TY - JOUR TI - Morphological variation and female reproductive success in two sympatric Trillium species: evidence for phenotypic selection in Trillium erectum and Trillium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. T2 - American Journal of Botany AB - I investigated the mating systems and phenotypic variation of two sympatric spring ephemerals, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum (Liliaceae), and phenotypic selection acting through female reproductive success for 11 morphological characters in five sympatric populations of the two species. I examined the degree of self-compatibility, pollinator-visitation rates, and pollen limitation of fruit and seed production in both species. Both Trillium species were self-compatible, but outcrossed flowers produced more successful fruits and seeds than self-pollinated flowers. Pollinator-visitation rates to the two species were low compared to other insect-pollinated spring ephemerals. In addition, both T. erectum and T. grandiflorum experienced pollen limitation in fruit and/or seed production; however, levels of fecundity in both species may be influenced by resource availability as well. I found significant phenotypic variation in 11 morphological characters within and among the five study populations. The sizes of all morphological characters were positively correlated. In general, larger T. erectum and T. grandiflorum produced more seeds. Phenotypic selection analysis revealed that direct and indirect selection acted on the size of morphological characters for both species. But there was no detectable selection acting on plant shape. This study reveals that variation in plant size exists within and among populations of both species, and this variation is associated with variance in female reproductive success. Spatial and temporal variation in pollinator and/or resource abundance may play a role in the phenotypic variation exhibited by both Trillium species. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.2307/2656907 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 205-214 J2 - American J of Botany LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9122 1537-2197 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2656907 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hummingbird avoidance of nectar‐robbed plants: spatial location or visual cues AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. T2 - Oikos AB - Broad‐tailed and rufous hummingbirds avoid plants and flowers that have recently been visited by nectar‐robbing bees. However, the cues the hummingbirds use to make such choices are not known. To determine the proximate cues hummingbirds use to avoid visiting nectar‐robbed plants, I conducted multiple field experiments and one aviary study using the nectar‐robbed, hummingbird‐pollinated plant Ipomopsis aggregata . In the first field experiment, free‐flying hummingbirds were presented with plants in which I manipulated nectar volume and the presence of nectar‐robber holes. Hummingbirds visited significantly more plants with nectar and probed more available flowers on those plants, regardless of the presence of nectar‐robber holes. Thus, I hypothesized that hummingbirds may avoid robbed plants based on their spatial memory of unrewarding plants and/or visual cues that nectar absence provides. In an aviary study, I removed spatial cues by re‐randomizing the position of plants after each hummingbird‐foraging bout, but hummingbirds still selected plants with nectar. Nectar may provide a visual cue in I. aggregata flowers because corollas are translucent, and nectar is visible through the side of the corolla. To determine if hummingbirds use this visual cue to avoid plants with no nectar, I masked corolla translucence in a field study by painting flowers with acrylic paint. Hummingbirds still visited significantly more plants with nectar and probed more flowers on those plants, whether or not the corollas were painted. These results suggest that hummingbirds use nectar as a proximate cue to locate and avoid non‐rewarding, nectar‐robbed plants, even in the absence of spatial cues and simple visual cues. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910311.x VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 499-506 J2 - Oikos LA - en OP - SN - 0030-1299 1600-0706 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910311.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - CONSEQUENCES OF NECTAR ROBBING FOR REALIZED MALE FUNCTION IN A HUMMINGBIRD-POLLINATED PLANT AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. AU - Brody, Alison K. T2 - Ecology AB - The effects of nectar robbers on plants and their mutualistic pollinators are poorly understood due, in part, to the paucity of studies examining male reproductive success in nectar-robbed plants. Here we measured the effects of a nectar-robbing bumblebee, Bombus occidentalis, on realized male reproductive success (seeds sired) in a hummingbird-pollinated plant, Ipomopsis aggregata. To determine the effects of nectar robbing on paternity, we used a series of experimental populations of plants containing a known allozyme marker. In each population, we experimentally controlled the levels of nectar robbing on each I. aggregata plant by cutting a hole in the corolla with dissecting scissors and removing nectar with a micro-capillary tube. We measured hummingbird-pollinator foraging behavior and fruit and seed production (maternal function) for each plant. We then genotyped seeds for the allozyme marker to determine the number of seeds sired by plants with known levels of robbing. Heavy nectar robbing (> 80% of flowers robbed) significantly reduced the number of seeds sired, as well as the number of seeds produced due to pollinator avoidance of heavily robbed plants. Total plant reproduction, both male and female contributions, were reduced by 50% due to high levels of robbing. To date, no other studies have measured the effects of nectar robbing on realized male function (number of seeds sired). Ours is the first study to demonstrate that robbing can simultaneously decrease realized male reproductive success as well as female reproductive success, and that the effects are incurred indirectly through pollinator avoidance of robbed plants. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.2307/177481 VL - 81 IS - 9 SP - 2637-2643 J2 - Ecology LA - en OP - SN - 0012-9658 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2637:CONRFR]2.0.CO;2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - MSL1 plays a central role in assembly of the MSL complex, essential for dosage compensation in Drosophila AU - Scott, M. J. T2 - The EMBO Journal AB - Article4 January 2000free access MSL1 plays a central role in assembly of the MSL complex, essential for dosage compensation in Drosophila Maxwell J. Scott Corresponding Author Maxwell J. Scott Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Lewis L. Pan Lewis L. Pan Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Sheralee B. Cleland Sheralee B. Cleland Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Andrea L. Knox Andrea L. Knox Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Present address: Wellcome/CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR UK Search for more papers by this author Jörg Heinrich Jörg Heinrich Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Maxwell J. Scott Corresponding Author Maxwell J. Scott Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Lewis L. Pan Lewis L. Pan Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Sheralee B. Cleland Sheralee B. Cleland Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Andrea L. Knox Andrea L. Knox Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Present address: Wellcome/CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR UK Search for more papers by this author Jörg Heinrich Jörg Heinrich Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Search for more papers by this author Author Information Maxwell J. Scott 1, Lewis L. Pan1, Sheralee B. Cleland1, Andrea L. Knox1,2 and Jörg Heinrich1 1Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 2Present address: Wellcome/CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR UK *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (2000)19:144-155https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.1.144 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info In male Drosophila, histone H4 acetylated at Lys16 is enriched on the X chromosome, and most X-linked genes are transcribed at a higher rate than in females (thus achieving dosage compensation). Five proteins, collectively called the MSLs, are required for dosage compensation and male viability. Here we show that one of these proteins, MSL1, interacts with three others, MSL2, MSL3 and MOF. The latter is a putative histone acetyl transferase. Overexpression of either the N- or C-terminal domain of MSL1 has dominant-negative effects, i.e. causes male-specific lethality. The lethality due to expression of the N-terminal domain is reduced if msl2 is co-overexpressed. MSL2 co-purifies over a FLAG affinity column with the tagged region of MSL1, and both MSL3 and MOF co-purify with the FLAG-tagged MSL1 C-terminal domain. Furthermore, the MSL1 C-terminal domain binds specifically to a GST–MOF fusion protein and co-immunoprecipitates with HA-tagged MSL3. The MSL1 C-terminal domain shows similarity to a region of mouse CBP, a transcription co-activator. We conclude that a main role of MSL1 is to serve as the backbone for assembly of the MSL complex. Introduction Drosophila melanogaster dosage compensate (i.e. equalize X-linked gene products) by doubling the amount of gene expression from the one male X chromosome to equal that from the two female X chromosomes (reviewed by Bashaw and Baker, 1996; Lucchesi, 1998). Males homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in the male-specific lethal1 (msl1), male-specific lethal2 (msl2), male-specific lethal3 (msl3), maleless (mle) or males absent on the first (mof) genes die due to a failure to dosage compensate. Antibody-binding studies have shown that the MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, MLE and MOF proteins, collectively called the MSLs, co-localize to hundreds of sites along the length of the male X chromosome (Lucchesi, 1998). Acetylation of histone H4 at Lys16 is associated preferentially with the male X chromosome and is dependent on the binding of the MSLs (Turner et al., 1992; Bone et al., 1994). MOF shows homology to the ESA1 and Tip60 histone acetyl transferases (Hilfiker et al., 1997; Smith et al., 1998). Histone acetylation would decrease the affinity of histone for DNA (Struhl, 1998) and could destabilize higher order chromatin structure by weakening the interaction between adjacent nucleosomes (Luger et al., 1997). Furthermore, several transcription co-activators have been shown to have histone acetyl transferase activity (Brownell and Allis, 1996; Struhl, 1998). This suggests that altering chromatin structure via histone acetylation is a key element of the mechanism by which the MSLs increase X-linked gene expression in males. Of the other MSLs, MLE codes for an RNA–DNA helicase (Lee et al., 1997), MSL2 is a RING finger protein (Bashaw and Baker, 1995; Kelley et al., 1995; Zhou et al., 1995) and MSL3 is a chromodomain protein (Koonin et al., 1995). MSL1, however, has no recognizable domains but does have regions that are rich in acidic amino acids (Palmer et al., 1993). The MSL complex is not unique in containing both an RNA helicase and histone acetyl transferase. The CREB-binding protein (CBP) transcription co-activator is a histone acetyl transferase (Bannister and Kouzarides, 1996) and binds to RNA helicase A (Nakajima et al., 1997). Coupling a helicase with a histone acetyl transferase could be advantageous as histone acetylation could destabilize the chromatin structure and thus facilitate passage of the helicase along the chromosome. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the MSLs form a complex. First, the localization of any one of the MSLs to the male X chromosome requires all five msl+ activities (Palmer et al., 1994; Gorman et al., 1995; Kelley et al., 1995; Gu et al., 1998). Furthermore, the stability of the MSL1 protein is strongly dependent on the presence of MSL2 (Chang and Kuroda, 1998). Similarly, MSL3 stability is dependent upon MSL1 and MSL2 (Gorman et al., 1995). MSL2 and MSL3 interact with MSL1 in a yeast two-hybrid system (Copps et al., 1998). MSL1, MSL2 and MSL3 co-immunoprecipitate and chromatographically co-fractionate from Drosophila SL2 cell extract (Copps et al., 1998). MLE, however, appears not to be tightly associated with the other MSLs. In addition to the MSLs, the X-linked non-coding roX1 (RNA on the X chromosome) and roX2 genes may have a role in dosage compensation. The male-specific accumulation of roX1 and roX2 RNAs is dependent upon the MSLs, and roX1 RNA ‘paints’ the male X chromosome in a manner strikingly similar to the ‘painting’ of the mammalian inactive X chromosome by Xist RNA (Amrein and Axel, 1997; Meller et al., 1997). Since an RNA component is essential for association of MLE with the X chromosome (Richter et al., 1996), this suggests that a possible role for the roX RNAs is to stabilize the interaction of MLE with the other MSLs (Meller et al., 1997; Chang and Kuroda, 1998). The binding of MSL1 and MSL2 to several ‘high affinity’ sites on the X chromosome does not require MLE, MOF or MSL3 (Lyman et al., 1997). Furthermore, the binding of these three proteins to the male X chromosome is absolutely dependent on MSL1 and MSL2 (Gu et al., 1998). Together, these results suggest that the MSLs may bind sequentially to the X. In the first step, the MSL1 and MSL2 complex binds to high affinity sites on the X. Secondly, MSL1 and MSL2 then recruit MSL3, MLE and MOF to the X. The MSL complex does not associate with the female X chromosomes because MSL2 protein is absent from females (Bashaw and Baker, 1995; Kelley et al., 1995; Zhou et al., 1995). With the long-term goal of improving our understanding of the mechanism of dosage compensation, we have sought to identify the domains of MSL1 that are important for function in vivo. We find that overexpression of two regions of MSL1 causes male-specific lethality, i.e. they behave as dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1. We present genetic and biochemical evidence that one region interacts with MSL2, the other with both MSL3 and MOF. Our results suggest a central role for MSL1 in assembly of the MSL complex. Results Overexpression of regions of MSL1 causes male-specific lethality We hypothesized that overexpression of a truncated version of MSL1 could cause male-specific lethality if it bound to one or more of the MSLs and reduced the concentration of this MSL available to bind to endogenous MSL1 below a critical threshold required for dosage compensation (and thus male viability). Transgenic flies homozygous for an msl1 expression construct (Figure 1) were raised at 30°C and heat shocked daily for 1 h at 37°C to maximize MSL1 protein synthesis. Expression of MSL1 and its truncated derivatives was controlled with the hsp70 heat-shock promoter, which has significantly higher constitutive activity at 30°C compared with 22°C (O'Brien and Lis, 1991). We found that there was 100% male lethality in transformant lines carrying either the FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC*, FN, C or FC constructs (Table I). There was also a smaller but nevertheless significant decrease in male viability in lines expressing either the FMSL1, Δ84 or Δ84ΔC* proteins. Transformant lines expressing either full-length MSL1 or the MID region of MSL1 under these conditions produced approximately equal numbers of males and females (Table I). These results suggest that there are at least two regions of MSL1, one near the N-terminus and the other at the C-terminus, defined by FN and C, respectively, which could be important for assembly of the MSL complex in vivo. Interestingly, although the FLAG-tagged FΔ84 and FΔ84ΔC* proteins are essentially identical to the Δ84 and Δ84ΔC* proteins, respectively, overexpression of the former has a much more severe effect on male viability (Table I). Similarly, overexpression of FLAG-tagged MSL1 (FMSL1) but not MSL1 resulted in a small but significant decrease in male viability. Figure 1.msl1 constructs used in this study. The numbers at the beginning and end of each construct indicate the region of MSL1 that is expressed. Full-length MSL1 (1039 amino acids) is shown at the top. The proteins encoded by FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC* and FC are identical to those encoded by Δ84, Δ84ΔC* and C, respectively, except that the former encode a FLAG tag (DYKDDDDK, shaded black) at their N-termini. The FMSL1 protein is identical to MSL1 except that it has a FLAG peptide at the N-terminus and a linker peptide (RPQKTT, shaded with dots) between the FLAG and the start of MSL1. Features of MSL1 that are highlighted are a predicted amphipathic α-helix (cross-hatched, amino acids 96–172), a highly acidic stretch (shaded grey, amino acids 368–391) and a region where half the amino acids are either S, T or P (chequered, amino acids 708–801). Also indicated is a region (amino acids 712–988) that shows similarity to amino acids 863–1117 of mouse CBP (see Results). The expression of all MSL1 derivatives in transgenic flies was controlled by the hsp70 promoter. Download figure Download PowerPoint Table 1. Overexpression of FLAG-tagged derivatives of MSL1 causes male-specific lethality Construct a Males Females Male/female ratio b hsp·msl1 319 289 1.1 FMSL1 377 565 0.67 Δ84 296 633 0.46 FΔ84 0 272 0 Δ84ΔC* 416 1041 0.4 FΔ84ΔC* 0 374 0 FN 0 189 0 MID 601 559 1.08 C 0 425 0 FC 0 666 0 a All lines were homozygous for the construct. Vials were heat shocked daily for 1 h at 37°C. For simplicity, data are shown for just one line although at least two and usually three lines were examined for each construct, all of which gave a similar result. b Significant reduction in male viability (p <0.01, χ2 test) for all lines except hsp·msl1 and MID. Viability of FΔ84 but not C males is reduced if heterozygous for msl2 If the dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 are binding to a particular MSL, then lowering the concentration of that MSL could reduce male viability further, since less of the MSL is available to bind to full-length MSL1. The concentration of a particular MSL was reduced by 50% by crossing either an FΔ84 or C line with a null mutation for an msl (Table II). This experiment could not be carried out easily with mof since it is X-linked (Hilfiker et al., 1997). In order to detect if any of the msl mutations can enhance the male-lethal effects of either FΔ84 or C, conditions were used that result in only a modest reduction in male viability. Thus, the offspring of the crosses carry only one copy of either the FΔ84 or C transgenes (homozygous flies were used in Table I), and were raised under milder incubation conditions (either 22°C incubation or 30 min heat shock) than used previously (Table I). This resulted in lower expression of FΔ84 or C proteins. The viability of males carrying the FΔ84 construct was reduced significantly (p <0.01, χ2 test) if the males were heterozygous for msl2 (Table II). There was no significant difference in the relative viability of heterozygous msl1, mle or msl3 males compared with their respective wild-type siblings (Table II). These results indicate that in FΔ84 males the concentration of MSL2 available for dosage compensation is limiting. This is perhaps not surprising since MSL2 is the male-specific MSL (Zhou et al., 1995). However, there was no significant difference in the relative viability of heterozygous msl2, mle or msl3 C males compared with their respective wild-type siblings (Table II). While this assay was not informative about which MSL could be interacting with the C region, it would seem unlikely that it is MSL2 given the results with the FΔ84 construct. Table 2. Viability of FΔ84 but not C males is reduced if heterozygous for msl2 Constructa msl msl/+ +/+ Males Females M/F ratio Males Females M/F ratio FΔ84b msl1 100 301 0.33 147 390 0.38 msl2 42 495 0.08c 105 481 0.22 mle 141 498 0.28 151 521 0.29 msl3 158 406 0.39 166 393 0.42 Cd mle 65 189 0.34 40 157 0.26 msl2 45 140 0.32 43 131 0.33 msl3 41 180 0.22 19 170 0.12 a FΔ84 Crosses were raised at 22°C and shocked daily at 37°C for 1 h. C crosses were raised at 30°C and shocked daily at 37°C for 30 min. b Full genotype of FΔ84 crosses (female×male): msl1, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×msl1γ269 bw/CyO; msl2, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×msl2γ136 cn bw/CyO; mle, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×mleγ286 bw/CyO; and msl3, w P[FΔ84 w+]34×mle31 red/TM3, Sb Ser. c Viability significantly reduced (p <0.01, χ test) relative to +/+ siblings. d Full genotype of C crosses (female×male): msl2, y w; P[C w+]25×msl2γ136 cn bw/CyO; mle, y w; P[C w+]25×mleγ286 bw/CyO; and msl3, y w; P[C w+]25×mle31 red/TM3, Sb Ser. Co-expression of MSL2 rescues males from the lethal effects of dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 (ΔMSL1) If FΔ84 and MSL2 do interact, then co-expression of both proteins should improve male viability compared with expression of FΔ84 alone. An FΔ84 line was crossed with a transformant line carrying an hsp·msl2 construct (msl2 expression driven by the hsp70 promoter). The offspring of the cross were raised at 30°C and heat shocked daily for 1 h at 37°C. The viability of males that carried both constructs was significantly improved compared with males that carried only the FΔ84 construct (Table III). Rescue of FΔ84 males was not complete, probably because the FΔ84 protein contains the C-terminal domain of MSL1 that associates with other MSLs (see below). Table 3. Co-expression of MSL2 rescues males from the lethal effects of dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 (ΔMSL1) Construct a ΔMSL1 ΔMSL1 + msl2 Males Females M/F ratio Males Females M/F ratio FΔ84 b 86 354 0.24 268 474 0.57 c FΔ84ΔC* 172 336 0.51 403 415 0.97c FN 23 110 0.21 129 157 0.82c a Crosses were raised at 30°C and heat shocked daily at 37°C for 1 h. Offspring contained either one copy of the ΔMSL1 construct or one copy of the ΔMSL1 construct plus one copy of hsp·msl2. Thus, expression of the msl1 constructs and msl2 was controlled by the hsp70 promoter. Under these incubation conditions, expression of msl2 has no effect on female viability (data not shown). b Full genotype of crosses (female×male): FΔ84, w1118; P[FΔ84 w+]33×P[hsp·msl2]13/TM3, Sb e; FΔ84ΔC*, w1118; P[FΔ84ΔC* w+]13×P[hsp·msl2]13/TM3, Sb e; FN alone, y w × y w; P[FN w+]13; and FN + msl2, y w P[hsp·msl2]14×y w; P[FN w+]13. c Significant improvement in male viability (p <0.01, χ2 test) compared with males that carry only the msl1 construct. To identify the region of MSL1 that interacts with MSL2, transformants carrying either the FΔ84ΔC* or FN constructs were also crossed with hsp·msl2. Co-expression of msl2 significantly improves the viability of both FΔ84ΔC* and FN males (Table III). These results suggest that the domain of MSL1 that interacts with MSL2 maps to the region expressed by the FN construct. In comparison, the viability of C males was not improved by co-expression of MSL2, MLE, MSL3 or MOF (data not shown). Dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1 interact with MSL2, MSL3 and MOF Immunoprecipitation assays show that MSL1 and MSL2 are part of a complex (Kelley et al., 1995), and yeast two-hybrid experiments suggest that MSL1 and MSL2 interact directly in Drosophila (Copps et al., 1998). We used FLAG affinity chromatography to determine if any of the dominant-negative truncated versions of MSL1 associate with MSL2. To maximize the likelihood of detecting an association between any of the MSL1 forms and MSL2 in a crude fly extract, we co-overexpressed MSL2 with each FLAG-tagged form of MSL1. FMSL1, FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC*, FN and FC transformant lines were each crossed with hsp·msl2 and the offspring given a single heat shock to induce MSL1 and MSL2 protein synthesis prior to homogenization. Crude cell lysate was applied to an anti-FLAG affinity gel. After repeated washing of the column, bound protein was eluted with an excess of free FLAG peptide. All of the FLAG-tagged versions of MSL1 bound specifically to the anti-FLAG affinity gel (Figure 2A). There was no significant retention of MSL2 alone on the affinity gel (Figure 2B). However, MSL2 did bind to the affinity gel if it was co-expressed with FMSL1, FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC* or FN, but not FC (Figure 2B). We conclude that the dominant-negative effect of the FN region of MSL1 (amino acids 85–263) is due to association with MSL2. This is consistent with yeast two-hybrid experiments which have shown that part of the FN region of MSL1 (amino acids 85–186) associates with MSL2 (Copps et al., 1998). Figure 2.