TY - BOOK TI - Invasive Plants of California Wildlands AU - Irwin, R. AU - Bossard, C.C. AU - Randall, J.M. AU - Hoshovsky, M.C. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 47 SE - 161–162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field and allozyme studies investigating optimal mating success in two sympatric spring-ephemeral plants, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum AU - Irwin, Rebecca E T2 - Heredity AB - A combination of field experiments and allozyme studies was used to test whether two spring-ephemeral plants growing in eastern North America, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum (Liliaceae), exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit and seed production. Furthermore, the spatial genetic structure of the Trillium populations was examined in light of the outcrossing results. In field experiments, recipient plants were pollinated with either self pollen or with pollen from donors growing 1 m, 10 m, 100 m, and 1500 m away. These distances represented crosses between individuals growing within the same population (1 m, 10 m, and 100 m crosses) and between individuals growing in different populations (1500 m crosses). Self-pollinated T. erectum and T. grandiflorum produced 71% and 89% fewer seeds, respectively, than all other outcrossing treatments. However, there were no significant differences among outcrossing treatments for fruit or seed production. As neither T. erectum nor T. grandiflorum exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit or seed production, it was predicted that populations of the two would not demonstrate strong spatial genetic structure or isolation by distance. The allozyme results only partially supported the patterns revealed in the outcrossing treatments. Populations of T. erectum and T. grandiflorum showed moderate spatial genetic differentiation based on F-statistics, and only T. grandiflorum exhibited significant isolation by distance based on spatial autocorrelation analyses. The lack of optimal outcrossing distances and the patterns of allozyme variation in T. erectum and T. grandiflorum populations may be attributed to a number of factors, including active seed dispersal by ants, rare long-distance gene-flow events, post-pollination and post-fertilization selection, and/or the severity of inbreeding depression. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00896.x VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 178-189 J2 - Heredity OP - SN - 0018-067X 1365-2540 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00896.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of floral larceny on individuals, populations, and communities AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. AU - Brody, Alison K. AU - Waser, Nickolas M. T2 - Oecologia DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1007/s004420100739 VL - 129 IS - 2 SP - 161-168 J2 - Oecologia LA - en OP - SN - 0029-8549 1432-1939 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420100739 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene banks for pig genetic resources: optimisation criteria AU - Gandini, G. AU - Pizzi, F. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Heinzl, E. AU - Pagnacco, G. T2 - Zootecnica E Nutrizione Animale DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - 285–294 ER - TY - CONF TI - Creation of the semen bank of Italian pig genetic resources AU - Gandini, G. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Heinzl, E. AU - Pizzi, F. T2 - Associazione per la Scienza e le Produzioni Animali (ASPA) Congress C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the Associazione per la Scienza e le Produzioni Animali (ASPA) Congress DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of milking speed in Reggiana and Italian Holstein cattle [Emilia-Romagna AU - Bagnato, A. AU - Gandini, G.C. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Orlandini, P. AU - Pizzi, F. T2 - Associazione per la Scienza e le Produzioni Animali (ASPA) Congress C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the ASPA Congress - Recent Progress in Animal Production Science (Italy) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 2 SP - 329-221 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Making 1X=2X: Studies on dosage compensation in Drosophila AU - Scott, M.J. T2 - NZ BioScience DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 23–24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Progress towards the development of a transgenic strain of the Australian sheep blowfly suitable for a sterile-release program AU - Scott, M.J T2 - NZ BioScience DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 11–13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - piggyBac‐mediated transposition in Drosophila melanogaster: an evaluation of the use of constitutive promoters to control transposase gene expression AU - Li, X. AU - Heinrich, J. C. AU - Scott, M. J. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - Transgenic non-Drosophilid insects have been made using insect transposable elements that have a broad host range such as the piggyBac element. However, the success rate is often low. Previous piggyBac helper plasmids have used either the piggyBac or the hsp70 promoter from Drosophila melanogaster to control expression of the transposase gene. Here we show that plasmids with the piggyBac transposase gene regulated by constitutive promoters can be effective 'helpers' for mediating transposition in D. melanogaster. We also present preliminary evidence on the use of an RNA helper that encodes the transposase. Our results suggest that for germ-line transformation of non-Drosophilid insects it may be advantageous to isolate a constitutive promoter from the species of interest to control transposase expression. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00283.x VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 447-455 J2 - Insect Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00283.