them with their cognitive performance. Methods We performed polysomnographic recordings in 28 senior dogs during a 2 h afternoon nap. Percentage of time spent in wakefulness, drowsiness, NREM, and REM sleep, as well as latency to the three sleep states were calculated. Spectral power, coherence, and Lempel Ziv Complexity of the brain oscillations were estimated. Finally, cognitive performance was evaluated by means of the Canine Dementia Scale Questionnaire and a battery of cognitive tests. Correlations between age, cognitive performance and sleep-wakefulness cycle macrostructure and electroencephalographic features were calculated. Results Dogs with higher dementia scores and with worse performance in a problem-solving task spent less time in NREM and REM sleep. Additionally, quantitative electroencephalographic analyses showed differences in dogs associated with age or cognitive performance, some of them reflecting shallower sleep in more affected dogs. Discussion Polysomnographic recordings in dogs can detect sleep-wakefulness cycle changes associated with dementia. Further studies should evaluate polysomnography's potential clinical use to monitor the progression of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome. DA - 2023/4/28/ PY - 2023/4/28/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1151266 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - NREM sleep KW - REM sleep KW - canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome KW - quantitative EEG KW - power spectrum KW - coherence KW - complexity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Echocardiographic caudal vena cava measurements in healthy cats and in cats with congestive heart failure and non-cardiac causes of cavitary effusions AU - Barron, L. Z. AU - DeFrancesco, T. C. AU - Chou, Y. -y. AU - Bonagura, J. D. AU - Tropf, M. A. AU - Murphy, S. D. AU - McManamey, A. K. AU - Yuan, L. AU - Mochel, J. P. AU - Ward, J. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY AB - Echocardiographic indices of the inferior vena cava have been associated with elevated right atrial pressures in humans.Describe caudal vena caval (CVC) sonographic dimensions in healthy cats compared to cats with cardiogenic cavitary effusion (CCE), cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE), or non-cardiac causes of cavitary effusion (NCE).30 healthy control cats and 52 client-owned cats with CCE, CPE, or NCE examined at two university hospitals.Sagittal 2-dimensional (2D) and M-mode CVC dimensions were acquired from the subxiphoid view. Caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVC-CI) was calculated. Variables were compared between study groups using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Bonferroni testing. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic categories.Healthy cats had sagittal 2D and M-mode (median, interquartile range) CVC maximal dimensions of 2.4 mm (1.3-4.0) and 3.4 mm (1.5-4.9) and CVC-CI of 52% (45.2-61.8) and 55% (47.8-61.3), respectively. The CVC maximal dimensions in healthy controls were smaller than in cats with cavitary effusions or pulmonary edema (all P<0.05). CVC-CI was different between CCE and NCE (P<0.0001) with cutoffs of CVC-CI ≤38% (2D) or ≤29% (M-mode) being 90.5% and 85.7% sensitive, and 94.4% and 100% specific for diagnosis of CCE, respectively.Caudal vena cava measurements are larger in cats with cavitary effusions and cats with CPE than healthy cats. In cats with cavitary effusion, decreased CVC-CI, ≤38% (2D) or ≤29% (M-mode), was helpful in distinguishing between cardiogenic and noncardiogenic etiology. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.05.004 VL - 48 SP - 7-18 SN - 1875-0834 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2023.05.004 KW - Feline KW - Point-of-care ultra-sound KW - Cardiac KW - Cardiogenic pulmonary edema KW - Pleural KW - Ascites ER - TY - JOUR TI - General anesthesia does not induce ultrasonographic changes in the pleura of healthy adult horses anesthetized for elective magnetic resonance imaging AU - Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. AU - Nelson, Nathan C. AU - Dembek, Katarzyna A. AU - Young, Kimberly A. S. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.2460/javma.22.12.0550suggested. VL - 261 IS - 4 SP - 500-504 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting the Growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oysters under Varying Ambient Temperature AU - Fernandez-Velez, Iker AU - Bidegain, Gorka AU - Ben-Horin, Tal T2 - MICROORGANISMS AB - Temperature is a critical factor that influences the proliferation of pathogens in hosts. One example of this is the human pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) in oysters. Here, a continuous time model was developed for predicting the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters under varying ambient temperature. The model was fit and evaluated against data from previous experiments. Once evaluated, the V. parahaemolyticus dynamics in oysters were estimated at different post-harvest varying temperature scenarios affected by water and air temperature and different ice treatment timing. The model performed adequately under varying temperature, reflecting that (i) increasing temperature, particularly in hot summers, favors a rapid V. parahaemolyticus growth in oysters, resulting in a very high risk of gastroenteritis in humans after consumption of a serving of raw oysters, (ii) pathogen inactivation due to day/night oscillations and, more evidently, due to ice treatments, and (iii) ice treatment is much more effective, limiting the risk of illness when applied immediately onboard compared to dockside. The model resulted in being a promising tool for improving the understanding of the V. parahaemolyticus-oyster system and supporting studies on the public health impact of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus associated with raw oyster consumption. Although robust validation of the model predictions is needed, the initial results and evaluation showed the potential of the model to be easily modified to match similar systems where the temperature is a critical factor shaping the proliferation of pathogens in hosts. DA - 2023/4/29/ PY - 2023/4/29/ DO - 10.3390/microorganisms11051169 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2076-2607 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1169 KW - Vibrio KW - oysters KW - post-harvest KW - modeling KW - temperature KW - ice treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrospective analysis of histologic lesions in captive arachnids AU - Gaudette, Chris AU - LaDouceur, Elise E. B. AU - Troan, Brigid V. AU - Whitehurst, Nathan AU - Dombrowski, Daniel S. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Passingham, Kent AU - Christian, Larry S. AU - Schreeg, Megan E. T2 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY AB - Invertebrates, including arachnids, are a common taxon in zoological collections. Invertebrate medicine and pathology are emerging subspecialties, but there is limited reference material or published resources describing histologic lesions in arachnids. Histopathology of 26 captive arachnids (20 spiders and 6 scorpions) from institutional collections was reviewed. Most animals were found dead with limited clinical signs. Tissues evaluated included body wall (cuticle and epidermis), skeletal muscle, book lungs, digestive tract (pharynx, esophagus, sucking stomach, midgut tube, midgut diverticula, and stercoral pocket), central and peripheral nervous system, heart, hemolymph vessels and sinuses, Malpighian tubules, coxal glands, and gonads. Inflammation was frequent (24/26, 92%), and seen in multiple organs (18/24, 75%) with the midgut diverticulum most commonly affected (14/24, 58%) followed by the book lungs (13/24 arachnids, 54%), and body wall (8/24 arachnids, 33%). Inflammation comprised hemocyte accumulation, hemocytic coagula, melanization, and nodulation. Infectious agents, including bacteria (11/26, 42%), fungi (10/26, 38%), and parasites (2/26, 8%), were seen within inflammatory aggregates. Coinfection with multiple infectious agents was common (6/24, 25%). No etiologic agent was identified in 7/24 (29%) cases with inflammatory lesions. Lesions suggestive of decreased nutritional status or increased metabolic rate included midgut diverticula atrophy in 11/26 (42%) animals and skeletal muscle atrophy in 6/26 (23%) animals. Atrophic lesions were seen in combination with infection (8/11, 73%), pregnancy (2/11, 18%), male sex (2/11, 18%), or without other lesions (1/11, 9%). Other suspected contributors to death included dysecdysis-associated trauma (2/26, 8%) and uterine intussusception (1/26, 4%). No animals had neoplasia. DA - 2023/4/10/ PY - 2023/4/10/ DO - 10.1177/03009858231162948 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1544-2217 KW - Araneae KW - arthropod KW - Heterometrus KW - histopathology KW - inflammation KW - invertebrate KW - scorpion KW - Scorpiones KW - tarantula ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on antimicrobial use in companion animals in an academic veterinary hospital in North Carolina AU - Jolley, Ashlan AU - Love, William AU - Frey, Erin AU - Lanzas, Cristina T2 - Zoonoses and Public Health AB - Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens reduces the effectiveness of these drugs in both human and veterinary medicine, making judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) an important strategy for its control. The COVID‐19 pandemic modified operations in both human and veterinary healthcare delivery, potentially impacting AMU. The goal of this research is to quantify how antimicrobial drug prescribing practices for companion animals in an academic veterinary hospital changed during the pandemic. A retrospective study was performed using prescribing data for dogs and cats collected from the NC State College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU‐CVM) pharmacy, which included prescriptions from both the specialty referral hospital and primary care services. Records ( n = 31,769) for 34 antimicrobial drugs from 2019–2020—before and during the pandemic‐related measures at the NCSU‐CVM—were compared. The prescribed antimicrobials' importance was categorized using the FDA's Guidance for Industry (GFI #152), classifying drugs according to medical importance in humans. A proportional odds model was used to estimate the probability of more important antimicrobials being administered in patients seen during the pandemic versus before (i.e., critically important vs. highly important vs. important). Rates of AMU per week and per patient visit were also compared. During the pandemic, cumulative antimicrobials prescribed per week were significantly decreased in most services for dogs. Weekly rates for Highly Important antimicrobials were also significantly lower in dogs. For important and critically important antimicrobials, rates per week were significantly decreased in various services overall. Rates of antimicrobial administration per patient visit were significantly increased for Highly Important drugs. Patients in the internal medicine, dermatology, and surgery services received significantly more important antimicrobials during the pandemic than before, while cardiology patients received significantly less. These results suggest that the pandemic significantly impacted prescribing practices of antimicrobials for companion animals in this study. DA - 2023/4/7/ PY - 2023/4/7/ DO - 10.1111/zph.13040 VL - 70 IS - 5 SP - 393-402 J2 - Zoonoses and Public Health LA - en OP - SN - 1863-1959 1863-2378 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zph.13040 DB - Crossref KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - antimicrobial use KW - companion animals KW - COVID-19 KW - pandemic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency Variation and Dose Modification of Benznidazole Administration for the Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice, Dogs, and Nonhuman Primates AU - Bustamante, Juan M. AU - White, Brooke E. AU - Wilkerson, Gregory K. AU - Hodo, Carolyn L. AU - Auckland, Lisa D. AU - Wang, Wei AU - McCain, Stephanie AU - Hamer, Sarah A. AU - Saunders, Ashley B. AU - Tarleton, Rick L. T2 - ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY AB - Trypanosoma cruzi naturally infects a broad range of mammalian species and frequently results in the pathology that has been most extensively characterized in human Chagas disease. Currently employed treatment regimens fail to achieve parasitological cure of T. cruzi infection in the majority of cases. DA - 2023/4/11/ PY - 2023/4/11/ DO - 10.1128/aac.00132-23 SP - SN - 1098-6596 KW - Trypanosoma cruzi KW - Chagas disease KW - benznidazole KW - cure KW - dogs KW - nonhuman primates ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of gentamicin on CD3+ T‐lymphocyte proliferation for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis: An in vitro study AU - Smith, Hannah L. AU - Berglund, Alix K. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Schnabel, Lauren V. AU - McMullen, Richard J., Jr AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - Oh, Annie T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to determine the effect of gentamicin on CD3+ T‐lymphocyte proliferation and cell viability using an in vitro cell culture model as a means of investigating the mechanism of action of low‐dose intravitreal gentamicin injection. Animals Studied Three adult horses with no evidence of ophthalmic or systemic disease. Procedure Peripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with gentamicin at concentrations 37.5 μg/mL, 112.5 μg/mL, 187 μg/mL, 375 μg/mL, or 750 μg/mL then stimulated to proliferate with concanavalin A (ConA). 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) and carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester (CSFE) were used as markers of cell viability and cell proliferation, respectively. Following 5‐day culture, live cell counts and CSFE fluorescent intensity data were collected via automated cell count and flow cytometry. The experimental design was duplicated using preservative‐free gentamicin and a proprietary brand formulation. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results No statistically significant comparisons in CD3+ T‐lymphocyte live cell counts and geometric mean fluorescent intensity of CSFE were identified between gentamicin concentrations or formulations. Conclusions Gentamicin had no effect on equine peripheral blood CD3+ T‐lymphocyte cell viability and proliferation in concentrations ranging from “safe” to “retinotoxic” in relation to intravitreal injection volumes. Low‐dose intravitreal gentamicin may not suppress the Th1‐ and Th17‐mediated immune response. DA - 2023/4/28/ PY - 2023/4/28/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13098 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 347-354 J2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13098 DB - Crossref KW - autoimmune disease KW - equine recurrent uveitis KW - gentamicin KW - horse KW - immunology KW - intravitreal injection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gallbladder microbiota in healthy dogs and dogs with mucocele formation AU - Gookin, Jody L. AU - Hartley, Ashley N. AU - Aicher, Kathleen M. AU - Mathews, Kyle G. AU - Cullen, Rachel AU - Cullen, John M. AU - Callahan, Benjamin J. AU - Stowe, Devorah M. AU - Seiler, Gabriela S. AU - Jacob, Megan E. AU - Arnold, Jason W. AU - Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea AU - Stauffer, Stephen H. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - To date studies have not investigated the culture-independent microbiome of bile from dogs, a species where aseptic collection of bile under ultrasound guidance is somewhat routine. Despite frequent collection of bile for culture-based diagnosis of bacterial cholecystitis, it is unknown whether bile from healthy dogs harbors uncultivable bacteria or a core microbiota. The answer to this question is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of biliary infection and as a baseline to exploration of other biliary diseases in dogs where uncultivable bacteria could play a pathogenic role. A pressing example of such a disease would be gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs. This prevalent and deadly condition is characterized by excessive secretion of abnormal mucus by the gallbladder epithelium that can eventually lead to rupture of the gallbladder or obstruction of bile flow. The cause of mucocele formation is unknown as is whether uncultivable, and therefore unrecognized, bacteria play any systematic role in pathogenesis. In this study we applied next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the culture-negative bacterial community of gallbladder bile from healthy dogs and gallbladder mucus from dogs with mucocele formation. Integral to our study was the use of 2 separate DNA isolations on each sample using different extraction methods and sequencing of negative control samples enabling recognition and curation of contaminating sequences. Microbiota findings were validated by simultaneous culture-based identification, cytological examination of bile, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) performed on gallbladder mucosa. Using culture-dependent, cytological, FISH, and 16S rRNA sequencing approaches, results of our study do not support existence of a core microbiome in the bile of healthy dogs or gallbladder mucus from dogs with mucocele formation. Our findings further document how contaminating sequences can significantly contribute to the results of sequencing analysis when performed on samples with low bacterial biomass. DA - 2023/2/10/ PY - 2023/2/10/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0281432 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SERUM VITAMIN D IN SANCTUARY CHIMPANZEES ( PAN TROGLODYTES) IN RANGE COUNTRIES: A PILOT STUDY T2 - American Journal of Primatology DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/57862217/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - REPRODUCTIVE TRACT NEOPLASIA IN FEMALE WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS ( GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA) UNDER MANAGED CARE T2 - American Journal of Primatology DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/57862218/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - ISTAT COMPARISONS BETWEEN CHIMPANZEES ( PAN TROGLODYTES) IN RANGE AND NON- RANGE COUNTRIES: A PILOT STUDY T2 - American Journal of Primatology DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/57862216/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - ACTIVITY AND PROXIMITY PATTERNS IN MIXED- SPECIES AND SAME- SPECIES PAIRS OF SIAMANGS ( SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS) AT DENVER ZOO, ZOOTAMPA, AND CAPE MAY COUNTY ZOO T2 - American Journal of Primatology DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/57862215/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes AU - Woelfel, Christian W. AU - Mariani, Christopher L. AU - Nolan, Michael W. AU - Keenihan, Erin K. AU - Topulos, Sophia P. AU - Early, Peter J. AU - Munana, Karen R. AU - Musulin, Sarah E. AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Abstract Background Pituitary apoplexy refers to hemorrhage or infarction within the pituitary gland resulting in acute neurological abnormalities. This condition is poorly described in dogs. Objectives To document presenting complaints, examination findings, endocrinopathies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), treatments, and outcomes of dogs with pituitary apoplexy. Animals Twenty‐six client‐owned dogs with acute onset of neurological dysfunction. Methods Retrospective case series. Dogs were diagnosed with pituitary apoplexy if MRI or histopathology documented an intrasellar or suprasellar mass with evidence of hemorrhage or infarction in conjunction with acute neurological dysfunction. Clinical information was obtained from medical records and imaging reports. Results Common presenting complaints included altered mentation (16/26, 62%) and gastrointestinal dysfunction (14/26, 54%). Gait or posture changes (22/26, 85%), mentation changes (18/26, 69%), cranial neuropathies (17/26, 65%), cervical or head hyperpathia (12/26, 46%), and hyperthermia (8/26, 31%) were the most frequent exam findings. Ten dogs (38%) lacked evidence of an endocrinopathy before presentation. Common MRI findings included T1‐weighted hypo‐ to isointensity of the hemorrhagic lesion (21/25, 84%), peripheral enhancement of the pituitary mass lesion (15/25, 60%), brain herniation (14/25, 56%), and obstructive hydrocephalus (13/25, 52%). Fifteen dogs (58%) survived to hospital discharge. Seven of these dogs received medical management alone (median survival 143 days; range, 7‐641 days) and 8 received medications and radiation therapy (median survival 973 days; range, 41‐1719 days). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with pituitary apoplexy present with a variety of acute signs of neurological disease and inconsistent endocrine dysfunction. Dogs that survive to discharge can have a favorable outcome. DA - 2023/4/21/ PY - 2023/4/21/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16703 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16703 KW - adenoma KW - carcinoma KW - endocrionopathy KW - hemorrhage KW - magnetic resonance imaging KW - suprasellar KW - survival ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemostatic profiles in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome AU - Lynch, Alex M. M. AU - Ruterbories, Laura K. K. AU - Robertson, James B. B. AU - Lunn, Katharine F. F. AU - Mowat, Freya M. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) is a common cause of irreversible blindness in dogs. It bears clinical resemblance to hypercortisolism, which can be associated with hypercoagulability. The role of hypercoagulability in dogs with SARDS is unknown.Determine hemostatic profiles in dogs with SARDS.Prospective pilot study: Dogs with a history of SARDS (n = 12). Prospective case-control study: Dogs with recent onset of SARDS (n = 7) and age-, breed-, and sex-matched controls (n = 7).Prospective pilot study: We performed thromboelastography (TEG). Prospective case-control study: Dogs had CBC, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, TEG, fibrinogen concentration, antithrombin activity, D-dimers, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, and optical platelet aggregometry performed.Prospective pilot study: 9/12 dogs with a history of SARDS were hypercoagulable with increased TEG G value and 2/3 had hyperfibrinogenemia. Case-control study: All dogs with SARDS and 5/7 controls were hypercoagulable based on TEG G value. Dogs with SARDS had significantly higher G values (median, 12.7 kdynes/s; range, 11.2-25.4; P = .04) and plasma fibrinogen concentration (median, 463 mg/dL; range, 391-680; P < .001) compared to controls.Hypercoagulability was common in both dogs with SARDS and controls, but dogs with SARDS were significantly more hypercoagulable on TEG. The role of hypercoagulability in the pathogenesis of SARDS remains to be determined. DA - 2023/4/19/ PY - 2023/4/19/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16710 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1939-1676 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16710 KW - coagulation KW - fibrinogen KW - hypercoagulability KW - SARDS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Age and Social History Impact Social Interactions between Bull Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) at Denver Zoo AU - Readyhough, Taylor S. AU - Davis, Maura AU - Joseph, Sharon AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Schreier, Amy T2 - Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens AB - Wild bull Asian elephants spend time in all-male groups. Therefore, managers of ex situ populations increasingly house bulls together. We examined the social interactions of five bull Asian elephants at Denver Zoo, using instantaneous sampling to compare social interactions across adolescent and mature bulls, and bulls with a social history prior to the integration of this group compared to bulls with no social history. Both age and social history significantly affected bull behavior. Adolescent bulls exhibited more affiliative and submissive behaviors when housed with mixed-age and mature social partners compared to with only adolescents, and less non-contact agonistic behavior and less time in proximity to a conspecific with mixed-age groups compared to with only other adolescents. Mature bulls exhibited more affiliative behavior when they were with only adolescent bulls compared to only mature bulls, and more time in proximity to a conspecific and increased contact agonistic behavior with at least one adolescent compared to only mature bulls. Bulls in new social groups engaged in more affiliative, agonistic, and submissive behaviors, and spent less time in proximity, than when they were in previously established social combinations. As more institutions house bulls socially, our results provide insights into factors that may affect bull social interactions. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/jzbg4010018 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/4/1/18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MarineEpi: A GUI-based Matlab toolbox to simulate marine pathogen transmission AU - Bidegain, Gorka AU - Ben-Horin, Tal AU - Powell, Eric N. AU - Klinck, John M. AU - Hofmann, Eileen E. T2 - SOFTWAREX AB - The Graphical User Interface (GUI) MarineEpi is presented as a Matlab toolbox for easily (i) constructing disease transmission models for different marine host-pathogen systems, (ii) running simulations by specifying initial conditions and model parameters, and (iii) interpreting the resulting time series of the host and pathogen population dynamics. MarineEpi users can generate models for systems in which pathogen transmission occurs through contact with infected individuals (SI), contact with dead infected individuals (SID), contact with environmental pathogens released by infected individuals (SIP), and contact with environmental pathogens released by dead infected individuals (SIPD). MarineEpi is a freely available GUI that provides the capability for marine disease researchers and managers to understand disease dynamics processes and mechanisms using a quantitative modeling framework. In addition, it can be a valuable learning tool for teaching marine disease processes in engineering, environmental science and epidemiology curricula. DA - 2023/5// PY - 2023/5// DO - 10.1016/j.softx.2023.101357 VL - 22 SP - SN - 2352-7110 KW - Marine disease models KW - Matlab toolbox KW - GUI ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Novel Vaccine Strategy to Prevent Cytauxzoonosis in Domestic Cats AU - Weerarathne, Pabasara AU - Maker, Rebekah AU - Huang, Chaoqun AU - Taylor, Brianne AU - Cowan, Shannon R. AU - Hyatt, Julia AU - Selvan, Miruthula Tamil AU - Shatnawi, Shoroq AU - Thomas, Jennifer E. AU - Meinkoth, James H. AU - Scimeca, Ruth AU - Birkenheuer, Adam AU - Liu, Lin AU - Reichard, Mason V. AU - Miller, Craig A. T2 - VACCINES AB - Cytauxzoonosis is caused by Cytauxzoon felis (C. felis), a tick-borne parasite that causes severe disease in domestic cats in the United States. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent this fatal disease, as traditional vaccine development strategies have been limited by the inability to culture this parasite in vitro. Here, we used a replication-defective human adenoviral vector (AdHu5) to deliver C. felis-specific immunogenic antigens and induce a cell-mediated and humoral immune response in cats. Cats (n = 6 per group) received either the vaccine or placebo in two doses, 4 weeks apart, followed by experimental challenge with C. felis at 5 weeks post-second dose. While the vaccine induced significant cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in immunized cats, it did not ultimately prevent infection with C. felis. However, immunization significantly delayed the onset of clinical signs and reduced febrility during C. felis infection. This AdHu5 vaccine platform shows promising results as a vaccination strategy against cytauxzoonosis. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/vaccines11030573 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2076-393X KW - cytauxzoonosis KW - Cytauxzoon felis KW - adenoviral vector vaccines KW - domestic cats KW - tick-borne diseases KW - c88 KW - cf76 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A practical protocol to prepare paraffin-embedded whole tick histology sections AU - Yang, Tzushan S. AU - LaDouceur, Elise E. B. AU - Baumgartner, Wes A. AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Karounos, Michael AU - Robertson, James AU - Whitehurst, Nathan AU - Miller, Laura S. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES AB - Ticks are important ectoparasites that are capable of transmitting multiple classes of pathogens and are currently linked with many emerging tick-borne diseases worldwide. With increasing occurrences of tick-borne diseases in both humans and veterinary species, there is a continuous need to further our understanding of ticks and the pathogens they transmit. Whole tick histology provides a full scope of the tick internal anatomy, allowing researchers to examine multiple organs of interest in a single section. This is in contrast to other techniques that are more commonly utilized in tick-borne disease research, such as electron microscopy and light microscopy of individual organs. There is a lack of literature describing a practical technique to process whole tick histologic sections. Therefore, the current study aims to provide researchers with a workable protocol to prepare high quality paraffin-embedded whole tick histology sections. Amblyomma americanum adults were used as an example species for this study. After a series of pilot experiments using a combination of various fixatives, softening agents and processing techniques, we elected to compare two common fixatives, 10% neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) and Bouin's solution for whole ticks. Equal numbers of A. americanum unfed adults (n = 10/fixative) were processed identically and their whole tick histology coronal sections were individually scored. Higher scores were assigned to whole tick sections that contained more internal organs that are crucial for tick-borne disease research (e.g. salivary glands and midgut), high integrity of tissues and exoskeleton on the section, and good fixation and staining quality of the tissues. The mean total scores for Bouin's-fixed ticks were significantly higher compared to NBF-fixed ticks (p = 0.001). To further assess our preferred technique, we also demonstrated the feasibility of producing high quality whole tick sections for three other common tick species of medical importance (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ixodes scapularis, and Dermacentor variabilis) using Bouin's solution. While this technique may require further optimization for other tick species, we described a feasible protocol that uses commonly available tools, reagents and standard histologic equipment. This should allow any investigator to easily make adjustments to this protocol as needed based on their experimental goals. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102162 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1877-9603 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of a blind and an ultrasound-guided technique for Retrobulbar anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral subconjunctival enucleation AU - Briley, Jessica D. AU - Washington, Demitrius AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Posner, Lysa P. AU - Chiavaccini, Ludovica T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - This study compared the quality of retrobulbar anesthesia using a blind inferior-temporal palpebral approach (ITP) with an ultrasound-guided supratemporal (ST) technique in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation.Twenty-one client-owned dogs were undergoing enucleation.Dogs were randomly assigned to receive ITP (n = 10) or ST (n = 11) with 0.5% ropivacaine at 0.1 mL/cm of neurocranial length. The anesthetist was blinded to the technique. Intraoperative data included cardiopulmonary variables, inhalant anesthetics requirement, and requirement for rescue analgesia (intravenous fentanyl 2.5 mcg/kg). Postoperative data included pain scores, sedation scores, and need for intravenous hydromorphone (0.05 mg/kg). Treatments were compared using Wilcoxon's rank sum test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Comparison of variables over time were tested using a mixed effect linear model on rank. Significance was set at p = 0.05.Intraoperative cardiopulmonary variables and inhalant requirements were not different between groups. Dogs receiving ITP required median (interquartile range, IQR) 1.25 (0, 2.5) mcg/kg intraoperative fentanyl while those receiving ST required none (p < 0.01). Intraoperative fentanyl was required in 5/10 and 0/11 of dogs in the ITP and ST groups, respectively (p = 0.01). Postoperative analgesia requirements were not significantly different between groups; 2/10 and 1/10 dogs in the ITP and ST groups, respectively. Sedation score negatively affected pain score (p < 0.01).The ultrasound-guided ST technique was more effective at decreasing intraoperative opioid requirements than the blind ITP approach in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation. DA - 2023/4/6/ PY - 2023/4/6/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13092 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1463-5224 KW - analgesia KW - enucleation KW - dogs KW - retrobulbar KW - ropivacaine KW - ultrasound-guided ER - TY - JOUR TI - NALTREXONE AS A PROMISING TREATMENT FOR CLINICAL SIGNS OF LATERAL LINE DEPIGMENTATION IN PALETTE SURGEONFISH (PARACANTHURUS HEPATUS) AU - Strobel, Megan M. AU - Baker, Kendra C. AU - Berliner, Aimee L. AU - Tang, Karisa N. AU - Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Lateral line depigmentation (LLD) is a common condition in managed tropical saltwater fish, and treatment is somewhat elusive. Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, enhances epithelial cell replication, cytokine production, and angiogenesis to stimulate wound healing in mice. A treatment trial with 11 palette surgeonfish with LLD was performed. Seven fish underwent a single topical treatment of a mixture of 4 mg naltrexone and 10 g iLEX petroleum paste applied topically to LLD lesions. Four additional fish served as controls: two received only topical iLEX and two received no treatment. Severity of disease was scored on a 0-3 scale. Inflammatory response was gauged on a separate 0-3 scale for 5 d after treatment based on severity of erythema, as seen in a clinical case performed prior to this study. After 11 days, four affected animals that lacked an inflammatory response after naltrexone topical treatment were administered a single dose of intralesional 0.04% naltrexone (4 mg diluted into 10 ml saline). Lesions on all fish were photographed and measured at day 33. Clinical improvements in lesion size and pigmentation were apparent following topical naltrexone therapy in fish with severe lesions. Although these cases are promising, more data are needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of naltrexone 0.04% in treating LLD lesions in palette surgeonfish. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1638/2022-0022 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 137-142 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF OSCILLOMETRIC BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT USING A FINGER CUFF IN ANESTHETIZED CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) AU - Cassady, Katherine R. AU - Balko, Julie A. AU - Bailey, Kate M. AU - Posner, Lysa P. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Minter, Larry J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Cardiovascular disease is common among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and serial blood pressure monitoring in conscious animals may improve disease surveillance and guide hypertension treatment strategies. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of a noninvasive, oscillometric blood pressure monitor using a finger blood pressure cuff with invasively measured blood pressure in anesthetized chimpanzees. Twelve chimpanzees were anesthetized with tiletamine–zolazepam intramuscularly, intubated, and maintained on inhaled isoflurane to effect. Blood pressure measurements, which included systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), were collected simultaneously from an oscillometric blood pressure cuff placed on a forelimb digit (FBP) and a direct arterial catheter (IBP) every 5–10 min while anesthetized. One hundred paired samples were collected, and results were compared using Bland–Altman plots and analysis. FBP showed good agreement with IBP for SAP, MAP, and DAP but consistently overestimated values compared with IBP. FBP may be useful for serial blood pressure monitoring in conscious chimpanzees. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1638/2021-0001 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 16-22 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF COELOMIC FLUID IN HEALTHY CORN SNAKES (PANTHEROPHIS GUTTATUS) AU - Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps AU - Cohen, Eli B. AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Ozawa, Sarah M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE AB - Free coelomic fluid can be a physiologic or pathologic finding in snakes. In this study, ultrasonography was used to assess the presence, volume, and type of coelomic fluid in 18 (16 females, 2 males) clinically healthy corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) using a semiquantitative scoring system. Each snake was divided into five equal regions (R1–R5) by length (from rostrum to vent) and fluid volume was scored on a scale of 0 to 4. Coelomic fluid was sampled when possible and cytologic analysis was performed. The majority of snakes (16/18) were found to have some degree of free coelomic fluid. The coelomic fluid samples that were collected (n= 6) were classified as transudates, acellular or primarily lymphocytic. Fluid was most likely to be found in R3 compared with all other regions and least likely to be found in R1 compared with R2, R3, and R4. A higher score of volume was found in R3 compared with R1 and R5. This study describes the distribution and abundance of coelomic fluid in snakes, as well as a method for point of care ultrasound (POCUS) in this species. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1638/2022-0102 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 65-72 SN - 1937-2825 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global gene expression analysis of the turkey hen hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis during the preovulatory hormonal surge AU - Brady, Kristen AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching AU - Hicks, Julie AU - Long, Julie A. AU - Porter, Tom E. T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The preovulatory hormonal surge (PS) consists of elevated circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone levels and serves as the primary trigger for ovarian follicle ovulation. Increased LH and progesterone, produced by the pituitary and the granulosa layer of the largest ovarian follicle (F1), respectively, result from hypothalamic stimulation and steroid hormone feedback on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The hypothalamus, pituitary, F1 granulosa, and granulosa layer of the fifth largest follicle (F5) were isolated from converter turkey hens outside and during the PS and subjected to RNA sequencing (n = 6 per tissue). Differentially expressed genes were subjected to functional annotation using DAVID and IPA. A total of 12, 250, 1235, and 1938 DEGs were identified in the hypothalamus, pituitary, F1 granulosa, and F5 granulosa respectively (q<0.05, |fold change|>1.5, FPKM>1). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed key roles for metabolic processes, steroid hormone feedback, and hypoxia induced gene expression changes. Upstream analysis identified a total of 4, 42, 126, and 393 potential regulators of downstream gene expression in the hypothalamus, pituitary, F1G, and F5G respectively, with a total of 63 potential regulators exhibiting differential expression between samples collected outside and during the PS (|z-score|>2). The results from this study serve to increase the current knowledge base surrounding the regulation of the PS in turkey hens. Through GO analysis, downstream processes and functions associated with the PS were linked to identified DEGs, and through upstream analysis, potential regulators of DEGs were identified for further analysis. Linking upstream regulators to the downstream PS and ovulation events could allow for genetic selection or manipulation of ovulation frequencies in turkey hens. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102547 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1525-3171 KW - hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis KW - preovulatory surge KW - turkey KW - RNA sequencing KW - pathway analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility AU - Woodrow, Jane Seymour AU - Sheats, M. Katie AU - Cooper, Bethanie AU - Bayless, Rosemary T2 - CELLS AB - Asthma is characterized by chronic lower airway inflammation that results in airway remodeling, which can lead to a permanent decrease in lung function. The pathophysiology driving the development of asthma is complex and heterogenous. Animal models have been and continue to be essential for the discovery of molecular pathways driving the pathophysiology of asthma and novel therapeutic approaches. Animal models of asthma may be induced or naturally occurring. Species used to study asthma include mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, sheep, horse, and nonhuman primate. Some of the aspects to consider when evaluating any of these asthma models are cost, labor, reagent availability, regulatory burden, relevance to natural disease in humans, type of lower airway inflammation, biological samples available for testing, and ultimately whether the model can answer the research question(s). This review aims to discuss the animal models most available for asthma investigation, with an emphasis on describing the inciting antigen/allergen, inflammatory response induced, and its translation to human asthma. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.3390/cells12071091 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - SN - 2073-4409 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12071091 KW - asthma KW - animal model KW - inflammation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal conditions of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) nests in the largest rookery in the eastern Mediterranean AU - Turkozan, Oguz AU - Yilmaz, Can AU - Almpanidou, Vasiliki AU - Godfrey, Matthew H. AU - Mazaris, Antonios D. T2 - ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH AB - Climate change impacts on vertebrates have many implications. The thermal conditions of vertebrates during incubation are known to influence morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. Thus, incubation temperatures have consequences for ecological and evolutionary processes, and for certain reptiles can determine sex. For oviparous reptiles, information on the thermal environment of nests is often used to estimate sex ratio, metabolic heat, and their effects on hatching success. This critical baseline information is not always available for all species in all regions, hampering our ability to design analyses that could direct future management and conservation actions. Such is the case for green turtles in the Mediterranean, which nest at many different sites but few of which have had their thermal environment documented in detail. We recorded temperature in 225 green turtle nests (between 2009 and 2013) and 12 control sites in the sand (15, 30, and 45 m distance from high tide line between 2010 and 2013) at 75 cm depth at Akyatan beach, Turkey. The mean temperature of the nests ranged from 28.4 to 33.5°C, and those experiencing high temperatures exhibited low hatching success. The observed thermal environment within the nests exhibited a narrow range relative to the control sites, with daily temperature fluctuations in nests ranging from 0.1°C up to 4.5°C. The nest temperature was strongly negatively correlated with incubation duration, while metabolic heating was highest in the last third of the incubation duration, and was significantly correlated to clutch size. DA - 2023/2/16/ PY - 2023/2/16/ DO - 10.3354/esr01219 VL - 50 SP - 63-73 SN - 1613-4796 KW - Temperature-dependent sex KW - Chelonia mydas KW - Climate change KW - Metabolic heating ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nine-axis inertial measurement unit output discriminates activities of varying intensity in the dog AU - Vitt, Molly A. AU - Rendahl, Aaron AU - Pracht, Sara E. AU - Knotek, Brooke M. AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Gordon-Evans, Wanda AU - Conzemius, Michael G. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To explore relationships between 9-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) output and activities of varying intensity in dogs of various sizes. ANIMALS 20 healthy, agility course–trained dogs of various ages and sizes. PROCEDURES Height, weight, body condition score, age, length from IMU to the ischium, and height of IMU to the floor were recorded. Dogs performed a series of activities (rest, walk, trot, and agility course) while wearing the IMU device. IMU and video output were reviewed by independent investigators. Correlations and multiple regression models were used to explore relationships between independent variables and IMU output. RESULTS Calibration demonstrated excellent correlation and concordance between IMUs (intraclass correlation > 0.9) and that the IMUs reliably measured a known acceleration (gravity at rest). Resultant vector magnitude {sqrt[(x^2) + (y^2) + (z^2)]} normalized to body size was calculated from the data. IMU output clearly discriminates between activities of varying intensity in the dog. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The inability to accurately measure chronic pain is a barrier to the development of new, or critical evaluation of, therapeutics. Activity monitors (AM) may be the ideal diagnostic target since they are small and provide objective data that can be collected while the pet remains in its natural environment. These results demonstrate the concurrent and predictive validity of the IMU tested. Our long-range goal is to validate an open-source algorithm for the IMU so activity in a pet’s natural environment can be used as an outcome measure in future studies. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.22.10.0178 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 8-8 SN - 1943-5681 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The association of host and vector characteristics with Ctenocephalides felis pathogen and endosymbiont infection AU - Moore, Charlotte AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. B. AU - Kim, Lisa AU - Li, Yiyao AU - Ferris, Kelli AU - Maggi, Ricardo AU - Lashnits, Erin T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Surveillance of the fleas and flea-borne pathogens infecting cats is important for both human and animal health. Multiple zoonotic Bartonella and Rickettsia species are known to infect the most common flea infesting cats and dogs worldwide: Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea. The ability of other flea species to transmit pathogens is relatively unexplored. We aimed to determine cat host and flea factors independently associated with flea Bartonella and Rickettsia infection. We also assessed flea and cat infection by flea-host pair and location. To accomplish these aims, we performed qPCR for the detection of Bartonella, hemotropic Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia DNA using paired cat and flea samples obtained from free-roaming cats presenting for spay or neuter across four locations in the United States. A logistic regression model was employed to identify the effect of cat (sex, body weight, geographic location, and Bartonella, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia spp., infection) and flea (clade and Rickettsia and Wolbachia infection) factors on C. felis Bartonella clarridgeiae infection. From 189 free roaming cats, we collected 84 fleas: Ctenocephalides felis (78/84), Cediopsylla simplex (4/84), Orchopeas howardi (1/84), and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (1/84). Ctenocephalides felis were phylogenetically assigned to Clades 1, 4, and 6 by cox1 gene amplification. Rickettsia asembonensis (52/84) and B. clarridgeiae (16/84) were the most common pathogenic bacteria detected in fleas. Our model identified host cat sex and weight as independently associated with B. clarridgeiae infection in fleas. Rickettsia asembonensis (52/84), Rickettsia felis (7/84) and Bartonella henselae (7/84) were detected in specific clades: R. felis was detected only in Clades 1 and 6 while B. henselae and R. asembonensis were detected only in Clade 4. Wolbachia spp., also displayed clade specificity with strains other than Wolbachia wCfeT only infecting fleas from Clade 6. There was poor flea and host agreement for Bartonella spp., infection; however, there was agreement in the Bartonella species detected in cats and fleas by geographic location. These findings reinforce the importance of considering reservoir host attributes and vector phylogenetic diversity in epidemiological studies of flea-borne pathogens. Widespread sampling is necessary to identify the factors driving flea-borne pathogen presence and transmission. DA - 2023/3/6/ PY - 2023/3/6/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1137059 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - Bartonella KW - flea KW - Wolbachia KW - vector phylogenetics KW - flea associated Rickettsia KW - host-vector agreement KW - cat flea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sulcus intraocular lens implantation in 17 dogs using a modified ab externo technique AU - Moody, Leah M. AU - Kuhn-Asif, Sonia E. AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. AU - Hendrix, Diane V. H. AU - Ward, Daniel A. T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - To describe a modified ab externo method of sulcus intraocular lens (IOL) fixation and report outcomes of eyes treated with this approach.Records of patients with lens instability or luxation that underwent a lensectomy and sulcus IOL implantation from January 2004 to December 2020 were reviewed.Nineteen eyes of 17 dogs had a sulcus IOL placed via a modified ab externo approach. The median follow-up time was 546 days (range 29-3387 days). Eight eyes (42.1%) developed POH. A total of six eyes (31.6%) developed glaucoma and required medical management long term to control IOP. The IOL position was satisfactory in most cases. Nine eyes developed superficial corneal ulcers within 4 weeks following surgery, all of which healed without complication. At the time of the last follow-up, 17 eyes were visual (89.5%).The technique described represents a potentially less technically challenging option for sulcus IOL implantation. The success rate and complications are similar to previously described approaches. DA - 2023/3/22/ PY - 2023/3/22/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13088 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1463-5224 KW - artificial lens KW - canine KW - lens instability KW - lens luxation KW - lensectomy KW - phacoemulsification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk factors associated with an outbreak of equine coronavirus at a large farm in North Carolina AU - Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. AU - Erwin, Sara J. AU - Moore, Caroline B. AU - Talbot, James R. AU - Young, Kimberly A. S. AU - Neault, Michael J. AU - Haugland, Jennifer C. AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Equine coronavirus (ECoV) leads to outbreaks with variable morbidity and mortality. Few previous reports of risk factors for infection are available in the literature.To describe unique clinical findings and risk factors for infection and development of clinical disease.135 horses on a farm affected by ECoV outbreak.Retrospective cohort study. Data obtained included age, breed, gender, activity level, housing, and feed at the onset of the outbreak. Factors were evaluated for assessment of risk of infection using simple logistic regression or Fisher's exact test. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.Forty-three of 54 (79.6%) horses tested on the farm were positive on fecal PCR for ECoV, and 17 horses (12.6%) developed clinical signs consistent with ECoV. Out of 17 horses in which the presence or absence of signs of colic was noted, 6 of 17 (35.3%) showed signs of colic. Three of these horses had small colon impactions, 2 of which required surgical intervention. Significant risk factors for having positive PCR results included being primarily stalled (OR 167.1, 95% CI 26.4-1719), housing next to a positive horse (OR 7.5, 95% CI 3.1-19.0), being in work (OR 26.9, 95% CI 4.6-281.9), being fed rationed hay vs. ad libitum (OR 1,558, 95% CI 130.8-15,593), and being fed alfalfa hay (OR 1,558, 95% CI 130.8-15,593).This report describes risk factors for ECoV infection many of which were associated with intensive management of show horses. Clinicians should be aware that clinical signs vary and can include severe colic. DA - 2023/3/3/ PY - 2023/3/3/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1060759 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - ECoV KW - coronavirus KW - colic KW - diarrhea KW - small colon impaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of fecal preservation method on captive southern white rhinoceros gut microbiome AU - Burnham, Christina M. AU - McKenney, Erin A. AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Minter, Larry J. AU - Trivedi, Shweta T2 - WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN AB - Abstract The southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum ) faces an uncertain future in the wild due to increased poaching pressure and habitat fragmentation, thus the management of reproductively successful populations is of critical importance. Successful reproductive outcomes in rhinoceros may be mediated by diet and gut microbial diversity; therefore, understanding gut microbial dynamics within and between captive and wild populations may help improve conservation efforts. Accordingly, gut microbiome preservation methods are needed that are practical for in situ field sampling of wild populations. We evaluated the efficacy of 3 different preservation methods over 2 timepoints for stabilizing microbial communities in feces from southern white rhinoceros ( n = 10) at the North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro, North Carolina, USA, during July–September 2020 and January–March 2021. Samples were immediately frozen at −80°C, stored in PERFORMAbiome™·GUT (PB) tubes or stored in 95% ethanol at ambient temperatures (to simulate field conditions), and processed after 14 or 230 days post‐collection. We quantitatively compared alpha and beta diversity across microbial communities and identified taxa that were enriched in each treatment group. Samples preserved in 95% ethanol consistently harbored lower Shannon diversity index (SHDI) and Simpson's diversity (SDI) values compared to Frozen and PB samples. This trend was apparent in both Ethanol day‐14 samples (SHDI 4.94; SDI 0.98) versus Frozen day‐14 (SHDI 5.19; W = 518, P < 0.001; SDI 0.99; W = 476, P < 0.001) and PB day‐14 (SHDI 5.15; W = 430, P < 0.01; SDI 0.99; W = 1075, P = 1) samples, and in Ethanol day‐230 samples (SHDI 4.48; SDI 0.97) versus Frozen day‐230 (SHDI 5.18; W = 0, P < 0.05; SDI 0.99; W = 0, P = 0.032) and PB day‐230 (SHDI 5.23; W = 0, P < 0.05; SDI 0.99; W = 0, P = 0.032) samples. Ethanol day 230 samples differed ( P < 0.05) from all other treatments in both alpha and beta diversity indices. Notably, frozen and PB preservation methods maintained compositionally similar microbial communities across both time points. Our results indicate that PB tubes stored at ambient temperatures perform similarly to freezing at −80°C, highlighting their utility for microbiome fieldwork applications. Identifying optimal and versatile microbiome preservation techniques will enable future studies of the gut microbiome in reproductively‐successful wild populations, an effort central to conservation efforts in the southern white rhinoceros and other threatened species. DA - 2023/3/26/ PY - 2023/3/26/ DO - 10.1002/wsb.1436 SP - SN - 2328-5540 KW - Ceratotherium simum simum KW - fecal preservation method KW - microbiome KW - North Carolina KW - PERFORMAbiome KW - southern white rhinoceros KW - 95% ethanol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytokine transcriptome profiling in acute experimental canine atopic dermatitis skin lesions after IL-31 inhibition with lokivetmab AU - Tamamoto-Mochizuki, Chie AU - Crawford, Natalie AU - Eder, Jordan M. AU - Gonzales, Andrea J. AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY AB - The caninised monoclonal antibody lokivetmab (LKV), directed at interleukin (IL)-31, is very effective at controlling pruritus in most dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, evidence exists that IL-31 is not required for the induction of acute allergic skin inflammation, which might explain why this treatment is less efficacious in some dogs with AD.To compare the comprehensive transcriptome analysis of house dust mite (HDM)-sensitised dogs with and without treatment with LKV to attest our hypothesis that LKV does not majorly affect acute cytokine/chemokine production.Six HDM-sensitised atopic Maltese-beagle dogs.In this cross-over study, the cytokine profiling of acute AD skin lesions was compared by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), with or without LKV-induced inhibition of IL-31. Skin biopsies were obtained from each dog at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after epicutaneous HDM allergen provocation.Macroscopic and microscopic skin lesion scores were not significantly different between the LKV- and nontreatment groups at any time points. Likewise, the results of RNA-Seq analysis revealed no significant difference in the messenger (m)RNA expression of the major cytokines between these two groups. In LKV-treated dogs, IL6, IL9, IL13, IL33, CCL17, and CCL22 were significantly upregulated compared to their baseline expression levels, suggesting that these cytokines are unaffected by IL-31 inhibition.IL-31 inhibition is insufficient to prevent the expression of other proinflammatory mediators in acute AD and these could be considered as other potential therapeutic targets.L'anticorps monoclonal caninisé lokivetmab (LKV), dirigé contre l'interleukine (IL)-31, est très efficace pour contrôler le prurit chez la plupart des chiens atteints de dermatite atopique (DA). Cependant, il semble que l'IL-31 n'est pas nécessairement impliqué dans l'induction d'une inflammation cutanée allergique aiguë, ce qui pourrait expliquer pourquoi ce traitement est moins efficace chez certains chiens atteints de DA. HYPOTHÈSE/OBJECTIFS: Comparer l'analyse complète du transcriptome de chiens sensibilisés aux acariens de la poussière domestique (HDM) avec et sans traitement au LKV pour vérifier notre hypothèse selon laquelle le LKV n'affecte pas de manière majeure la production aiguë de cytokines/chimiokines.Six chiens beagles atopiques sensibilisés aux HDM. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Dans cette étude croisée, le profil des cytokines des lésions cutanées aiguës de la DA est comparé par séquençage d'ARN (ARN-Seq), avec ou sans inhibition de l'IL-31 induite par le LKV. Des biopsies cutanées sont réalisées pour chaque chien à 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 et 96 h après la provocation épicutanée avec l'allergène HDM. RÉSULTATS: Les scores lésionnels cutanés macroscopiques et microscopiques ne sont pas significativement différents entre le groupe LKV et le groupe témoin à aucun moment. De même, les résultats de l'analyse RNA-Seq ne révèle aucune différence significative dans l'expression de l'ARNm des principales cytokines entre ces deux groupes. Chez les chiens traités au LKV, IL6, IL9, IL13, IL33, CCL17 et CCL22 sont significativement surexprimées par comparaison avec leur niveau basal d'expression, ce qui suggère que ces cytokines ne sont pas affectées par l'inhibition de l'IL-31.L'inhibition de l'IL-31 est insuffisante pour empêcher l'expression d'autres médiateurs pro-inflammatoires dans la phase aiguë de la DA et ceux-ci pourraient être considérés comme d'autres cibles thérapeutiques potentielles.INTRODUCCIÓN: el anticuerpo monoclonal caninizado lokivetmab (LKV), dirigido contra la interleucina (IL)-31, es muy eficaz para controlar el prurito en la mayoría de los perros con dermatitis atópica (AD). Sin embargo, existe evidencia de que la IL-31 no es necesaria para la inducción de inflamación cutánea alérgica aguda, lo que podría explicar por qué este tratamiento es menos eficaz en algunos perros con AD. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: Comparar el análisis completo del transcriptoma de perros sensibilizados con ácaros del polvo doméstico (HDM) con y sin tratamiento con LKV para confirmar nuestra hipótesis de que LKV no afecta en gran medida a la producción aguda de citoquinas/quimioquinas. ANIMALES: Seis perros mestizos beagle maltés atópicos sensibilizados con HDM. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: en este estudio cruzado, se comparó el perfil de citoquinas de las lesiones cutáneas agudas de AD mediante secuenciación de RNA (RNA-Seq), con o sin inhibición de IL-31 inducida por LKV. Se obtuvieron biopsias de piel de cada perro a las 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 96 h después de la provocación epicutánea con el alérgeno HDM. RESULTADOS: Las puntuaciones de lesiones cutáneas macroscópicas y microscópicas no fueron significativamente diferentes entre los grupos con LKV y sin tratamiento en ningún momento. Del mismo modo, los resultados del análisis de RNA-Seq no revelaron diferencias significativas en la expresión del RNA mensajero (m) de las citoquinas principales entre estos dos grupos. En perros tratados con LKV, IL6, IL9, IL13, IL33, CCL17 y CCL22 aumentaron significativamente en comparación con sus niveles de expresión basales, lo que sugiere que estas citoquinas no se ven afectadas por la inhibición de IL-31. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: La inhibición de la IL-31 es insuficiente para prevenir la expresión de otros mediadores proinflamatorios en la AD aguda y éstos podrían considerarse como otras posibles dianas terapéuticas.Der caninisierte monoklonale Antikörper Lokivetmab (LKV), welcher auf Interleukin (IL)-31 ausgerichtet ist, ist bei der Juckreizkontrolle der meisten Hunde mit atopischer Dermatitis (AD) sehr wirkungsvoll. Es besteht jedoch Evidenz dafür, dass IL-31 zur Auslösung einer akuten allergischen Hautentzündung nicht nötig ist, was erklären könnte, warum diese Behandlung bei manchen Hunden mit AD weniger wirksam ist.Ein Vergleich der umfassenden Transkriptom Analyse von Hausstaubmilben (HDM)-sensibilisierten Hunden mit und ohne Behandlung mit LKV, um unsere Hypothese, dass LKV die akute Zytokin/Chemokin Produktion nicht wesentlich beeinflusst, zu bestätigen.Sechs HDM-sensibilisierte atopische Malteser/Beagle Mischungen wurden eingesetzt.In dieser Cross-Over Studie wurde das Zytokin Profil von akuten AD-Hautreaktionen mittels RNA-Sequenzierung (RNA-Seq) mit und ohne LKV-induzierter Inhibition von IL-31 verglichen. Es wurden Hautbiopsien von jedem Hund zum Zeitpunkt 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 und 96h nach der Provokation mit epikutanem HDM Allergen entnommen.Die makroskopische und mikroskopische Bewertung der Hautveränderungen war zwischen den LKV- und den nicht behandelten Gruppen zu den verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nicht signifikant unterschiedlich. Ebenso zeigten die Ergebnisse der RNA-Seq Analyse keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der Messenger (m) RNA Exprimierung der wichtigsten Zytokine zwischen den beiden Gruppen. Bei den LKV-behandelten Hunden waren IL6, IL9, IL13, IL33, CCL17 und CCL22 im Vergleich zu den Exprimierungswerten am Anfang (Baseline) signifikant hochreguliert, was darauf hinweist, dass diese Zytokine durch eine IL-31 Inhibition unbeeinflusst sind.Die IL-31 Inhibition reicht nicht aus, um die Exprimierung von proentzündlichen Mediatoren bei akuter AD zu verhindern. Diese könnten als mögliche therapeutische Ziele betrachtet werden.背景: インターロイキン(IL)-31を標的とするイヌ化モノクローナル抗体であるロキベトマブ(LKV)は、ほとんどのアトピー性皮膚炎(AD)の犬の掻痒をコントロールするのに効果的である。しかしながら、IL-31は急性アレルギー性皮膚炎の誘発には必要ないとの証拠が存在し、このことがロキベトマブが一部のADの犬で効果が低い理由を説明しているかもしれない。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、ハウスダストマイト(HDM)感作犬のLKV投与有無によるトランスクリプトーム解析を比較し、LKVが急性サイトカイン/ケモカイン産生に大きな影響を与えないという我々の仮説を証明することであった。 対象動物: HDM感作アトピー犬マルチーズビーグル犬6頭。 材料と方法: このクロスオーバー研究では、AD急性皮膚病変のサイトカインプロファイリングを、LKVによるIL-31阻害の有無にかかわらず、RNAシーケンス(RNA-Seq)により比較した。皮下HDMアレルゲン誘発後0、6、12、24、48、96時間に各犬から皮膚生検を実施した。 結果: 肉眼的および顕微鏡的な皮膚病変のスコアは、どの時点でもLKV-治療群および非治療群間に有意な差はなかった。同様に、RNA-Seq解析の結果、主要サイトカインのメッセンジャー(m)RNA発現量にこれら2群間で有意差は認められなかった。LKV治療犬では、IL6、IL9、IL13、IL33、CCL17、CCL22がベースラインの発現量と比較して有意に上昇し、これらのサイトカインがIL-31阻害の影響を受けないことが示唆された。 結論と臨床的関連性: IL-31阻害は、急性ADにおける他の炎症性メディエーターの発現を防ぐには不十分であり、これらは他の潜在的な治療標的として考慮される可能性がある。.背景: 针对白细胞介素(IL)-31的犬化单克隆抗体洛基韦单抗(LKV)在控制大多数特应性皮炎(AD)犬的瘙痒方面非常有效。然而,有证据表明,IL-31不是诱导急性过敏性皮肤炎症所必需的,这可能解释了为什么这种治疗对某些AD患犬效果较差。 假设/目的: 比较使用和未使用LKV治疗的屋尘螨(HDM)致敏犬的综合转录组分析,以证实我们的假设,即LKV不会主要影响急性细胞因子/趋化因子的产生。 动物: 六只HDM致敏特应性马耳他比格犬。 材料和方法: 在这项交叉研究中,通过RNA测序(RNA-Seq)比较急性AD皮肤损伤的细胞因子谱,有或无LKV诱导的IL-31抑制。在经皮HDM过敏原激发后0、6、12、24、48和96小时从每只犬身上获取皮肤活检样本。 结果: 在任何时间点,LKV治疗组和非治疗组的宏观和微观皮肤病变评分没有显著差异。同样,RNA-Seq分析结果显示这两组之间主要细胞因子的信使(m)RNA表达没有显著差异。在LKV治疗的犬中,与基线表达水平相比,IL6、IL9、IL13、IL33、CCL17和CCL22显著上调,表明这些细胞因子不受IL-31抑制的影响。 结论和临床相关性: IL-31抑制不足以阻止急性AD中其他促炎介质的表达,这些可能被视为其他潜在的治疗靶点。.O anticorpo monoclonal caninizado lokivetmab (LKV), direcionado à interleucina (IL)-31, é muito eficaz no controle do prurido na maioria dos cães com dermatite atópica (DA). Entretanto, existem evidências de que a IL-31 não é necessária para a indução de inflamação cutânea alérgica aguda, o que pode explicar o fato de este tratamento ser menos eficaz em alguns cães com DA. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Comparar a ampla a análise transcriptômica de cães sensibilizados a ácaros da poeira doméstica (HDM) com e sem tratamento com LKV para comprovar a nossa hipótese de que LKV não afeta consideravelmente a produção de citoconas/quimiocinas de fase aguda.Seis cães atópicos mestiços maltês-beagle sensibilizados a HDM. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Neste estudo cruzado, o perfil de produção de citocinas das lesões agudas de DA foi comparado por sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-Seq) com ou sem inibição de IL-31 induzida por LKV. Biópsias cutâneas foram coletadas de cão em 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 96 horas após provocação epicutânea com HDM.Escores de lesões cutâneas macroscópicas e microscópicas não foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos LKV e sem tratamento em todos os momentos experimentais. De maneira similar, os resultados da análise de RNA-Seq não revelaram diferença significativa na expressão de (m)RNA mensageiro das principais citocinas entre esses dois grupos. Em cães tratados com LKV, IL6, IL9, IL13, IL33, CCL17 e CCL22 foram significativamente aumentados em comparação com seus níveis de expressão basais, sugerindo que essas citocinas não são afetadas pela inibição de IL-31. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A inibição da IL-31 é insuficiente para prevenir a expressão de outros mediadores pró-inflamatórios na DA aguda e estes podem ser considerados como outros potenciais alvos terapêuticos. DA - 2023/4/2/ PY - 2023/4/2/ DO - 10.1111/vde.13159 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1365-3164 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13159 KW - atopic dermatitis KW - cytokines KW - dog KW - IL-31 inhibition ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Case Report of Uterine Body Constriction Precluding Normal Parturition Leading to Dystocia in a Mare AU - Willette, Jaclyn AU - Gerras, Allison AU - Sledge, Dodd AU - Koch, Drew T2 - VETERINARY SCIENCES AB - A 13-year-old multiparous Quarter Horse mare was presented to the Michigan State University’s, Large Animal Emergency service for dystocia. Clinical evaluation revealed a minimally dilated cervix on vaginal examination, with a palpable deceased fetus. Postmortem evaluation following owner-elected humane euthanasia revealed a circumferential, tan, fibrous band at the base of the uterine body that constricted the uterus and was adhered to the left and right ovaries. A routine histologic section of the incarcerating cord attached to the ovary consisted predominately of dense fibrous connective tissue, large blood vessels, and a central oviduct suggestive of a rent in the broad ligament. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report to describe uterine body constriction that precluded vaginal delivery of a fetus in a late gestation mare. DA - 2023/2// PY - 2023/2// DO - 10.3390/vetsci10020139 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2306-7381 KW - equine KW - dystocia KW - uterus KW - broad ligament KW - constriction ER - TY - JOUR TI - AAV-mediated expression of HLA-G for the prevention of experimental ocular graft vs. host disease AU - Nilles, Jacob P. AU - Roberts, Darby AU - Salmon, Jacklyn H. AU - Song, Liujiang AU - O’Dea, Carly AU - Marjoram, Lindsay T. AU - Bower, Jacquelyn J. AU - Hirsch, Matthew L. AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development AB - Ocular graft versus host disease (OGvHD) develops after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and manifests as ocular surface inflammatory disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy encoding human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) to inhibit OGvHD. A major histocompatibility mismatch chronic OGvHD murine model was evaluated. 7 days after HSCT, mice were dosed subconjunctivally with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 (1 x 109 vg/eye), topical cyclosporine (twice daily), or left untreated. Body weights and tear production (red thread test) were recorded, and eyelid, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were scored through day 44 after HSCT. Tissues were collected for vector biodistribution, ocular histology, and immunofluorescence. Compared with untreated HSCT eyes, those dosed with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 had significantly reduced clinical inflammatory signs of OGvHD. On histology, eyes that received scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 or cyclosporine had a significantly lower mean limbal mononuclear cell count when compared with non-treated HSCT eyes. HLA-G immunofluorescence was detected in the subconjunctiva and peripheral cornea in HSCT animals treated with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5. Vector genomes were detected in the lacrimal gland, but not in the other tested organs. These results provide evidence that subconjunctival AAV targets ocular surface and corneal disease and support that HLA-G-based gene therapy may be an effective treatment for OGvHD. Ocular graft versus host disease (OGvHD) develops after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and manifests as ocular surface inflammatory disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy encoding human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) to inhibit OGvHD. A major histocompatibility mismatch chronic OGvHD murine model was evaluated. 7 days after HSCT, mice were dosed subconjunctivally with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 (1 x 109 vg/eye), topical cyclosporine (twice daily), or left untreated. Body weights and tear production (red thread test) were recorded, and eyelid, corneal opacity, and corneal fluorescein retention were scored through day 44 after HSCT. Tissues were collected for vector biodistribution, ocular histology, and immunofluorescence. Compared with untreated HSCT eyes, those dosed with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 had significantly reduced clinical inflammatory signs of OGvHD. On histology, eyes that received scAAV8-HLA-G1/5 or cyclosporine had a significantly lower mean limbal mononuclear cell count when compared with non-treated HSCT eyes. HLA-G immunofluorescence was detected in the subconjunctiva and peripheral cornea in HSCT animals treated with scAAV8-HLA-G1/5. Vector genomes were detected in the lacrimal gland, but not in the other tested organs. These results provide evidence that subconjunctival AAV targets ocular surface and corneal disease and support that HLA-G-based gene therapy may be an effective treatment for OGvHD. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.03.012 VL - 29 SP - 227-235 J2 - Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development LA - en OP - SN - 2329-0501 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2023.03.012 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis Coisolated from Polymicrobial Extraintestinal Infections of Chickens and Turkeys AU - Walker, Grayson K. AU - Harden, Lyndy AU - Suyemoto, M. Mitsu AU - Thakur, Siddhartha AU - Jacob, Megan AU - Borst, Luke B. T2 - MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS AB - Coinfections by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and Enterococcus faecalis in poultry with colisepticemia have become increasingly recognized. Here, we report draft genome sequences of 18 APEC and 18 E. faecalis strains coisolated from lesions of diseased poultry. DA - 2023/2/21/ PY - 2023/2/21/ DO - 10.1128/mra.01163-22 SP - SN - 2576-098X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response to Hansen Wheat et al.: Additional analysis further supports the early emergence of cooperative communication in dogs compared to wolves raised with more human exposure AU - Salomons, Hannah AU - Smith, Kyle C. M. AU - Callahan-Beckel, Megan AU - Callahan, Margaret AU - Levy, Kerinne AU - Kennedy, Brenda S. S. AU - Bray, Emily E. E. AU - Gnanadesikan, Gitanjali E. E. AU - Horschler, Daniel J. J. AU - Gruen, Margaret AU - Tan, Jingzhi AU - White, Philip AU - vonHoldt, Bridgett M. M. AU - MacLean, Evan L. L. AU - Hare, Brian T2 - LEARNING & BEHAVIOR DA - 2023/2/21/ PY - 2023/2/21/ DO - 10.3758/s13420-023-00576-2 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1543-4508 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands AU - Rhea, Sarah AU - Camacho, Blanca E. AU - Amoriello, Carrisa W. AU - Correa, Maria AU - Lewbart, Gregory A. AU - Cruz, Marilyn AU - Velez, Alberto AU - Castillo, Paulina AU - Pairis-Garcia, Monique T2 - ANIMALS AB - Globally to date, established international standards for animal welfare, a priority of sustainable agriculture, have primarily focused on large-scale producers. However, across Latin America, including in Ecuador’s Galápagos Islands, smallholder farms play a critical role in food safety and security. We assessed five basic animal welfare measures (feed and water access, shelter availability and housing systems, animal health management, animal behavior, and timely euthanasia) for poultry, pigs, and cattle on Floreana Island, Galápagos. Utilizing assessment standards from multiple US sources and international standards, we developed a questionnaire and used it to conduct in-depth interviews during 4–5 July 2022 with eight participating producers, representing 75% of animal agriculture on Floreana. While we identified opportunities to enhance competencies in animal health management and timely euthanasia, farms performed well in the other assessed measures. Future work should promote knowledge transfer and in-country capacity building in farm biosecurity, access to veterinary care, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and euthanasia methods. Efforts to positively impact smallholder farm livelihoods in Galápagos—one of the most biodiverse and protected ecosystems on the planet—will sustainably support human health through the interconnected realms of animal health and welfare, wildlife and environmental health, and food safety and security. DA - 2023/2// PY - 2023/2// DO - 10.3390/ani13040686 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - SN - 2076-2615 KW - Galapagos Islands KW - animal welfare KW - production animal KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - ecosystem health KW - conservation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treatment of high-output cardiac failure secondary to anemia in three cats AU - Hammond, Hillary AU - Pierce, Kursten V T2 - JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY OPEN REPORTS AB - Case series summary Three cats presented for clinical signs of respiratory distress and varying etiologies of anemia. Echocardiograms revealed evidence of cardiac dilation without other significant structural or functional heart disease. Thoracic imaging via point-of-care ultrasound and/or radiographs confirmed evidence of volume overload by pleural effusion. Each cat was diagnosed with presumed high-output cardiac failure secondary to anemia. Mainstays of treatment included controlling congestion and correcting the anemia with transfusions in the short-term while addressing the underlying etiology of the anemia in the long-term. Relevance and novel information Reports, treatment and management of high-output failure in the veterinary literature are limited. Extrapolating from human medicine, cats presenting with anemia and findings consistent with volume overload will benefit from treatment of their anemia to reduce neuroendocrine activation and the associated sodium and water retention. Therefore, blood transfusion should neither be avoided nor delayed in anemic cats with changes consistent with volume overload and congestive heart failure. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1177/20551169231154178 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2055-1169 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/20551169231154178 KW - Heart failure KW - pleural effusion KW - cardiology KW - anemia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Refractory shock, hypercoagulability, and multiorgan thrombosis associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy in a dog AU - Perry, Kayla M. AU - Enders, Brittany D. AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE AB - To describe the clinical findings and case progression in a dog presenting with severe systemic inflammatory response, refractory shock, progressive metabolic acidosis, and respiratory failure that was ultimately diagnosed with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD).A 4-month-old male intact Mastiff presented with a 24-hour history of lethargy and generalized ostealgia. On examination, the dog was recumbent, febrile, and tachycardic with pain on palpation of the abdomen, right femur, and mandible. Appendicular joint radiographs showed changes consistent with osteochondrosis and ulnar-retained cartilaginous cores, with no overt evidence of HOD. Initial treatment included IV fluid therapy, multimodal analgesia, and broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Vasopressor therapy was initiated following hemodynamic decompensation. Synovial fluid cytological analysis and culture revealed nonseptic suppurative inflammation and no bacterial growth, respectively. Blood and urine cultures also yielded no growth. Viscoelastic testing was consistent with hypercoagulability. The dog initially had a metabolic acidosis with appropriate respiratory compensation that progressed to a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis despite aggressive therapies that included antimicrobials, vasopressors, positive inotropes, and corticosteroids. Humane euthanasia was elected approximately 32 hours after admission. Necropsy yielded a diagnosis of HOD.This is the first report detailing the occurrence of refractory shock and hypercoagulability associated with HOD in a dog without evidence of another identified comorbidity. HOD should be considered in any young, large-breed dog with generalized ostealgia and signs of systemic illness, even in the absence of classic radiographic abnormalities. Further investigation of coagulation status in dogs with HOD and a secondary systemic inflammatory response is warranted. DA - 2023/2/17/ PY - 2023/2/17/ DO - 10.1111/vec.13280 SP - SN - 1476-4431 KW - canine KW - coagulation KW - osteochondrosis KW - systemic inflammatory response ER - TY - JOUR TI - A narrative review of the impact of work hours and insufficient rest on job performance AU - Steffey, Michele A. AU - Risselada, Marije AU - Scharf, Valery F. AU - Buote, Nicole J. AU - Zamprogno, Helia AU - Winter, Alexandra L. AU - Griffon, Dominique T2 - VETERINARY SURGERY AB - Abstract Objective This review discusses the scientific evidence regarding effects of insufficient rest on clinical performance and house officer training programs, the associations of clinical duty scheduling with insufficient rest, and the implications for risk management. Study design Narrative review. Methods Several literature searches using broad terms such as “sleep deprivation,” “veterinary,” “physician,” and “surgeon” were performed using PubMed and Google scholar. Results Sleep deprivation and insufficient rest have clear and deleterious effects on job performance, which in healthcare occupations impacts patient safety and practice function. The unique requirements of a career in veterinary surgery, which may include on‐call shifts and overnight work, can lead to distinct sleep challenges and chronic insufficient rest with resultant serious but often poorly recognized impacts. These effects negatively impact practices, teams, surgeons, and patients. The self‐assessment of fatigue and performance effect is demonstrably untrustworthy, reinforcing the need for institution‐level protections. While the issues are complex and there is no one‐size‐fits‐all approach, duty hour or workload restrictions may be an important first step in addressing these issues within veterinary surgery, as it has been in human medicine. Conclusion Systematic re‐examination of cultural expectations and practice logistics are needed if improvement in working hours, clinician well‐being, productivity, and patient safety are to occur. Clinical significance (or Impact) A more comprehensive understanding of the magnitude and consequence of sleep‐related impairment better enables surgeons and hospital management to address systemic challenges in veterinary practice and training programs. DA - 2023/2/18/ PY - 2023/2/18/ DO - 10.1111/vsu.13943 SP - SN - 1532-950X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and Evaluation of an Experiential Career Planning Assignment to Train Students to Assess Organizational Fit AU - Snyder, Amy M. AU - Hartwell, Jennifer R. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION AB - Determining if an employment opportunity will be a good match can feel daunting, especially for veterinary graduates entering the workforce. To ease this transition, veterinary educators traditionally have attempted to provide career support through interspersed didactic lectures on career options and the preparation of employment documents. While well intended, this approach fails to address the multiple dimensions of effective career planning or the reality that career planning is a lifelong endeavor. For a career planning teaching modality to be effective, it must address all stages of career planning and provide a framework that can be adapted throughout a career. Here we describe how a four-stage career-planning model, utilized throughout higher education, was employed to create a career planning assignment for guiding students in assessing organizational fit. We describe how student feedback was used to inform revisions, resulting in an improved educational experience as measured by students' perceptions of the utility of the assignment. Additional recommendations based on instructor reflection are provided to guide creation and implementation of future assignments. Given the growing support for professional skills training in veterinary medical education, we view incorporation of such learning activities as essential to preparing students to enter the modern veterinary workplace. DA - 2023/1/19/ PY - 2023/1/19/ DO - 10.3138/jvme-2022-0095 SP - SN - 1943-7218 KW - educational methods KW - career planning KW - career exploration KW - self-exploration KW - professional development KW - organizational fit KW - organizational assessment ER - TY - JOUR TI - MRI findings associated with clinical presentation and histopathology in a Mexican redknee tarantula (Brachypelma hamorii) AU - Handberg, Elizabeth AU - Gaudette, Chris AU - Knutson, Kyra AU - Nelson, Nathan AU - Ozawa, Sarah T2 - Veterinary Record Case Reports AB - Abstract A 15‐year‐old, 9 g, female Mexican redknee tarantula ( Brachypelma hamorii ) presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine with a history of anorexia and weight loss. Physical examination revealed an inability to extend the left chelicera, which was suspected to prevent the tarantula from prehending live prey. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed enlargement and T2 hyperintensity of the left chelicera. The patient was provided with supplemental feedings and rehydration until it was found deceased more than 8 months after the initial presentation. A postmortem examination was performed, and histopathology showed an area of chronic inflammation at the level of the left chelicera. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used as an antemortem diagnostic tool to identify lesions in tarantulas. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1002/vrc2.517 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.517 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Solving an eye condition by looking to the rear AU - Gilger, Brian C. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education AB - It is rare to read a modern scientific publication that describes a surgical technique used on human anal haemorrhoids for the management of an ocular disorder in a horse, but Bessonnat et al. (2023) describe the use of ligation, as described for haemorrhoids, for the treatment of recurrent ocular exuberant granulation tissue in a pony that was unresponsive to traditional therapies. Exuberant granulation tissue is an uncommon complication after corneal surgery in horses and usually develops at the harvest site of the conjunctival graft in the bulbar conjunctiva. As thoroughly described by the authors, exuberant granulation tissue in horses generally responds well to topical or local injection of corticosteroids, with or without tissue resection. In the pony described in this case report, the granulation tissue originally developed after a conjunctival graft surgery (Gunderson flap) was performed for the management of presumed endothelial immune-mediated keratitis. The granulation tissue was large, exuberant, and recurred twice despite standard-of-care therapy (i.e. use of topical and local steroid injection and resection using electrosurgical cauterisation). Following the two recurrences, the authors elected to use a ligature tape applied to the base of the pedunculated granulation tissue, as described for the treatment of severe haemorrhoids in humans. Following the ligation, the pedunculated granulation tissue turned reddish-black and spontaneously detached within 24 h after the ligation procedure. Following this technique, the eye recovered uneventfully and the granulation tissue did not recur during the 33-month follow-up period. The authors are applauded for their outside-of-the-box approach to effectively treat this case, despite venturing for inspiration to an anatomic location of the body whose surgical techniques are not commonly translated to the treatment of diseases of the eye. Recurrent periocular masses are common in horses, but these lesions are generally neoplastic. Periocular squamous cell carcinoma is a common example. Therefore, it is important that any mass removed from a horse's eye be examined histologically to definitively determine the underlying cause, if possible. The surgeon must differentiate granulation tissue from squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and parasitic granulomas, among other causes. Most non-responsive or recurrent masses are simply the result of a misdiagnosis of the lesion and subsequent inappropriate treatment of the underlying cause(s). Specific and aggressive adjunctive therapy is needed to manage periocular neoplasia for example, and ligation or resection alone will result in the recurrence of the mass in greater than 50% of the cases, depending on the specific underlying neoplasia. Further work is needed to determine the frequency of occurrence of exuberant granulation tissue after ocular surgery in the horse, in comparison to neoplasia, but in my experience, the development of granulation is relatively uncommon and generally responds well to steroidal therapy. Prevention of granulation tissue around the eye after surgery can usually be accomplished by complete closure of the conjunctiva during surgery. It is common to not close the conjunctiva at the harvest site during surgery when surgeons are trying to reduce overall anaesthesia time, but doing so will minimise the development of granulation tissue. Furthermore, minimising the use of topical irritating substances, such as 5% sodium chloride or topical lidocaine, or procedures, such as a sub-palpebral lavage catheter, may also reduce the development of conjunctival granulation tissue. Finally, the use of small-sized sutures will minimise knot size and reduce conjunctival irritation (and thus the frequency of developing granulation tissue), especially when using braided absorbable sutures. Further studies are needed to determine the causes and prevention of granulation tissue in the horses' eyes. This case report also demonstrates the need for careful and thorough communication with the horse owner prior to surgery. Discussing the pros and cons of a salvage procedure such as Gunderson flaps are needed when managing chronic ocular diseases in horses such as endothelial immune-mediated keratitis. The described goal of the Gunderson flap procedure in the horse of this case report was to improve corneal oedema and vision and to prevent the development of corneal ulceration. Excessive corneal oedema from lack of corneal endothelial cell function results in the development of epithelial bullae. Fluid-filled bullae are easily ruptured by the horse leading to corneal ulceration, exposure of corneal nerve endings, and ocular discomfort. Although there was limited clinical description provided in the case report, no ocular discomfort was described in the horse (and pre-operative images were not provided). However, the horse required repeated procedures to manage the complications after surgery. The post-operative images (see figure 1a in the article) indicate a limited resolution to the corneal opacity but if the Gunderson flap helped prevent the development of corneal ulceration (which is not described for the 33 months after surgery), then this procedure likely prevented ocular discomfort despite the need for repeated surgeries to manage the granulation tissue that developed. Again, thorough client communication is needed prior to surgery to discuss these possible complications, such as the development of granulation tissue, and the possible need for further procedures if they develop. This case report effectively describes an uncommon corneal surgical complication in horses, the development of exuberant granulation tissue, the histologic diagnosis, appropriate therapy and an interesting, if unconventional, method to manage a rare case of unresponsive, recurrent granulation tissue of a pony's eye. This case report accentuates the need for histologic confirmation on masses removed from a horse's eye and the need for thorough communications with the owner prior to surgery to discuss the pros, cons and possible complications of ocular salvage procedures in the horse. No conflicts of interest have been declared. DA - 2023/3/13/ PY - 2023/3/13/ DO - 10.1111/eve.13791 VL - 35 IS - 7 SP - 356-357 J2 - Equine Veterinary Education LA - en OP - SN - 0957-7734 2042-3292 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.13791 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equine pectinate ligament descemetization is associated with age AU - Stonex, Tara M. AU - Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao AU - Robertson, James B. AU - Westermeyer, Hans D. T2 - VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY AB - To evaluate the correlation between equine pectinate ligament descemetization and ocular disease.The pathology database of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Center was searched from 2010-2021 for all equine globes. Disease status was then assigned as affected by glaucoma, uveitis, or "other" based upon clinical records. The iridocorneal angles (ICA) of each globe were evaluated for the presence of pectinate ligament descemetization, the length of descemetization, as well as for the degree of angle collapse and the extent of cellular infiltrate or proteinaceous debris. One slide from each eye was evaluated by two separate, blinded investigators (HW & TS).A total of 66 eyes from 61 horses were identified, with a total of 124 sections of ICA of sufficient quality to review. 16 horses were affected by uveitis, 8 by glaucoma, 7 by both glaucoma and uveitis, and 30 horses by other ocular disease, most commonly ocular surface disease or neoplasia, which served as controls. Pectinate ligament descemetization was most prevalent in the control group compared to the glaucoma and uveitis groups. Pectinate ligament descemetization length was positively correlated with age, with an increase of 13.5 μm per year of age (p = .016). Infiltrate scores and angle closure scores were higher in both the glaucoma and uveitis group compared to the control group (p < .001).Equine pectinate ligament descemetization appears to be correlated with increased age and should not be used as a histologic marker for the presence of glaucoma. DA - 2023/2/19/ PY - 2023/2/19/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13071 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1463-5224 KW - equine KW - equine recurrent uveitis KW - glaucoma KW - histopathology KW - iridocorneal angle KW - pectinate ligaments ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonredundant Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductases Influence Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Anaerobic Growth and Virulence AU - Cruz, E. AU - Haeberle, A. L. AU - Westerman, T. L. AU - Durham, M. E. AU - Suyemoto, M. M. AU - Knodler, L. A. AU - Elfenbein, J. R. T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - Facultative anaerobic enteric pathogens can utilize a diverse array of alternate electron acceptors to support anaerobic metabolism and thrive in the hypoxic conditions within the mammalian gut. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is produced by methionine catabolism and can act as an alternate electron acceptor to support anaerobic respiration. The DMSO reductase complex consists of three subunits, DmsA, DmsB, and DmsC, and allows bacteria to grow anaerobically with DMSO as an electron acceptor. The genomes of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica encode three putative dmsABC operons, but the impact of the apparent genetic redundancy in DMSO reduction on the fitness of nontyphoidal S. enterica during infection remains unknown. We hypothesized that DMSO reduction would be needed for S. enterica serotype Typhimurium to colonize the mammalian gut. We demonstrate that an S. Typhimurium mutant with loss of function in all three putative DMSO reductases (ΔdmsA3) poorly colonizes the mammalian intestine when the microbiota is intact and when inflammation is absent. DMSO reduction enhances anaerobic growth through nonredundant contributions of two of the DMSO reductases. Furthermore, DMSO reduction influences virulence by increasing expression of the type 3 secretion system 2 and reducing expression of the type 3 secretion system 1. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the DMSO reductases of S. Typhimurium are functionally nonredundant and suggest DMSO is a physiologically relevant electron acceptor that supports S. enterica fitness in the gut. DA - 2023/2/1/ PY - 2023/2/1/ DO - 10.1128/iai.00578-22 SP - SN - 1098-5522 KW - DMSO KW - Salmonella KW - anaerobic metabolism KW - bovine ileal loop model KW - dimethyl sulfoxide KW - murine infection KW - type 3 secretion system ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sedated cesarean sections are associated with increased kid survival compared to general anesthesia in goats: retrospective cohort of 45 cases (2011–2021) AU - Elane, George L. AU - Portela, Diego A. AU - Hobbs, Kallie J. AU - Bauck, Anje G. AU - Biedrzycki, Adam H. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine whether anesthesia type (sedation or general anesthesia) affects kid survival to discharge in caprine cesarean sections (C-sections). ANIMALS Retrospective cohort of 99 caprine C-sections (2011–2021). PROCEDURES All surgeries were performed via left flank laparotomy in right lateral recumbency. The number of kids alive at presentation, surgery, and discharge was recorded. Kids that were dead on presentation or euthanized intraoperatively were excluded. Goats were classified as “healthy” (American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≤ 2) or “sick” (≥ 3). RESULTS Kid survival was significantly higher for C-sections performed under sedation (47/52 [90%]) than for C-sections performed under general anesthesia (16/24 [66%]; P = .004). Relative risk was 1.4 and odds ratio was 4.7. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Performing C-sections in sedated goats may improve kid survival rates over those under general anesthesia. DA - 2023/1/2/ PY - 2023/1/2/ DO - 10.2460/javma.22.10.0466 VL - 1 SP - 1-6 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.10.0466 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasma syndecan‐1 concentration as a biomarker for endothelial glycocalyx degradation in septic adult horses AU - Hobbs, Kallie J. AU - Johnson, Philip J. AU - Wiedmeyer, Charles E. AU - Schultz, Loren AU - Foote, Christopher A. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - Limited information is available regarding endothelial glycocalyx degradation during sepsis in horses. Plasma syndecan-1 concentrations are increased in consequence of sepsis in other species and have been useful for prognostication.To determine whether plasma syndecan-1 levels are increased in adult horses affected with sepsis.Retrospective cohort study.Adult horses were assigned to one of three groups based on results of physical and laboratory examinations, clinical diagnosis, and results of previously described SIRS classification: Group 1 horses included healthy, nonseptic horses; Group 2 included horses in which clinical illness was identified but that were not considered to be septic; Group 3 included horses with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis. Plasma syndecan-1 concentration was determined in blood obtained at admission into the hospital for each horse, using an equine specific ELISA. Data were analysed using ANOVA and linear regression (p ≤ 0.05).One hundred and ninety-one horses were included and divided into three groups. Scores for SIRS were highest for Group 3 horses and lowest in Groups 1 and 2. Plasma syndecan-1 concentrations in Group 3 horses (50.73 ± 84.24 μg/ml; n = 42) were greater than those for Group 1 (15.69 ± 11.28 μg/ml; n = 66) and Group 2 (16.88 ± 15.30 μg/ml; n = 83). There was no difference regarding syndecan concentrations between Groups 1 and 2.Retrospective study design, solitary time point of measurement for each patient, and lack of a widely accepted consensus regarding definitive diagnosis of sepsis in adult horses.Circulating plasma levels of syndecan-1, a biochemical marker of endothelial glycocalyx damage, are increased in septic adult horses. DA - 2023/5// PY - 2023/5// DO - 10.1111/evj.13862 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13862 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Study of the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, marine based fatty acid compounds (PCSO-524 and EAB-277), and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with hip osteoarthritis: A prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial AU - Kampa, Naruepon AU - Kaenkangploo, Duangdaun AU - Jitpean, Supranee AU - Srithunyarat, Thanikul AU - Seesupa, Suvaluk AU - Hoisang, Somphong AU - Yongvanit, Karn AU - Kamlangchai, Phanthit AU - Tuchpramuk, Pongsatorn AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate are commonly used in dogs with OA, but evidence around efficacy is mixed. This study evaluated the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, marine based fatty acid compounds (PCSO-524 and EAB-277), and carprofen for the alleviation of canine hip OA pain. This was a prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Seventy-five owned pet dogs with hip OA were assigned randomly into five treatment groups: PCSO-524, Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, EAB-277, carprofen, and Placebo (sunflower oil). Peak vertical force (PVF) and subjective orthopedic assessment scores (OAS) were evaluated before treatment (week 0), and at weeks 2, 4, and 6 during treatment.At week 2, the carprofen group showed a significant increase in PVF (3.14 ± 5.33; mean ± SD). After 4 weeks, the increases in PVF of the PCSO-524 (3.90 ± 3.52), EAB-277 (4.17 ± 4.94), and carprofen (3.08 ± 5.87) groups were significant, and significantly greater than placebo (0.08 ± 1.90) and glucosamine (-0.05 ± 6.34) groups. After 6 weeks, the change of PVF in the PCSO-524 (4.14 ± 4.65), EAB-277 (4.45 ± 4.23), and carprofen (4.21 ± 6.52) groups were significant and significantly higher than the placebo group (-0.33 ± 3.65). The change in PVF in the glucosamine group (1.08 ± 5.49) lay between the placebo group and the other treatment groups. The OAS did not show any significant change in any group.PCSO-524 and EAB-277, but not glucosamine/chondroitin, resulted in significant improvements in PVF from baseline after 4 weeks, and 6 weeks, and to a similar degree to that seen with carprofen. DA - 2023/2/1/ PY - 2023/2/1/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2023.1033188 VL - 10 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - OA KW - marine-based fatty acid KW - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) KW - gait analysis KW - PVF ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Kirschner-Wire Insertion Angle on Construct Biomechanics following Tibial Tuberosity Osteotomy Fixation in Dogs AU - Hawbecker, Tyler J. AU - Duffy, Daniel J. AU - Chang, Yi-Jen AU - Moore, George E. T2 - VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Kirschner wire insertion angle on the biomechanical characteristics following tibial tuberosity osteotomy fixation in dogs. Twelve pairs of cadaveric tibia were harvested and randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Kirschner wires were placed either transversely (0 degrees) or placed caudodistally (30 degrees) with respect to the tibial tuberosity osteotomy. Each limb acted as its own respective control. Radiographic analysis allowed for the calculation of Kirschner wire insertion angle variance. Constructs were tested to monotonic failure while evaluating yield, peak, and failure forces, construct stiffness, and failure mode. Kirschner wire insertion angles were 1.1 ± 2.2 degrees and 30.5 ± 2.3 degrees, respectively, for 0-degree and 30-degree groups (p <0.0001). Yield (p = 0.0095), peak (p <0.024) and failure loads (p <0.030) were all significantly greater for Kirschner wires inserted at an angle of 0 degrees compared with 30 degrees. Construct stiffness did not differ regardless of insertion angle (p = 0.068). Failure mode did not differ (p = 0.87) with tibial tuberosity avulsion and Kirschner wire pull-out seen in the majority of constructs (67%). Kirschner wires placed transversely (0 degrees) for tibial tuberosity osteotomy fixation were biomechanically superior, increasing yield, peak, and failure forces by 1.6 times, 1.3 times, and 1.4 times, respectively, to those placed in a caudodistal (30 degrees) orientation. Kirschner wire insertion angle is an important consideration following tibial tuberosity osteotomy in dogs, with Kirschner wires placed at 0 degrees conferring increased resistance of the repair to construct deformation. DA - 2023/1/23/ PY - 2023/1/23/ DO - 10.1055/s-0042-1759868 SP - SN - 2567-6911 KW - tibial tuberosity osteotomy KW - medial patellar luxation KW - canine KW - Kirschner wire fixation KW - failure mode ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bilateral patellar aplasia in a foal AU - Ludwig, Elsa K. AU - Hallowell, Kim AU - Womble, Mandy AU - O'Neil, Erin T2 - VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE AB - Abstract A 2‐day‐old Cleveland Bay colt was referred to the Equine Emergency Service of the Farm Animal and Equine Veterinary Medical Center at North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of decreased nursing behaviour and right hindlimb lameness of 2 days’ duration. When assisted to stand, the foal was unable to extend either hindlimb or bear weight on the hindlimbs, the right patella was luxated laterally and unable to be reduced, and the foal assumed a crouched position. Stifle radiographs revealed minimal, heterogeneous, ill‐defined ossification of both patellae. Due to the severity of the musculoskeletal defects, humane euthanasia was elected. Post‐mortem examination identified a congenital malformation of both patella bones with failure of ossification and cardiac changes suggestive of right atrioventricular valve dysplasia. Histology of the patellae showed no evidence of osteoid deposition or ossification. To our knowledge, bilateral congenital patellar aplasia has not been previously described in foals. DA - 2023/2/3/ PY - 2023/2/3/ DO - 10.1002/vms3.1083 SP - SN - 2053-1095 KW - aplasia KW - congenital KW - foal KW - horse KW - patella ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spontaneous autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases in animals: a comprehensive review AU - Bizikova, Petra AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Linder, Keith AU - Rybnicek, Jan T2 - BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - Abstract Autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases (AISBDs) are rare skin disorders of animals that were first identified in dogs but several AISBDs are now recognised in other companion animal species. Most AISBDs in animals are homologues of the human diseases and are thought to share similar pathomechanisms of epidermal and/or mucosal blister formation caused by autoantibodies targeting structural proteins of the basement membrane zone (BMZ). Disruption of their structural function by the autoantibodies and/or recruited inflammation leads to BMZ fragility, which presents clinically as vesicles, bullae and, later, deep erosions and ulcers. Canine AISBDs are the best characterised, particularly the more common variants such as mucous membrane pemphigoid (48%), epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) (26%), and bullous pemphigoid (10%). Exceedingly rare AISBDs in the dog are junctional EBA, mixed AISBD, type-1 bullous systemic lupus erythematosus, linear IgA dermatosis, and pemphigus gestationis. The diagnosis of a specific AISBD is made by combining the clinical features (breed, age, lesion distribution) with histological evidence of subepithelial clefting, but not all AISBDs can be differentiated in this manner and specialised immunological testing is required. This latter, unfortunately, is not readily available and, therefore, the specific AISBD diagnosis often remains unconfirmed. While this limits further understanding of these diseases, it does not prevent clinicians from treating their patients, as the treatment approaches are similar for the different AISBDs in dogs. This review primarily focuses on canine AISBDs, the species for which these diseases have been best characterised, and shorter descriptions of variants in other species are also provided. DA - 2023/2/27/ PY - 2023/2/27/ DO - 10.1186/s12917-023-03597-1 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1746-6148 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03597-1 KW - Autoimmune KW - Skin KW - Pemphigoid KW - Dog KW - Cat KW - Blister ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding on a Bartonella henselae Infected Host Triggers Temporary Changes in the Ctenocephalides felis Microbiome AU - Moore, Charlotte AU - Lashnits, Erin AU - Neupane, Pradeep AU - Herrin, Brian H. H. AU - Lappin, Michael AU - Andre, Marcos Rogerio AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. B. T2 - PATHOGENS AB - The effect of Bartonella henselae on the microbiome of its vector, Ctenocephalides felis (the cat flea) is largely unknown, as the majority of C. felis microbiome studies have utilized wild-caught pooled fleas. We surveyed the microbiome of laboratory-origin C. felis fed on B. henselae-infected cats for 24 h or 9 days to identify changes to microbiome diversity and microbe prevalence compared to unfed fleas, and fleas fed on uninfected cats. Utilizing Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina platform, we documented an increase in microbial diversity in C. felis fed on Bartonella-infected cats for 24 h. These changes returned to baseline (unfed fleas or fleas fed on uninfected cats) after 9 days on the host. Increased diversity in the C. felis microbiome when fed on B. henselae-infected cats may be related to the mammalian, flea, or endosymbiont response. Poor B. henselae acquisition was documented with only one of four infected flea pools having B. henselae detected by NGS. We hypothesize this is due to the use of adult fleas, flea genetic variation, or lack of co-feeding with B. henselae-infected fleas. Future studies are necessary to fully characterize the effect of endosymbionts and C. felis diversity on B. henselae acquisition. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/pathogens12030366 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2076-0817 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030366 KW - Bartonella henselae KW - Ctenocephalides felis KW - flea KW - microbiome KW - wolbachia KW - vector microbiome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of systemic AAV-microdystrophin gene therapy in the GRMD model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy AU - Birch, Sharla M. AU - Lawlor, Michael W. AU - Conlon, Thomas J. AU - Guo, Lee-Jae AU - Crudele, Julie M. AU - Hawkins, Eleanor C. AU - Nghiem, Peter P. AU - Ahn, Mihye AU - Meng, Hui AU - Beatka, Margaret J. AU - Fickau, Brittany A. AU - Prieto, Juan C. AU - Styner, Martin A. AU - Struharik, Michael J. AU - Shanks, Courtney AU - Brown, Kristy J. AU - Golebiowski, Diane AU - Bettis, Amanda K. AU - Balog-Alvarez, Cynthia J. AU - Clement, Nathalie AU - Coleman, Kirsten E. AU - Corti, Manuela AU - Pan, Xiufang AU - Hauschka, Stephen D. AU - Gonzalez, J. Patrick AU - Morris, Carl A. AU - Schneider, Joel S. AU - Duan, Dongsheng AU - Chamberlain, Jeffrey S. AU - Byrne, Barry J. AU - Kornegay, Joe. N. T2 - SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE AB - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle wasting disease caused by the absence of dystrophin, a membrane-stabilizing protein encoded by the DMD gene. Although mouse models of DMD provide insight into the potential of a corrective therapy, data from genetically homologous large animals, such as the dystrophin-deficient golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) model, may more readily translate to humans. To evaluate the clinical translatability of an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vector (AAV9)-microdystrophin (μDys5) construct, we performed a blinded, placebo-controlled study in which 12 GRMD dogs were divided among four dose groups [control, 1 × 1013 vector genomes per kilogram (vg/kg), 1 × 1014 vg/kg, and 2 × 1014 vg/kg; n = 3 each], treated intravenously at 3 months of age with a canine codon-optimized microdystrophin construct, rAAV9-CK8e-c-μDys5, and followed for 90 days after dosing. All dogs received prednisone (1 milligram/kilogram) for a total of 5 weeks from day -7 through day 28. We observed dose-dependent increases in tissue vector genome copy numbers; μDys5 protein in multiple appendicular muscles, the diaphragm, and heart; limb and respiratory muscle functional improvement; and reduction of histopathologic lesions. As expected, given that a truncated dystrophin protein was generated, phenotypic test results and histopathologic lesions did not fully normalize. All administrations were well tolerated, and adverse events were not seen. These data suggest that systemically administered AAV-microdystrophin may be dosed safely and could provide therapeutic benefit for patients with DMD. DA - 2023/1/4/ PY - 2023/1/4/ DO - 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo1815 VL - 15 IS - 677 SP - SN - 1946-6242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of peritubular capillary rarefaction in kidneys of cats with chronic kidney disease AU - Paschall, Rene E. AU - Quimby, Jessica M. AU - Cianciolo, Rachel E. AU - McLeland, Shannon M. AU - Lunn, Katharine F. AU - Elliott, Jonathan T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Hypoxia is a key driver of fibrosis and is associated with capillary rarefaction in humans.Characterize capillary rarefaction in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Archival kidney tissue from 58 cats with CKD, 20 unaffected cats.Cross-sectional study of paraffin-embedded kidney tissue utilizing CD31 immunohistochemistry to highlight vascular structures. Consecutive high-power fields from the cortex (10) and corticomedullary junction (5) were digitally photographed. An observer counted and colored the capillary area. Image analysis was used to determine the capillary number, average capillary size, and average percent capillary area in the cortex and corticomedullary junction. Histologic scoring was performed by a pathologist masked to clinical data.Percent capillary area (cortex) was significantly lower in CKD (median 3.2, range, 0.8-5.6) compared to unaffected cats (4.4, 1.8-7.0; P = <.001) and was negatively correlated with serum creatinine concentrations (r = -.36, P = .0013), glomerulosclerosis (r = -0.39, P = <.001), inflammation (r = -.30, P = .009), and fibrosis (r = -.30, P = .007). Capillary size (cortex) was significantly lower in CKD cats (2591 pixels, 1184-7289) compared to unaffected cats (4523 pixels, 1801-7618; P = <.001) and was negatively correlated with serum creatinine concentrations (r = -.40, P = <.001), glomerulosclerosis (r = -.44, P < .001), inflammation (r = -.42, P = <.001), and fibrosis (r = -.38, P = <.001).Capillary rarefaction (decrease in capillary size and percent capillary area) is present in kidneys of cats with CKD and is positively correlated with renal dysfunction and histopathologic lesions. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1111/jvim.16656 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16656 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Activity patterns are associated with fractional lifespan, memory, and gait speed in aged dogs AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Khan, Michael AU - Case, Beth AU - Giovagnoli, Sara AU - Thomson, Andrea AU - Lascelles, B. Duncan X. AU - Gruen, Margaret AU - Olby, Natasha T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Maintaining an active lifestyle is considered a hallmark of successful aging. Physical activity significantly reduces the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease in humans. However, pain and lack of motivation are important barriers to exercise. Dogs are a remarkable model for translational studies in aging and cognition as they are prone to Canine Cognitive Dysfunction syndrome, which has many similarities with Alzheimer's disease. According to owner reports, changes in activity levels are characteristic of this syndrome, with decreased daytime activity, but also excessive pacing, especially at sleep time. We used physical activity monitors to record the activity of 27 senior dogs and evaluated the association between activity level and age, fractional lifespan, cognitive status measured by an owner questionnaire and cognitive tests. We also assessed the relationship between activity and joint/spinal pain, and the off/on leash gait speed ratio (a potential marker of gait speed reserve and motivation). We found that activity patterns in dogs are associated with fractional lifespan and working memory. Additionally, dogs with higher on/off leash gait speed are more active in the afternoon of weekdays. These results encourage future studies evaluating how physical activity can improve or delay cognitive impairment in senior dogs. C2 - 9929073 DA - 2023/2/14/ PY - 2023/2/14/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-29181-z VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9929073 N1 - PMID: 36788306; PMCID: PMC9929073. RN - PMID: 36788306; PMCID: PMC9929073. ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel task of canine olfaction for use in adult and senior pet dogs AU - Khan, Michael Z. AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Russell, Katharine AU - Case, Beth AU - Fefer, Gilad AU - Woods, Hope AU - Olby, Natasha AU - Gruen, Margaret T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract While much work has been done in the field of canine olfaction, there has been little exploration of hyposmia or anosmia. This is partly due to difficulties in reducing confounds like training history and environmental distraction. The current study describes a novel olfaction test using spontaneous search behavior in dogs to find a hidden food treat in a three-choice task with both light-phase and dark-phase conditions. The study was performed in 18 adult control dogs, 18 senior/geriatric dogs enrolled in a longitudinal aging study, and a single dog with severe nasal pathology. In the senior/geriatric and control groups, dogs performed with higher accuracy (p < 0.0001) and were less likely to show biased selection strategy (p < 0.01) in the dark-phase than light-phase. While senior/geriatric dogs performed above chance, they had lower accuracy in the dark-phase compared to controls (p = 0.036). Dogs who scored higher on an owner questionnaire of cognitive decline showed a positive correlation with performance in the dark-phase; performance on additional cognitive tests did not correlate with performance in the dark-phase. This task can be used to quantify canine olfaction using clearly defined endpoints and spontaneous behaviors thus making it feasible to compare between and within groups of pet dogs. DA - 2023/2/8/ PY - 2023/2/8/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-29361-x VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 UR - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9908929 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst AU - Phelps, Drake W. AU - Palekar, Anika I. AU - Conley, Haleigh E. AU - Ferrero, Giuliano AU - Driggers, Jacob H. AU - Linder, Keith E. AU - Kullman, Seth W. AU - Reif, David M. AU - Sheats, M. Katie AU - DeWitt, Jamie C. AU - Yoder, Jeffrey A. T2 - JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY AB - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in a multitude of processes and products, including nonstick coatings, food wrappers, and fire-fighting foams. These chemicals are environmentally-persistent, ubiquitous, and can be detected in the serum of 98% of Americans. Despite evidence that PFASs alter adaptive immunity, few studies have investigated their effects on innate immunity. The report here presents results of studies that investigated the impact of nine environmentally-relevant PFASs [e.g. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid potassium salt (PFOS-K), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (GenX), 7H-perfluoro-4-methyl-3,6-dioxa-octane sulfonic acid (Nafion byproduct 2), and perfluoromethoxyacetic acid sodium salt (PFMOAA-Na)] on one component of the innate immune response, the neutrophil respiratory burst. The respiratory burst is a key innate immune process by which microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) are rapidly induced by neutrophils in response to pathogens; defects in the respiratory burst can increase susceptibility to infection. The study here utilized larval zebrafish, a human neutrophil-like cell line, and primary human neutrophils to ascertain whether PFAS exposure inhibits ROS production in the respiratory burst. It was observed that exposure to PFHxA and GenX suppresses the respiratory burst in zebrafish larvae and a human neutrophil-like cell line. GenX also suppressed the respiratory burst in primary human neutrophils. This report is the first to demonstrate that these PFASs suppress neutrophil function and support the utility of employing zebrafish larvae and a human cell line as screening tools to identify chemicals that may suppress human immune function. DA - 2023/12/31/ PY - 2023/12/31/ DO - 10.1080/1547691X.2023.2176953 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1547-6901 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/1547691X.2023.2176953 KW - Innate immunity KW - neutrophils KW - per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - reactive oxygen species KW - zebrafish ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytauxzoon felis in salivary glands of Amblyomma americanum AU - Yang, Tzushan S. AU - Reichard, Mason V AU - Thomas, Jennifer E. AU - Miller, Laura S. AU - Marr, Henry S. AU - Karounos, Michael AU - Bell, Aaron J. AU - Birkenheuer, Adam J. T2 - TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES AB - Cytauxzoon felis is a tick-borne piroplasmid hemoparasite that causes life-threatening disease in cats. Despite the critical role that ticks play in pathogen transmission, our knowledge regarding the C. felis life cycle remains limited to the feline hosts. Specific life stages of C. felis within the tick host have never been visualized microscopically and previous investigations have been limited to molecular detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sporozoites are the infectious stage of piroplasmids that are transmitted by ticks. In other tick-borne piroplasmids, sporozoite-based vaccines play a key role in disease prevention and management. We believe sporozoites have similar potential for cytauxzoonosis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use different molecular and microscopic techniques to detect and evaluate C. felis sporozoites in tick salivary glands (SG). A total of 140 Amblyomma americanum adults that were fed on C. felis-infected cats as nymphs were included for this study. Specifically, dissected SGs were quartered and subjected to C. felis RT-PCR, RNAscope® in situ hybridization (ISH), histology, direct azure staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cytauxzoon felis RT-PCR was also performed on half tick (HT) carcasses after SG dissection. Cytauxzoon felis RNA was detected in SGs of 17/140 ticks. Of these, 7/17 ticks had microscopic visualization via ISH and/or TEM. The remaining 10/17 ticks had only molecular detection of C. felis in SGs via RT-PCR without visualization. Cytauxzoon felis RNA was detected solely in HT carcasses via RT-PCR in 9/140 ticks. In ISH-positive tick SGs, hybridization signals were present in cytoplasms of SG acinar cells. TEM captured rare C. felis organisms with characteristic ultrastructural features of sporozoites. This study describes the first direct visualization of any developing stage of C. felis in ticks. Forthcoming studies should employ a combination of molecular and microscopic techniques to investigate the C. felis life cycle in A. americanum. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102056 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1877-9603 KW - Cytauxzoon felis KW - Sporozoites KW - In situ hybridization KW - Tick KW - Salivary glands ER - TY - JOUR TI - Initial investigation of molecular phenotypes of airway mast cells and cytokine profiles in equine asthma AU - Woodrow, Jane S. AU - Hines, Melissa AU - Sommardahl, Carla AU - Flatland, Bente AU - Lo, Yancy AU - Wang, Zhiping AU - Sheats, Mary Katie AU - Lennon, Elizabeth M. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Equine asthma is a naturally occurring lung disease characterized by chronic, partially reversible airway obstruction, pulmonary remodeling, and lower airway inflammation. Asthma is currently divided into two major groups, mild to moderate asthma (mEA) and severe asthma (sEA), but further subtyping by phenotype (i.e., clinical presentation) and/or endotype (i.e., cellular mechanisms) may be warranted. For this study, we were interested in further investigation of cellular and inflammatory characteristics of EA, including airway mast cells. The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare mast cell protease mRNA expression between healthy and asthmatic horses, (2) analyze the cytokine profile present in BALF of currently defined equine asthma groups, and (3) use these data to evaluate potential biomarkers of defined asthma groups. We hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the cellular mast cell phenotypes (i.e., mucosal vs. connective tissue) and cytokine profiles in the BALF of asthmatic vs. healthy horses and across asthma groups. We assert these characteristics may inform additional subtypes of equine asthma. Adult horses were recruited from the institution's teaching herd and clinical caseload. Mast cell protease gene expression of the BALF cellular component and multiplex bead immunoassay for cytokine concentrations in the BALF supernatant were investigated. Airway mast cells primarily expressed tryptase, with low levels of chymase. No significant changes in protease expression were detected across groups. Horses with severe asthma had increased TNF-α, CXCL-8, and IFN-γ concentrations in BALF supernatant. Multidimensional analysis demonstrated healthy and mEA horses have overlapping characteristics, with sEA separating from the other groups. This difference was primarily due to BALF neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations. These study results further inform understanding of EA immunopathology, and future studies designed to investigate asthma phenotypes and endotypes. Ultimately, a better understanding of these groups could help identify novel therapeutic strategies. DA - 2023/1/11/ PY - 2023/1/11/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.997139 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - equine KW - asthma KW - mast cell KW - cytokine KW - chemokine KW - airway ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between engagement with the impossible task, cognitive testing, and cognitive questionnaires in a population of aging dogs AU - Khan, Michael Z. AU - Mondino, Alejandra AU - Russell, Katharine AU - Case, Beth AU - Fefer, Gilad AU - Woods, Hope AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Gruen, Margaret E. T2 - FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the engagement of aging dogs with a cognitively challenging and potentially frustrating task (the impossible task). Based on previous observations, we predicted that dogs showing signs of cognitive impairment in other cognitive tests and owner-completed questionnaires would show reduced engagement with the task.In this task, dogs were shown a piece of food in a clear container that they could not open; time spent interacting with the container and the experimenter was measured. While the impossible task has not been used as a measure of frustration, the parameters of the test design creates a potential frustrate state, making this assessment appropriate. Thirty-two dogs enrolled in a longitudinal aging study participated in the study. Owners were asked to complete two cognitive dysfunction screening questionnaires (Canine Dementia Scale [CADES] and Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating Scale [CCDR]) as well a questionnaire assessing general frustration. Dogs participated in multiple measures of cognitive function as well the impossible task.Latency to disengage from the impossible task was faster for dogs with higher total (more impaired) CADES (p = 0.02) and total CCDR (p = 0.04) scores. Latency to disengage also correlated with decreased performance in cognitive tests observing social cues (p = 0.01), working memory (p ≤ 0.001), spatial reasoning and reversal learning (p = 0.02), and sustained attention (p = 0.02).The high correlation with several cognitive measures and the ease of administration of this test makes it a useful tool in evaluating canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome, however it is unclear if increased frustration or other cognitive processes are contributing to the observed changes. DA - 2023/1/4/ PY - 2023/1/4/ DO - 10.3389/fvets.2022.1052193 VL - 9 SP - SN - 2297-1769 KW - canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome KW - canine cognition KW - frustration KW - aging KW - dogs ER - TY - JOUR TI - The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to ovine corticotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation tests in healthy and hospitalized foals AU - Johnson, Katheryn AU - Peterson, Jackie AU - Kopper, Jamie AU - Dembek, Katarzyna T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPAA) response to sepsis can be impaired in critical illness. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test might assess HPAA function in foals.To evaluate plasma cortisol, ACTH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and endogenous CRH (eCRH) response to different doses of ovine CRH (oCRH).Healthy (n = 14) and hospitalized (n = 15) foals <7 days of age.In this prospective randomized study, oCRH (0.1, 0.3, and 1 μg/kg) was administered intravenously and blood samples were collected before, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after administration of oCRH to determine plasma hormone concentrations. The hormonal response was evaluated as the difference (Delta; μg/dL or pg/mL) or percent change between baseline hormone concentration and each time point after oCRH stimulation.Cortisol concentrations increased from baseline at 15 minutes with 0.1 and 0.3 μg/kg and at 30 and 60 minutes from baseline with 1 μg/kg oCRH (P < .05) in healthy and hospitalized foals. ACTH concentrations increased from baseline at 15 minutes with 0.1 μg/kg and at 30 minutes with 1 μg/kg oCRH (P < .05) in hospitalized foals. Delta cortisol 0 - 30, ACTH 0 - 30, and eCRH 0 - 30 was higher for the 1 μg/kg compared with 0.1 μg/kg oCRH in healthy foals (P < .05). Delta ACTH 0 - 15 and eCRH 0 - 30 was higher for the 1 μg/kg compared with the lower doses of oCRH in hospitalized foals (P < .05).Cortisol, ACTH, and eCRH concentrations increased in response to administration of all doses of oCRH. One microgram per kilogram of oCRH appears to be optimal for the assessment of HPAA in healthy and hospitalized foals. DA - 2023/1/18/ PY - 2023/1/18/ DO - 10.1111/jvim.16604 SP - SN - 1939-1676 KW - adrenocorticotropic hormone KW - arginine vasopressin KW - cortisol KW - endocrine KW - sepsis ER - TY - JOUR TI - MRI features can help to confirm a diagnosis of progressive myelomalacia, but may not be accurate in dogs lacking characteristic clinical signs at the time of imaging AU - Cordle, Katelyn J. AU - Seiler, Gabriela S. AU - Barnes, Danielle AU - Olby, Natasha J. T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Progressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a fatal sequela of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs, with unpredictable onset in the days after the inciting injury. No single reliable diagnostic test is currently available. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features such as T2-weighted spinal cord hyperintensity and loss of subarachnoid signal in a half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) sequence have been associated with PMM, but are sometimes present in other dogs with severe deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22 dogs with a clinical or histopathologic diagnosis of PMM and 38 deep pain-negative paraplegic dogs were compared in a retrospective case-control study. Length of T2-weighted hyperintense spinal cord change and HASTE signal loss were significantly associated with clinically evident PMM (P = .0019 and P = .0085), however, there were no significant differences between groups when analysis was restricted to dogs not yet showing clinical signs of PMM. The PMM group also had significantly shorter compressive lesions than the control group (P = 0.026), suggesting a possible role of more severe focal pressure at the extrusion site. A segment of total loss of contrast enhancement in the venous sinuses and meninges, a feature not previously described, was more common in the PMM group and the difference approached significance (P = 0.054). Findings show that MRI features can support the diagnosis in dogs with clinical evidence of PMM, and absence of these features supports absence of PMM at time of imaging. However, their absence does not reliably differentiate dogs with imminent progressive myelomalacia from other dogs with severe deficits following intervertebral disc extrusion. DA - 2023/1/20/ PY - 2023/1/20/ DO - 10.1111/vru.13178 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1740-8261 KW - ascending-descending myelomalacia KW - canine KW - intervertebral disc disease KW - MRI KW - spinal cord injury ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can dogs help chickens? Pet owners' willingness to pay for animal welfare-friendly pet food in the United States AU - Pearce, Hillary AU - Neill, Clinton L. AU - Royal, Kenneth AU - Pairis-Garcia, Monique T2 - ANIMAL WELFARE AB - Abstract Consumer concern about farmed animal welfare is growing but does not always translate into real-world purchasing behaviour of welfare-friendly animal products for human consumption. Possible reasons for this include unfamiliarity with farming practices and economic sensitivity. In contrast, the number and role of pets in the United States have grown measurably, and spending on pets is strong. The pet food market has many opportunity niches as pet owners navigate strong marketing trends and nutrition philosophies. We hypothesised that pet owners in the US would be willing to pay a premium for pet food containing welfare-friendly animal ingredients. Eight hundred and thirty-eight pet owners completed an online survey asking questions that measured their knowledge of and interest in farm animal welfare, and their willingness-to-pay for pet food labelled as farm animal welfare-friendly. Respondents overall displayed relatively low knowledge about farm animal welfare, but poor self-assessment of their own knowledge. They displayed interest in farm animal welfare and an overall positive mean willingness-to-pay (WTP) for welfare-friendly pet food. Younger respondents, women and cat owners displayed a higher WTP than older respondents, men and dog owners. Income level was not correlated to WTP. Creating pet food products that contain animal ingredients produced using welfare-friendly practices may enhance farm animal welfare via two primary avenues: by providing a sustainable and value-added outlet for the by-products of welfare-friendly human food products, and by providing an educational opportunity about farm animal production via pet food packaging and other advertising. DA - 2023/1/30/ PY - 2023/1/30/ DO - 10.1017/awf.2022.3 VL - 32 SP - SN - 2054-1538 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2022.3 KW - animal welfare KW - animal welfare marketing KW - farm animal welfare KW - pet food KW - pets KW - willingness-to-pay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in equine intestinal stem/progenitor cell number at resection margins in cases of small intestinal strangulation AU - Veerasammy, Brittany AU - Gonzalez, Gabriel AU - Báez‐Ramos, Patricia AU - Schaaf, Cecilia R. AU - Stewart, Amy Stieler AU - Ludwig, Elsa K. AU - McKinney‐Aguirre, Caroline AU - Freund, John AU - Robertson, James AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. T2 - Equine Veterinary Journal AB - Intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISC) are responsible for epithelial regeneration and are critical to the intestine's ability to regain barrier function following injury. Evaluating ISC biomarker expression in cases of small intestinal strangulation (SIS) may provide insight into clinical progression.Intestinal resection margins from cases of SIS were evaluated to determine if (1) evidence of injury could be identified using histomorphometry, (2) ISC biomarker expression was decreased in the proximal resection margin compared to control and distal resection margin, and (3) the ISC biomarker expression was associated with the number of preoperative risk factors negatively related to outcome, post-operative complications, or case outcome.Retrospective cohort study.Intestinal samples were obtained intraoperatively from resection margins of adult horses with SIS and horses euthanised for reasons unrelated to colic. Preoperative risk factors negatively related to outcome, post-operative complications, and case outcome were obtained from medical records. Horses were grouped as euthanised intraoperatively, postoperatively, or survived to discharge. Histomorphometry and immunofluorescence were performed to evaluate tissue architecture and ISC and progenitor cell number. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. Associations between biomarker expression and the number of preoperative risk factors and post-operative complications negatively related to outcome were determined using linear regression modelling.Thirty-six cases of SIS were evaluated. Ki67+ cell counts were decreased in the proximal (mean = 15.45 cells; 95% CI = 10.27-20.63; SD = 4.17; p = 0.02) and distal resection margins (mean = 15.05; 95% CI = 8.46-21.64; SD = 4.141; p = 0.03) in horses euthanised postoperatively compared to control (mean = 23.62 cells; 95% CI = 19.42-27.83; SD = 5.883). In the distal resection margin, an increase in SOX9+ Ki67+ cells were associated with a decrease in the total number of preoperative risk factors negatively related to outcome (95% CI = 0.236-1.123; p = 0.008, SE = 0.1393).Small population size.Proliferating cell and ISC numbers may be associated with case outcome.Intestinale epitheliale Stammzellen (ISC) sind verantwortlich für epitheliale Regeneration und ausschlaggebend für die intestinale Fähigkeit der Wiedererlangung einer Barrierefunktion nach Verletzung. Evaluation von ISC Biomarkerexpression in Fällen von Dünndarmstrangulationen (SIS) könnte Einsicht in klinische Entwicklungen geben.Intestinale Resektionsränder von Fällen mit SIS wurden evaluiert um zu bestimmen, ob (1) ein Hinweis auf Schädigung mithilfe Histomorphometrie identifiziert werden kann, (2) ISC Biomarkerexpression im proximalen Resektionsrand im Vergleich zu einer Kontrolle oder dem distalen Resektionsrand vermindert war, (3) die ISC Biomarkerexpression mit der Anzahl präoperativer Risikofaktoren, welche negativ mit dem klinischen Ausgang zusammenhängen, post-operativen Komplikationen, oder Resultaten der Fälle assoziiert ist.Retrospektive Kohortenstudie.Intestinalproben wurden von intraoperativen Resektionsrändern adulter Pferde mit SIS entnommen, sowie Pferden, welche aus nicht mit Kolik zusammenhängenden Gründen euthanasiert wurden. Präoperative Risikofaktoren, welche mit Ausgang, postoperativen Komplikationen, und Fallresultaten negativ assoziiert waren, wurden aus Patientenberichten ermittelt. Pferde wurden kategorisiert als intraoperativ oder postoperativ euthanasiert, oder als entlassen. Histomorphometrie und Immunfluoreszenz wurden für die Ermittlung von Gewebearchitektur, ISC und Progenitorzellzahl durchgeführt. Die Gruppen wurden mithilfe einer einfachen ANOVA verglichen. Assoziationen zwischen Biomarkerexpression und Anzahl präoperativer Risikofaktoren und postoperativer Komplikationen, welche negativ mit dem Ausgang verbunden waren, wurden mithilfe eines linearen Regressionsmodells ermittelt.Sechsunddreißig Fälle von SIS wurden evaluiert. Ki67+ Zellzahlen waren im proximalen (Mittel = 15.45 Zellen; 95% CI = 10.27-20.63; SD = 4.17; p = 0.02) und distalen (Mittel = 15.05 Zellen; 95% CI = 8.46-21.64; SD = 4.141; p = 0.03) Resektionsrand von postoperativ euthanasierten Pferden heruntergesetzt im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (Mittel = 23.62 Zellen; 95% CI = 19.42-27.83; SD = 5.883). Im distalen Resektionsrand war ein Anstieg von SOX9+ Ki67+ Zellen mit einer Abnahme der Gesamtzahl präoperativer Risikofaktoren, welchen negativ mit dem Ausgang (95% CI = 0.236-1.123; p = 0.008, SE = 0.1393) in Verbindung standen, assoziiert. HAUPTEINSCHRÄNKUNGEN: Geringe Populationsgröße.Proliferierende Zellen und ISC Zahlen könnten mit Fallresultaten assoziiert sein. DA - 2023/2/9/ PY - 2023/2/9/ DO - 10.1111/evj.13927 VL - 55 IS - 6 SP - 995-1002 J2 - Equine Veterinary Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0425-1644 2042-3306 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.13927 DB - Crossref KW - horse KW - immunofluorescence KW - intestine KW - Ki67 KW - small intestinal strangulation KW - stem cell ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is your diagnosis? Perineal swelling in a dog AU - Marin, Jessica AU - Ferris, Kelli AU - Gruber, Erika T2 - VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AB - A 2-year-old male intact Terrier mix presented to the North Carolina State Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NCSU-VTH) for evaluation of an ill-defined, soft, fluctuant mass in the right dorsal perineal area that had been present for approximately 1 week. The subcutaneous lesion was approximately 10 by 8 centimeters, fluid-filled, non-painful, and initially reported to be non-reducible. The owner reported no abnormalities in behavior, urination, or defecation, and there was no known physical trauma. Other relevant history included a prior diagnosis of congenital renal dysplasia with stable proteinuria and azotemia. Targeted ultrasonography confirmed that the mass was fluid-filled, but did not identify communication with the abdominal cavity. Approximately 20 ml of fluid was removed from the perineal swelling via fine-needle aspiration, and submitted for cytologic evaluation (Figures 1 and 2). Atypical epithelial cells, concerning for carcinoma. The direct smears were of moderate cellularity consisting of mixed leukocytes and large atypical cells present individually and in small clusters on a light pink background with a moderate amount of blood. Atypical cells were round to polygonal with distinct cellular borders, round to oval nuclei, fine chromatin, and a moderate amount of mid to deep blue cytoplasm. Occasionally, these cells contained variably-sized bright pink round to oval inclusions that displaced the nucleus (Figures 2A-C). Cells displayed moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Occasional bi- and multi-nucleated and rare karyorrhectic cells were observed. Rarely, cells displayed cannibalistic phagocytosis. Leukocytes consisted mostly of macrophages, which occasionally contained non-specific phagocytic debris and/or clear vacuoles, along with low numbers of non-degenerate neutrophils and small lymphocytes. The large atypical cohesive cells were consistent with either epithelial or mesothelial cells, although the large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were unusual for mesothelial cells. Given the location and initial description of a non-reducible lesion, the atypical cells were interpreted to be concerning for carcinoma. Differential diagnoses included a congenital cyst or perineal hernia, although the latter was considered unlikely given that communication with the abdominal cavity had not been identified. Full abdominal ultrasonography revealed chronic nephropathy and cystic prostatomegaly, but no connection between the abdomen and the fluid-filled mass. No cytologic abnormalities or BRAF mutation (CADET BRAF) were detected on the prostatic wash sample. Further discussion with the primary clinician revealed that the lesion was, in fact reducible, and the clinical diagnosis was a perineal hernia. The NCSU-VTH Soft Tissue Surgery Service explored the lesion and identified a defect in the abdominal wall that communicated with the perineal swelling. The defect was repaired with a classic herniorrhaphy supplemented with an internal obturator muscle transposition. Excised tissue was examined by histopathology, which revealed adipose tissue with marked fibroplasia, mild mesothelial hypertrophy, and multifocal de novo lymphoid follicle formation. Findings were consistent with entrapped peritoneal adipose tissue that had undergone fibrosis, and the final diagnosis was a perineal hernia (Figure 3). The intracytoplasmic inclusions, observed only in the cytologic specimens, were Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) negative. Here, we report cytologic findings from entrapped fluid collected from a perineal hernia in a dog, which to our knowledge, have not been previously described. Reflecting its connection to the abdominal cavity, cytologic findings are similar to peritoneal transudative effusions: primarily mixed leukocytes with fewer reactive mesothelial cells. At the time of cytologic evaluation, the connection between the perineal swelling and abdominal cavity had not been identified; thus, the large atypical cells with cytoplasmic inclusions were concerning for carcinoma. After further discussion with the primary veterinarian, the lesion was described as reducible, and the perineal hernia was prioritized. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgery and histopathology. Two years post-surgery the patient has no evidence of recurrence or development of urothelial, prostatic, or other epithelial neoplasia, further supporting a non-neoplastic etiology. In this context, the atypical cells were re-assessed to be reactive mesothelial cells, which are notorious for being difficult to distinguish from carcinoma and mesothelioma cells. Reactive mesothelial cells may display increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, increased cytoplasmic basophilia, moderate to marked anisokaryosis and anisocytosis, and/or mitotic figures.1 Although not performed in this case, mesothelial cells are expected to be immunopositive for pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, and desmin.1, 2 The eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in the mesothelial cells resembled Melamed-Wolinska bodies (MWB). MWB are a non-specific degenerative change, most likely composed of mucopolysaccharides or enlarged lysosomes, but unlike the inclusions observed in this case, are PAS-positive.3 MWB are most often associated with cells of urothelial origin, although similar inclusions have been reported in other cell types (eg, mammary, pulmonary carcinoma).3, 4 Cytoplasmic inclusions with a similar appearance to MWB may be observed in normal, degenerating, virus-infected, and neoplastic epithelial cell populations.3, 4 Intracytoplasmic targetoid mucin vacuoles observed in human urothelial cells appear very similar to MWB but differ with mucicarmine staining.5 Anecdotally, cytoplasmic inclusions resembling MWB have been observed in mesothelial cells, but to our knowledge, have not been documented. Here, the PAS-negative staining suggests a non-polysaccharide composition of the inclusions, not consistent with MWB. The origin and composition of these inclusions remain unknown. This case demonstrates the cytologic and histopathologic findings from entrapped fluid and tissue collected from a perineal hernia and documents PAS-negative eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in mesothelial cells. This case also serves as a reminder of the importance of clinical context in the interpretation of atypical cells, which may require additional communication between the cytopathologist and the primary veterinarian. The authors have no affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in, or in financial competition with, the subject matter or materials discussed in this article. DA - 2023/1/8/ PY - 2023/1/8/ DO - 10.1111/vcp.13172 SP - SN - 1939-165X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of outcome associated with feline trauma: A Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry study AU - Gregory, Carly W. AU - Davros, Akaterina M. AU - Cockrell, Darren M. AU - Hall, Kelly E. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE AB - To evaluate outcome (survival to discharge) among trauma types (blunt, penetrating, both) in cats. Secondary objectives were to evaluate for associations between trauma type, injury severity, and the diagnostics and interventions selected by primary clinicians.Retrospective evaluation of veterinary trauma registry data.Veterinary Committee on Trauma (VetCOT) veterinary trauma centers (VTCs).A total of 3895 feline trauma patients entered in the VetCOT trauma registry from April 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019.Data collected included patient demographics, trauma type, Abdominal Fluid Score (AFS), Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score, surgical intervention, glide sign on Thoracic Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma, Triage, and Tracking (TFAST), pleural effusion on TFAST, modified Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS), and outcome (survival to discharge).Data from 3895 cats were collected over a 30-month period. Incidence of trauma types was as follows: blunt, 58% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56%-59%); penetrating, 35% (95% CI: 34%-37%); and combination, 7.4% (95% CI: 6.7%-8.3%). Differences in survival incidence among the trauma types were identified: blunt, 80% (95% CI: 78%-81%); penetrating, 90% (95% CI: 89%-92%); and combined, 68% (95% CI: 63%-74%) (P < 0.01). Cats in the penetrating trauma group had the lowest proportion of severe injuries (6%) and highest proportion of mGCS of 18 (89%); cats with combined trauma had the highest proportion of severe injuries (26%) and lowest proportion of mGCS of 18 (63%). Point-of-care ultrasound and surgery were not performed in the majority of cases. When surgery was performed, the majority of blunt cases' procedures occurred in the operating room (79%), and the majority of penetrating cases' procedures were performed in the emergency room (81%).Cats suffering from penetrating trauma had the best outcome (survival), lower ATT scores, and higher mGCS overall. Cats that sustained a component of blunt trauma had a lower survival rate, higher ATT scores, and the highest proportion of mGCS <18. DA - 2023/1/12/ PY - 2023/1/12/ DO - 10.1111/vec.13277 SP - SN - 1476-4431 KW - Animal Trauma Triage score KW - blunt KW - modified Glasgow Coma Scale KW - penetrating KW - point-of-care ultrasound ER - TY - JOUR TI - Severe unilateral nephrolithiasis and recurrent colic in a horse AU - Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes AU - Ramaker, Erica AU - Burke, Megan AU - Walker, Ryan AU - Negrao Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi T2 - VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS AB - Abstract Urolithiasis is an uncommon disorder reported in horses. Calculi located in the kidneys and ureters are often underdiagnosed. Associated clinical signs include weight loss, anorexia, haematuria, dysuria, colic and polyuria/polydipsia. A 26‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was referred for evaluation of an acute colic episode of 5‐hour duration. Haematologic analysis revealed increased serum creatine kinase and creatinine concentrations. Abdominocentesis yielded serosanguineous, mildly cloudy fluid with a lactate of 9.6 mmol/L (<2 mmol/L). Exploratory laparotomy was recommended. Surgical intervention was declined, and the horse was humanely euthanased. Limited postmortem evaluation was performed. A 3.633 kg nephrolith measuring 23.6 × 16.2 × 8.9 cm was completely effacing the left kidney. Crystallography and infrared spectroscopy (attenuated total reflection and Fourier transform infrared) revealed a 100% calcium carbonate nephrolith. Carbonate calcium calculi are the most common subtype in horses. Nephrolithiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for colic and haematologic evidence of azotaemia in horses. DA - 2023/1/12/ PY - 2023/1/12/ DO - 10.1002/vrc2.567 VL - 1 SP - SN - 2052-6121 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.567 KW - horses KW - internal medicine KW - kidneys KW - pathology KW - urinary tract KW - urology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence, differences, and potential correlation to age, sex, breed, coat color, iris color, and geographic location in naturally occurring refractive errors in the normal equine eye from Germany and North Carolina AU - Charnock, Lauren N. AU - Davidson, Michael G. AU - Keys, Deborah A. AU - Gilger, Brian C. AU - McMullen, Richard J., Jr. T2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology AB - Abstract Purpose To evaluate the normal refractive state in horses in NCSU and ECMR and determine the prevalence of naturally occurring refractive errors and their association with breed, age, coat color, iris color, sex, and geographic location. Methods Horses from NCSU (January 2009–November 2012) and ECMR (January 2013–September 2016) underwent ophthalmic examination and streak retinoscopy. Location, color, breed, sex, and iris color were recorded. Gross and net refractive values for each meridian (horizontal and vertical), spherical refraction, astigmatism for both eyes, and anisometry were recorded, and statistical analyses were performed. Results There is excellent agreement in refraction between the eyes of the same horse (ICC = 0.89). The median net horizontal (H), vertical (V), and spherical refraction for the total population ( n = 690) were H: +0.25 D (min. −6.50 D, max. +2.34 D), V: +0.25 D (min. −7.13 D, max. +2.75D), and spherical: +0.25 D (min. −6.82 D, max. +2.17 D), all with interquartile ranges of −0.25 to 0.25 D. Emmetropia (>−0.50 D and <+0.50 D; >−0.75 D and <+0.75 D) was present in 769/1380 eyes (55.7%) and 926/1380 eyes (67.1%), respectively. Anisometropia was present in 86/690 horses (12.5%). Sex, iris color, and location were significantly associated with refraction values, whereas age, breed, and coat color were not. Conclusions Most eyes evaluated are emmetropic, or shifted myopically, with excellent agreement between eyes of the same horse. Sex, iris color, and geographic location appear to impact refraction in horses. Support None. DA - 2023/1/24/ PY - 2023/1/24/ DO - 10.1111/vop.13061 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 297-305 J2 - Veterinary Ophthalmology LA - en OP - SN - 1463-5216 1463-5224 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13061 DB - Crossref KW - ametropia KW - astigmatism KW - emmetropia KW - equine ophthalmology KW - refraction KW - streak retinoscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of alfaxalone, propofol and isoflurane on cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide in dogs: A pilot study AU - Bini, G. AU - Bailey, K. M. AU - Voyvodic, J. T. AU - Chiavaccini, L. AU - Munana, K. R. AU - Keenihan, E. K. T2 - VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - Propofol total intravenous anesthesia is a common choice to anesthetize patients with increased intracranial pressure, reducing cerebral blood flow while maintaining cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2. Propofol and alfaxalone are commonly used for total intravenous anesthesia in dogs, but the effects of alfaxalone on cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 are unknown. Our hypothesis was that alfaxalone would not be significantly different to propofol, while isoflurane would increase cerebral blood flow and decrease cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2. Six healthy hound dogs were evaluated in this randomized crossover trial. Dogs were anesthetized with 7.5 mg/kg propofol, 3 mg/kg alfaxalone or 8 % sevoflurane, mechanically ventilated and maintained with propofol (400 µg/kg/min), alfaxalone (150 µg/kg/min) or 1.7 % end-tidal isoflurane, respectively, with one week washout between treatments. Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 during hypercapnic and hypocapnic challenges were measured using arterial spin labelling and blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging sequences, respectively. Median (interquartile range, IQR) normocapnic cerebral blood flow was significantly lower (P = 0.016) with alfaxalone compared to isoflurane, in the whole brain 15.39 mL/min/100 g (14.90-19.90 mL/min/100 g) vs. 34.10 mL/min/100 g (33.35-43.17 mL/min/100 g), the grey matter 14.57 mL/min/100 g (13.66-18.72 mL/min/100 g) vs. 32.37 mL/min/100 g (31.03-42.99 mL/min/100 g), the caudal brain 15.47 mL/min/100 g (13.37-21.45 mL/min/100 g) vs. 36.85 mL/min/100 g (32.50-47.18 mL/min/100 g) and the temporal lobe grey matter 18.80 mL/min/100 g (15.89-20.84 mL/min/100 g) vs. 43.32 (36.07-43.58 mL/min/100 g). Median (IQR) hypocapnic cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 was significantly higher (P = 0.016) for alfaxalone compared to isoflurane 8.85 %S/mm Hg (6.92-10.44 %S/mm Hg) vs. 3.90 %S/mm Hg (3.80-4.33 %S/mm Hg). Alfaxalone maintained lower cerebral blood flow and higher hypocapnic cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 than isoflurane. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105939 VL - 291 SP - SN - 1532-2971 KW - Alfaxalone KW - Cerebral blood flow KW - Intracranial pressure KW - Isoflurane KW - Propofol ER - TY - JOUR TI - A bottom-up proteomics workflow for a system containing multiple organisms AU - Bai, Hongxia AU - Collins, Leonard B. B. AU - Andre, Marcos Rogerio AU - Breitschwerdt, Edward B. B. AU - Williams, Taufika Islam T2 - RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY AB - Discovery proteomics has been popularized to be essential in the investigator's biological toolbox. Many biological problems involve the interplay of multiple organisms. Herein, a bottom-up proteomics workflow was developed to study a system containing multiple organisms to promote a thorough understanding of how each interacts with the others.A label-free quantification proteomics workflow was developed with nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). This protocol describes a bottom-up proteomics workflow used to study differential protein expression in the context of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) experimentally infected by the bacterium Bartonella henselae, the etiological agent of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD).Step-by-step instructions are provided for protein extraction, protein cleanup, total protein measurement, nanoLC-MS/MS data acquisition, and data analysis using Proteome Discoverer software. Comprehensive and exhaustive details are included to promote the adoption of this proteomics workflow in other laboratories.A proteomics protocol is detailed for a system containing multiple proteomes from different taxonomic lineages using CSD (cats bitten by fleas infected with Bartonella henselae) as a model. The operating protocol can be readily applied to other label-free proteomics work involving multiple proteomes from taxonomically distinct organisms. DA - 2023/1/3/ PY - 2023/1/3/ DO - 10.1002/rcm.9431 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1097-0231 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomarkers of Intestinal Injury in Colic AU - Ludwig, Elsa K. AU - Hobbs, Kallie J. AU - McKinney-Aguirre, Caroline A. AU - Gonzalez, Liara M. T2 - Animals AB - Biomarkers are typically proteins, enzymes, or other molecular changes that are elevated or decreased in body fluids during the course of inflammation or disease. Biomarkers pose an extremely attractive tool for establishing diagnoses and prognoses of equine gastrointestinal colic, one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. This topic has received increasing attention because early diagnosis of some forms of severe colic, such as intestinal ischemia, would create opportunities for rapid interventions that would likely improve case outcomes. This review explores biomarkers currently used in equine medicine for colic, including acute phase proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, markers of endotoxemia, and tissue injury metabolites. To date, no single biomarker has been identified that is perfectly sensitive and specific for intestinal ischemia; however, L-lactate has been proven to be a very functional and highly utilized diagnostic tool. However, further exploration of other biomarkers discussed in this review may provide the key to accelerated identification, intervention, and better outcomes for horses suffering from severe colic. DA - 2023/1/7/ PY - 2023/1/7/ DO - 10.3390/ani13020227 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 227 J2 - Animals LA - en OP - SN - 2076-2615 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13020227 DB - Crossref KW - colic KW - intestine KW - ischemia KW - biomarker KW - acute phase protein KW - cytokine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme variant in 17 dogs AU - Banovic, Frane AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Artlet, Barbara AU - Rothstein, Emily AU - Beco, Luc AU - Linek, Monika AU - Zabel, Sonja AU - Peters‐Kennedy, Jeanine AU - Welle, Monika AU - Wilkes, Rebecca AU - Austel, Michaela AU - Linder, Keith T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - A new canine subgroup defined as 'old-dog' or 'hyperkeratotic' erythema multiforme (HKEM) with marked hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis has been proposed without any detailed description of larger case series.We report herein the signalment, clinical signs, treatment outcome, and histopathological and immunological findings in 17 dogs with HKEM.Inclusion criteria were the presence of (i) scaly skin lesions with or without crusting; and (ii) microscopic lesions typical of EM (i.e. a panepidermal cytotoxic lymphocytic dermatitis with or without basal keratinocyte apoptosis); and (iii) microscopic ortho- and/or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis affecting the interfollicular epidermis.Clinical questionnaires and skin biopsies were reviewed. Polymerase chain reactions for epidermotropic viruses and direct immunofluorescence were performed.Various breeds were affected with an over-representation of males in their mid-to-late adulthood (median age 9 years). Generalised skin lesions included multifocal-to-coalescing, linear and annular macules and plaques with erythema and adherent firm crusting. Microscopic lesions were specific for EM and featured prominent superficial epidermal apoptosis with lymphocytic satellitosis and parakeratosis. No drug triggers were identified. Polymerase chain reactions for canine herpesvirus polymerase gene, canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus were negative in all HKEM and canine erosive EM (15 dogs) biopsies. Lesions failed to respond to oral and/or topical antimicrobials. Complete remission of signs was achieved in 9 of 17 dogs (53%) using immunosuppressive regimens.Hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme (HKEM) is a chronic, persistent and clinically distinctive erythema multiforme (EM) variant that differs from 'classic' vesiculobullous erosive-to-ulcerative EM in dogs.De nouveaux sous-groupes canins définis comme des érythèmes polymorphes « vieux chiens » et « hyperkératosiques » (HKEM) avec une hyperkératose et une parakératose marquées ont été proposés sans aucune description détaillée de séries de cas plus importantes.Nous rapportons ici le signalement, les signes cliniques, les résultats du traitement et les résultats histopathologiques et immunologiques chez 17 chiens atteints de HKEM.Les critères d'inclusion étaient la présence de : (i) lésions cutanées squameuses avec ou sans croûtes; et (ii) des lésions microscopiques typiques de l'EM (c'est-à-dire une dermatite lymphocytaire cytotoxique panépidermique avec ou sans apoptose basale des kératinocytes); et (iii) une hyperkératose microscopique ortho- et/ou parakératosique affectant l'épiderme interfolliculaire. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Des questionnaires cliniques et des biopsies cutanées ont été examinés. Des réactions en chaîne par polymérase pour les virus épidermotropes et une immunofluorescence directe ont été réalisées. RÉSULTATS: Diverses races étaient touchées avec une surreprésentation des mâles dans leur âge moyen à tardif (âge médian neuf ans). Les lésions cutanées généralisées comprenaient des macules et des plaques multifocales à coalescentes, linéaires et annulaires avec un érythème et des croûtes fermes adhérentes. Les lésions microscopiques étaient spécifiques de l'EM et comportaient une apoptose épidermique superficielle proéminente avec une satellitose lymphocytaire et une parakératose. Aucun déclencheur médicamenteux n'a été identifié. Les réactions en chaîne de la polymérase pour le gène de la polymérase de l'herpèsvirus canin, le parvovirus canin et le virus de la maladie de Carré étaient négatives dans toutes les biopsies HKEM et EM érosive canine (15 chiens). Les lésions n'ont pas répondu aux antimicrobiens oraux et/ou topiques. Une rémission complète des signes a été obtenue chez neuf des 17 chiens (53 %) en utilisant des traitements immunosuppresseurs.HKEM est une variante EM chronique, persistante et cliniquement distincte qui diffère de l'EM vésiculobulleuse « classique » érosive à ulcérative chez le chien.INTRODUCCIÓN: Se han propuesto nuevos subgrupos caninos de eritema multiforme definidos como "de perro viejo" e "hiperqueratósico" (HKEM) con hiperqueratosis y paraqueratosis marcadas sin ninguna descripción detallada de series de casos más grandes.En este documento describimos la presentación, los signos clínicos, el resultado del tratamiento y los hallazgos histopatológicos e inmunológicos en 17 perros con HKEM.Los criterios de inclusión fueron la presencia de: (i) lesiones cutáneas escamosas con o sin formación de costras; y (ii) lesiones microscópicas típicas de EM (es decir, una dermatitis linfocítica citotóxica panepidérmica con o sin apoptosis de queratinocitos basales); y (iii) hiperqueratosis microscópica orto y/o paraqueratósica que afecta la epidermis interfolicular. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron cuestionarios clínicos y biopsias de piel. Se realizaron reacciones en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para virus epidermotrópicos e inmunofluorescencia directa.Varias razas se vieron afectadas con una sobrerrepresentación de machos en su edad adulta media o tardía (edad media de nueve años). Las lesiones cutáneas generalizadas incluyeron máculas y placas lineales y anulares, multifocales a coalescentes, con eritema y formación de costras firmes y adherentes. Las lesiones microscópicas fueron específicas para EM y presentaban apoptosis epidérmica superficial prominente con satelitosis linfocítica y paraqueratosis. No se identificaron desencadenantes farmacológicosmm. Las reacciones en cadena de la polimerasa para el gen de la polimerasa del herpesvirus canino, el parvovirus canino y el virus del moquillo canino fueron negativas en todas las biopsias HKEM y EM erosiva canina (15 perros). Las lesiones no respondieron a los antimicrobianos orales y/o tópicos. Se logró la remisión completa de los signos en nueve de 17 perros (53 %) usando regímenes inmunosupresores. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: HKEM es una variante de EM crónica, persistente y clínicamente distintiva que difiere de la EM vesiculoampollosa "clásica" erosiva a ulcerosa en perros.Neue canine Untergruppen, die definiert wurden als „alter-Hund“ und „hyperkeratotisches Erythema multiforme (HKEM) mit deutlicher Hyperkeratose und Parakeratose wurden ohne detaillierte Beschreibung größerer Fallserien vorgeschlagen.Hierin beschreiben wir das Signalement, die klinischen Zeichen, den Behandlungsausgang, und die histopathologischen und immunologischen Befunde bei 17 Hunden mit HKEM.Inklusionskriterien waren das Vorhandensein von: (i) schuppigen Hautveränderungen mit oder ohne Krustenbildung; und (ii) mikroskopischen Läsionen von EM (i.e. eine panepidermale zytotoxische lymphozytäre Dermatitis mit und ohne Apoptose der basalen Keratinozyten); und (iii) mikroskopischer ortho- und/oder parakeratotischer Hyperkeratose, die die interfollikuläre Epidermis betrifft.Klinische Fragebögen und Hautbiopsien wurden reviewed. Es wurden Polymerasekettenreaktionen auf epidermotropisches Virus und direkte Immunfluoreszenz durchgeführt.Es waren verschiedene Rassen betroffen, wobei männliche Tiere in mittlerem bis späterem Erwachsenenalter (das mediane Alter betrug neun Jahre) überrepräsentiert waren. Generalisierte Hautveränderungen bestanden aus multifokalen-bis koaleszierenden, linearen und annularen Maculae und Plaques mit Erythem und anhaftenden festen Krusten. Die mikroskopischen Veränderungen waren spezifisch für EM und zeigten eine prominente superfizielle epidermale Apoptose mit lymphzytärer Satellitose und Parakeratose. Es wurden keine eindeutigen Auslöser identifiziert. Polymerasekettenreaktionen auf canines Herpesvirus Polymerase Gen, canines Parvovirus und canines Staupevirus waren in allen HKEM und den caninen erosiven EM-Biopsien (15 Hunde) negativ. Die Veränderungen reagierten nicht auf orale und/oder topische Antibiotika. Eine komplette Remission der Zeichen wurde bei neun von 17 Hunden (53%) mittels Immunsupressiva erzielt.HKEM ist eine chronische, persistierende und klinisch eindeutige EM-Variante, die sich von der „klassischen“ vesikulobullösen erosiv-bis-ulzerativen EM der Hunde unterscheidet.背景: 犬の多形紅斑には、「老犬型」「過角化型(HKEM)」という新しいサブグループが提案されているが、大規模な症例に関する詳細な記述はない。 目的: 本研究の目的は、過角化型多形紅斑を発症した17頭の犬について、シグナルメント、臨床症状、治療成績、病理組織学的および免疫学的所見を報告することであった。 対象動物: (1) 痂皮を伴うか否かの鱗屑性皮膚病変、(2) EMに典型的な顕微鏡的病変(すなわち、基底細胞のアポトーシスを伴うか否かの汎上皮細胞障害性リンパ球性皮膚炎)、(3) 毛包間表皮を冒す顕微鏡的正角化性および/または不全角化性角化亢進が認められることを登録条件とした。 材料と方法: 臨床アンケートおよび皮膚生検のレビューを行った。上皮向性ウイルスに対するポリメラーゼ連鎖反応および直接免疫蛍光検査を行った。 結果: 様々な犬種が罹患し、成犬中期から後期(中央値9歳)の雄に過剰発現していた。全身の皮膚病変は、紅斑および付着性の固い痂皮を伴う、多巣性〜癒合性の線状および環状の斑およびプラークを含んでいた。顕微鏡所見では、EMに特異的で、リンパ球性衛生現象を伴う表皮表面のアポトーシスおよび錯角化が顕著であった。薬物による誘発は確認されなかった。犬ヘルペスウイルスポリメラーゼ遺伝子、犬パルボウイルス、犬ジステンパーウイルスに対するポリメラーゼ連鎖反応は、HKEMおよび犬びらん性EM(15頭)のすべての生検で陰性であった。病変は経口および外用抗菌薬に反応しなかった。免疫抑制療法により17頭中9頭(53%)で症状の完全寛解が得られた。 結論と臨床的意義: HKEMは,"古典的 "な小水疱性びらん-潰瘍性EMとは異なる、慢性で持続的で臨床的に特徴的なEMの一形態である。.背景: 提出了定义为“老年犬”和“角化过度”多形红斑 (HKEM) 伴明显角化过度和角化不全的新亚组,未对更大的犬病例系列进行任何详细描述。 目的: 我们在此报告了17只HKEM犬的病征、临床症状、治疗结果以及组织病理学和免疫学结果。 动物: 入选标准为存在:(i) 皮屑性病变伴或不伴结痂;和 (ii)EM 的典型显微镜下病变(即全表皮细胞毒性淋巴细胞性皮炎伴或不伴基底角质细胞凋亡);和 (iii) 影响毛囊间表皮的显微镜下角化过度和/或角化不全。 材料和方法: 审查临床问卷和皮肤活检。对亲表皮病毒进行聚合酶链反应和直接免疫荧光检测。 结果: 不同品种发病,成年中后期(中位年龄9岁)公犬比例过高。全身性皮肤病变包括多灶性至融合、线性和环形的斑疹和斑块,伴红斑和粘连性结痂。显微镜下具有EM特异性病变,以突出的浅表表皮凋亡,伴淋巴细胞卫星现象和角化不全为特征。未发现药物触发因素。犬疱疹病毒聚合酶基因、犬细小病毒和犬瘟热病毒的聚合酶链反应在所有 HKEM 和犬糜烂性EM(15只犬)活检中均为阴性。病变经口服和(或)外用抗菌药治疗无效。使用免疫抑制方案时,9/17只犬 (53%) 的症状完全缓解。 结论和临床相关性: HKEM是一种慢性、持续性和临床上独特的 EM 变体,不同于犬的“经典”水疱大疱性糜烂至溃疡性EM。.Novos subgrupos caninos definidos como eritema multiforme do “cão idoso” e “hiperqueratótico” (HKEM) apresentando hiperqueratose e paraqueratose acentuadas têm sido propostos sem qualquer descrição detalhada em uma série de casos maior.Nós relatamos aqui os sinais clínicos, resposta ao tratamento, e achados histopatológicos imunológicos em 17 cães com (HKEM).Os critérios de inclusão foram a presença de: (i) lesões cutâneas descamativas com ou sem crostas;(ii) lesões microscópicas típicas EM (exemplo: dermatite citotóxica linfocítica panepidermal com ou sem apoptose dos queratinócitos da camada basal); e (iii) hiperqueratose orto e/ou paraqueratótica afetando a epidermie interfolicular. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Questionários clínicos e biópsias cutâneas foram revisados. Realizou-se PCR de vírus epidermotrópicos.Diversas raças foram afetadas e houve uma super-representação de machos de meia idade (idade média de nove anos). As lesões cutâneas generalizadas incluíram máculas e placas multifocais a coalescentes, lineares e anulares com eritema e crostas firmes aderentes. As lesões microscópicas eram específicas para EM e apresentavam apoptose epidérmica superficial proeminente com satelitose linfocítica e paraqueratose. Nenhum medicamento foi identificado como agente incitane. As reações em cadeia da polimerase para o gene da polimerase do herpesvírus canino, parvovírus canino e vírus da cinomose foram negativas em todas as biópsias HKEM e EM erosiva canina (15 cães). As lesões não responderam aos antimicrobianos orais e/ou tópicos. A remissão completa dos sinais ocorreu em nove dos 17 cães (53%) usando imunossupressores. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: HKEM é uma variante crônica, persistente e clinicamente distinta do EM que difere do EM vesiculobolhoso erosivo-ulcerativo “clássico” em cães. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1111/vde.13141 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13141 KW - dog KW - erythema multiforme KW - hyperkeratotic ER - TY - JOUR TI - A randomised controlled trial testing the rebound‐preventing benefit of four days of prednisolone during the induction of oclacitinib therapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis AU - Olivry, Thierry AU - Lokianskiene, Viktorija AU - Blanco, Alejandro AU - Mestre, Pablo Del AU - Bergvall, Kerstin AU - Beco, Luc T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - A rebound of pruritus occasionally occurs after oclacitinib dose reduction in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD).To determine whether an initial 4-day course of prednisolone decreases the probability of a pruritus rebound after reducing the frequency of oclacitinib administration.Forty dogs with mild-to-moderate AD lesions and moderate-to-severe pruritus.Dogs were randomised to receive oclacitinib at 0.4-0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days then once daily, alone or with prednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg, orally, twice daily for the first 4 days. Clinicians graded the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)4 and 2D-investigator global assessment (IGA) before and after 28 days; owners assessed the pruritis Visual Analog Scale (PVAS)10 and Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE) on Day (D)0, D4, D14, D21 and D28. We considered a rebound any increase greater than one PVAS10 grade at D21 compared to D14.On D21, there were significantly fewer rebounds in the dogs receiving prednisolone (three of 20, 15%) compared to those given oclacitinib alone (nine of 20, 45%; Fisher's test, p = 0.041). Compared to oclacitinib monotherapy, the concurrent administration of prednisolone for the first 4 days led to significantly lower PVAS10 on D4 and D28, CADESI4 and 2D-IGA on D28, and OGATE on D21 and D28 (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests). Adverse effects of therapy were minor, intermittent and self-resolving.The initial addition of 4 days of prednisolone significantly decreased the probability of a rebound of pruritus 1 week after oclacitinib dose reduction. This short concomitant glucocorticoid administration led to a higher skin lesion improvement and improved perception of treatment efficacy with minimal adverse effects.Un rebond du prurit se produit occasionnellement après une réduction de la dose d'oclacitinib chez les chiens atteints de dermatite atopique (DA).Déterminer si une cure initiale de quatre jours de prednisolone diminue la probabilité d'un rebond de prurit après réduction de la fréquence d'administration d'oclacitinib.Quarante chiens présentant des lésions de DA légères à modérées et un prurit modéré à sévère. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Des chiens ont été randomisés pour recevoir de l'oclacitinib à raison de 0,4 à 0,6 mg/kg deux fois par jour pendant 14 jours puis une fois par jour, seul ou avec de la prednisolone à 0,5 mg/kg, par voie orale, deux fois par jour pendant les quatre premiers jours. Les cliniciens ont évalué l'indice d'étendue et de gravité de la dermatite atopique canine (CADESI)4 et l'évaluation globale de l'investigateur 2D (IGA) avant et après 28 jours ; les propriétaires ont évalué l'échelle visuelle analogique du prurit (PVAS)10 et l'évaluation globale de l'efficacité du traitement par le propriétaire (OGATE) aux jours (J)0, J4, J14, J21 et J28. Nous avons considéré comme un rebond toute augmentation supérieure à un grade PVAS10 à J21 par rapport à J14. RÉSULTATS: A J21, il y a eu significativement moins de rebonds chez les chiens ayant reçu de la prednisolone (trois sur 20, 15%) par rapport à ceux ayant reçu de l'oclacitinib seul (neuf sur 20, 45%) (test de Fisher, p = 0,041). Par rapport à l'oclacitinib en monothérapie, l'administration concomitante de prednisolone pendant les quatre premiers jours a entraîné une baisse significative de PVAS10 à J4 et J28, CADESI4 et 2D-IGA à J28, et OGATE à J21 et J28 (tests U de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney). Les effets indésirables du traitement étaient mineurs, intermittents et résolutifs.L'ajout initial de quatre jours de prednisolone a significativement diminué la probabilité d'un rebond du prurit une semaine après la réduction de la dose d'oclacitinib. Cette courte administration concomitante de glucocorticoïdes a entraîné une amélioration plus importante des lésions cutanées et une meilleure perception de l'efficacité du traitement avec un minimum d'effets indésirables.INTRODUCCIÓN: ocasionalmente se produce una recidiva del prurito después de la reducción de la dosis de oclacitinib en perros con dermatitis atópica (AD).Determinar si un curso inicial de cuatro días de prednisolona disminuye la probabilidad de una recidiva del prurito después de reducir la frecuencia de administración de oclacitinib.Cuarenta perros con lesiones de AD de leves a moderadas y prurito de moderado a severo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: los perros se distribuyeron al azar para recibir oclacitinib a 0,4-0,6 mg/kg dos veces al día durante 14 días, luego una vez al día, solo o con prednisolona a 0,5 mg/kg, por vía oral, dos veces al día durante los primeros cuatro días. Los veterinarios calificaron el índice de extensión y severidad de la dermatitis atópica canina (CADESI)4 y la evaluación global 2D del investigador (IGA) antes y después de 28 días; los propietarios evaluaron la escala análoga visual de prurito (PVAS)10 y la evaluación global del propietario de la eficacia del tratamiento (OGATE) en el día (D)0, D4, D14, D21 y D28. Consideramos una recidiva cualquier aumento superior a un grado PVAS10 en D21 en comparación con D14.En el D21, hubo significativamente menos recidivas en los perros que recibieron prednisolona (tres de 20, 15 %) en comparación con los que recibieron oclacitinib solo (nueve de 20, 45 %) (prueba de Fisher, p = 0,041). En comparación con la monoterapia con oclacitinib, la administración concomitante de prednisolona durante los primeros cuatro días condujo a una PVAS10 significativamente más baja en D4 y D28, CADESI4 y 2D-IGA en D28, y OGATE en D21 y D28 (prueba U de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney). Los efectos adversos de la terapia fueron menores, intermitentes y de resolución automática. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: La adición inicial de cuatro días de prednisolona disminuyó significativamente la probabilidad de una recidiva de prurito una semana después de la reducción de la dosis de oclacitinib. Esta breve administración concomitante de glucocorticoides condujo a una mejoría de las lesiones cutáneas y también mejoró la percepción de la eficacia del tratamiento con efectos adversos mínimos.Gelegentlich kommt es bei Hunden mit atopischer Dermatitis (AD) nach der Reduktion von Oclacitinib zu einem Rebound des Pruritus.Das Ziel war es festzustellen, ob eine vier tägige Initialbehandlung mit Prednisolon die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Rebounds des Pruritus bei Reduzierung der Frequenz der Oclacitinib Verabreichung vermindern würde.Vierzig Hunde mit mild bis moderaten AD-Läsionen und moderat bis hochgradigem Pruritus.Die Hunde wurden zufällig in Gruppen eingeteilt, um Oclacitinib bei einer Dosierung von 0,4-0,6 mg/kg zunächst zweimal täglich 14 Tage lang, dann einmal täglich zu erhalten; allein oder mit Prednisolon bei einer Dosis von 0,5 mg/kg, per os, zweimal täglich für die ersten vier Tage. KlinikerInnen bewerteten mittels Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent und Severity Index (CADESI)4 und 2D-Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) vor und nach 28 Tagen; die BesitzerInnen beurteilten den Juckreiz mittels Visual Analog Scale (PVAS)10 und Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE) am Tag (D)0, D4, D14, D21 und D28. Als Rebound wurde jede Zunahme bewertet, die größer war als ein PVAS10 Grad am D21 im Vergleich zu D14.Am D21 bestanden signifikant weniger Rebounds bei den Hunden, die Prednisolon (drei von 20; 15%) erhielten im Vergleich zu jenen, die Oclacitinib alleine (neun von 20; 45%) (Fisher´s Test, p = 0,041) bekamen. Im Vergleich zu Oclacitinib Monotherapie führt die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Prednisolon für die ersten vier Tage zu signifikant niedrigeren PVAS10 Werten am D4 und D28, CADESI4 und 2D-IGA am D28, und OGATE am D21 und D28 (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-Tests). Nebenwirkungen waren gering, vorübergehend und verschwanden von selbst.Die anfängliche Zugabe von Prednisolon für vier Tage reduzierte die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Pruritus Rebounds eine Woche nach Dosisreduzierung des Oclacitinib signifikant. Diese kurze gleichzeitige Glukokortikoid Verabreichung führte zu einer rascheren Verbesserung der Hautveränderungen und verbesserte die Wahrnehmung der Behandlungseffizienz mit minimalen Nebenwirkungen.背景: アトピー性皮膚炎(AD)の犬において、オクラシチニブ減量後に掻痒のリバウンドが生じることがある。 目的: 本研究の目的は、オクラシチニブの投与頻度を減らした後、プレドニゾロンの4日間投与により、掻痒のリバウンドが生じる確率が減少するかどうかを検討することであった。 対象動物: 軽度から中等度のAD病変を有し、中等度から重度の掻痒を有する犬40頭。 材料と方法: 対象犬を、オクラシチニブ0.4~0.6mg/kgを1日2回14日間投与後、オクラシチニブ1日1回単独で、またはプレドニゾロン0.5mg/kgを1日2回、最初の4日間経口投与する方法のどちらかに無作為に分けた。臨床医は28日前後に犬アトピー性皮膚炎の程度および重症度指数(CADESI)4および2D-調査者グローバル評価(IGA)を評価し、飼い主は0日(D0)、D4、D14、D21およびD28に痒みの視覚的アナログスケール(PVAS10)および治療効果に関するグローバル評価(OGATE)を評価した。D14と比較してD21でPVAS10が1段階以上上昇した場合、リバウンドとした。 結果: D21において、プレドニゾロン投与群(20頭中3頭、15%)では、オクラシチニブ単独投与群(20頭中9頭、45%)と比較してリバウンドが有意に少なかった(Fisher's test、p=0.041)。オクラシチニブ単剤療法と比較して、最初の4日間のプレドニゾロン同時投与により、D4およびD28のPVAS10、D28のCADESI4および2D-IGA、D21およびD28のOGATEが有意に低下した(Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests)。治療による有害事象は軽微で、断続的であり、自己回復的であった。 結論と臨床的意義: 最初の4日間のプレドニゾロン加療により、オクラシチニブ減量1週間後の痒みのリバウンドの発生率が有意に減少した。この短期間のグルココルチコイド併用投与により、皮膚病変の改善度が高く、有害事象も少なく治療効果の認存も改善された。.背景: 患有特应性皮炎 (AD) 的犬在降低奥拉替尼剂量后,偶尔会出现瘙痒反弹。 目的: 确定泼尼松龙初始4天疗程是否可降低奥拉替尼给药频率后瘙痒反弹的概率。 动物: 40只患有轻度至中度 AD 病变和中度至重度瘙痒的犬。 材料和方法: 犬随机接受奥拉替尼0.4-0.6 mg/kg每日两次给药14天,单独给药,或者前4天同时泼尼松龙0.5 mg/kg每日两次经口给药。临床医生在28天之前和之后对犬特应性皮炎程度和严重指数 (CADESI)4 和 2D 研究者整体评估 (IGA) 进行分级;犬主人在第 (D)0、D4、D14、D21和 D28 天评估瘙痒视觉模拟量表 (PVAS)10 和犬主人治疗有效性整体评估 (OGATE)。我们认为与 D14 相比,D21时 PVAS10 等级的任何反弹增加均大于1级。 结果: 在D21,接受泼尼松龙的犬反弹 (3/20,15%) 显著少于接受奥拉替尼单药的犬 (9/20,45%)(Fisher检验,p = 0.041)。与奥拉替尼单药治疗相比,在前4天同时给予泼尼松龙导致 D4 和 D28 时PVAS10、D28时 CADESI4 和 2D-IGA 以及 D21 和 D28 时 OGATE 显著降低(Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U检验)。治疗的不良反应为轻微、间歇发生和可自愈。 结论和临床相关性: 初始加用4天泼尼松龙显著降低了奥拉替尼减量后1周瘙痒反弹的概率。这种短期伴随糖皮质激素给药导致更有好的皮肤病变改善,以及更显著地感知治疗疗效,不良反应极小。.Após a redução da dose de oclacitinb, ocasionalmente ocorre um efeito rebote de prurido nos cães com dermatite atópica (DA).Determinar se um curso inicial de quatro dias de prednisolona é capaz de reduzir a probabilidade de um efeito rebote de prurido após reduzir a frequência de administração de oclacitinib.Quarenta cães com lesões leves a moderadas de DA e prurido moderado a intenso. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os cães foram divididos aleatoriamente para receber oclacitinib na dose de 0,4-0,6 mg/kg duas vezes ao dia por 14 dias e depois uma vez ao dia, isoladamente ou associado à prednisolona na dose de 0,5 mg/kg, por via oral, duas vezes ao dia nos primeiros quatro dias. Os clínicos utilizaram o Índice de Extensão e Gravidade da Dermatite Atópica Canina (CADESI)4 e a avaliação global do investigador 2D (IGA) antes e após 28 dias; os proprietários utilizaram a Escala Visual Analógica de Prurido (PVAS)10 para avaliar o prurido e a Avaliação Global da Eficácia do Tratamento pelo Proprietário (OGATE) no Dia (D)0, D4, D14, D21 e D28. Consideramos um rebote qualquer aumento maior que um grau no PVAS10 no D21 comparado ao D14.No D21, houve significativamente menos rebotes nos cães que receberam prednisolona (três de 20, 15%) em comparação com aqueles que receberam oclacitinib isoladamente (nove de 20, 45%) (teste de Fisher, p = 0,041). Em comparação à monoterapia com oclacitinib, a administração concomitante de prednisolona nos primeiros quatro dias levou à redução significativa de PVAS10 em D4 e D28, CADESI4 e 2D-IGA em D28 e OGATE em D21 e D28 (testes U de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney). Os efeitos adversos da terapia foram mínimos, intermitentes e auto-limitantes. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A inclusão inicial de quatro dias de prednisolona diminuiu significativamente a probabilidade de rebote do prurido uma semana após a redução da dose de oclacitinib. Esta curta administração concomitante de glicocorticoides levou a uma melhor resposta na redução das lesões cutâneas e melhor percepção da eficácia do tratamento com efeitos adversos mínimos. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1111/vde.13134 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13134 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Longitudinal assessment of adrenocortical steroid and steroid precursor response to illness in hospitalized foals AU - Dembek, K. AU - Timko, K. AU - Moore, C. AU - Johnson, L. AU - Frazer, M. AU - Barr, B. AU - Toribio, R. T2 - DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals. Relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI), defined as an inadequate cortisol response to stress, has been associated with sepsis, prematurity, and poor outcome in newborn foals. In addition to cortisol, the adrenal gland synthesizes several biologically important steroids and steroid precursors, including aldosterone, androgens, and progestogens. However, concentration of these hormones during hospitalization and their association with the severity of disease and mortality in critically ill foals have not been completely evaluated. We hypothesized, that in addition to cortisol and aldosterone, concentration of steroid precursors (progestogens and androgens) will be altered in critically ill foals. We also proposed that septic foals will have higher concentrations of steroid precursors than healthy foals, and steroid concentrations will be persistently increased during hospitalization in non-surviving septic and premature foals. Foals <4 days of age were categorized as healthy, septic, sick non-septic, and premature based on physical exam, medical history, and laboratory data. Blood samples were collected on admission (0 h), 24 h, and 72 h after admission. Concentrations of steroids and ACTH were measured by immunoassays. The area under the curve over 72 h (AUC0-72h) of hospitalization was calculated for each hormone. Serum cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations were higher in septic and premature foals compared to healthy foals at 0 h and throughout 72 h of hospitalization (P < 0.05). Plasma ACTH concentrations were higher in septic and premature foals on admission compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). The progesterone (AUC0-72h) cut-off value above which non-survival could be reliably predicted in hospitalized foals was 1,085 ng/mL/h, with 82% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Critically ill neonatal foals had an appropriate response to stress characterized by increased concentrations of cortisol and steroid precursors on admission. A rapid decline in steroid concentration was observed in healthy foals. However, persistently elevated progestogen and androgen concentrations were associated with a lack of improvement in the course of disease and poor outcome. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106764 VL - 82 SP - SN - 1879-0054 KW - Sepsis KW - Equine neonates KW - Neurosteroids KW - Hypothalamic -pituitary -adrenal axis KW - Relative adrenal insufficiency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effective treatment of canine chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus variants with oclacitinib: Seven cases AU - Harvey, Richard G. AU - Olivrī, Alla AU - Lima, Tatiana AU - Olivry, Thierry T2 - Veterinary Dermatology AB - The treatment of canine chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) variants generally requires immunosuppression, which often results in potentially severe adverse effects. Janus kinase inhibitors, like oclacitinib, might be a valuable treatment option due to their rapid inhibition of the action of interferons known to be relevant in the pathogenesis of CCLE.To report the efficacy and safety of oral oclacitinib for the treatment of canine CCLE variants.Seven dogs were diagnosed with CCLE based on clinical signs and compatible histopathological findings.Oclacitinib was administered at the induction dosage of 0.45 mg/kg twice daily to 1.8 mg/kg once daily. The response to treatment was graded as 'good' when there was ≥50% lesion reduction, or as 'complete remission' if all active lesions had resolved. Complete blood counts were performed at variable intervals.A complete remission of all lesions was obtained in the dog with exfoliative cutaneous lupus erythematosus, both dogs with mucocutaneous lupus erythematosus and three of four dogs with facial discoid lupus erythematosus (FDLE); a good response was seen in the remaining dog with FDLE. The first visible improvement of signs was seen within 2-to-3 weeks, while the time to complete remission was around 2 months. Clinical adverse effects were not seen, and haematological parameters remained within the reference range.Oclacitinib may be considered an effective treatment option for different variants of canine CCLE.Le traitement des variantes du lupus érythémateux cutané chronique canin (CCLE) nécessite généralement une immunosuppression, qui entraîne souvent des effets indésirables potentiellement graves. Les inhibiteurs de Janus kinase, comme l'oclacitinib, pourraient constituer une option thérapeutique intéressante en raison de leur inhibition rapide de l'action des interférons connus pour être pertinents dans la pathogénie du CCLE.Rapporter l'efficacité et l'innocuité de l'oclacitinib oral pour le traitement des variantes canines du CCLE.Sept chiens ont été diagnostiqués avec CCLE sur la base de signes cliniques et de résultats histopathologiques compatibles. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: L'oclacitinib a été administré aux doses d'induction de 0,45 mg/kg deux fois par jour à 1,8 mg/kg une fois par jour. La réponse au traitement a été qualifiée de « bonne » lorsqu'il y avait une réduction des lésions ≥ 50 %, ou de « rémission complète » si toutes les lésions actives avaient disparu. Des numérations globulaires complètes ont été réalisées à des intervalles variables. RÉSULTATS: Une rémission complète de toutes les lésions a été obtenue chez le chien atteint de lupus érythémateux cutané exfoliatif, les deux chiens atteints de lupus érythémateux cutanéo-muqueux et trois des quatre chiens atteints de lupus érythémateux discoïde facial (LEDF); une bonne réponse a été observée chez le chien restant avec LEDF. La première amélioration visible des signes a été observée dans les deux à trois semaines, tandis que le temps nécessaire pour terminer la rémission était d'environ deux mois. Aucun effet indésirable clinique n'a été observé et les paramètres hématologiques sont restés dans les valeurs de référence.L'oclacitinib peut être considéré comme une option de traitement efficace pour différentes variantes de l'ECCC canin.INTRODUCCIÓN: el tratamiento de las variantes del lupus eritematoso cutáneo crónico canino (CCLE) generalmente requiere inmunosupresión, lo que a menudo resulta en efectos adversos potencialmente graves. Los inhibidores de la quinasa de Janus, como el oclacitinib, podrían ser una opción de tratamiento valiosa debido a su rápida inhibición de la acción de los interferones que se sabe que son relevantes en la patogenia de la CCLE.Reportar la eficacia y seguridad de oclacitinib oral para el tratamiento de variantes caninas de CCLE.Siete perros fueron diagnosticados con CCLE en base a signos clínicos y hallazgos histopatológicos compatibles. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Oclacitinib se administró en dosis de inducción de 0,45 mg/kg dos veces al día a 1,8 mg/kg una vez al día. La respuesta al tratamiento se calificó como "buena" cuando hubo una reducción de la lesión ≥50%, o como "remisión completa" si todas las lesiones activas se habían resuelto. Se realizaron hemogramas completos a intervalos variables.Se obtuvo una remisión completa de todas las lesiones en un perro con lupus eritematoso cutáneo exfoliativo, en dos perros con lupus eritematoso mucocutáneo y en tres de cuatro perros con lupus eritematoso discoide facial (FDLE); se observó una buena respuesta en el perro restante con FDLE. La primera mejora visible de los signos se observó en dos o tres semanas, mientras que el tiempo para completar la remisión fue de alrededor de dos meses. No se observaron efectos adversos clínicos y los parámetros hematológicos permanecieron dentro del rango de referencia. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: Oclacitinib puede considerarse una opción de tratamiento eficaz para diferentes variantes de CCLE canino.Für die Behandlung von chronischen kutanen Lupus erythematosus (CCLE) Varianten des Hundes ist generell eine Immunsuppression nötig, die oft mit möglicherweise schweren Nebenwirkungen einhergeht. Janus Kinase Inhibitoren, wie Oclacitinib, könnten aufgrund ihrer raschen Einwirkung auf Interferone, welche bekanntermaßen bei der Pathogenese der CCLE eine Rolle spielen, eine wertvolle Behandlungsoption darstellen.Ein Bericht über die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von per os verabreichtem Oclacitinib zur Behandlung von CCLE-Varianten des Hundes.Sieben Hunde wurden mit einem CCLE, basierend auf klinischen Zeichen und vergleichbaren histopathologischen Befunden, diagnostiziert.Oclacitinib wurde anfangs in der Induktionsdosis von 0,45 mg/kg zweimal täglich bis zu 1,8 mg/kg einmal täglich verabreicht. Die Reaktion auf die Behandlung wurde als „gut“ beurteilt, wenn eine ≥50%ige Läsionsreduktion bestand oder als „völlige Remission“, wenn alle aktiven Veränderungen verschwunden waren. Es wurden Blutbild Analysen in unterschiedlichen Intervallen durchgeführt.Eine komplette Remission aller Veränderungen wurden bei dem Hund mit exfoliativem kutanen Lupus erythematosus, bei beiden Hunden mit mucokutanem Lupus erythematosus und bei drei der vier Hunde mit diskoidem Lupus erythematosus (FDLE) des Gesichts erzielt; eine gute Reaktion wurde bei dem verbleibenden Hund mit FDLE gesehen. Die erste sichtbare Verbesserung der Zeichen wurde innerhalb von zwei bis drei Wochen gesehen, während die Zeit bis zur völligen Remission etwa bei zwei Monaten lag. Es wurden keine klinischen Nebenwirkungen gesehen und die hämatologischen Parameter blieben innerhalb des Normalbereichs.Oclacitinib kann als wirksame Behandlungsoption für die verschiedenen Varianten des CCLE des Hundes betrachtet werden.背景: 犬慢性皮膚エリテマトーデス(CCLE)の治療には、一般的に免疫抑制が必要であり、その結果、しばしば重篤な副作用が生じる可能性がある。オクラシチニブのようなヤヌスキナーゼ阻害剤は、CCLEの病因に関係することが知られているインターフェロンの作用を速やかに阻害するため、貴重な治療オプションになる可能性がある。 目的: 本報告の目的は、犬 CCLE 変異体に対するオクラシチニブ経口投与の有効性と安全性を報告することであった。 対象動物: 臨床症状および病理組織学的所見に基づきCCLEと診断された犬7頭。 材料と方法: オクラシチニブを0.45mg/kg1日2回から1.8mg/kg1日1回を導入量として投与した。病変が50%以上縮小した場合を「良好」、すべての病変が消失した場合を「完全寛解」と評価した。全血球計算を一定期間ごとに行った。 結果: 剥脱性皮膚エリテマトーデスの犬、粘膜皮膚エリテマトーデスの犬、顔面の円板状エリテマトーデス(FDLE)の犬4頭中3頭はすべての病変が完全に寛解し、残りのFDLEの犬も良い反応がみられた。目に見える症状の改善は2~3週間以内に見られ、完全寛解までの期間は約2カ月であった。臨床的な副作用は見られず、血液学的パラメータも基準範囲内に保たれた。 結論と臨床的意義: オクラシチニブは、犬のCCLEの異なる亜種に対する有効な治療オプションと考えられた。.背景: 犬慢性皮肤型红斑狼疮 (CCLE) 变体的治疗通常需要免疫抑制,这通常会导致潜在的严重不良反应。Janus 激酶抑制剂,比如奥拉替尼,由于可快速抑制已知与 CCLE 发病机制相关的干扰素作用,可能是一种有价值的治疗选择。 目的: 报告经口给予奥拉替尼治疗犬 CCLE 变体的有效性和安全性。 动物: 根据临床体征和相容的组织病理学结果,7只犬被诊断为CCLE。 材料和方法: 奥拉替尼的诱导剂量为0.45 mg/kg每日两次至1.8 mg/kg每日一次。当病变缩小≥50%时,治疗反应分级为“良好”,如果所有活动性病变均消退,则分级为“完全缓解”。在不同的时间间隔进行全血细胞计数。 结果: 1只剥脱性皮肤红斑狼疮犬、2只皮肤粘膜红斑狼疮犬,以及面部盘状红斑狼疮 (FDLE) 犬4只中的3只获得了所有病变的完全缓解;在其余 FDLE 犬中观察到良好的反应。在2-3周内观察到体征的首次可见改善,而至完全缓解的时间约为两个月。未观察到临床不良反应,血液学参数保持在参考范围内。 结论和临床相关性: 奥拉替尼可被认为是犬 CCLE 不同变体的有效治疗选择。.O tratamento das variantes do lúpus eritematoso cutâneo crônico canino (LECC) requer imunossupressão, que frequentemente resulta em efeitos adversos potencialmente graves. Os inibidores de janus quinase, como o oclacitinib, podem ser opções terapêuticas valiosas devido a sua rápida inibição da ação dos interferons conhecidos por serem relevantes na patogênese do LECC.Relatar a eficácia e segurança do oclacitinib oral para o tratamento das variantes do LECC canino.Sete cães foram diagnosticados com LECC baseado nos sinais clínicos e achados histopatológicos compatíveis. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Oclacitinib foi administrado na dose de indução de 0,45 mg/kg duas vezes ao dia a 1,8mg/kg uma vez ao dia. A resposta ao tratamento foi classificada como “boa” se uma melhora ≥50% das lesões fosse observada, ou “remissão completa” se todas as lesões ativas fossem resolvidas. Hemograma completo foi realizado em intervalos variáveis.Remissão completa das lesões foi obtida no cão com lúpus eritematoso cutâneo esfoliativo, ambos os cães com lúpus eritematoso mucocutâneo e três de quatro cães com lúpus eritematoso discoide facial (LEDF); observou-se uma resposta boa no cão remanescente com LEDF. Os primeiros sinais de melhora foram observados em uma a três semanas, enquanto o tempo para remissão foi de aproximadamente dois meses. Não foram observados efeitos adversos, e os parâmetros hematológicos se mantiveram dentro dos valores de referência. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: O oclacitinib deve ser considerado uma opção terapêutica eficaz no tratamento de diferentes variantes do LECC canino. DA - 2023/2// PY - 2023/2// DO - 10.1111/vde.13128 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13128 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nighttime behavior and the length of social relationships in male Asian elephants AU - Thevarajah, Shanelle J. AU - Readyhough, Taylor S. AU - Davis, Maura AU - Moresco, Anneke AU - Joseph, Sharon AU - Schreier, Amy L. T2 - Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science AB - To evaluate elephant welfare, it is important to understand their use of time both during day and night. The length of social relationships can influence how much time they spend in different activities. We assessed daytime and nighttime activity budgets of male Asian elephants at Denver Zoo and examined how length of relationships influenced nighttime behavior. Using scan sampling we investigated activity budget and proximity to a conspecific, and used General Estimating Equations to compare them across day and night and across new and established dyads at night. During daytime, elephants spent significantly more time exhibiting affiliative and agonistic behaviors, and in proximity to a conspecific, and less time resting, compared to night. Overnight, the odds of resting were significantly lower in new social dyads compared to established dyads, and new dyads spent more time exhibiting agonistic behavior and in proximity to a conspecific compared to established dyads. Our study suggests that male elephants at Denver Zoo have developed strong relationships and highlights the importance of systematically observing elephants overnight so that managers make decisions that improve animal welfare. DA - 2023/7/3/ PY - 2023/7/3/ DO - 10.1080/10888705.2021.1998777 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.1998777 KW - Nighttime activity budgets KW - male elephant welfare KW - compatible social pairings KW - social dyads ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms and modeling of wound repair in the intestinal epithelium AU - Boger, Kasey D. AU - Sheridan, Ana E. AU - Ziegler, Amanda L. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. T2 - Tissue Barriers AB - The intestinal epithelial barrier is susceptible to injury from insults, such as ischemia or infectious disease. The epithelium's ability to repair wounded regions is critical to maintaining barrier integrity. Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial repair can be studied with models that recapitulate the in vivo environment. This review focuses on in vitro injury models and intestinal cell lines utilized in such systems. The formation of artificial wounds in a controlled environment allows for the exploration of reparative physiology in cell lines modeling diverse aspects of intestinal physiology. Specifically, the use of intestinal cell lines, IPEC-J2, Caco-2, T-84, HT-29, and IEC-6, to model intestinal epithelium is discussed. Understanding the unique systems available for creating intestinal injury and the differences in monolayers used for in vitro work is essential for designing studies that properly capture relevant physiology for the study of intestinal wound repair. DA - 2023/4/3/ PY - 2023/4/3/ DO - 10.1080/21688370.2022.2087454 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2022.2087454 KW - IPEC-J2 cells KW - transepithelial electrical resistance KW - injury barrier function KW - cell model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treatment of Pain in Rabbits AU - Ozawa, S. AU - Cenani, A. AU - Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, D. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice AB - Rabbits occupy facets of veterinary medicine spanning from companion mammals, wildlife medicine, zoologic species, and research models. Therefore, analgesia is required for a variety of conditions in rabbits and is a critical component of patient care. Considerations when selecting an analgesic protocol in rabbits include timing of administration, route of administration, degree or anticipated pain, ability to access or use controlled drugs, systemic health, and any potential side effects. This review focuses on pharmacologic and locoregional management of pain in rabbits and emphasizes the need for further studies on pain management in this species. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.09.001 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 201-227 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Literature Review: Pet Bereavement and Coping Mechanisms AU - Park, Rachel M. AU - Royal, Kenneth D. AU - Gruen, Margaret E. T2 - Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science AB - The loss of a companion animal results in millions of pet owners grieving annually. To date, little information has been synthesized on the grief response and coping mechanisms of bereaved pet owners. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between pet loss and owner grief response. Major themes included: factors that influence the grief response, the disenfranchised nature surrounding pet loss, ambiguous pet loss and coping mechanisms used. Across the 48 studies included in this review, bereaved pet owners frequently reported feelings of embarrassment and loneliness following the loss of their pet. Types of coping mechanisms used by bereaved pet owners were identified and included: isolation, social support, continuing bonds, memorialization, religion, and relationships with other animals. Overall, this review was able to identify a consensus among the literature that bereaved pet owners are likely to experience disenfranchisement surrounding their loss. Based on the present findings, suggestions for future research include a focus on the effectiveness of coping mechanisms used by bereaved pet owners. DA - 2023/7/3/ PY - 2023/7/3/ DO - 10.1080/10888705.2021.1934839 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.1934839 KW - Pet loss KW - pet grief KW - coping mechanisms KW - ambiguous pet loss KW - disenfranchised grief ER -