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1–MSL2 complexes. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MSL2 and either FLAG-MSL1 (lanes 1 and 2), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 3 and 4), FN (lanes 5 and 6), FΔ84 (lanes 7 and 8) or FC (lanes 9 and 10). Protein extract was also prepared from a line that overexpressed MSL2 alone (lanes 11 and 12). Aliquots of either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12) were separated by SDS–PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The amount loaded on the extract lanes corresponds to ∼8% of the material applied to the FLAG affinity gel. Western blots were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MSL2 (B) primary antibodies. Download figure Download PowerPoint Similar affinity chromatography experiments were performed to determine if MOF, MSL3 or MLE associate with any of the dominant-negative mutant forms of MSL1. FMSL1, FΔ84, FΔ84ΔC* and FC transformant lines were each crossed with either hsp·mof or hsp·msl3 and the offspring heat shocked prior to homogenization to induce MSL1 and either MOF or MSL3 synthesis. The crude fly extracts were applied to FLAG affinity columns and bound material eluted with excess FLAG peptide. All of the FLAG-tagged forms of MSL1 were retained on the affinity gels (Figures 3A and 4A). Both MOF (Figure 3B) and MSL3 (Figure 4B) co-purified with FMSL1, FΔ84 and FC, but not FΔ84ΔC*. This suggests that both MOF and MSL3 interact with the C-terminal domain of MSL1 and that these associations are responsible for the dominant-negative effects of this region of MSL1. In contrast, MLE did not co-purify with either the FΔ84 or FC proteins (Figure 5). This is consistent with immunoprecipitation and chromatographic purification experiments that have shown that MLE is only weakly associated with the MSL complex (Copps et al., 1998). Immunofluorescence studies have shown that mle+ function is required for the localization of MOF and MSL3 to the X chromosome (Gu et al., 1998). One interpretation of this result is that MLE interacts directly with either MSL3 or MOF. To test this prediction, we co-overexpressed FC, MSL3, MOF and MLE and partially purified the protein complex over FLAG affinity columns. FC (Figure 5A, lanes 7 and 8), MSL3 and MOF (data not shown), but not MLE (Figure 5B, lanes 7 and 8), were retained on the affinity gel. We conclude that either MLE does not interact with either MSL3 or MOF, or any interaction could not be detected by using this approach. Figure 3.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1–MOF complexes. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MOF and either FLAG-MSL1 (lanes 1 and 2), FΔ84 (lanes 3 and 4), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 5 and 6) or FC (lanes 7 and 8). Western blots containing either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8) were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MOF (B) primary antibodies as described in the legend to Figure 2. (C) Silver stain of affinity-purified proteins Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 4.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1–MSL3 complexes. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MSL3 and either FLAG MSL1 (lanes 1 and 2), FΔ84 (lanes 3 and 4), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 5 and 6) or FC (lanes 7 and 8). Western blots containing either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8) were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MSL3 (B) primary antibodies as described in the legend to Figure 2. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 5.FLAG affinity chromatography of FLAG-tagged MSL1 co-expressed with MLE. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed MLE and either FΔ84 (lanes 3 and 4), FC (lanes 5 and 6) or FC, MSL3 and MOF (lanes 7 and 8). Protein extract was also prepared from a line that overexpressed MLE alone (lanes 1 and 2). Western blots containing either unpurified extract (E; lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7) or FLAG affinity-purified protein (P; lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8) were incubated with either anti-MSL1 (A) or anti-MLE (B) primary antibodies as described in the legend to Figure 2. Download figure Download PowerPoint To confirm the interaction between the C-terminal domain of MSL1 and MOF by an alternative method, we prepared GST–MOF fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein was mixed with crude fly extracts from transformant lines expressing either MSL1 or one of the truncated versions of MSL1. As a control, we also incubated GST with each of the fly extracts. The protein mixes were then applied to glutathione–Sepharose and bound protein eluted with excess glutathione. MSL1 co-purified with GST–MOF but not with GST (Figure 6). This result confirms that MSL1 and MOF interact. The Δ84 (which includes the C-terminal domain) and FC proteins also co-purify specifically with GST–MOF over the glutathione affinity column (Figure 6). However, the Δ84ΔC* and MID proteins do not co-purify with GST–MOF (Figure 6). These results confirm that it is the C-terminal domain of MSL1 that interacts with MOF. Figure 6.Glutathione affinity chromatography of GST–MOF–MSL1 complexes. Fly extracts (E) from transformant lines that had been heat shocked to induce protein synthesis were incubated with glutathione–Sepharose beads containing either bound GST (G) or GST–MOF (GM). Bound proteins were eluted with glutathione. An aliquot of each sample was fractionated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, then incubated with anti-MSL1 antibody. The amount loaded on the input lanes corresponds to ∼7% of the material applied to the glutathione affinity beads. The band at 68 kDa seen in all panels is an E.coli protein that co-purifies with GST–MOF and reacts with the anti-MSL1 antibody. Elution of GST and GST–MOF was confirmed by probing identical membranes with anti-GST antibody (Sigma) (data not shown). Download figure Download PowerPoint To confirm the interaction between MSL3 and the C-terminal domain of MSL1, we generated transformant lines that express a haemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged form of MSL3 following a heat shock. The hsp·HAmsl3 lines were crossed with hsp·msl1, FΔ84ΔC* or FC lines and the offspring heat shocked prior to homogenization to induce MSL1 and HA·MSL3 synthesis. The crude fly extracts were incubated with high affinity HA antibody and immune complexes precipitated using protein G–agarose. HA-tagged MSL3 was precipitated efficiently by the HA antibody (Figure 7A). MSL1 and FC but not FΔ84ΔC* co-precipitated with HA·MSL3 (Figure 7B). These results confirm that the C-terminal domain of MSL1 associates with MSL3. Figure 7.MSL1 co-immunoprecipitates with HA-tagged MSL3. Protein extracts were prepared from transformant flies that co-overexpressed HA·MSL3 and either MSL1 (lanes 1, 2 and 3), FΔ84ΔC* (lanes 4, 5 and 6) or FC (lanes 7, 8 and 9). Aliquots of either unpurified extracts (E; lanes 1, 4 and 7), protein purified by incubation with protein G beads plus anti-HA antibody (+HA; lanes 2, 5 and 8) or protein precipitated by protein G beads alone (−HA; lanes 3, 6 and 9) were separated by SDS–PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The amount loaded on the extract lanes corresponds to ∼4% of the material incubated with protein G beads. Western blots were incubated with either anti-HA (A) or anti-MSL1 (B) primary antibodies. Download figure Download PowerPoint Since all of the above affinity purifications of MSL1–MSL complexes were from crude fly extracts, it is possible that the interactions between MSL1 and the other MSLs are not direct. To test this possibility, we performed in vitro translations with MSL1 C-terminal domain, HA·MSL3 and HA·MOF RNA templates. The [35S]methionine-labelled proteins were mixed and immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody (Figure 8). We found that C co-immunoprecipitated with HA·MSL3 but not HA·MOF (Figure 8). These experiments show that the C-terminal domain interacts directly with MSL3 but that the interaction with MOF requires either another factor present in fly extracts or post-translational modification of MSL1 or MOF. We favour the latter since a silver stain of FLAG affinity-purified FC–MOF complex separated by SDS–PAGE shows only two main bands corresponding to the sizes expected for FC and MOF (Figure 3). Figure 8.In vitro translated MSL1 C-terminal domain co-immunoprecipitates with in vitro translated HA·MSL3 but not with HA·MOF. In vitro translation reactions were carried out with RNA templates for HA·MOF (lane 1), MSL1 C-terminal domain (A, lane 4; B, lane 1) or HA·MSL3 (A, lane 7; B, lane 2) in the presence of [35S]methionine. C was mixed with either HA·MOF (A, lane 2) HA·MSL3 (A, lane 5; B, lane 5) or both (A, lane 6), and immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody and protein G beads. Proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE and either exposed to X-ray film (A) or transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with anti-MSL1 antibody (B). The amount loaded on the translated protein lanes (T) corresponds to ∼5–10% of the protein that was mixed with anti-HA antibody and protein G beads (P). C co-immunoprecipitated with HA·MSL3 (A and B, lane 5) but not with HA·MOF (A, lane 2). Download figure Download PowerPoint The C-terminal domain of MSL1 contains a region that is high in Ser, Thr and Pro. Not surprisingly, a FASTA homology search of the protein database with the C-terminal domain amino acid sequence identified a number of proteins with similarity restricted to the Ser-, Thr- and Pro-rich region. However, both mouse and human CBP showed similarity across essentially the entire C-terminal domain (24% identity, 58% similarity to amino acids 863–1117 of mouse CBP; 23% identity and 58% similarity to amino acids 861–1116 of human CBP). A comparison of mouse CBP with Drosophila CBP (Akimaru et al., 1997) showed that, with the exception of the start of the bromodomain, the MSL1-similar region of mouse CBP is not well conserved in Drosophila CBP (28% identity to amino acids 1356–1690 of Drosophila CBP, 18 gaps in the alignment). Th DA - 2000/1/4/ PY - 2000/1/4/ DO - 10.1093/emboj/19.1.144 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 144-155 OP - SN - 1460-2075 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.1.144 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - MSL1 plays a central role in assembly of the MSL complex, essential for dosage compensation in Drosophila AU - Scott, Maxwell J AU - Pan, Lewis L AU - Cleland, Sheralee B AU - Knox, Andrea L AU - Heinrich, Jörg T2 - The EMBO journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 144-155 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A repressible female-specific lethal genetic system for making transgenic insect strains suitable for a sterile-release program AU - Heinrich, Jörg C. AU - Scott, Maxwell J. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - We have developed a tetracycline-repressible female-specific lethal genetic system in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. One component of the system is the tetracycline-controlled transactivator gene under the control of the fat body and female-specific transcription enhancer from the yolk protein 1 gene. The other component consists of the proapoptotic gene hid under the control of a tetracycline-responsive element. Males and females of a strain carrying both components are viable on medium supplemented with tetracycline, but only males survive on normal medium. A strain with such properties would be ideal for a sterile-insect release program, which is most effective when only males are released in the field. DA - 2000/7/11/ PY - 2000/7/11/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.140142697 VL - 97 IS - 15 SP - 8229-8232 J2 - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140142697 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Management of pesticidal crops AU - Andow, D.A. T2 - Biological resource management: Connecting science and policy A2 - Balazs, E. A2 - Galante, E. A2 - Lynch, J.M. A2 - Schepers, J.S. A2 - Toutant, J.-P. A2 - Werner, D. A2 - Werry, P.A.Th J. PY - 2000/// SP - 265–276 PB - Springer Verlag ER - TY - CONF TI - Survival of Helicoverpa zea on Bt sweet corn AU - Venette, R.C. AU - O'Rourke, P.K. AU - Hutchison, W.D. AU - Burkness, E.C. AU - Andow, D.A. T2 - Beltway Cotton Conference C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceeding of the Beltway Cotton Conference DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 2 SP - 1058–1060 ER - TY - CONF TI - Resistance management for Bt corn: Progress and challenges to consensus in U.S. policy AU - Hutchison, W.D. AU - Andow, D.A. T2 - 5th International symposium on biosafety results of field tests of genetically modified plants and microorganisms A2 - Schiemann, J. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of 5th International symposium on biosafety results of field tests of genetically modified plants and microorganisms CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 2000/// PY - 1998/9/6/ SP - 231–238 PB - Parey Buchverlag ER - TY - NEWS TI - Adaptive resistance management T2 - Resistant Pest Management Newsletter PY - 2000/// VL - 11 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ab in an Iowa Population of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) AU - Andow, D. A. AU - Olson, D. M. AU - Hellmich, R. L. AU - Alstad, D. N. AU - Hutchison, W. D. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - The refuge plus high-dose strategy for resistance management assumes that the frequency of resistance alleles is low. We used an F2 screen to estimate the frequency of resistance to transgenic corn that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Cry1Ab toxin (Bt corn) in an Iowa population of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). We also proposed a modification to the statistical analysis of the F2 screen that extends its application for nonuniform prior distributions and for repeated sampling of a single population. Based on a sample of 188 isofemale lines derived from females caught at light traps during the 2nd flight of 1997, we show with 95% confidence that the frequency of resistance to Bt corn was <3.9 x 10(-3) in this Iowa population. These results provide weak evidence that the refuge plus high-dose strategy may be effective for managing resistance in O. nubilalis to Bt corn. Partial resistance to Cry1Ab toxin was found commonly. The 95% CI for the frequency of partial resistance were [8.2 x 10(-4), 9.4 x 10(-3)] for the Iowa population. Variable costs of the method were 14.90 dollars per isofemale line, which was a reduction of 25% compared with our initial estimate. DA - 2000/2/1/ PY - 2000/2/1/ DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.26 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 26-30 J2 - ec LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0493 0022-0493 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.26 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - An In-Field Screen for Early Detection and Monitoring of Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Transgenic Crops AU - Venette, Robert C. AU - Hutchison, W. D. AU - Andow, D. A. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - We present a field-based approach to detect and monitor insects with resistance to insecticidal toxins produced by transgenic plants. Our objective is to estimate the phenotypic frequency of resistance in a population by relating the densities of insects on genetically transformed plants to densities on nontransformed plants. We focus on European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in sweet corn, Zea mays L., expressing Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner to illustrate principles underlying the method. The probability of detecting one or more rare, resistant larvae depends on sample size, the density of larvae on nontransformed plants, and an assumed frequency of resistant phenotypes in a given population. Probability of detection increases with increases in sample size, background density, or the frequency of resistant individuals. Following binomial probability theory, if a frequency of 10(-4) is expected, 10(3)-10(4) samples must be collected from a B. thuringiensis (Bt) crop to have at least a 95% probability of locating one or more resistant larvae. In-field screens using transgenic crops have several advantages over traditional laboratory-based methods, including exposure to a large number of feral insects, discrimination of resistant individuals based on Bt dosages expressed in the field, incorporation of natural and Bt-induced mortality factors, simultaneous monitoring for more than one insect species, and ease of use. The approach is amenable to field survey crews working in research, extension, and within the seed corn industry. Estimates of the phenotypic frequency of resistance from the in-field screen can be useful for estimating initial frequency of resistant alleles. Bayesian statistical methods are outlined to estimate phenotype frequencies, allele frequencies, and associated confidence intervals from field data. Results of the approach are discussed relative to existing complementary methods currently available for O. nubilalis and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). DA - 2000/8/1/ PY - 2000/8/1/ DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1055 VL - 93 IS - 4 SP - 1055-1064 J2 - ec LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0493 0022-0493 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1055 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Provenance variation and provenance-site interaction in Pinus brutia TEN.: Consequences on the defining of breeding zones AU - Isik, F. AU - Keskin, S. AU - McKeand, S. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 49 IS - 4-5 SP - 213–223 ER - TY - CONF TI - Expression and inheritance of a transgene for salinity tolerance in tomato AU - Panthee, D.R. AU - Wetten, A. AU - Caligari, P.D.S. T2 - 3rd International Conference on Biotechnology and Biodiversity C2 - 2000/// C3 - 3rd International Conference on Biotechnology and Biodiversity CY - Kathmandu, Nepal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 14–16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and Characterization of a cDNA Encoding Cytochrome P450 3A from the Fresh Water Teleost Medaka (Oryzias latipes) AU - Kullman, Seth W. AU - Hamm, Jonathan T. AU - Hinton, David E. T2 - Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics AB - A new member of the CYP3A gene family has been cloned from the teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Degenerate primers homologous to highly conserved regions of known CYP3A sequences were used for initial RT-PCRs. Individual PCR products were cloned, sequenced, and identified as those belonging to the cytochrome P450 superfamily based on amino acid sequence similarity and the presence of the highly conserved heme-binding region. PCR products were subsequently used as probes to screen a complementary DNA library. A full-length cDNA clone was identified containing a 1758-base-pair (bp) insert with an open reading frame encoding a single peptide of 500 amino acids. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequence to other known cytochrome P450 sequences indicate that this gene product is most similar to the CYP3A gene family and has been designated as CYP3A38 by the cytochrome P450 nomenclature committee. Northern blot analysis identified two abundant CYP3A related transcripts in liver of both male and female adults and demonstrated quantitative differences in abundance according to gender. Similarly, Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of two abundant cytochrome P450 related proteins in liver of both male and female adults. These results suggests that O. latipes contains multiple forms of CYP3A. Heterologous expression of CYP3A38 cDNA in HEK 293 cells produced a single protein that was reactive with anti-scup P450A (CYP3A) polyclonal antibody. Microsomes of HEK 293 cells expressing recombinant CYP3A38 protein actively catalyzed the hydroxylation of testosterone. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1006/abbi.2000.1904 VL - 380 IS - 1 SP - 29-38 J2 - Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics LA - en OP - SN - 0003-9861 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.1904 DB - Crossref KW - medaka KW - cytochrome P450 KW - CYP3A KW - steroid metabolism ER - TY - SOUND TI - A genome scan to identify QTL affecting economically important traits in dairy cattle AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Movements of Two Experimentally Displaced Brown Treecreepers Ctimacteris picumnus in a Matrix of Woodland and Pasture AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Corella DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 110–113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative map alignment of BTA27 and HSA4 and 8 to identify conserved segments of genome containing fat deposition QTL AU - Sonstegard, Tad S. AU - Garrett, Wes M. AU - Ashwell, Melissa S. AU - Bennett, Gary L. AU - Kappes, Steven M. AU - Van Tassell, Curtis P. T2 - Mammalian Genome AB - Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with fat deposition have been identified on bovine Chromosome 27 (BTA27) in two different cattle populations. To generate more informative markers for verification and refinement of these QTL-containing intervals, we initiated construction of a BTA27 comparative map. Fourteen genes were selected for mapping based on previously identified regions of conservation between the cattle and human genomes. Markers were developed from the bovine orthologs of genes found on human Chromosomes 1 (HSA1), 4, 8, and 14. Twelve genes were mapped on the bovine linkage map by using markers associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms or microsatellites. Seven of these genes were also anchored to the physical map by assignment of fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. The remaining two genes not associated with an identifiable polymorphism were assigned only to the physical map. In all, seven genes were mapped to BTA27. Map information generated from the other seven genes not syntenic with BTA27 refined the breakpoint locations of conserved segments between species and revealed three areas of disagreement with the previous comparative map. Consequently, portions of HSA1 and 14 are not conserved on BTA27, and a previously undefined conserved segment corresponding to HSA8p22 was identified near the pericentromeric region of BTA8. These results show that BTA27 contains two conserved segments corresponding to HSA8p, which are separated by a segment corresponding to HSA4q. Comparative map alignment strongly suggests the conserved segment orthologous to HSA8p21-q11 contains QTL for fat deposition in cattle. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1007/s003350010130 VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 682-688 J2 - Mammalian Genome LA - en OP - SN - 0938-8990 1432-1777 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003350010130 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of Putative Loci Affecting Milk, Health, and Conformation Traits in a US Holstein Population Using 105 Microsatellite Markers AU - Van Tassell, C.P. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Quantitative trait loci affecting milk yield, health, and conformation traits were studied for eight large US Holstein grandsire families by using the granddaughter design. A total of 105 microsatellite markers, located throughout the bovine genome, were selected for the scan. The data analyzed include genotypes for 35 markers in eight families not previously reported and genotypes for 70 markers reported previously in seven of those families. Analyses of markers previously reported were updated. Effects of marker alleles were analyzed for 38 traits, including traits for milk production, somatic cell score, productive life, conformation, calving ease, and 16 canonical traits derived from conformation and production traits. Permutation tests were used to calculate empirical trait-wise error rates. A trait-wise critical value of P = 0.1 was used to determine significance. Eight putative quantitative trait loci associated with 7 of the 35 new markers were identified within specific families. Two of these markers were associated with differences in strength and rump angle on chromosomes 4 and 9, respectively. Different markers were associated with protein percentage, milk yield, and somatic cell score on chromosomes 6, 7, and 10 in different families. Differences in the canonically transformed traits were associated with markers on chromosomes 5, 6, and 9. Additional marker-trait combinations were identified in the across-family tests, including effects on chromosomes 3, 4, and 9 for protein percentage, body depth, and canonical conformation traits, respectively. Additional markers are being added to allow interval analysis for putative quantitative trait loci that have been identified and to increase marker density. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75058-2 VL - 83 IS - 8 SP - 1865-1872 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75058-2 DB - Crossref KW - quantitative trait loci KW - microsatellite markers KW - conformation traits KW - milk production traits ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surveying determinants of protein structure designability across different energy models and amino-acid alphabets: A consensus T2 - The Journal of Chemical Physics AB - A variety of analytical and computational models have been proposed to answer the question of why some protein structures are more “designable” (i.e., have more sequences folding into them) than others. One class of analytical and statistical-mechanical models has approached the designability problem from a thermodynamic viewpoint. These models highlighted specific structural features important for increased designability. Furthermore, designability was shown to be inherently related to thermodynamically relevant energetic measures of protein folding, such as the foldability ℱ and energy gap Δ10. However, many of these models have been done within a very narrow focus: Namely, pair–contact interactions and two-letter amino-acid alphabets. Recently, two-letter amino-acid alphabets for pair–contact models have been shown to contain designability artifacts which disappear for larger-letter amino-acid alphabets. In addition, a solvation model was demonstrated to give identical designability results to previous two-letter amino-acid alphabet pair–contact models. In light of these discordant results, this report synthesizes a broad consensus regarding the relationship between specific structural features, foldability ℱ, energy gap Δ10, and structure designability for different energy models (pair–contact vs solvation) across a wide range of amino-acid alphabets. We also propose a novel measure Zdk which is shown to be well correlated to designability. Finally, we conclusively demonstrate that two-letter amino-acid alphabets for pair–contact models appear to be solvation models in disguise. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1063/1.480893 UR - https://publons.com/publon/2047266/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Complicated Urinary Tract Infections In 100 Dogs: A Retrospective Study AU - Seguin, A. AU - Vaden, S. AU - Levine, J. AU - Stone, E. T2 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine C2 - 2000/5// CY - Seattle, Washington DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Adult and Kitten Survival Time of Feral Cats in Managed Colonies in Randolph County AU - Nutter, F.B. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Stoskopf, M.K. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// ER - TY - CONF TI - Prevalence of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens in Shellfish AU - Tlamka, B AU - Pitts, T AU - Levine, Jf AU - French, Je AU - Mare, Cj AU - Joens, La T2 - Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD) C2 - 2000/12// CY - Chicago, IL DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of extremely thermostable enzymatic breakers (α-1,6-galactosidase and β-1,4-mannanase) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 for hydrolysis of guar gum AU - McCutchen, Carol M. AU - Duffaud, Guy D. AU - Leduc, Pascal AU - Petersen, Anja R. H. AU - Tayal, Akash AU - Khan, Saad A. AU - Kelly, Robert M. T2 - Biotechnology and Bioengineering AB - An alpha-galactosidase and a beta-mannanase produced by the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 (TN5068), separately and together, were evaluated for their ability to hydrolyze guar gum in relation to viscosity reduction of guar-based hydraulic fracturing fluids used in oil and gas well stimulation. In such applications, premature guar gum hydrolysis at lower temperatures before the fracturing process is completed is undesirable, whereas thermostability and thermoactivity are advantageous. Hyperthermophilic enzymes presumably possess both characteristics. The purified alpha-galactosidase was found to have a temperature optimum of 100-105 degrees C with a half-life of 130 minutes at 90 degrees C and 3 min at 100 degrees C, while the purified beta-mannanase was found to have a temperature optimum of 91 degrees C and a half-life of 13h at this temperature and 35 min at 100 degrees C.These represent the most thermostable versions of these enzymes yet reported. At 25 degrees C, TN5068 culture supernatants, containing the two enzyme activities, reduced viscosity of a 0.7% (wt) guar gum solution by a factor of 1.4 after a 1.5-h incubation period and by a factor of 2.4 after 5 h. This is in contrast to a viscosity reduction of 100-fold after 1.5 h and 375-fold after 5 h for a commercial preparation of these enzymes from Aspergillus niger. In contrast, at 85 degrees C, the TN5068 enzymes reduced viscosity by 30-fold after 1.5 h and 100-fold after 5 h compared to a 2.5-fold reduction after 5 h for the control. The A. niger enzymes were less effective at 85 degrees C (1.6-fold reduction after 1.5 h and a 4.2-fold reduction after 5 h), presumably due to their thermal lability at this temperature. Furthermore, it was determined that the purified beta-mannanase alone can substantially reduce viscosity of guar solutions, while the alpha-galactosidase alone had limited viscosity reduction activity. However, the alpha-galactosidase appeared to minimize residual particulate matter when used in conjunction with the beta-mannanase. This could be the result of extensive hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6 linkages between mannose and galactose units in guar, allowing more extensive hydrolysis of the mannan chain by the beta-mannanase. The use of thermostable enzymatic breakers from hyperthermophiles in hydraulic fracturing could be used to improve well stimulation and oil and gas recovery. DA - 2000/3/26/ PY - 2000/3/26/ DO - 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19961020)52:2<332::aid-bit13>3.0.co;2-l VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 332-339 J2 - Biotechnol. Bioeng. LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3592 1097-0290 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19961020)52:2<332::aid-bit13>3.0.co;2-l DB - Crossref KW - hyperthermophilic enzymes KW - enzyme breakers KW - hydraulic fracturing KW - hydrolysis galactomannan KW - guar gum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of ‘Gala’ apple on 18 dwarf rootstocks: A five year summary of the 1994 NC-140 dwarf rootstock trial AU - Marini, R.P. AU - Anderson, J.L. AU - Autio, W.R. AU - Barritt, B.H. AU - Cline, J. AU - Cowgill, W.P., Jr. AU - Crassweller, R.M. AU - Domoto, P.A. AU - Ferree, D.C. AU - Garner, J. AU - Gaus, A. AU - Greene, G.M. AU - Hampson, C. AU - Hirst, P. AU - Kushad, M.M. AU - Mielke, E. AU - Mullins, C.A. AU - Parker, M. AU - Perry, R.L. AU - Prive, J.P. AU - Reighard, G.L. AU - Robinson, T. AU - Rom, C.R. AU - Roper, T. AU - Schupp, J.R. AU - Stover, E. AU - Unrath, R. T2 - Journal of the American Pomological Society DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 92–107 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of ‘Gala’ apple on four semi-dwarf rootstocks: A five year summary of the 1994 NC-140 semi-dwarf rootstock trial AU - Marini, R.P. AU - Anderson, J.L. AU - Barritt, B.H. AU - Brown, G.R. AU - Cline, J. AU - Cowgill, W.P., Jr. AU - Domoto, P.A. AU - Ferree, D.C. AU - Garner, J. AU - Greene, G.M. AU - Hampson, C. AU - Hirst, P. AU - Kushad, M.M. AU - Mielke, E. AU - Mullins, C.A. AU - Parker, M. AU - Perry, R.L. AU - Prive, J.P. AU - Reighard, G.L. AU - Robinson, T. AU - Rom, C.R. AU - Roper, T. AU - Schupp, J.R. AU - Stover, E. AU - Unrath, R. T2 - Journal of the American Pomological Society DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 84–91 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linkage inheritance among 6 genes in cucumber AU - Liu, J.S. AU - Wehner, T.C. T2 - Hereditas (Beijing) DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 137–140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical mapping of male fertility and meiotic drive quantitative trait loci in the mouse t complex using chromosome deficiencies AU - Planchart, A. AU - You, Y. AU - Schimenti, J.C. T2 - Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 155 IS - 2 SP - 803-812 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034084813&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of sucrose metabolism in higher plants: Localization and regulation of activity of key enzymes AU - Winter, H. AU - Huber, S.C. T2 - Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AB - Sucrose (Suc) plays a central role in plant growth and development. It is a major end product of photosynthesis and functions as a primary transport sugar and in some cases as a direct or indirect regulator of gene expression. Research during the last 2 decades has identified the pathways involved and which enzymes contribute to the control of flux. Availability of metabolites for Suc synthesis and 'demand' for products of sucrose degradation are important factors, but this review specifically focuses on the biosynthetic enzyme sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), and the degradative enzymes, sucrose synthase (SuSy), and the invertases. Recent progress has included the cloning of genes encoding these enzymes and the elucidation of posttranslational regulatory mechanisms. Protein phosphorylation is emerging as an important mechanism controlling SPS activity in response to various environmental and endogenous signals. In terms of Suc degradation, invertase-catalyzed hydrolysis generally has been associated with cell expansion, whereas SuSy-catalyzed metabolism has been linked with biosynthetic processes (e.g., cell wall or storage products). Recent results indicate that SuSy may be localized in multiple cellular compartments: (1) as a soluble enzyme in the cytosol (as traditionally assumed); (2) associated with the plasma membrane; and (3) associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Phosphorylation of SuSy has been shown to occur and may be one of the factors controlling localization of the enzyme. The purpose of this review is to summarize some of the recent developments relating to regulation of activity and localization of key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism in plants. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/10409230008984165 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 253-289 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033829914&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - actin cytoskeleton KW - 14-3-3 proteins KW - invertase KW - SNF1 protein kinase KW - CDPK KW - regulatory protein phosphorylation KW - sucrose-phosphate synthase KW - sucrose-sensing KW - sucrose synthase KW - translocation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of sucrose metabolism in higher plants: Localization and regulation of activity of key enzymes AU - Winter, H. AU - Huber, S.C. T2 - Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences AB - Sucrose (Suc) plays a central role in plant growth and development. It is a major end product of photosynthesis and functions as a primary transport sugar and in some cases as a direct or indirect regulator of gene expression. Research during the last 2 decades has identified the pathways involved and which enzymes contribute to the control of flux. Availability of metabolites for Suc synthesis and ‘demand’ for products of sucrose degradation are important factors, but this review specifically focuses on the biosynthetic enzyme sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), and the degradative enzymes, sucrose synthase (SuSy), and the invertases. Recent progress has included the cloning of genes encoding these enzymes and the elucidation of posttranslational regulatory mechanisms. Protein phosphorylation is emerging as an important mechanism controlling SPS activity in response to various environmental and endogenous signals. In terms of Suc degradation, invertase-catalyzed hydrolysis generally has been associated with cell expansion, whereas SuSy-catalyzed metabolism has been linked with biosynthetic processes (e.g., cell wall or storage products). Recent results indicate that SuSy may be localized in multiple cellular compartments: (1) as a soluble enzyme in the cytosol (as traditionally assumed); (2) associated with the plasma membrane; and (3) associated with the actin cytoskel-eton. Phosphorylation of SuSy has been shown to occur and may be one of the factors controlling localization of the enzyme. The purpose of this review is to summarize some of the recent developments relating to regulation of activity and localization of key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism in plants. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/07352680091139178 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 31-67 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033984161&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative analysis of leptin mRNA using competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection AU - Richards, Mark P AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - McMurtry, John P T2 - ELECTROPHORESIS: An International Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 792-798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, POST-TRANSLATION MODIFICATION, AND DEGRADATION-The role of the membrane-spanning domain of type I signal peptidases in substrate cleavage site selection. AU - Carlos, Joseph L AU - Paetzel, Mark AU - Brubaker, Greg AU - Karla, Andrew AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - Lively, Mark O AU - Cao, Guoqing AU - Bullinger, Patrick AU - Dalbey, Ross E T2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 275 IS - 49 SP - 38813-38822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of the membrane-spanning domain of type I signal peptidases in substrate cleavage site selection AU - Carlos, Joseph L AU - Paetzel, Mark AU - Brubaker, Greg AU - Karla, Andrew AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - Lively, Mark O AU - Cao, Guoqing AU - Bullinger, Patrick AU - Dalbey, Ross E T2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 275 IS - 49 SP - 38813-38822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens AU - Denbow, D Michael AU - Meade, Sharonda AU - Robertson, Adam AU - McMurtry, John P AU - Richards, Mark AU - Ashwell, Chris T2 - Physiology & Behavior DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 359-362 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design and application of a polyclonal peptide antiserum for the universal detection of leptin protein AU - Richards, Mark P AU - Caperna, Thomas J AU - Elsasser, Theodore H AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - McMurtry, John P T2 - Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 147-156 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation DA - 2000/8/23/ PY - 2000/8/23/ DO - 10.17226/9795 PB - National Academies Press SN - 9780309069304 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/9795 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bioinformatics: Converting Data to Knowledge DA - 2000/11/1/ PY - 2000/11/1/ DO - 10.17226/9990 PB - National Academies Press SN - 9780309072564 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/9990 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recurrent selection in oat for adaptation to diverse environments T2 - Euphytica DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1023/A:1003933421378 VL - 113 IS - 3 SP - 195-205 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034076602&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Avena KW - genetic correlation KW - genotype-environment interaction KW - stability ER - TY - CHAP TI - Update: Infectious Endocarditis AU - DeFrancesco, T.C. T2 - Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII A2 - Bonagura, J.D. A2 - Kirk, R.W. PY - 2000/// SP - 768–771 PB - WB Saunders ER - TY - CHAP TI - Cardiac Emergencies, Hypertension, Electrocution, and Exam of the Cardiovascular System AU - DeFrancesco, T.C. T2 - Kirk and Bistner's handbook of veterinary procedures and emergency treatment A2 - Bistner, S. A2 - Ford, R.B. A2 - Raffe, M.R. A2 - Kirk, R.W. PY - 2000/// ET - 7th SP - 54–74, 282–313 PB - WB Saunders ER - TY - JOUR TI - A highly polymorphic marker identified in intron 15 of the feline cardiac troponin T gene by SSCP analysis AU - Magnon, A.L. AU - Meurs, K.M. AU - Kittleson, M.D. AU - Ware, W.A. T2 - Animal Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 31 SP - 236 –237 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The identification of nine polymorphisms identified within the head region of feline Beta Myosin heavy chain gene AU - Meurs, K.M. AU - Kittleson, M.D. AU - Ware, W.A. AU - Miller, M.W. T2 - Animal Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 31 SP - 231 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Update on Doberman pinscher cardiomyopathy AU - Calvert, C. AU - Meurs, K.M. T2 - Current Veterinary Therapy (Small Animal Practice) XIII PY - 2000/// SP - 756–760 PB - WB Saunders ER - TY - JOUR TI - AU - Xie, Deyu AU - Wang, Lianhui AU - Ye, Hechun AU - Li, Guofeng T2 - Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1023/a:1006438919841 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 161-166 OP - SN - 0167-6857 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1006438919841 DB - Crossref KW - Artemisia annua KW - artemisinin KW - hairy root culture KW - stigmasterol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Sweetpotato Cultivars to Root-knot Nematodes AU - Cervantes, J.C. AU - Davis, D.L. AU - Yencho, G.C. T2 - HortScience AB - This study was conducted to determine whether the type of pot used for the evaluation affected the resistance response of the sweetpotato plants, and to assess the resistance response to different root-knot nematode species. Five sweetpotato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars, `Beauregard', `Exce'l, `Jewel', `Hernandez', and `Porto Rico', were screened for M. incognita (race 3), Meloidogyne arenaria (race 2), and M. javanica , in both 10-cm-side, square pots and 4-cm-diameter, cone pots. Gall index, necrosis index, and number of nematode eggs per gram of root were used to estimate nematode-resistance reaction. Mean of all indices between the 2 pot types were not significantly different (α = 0.05). Gall and necrosis indices were not correlated in any of the cultivars. Resistance response depended on cultivars and nematode species for all variables analyzed. `Beauregard' was the most susceptible to Meloidogyne . `Hernandez' and `Excel' were found to be the most resistant cultivars to the Meloidogyne species. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.35.4.569e VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 569E-569d ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inositol signaling and plant growth AU - Stevenson, Jill M AU - Perera, Imara Y AU - Heilmann, Ingo AU - Persson, Staffan AU - Boss, Wendy F T2 - Trends in Plant Science AB - Living organisms have evolved to contain a wide variety of receptors and signaling pathways that are essential for their survival in a changing environment. Of these, the phosphoinositide pathway is one of the best conserved. The ability of the phosphoinositides to permeate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments, and their diverse functions within cells have contributed to their persistence in nature. In eukaryotes, phosphoinositides are essential metabolites as well as labile messengers that regulate cellular physiology while traveling within and between cells. The stereospecificity of the six hydroxyls on the inositol ring provides the basis for the functional diversity of the phosphorylated isomers that, in turn, generate a selective means of intracellular and intercellular communication for coordinating cell growth. Although such complexity presents a difficult challenge for bench scientists, it is ideal for the regulation of cellular functions in living organisms. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01652-6 VL - 5 IS - 6 SP - 252-258 J2 - Trends in Plant Science LA - en OP - SN - 1360-1385 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01652-6 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolated trees as foci of diversity in active and fallow fields AU - Dunn, R.R. T2 - Biological Conservation AB - As the percentage of forest converted to agroecosystems in the tropics rises, it becomes increasingly important to understand how biodiversity can be managed in these ecosystems. In this study, I tested the hypotheses that insect abundance and diversity are higher near isolated trees in crop fields than in the open and that the diversity and abundance of insects increases with the density of isolated trees. Ant species richness, ant abundance and beetle abundance per trap were higher near isolated trees than in the open. Isolated trees had less of an affect on beetle abundance in fallow than active fields. Ant species richness was positively correlated with tree size. Ant species richness per field, ant abundance and beetle abundance per field were not correlated with tree density or the condition of surrounding fields. These results indicate that isolated trees can play a role in determining the local distribution of ants and beetles in crop fields. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00025-2 VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - 317-321 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033924388&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - isolated trees KW - biodiversity KW - Ghana KW - agroecosystem KW - ants KW - beetles ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct quantitation of rapid elimination of viral antigen-positive lymphocytes by antiviral CD8+ T cellsin vivo AU - Barchet, Winfried AU - Oehen, Stephan AU - Klenerman, Paul AU - Wodarz, Dominik AU - Bocharov, Gennadii AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Nowak, Martin A. AU - Hengartner, Hans AU - Zinkernagel, Rolf M. AU - Ehl, Stephan T2 - European Journal of Immunology AB - Lysis of infected cells by CD8(+) T cells is an important mechanism for the control of virus infections, but remains difficult to quantify in vivo. Here, we study the elimination kinetics of viral antigen-positive lymphocytes by antiviral CD8(+) T cells using flow cytometry and mathematical analysis. In mice acutely infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, more than 99.99 % of target cells were eliminated each day, corresponding to a half-life of 1.4 h. Even in mice exposed to virus 300 days previously, and with no ex vivo killing activity, 84 % of the target cells were eliminated per day. Unexpectedly, the elimination kinetics of antigen-positive lymphocytes was not significantly impaired in mice deficient in either perforin-, CD95 ligand- or TNF-mediated cytotoxicity. For viruses with a particular tropism for lymphocytes, such as Epstein-Barr virus or HIV, our results illustrate how effectively CD8(+) T cell-mediated elimination of target cells can potentially contribute to virus control and immunosuppression. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(200005)30:5<1356::AID-IMMU1356>3.0.CO;2-K VL - 30 IS - 5 SP - 1356-1363 J2 - Eur. J. Immunol. LA - en OP - SN - 0014-2980 1521-4141 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(200005)30:5<1356::AID-IMMU1356>3.0.CO;2-K DB - Crossref KW - CD8(+) T cell KW - virus KW - cytotoxicity KW - perforin KW - CD95 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Screening by Polymerase Chain Reaction Detects Panleukopenia Virus DNA in Formalin-Fixed Hearts from Cats with Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis AU - Meurs, Kathryn M AU - Fox, Philip R AU - Magnon, Alexander L AU - Liu, Si-Kwang AU - Towbin, Jeffrey A T2 - Cardiovascular Pathology AB - Viral myocarditis has been suggested as an etiology for cardiomyopathy in several mammalian species. Myocarditis and idiopathic cardiomyopathy have been reported in the domestic cat, although a viral etiology has not been demonstrated. Because of the continuing interest in the potential relationship between viral myocarditis and cardiomyopathy, we evaluated hearts from cats with spontaneous, idiopathic cardiomyopathy for viral genomic material within myocytes by polymerase chain reaction, and for the presence of myocarditis by light microscopy. Thirty-one (31) formalin-fixed hearts from domestic cats who died of idiopathic cardiomyopathy were randomly selected from pathology archives. Seventeen (17) formalin-fixed hearts from healthy cats were similarly selected as normal controls. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to evaluate myocardial tissue for the presence of viral genome from feline panleukopenia virus, herpes virus, calici virus, and corona virus. Hearts were examined using light microscopy for histologic evidence of myocarditis according to the Dallas criteria. Panleukopenia virus was identified by PCR in 10 of 31 cats with cardiomyopathy but in none of the controls. Neither cardiomyopathic or control cats tested positive by PCR for herpes virus, calici virus, and corona virus. Myocarditis was detected by histologic examination in 18 of 31 cardiomyopathic cats and in none of 17 control cats. Myocarditis and or feline panleukopenia virus genome was detected in felines with idiopathic hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive cardiomyopathy, suggesting a possible role of viral infection and inflammation in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy in this species. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1016/s1054-8807(00)00031-4 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 119-126 J2 - Cardiovascular Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 1054-8807 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-8807(00)00031-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arterial blood pressure measurement in a population of healthy geriatric dogs AU - Meurs, KM AU - Miller, MW AU - Slater, MR AU - Glaze, K T2 - Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate healthy geriatric dogs for the presence of systemic hypertension. Thirty-three geriatric dogs (i.e., dogs exceeding the geriatric age range for their weight group) and 22 control dogs (i.e., dogs less than six years of age) were evaluated by measuring blood pressure with an oscillometric monitor. Five consecutive blood pressure measurements were taken in each dog, averaged, and compared. Diastolic and mean blood pressure measurements were significantly lower in the geriatric group as compared to the control group. Systolic blood pressure measurements were not significantly different between the two groups. Systemic hypertension does not appear to be a common clinical problem in the healthy geriatric dog. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.5326/15473317-36-6-497 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 497-500 J2 - Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association LA - en OP - SN - 0587-2871 1547-3317 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-36-6-497 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 5 of the feline myosin regulatory light chain gene detected by SSCP analysis AU - Magnon, A L AU - Meurs, K M AU - Kittleson, M D AU - Ware, W A T2 - Animal Genetics AB - Recently, we published the mapping of the chicken leptin gene to a microchromosome. This work was done through PCR-SSCP analysis, using primers designed from a published sequence (, EMBL accession number AF012727), presenting 97% similarity to the mouse and 83% to the human leptin genes. This sequence was also published by another group and the primers were therefore supposed to be homologous ones. We have now sequenced our PCR product: although it was amplified with primers chosen from a chicken sequence, it is neither homologous to the published leptin sequence, nor to any other sequence in Genebank/EMBL databases. Therefore, the amplimer we have localised can not be considered as a part of the chicken leptin gene. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00620.x VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 281-282 J2 - Animal Genetics LA - en OP - SN - 0268-9146 1365-2052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00620.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between tissue-specific hydrocarbon profiles and lipid melting temperatures in the cockroach Blattella germanica AU - YOUNG, HP AU - LARABEE, JK AU - GIBBS, AG AU - SCHAL, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 1245-1263 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consentience on the necessity of Juvenile Hormone for vitellogenesis in the German cockroach - Reply AU - HOLBROOK, GL AU - BACHMANN, JA AU - SCHAL, C T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 208-210 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle AU - Gumpertz, Marcia L T2 - Annual Review of Phytopathology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 541-576 ER - TY - JOUR TI - BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY-Commercial Fungicide Formulations Induce In Vitro Oo-spore Formation and Phenotypic Change in Mating Type in Phytophthora infestans AU - Groves, CT AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1201-1208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ADVANCES IN TEMPERATURE PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR SOIL SOLARIZATION AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Perry, KB AU - Wu, Y T2 - FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPERS DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 463-471 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota and soil organic matter dynamics. AU - Babalola, OA AU - Adesodun, JK AU - Olasantan, FO AU - Adekunle, AF AU - Aggelides, SM AU - Londra, PA AU - Akintokun, AK AU - Akande, GA AU - Akintokun, PO AU - Popoola, TOS AU - others T2 - International Journal of Soil Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 253-259 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Commercial fungicide formulations induce in vitro oospore formation and phenotypic change in mating type in Phytophthora infestans AU - Groves, Carol Trout AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1201-1208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ethylene signaling: From mutants to molecules AU - Stepanova, A.N. AU - Ecker, J.R. T2 - Current Opinion in Plant Biology AB - The past decade has been incredibly productive for ethylene researchers. Major components in the ethylene signaling pathway in plants have been identified and characterized. The past year's contributions include the crystallographic analysis of the Arabidopsis ETR1 receiver domain, antisense studies of the tomato ethylene receptor genes LeETR4 and NR, and the cloning and functional characterization of several Arabidopsis EREBP-related transcription activators and repressors, and of an EIN3-ortholog of tobacco. Additional evidence for the interconnection of the ethylene and auxin responses was provided by the cloning and characterization of Arabidopsis NPH4. Finally, the first discovery of ethylene responsiveness in an animal species implied a more universal role for ethylene than previously thought. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00096-0 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 353-360 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033832308&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana AU - Theologis, Athanasios AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Palm, Curtis J. AU - Federspiel, Nancy A. AU - Kaul, Samir AU - White, Owen AU - Alonso, Jose AU - Altafi, Hootan AU - Araujo, Rina AU - Bowman, Cheryl L. T2 - Nature DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 408 IS - 6814 SP - 816-820 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Involvement of NRAMP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana in iron transport AU - Curie, Catherine AU - Alonso, J. AU - Le Jean, Marie AU - Ecker, J. AU - Briat, J. T2 - Biochem. J AB - Nramp genes code for a widely distributed class of proteins involved in a variety of processes, ranging from the control of susceptibility to bacterial infection in mammalian cells and taste behaviour in Drosophila to manganese uptake in yeast. Some of the NRAMP proteins in mammals and in yeast are capable of transporting metal ions, including iron. In plants, iron transport was shown to require a reduction/Fe(II) transport system. In Arabidopsis thaliana this process involves the IRT1 and Fro2 genes. Here we report the sequence of five NRAMP proteins from A. thaliana. Sequence comparison suggests that there are two classes of NRAMP proteins in plants: A. thaliana (At) NRAMP1 and Oriza sativa (Os) NRAMP1 and 3 (two rice isologues) represent one class, and AtNRAMP2-5 and OsNRAMP2 the other. AtNramp1 and OsNramp1 are able to complement the fet3fet4 yeast mutant defective both in low- and high-affinity iron transports, whereas AtNramp2 and OsNramp2 fail to do so. In addition, AtNramp1 transcript, but not AtNramp2 transcript, accumulates in response to iron deficiency in roots but not in leaves. Finally, overexpression of AtNramp1 in transgenic A. thaliana plants leads to an increase in plant resistance to toxic iron concentration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AtNramp1 participates in the control of iron homoeostasis in plants. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1042/0264-6021:3470749 VL - 347 SP - 749-755 KW - iron deficiency KW - iron toxicity KW - Nramp KW - plant KW - transport ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ethylene captures a metal! Metal ions are involved in ethylene perception and signal transduction AU - Hirayama, Takashi AU - Alonso, Jose M. T2 - Plant and Cell Physiology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 548-555 ER - TY - CHAP TI - AMBULATORY ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. T2 - Small Animal Cardiology Secrets PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1016/b978-1-56053-352-8.50024-9 SP - 115-118 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9781560533528 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-56053-352-8.50024-9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and chromosomal localization of the monkey retrotransposon in Musa sp. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Clendennen, S. K. AU - Doleželová, M. AU - Valárik, M. AU - Doležel, J. AU - Beetham, P. R. AU - May, G. D. T2 - Molecular and General Genetics MGG DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1007/s004380000265 VL - 263 IS - 6 SP - 908-915 J2 - Mol Gen Genet LA - en OP - SN - 0026-8925 1432-1874 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380000265 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fruit-specific lectins from banana and plantain AU - Peumans, Willy J. AU - Zhang, Wenling AU - Barre, Annick AU - Astoul, Corinne Houlè\mathsemicolons AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Rovira, Paula AU - Rougé\mathsemicolon, Pierre AU - May, Gregory D. AU - Leuven, Fred Van AU - Truffa-Bachi, Paolo AU - Damme, Els J. M. Van T2 - Planta DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1007/s004250000307 VL - 211 IS - 4 SP - 546-554 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033786158&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fruit lectins KW - jacalin KW - lectin KW - mannose KW - Musa KW - plantain ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of RT-PCR differential display in single-celled organisms and plant tissues AU - NUCCIO, MICHAEL L AU - HSIEH, TZUNG-FU AU - THOMAS, TERRY L T2 - Differential Display: A Practical Approach DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// IS - 224 SP - 83 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fluctuations in HIV-1 Viral Load Are Correlated to CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Count During the Natural Course of Infection AU - Masel, Joanna AU - Arnaout, Ramy A. AU - O'Brien, Thomas R. AU - Goedert, James J. AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes AB - Background: To find out about the prophylactic value of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1-associated subclinical and clinical psychomotor slowing as one marker of HIV-1-associated CNS disease. Methods: Prospective study with regular clinical and neurophysiologic examination every three months of 1482 consecutive HIV-1-seropositive and AIDS patients seen at our department till June 30, 1999. Results: Antiretroviral therapy has a significant prophylactic value over an individual observation period of ten years with regard to the first, potentially transient manifestation of HIV-1-associated subclinical psychomotor slowing and with regard to the clinical manifestation of motor signs. However, a subgroup of patients is characterized through a second, more sustained manifestation of subclinical psychomotor slowing which cannot be prevented by any type of currently available antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: These findings suggest the existence of different pathomechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated brain disease which may in part be effectively prevented, but which in part also escape all antiretroviral treatment strategies in use today. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1097/00126334-200004150-00003 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 375-379 J2 - JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes LA - en OP - SN - 1525-4135 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200004150-00003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local stability analysis of spatially homogeneous solutions of multi-patch systems AU - Jansen, Vincent A.A. AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - Journal of Mathematical Biology DA - 2000/9/1/ PY - 2000/9/1/ DO - 10.1007/s002850000048 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 232-252 J2 - Journal of Mathematical Biology OP - SN - 0303-6812 1432-1416 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002850000048 DB - Crossref KW - diffusive instability KW - symmetry breaking KW - metapopulation model KW - coupled map lattice ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Influence of HLA Class I Alleles and Heterozygosity on the Outcome of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection AU - Jeffery, Katie J. M. AU - Siddiqui, Asna A. AU - Bunce, Mike AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Vine, Alison M. AU - Witkover, Aviva D. AU - Izumo, Shuji AU - Usuku, Koichiro AU - Welsh, Kenneth I. AU - Osame, Mitsuhiro AU - Bangham, Charles R. M. T2 - The Journal of Immunology AB - The inflammatory disease human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP) occurs in only 1-2% of HTLV-I-infected individuals and is associated with a high provirus load of HTLV-I. We hypothesize that a person's risk of developing HAM/TSP depends upon the efficiency of their immune response to the virus, which differs between individuals because of polymorphism in genes that influence this response. Previously we showed that the possession of HLA-A*02 was associated with a lower risk of HAM/TSP, and with a lower provirus load in healthy carriers of HTLV-I. However, HLA-A*02 did not account for all the observed difference in the risk of HAM/TSP. Here we present evidence, in the same study population in Japan, that HLA-Cw*08 was also associated with disease protection (probability value, two-tailed test = 0.002) and with a lower proviral load in healthy carriers. Possession of the A*02 and/or Cw*08 genes prevented 36% of potential HAM/TSP cases. In contrast, HLA-B*5401 was associated with a higher susceptibility to HAM/TSP (probability value, two-tailed test = 0.0003) and with a higher provirus load in HAM/TSP patients. At a given provirus load, B*5401 appeared to increase the risk of disease. The fraction of HAM/TSP cases attributable to B*5401 was 17%. Furthermore, individuals who were heterozygous at all three HLA class I loci have a lower HTLV-I provirus load than those who were homozygous at one or more loci. These results are consistent with the proposal that a strong class I-restricted CTL response to HTLV-I reduces the proviral load and hence the risk of disease. DA - 2000/12/15/ PY - 2000/12/15/ DO - 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.7278 VL - 165 IS - 12 SP - 7278-7284 J2 - J Immunol LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1767 1550-6606 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.7278 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - What Are Burpless Cucumbers? AU - Wehner, Todd C. T2 - HortTechnology AB - Burpless cucumbers are listed in many seed catalogs as being milder in taste (or easier on the digestion) than the american slicing type. It has been suggested by researchers that burpless cucumbers 1) contain less of a burp-causing compound, 2) are genetically bitterfree, or 3) are just the marketing term for oriental trellis cucumbers sold in the U.S. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether oriental trellis cucumbers cause less burping when eaten, and whether they are genetically bitterfree. An american slicer (`Marketmore 76'), a bitterfree slicer (`Marketmore 80'), and a burpless oriental trellis slicer (`Tasty Bright') were compared. Burpiness of the fruit was determined in the field in two seasons (spring and summer) and two replications. Six judges were grouped into burp-susceptible and burp-resistant. They evaluated the cultivars over two harvests by eating a 4-inch (100-mm) length of one fruit of the three cultivars (in random order) on three consecutive days. Burpiness was rated 0 to 9 (0 = none, 1 to 3 = slight, 4 to 6 = moderate, 7 to 9 = severe). Bitterness of the plants was determined (using different judges) by tasting one cotyledon of six seedlings per cultivar. Cotyledon bitterness is an indicator of plant bitterness; bitterfree plants lack cucurbitacins, and have mild-tasting fruit. Results of taste tests indicated that burpiness ratings were not significantly differentfor burp resistant judges. However, oriental trellis cucumbers were slightly but significantly milder than american slicers for judges susceptible to burping. `Marketmore 76' and `Tasty Bright' were normal-bitter, and `Marketmore 80' was bitterfree. An additional 11 oriental trellis cultivars were also tested for bitterness to determine whether Tasty Bright was typical in bitterness; they were all normal-bitter. In conclusion, oriental trellis cucumbers are not bitterfree, but are slightly milder for burp-susceptible people to eat. Finally, burpless is the marketing term for oriental trellis cucumbers in the United States. DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.21273/horttech.10.2.317 VL - 1 SP - 317-320 OP - SN - 1063-0198 1943-7714 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.317 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs AU - Smith, Devyn M. AU - Grasty, Rayetta C. AU - Theodosiou, Nicole A. AU - Tabin, Clifford J. AU - Nascone-Yoder, Nanette M. T2 - Evolution and Development AB - SUMMARY Although the gut is homologous among different vertebrates, morphological differences exist between different species. The most obvious variation in the guts of extant vertebrates appears in the stomach. To investigate the evolution of this structure, we compared the histology of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract in amphibian ( Xenopus laevis ), avian ( Gallus gallus ), and mammalian ( Mus musculus ) organisms, and defined the expression patterns of several genes within the developing guts of these lineages. In all three groups, we find that the anterior portion of the stomach has a similar glandular histology as well as a common embryonic expression of the secreted factors Wnt5a and BMP‐4. Likewise, within the amniote lineages, the posterior nonglandular stomach and pyloric sphincter regions are also comparable in both histological and molecular phenotypes. The posterior stomach expresses Six2 , BMPR1B , and Barx1 , whereas the pyloric sphincter expresses Nkx2.5. Although the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates, the histology of the Xenopus tadpole gut shows less distinct variation in differentiation in this region, which is most likely a derived condition. The molecular signature of the embryonic Xenopus gut correlates with the more derived morphology of the larval phase. We conclude that the global patterning of the gut is remarkably similar among the different vertebrate lineages. The distinct compartments of gene expression that we find in the gut be necessary for the unique morphological specializations that distinguish the stomachs from terrestrial vertebrates. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x VL - 2 IS - 6 SP - 348-359 J2 - Evol Dev LA - en OP - SN - 1520-541X 1525-142X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Post-Transcriptional Light Regulation of Nuclear-Encoded Genes AU - Petracek, Marie E. AU - Thompson, W. F. T2 - Genetic Engineering PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4615-4199-8_1 SP - 1-10 OP - PB - Springer US SN - 9781461368847 9781461541998 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4199-8_1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Polyploidy: From evolution to landscape plant improvement AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance DA - 2000/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating fire blight resistance among flowering crabapples (Malus spp.) AU - Bell, A.C. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Eaker, T.A. AU - Sutton, T.B. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 45th Annual Report DA - 2000/// SP - 244–248 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of heat and drought on photosynthesis in redbuds AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 45th Annual Report DA - 2000/// SP - 464–467 ER - TY - CONF TI - Controlled screening of flowering pears and crabapples for resistance to fire blight AU - Bell, A.C. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Eaker, T.A. AU - Sutton, T.B. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance DA - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Length variation of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer in the genus Abies, with references to its systematic utility in Pinaceae AU - Xiang, Q.P. AU - Xiang, Q.Y. AU - Liston, A. AU - Fu, L.K. AU - Fu, D.Z. T2 - Acta Botanica Sinica DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 42 SP - 946–951 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of gynoecium marginal tissue formation by LEUNIG and AINTEGUMENTA AU - Liu, Z. AU - Franks, R.G. AU - Klink, V.P. T2 - Plant Cell AB - The carpel is the female reproductive organ of flowering plants. In Arabidopsis, congenital fusion of two carpels leads to the formation of an enclosed gynoecium. The margins of the two fused carpels are meristematic in nature and give rise to placentas, ovules, septa, abaxial repla, and the majority of the stylar and stigmatic tissues. Thus, understanding how the marginal tissues are specified and identifying genes that direct their development may provide important insight into higher plant reproductive development. In this study, we show that LEUNIG and AINTEGUMENTA are two critical regulators of marginal tissue development. Double mutants of leunig aintegumenta fail to develop placentas, ovules, septa, stigma, and style. This effect is specific to the leunig aintegumenta double mutant and is not found in other double mutant combinations such as leunig apetala2 or aintegumenta apetala2. Additional analyses indicate that the absence of marginal tissues in leunig aintegumenta double mutants is not mediated by ectopic AGAMOUS. We propose that LEUNIG and AINTEGUMENTA act together to control the expression of common target genes that regulate cell proliferation associated with marginal tissue development. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1105/tpc.12.10.1879 VL - 12 IS - 10 SP - 1879-1891 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033768403&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE RELATIONSHIP OF FILAMENT LEVELS TO FOAMING IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE DETERMINED BY OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBE HYBRIDIZATIONS AU - Reyes, Francis L. AU - Raskin, Lutgarde T2 - proc water environ fed AB - THE RELATIONSHIP OF FILAMENT LEVELS TO FOAMING IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE DETERMINED BY OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBE HYBRIDIZATIONSThe relationship between the levels of mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes (mycolata), Gordonia spp., and Gordonia amarae, and foam initiation and stability was characterized using (1) batch tests involving addition of G. amarae cells to activated sludge, and (2) analysis of a full-scale activated sludge plant that experienced seasonal foaming. Filament levels were quantified using group-,...Author(s)Francis L. de los ReyesLutgarde RaskinSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 1 - Research Symposium: Sustainability and Excellence in Water ResearchDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2000ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20000101)2000:14L.13;1-DOI10.2175/193864700784607460Volume / Issue2000 / 14Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)13 - 21Copyright2000Word count146 DA - 2000/1/1/ PY - 2000/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864700784607460 VL - 2000 IS - 14 SP - 13-21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of an avian astrovirus AU - Koci, M.D. AU - Seal, B.S. AU - Schultz-Cherry, S. T2 - Journal of Virology AB - Astroviruses are known to cause enteric disease in several animal species, including turkeys. However, only human astroviruses have been well characterized at the nucleotide level. Herein we report the nucleotide sequence, genomic organization, and predicted amino acid sequence of a turkey astrovirus isolated from poults with an emerging enteric disease. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1128/JVI.74.13.6173-6177.2000 VL - 74 IS - 13 SP - 6173-6177 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034123772&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying Agent(s) Associated with Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome: Importance of the Thymus AU - Schultz-Cherry, Stacey AU - Kapczynski, Darrell R. AU - Simmons, Valrie M. AU - Koci, Matthew D. AU - Brown, Corrie AU - Barnes, H. John T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS), a highly infectious disease of young turkeys, causes serious financial losses to the turkey industry. Clinically, PEMS is defined by mortality profiles, diarrhea, growth depression, and immunosuppression. Although many viruses, bacteria, and parasites are found in PEMS-infected birds, the inciting agent remains unknown. Experimentally, PEMS can be reproduced by exposing naïve poults to the intestinal contents from infected birds. Previous reports suggest that extraintestinal tissues fail to reproduce the disease. Histopathologic examination of tissues from PEMS-infected poults suggested that the thymus exhibited the earliest signs of pathology. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that the thymus harbors an agent(s) involved in PEMS. In these studies, naïve turkey poults were orally inoculated with a bacteria-free filtrate composed of either the intestines and feces or the thymus from PEMS-infected birds and were monitored for clinical signs of PEMS. Poults exposed to a filtrate composed solely of the thymus from PEMS-infected birds exhibited diarrhea, growth depression, mortality, pathology, and, most importantly, immunosuppression similar to poults exposed to the intestinal filtrate. The results of this study suggest that the thymus of infected birds harbors the agent(s) that can reproduce a PEMS-like disease in turkey poults. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.2307/1592538 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 256 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034088250&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - immunity KW - immunosuppression KW - lymphocytes KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome KW - PEMS KW - T cells KW - thymus KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of an RT-PCR diagnostic test for an avian astrovirus AU - Koci, Matthew D AU - Seal, Bruce S AU - Schultz-Cherry, Stacey T2 - Journal of Virological Methods AB - Astroviruses are small round viruses that cause enteric disease in the young of several species. Detection and diagnosis of astrovirus infection in non-human hosts relies heavily on electron microscopy and fluorescent antibody tests. Recently, our laboratory isolated and sequenced an avian astrovirus from poult enteritis mortality syndrome affected turkeys. These studies describe the development of RT-PCR methods, which specifically detect regions of the viral capsid and polymerase genes, and demonstrate their use in detecting astrovirus infection in commercial turkey flocks. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00228-7 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - 79-83 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033813102&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - turkey astrovirus KW - RT-PCR KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome ER - TY - JOUR TI - The zebrafish fth1, slc3a2, men1, pc, fgf3 and cycd1 genes define two regions of conserved synteny between linkage group 7 and human chromosome 11q13 AU - Yoder, JA AU - Litman, GW T2 - GENE AB - In addition to being an excellent model system for studying vertebrate development, the zebrafish has become a great tool for gene discovery by mutational analysis. The recent availability of the zebrafish EST database and radiation hybrid mapping panels has dramatically expanded the framework for genomic research in this species. Developing comparative maps of the zebrafish and human genomes is of particular importance for zebrafish mutagenesis studies in which human orthologs are sought for zebrafish genes. However, only partial cDNA sequences are determined routinely for mapped ESTs, leaving the identity of the EST in question. It previously had been reported that zebrafish linkage group 7 shares conserved synteny with human chromosome 11q13. In an effort to further define this relationship, five full-length zebrafish cDNAs, fth1, slc3a2, prkri, cd81, and pc, as well as one putative human gene, DBX were identified and their map positions ascertained. These six genes, along with men1, fgf3 and cycd1 define two regions of conserved synteny between linkage group 7 and 11q13. DA - 2000/12/31/ PY - 2000/12/31/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00503-5 VL - 261 IS - 2 SP - 235-242 SN - 0378-1119 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034739814&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - T51 radiation hybrid panel KW - LN54 radiation hybrid panel KW - hlx1 KW - DBX KW - prkri KW - cd81 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Immune-Type Diversity in the Absence of Somatic Rearrangement AU - Yoder, Jeffrey AU - Litman, G. W. T2 - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology AB - The rearrangement and joining of segmental elements during the differentiation of B and T lymphocytes in apparently all jawed vertebrate species results in the primary diversification of the immune receptor genes encoding both immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell antigen receptor (TCR) genes. Although an extraordinary degree of interspecific variation in both numbers of recombining elements and mechanisms of secondary diversification of rearranged Ig genes has been described throughout vertebrate phylogeny, the basic mechanisms involved in the somatic rearrangement of individual gene segments have been intensely conserved. Recent studies of the recombination process (reviewed in Grawunder et al. 1998) and the enzymatic machinery that catalyzes DNA-mediated genetic rearrangement events have resulted in an increasingly clearer understanding of not only this highly complex process but also of the probable origin of the rearrangement mechanism itself (Agrawal et al. 1998; Hiom et al. 1998). PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_12 VL - 248 SP - 271–282 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shoot growth patterns related to growth and adaptation of Pinus brutia AU - Isik, F. AU - Isik, K. AU - Yildirim, T. AU - Li, B. T2 - Bildiri, IUFRO XXI World Forestry Congress DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interstock effects on strobilus initiation in topgrafted loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Raley, E. M. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 SP - 179-182 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grafting loblolly pine AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Jett, J. B. T2 - Bulletin of the American Conifer Society DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 22-30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree genomes: What will we understand about them by the year 2020 and how might we use that knowledge? AU - Sederoff, R. R. T2 - Forest genetics and sustainability AB - The purpose of this paper is to speculate about the future applications of molecular genetics to the understanding and utilization of tree genomes. Biotechnology of forest trees is a young discipline. The first genetically engineered tree, a glyphosate tolerant hybrid poplar, was produced in 1987 (Fillatti et al., 1987). Since that time, biotechnology of forest trees has incorporated new technology of genetic mapping and has now entered the era of genomics. Much of what follows here is only one person’s speculations about scientific progress into a relatively near future. In general, scientists are less effective at predicting the future of science than are writers of fiction, who are less constrained about predictions. The time frame of this paper is to look forward to the year 2020, which is approximately one rotation age for a temperate pine, and as much as four rotations for a tropical hardwood. The purpose of this short review is not to be comprehensive, nor to provide access to key references, but to provide an overview of ideas related to application to forest trees of existing technology in the relatively near future. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-1576-8_4 SP - 23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root architectural plasticity to nutrient stress in two contrasting ecotypes of loblolly pine AU - Wu, R. L. AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - McKeand, Steven T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1300/j091v10n03_13 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 307 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of resistant insects and IPM AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Bailey, W. D. AU - Gould, F. AU - Sorenson, C. E. AU - Kennedy, G. G. AU - Bacheler, J. S. AU - Rose, R. L. AU - Hodgson, E. AU - Sutula, C. L. T2 - Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 67 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding for high fruit yield in cucumber AU - Shetty, NV AU - Wehner, TC T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF CUCURBITACEAE 2000 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2000.510.3 IS - 510 SP - 21-27 SN - 0567-7572 KW - Cucumis sativus KW - vegetable breeding ER - TY - CHAP TI - The evolutionary history of the Mesoamerican Oocarpae AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Jordan, A. P. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Romero, J. L. AU - Woodbridge, W. C. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 1 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable use of genetically modified crops in developing countries AU - Gould, F. AU - Cohen, M. B. T2 - Agricultural biotechnology and the poor: proceedings of an international conference, Washington, DC, USA, 21-22 October, 1999 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reassessing autocidal pest control AU - Gould, F. AU - Schliekelman, P. T2 - Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 190 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus tecunumanii AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Malan, F. S. AU - Stanger, T. K. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 188 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus patula AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Kietzka, J. E. AU - Malan, F. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Stanger, T. K. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 148 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus oocarpa AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Brawner, J. T. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 128 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus maximinoi AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Gapare, W. J. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Osorio, L. F. AU - Bester, C. AU - Kikuti, P. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 106 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus jaliscana AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Jordan, A. P. AU - Rosa, J. AU - Hodge, G. R. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 86 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus greggii AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Kietzka, J. E. AU - Donahue, J. K. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Stanger, T. K. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 52 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Gutierrez, E. A. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Romero, J. L. AU - Stock, J. AU - Rivas, O. T2 - Conservation and testing of tropical and subtropical forest tree species by the CAMCORE Cooperative PY - 2000/// SP - 12 PB - Botha Hill, South Africa : Grow Graphics SN - 0620264608 ER - TY - CHAP TI - CVT update: Infectious endocarditis AU - DeFrancesco, T. C. T2 - Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.) PY - 2000/// SP - 768 PB - Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders SN - 0721655238 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Optimizing secondary wall synthesis in cotton fibers AU - Haigler, C. H. AU - Cai, W. X. AU - Gannaway, J. G. AU - Grimson, M. J. AU - Hequet, E. F. AU - Holaday, A. S. AU - Huang, J.-Y. AU - Jaradat, T. T. AU - Jividen, G. J. AU - Krieg, D. R. AU - Martin, L. K. AU - Nagarur, S. AU - Salnikov, V. V. AU - Strauss, R. E. AU - Tummala, J. AU - Wan, C.-H. AU - Wu, C. AU - Wyatt, B. G. AU - Zhang, H. T2 - Genetic control of cotton fiber and seed quality PY - 2000/// SP - 147-165 PB - Cary, NC: Cotton Incorporated ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responsiveness of diverse provenances of loblolly pine to fertilization - age 4 results AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - Handest, J. A. AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Allen, H. L. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1300/j091v10n01_10 VL - 10 SP - 87–94 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timing the eastern Asian-Eastern North American floristic disjunction: Molecular clock corroborates paleontological estimates AU - Xiang, QY AU - Soltis, DE AU - Soltis, PS AU - Manchester, , SR AU - Crawford, DJ T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Sequence data of the chloroplast gene rbcL were used to estimate the time of the well-known eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic disjunction. Sequence divergence of rbcL was examined for 22 species of 11 genera (Campsis, Caulophyllum, Cornus, Decumaria, Liriodendron, Menispermum, Mitchella, Pachysandra, Penthorum, Podophyllum, and Phryma) representing a diverse array of flowering plants occurring disjunctly in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Divergence times of putative disjunct species pairs were estimated from synonymous substitutions, using rbcL molecular clocks calibrated for Cornus. Relative rate tests were performed to assess rate constancy of rbcL evolution among lineages. Corrections of estimates of divergence times for each species pair were made based on rate differences of rbcL between Cornus and other species pairs. Results of these analyses indicate that the time of divergence of species pairs examined ranges from 12.56 +/- 4.30 million years to recent (<0.31 million years), with most within the last 10 million years (in the late Miocene and Pliocene). These results suggest that the isolation of most morphologically similar disjunct species in eastern Asia and eastern North America occurred during the global climatic cooling period that took place throughout the late Tertiary and Quaternary. This estimate is closely correlated with paleontological evidence and in agreement with the hypothesis that considers the eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic disjunction to be the result of the range restriction of a once more or less continuously distributed mixed mesophytic forest of the Northern Hemisphere that occurred during the late Tertiary and Quaternary. This implies that in most taxa the disjunction may have resulted from vicariance events. However, long-distance dispersal may explain the disjunct distribution of taxa with low divergence, such as Menispermum. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1006/mpev.2000.0766 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 462-472 SN - 1095-9513 ER - TY - CONF TI - The relationship of filament levels to foaming in activated sludge determined by Oligonucleotide Probe Hybridzations, Research Symposium (Sustainbility and excellence in environmental research), Proc. AU - Reyes, F. L. AU - Raskin, L. C2 - 2000/// C3 - 73rd Water Environment Federation Annual Conference and Exposition (WEFTEC 2000), October 14-18, Anaheim, CA CN - TD365 .W378 2001 DA - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pines as model gymnosperms to study evolution, wood formation, and perennial growth AU - Lev-Yadun, S AU - Sederoff, R T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1007/s003440000045 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 290-305 SN - 1435-8107 KW - forest biotechnology KW - genomics KW - gymnosperms KW - Pinus KW - plant longevity KW - plant reproduction KW - wood formation KW - wood structure KW - xylogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematode gene sequences, December 2000 update AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Clifton, S.W. AU - Waterston, R.H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 331-333 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034353966&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid gene discovery in plant parasitic nematodes via Expressed Sequence Tags AU - McCarter, J AU - Abad, P AU - Jones, JT AU - Bird, D T2 - NEMATOLOGY AB - Abstract Projects currently underway are generating thousands of publicly available DNA sequences representing numerous genes from plant parasitic nematodes. Use of these data has the potential to revolutionise gene discovery, as well as aiding in genome physical mapping and expression profiling experiments. This article introduces sequences called expressed sequence tags or ESTs, which are single-sequence reads from randomly-selected cDNA clones. We review the process used to create these sequences and outline the strengths and weaknesses of ESTs as research tools. Instructions on how to access and use EST data also are provided. Découverte rapide de gènes chez les nématodes parasites des plantes: le point sur l'utilisation des Etiquettes de Séquences Exprimées - Les projets actuellement en cours génèrent des milliers de séquences d'ADN, publiquement disponibles, représentant de nombreux gènes de nématodes parasites des plantes. L'utilisation de ces données pourrait révolutionner la découverte des gènes en facilitant aussi bien les expériences de cartographie physique que celles de profils d'expression. Cet article présente les séquences dérivées de clones d'ADNc sélectionnés au hasard, appelées étiquettes de séquences exprimées (ESTs). Nous exposons le processus utilisé pour les générer de même que les avantages et les inconvénients des ESTs comme outils de recherche. Les instructions concernant l'accès et l'utilisation des ESTs sont également fournies. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1163/156854100509574 VL - 2 IS - 7 SP - 719-731 SN - 1388-5545 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034467290&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Caenorhabditis elegans KW - clustering KW - EST KW - Globodera KW - Meloidogyne KW - NemaGene ER - TY - CONF TI - Can information engineering enhance information quality for effective decision-making in textiles? AU - Karpe, Y. AU - Hodge, G. AU - Cahill, N. AU - Oxenham, W. A2 - Klein, B. D. A2 - Rossin, D. F. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Information Quality CN - QA76.9 .D3 I524 2000 DA - 2000/// PB - Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unusual presentation of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a Paint colt AU - Little, D. AU - Redding, W.R. AU - Spaulding, K.A. AU - Dupree, S.H. AU - Jones, S.L. T2 - Equine Veterinary Education AB - Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 12, Issue 6 p. 297-302 Unusual presentation of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a Paint colt D. Little, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorK. A. Spaulding, Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. H. Dupree, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author D. Little, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorK. A. Spaulding, Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. H. Dupree, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00064.