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - piggyBac-mediated transposition in Drosophila melanogaster: an evaluation of the use of constitutive promoters to control transposase gene expression AU - Li, X AU - Heinrich, JC AU - Scott, MJ T2 - Insect molecular biology DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 447-455 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recruitment of the Male-specific Lethal (MSL) Dosage Compensation Complex to an Autosomally Integrated roXChromatin Entry Site Correlates with an Increased Expression of an Adjacent Reporter Gene in Male Drosophila AU - Henry, Rebecca A. AU - Tews, Birke AU - Li, Xuelei AU - Scott, Maxwell J. T2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry AB - Drosophila dosage compensate (equalize X-linked gene products) by doubling the transcription of most X-linked genes in males. The MSL (male-specific lethal) ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of at least five proteins and two non-coding RNAs (roX1 and roX2) is essential for this transcription response. Recently it has been shown that the X-linked roX1 and roX2 genes each contain at least one chromatin entry site for the MSL complex. In this study we show that insertion of either roX1 or roX2 DNA sequences, upstream of an insulated lacZ reporter gene controlled with the constitutive armadillo promoter (arm-lacZ), results in a significant elevation of expression of lacZ in males. However, full compensation, that is a precise doubling of lacZ expression in males relative to females, was only observed in some lines carrying autosomal insertions of either roX1-arm-lacZ orroX2-arm-lacZ transgenes. Furthermore, we found that a 419-base pair fragment of roX1 that contains an MSL binding site was sufficient to cause a modest elevation of expression oflacZ in males, but this response was significantly less than obtained with a full-length roX1 cDNA. This is the first direct demonstration that insertion of an MSL chromatin entry site on an autosome results in elevated expression in males of genes near the entry site. Drosophila dosage compensate (equalize X-linked gene products) by doubling the transcription of most X-linked genes in males. The MSL (male-specific lethal) ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of at least five proteins and two non-coding RNAs (roX1 and roX2) is essential for this transcription response. Recently it has been shown that the X-linked roX1 and roX2 genes each contain at least one chromatin entry site for the MSL complex. In this study we show that insertion of either roX1 or roX2 DNA sequences, upstream of an insulated lacZ reporter gene controlled with the constitutive armadillo promoter (arm-lacZ), results in a significant elevation of expression of lacZ in males. However, full compensation, that is a precise doubling of lacZ expression in males relative to females, was only observed in some lines carrying autosomal insertions of either roX1-arm-lacZ orroX2-arm-lacZ transgenes. Furthermore, we found that a 419-base pair fragment of roX1 that contains an MSL binding site was sufficient to cause a modest elevation of expression oflacZ in males, but this response was significantly less than obtained with a full-length roX1 cDNA. This is the first direct demonstration that insertion of an MSL chromatin entry site on an autosome results in elevated expression in males of genes near the entry site. male-specific lethal 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole base pair(s) kilobase(s) ratio of males to females analysis of variance In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, males have one X chromosome and females have two. Males dosage compensate by doubling the transcription of most X-linked genes (1Lucchesi J.C. Manning J.E. Adv. Genet. 1987; 24: 371-429Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). The MSL1 complex is required for this male-specific hypertranscription (2Stuckenholz C. Kageyama Y. Kuroda M.I. Trends Genet. 1999; 15: 454-458Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar, 3Lucchesi J.C. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1998; 8: 179-184Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar). The complex is comprised of at least five proteins, MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, MLE, and MOF and two non-coding RNAs, roX1 and roX2. All components of the complex co-localize to hundreds of sites along the male X chromosome (4Bone J.R. Lavender J. Richman R. Palmer M.J. Turner B.M. Kuroda M.I. Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 96-104Crossref PubMed Scopus (257) Google Scholar, 5Franke A. Baker B.S. Mol. Cell. 1999; 4: 117-122Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar, 6Meller V.H. Gordadze P.R. Park Y. Chu X. Stuckenholz C. Kelley R.L. Kuroda M.I. Curr. Biol. 2000; 10: 136-143Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (137) Google Scholar). Two of the proteins have enzymatic activity; MLE is an RNA helicase (7Lee C.G. Chang K.A. Kuroda M.I. Hurwitz J. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 2671-2681Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar) and MOF is a histone acetylase (8Smith E.R. Pannuti A. Gu W. Steurnagel A. Cook R.G. Allis C.D. Lucchesi J.C. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000; 20: 312-318Crossref PubMed Scopus (255) Google Scholar). In addition, a kinase, JIL-1, preferentially associates with the male X chromosome (9Jin Y. Wang Y. Johansen J. Johansen K.M. J. Cell Biol. 2000; 149: 1005-1010Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar), but it is not known if this protein is essential for dosage compensation. The complex only assembles in males as one of the components, MSL2, is not present in females (10Kelley R.L. Solovyeva I. Lyman L.M. Richman R. Solovyev V. Kuroda M.I. Cell. 1995; 81: 867-877Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar, 11Bashaw G.J. Baker B.S. Development. 1995; 121: 3245-3258PubMed Google Scholar, 12Zhou S. Yang Y. Scott M.J. Pannuti A. Fehr K.C. Eisen A. Koonin E.V. Fouts D.L. Wrightsman R. Manning J.E. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 2884-2895Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar).The complex is initially targeted to the male X chromosome through binding to 30–40 “high affinity” or “chromatin entry” sites (13Lyman L.M. Copps K. Rastelli L. Kelley R.L. Kuroda M.I. Genetics. 1997; 147: 1743-1753PubMed Google Scholar). The complex is then thought to spread from these sites to other sites on the X chromosome (2Stuckenholz C. Kageyama Y. Kuroda M.I. Trends Genet. 1999; 15: 454-458Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). Two of these sites are the X-linkedroX1 and roX2 genes (14Kelley R.L. Meller V.H. Gordadze P.R. Roman G. Davis R.L. Kuroda M.I. Cell. 1999; 98: 513-522Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (243) Google Scholar). That is, the same genes that encode the RNA components of the complex also appear to contain DNA sequences that are recognized by the complex.It has recently been shown that a 217-bp DNA fragment ofroX1 is sufficient to produce an ectopic chromatin entry site when inserted on an autosome (15Kageyama Y. Mengus G. Gilfillan G. Kennedy H.G. Stuckenholz C. Kelley R.L. Becker P.B. Kuroda M.I. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 2236-2245Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar).Previously, we developed an insulated reporter gene system to search for cis-acting X-linked DNA sequences that are required for dosage compensation (16Fitzsimons H.L. Henry R.A. Scott M.J. Genetica. 