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume12, Issue6December 2000Pages 297-302 RelatedInformation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00064.x VL - 2 IS - 6 SP - 388–394 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant parasitic nematodes: Habitats, hormones, and horizontally-acquired genes AU - Bird, D.M. AU - Koltai, H. T2 - Journal of Plant Growth Regulation DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 183-194 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033758702&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A sheep in wolf's clothing: Listeria innocua strains with teichoic acid-associated surface antigens and genes characteristic of Listeria monocytogenes serogroup 4 AU - Lan, Z AU - Fiedler, F AU - Kathariou, S T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b has been implicated in numerous food-borne epidemics and in a substantial fraction of sporadic listeriosis. A unique lineage of the nonpathogenic species Listeria innocua was found to express teichoic acid-associated surface antigens that were otherwise expressed only by L. monocytogenes of serotype 4b and the rare serotypes 4d and 4e. These L. innocua strains were also found to harbor sequences homologous to the gene gtcA , which has been shown to be essential for teichoic acid glycosylation in L. monocytogenes serotype 4b. Transposon mutagenesis and genetic studies revealed that the gtcA gene identified in this lineage of L. innocua was functional in serotype 4b-like glycosylation of the teichoic acids of these organisms. The genomic organization of the gtcA region was conserved between this lineage of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes serotype 4b. Our data are in agreement with the hypothesis that, in this lineage of L. innocua , gtcA was acquired by lateral transfer from L. monocytogenes serogroup 4. The high degree of nucleotide sequence conservation in the gtcA sequences suggests that such transfer was relatively recent. Transfer events of this type may alter the surface antigenic properties of L. innocua and may eventually lead to evolution of novel pathogenic lineages through additional acquisition of genes from virulent listeriae. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1128/JB.182.21.6161-6168.2000 VL - 182 IS - 21 SP - 6161-6168 SN - 0021-9193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulation of coupled turbulent flow and heat transfer in the wedge-shaped pool of a twin-roll strip casting process AU - Kim, WS AU - Kim, DS AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AB - The proper choice of nozzle in a twin-roll strip casting process is important to obtain the stabilization of the molten steel and free surface and a stable temperature distribution in a wedge-shaped pool. In this study, a numerical investigation of the coupled turbulent flow and heat transfer in a twin-roll strip casting process was performed for two patterns of melt-feed through a nozzle. In addition, the patterns for the removal of superheat for different gap thicknesses were analyzed using a local Nusselt number along the roll surface. The flow turbulence was examined using the low-Reynolds-number k–ε turbulence model of Launder and Sharma. The results show that the use of a submerged nozzle may have a beneficial impact on the stabilization of the free-surface zone. The increased gap thickness yields an increased local Nusselt number in the downstream section of the wedge-shaped pool where the cross-sectional flow area is reduced. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00013-2 VL - 43 IS - 20 SP - 3811-3822 SN - 0017-9310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening the cucumber germplasm collection for resistance to gummy stem blight in North Carolina field tests AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Shetty, N. V. T2 - HortScience DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1132-1140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation by homeoproteins: A comparison of deformed- responsive elements AU - Pederson, J. A. AU - LaFollette, J. W. AU - Gross, C. AU - Veraksa, A. AU - McGinnis, W. AU - Mahaffey, J. W. T2 - Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 156 IS - 2 SP - 677-686 ER - TY - PAT TI - Methods for within family selection in woody perennials using genetic markers AU - O'Malley, D. M. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Grattapaglia, D. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Larval dispersal and survival of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) on cry1Ab-transformed and non-transgenic rice AU - Dirie, AM AU - Cohen, MB AU - Gould, F T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Journal Article Larval Dispersal and Survival of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on cry1Ab-transformed and Non-transgenic Rice Get access Ahmed M. Dirie, Ahmed M. Dirie 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael B. Cohen, Michael B. Cohen 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Fred Gould Fred Gould 2Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7634. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 29, Issue 5, 1 October 2000, Pages 972–978, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.972 Published: 01 October 2000 Article history Received: 16 November 1999 Accepted: 25 May 2000 Published: 01 October 2000 DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.972 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 972-978 SN - 0046-225X KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - Chilo suppressalis KW - resistance management KW - dispersal KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Higher-level phylogeny of the Therevidae (Diptera : Insecta) based on 28S ribosomal and elongation factor-1 alpha gene sequences AU - Yang, LL AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Yeates, DK AU - Irwin, ME T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - Therevidae (stilleto flies) are a little-known family of asiloid brachyceran Diptera (Insecta). Separate and combined phylogenetic analyses of 1200 bases of the 28S ribosomal DNA and 1100 bases of elongation factor-1α were used to infer phylogenetic relationships within the family. The position of the enigmatic taxon Apsilocephala Kröber is evaluated in light of the molecular evidence. In all analyses, molecular data strongly support the monophyly of Therevidae, excluding Apsilocephala, and the division of Therevidae into two main clades corresponding to a previous classification of the family into the subfamilies Phycinae and Therevinae. Despite strong support for some relationships within these groups, relationships at the base of the two main clades are weakly supported. Short branch lengths for Australasian clades at the base of the Therevinae may represent a rapid radiation of therevids in Australia. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1006/mpev.1999.0771 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 440-451 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Therevidae KW - stiletto fly KW - elongation factor-1 alpha KW - 28S ribosomal DNA KW - phylogeny KW - Diptera ER - TY - JOUR TI - High throughput cellular localization of specific plant mRNAs by liquid-phase in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of tissue sections AU - Koltai, H AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Advances in high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatic gene discovery far outpace our ability to analyze gene function, necessitating development of more efficient means to examine expression at the cellular level. Here we present a polymerase chain reaction-based method to detect mRNA species in situ in which essentially all of the steps are carried out in liquid phase in a 96-well microtiter tray and only the final signal detection is performed on a microscope slide. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the method by the cellular localization of mRNA for the Tkn2 transcription factor in a wide variety of plant tissues, and its selectivity in discriminating a single gene family member by the in situ localization of rbcs3 transcripts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of the in-well in situ method in detecting FDL and IFL1 transcripts in Arabidopsis sections, thus establishing the method as a tool to determine spatial expression pattern of sequences obtained from genomic sequencing projects. Being amenable to robotic processing, in-well in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction permits a great enhancement in the number of tissue samples that can be processed. Consequently, this method may become a powerful tool for functional genomics studies, permitting the cellular site of transcription of large numbers of sequences obtained from databases to be rapidly established. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1104/pp.123.4.1203 VL - 123 IS - 4 SP - 1203-1212 SN - 0032-0889 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033836945&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat shock protein HSP101 binds to the Fed-1 internal light regulatory element and mediates its high translational activity AU - Ling, J AU - Wells, DR AU - Tanguay, RL AU - Dickey, LF AU - Thompson, WF AU - Gallie, DR T2 - PLANT CELL AB - The internal light-regulatory element (iLRE) of ferredoxin (Fed-1) mRNA, comprising the 5' leader and at least the first 13 codons of the open reading frame, controls transcript abundance after illumination of the plant in a translation-dependent manner. We have characterized the RNA binding activities associated with the Fed-1 iLRE and have identified one activity as the heat shock protein HSP101, a protein shown to bind the 5' leader of tobacco mosaic virus. HSP101 was sufficient and necessary to mediate a high level of translational activity from a Fed-1 iLRE-containing mRNA in yeast. Moreover, the Fed-1 iLRE substantially enhanced translation of reporter mRNAs in plant protoplasts expressing HSP101. Expression of HSP101 was subject to developmental regulation in leaves in that expression was highest in young leaves. These data suggest that Fed-1 mRNA may use the HSP101 regulatory mechanism as a means of ensuring a high level of translation required for the light-mediated regulation of Fed-1 mRNA stability. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1105/tpc.12.7.1213 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 1213-1227 SN - 1532-298X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertilizer management impacts on stand establishment, disease, and yield of Irish potato AU - Crozier, CR AU - Creamer, NG AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - POTATO RESEARCH DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/BF02358513 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 49-59 SN - 1871-4528 KW - Solanum tuberosum L. KW - soil fertility KW - soluble salts KW - plant spacing KW - Rhizoctonia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on growth dynamics and exopolysaccharide production for the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis and bacterium Thermotoga maritima AU - Rinker, KD AU - Kelly, RM T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING AB - Batch and continuous cultures were used to compare specific physiological features of the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus litoralis (T(opt) of 85 degrees to 88 degrees C), to another fermentative hyperthermophile that reduces S degrees facultatively, that is, the bacterium Thermotoga maritima (T(opt) of 80 degrees to 85 degrees C). Under nutritionally optimal conditions, these two hyperthermophiles had similar growth yields on maltose and similar cell formula weights based on elemental analysis: CH(1.7)O(0. 7)N(0.2)S(0.006) for T. litoralis and CH(1.6)O(0.6)N(0.2)S(0.005) for T. maritima. However, they differed with respect to nitrogen source, fermentation product patterns, and propensity to form exopolysaccharides (EPS). T. litoralis could be cultured in the absence or presence of maltose on an amino acid-containing defined medium in which amino acids served as the sole nitrogen source. T. maritima, on the other hand, did not utilize amino acids as carbon, energy, or nitrogen sources, and could be grown in a similar defined medium only when supplemented with maltose and ammonium chloride. Not only was T. litoralis unable to utilize NH(4)Cl as a nitrogen source, its growth was inhibited at certain levels. At 1 g/L ( approximately 20 mM) NH(4)Cl, the maximum growth yield (Y(x/s(max))) for T. litoralis was reduced to 13 g cells dry weight (CDW)/mol glucose from 40 g CDW/mol glucose in media lacking NH(4)Cl. Alanine production increased with increasing NH(4)Cl concentrations and was most pronounced if growth on NH(4)Cl was carried out in an 80% H(2) atmosphere. In T. maritima cultures, which would not grow in an 80% H(2) atmosphere, alanine and EPS were produced at much lower levels, which did not change with NH(4)Cl concentration. EPS production rose sharply at high dilution rates for both organisms, such that maltose utilization plots were biphasic. Wall growth effects were also noted, because cultures failed to wash out at dilution rates significantly above maximum growth rates determined from batch growth experiments. This study illustrates the importance of effective cultivation methods for addressing physiological issues related to the growth of hyperthermophilic heterotrophs. DA - 2000/9/5/ PY - 2000/9/5/ DO - 10.1002/1097-0290(20000905)69:5<537::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-7 VL - 69 IS - 5 SP - 537-547 SN - 0006-3592 KW - hyperthermophile KW - archaea KW - bioenergetics KW - exopolysaccharide KW - wall growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dispersal by larvae of the stem borers Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) in plots of transplanted rice AU - Cohen, MB AU - Romena, AM AU - Gould, F T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - We studied larval dispersal behavior of two rice stem borers, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and Chilo suppressalis (Walker), to evaluate the potential of seed mixtures for resistance management in B. thuringiensis (Bt) rice. Both species showed extensive movement among plants (or “hills”) in plots of transplanted rice, during the course of larval development. On rice plants at the vegetative stage, almost all S. incertulas larvae dispersed on the day of eclosion. On plants at booting stage, most S. incertulas bored into hills on which egg masses were placed (referred to as the “release hill”). Almost all neonate C. suppressalis also bored into the release hill, at both vegetative and booting stages. At both rice growth stages, most larvae of both species dispersed to new hills between 7 and 18 d after eclosion. Both S. incertulas and C. suppressalis moved among tillers within the release hill, as indicated by an increase in dispersion among tillers over time. The distance and direction of dispersal of ballooning S. incertulas larvae was influenced by wind speed and direction. Larval recovery within plots generally declined rapidly over the first 5 d after egg hatch and then more slowly thereafter. Because many S. incertulas and C. suppressalis larvae move among tillers within hills and among hills within plots, many larvae in plots planted to seed mixtures will consume tissue from both Bt and non-Bt plants. This behavior will reduce the cumulative dose of toxin ingested and can accelerate the evolution of resistance. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-29.5.958 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 958-971 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - Chilo suppressalis KW - larval dispersal KW - resistance management KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin proteins show a correlation in toxicity and short circuit current inhibition against Helicoverpa zea AU - Karim, S AU - Gould, F AU - Dean, DH T2 - CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1007/s002840010122 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 214-219 SN - 1432-0991 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A general mixture model approach for mapping quantitative trait loci from diverse cross designs involving multiple inbred lines AU - Liu, YF AU - Zeng, ZB T2 - GENETICAL RESEARCH AB - Most current statistical methods developed for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) based on inbred line designs apply to crosses from two inbred lines. Analysis of QTL in these crosses is restricted by the parental genetic differences between lines. Crosses from multiple inbred lines or multiple families are common in plant and animal breeding programmes, and can be used to increase the efficiency of a QTL mapping study. A general statistical method using mixture model procedures and the EM algorithm is developed for mapping QTL from various cross designs of multiple inbred lines. The general procedure features three cross design matrices, W , that define the contribution of parental lines to a particular cross and a genetic design matrix, D , that specifies the genetic model used in multiple line crosses. By appropriately specifying W matrices, the statistical method can be applied to various cross designs, such as diallel, factorial, cyclic, parallel or arbitrary-pattern cross designs with two or multiple parental lines. Also, with appropriate specification for the D matrix, the method can be used to analyse different kinds of cross populations, such as F 2 backcross, four-way cross and mixed crosses (e.g. combining backcross and F 2 ). Simulation studies were conducted to explore the properties of the method, and confirmed its applicability to diverse experimental designs. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1017/S0016672300004493 VL - 75 IS - 3 SP - 345-355 SN - 0016-6723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of neutrophils in intestinal mucosal injury AU - Gayle, JM AU - Blikslager, AT AU - Jones, SL T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DA - 2000/8/15/ PY - 2000/8/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2000.217.498 VL - 217 IS - 4 SP - 498-500 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10953711 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isozymatic diversity in the races of maize of the Americas AU - Sanchez, J. J. AU - Stuber, C. W. AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - Maydica DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 185-203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heritability of tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) AU - Alinia, F AU - Cohen, MB AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Heritability of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was estimated using a half-sibling design. Artificial diet with and without Cry1Ab was infested with progenies of 20 males, each mated with 2 females, and mortality was scored 5 d after infestation. The progeny of each female was reared and scored separately. Mean mortality of the 20 families on the Cry1Ab diet was 46.5%. The effects of both male parent and of female parent within male parent were significant. Heritability was estimated to be 0.52, suggesting that a high proportion of phenotypic variation was because of genetic differences. Mortality on the Cry1Ab diet was not correlated with mortality on control diet, indicating that differences among families in tolerance to Cry1Ab were not attributable to differences in general fitness. Our results indicate that “high dose” Bt rice plants may be particularly important for Cry1Ab resistance management in C. suppressalis populations. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.14 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 14-17 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Chilo suppressalis KW - insecticide resistance KW - heritability KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of receptor binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) midgut brush border membrane vesicles AU - Karim, S AU - Riazuddin, S AU - Gould, F AU - Dean, DH T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Pesticidal activity and receptor binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins to cotton pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) were investigated. P. gossypiella was susceptible to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa toxins. To H. zea, Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab were more potent than Cry1Aa and Cry2Aa. Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca, Cry1Da, Cry1Ea, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ga, Cry1Ha, and Cry2Ba were not potent against both pests. Binding assays were performed with 125I-labeled toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa) and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) prepared from H. zea and P. gossypiella midguts. Both Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins showed saturable, high-affinity binding to P. gossypiella and H. zea BBMVs. Cry2Aa and Cry1Aa toxins bound to BBMVs with relatively low binding affinity but with high binding site concentration. Heterologous competition binding assays were performed to investigate the binding site cross reactivity. The results showed that Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac recognize the same binding site, which is different from Cry2Aa. Ligand blot assay showed that Cry1Ac toxin binds to a 120-kDa BBMV protein in P. gossypiella and Cry1Ab binds to a major 210-kDa protein. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1006/pest.2000.2491 VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 198-216 SN - 1095-9939 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase cDNA (CYP71A10) confers resistance to linuron in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum AU - Siminszky, B AU - Sheldon, BS AU - Corbin, FT AU - Dewey, RE T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - The isolation of a Glycine max cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) cDNA designated CYP71A10 that conferred linuron resistance to laboratory-grown, transgenic Nicotiana tabacum seedlings was previously reported. A nonsegregating transgenic N. tabacum line has been established that possesses two independent copies of the G. max CYP71A10 transgene. Five-week-old progeny plants of this selected line were grown in a controlled environmental chamber and treated with linuron using either pretransplant incorporated (PTI) or postemergence (POST) applications. CYP71A10-transformed N. tabacum was more tolerant to linuron than the wild type for both application methods. The transgenic N. tabacum line tolerated an approximately 16-fold and 12-fold higher rate of linuron than wild-type N. tabacum when the herbicide was applied PTI or POST, respectively. These results provide evidence that plant-derived P450 genes can be employed effectively to confer herbicide resistance to transgenic plants. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0291:ACPMCC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 291-295 SN - 0043-1745 KW - cytochrome P450 KW - linuron KW - Glycine max L. Merr 'Dare', soybean KW - Nicotiana tabacum L. 'SR1', tobacco KW - herbicide metabolism KW - phenylurea KW - genetic engineering KW - metabolic engineering ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in performance on cry1Ab-transformed and nontransgenic rice varieties among populations of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines AU - Bentur, JS AU - Cohen, MB AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - We quantified variation in performance under greenhouse conditions among seven populations of Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) from Luzon Island, Philippines, on three rice varieties: 'IR58' transformed with the cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and nontransgenic IR58 and IR62. On IR62, S. incertutas performance did not differ among provinces for any of the 10 parameters measured, but there was a significant effect of town within province for one parameter, 20-d-old larval weight. Larval survival after 48 h on cy1Ab-transformed IR58 did not differ significantly among provinces, but did differ significantly among towns within a province. There was no geographic variation in larval survival after 48 h on control plants of IR58. Surviving insects from the cry1Ab-transformed IR58 were transferred to IR62 to complete development. There was no geographic variation in the percentage of insects completing development to adult emergence and the time required by the transferred female insects to complete development. However, there was variation among provinces in male developmental time. The absence of geographic variation on nontransgenic IR58 and the very limited variation on IR62 indicated that there was little variation in general vigor among the S. incertulas populations and thus that the variation in performance oil cry1Ab-transformed IR58 was probably attributable to differences in susceptibility to Cry1Ab. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1773 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1773-1778 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - rice KW - resistance management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation among maize inbred lines and detection of quantitative trait loci for growth at low phosphorus and responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AU - Kaeppler, SM AU - Parke, JL AU - Mueller, SM AU - Senior, L AU - Stuber, C AU - Tracy, WF T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Maize ( Zea mays L.) growth at low soil P levels is affected both by inherent physiological factors as well as interactions with soil microbes. The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify differences among maize inbred lines for growth at low P and response to mycorrhizal fungi, and (ii) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling these traits in a B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred population. Shoot dry weight and root volume were measured in the greenhouse after 6 wk of growth in a factorial experiment of 28 inbred maize lines using treatments of low vs. high P and mycorrhizal vs. nonmycorrhizal treatments. Shoot dry weight for the low P treatment in the absence of mycorrhizae ranged from 0.56 to 3.15 g. Mycorrhizal responsiveness based on shoot dry weight ranged from 106 to 800%. Shoot dry weight in the low P–nonmycorrhizal treatment was highly negatively correlated with mycorrhizal responsiveness. Plants grown at high P in the presence of mycorrhizae accumulated only 88% of the biomass of plants grown at high P in the absence of mycorrhizae, indicating that mycorrhizae can reduce plant growth when not contributing to the symbiosis. Percentage of root colonization was not correlated with mycorrhizal responsiveness. B73 and Mo17 were among the extremes for growth at low P and mycorrhizal responsiveness, and a B73 × Mo17 population of 197 recombinant inbred lines was used to detect QTL for growth at low P and mycorrhizal responsiveness. Three QTL were identified which controlled growth at low P in the absence of mycorrhizae based on shoot weight and one QTL which controlled mycorrhizal responsiveness. This study indicates that there is substantial variation among maize lines for growth at low P and response to mycorrhizal fungi. This variation could be harnessed to develop cultivars for regions of the world with P deficiency and for reduced‐input production systems. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2000.402358x VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 358-364 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest control by the release of insects carrying a female-killing allele on multiple loci AU - Schliekelman, P AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - With recent advances in genetics, many new strategies for pest control have become feasible. This is the second article in which we model new techniques for pest control based on the mass release of genetically modified insects. In this article we model the release of insects carrying a dominant and redundant female killing or sterilizing (FK) allele on multiple genetic loci. If such insects are released into a target population, the FK allele can become widely spread in the population through the males while reducing the population each generation by killing females. We allow the number of loci used to vary from 1 to 20. We also allow the FK allele to carry a fitness cost in males due to the gene insertions. Using a model, we explore the effectiveness and optimal strategies for such releases. In the most ideal circumstances (no density-dependence and released insects equal in fitness to wild ones), FK releases are several orders of magnitude more effective than equal sized sterile male releases. For example, a single release of 19 FK-bearing males for every two wild males, with the released males carrying the FK allele on 10 loci, reduces the target population to 0.002% of no-release size. An equal sized sterile release reduces the target population to 5% of no-release size. We also show how the effectiveness of the technique decreases as the fitness cost of the FK alleles in males increases. For example, the above mentioned release reduces the target population to 0.7% of no-release size if each FK allele carries a fitness cost in males of 5%. Adding a simple model for density-dependence and assuming that each of the released males carries the FK allele on six loci, we show that the release size necessary to reduce the target population to 1/100 of no-release size in 10 generations of releases varies from 0.44:1 to 4:1 (depending on parameter values). We also calculate the optimal number of loci on which to put the FK allele under various circumstances. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1566 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1566-1579 SN - 0022-0493 KW - genetic control KW - sterile insect technique KW - multilocus KW - female-killing autocidal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pest control by the introduction of a conditional lethal trait on multiple loci: Potential, limitations, and optimal strategies AU - Schliekelman, P AU - Gould, F T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Advances in genetics have made it feasible to genetically engineer insect strains carrying a conditional lethal trait on multiple loci. We model the release into a target pest population of insects carrying a dominant and fully penetrant conditional lethal trait on 1-20 loci. Delaying the lethality for several generations after release allows the trait to become widely spread in the target population before being activated. To determine effectiveness and optimal strategies for such releases, we vary release size, number of generations until the conditional lethality, nonconditional fitness cost resulting from gene insertions, and fitness reduction associated with laboratory rearing. We show that conditional lethal releases are potentially orders of magnitude more effective than sterile male releases of equal size, and that far smaller release sizes may be required for this approach than necessary with sterile males. For example, a release of male insects carrying a conditional lethal allele that is activated in the F4 generation on 10 loci reduces the target populatioin to 10(-4) of no-release size if there are initially two released males for every wild male. We show how the effectiveness of conditional lethal releases decreases as the nonconditional fitness reduction (i.e., fitness reduction before the trait becomes lethal) associated with the conditional lethal genes increases. For example, if there is a 5% nonconditional fitness cost per conditional lethal allele, then a 2:1 (released male:wild male) release with conditional lethal alleles that are activated in the F4 generation reduces the population to 2-5% (depending on the degree of density dependence) of the no-release size. If there is a per-allele reduction in fitness, then as the number of loci is increased there is a trade-off between the fraction of offspring carrying at least one conditional lethal allele and the fitness of the released insects. We calculate the optimal number of loci on which to insert the conditional lethal gene given various conditions. In addition, we show how laboratory-rearing fitness costs, density-dependence, and all-male versus male-female releases affect the efficiency of conditional lethal releases. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1543 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1543-1565 SN - 0022-0493 KW - conditional lethal KW - genetic control KW - multilocus KW - sterile male KW - model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Numerical simulation of the effect of thermal dispersion on forced convection in a circular duct partly filled with a Brinkman-Forchheimer porous medium AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Xiong, M T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL METHODS FOR HEAT & FLUID FLOW AB - A numerical simulation of the fully developed forced convection in a circular duct partly filled with a fluid saturated porous medium is presented. The Brinkman‐Forchheimer‐extended Darcy equation is used to describe the fluid flow in the porous region. The energy equation for the porous region accounts for the effect of thermal dispersion. The dependence of the Nusselt number on a number of parameters, such as the Reynolds number, the Darcy number, the Forchheimer coefficient, as well as the thickness of the porous region is investigated. The numerical results obtained in this research are in agreement with published experimental data. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1108/09615530010338169 VL - 10 IS - 5-6 SP - 488-501 SN - 1758-6585 KW - numerical simulation KW - porous media KW - thermal dispersion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leaf miners (Diptera : Agromyzidae : Phytomyza): Species limits, speciation, and dietary specialization AU - Scheffer, SJ AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine relationships and to investigate character evolution in the Phytomyza ilicis group of leafmining flies on hollies (Aquifoliaceae: Ilex). A total of 2207 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes were sequenced for all known holly leafminers, as well as for several undescribed members of this group. Maximum-parsimony analysis of the sequence data indicates that these leafminers form a monophyletic group with the inclusion of an undescribed leafminer that feeds on the distantly related plant Gelsemium sempevirens (Loganiaceae). Species boundaries of previously known and of undescribed holly leafmining species were confirmed with the molecular data, with one exception. Optimization of variable ecological and morphological characters onto the most parsimonious phylogeny suggests that these traits are evolutionarily labile, requiring multiple instances of convergence and/or reversal to explain their evolutionary history. Speciation in holly leafminers is associated with host shifts and appears to involve colonization of new hosts more often than cospeciation as the hosts diverge. Monophagy is the most common feeding pattern in holly leafminers, and more generalized feeding is inferred to have evolved at least two separate times, possibly as a prelude to speciation. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1006/mpev.2000.0830 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 244-255 SN - 1095-9513 ER - TY - PAT TI - Increasing expression of transgenes in plant cells using insulator elements AU - Thompson, W. AU - Allen, G. AU - Mankin, S. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic mapping of a fusarium wilt resistance gene (Fom-2) in melon (Cucumis melo L.) AU - Wang, YH AU - Thomas, CE AU - Dean, RA T2 - MOLECULAR BREEDING DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1023/A:1009671925793 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 379-389 SN - 1380-3743 KW - AFLP KW - co-dominant markers KW - Cucumis melo KW - fusarium wilt KW - marker-assisted selection ER - TY - PAT TI - Cytochrome P-450 constructs and method of producing herbicide-resistant transgenic plants AU - Siminszky, B. AU - Dewey, R. AU - Corbin, F. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of two computer techniques and a visual technique for the estimation of wheat leaf consumption by cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Ihrig, RA AU - Bradley, , JR AU - Van Duyn, JW AU - Herbert, DA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Three techniques for estimating wheat foliage defoliation by cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), larvae were evaluated. The techniques were visual estimation, computer estimation with image capture through a flatbed scanner (Lanalyze), and a commercially available video computer image analysis system (CIAS). Both computer-assisted techniques exhibited high levels of repeatability. Both consistently produced errors of less than 3 percent, although each system exhibited different error patterns. The Lanalyze system tended to systematically underestimate actual defoliation of mock leaves, while the CIAS system tended to overestimate actual defoliation. Visual estimators exhibited greater variation among estimates and, on average, greater discrepancies from actual defoliation when compared with the computer assisted techniques. The experience of the observer had a bearing on the accuracy and consistency of visual estimates; more experienced observers had the best accuracy. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-35.4.391 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 391-401 SN - 0749-8004 KW - defoliation estimation KW - cereal leaf beetle KW - Oulema melanopus KW - visual estimation KW - image analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Androgenic regulation of steroid hormone receptor mRNAs in the brain of whiptail lizards AU - Hartman, Godwin J. AU - Nag, V. AU - P. AU - Crews, D. T2 - Journal of Neuroendocrinology AB - Sex and species differences in androgenic regulation of steroid hormone receptor mRNAs were examined in the diencephalon of two species of whiptail lizards: Cnemidophorus inornatus is a sexual species and the direct evolutionary ancestor to Cnemidophorus uniparens , an all‐female parthenogenetic species. Lizards were gonadectomized and treated with different doses of either aromatizable testosterone or nonaromatizable dihydrotestosterone. The relative abundances of androgen‐, oestrogen‐, and progesterone‐receptor mRNAs were compared in various nuclei following in situ hybridization with homologous riboprobes. A diversity of patterns in androgenic regulation was observed, with effects differing according to brain region, the steroid‐receptor mRNA being considered and, in some cases, between androgens. In the ancestral sexual species, intact males had lower androgen‐receptor mRNA abundances than castrated, blank‐implanted males in the medial preoptic area. Testosterone significantly decreased androgen‐receptor mRNA abundance in the medial preoptic area of castrated males. Males had higher androgen‐receptor mRNA levels in the preoptic area than females generally and neither the sexual or parthenogenetic females showed a decrease in androgen‐receptor mRNA with androgen treatment. Both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone increased oestrogen‐receptor mRNA abundance in the ventromedial hypothalamus of C. inornatus , but no sex differences in this effect were observed. Gonadectomy decreased, whereas androgen treatment increased, progesterone‐receptor mRNA abundance in the ventromedial hypothalamus. There was a sex difference in this response to androgen in the sexual species, with males having greater amounts than females in this brain area. The parthenogenetic species exhibited a similar pattern to females of the sexual species, but the levels were higher overall, possibly because Cnemidophorus uniparens is triploid. The periventricular preoptic area showed a different pattern, with testosterone treatment increasing progesterone‐receptor mRNA abundance in both sexes of the sexual species and in the parthenogenetic species, while dihydrotestosterone did not. The diversity of patterns in androgen effects indicates that gonadal sex, aromatization of androgen, and perhaps gene dosage all influence the expression of steroid‐receptor mRNAs in the lizard brain. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00513.x VL - 12 IS - 2000 SP - 599–606 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of NC97BGTAB9 and NC97BGTAB10 wheat germplasm lines resistant to powdery mildew AU - Navarro, R. A. AU - Murphy, J. P. AU - Leath, S. AU - Shi, A. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1508-1509 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monophyly and relationships of the Tabanomorpha (Diptera : Brachycera) based on 28S ribosomal gene sequences AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Tsaur, SC AU - Webb, DW AU - Yeates, DK AU - Cassel, BK T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Higher-level relationships among the earliest lineages of brachyceran Diptera remain poorly resolved by comparative morphology. Nucleotide sequence data should be useful in clarifying brachyceran relationships, especially where morphological evidence is either contradictory or controversial. We examined phylogenetic relationships among the family-level taxa of the brachyceran infraorder Tabanomorpha using sequences of a large portion of the 28S ribosomal DNA. Twenty-five species were sequenced, including five outgroup species from the Stratiomyomorpha and Xylophagomorpha. Parsimony and maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analysis of 2,371 alignable sites yielded identical inferred tree topologies. 28S rDNA supports the monophyly of the Tabanomorpha (Vermileonidae, Rhagionidae, Pelecorhynchidae, Athericidae and Tabanidae). Our results contradict several published hypotheses that associate Vermileonidae with asiloid or eremoneuran taxa remote from the Tabanomorpha. The molecular data also support monophyly for all of the included family-level lineages, and corroborate several recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on comparative morphology. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1031:MAROTT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 1031-1038 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Tabanomorpha KW - Tabanidae KW - phylogeny KW - 28S ribosomal DNA KW - molecular systematics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of the effect of transverse thermal dispersion on forced convection in porous media AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - ACTA MECHANICA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/BF01453643 VL - 145 IS - 1-4 SP - 35-43 SN - 1619-6937 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integration of repellents, attractants, and insecticides in a "push-pull" strategy for managing German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) populations AU - Nalyanya, G AU - Moore, CB AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0427:IORAAI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 427-434 SN - 1938-2928 KW - Blattella germanica KW - German cockroach KW - repellent KW - attractant KW - methyl neoalkanamide ER - TY - PAT TI - Insecticide resistance assay AU - Roe, R. M. AU - Bailey, W. D. AU - Gould, F. AU - Kennedy, G. G. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heartworm infection in cats: 50 cases (1985-1997) AU - Atkins, CE AU - DeFrancesco, TC AU - Coats, , JR AU - Sidley, JA AU - Keene, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To characterize risk factors, clinical findings, usefulness of diagnostic tests, and prognosis in cats with naturally occurring heartworm infection (HWI).Retrospective study.50 cats with Dirofilaria immitis infection.Medical records, thoracic radiographs, and echocardiograms were reviewed and findings compared with appropriate reference populations.Findings suggested that male cats were not predisposed to HWI, domestic shorthair cats were at increased risk, and indoor housing was only partially protective. Fewer cases of HWI were identified in the final quarter of the year, compared with other periods, and prevalence is not apparently increasing. Signs of respiratory tract disease were most common, followed by vomiting. Infection was diagnosed incidentally in > 25% of cats; conversely, 10% of infected cats died suddenly without other clinical signs. Serologic tests were most useful for diagnosis, followed by radiography and echocardiography. Eosinophilia supported the diagnosis. Overall median survival time was 1.5 years but exceeded 4 years in cats surviving beyond the day of diagnosis.Sex does not appear to be a risk factor for HWI in cats, and indoor housing provides only incomplete protection. Signs of respiratory tract disease (dyspnea and cough) are the strongest indicators of HWI in cats, and some radiographic evidence of infection is detected in most cases. Antibody screening for HWI in cats is efficacious, and antigen testing and echocardiography are most useful for making a definitive antemortem diagnosis. DA - 2000/8/1/ PY - 2000/8/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2000.217.355 VL - 217 IS - 3 SP - 355-358 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in the Myzus persicae complex (Homoptera : Aphididae): Evidence for a single species AU - Clements, KM AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Smith, CF AU - Neese, PA AU - Roe, RM T2 - ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AB - Journal Article Genetic Variation in the Myzus persicae Complex (Homoptera: Aphididae): Evidence for a Single Species Get access Kieran M Clements, Kieran M Clements Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Brian M Wiegmann, Brian M Wiegmann Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clyde E Sorenson, Clyde E Sorenson Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clyde F Smith, Clyde F Smith Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul A Neese, Paul A Neese Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R Michael Roe R Michael Roe Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7647. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dearstyne Entomology Building, Box 7647, W. Ligon Street Extension, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7647. Fax: 919-515-4325, michael_roe@ncsu.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 93, Issue 1, 1 January 2000, Pages 31–46, https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0031:GVITMP]2.0.CO;2 Published: 01 January 2000 Article history Accepted: 06 July 1999 Published: 01 January 2000 DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0031:GVITMP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 93 IS - 1 SP - 31-46 SN - 1938-2901 KW - Myzus nicotianae KW - Myzus persicae KW - cytochrome oxidase II KW - elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geminiviruses: Models for plant DNA replication, transcription, and cell cycle regulation AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Settlage, S. B. AU - Orozco, B. M. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Robertson, D. T2 - Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 105-140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential responses of Central American and Mexican pine species and Pinus radiata to infection by the pitch canker fungus AU - Hodge, GR AU - Dvorak, WS T2 - NEW FORESTS DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1006613021996 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 241-258 SN - 1573-5095 KW - genetic variation KW - tree breeding KW - gene conservation KW - disease resistance KW - forest pathology KW - Fusarium KW - pitch canker ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Consentience on the necessity of Juvenile Hormone for vitellogenesis in the German cockroach - Reply AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Bachmann, JA AU - Schal, C AB - Physiological EntomologyVolume 25, Issue 3 p. 208-210 Reply − Consentience on the necessity of Juvenile Hormone for vitellogenesis in the German cockroach G. L. Holbrook, G. L. Holbrook Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorJ. A. Bachmann, J. A. Bachmann Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorC. Schal, C. Schal Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this author G. L. Holbrook, G. L. Holbrook Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorJ. A. Bachmann, J. A. Bachmann Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this authorC. Schal, C. Schal Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00199-1.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume25, Issue3September 2000Pages 208-210 RelatedInformation DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00199-1.x SP - 208-210 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chromosome condensation induced by geminivirus infection of mature plant cells AU - Bass, H. W. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Robertson, D. T2 - Journal of Cell Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 113 IS - 7 SP - 1149-1160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A geminivirus replication protein interacts with the retinoblastoma protein through a novel domain to determine symptoms and tissue specificity of infection in plants AU - Kong, LJ AU - Orozco, BM AU - Roe, JL AU - Nagar, S AU - Ou, S AU - Feiler, HS AU - Durfee, T AU - Miller, AB AU - Gruissem, W AU - Robertson, D AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - EMBO JOURNAL AB - Geminiviruses replicate in nuclei of mature plant cells after inducing the accumulation of host DNA replication machinery. Earlier studies showed that the viral replication factor, AL1, is sufficient for host induction and interacts with the cell cycle regulator, retinoblastoma (pRb). Unlike other DNA virus proteins, AL1 does not contain the pRb binding consensus, LXCXE, and interacts with plant pRb homo logues (pRBR) through a novel amino acid sequence. We mapped the pRBR binding domain of AL1 between amino acids 101 and 180 and identified two mutants that are differentially impacted for AL1-pRBR interactions. Plants infected with the E-N140 mutant, which is wild-type for pRBR binding, developed wild-type symptoms and accumulated viral DNA and AL1 protein in epidermal, mesophyll and vascular cells of mature leaves. Plants inoculated with the KEE146 mutant, which retains 16% pRBR binding activity, only developed chlorosis along the veins, and viral DNA, AL1 protein and the host DNA synthesis factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were localized to vascular tissue. These results established the importance of AL1-pRBR interactions during geminivirus infection of plants. DA - 2000/7/3/ PY - 2000/7/3/ DO - 10.1093/emboj/19.13.3485 VL - 19 IS - 13 SP - 3485-3495 SN - 0261-4189 KW - AL1 KW - cell cycle KW - differentiation KW - plant DNA virus KW - pRb ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing Bt refuge strategies in the field AU - Gould, F T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1038/73693 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 266-267 SN - 1087-0156 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subtilisins of Bacillus spp. hydrolyze keratin and allow growth on feathers AU - Evans, KL AU - Crowder, J AU - Miller, ES T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1139/cjm-46-11-1004 VL - 46 IS - 11 SP - 1004-1011 SN - 0008-4166 KW - keratin hydrolysis KW - Bacillus KW - subtilisin KW - keratinase ER - TY - JOUR TI - New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Gumpertz, ML T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Diseases caused by species in the genus Phytophthora are responsible for significant economic losses on a wide range of host plants. Spatial pattern is one of the most characteristic ecological properties of a species, and reflects environmental and genetic heterogeneity and reproductive population growth acting on the processes of reproduction, dispersal, and mortality. Species of Phytophthora can be dispersed either in soil, via surface water movement down rows, from rain splash dispersal, by air, or via movement by humans or invertebrate activity. Dispersal results in patchiness in patterns of disease or inoculum in soil. In this chapter we discuss the mechanisms of dispersal of members of this important genus and describe several methods that can be used to statistically analyze data for which spatial coordinates are known. The methods include testing spatial autocorrelation for binary data or continuous data, semivariograms, and regression models for spatial data. The goal of spatial pattern analysis is to gain an understanding of the mechanisms of dispersal of propagules and to sort out the physical and biological factors that are important for spread of plant pathogens and ultimately, for disease management. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.541 VL - 38 IS - 2000 SP - 541-+ SN - 1545-2107 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033748429&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - dispersal KW - epidemiology KW - management KW - molecular epidemiology KW - spatial pattern analysis KW - Phytophthora diseases ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isozymatic and morphological diversity in the races of maize of Mexico AU - Sanchez, JJ AU - Goodman, MM AU - Stuber, CW T2 - ECONOMIC BOTANY DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/BF02866599 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 43-59 SN - 1874-9364 KW - Zea mays L. KW - isozymes KW - genetic diversity KW - genetic differentiation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of soil calcium, potassium, and pH on development of leaf tipburn of cabbage in eastern North Carolina AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Cody, BR AU - Sugg, RE AU - Crozier, CR T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract Three hypotheses that involved manipulation of soil calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and pH in relation to the occurrence of leaf tipburn of cabbage in eastern North Carolina (NC) were formulated and tested: 1) adding K to soil will increase (induce) leaf tipburn; 2) adding Ca and K together to soil will block K‐related tipburn induction, and 3) raising soil pH to levels of 6.0 to 6.5 will decrease leaf tipburn. Six experiments were conducted in commercial cabbage production fields in eastern NC in 1996 and 1997 to test these hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 was accepted since higher rates of K significantly (p<0.05) increased leaf K concentration, soil K content and leaf tipburn incidence compared with the control. Total cabbage yield increased as K rates increased, however, significant differences were only observed between the control and the highest rate (365 kg K ha‐1) in 1996. Hypothesis 2 was accepted since adding increased amounts of Ca and K. did not significantly increase leaf tipburn incidence. Hypothesis 3 was rejected since a range of soil pH from 5.3 to 6.6 did not increase or decrease leaf tipburn incidence, nutrient uptake or total yield. These data suggest that leaf tipburn of cabbage can be increased (induced) with excessive K fertilization and that this practice may be associated with the disorder observed in NC. Also, the addition of Ca with K may potentially reduce the risk associated with K‐related leaf tipburn of cabbage. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1080/00103620009370435 VL - 31 IS - 3-4 SP - 259-275 SN - 1532-2416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fluid flow and heat transfer analysis of Couette flow in a composite duct AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - ACTA MECHANICA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/BF01182508 VL - 140 IS - 3-4 SP - 163-170 SN - 0001-5970 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epistatic repression of PHANTASTICA and class 1 KNOTTED genes is uncoupled in tomato AU - Koltai, H AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - Summary Class 1 KNOTTED genes ( KNOX ) and PHANTASTICA ( PHAN ) are both central to meristem establishment and maintenance and, in maize and Antirrhinum , it has been proposed that PHAN acts as an epigenetic repressor of KNOX . In tomato, a distinct spatial distribution of Tkn2 KNOX transcripts compared to Antirrhinum and maize suggests either a different spatial distribution of tomato PHAN ( Le‐phan ) transcripts, or that PHAN alone is insufficient for KNOX repression in tomato. We established the pattern of Le‐phan expression, including a first demonstration of PHAN expression in healthy roots, and found Le‐phan and Tkn2 transcripts to be temporally and spatially coincidental, with PHAN exhibiting an expression pattern in tomato distinct from that in plants with simple leaves. Our results imply that the expression of Le‐phan is insufficient for the repression of Tkn2 in tomato and suggest an expanded role for either gene in the establishment of cell identity in plant development. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2000.00754.x VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 455-459 SN - 0960-7412 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034086796&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential expression of genes encoding cell wall proteins in vascular tissues from vertical and bent loblolly pine trees AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Allona, I. T2 - Tree Physiology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 457-466 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cuticular hydrocarbons of the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis: Caste differences and role of lipophorin in transport of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon metabolites AU - Sevala, VL AU - Bagneres, AG AU - Kuenzli, M AU - Blomquist, GJ AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1023/A:1005440624678 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 765-789 SN - 0098-0331 KW - lipophorin KW - hydrocarbon KW - termite KW - Isoptera KW - castes KW - cuticle KW - metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Commercial fungicide formulations induce in vitro oospore formation and phenotypic change in mating type in Phytophthora infestans AU - Groves, CT AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - A wide range of commercially formulated fungicides cause in vitro effects on mating behavior in specific isolates of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato. Four isolates of P. infestans representing each of the four common US genotypes, US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 and varying in their sensitivity to metalaxyl, were exposed to a variety of fungicides used to control late blight in petri dish assays at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg a.i./ml. Exposure of each of these normally heterothallic single mating type isolates of P. infestans to 9 of the 11 commercial fungicide formulations tested resulted in the formation of oospores after 2 to 4 weeks. The highest numbers of oospores were formed on media amended with Ridomil 2E (metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold EC (mefenoxam) at 0.1 to 10 μg a.i./ml, averaging as many as 471 and 450 oospores per petri dish, respectively. Several other fungicides including Maneb, Manzate (Mancozeb), Curzate (cymoxanil + mancozeb), and Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph + mancozeb) also induced oospore formation, producing from 0 to 200 oospores per plate at fungicide concentrations from 0.1 to 10 μg a.i./ml. The metalaxyl resistant isolates formed oospores in response to the fungicides more often than the metalaxyl sensitive isolates. No oospores were formed on media amended with Bravo (chlorothalonil) or Tattoo C (chlorothalonil + propamocarb HCl) and these compounds completely suppressed growth of the isolates at 0.1 and 1 μg a.i./ml. Three metalaxyl resistant A2 isolates mated with both A1 and A2 isolates after exposure to the fungicides Ridomil 2E and Ridomil Gold EC. Alterations in mating type expression were also observed in a metalaxyl sensitive A1 isolate after exposure to Benlate (benomyl). Copious amounts of chemicals are applied annually to potato and tomato production areas to control late blight. Our results indicate that a wide range of chemically diverse fungicides can induce normally heterothallic metalaxyl resistant isolates of P. infestans to form oospores in vitro after short exposures to the fungicides. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.11.1201 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1201-1208 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033745281&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fungicide resistance KW - Irish potato famine KW - oomycetes KW - potato late blight KW - Solanum tuberosum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applications of tagging and mapping insect resistance loci in plants AU - Yencho, GC AU - Cohen, MB AU - Byrne, PF T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY AB - This review examines how molecular markers can be used to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of plant resistance to insects and develop insect resistant crops. We provide a brief description of the types of molecular markers currently being employed, and describe how they can be applied to identify and track genes of interest in a marker-assisted breeding program. A summary of the work reported in this field of study, with examples in which molecular markers have been applied to increase understanding of the mechanistic and biochemical bases of resistance in potato and maize plant/pest systems, is provided. We also describe how molecular markers can be applied to develop more durable insect-resistant crops. Finally, we identify key areas in molecular genetics that we believe will provide exciting and productive research opportunities for those working to develop insect-resistant crops. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.393 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 393-422 SN - 1545-4487 KW - insect-resistant crops KW - host-plant resistance KW - plant breeding KW - molecular markers KW - QTL ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing AU - Allen, GC AU - Spiker, S AU - Thompson, WF T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.1023/A:1006424621037 VL - 43 IS - 2-3 SP - 361-376 SN - 0167-4412 KW - chromatin structure KW - gene silencing KW - MAR KW - nuclear matrix KW - nuclear scaffold KW - SAR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive strategies and karyotype of the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis AU - Kaplan, D. T. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 126-133 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic analysis of geographically diverse Radopholus similis via rDNA sequence reveals a monomorphic motif AU - Kaplan, D. T. AU - Thomas, W. K. AU - Frisse, L. M. AU - Sarah, J. L. AU - Stanton, J. M. AU - Speijer, P. R. AU - Marin, D. H. AU - Opperman, C. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 134-142 ER - TY - PAT TI - Method for reducing expression variability of transgenes in plant cells AU - Thompson, W. AU - Allen, G. AU - Mankin, S. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inferring linkage disequilibrium between a polymorphic marker locus and a trait locus in natural populations AU - Luo, Z. W. AU - Tao, S. H. AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Genetics DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 156 IS - 1 SP - 457-467 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Geminiviruses - Models for plant DNA replication, transcription and cell cycle regulation ([correction to] vol 35, pg 105, 2000) AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L. AU - Settlage, S. B. AU - Orozco, B. M. AU - Nagar, S. AU - Robertson, D. T2 - Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - U4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of biological and chemical seed treatments to improve stand of snap bean across the southern United States AU - Keinath, AP AU - Batson, WE AU - Caceres, J AU - Elliott, ML AU - Sumner, DR AU - Brannen, PM AU - Rothrock, CS AU - Huber, DM AU - Benson, DM AU - Conway, KE AU - Schneider, RN AU - Motsenbocker, CE AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Ownley, BH AU - Canaday, CH AU - Adams, PD AU - Backman, PA AU - Fajardo, J T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Thirteen bacterial, four fungal, and four chemical fungicide seed treatments were evaluated one or more years in multiple field locations across the southern United States. Snap bean seed was treated in bulk with fungicides and most biocontrol agents, shipped to individual locations, and stored until planting or treated on site immediately before planting. Populations of biocontrol agents on seeds were assayed after seed treatment and planting. Analysis of variance of percent plant stand at 28 days after sowing revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effects of location and treatment in 1996, 1997 and 1998. A treatment by location interaction also occurred in 1996 and 1997. When treatments tested in two or three years were analyzed together, no biological seed treatments significantly affected percent stand. Carboxin significantly increased percent stand compared with nontreated seed in data sets combined from 1997 and 1998 and 1996 to 1998; captan and carboxin plus metalaxyl also increased stand in 1997 and 1998. Improvements in efficacy and consistency of biological seed treatments are necessary before they can be recommended for use in snap bean production. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00047-8 VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - 501-509 SN - 1873-6904 KW - biocontrol agents KW - seed treatments KW - fungicides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of ovariectomy and mating on the activity of the corpora allata in adult female Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - Holbrook, GL AU - Bachmann, JAS AU - Schal, C T2 - PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Summary In adult female cockroaches, the ovary greatly affects the synthesis of Juvenile Hormone (JH) by the corpora allata, and in females of some cockroach species, removal of the ovaries results in a permanent depression of JH synthesis. We report that the corpora allata in ovariectomised, adult virgins of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), increase and then decrease in activity, as they do in intact females. Moreover, the distal tubules in the left colleterial glands of ovariectomised females accumulate abundant protein, the production of which is regulated by JH. In both ovariectomised and sham‐operated females, the activity of the corpora allata more than tripled between days 1 and 4 of adulthood, during which the oöcytes of sham‐operated females grew considerably in length. The corpora allata of sham‐operated females produced even more JH on day 7, but very little on day 10, by which time all females had oviposited. The glands of ovariectomised females, by constrast, produced a similar amount of JH on day 7 as on day 4, but much less on day 10. Beginning on day 13, the activity of the corpora allata increased again in ovariectomised females, an increase that did not occur until day 22 in sham‐operated females. Mating of ovariectomised females on day 6 resulted in a significant increase in the activity of the corpora allata by day 10. We conclude that both the ovary and mating stimulate the synthesis of JH early in the reproductive cycle, but that neither is needed for the occurrence of a complete cycle of JH synthesis. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00161.x VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 27-34 SN - 0307-6962 KW - Blattella germanica KW - colleterial glands KW - corpora allata KW - Juvenile Hormone KW - mating KW - ovariectomy KW - vitellogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antisense and sense expression of a sucrose binding protein homologue gene from soybean in transgenic tobacco affects plant growth and carbohydrate partitioning in leaves AU - Pedra, JHF AU - Delu, N AU - Pirovani, CP AU - Contim, LAS AU - Dewey, RE AU - Otoni, WC AU - Fontes, EPB T2 - PLANT SCIENCE AB - We isolated a cDNA from a soybean library, which encodes sucrose binding protein (SBP) homologue, designated S-64. To analyze the function of the SBP homologue, transgenic tobacco plants were obtained by introducing chimeric genes containing the s-64 coding region linked to the 35S CaMV promoter, either in the sense or antisense orientation, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The accumulation of the SBP homologue was increased in transgenic plants expressing the heterologous sbp gene, whereas those expressing the antisense construct had reduced levels of the protein. The antisense transgenic plants developed symptoms characteristic of an inhibition of sucrose translocation and displayed a reduction in plant growth and development. In contrast, overexpression of the protein accelerated plant growth and the onset of flowering induction. The overall developmental performance of the transgenic plants was correlated with their photosynthetic rate under normal conditions. While photosynthesis in the antisense lines was decreased, in the sense lines photosynthetic rates were increased. Furthermore, both antisense repression and overexpression of the SBP homologue in transgenic lines altered carbohydrate partitioning in mature leaves. Taken together, these results indicate that S-64 protein is functionally analogous to SBP, representing an important component of the sucrose translocation pathway in plants. DA - 2000/3/7/ PY - 2000/3/7/ DO - 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00223-X VL - 152 IS - 1 SP - 87-98 SN - 1873-2259 KW - Nicotiana KW - soybean KW - sucrose binding protein KW - sucrose transport ER - TY - JOUR TI - 17 beta-Estradiol and ICI-182780 regulate the hair follicle cycle in mice through an estrogen receptor-alpha pathway AU - Chanda, S AU - Robinette, CL AU - Couse, JF AU - Smart, RC T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM AB - Estradiol (E(2)) applied topically twice weekly to mouse skin at doses as low as 1 nmol inhibited hair growth by blocking the transition of the hair follicle from the resting phase (telogen) to the growth phase (anagen). In contrast, application of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin in a Philippine Population of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) AU - Bentur, J. S. AU - Andow, D. A. AU - Cohen, M. B. AU - Romena, A. M. AU - Gould, F. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - Journal Article Frequency of Alleles Conferring Resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin in a Philippine Population of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Get access J. S. Bentur, J. S. Bentur 1 2 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. A. Andow, D. A. Andow 3 3Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. B. Cohen, M. B. Cohen 1 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. M. Romena, A. M. Romena 1 1Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Gould F. Gould 4 4Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 93, Issue 5, 1 October 2000, Pages 1515–1521, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.5.1515 Published: 01 October 2000 DA - 2000/10/1/ PY - 2000/10/1/ DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-93.5.1515 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 1515-1521 J2 - ec LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0493 0022-0493 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.5.1515 DB - Crossref KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - Scirpophaga incertulas KW - F-2 screen KW - Bt rice KW - Bt resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Examining rates and patterns of nucleotide substitution in plants AU - Muse, SV T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1023/A:1006319803002 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 25-43 SN - 1573-5028 KW - chloroplast genes KW - maximum likelihood KW - molecular clocks KW - nucleotide substitution models KW - rates of molecular evolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alan Francis Bird: 1928-99 AU - Bird, D. M. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 1-3 ER -