1999; 105: 215-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar). The system consists of the constitutivearmadillo promoter driving expression of the lacZreporter gene and flanked by SCS and SCS′ insulator elements. Seven X-linked DNA fragments totaling 63 kb were tested with the system, but none were found to contain DNA sequences that caused elevated expression of the reporter in males. Here we report that insertion of either roX1 or roX2 DNA sequences upstream of the armadillo promoter results in elevated expression of the lacZ reporter gene in maleDrosophila.DISCUSSIONThere are several lines of evidence that have shown that the MSL complex binds to hundreds of sites along the male X chromosome and causes a 2-fold increase in expression of most X-linked genes in maleDrosophila (1Lucchesi J.C. Manning J.E. Adv. Genet. 1987; 24: 371-429Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar, 2Stuckenholz C. Kageyama Y. Kuroda M.I. Trends Genet. 1999; 15: 454-458Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). The most direct evidence for the latter is that males that are homozygous for mutant alleles ofmsl1, msl2, or mle have significantly reduced levels of X-linked but not autosomal enzymes and mlemales have a lower overall rate of X-chromosome transcription (22Belote J.M. Lucchesi J.C. Nature. 1980; 285: 573-575Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar). In this study we have shown that binding of the MSL complex to eitherroX1 or roX2 DNA sequences integrated at autosomal sites correlates with an elevated expression of an adjacentlacZ reporter gene. Indeed, in some of the lines that had either roX1 or roX2 cDNA inserted upstream oflacZ we observed full compensation, that is a doubling of expression in males compared with females carrying the same number of copies of the construct. However, in all of the lines carryingroX1 genomic fragments, a line with a roX2genomic fragment, and some of the lines with roX cDNA upstream of lacZ we observed partial compensation. That is the male/female ratios were significantly greater than one but less than the 2-fold expected if recruitment of the MSL complex leads to a precise doubling of transcription as occurs on the X chromosome. We considered that this partial compensation might be because the MSL complex is only binding to the autosomal roX sequence in a fraction of the cells in a tissue. However, we found that the proportion of nuclei that showed binding to the roX1 BS construct, which shows partial compensation, was the same as compared with a line that showed full compensation (3.7 cDNA line 2). Thus it appears that partial compensation cannot be explained by variability in MSL binding between cells within a tissue. However, we have only analyzed cells from one tissue, third instar larvae salivary glands. We also considered the possibility that one roX sequence might not be sufficient in some autosomal locations to recruit enough MSL complexes to achieve full compensation. If so, a construct that had both roX1 and roX2 cDNAs inserted upstream oflacZ may be more effective at recruiting the complex and would thus show full compensation in most lines. However, the lines tested both showed partial compensation. Thus there must be some other explanation for why some lines show only partial compensation. We think the most likely explanation is that the local chromatin environment at the autosomal integration site influences the level of hyperactivation of the lacZ reporter by the MSL complex. It's known that some autosomal sites are much more permissive to spreading of the complex than others, indicating that the local autosomal chromatin environment can affect at least one function of the MSL complex.We found that lines that were homozygous for the roX1 4.9 genomic-arm-lacZ construct gave significantly lower male/female ratios of β-galactosidase activity than lines that were either heterozygous or homozygous for the roX1 3.7 cDNA-arm-lacZ construct. Because both constructs contain a binding site for the MSL complex, it's not obvious why theroX1 genomic construct should give lower hyperactivation oflacZ in males. One possibility is that this is simply because by chance in all the roX1 genomic lines the transgene integrated into a negative chromosomal environment that was not permissive to full hyperactivation of lacZ in males. However, this would seem unlikely, because all three lines gave similar male/female ratios of β-galactosidase. The genomic construct contains additional DNA sequences from the roX1 gene region compared with the cDNA construct. It's possible that these additional sequences may somehow inhibit hyperactivation of lacZ by the MSL complex. The genomic construct would be expected to produceroX1 RNA, whereas the promoter-less cDNA construct would not. The function of the roX1 RNA in the complex is not known. If the RNA has an inhibitory role, then a localized excess of synthesis of roX1 RNA might result in assembly of an MSL complex that is less effective at elevating expression of the adjacent reporter gene. It has been suggested that in vivo there must be some mechanism for dampening the transcription elevation due to the MOF histone acetylase, because in vitro recombinant MOF is able to increase expression from a nucleosomal template far more than 2-fold (23Akhtar A. Becker P.B. Mol. Cell. 2000; 5: 367-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (368) Google Scholar). Clearly, further experiments with additional constructs are required to determine the biological significance (if any) of the difference in lacZ hyperactivation between roX1genomic and cDNA constructs.The level of elevation of β-galactosidase activity in males carrying the 419-bp fragment of roX1 that contains the MSL binding site was significantly less than obtained with 3.7-kb roX1cDNA. It's possible that by chance all three roX1 BS lines are inserted into negative chromatin environments that inhibit the MSL complex. We think this is unlikely, because all three lines gave very similar male/female ratios of β-galactosidase activity. Rather it is more likely that binding of the MSL complex to the site inroX1 BS is not sufficient to achieve full compensation. This suggests that other sequences in roX1 3.7 cDNA in addition to the MSL binding site in roX1 BS are required for full roX1 function.In Drosophila, the SCS and SCS′ insulator elements are able to protect a gene from position effects and block a transcription enhancer from acting on a promoter (24Kellum R. Schedl P. Cell. 1991; 64: 941-950Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar, 25Kellum R. Schedl P. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 2424-2431Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). It has been previously shown that the SCS and SCS′ elements do not block genes from being dosage compensated when inserted onto the X chromosome (16Fitzsimons H.L. Henry R.A. Scott M.J. Genetica. 1999; 105: 215-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 24Kellum R. Schedl P. Cell. 1991; 64: 941-950Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar). This suggests that these insulators cannot prevent hypertranscription in males due to the MSL complex. In this study we have tested this directly by placing an SCS′ insulator between a roX2sequence, which contains an MSL binding site, and thelacZ reporter. The SCS′ insulator was unable to block elevation of expression of the reporter in males. Because this insulator can block transcription enhancers, this suggests that the mechanism by which the MSL complex affects transcription may be different from how an enhancer acts on a promoter. In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, males have one X chromosome and females have two. Males dosage compensate by doubling the transcription of most X-linked genes (1Lucchesi J.C. Manning J.E. Adv. Genet. 1987; 24: 371-429Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). The MSL1 complex is required for this male-specific hypertranscription (2Stuckenholz C. Kageyama Y. Kuroda M.I. Trends Genet. 1999; 15: 454-458Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar, 3Lucchesi J.C. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1998; 8: 179-184Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar). The complex is comprised of at least five proteins, MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, MLE, and MOF and two non-coding RNAs, roX1 and roX2. All components of the complex co-localize to hundreds of sites along the male X chromosome (4Bone J.R. Lavender J. Richman R. Palmer M.J. Turner B.M. Kuroda M.I. Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 96-104Crossref PubMed Scopus (257) Google Scholar, 5Franke A. Baker B.S. Mol. Cell. 1999; 4: 117-122Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar, 6Meller V.H. Gordadze P.R. Park Y. Chu X. Stuckenholz C. Kelley R.L. Kuroda M.I. Curr. Biol. 2000; 10: 136-143Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (137) Google Scholar). Two of the proteins have enzymatic activity; MLE is an RNA helicase (7Lee C.G. Chang K.A. Kuroda M.I. Hurwitz J. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 2671-2681Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar) and MOF is a histone acetylase (8Smith E.R. Pannuti A. Gu W. Steurnagel A. Cook R.G. Allis C.D. Lucchesi J.C. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000; 20: 312-318Crossref PubMed Scopus (255) Google Scholar). In addition, a kinase, JIL-1, preferentially associates with the male X chromosome (9Jin Y. Wang Y. Johansen J. Johansen K.M. J. Cell Biol. 2000; 149: 1005-1010Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar), but it is not known if this protein is essential for dosage compensation. The complex only assembles in males as one of the components, MSL2, is not present in females (10Kelley R.L. Solovyeva I. Lyman L.M. Richman R. Solovyev V. Kuroda M.I. Cell. 1995; 81: 867-877Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar, 11Bashaw G.J. Baker B.S. Development. 1995; 121: 3245-3258PubMed Google Scholar, 12Zhou S. Yang Y. Scott M.J. Pannuti A. Fehr K.C. Eisen A. Koonin E.V. Fouts D.L. Wrightsman R. Manning J.E. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 2884-2895Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar). The complex is initially targeted to the male X chromosome through binding to 30–40 “high affinity” or “chromatin entry” sites (13Lyman L.M. Copps K. Rastelli L. Kelley R.L. Kuroda M.I. Genetics. 1997; 147: 1743-1753PubMed Google Scholar). The complex is then thought to spread from these sites to other sites on the X chromosome (2Stuckenholz C. Kageyama Y. Kuroda M.I. Trends Genet. 1999; 15: 454-458Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). Two of these sites are the X-linkedroX1 and roX2 genes (14Kelley R.L. Meller V.H. Gordadze P.R. Roman G. Davis R.L. Kuroda M.I. Cell. 1999; 98: 513-522Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (243) Google Scholar). That is, the same genes that encode the RNA components of the complex also appear to contain DNA sequences that are recognized by the complex. It has recently been shown that a 217-bp DNA fragment ofroX1 is sufficient to produce an ectopic chromatin entry site when inserted on an autosome (15Kageyama Y. Mengus G. Gilfillan G. Kennedy H.G. Stuckenholz C. Kelley R.L. Becker P.B. Kuroda M.I. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 2236-2245Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar). Previously, we developed an insulated reporter gene system to search for cis-acting X-linked DNA sequences that are required for dosage compensation (16Fitzsimons H.L. Henry R.A. Scott M.J. Genetica. 1999; 105: 215-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar). The system consists of the constitutivearmadillo promoter driving expression of the lacZreporter gene and flanked by SCS and SCS′ insulator elements. Seven X-linked DNA fragments totaling 63 kb were tested with the system, but none were found to contain DNA sequences that caused elevated expression of the reporter in males. Here we report that insertion of either roX1 or roX2 DNA sequences upstream of the armadillo promoter results in elevated expression of the lacZ reporter gene in maleDrosophila. DISCUSSIONThere are several lines of evidence that have shown that the MSL complex binds to hundreds of sites along the male X chromosome and causes a 2-fold increase in expression of most X-linked genes in maleDrosophila (1Lucchesi J.C. Manning J.E. Adv. Genet. 1987; 24: 371-429Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar, 2Stuckenholz C. Kageyama Y. Kuroda M.I. Trends Genet. 1999; 15: 454-458Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). The most direct evidence for the latter is that males that are homozygous for mutant alleles ofmsl1, msl2, or mle have significantly reduced levels of X-linked but not autosomal enzymes and mlemales have a lower overall rate of X-chromosome transcription (22Belote J.M. Lucchesi J.C. Nature. 1980; 285: 573-575Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar). In this study we have shown that binding of the MSL complex to eitherroX1 or roX2 DNA sequences integrated at autosomal sites correlates with an elevated expression of an adjacentlacZ reporter gene. Indeed, in some of the lines that had either roX1 or roX2 cDNA inserted upstream oflacZ we observed full compensation, that is a doubling of expression in males compared with females carrying the same number of copies of the construct. However, in all of the lines carryingroX1 genomic fragments, a line with a roX2genomic fragment, and some of the lines with roX cDNA upstream of lacZ we observed partial compensation. That is the male/female ratios were significantly greater than one but less than the 2-fold expected if recruitment of the MSL complex leads to a precise doubling of transcription as occurs on the X chromosome. We considered that this partial compensation might be because the MSL complex is only binding to the autosomal roX sequence in a fraction of the cells in a tissue. However, we found that the proportion of nuclei that showed binding to the roX1 BS construct, which shows partial compensation, was the same as compared with a line that showed full compensation (3.7 cDNA line 2). Thus it appears that partial compensation cannot be explained by variability in MSL binding between cells within a tissue. However, we have only analyzed cells from one tissue, third instar larvae salivary glands. We also considered the possibility that one roX sequence might not be sufficient in some autosomal locations to recruit enough MSL complexes to achieve full compensation. If so, a construct that had both roX1 and roX2 cDNAs inserted upstream oflacZ may be more effective at recruiting the complex and would thus show full compensation in most lines. However, the lines tested both showed partial compensation. Thus there must be some other explanation for why some lines show only partial compensation. We think the most likely explanation is that the local chromatin environment at the autosomal integration site influences the level of hyperactivation of the lacZ reporter by the MSL complex. It's known that some autosomal sites are much more permissive to spreading of the complex than others, indicating that the local autosomal chromatin environment can affect at least one function of the MSL complex.We found that lines that were homozygous for the roX1 4.9 genomic-arm-lacZ construct gave significantly lower male/female ratios of β-galactosidase activity than lines that were either heterozygous or homozygous for the roX1 3.7 cDNA-arm-lacZ construct. Because both constructs contain a binding site for the MSL complex, it's not obvious why theroX1 genomic construct should give lower hyperactivation oflacZ in males. One possibility is that this is simply because by chance in all the roX1 genomic lines the transgene integrated into a negative chromosomal environment that was not permissive to full hyperactivation of lacZ in males. However, this would seem unlikely, because all three lines gave similar male/female ratios of β-galactosidase. The genomic construct contains additional DNA sequences from the roX1 gene region compared with the cDNA construct. It's possible that these additional sequences may somehow inhibit hyperactivation of lacZ by the MSL complex. The genomic construct would be expected to produceroX1 RNA, whereas the promoter-less cDNA construct would not. The function of the roX1 RNA in the complex is not known. If the RNA has an inhibitory role, then a localized excess of synthesis of roX1 RNA might result in assembly of an MSL complex that is less effective at elevating expression of the adjacent reporter gene. It has been suggested that in vivo there must be some mechanism for dampening the transcription elevation due to the MOF histone acetylase, because in vitro recombinant MOF is able to increase expression from a nucleosomal template far more than 2-fold (23Akhtar A. Becker P.B. Mol. Cell. 2000; 5: 367-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (368) Google Scholar). Clearly, further experiments with additional constructs are required to determine the biological significance (if any) of the difference in lacZ hyperactivation between roX1genomic and cDNA constructs.The level of elevation of β-galactosidase activity in males carrying the 419-bp fragment of roX1 that contains the MSL binding site was significantly less than obtained with 3.7-kb roX1cDNA. It's possible that by chance all three roX1 BS lines are inserted into negative chromatin environments that inhibit the MSL complex. We think this is unlikely, because all three lines gave very similar male/female ratios of β-galactosidase activity. Rather it is more likely that binding of the MSL complex to the site inroX1 BS is not sufficient to achieve full compensation. This suggests that other sequences in roX1 3.7 cDNA in addition to the MSL binding site in roX1 BS are required for full roX1 function.In Drosophila, the SCS and SCS′ insulator elements are able to protect a gene from position effects and block a transcription enhancer from acting on a promoter (24Kellum R. Schedl P. Cell. 1991; 64: 941-950Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar, 25Kellum R. Schedl P. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 2424-2431Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). It has been previously shown that the SCS and SCS′ elements do not block genes from being dosage compensated when inserted onto the X chromosome (16Fitzsimons H.L. Henry R.A. Scott M.J. Genetica. 1999; 105: 215-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 24Kellum R. Schedl P. Cell. 1991; 64: 941-950Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar). This suggests that these insulators cannot prevent hypertranscription in males due to the MSL complex. In this study we have tested this directly by placing an SCS′ insulator between a roX2sequence, which contains an MSL binding site, and thelacZ reporter. The SCS′ insulator was unable to block elevation of expression of the reporter in males. Because this insulator can block transcription enhancers, this suggests that the mechanism by which the MSL complex affects transcription may be different from how an enhancer acts on a promoter. There are several lines of evidence that have shown that the MSL complex binds to hundreds of sites along the male X chromosome and causes a 2-fold increase in expression of most X-linked genes in maleDrosophila (1Lucchesi J.C. Manning J.E. Adv. Genet. 1987; 24: 371-429Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar, 2Stuckenholz C. Kageyama Y. Kuroda M.I. Trends Genet. 1999; 15: 454-458Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). The most direct evidence for the latter is that males that are homozygous for mutant alleles ofmsl1, msl2, or mle have significantly reduced levels of X-linked but not autosomal enzymes and mlemales have a lower overall rate of X-chromosome transcription (22Belote J.M. Lucchesi J.C. Nature. 1980; 285: 573-575Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar). In this study we have shown that binding of the MSL complex to eitherroX1 or roX2 DNA sequences integrated at autosomal sites correlates with an elevated expression of an adjacentlacZ reporter gene. Indeed, in some of the lines that had either roX1 or roX2 cDNA inserted upstream oflacZ we observed full compensation, that is a doubling of expression in males compared with females carrying the same number of copies of the construct. However, in all of the lines carryingroX1 genomic fragments, a line with a roX2genomic fragment, and some of the lines with roX cDNA upstream of lacZ we observed partial compensation. That is the male/female ratios were significantly greater than one but less than the 2-fold expected if recruitment of the MSL complex leads to a precise doubling of transcription as occurs on the X chromosome. We considered that this partial compensation might be because the MSL complex is only binding to the autosomal roX sequence in a fraction of the cells in a tissue. However, we found that the proportion of nuclei that showed binding to the roX1 BS construct, which shows partial compensation, was the same as compared with a line that showed full compensation (3.7 cDNA line 2). Thus it appears that partial compensation cannot be explained by variability in MSL binding between cells within a tissue. However, we have only analyzed cells from one tissue, third instar larvae salivary glands. We also considered the possibility that one roX sequence might not be sufficient in some autosomal locations to recruit enough MSL complexes to achieve full compensation. If so, a construct that had both roX1 and roX2 cDNAs inserted upstream oflacZ may be more effective at recruiting the complex and would thus show full compensation in most lines. However, the lines tested both showed partial compensation. Thus there must be some other explanation for why some lines show only partial compensation. We think the most likely explanation is that the local chromatin environment at the autosomal integration site influences the level of hyperactivation of the lacZ reporter by the MSL complex. It's known that some autosomal sites are much more permissive to spreading of the complex than others, indicating that the local autosomal chromatin environment can affect at least one function of the MSL complex. We found that lines that were homozygous for the roX1 4.9 genomic-arm-lacZ construct gave significantly lower male/female ratios of β-galactosidase activity than lines that were either heterozygous or homozygous for the roX1 3.7 cDNA-arm-lacZ construct. Because both constructs contain a binding site for the MSL complex, it's not obvious why theroX1 genomic construct should give lower hyperactivation oflacZ in males. One possibility is that this is simply because by chance in all the roX1 genomic lines the transgene integrated into a negative chromosomal environment that was not permissive to full hyperactivation of lacZ in males. However, this would seem unlikely, because all three lines gave similar male/female ratios of β-galactosidase. The genomic construct contains additional DNA sequences from the roX1 gene region compared with the cDNA construct. It's possible that these additional sequences may somehow inhibit hyperactivation of lacZ by the MSL complex. The genomic construct would be expected to produceroX1 RNA, whereas the promoter-less cDNA construct would not. The function of the roX1 RNA in the complex is not known. If the RNA has an inhibitory role, then a localized excess of synthesis of roX1 RNA might result in assembly of an MSL complex that is less effective at elevating expression of the adjacent reporter gene. It has been suggested that in vivo there must be some mechanism for dampening the transcription elevation due to the MOF histone acetylase, because in vitro recombinant MOF is able to increase expression from a nucleosomal template far more than 2-fold (23Akhtar A. Becker P.B. Mol. Cell. 2000; 5: 367-375Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (368) Google Scholar). Clearly, further experiments with additional constructs are required to determine the biological significance (if any) of the difference in lacZ hyperactivation between roX1genomic and cDNA constructs. The level of elevation of β-galactosidase activity in males carrying the 419-bp fragment of roX1 that contains the MSL binding site was significantly less than obtained with 3.7-kb roX1cDNA. It's possible that by chance all three roX1 BS lines are inserted into negative chromatin environments that inhibit the MSL complex. We think this is unlikely, because all three lines gave very similar male/female ratios of β-galactosidase activity. Rather it is more likely that binding of the MSL complex to the site inroX1 BS is not sufficient to achieve full compensation. This suggests that other sequences in roX1 3.7 cDNA in addition to the MSL binding site in roX1 BS are required for full roX1 function. In Drosophila, the SCS and SCS′ insulator elements are able to protect a gene from position effects and block a transcription enhancer from acting on a promoter (24Kellum R. Schedl P. Cell. 1991; 64: 941-950Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar, 25Kellum R. Schedl P. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 2424-2431Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). It has been previously shown that the SCS and SCS′ elements do not block genes from being dosage compensated when inserted onto the X chromosome (16Fitzsimons H.L. Henry R.A. Scott M.J. Genetica. 1999; 105: 215-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 24Kellum R. Schedl P. Cell. 1991; 64: 941-950Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (493) Google Scholar). This suggests that these insulators cannot prevent hypertranscription in males due to the MSL complex. In this study we have tested this directly by placing an SCS′ insulator between a roX2sequence, which contains an MSL binding site, and thelacZ reporter. The SCS′ insulator was unable to block elevation of expression of the reporter in males. Because this insulator can block transcription enhancers, this suggests that the mechanism by which the MSL complex affects transcription may be different from how an enhancer acts on a promoter. We are very grateful to Mitzi Kuroda for gifts of MSL3 antibody and roX plasmid DNA and for communicating results on the MSL binding site in roX1 prior to publication. We thank Hubert Amrein for the gift of roX1and roX2 cDNA plasmids and Duncan Hedderley for performing the statistical analyses. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1074/jbc.M103008200 VL - 276 IS - 34 SP - 31953-31958 J2 - Journal of Biological Chemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0021-9258 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M103008200 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Position Statement: Genetically Modified Organisms AU - Andow, D.A. A3 - ESA (Ecological Society of America) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 1 PB - ESA (Ecological Society of America) ER - TY - JOUR TI - An ounce of prevention enough to stem Asia's appetite for rice? AU - Andow, D.A. AU - Huet, A.-S. AU - Altosaar, I. T2 - Molecular Breeding DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 95–97, 99-100 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Technical/Agency Draft Recovery Plan A3 - Andow, D. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// SP - 221 PB - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detecting Subtle Effects of Diet Preservatives on European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) AU - Andow, D. A. AU - Stodola, T. J. T2 - Journal of Entomological Science AB - A wheat germ-casien-agar diet for rearing European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, contains five preservatives, sorbic acid (0.055% w/w), para-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (methyl paraben, 0.144% w/w), propionic acid (0.488% w/w), aureomycin (0.292% w/w), and phosphoric acid (0.084% w/w). We conducted studies to determine if the first four of these preservatives can be reduced. In the first experiment we eliminated simultaneously propionic acid and aureomycin and either retained all sorbic acid and methyl paraben or reduced them by 50% or eliminated them as well. The diet with full sorbic acid and methyl paraben and no propionic acid and aureomycin performed similar to the unchanged control. All other diets resulted in microbial contamination that reduced survival of larvae. In the second experiment, we compared 5 diets, the full complement of sorbic acid and methyl paraben with elimination or 50% reduction of both propionic acid and aureomycin, elimination of aureomycin and 50% reduction in propionic acid. The last diet had no aureomycin or propionic acid and 50% reduction in methyl paraben. Some of the replicate dishes with diets without any propionic acid or aureomycin had microbial contamination that reduced survival of larvae. Larval survival was similar for the remaining diets. The diet without aureomycin and 50% reduction in propionic acid produced large larvae that were about half as variable in size as those from the control diet, suggesting that a reduction in these preservatives would increase moth uniformity. No differences in development rate were observed among the diets. DA - 2001/7/1/ PY - 2001/7/1/ DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-36.3.285 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 285-296 LA - en OP - SN - 0749-8004 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-36.3.285 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control. Bradford A. Hawkins , Howard V. Cornell AU - Harmon, J. P. AU - Andow, D. A. AU - Hawkins, B.A. AU - Cornell, H.V. AB - Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksTheoretical Approaches to Biological Control. Bradford A. Hawkins , Howard V. Cornell J. P. Harmon and D. A. AndowJ. P. Harmon Search for more articles by this author and D. A. Andow Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 76, Number 1Mar., 2001 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/393839 Copyright 2001 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1086/393839 VL - 76 PB - University of Chicago Press SE - 110–110 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393839 ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of Feeding and Mortality of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Laboratory AU - Andow, D. A. T2 - Annals of the Entomological Society of America AB - I studied the diurnal and ontological patterns of feeding by European corn borer adults, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and characterized the effect of feeding on adult mortality in the laboratory. Adults were provided a sucrose diet and water ad libitum, and were observed at periodic intervals to estimate the proportion feeding on sucrose or water. Dead adults were counted daily to estimate mortality. Adults preferred to feed on the sucrose diet during the first week of life, but not thereafter. Feeding occurred mainly just after the lights were turned off but also just after lights were turned on, and this time preference also waned by the second week of life. Daily mortality rates increased during adult life. These results are consistent with other studies on adult mortality, and suggest that feeding on sugar may be beneficial for adults only when their life expectancy exceeds 4 d. DA - 2001/7/1/ PY - 2001/7/1/ DO - 10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0563:pofamo]2.0.co;2 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 563-565 J2 - an LA - en OP - SN - 0013-8746 0013-8746 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0563:pofamo]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Better bananas – the biotech way AU - Balint-Kurti, P. AU - Firoozabady, E. AU - Moy, Y. AU - Mercier, R. AU - Fong, R. AU - Wong, L. AU - Gutterson, N. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 10 M3 - Co-operative Report ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification, characterization, and ontogeny of a second cytochrome P450 3A gene from the fresh water teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes) AU - Kullman, Seth W. AU - Hinton, David E. T2 - Molecular Reproduction and Development AB - Multiple copies of cytochrome P450 gene family 3 have been identified from numerous mammalian species. Often these genes exhibit differential catalytic activities and gene regulation. To date however, little information is available regarding multiple forms of this gene family in teleost fishes. In this study, a second isozyme of cytochrome P450 3A has been cloned from the teleost fish Oryzias latipes and designated CYP3A40. Screening of a cDNA library to medaka liver resulted in the identification of a full length cDNA clone containing a 2316 base pair (bp) insert with an open reading frame encoding a single peptide of 502 amino acids. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequence to other known cytochrome P450 sequences indicate that this gene product is most similar to the CYP3A gene family and shares a 90% identity to CYP3A38 previously identified from medaka liver. Consistent with Northern blot and Western blot analysis, Southern blots of medaka genomic DNA demonstrated the presence of two CYP3A genes. Gene expression studies demonstrated that CYP3A38 and CYP3A40 are differentially regulated according to embryonic development. Northern blot analysis, using a probe to a conserved region of both CYP3A genes, demonstrated the presence of a single CYP3A transcript for early and late embryonic stages and two CYP3A transcripts in larvae and adult liver. Similarly, Western blots show a single faint immunoreactive cytochrome P450 3A protein in microsomes from early and late embryos and two abundant protein bands in microsomes from larval and adult liver. To further examine the transcriptional differences in CYP3A expression, RT-PCR analysis was performed on embryonic stages 11–35, 1- and 14-day-old larvae, and adult liver using primer sets specific for CYP3A38 and CYP3A40. These results demonstrate that CYP3A40 is expressed early in embryonic development and continues throughout adult stages. CYP3A38, however, is tightly regulated during embryonic development and is only expressed post-hatch Mol. Reprod. Dev. 58:149–158, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1002/1098-2795(200102)58:2<149::aid-mrd3>3.0.co;2-x VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 149–158 SN - 1040-452X 1098-2795 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2795(200102)58:2<149::aid-mrd3>3.0.co;2-x KW - CYP3A KW - embryo KW - development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential biomarker gene and protein expressions in nonylphenol and estradiol-17β treated juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) AU - Arukwe, A AU - Kullman, S.W. AU - Hinton, D.E. T2 - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology AB - The time- and dose-dependent transcriptional and translational expression of biomarker genes in nonylphenol (NP) and estradiol-17beta (E(2)) treated juvenile rainbow trout is reported. Fish were exposed to NP (1, 5 and 25 mg/kg) and E(2) (5 mg/kg) and killed at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure. The estrogen receptor (ER), vitellogenin (Vtg) and eggshell zona radiata protein (Zr-protein) gene expressions were analyzed in total liver RNA using Northern and slot hybridization with specific cDNA probes. Plasma Vtg and Zr-protein levels were evaluated using indirect ELISA. While Zr-protein gene showed an induction only at 24 h post-exposure, the plasma protein levels showed a time-dependent increase in the 25-mg NP treated group. Vtg transcripts showed an apparent time-dependent increase without a concomitant increase in protein levels in the 25-mg NP treated fish. Time-dependent increases in Vtg and Zr-protein gene expressions without the corresponding increases in ER gene transcription was observed in E(2)-treated fish at 2, 6 and 12 h post-exposure. Induction of ER gene transcripts was observed from 24 h and did not change significantly at 48 and 72 h. In the E(2)-treated fish, induction of plasma Vtg levels was observed at 48 and 72 h, while plasma Zr-protein was induced at 24, 48 and 72 h, after exposure. We conclude that the E(2)- and NP-induced Vtg and Zr-protein gene expressions at the early time intervals after exposure are not dependent on increase in the transcriptional activity of the ER gene and that Vtg and Zr-protein gene transcriptions require only basal or minimal ER concentration, in addition to other mechanisms. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00170-3 VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 1–10 SN - 1532-0456 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00170-3 KW - estrogen-receptor KW - Zr-protein KW - vitellogenin KW - biomarkers KW - gene expression KW - xenoestrogen KW - rainbow trout ER - TY - SOUND TI - Mapping genes related to disease resistance and milk production in dairy cattle AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Identification of QTL affecting milk production traits on bovine chromosome 6 AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// ET - 3rd PB - J. Wiley and Sons ER - TY - JOUR TI - Method of treating alopecia AU - Smart, R. C. AU - Oh, H.-S. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 6,204,258 IS - 2001 Mar. 20 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology A3 - Hodgson, E. A3 - Smart, R.C. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// ET - 3rd PB - J. Wiley and Sons ER - TY - CHAP TI - Carcinogenesis AU - Smart, R.C. AU - Akunda, J.K. T2 - Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology A2 - Hodgson, E. A2 - Smart, R.C. PY - 2001/// ET - 3rd SP - 343–398 PB - J. Wiley and Sons ER - TY - CHAP TI - Molecular Techniques in Toxicology AU - Smart, R.C. T2 - Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology A2 - Hodgson, E. A2 - Smart, R.C. PY - 2001/// ET - 3rd SP - 11–32 PB - J. Wiley and Sons ER - TY - CHAP TI - Biochemical Toxicology: Definition and Scope AU - Hodgson, E. AU - Smart, R.C. T2 - Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology A2 - Hodgson, E. A2 - Smart, R.C. PY - 2001/// SP - 1–10 PB - J. Wiley and Sons ER - TY - CHAP TI - Quantitative trait loci: statistical methods for mapping their positions AU - Zeng, Z.-B. T2 - Encyclopedia of Genetics A2 - Reeve, Eric C.R. A2 - Black, Isobel PY - 2001/// PB - Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers SN - 9781884964343 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation, characterization and mapping of the bovine signal peptidase subunit 18 gene AU - Ashwell, M. S. AU - Ashwell, C. M. AU - Garrett, W. M. AU - Bennett, G. L. T2 - Animal Genetics AB - Animal GeneticsVolume 32, Issue 4 p. 232-233 Isolation, characterization and mapping of the bovine signal peptidase subunit 18 gene M. S. Ashwell, M. S. Ashwell USDA–ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.Search for more papers by this authorC. M. Ashwell, C. M. Ashwell USDA–ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. M. Garrett, W. M. Garrett USDA–ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.Search for more papers by this authorG. L. Bennett, G. L. Bennett USDA–ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USASearch for more papers by this author M. S. Ashwell, M. S. Ashwell USDA–ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.Search for more papers by this authorC. M. Ashwell, C. M. Ashwell USDA–ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. M. Garrett, W. M. Garrett USDA–ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.Search for more papers by this authorG. L. Bennett, G. L. Bennett USDA–ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0769b.xCitations: 1 M. S. Ashwell, (e-mail: mashwell@anri.barc.usda.gov) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume32, Issue4August 2001Pages 232-233 RelatedInformation DA - 2001/8/7/ PY - 2001/8/7/ DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0769b.x VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 232-233 LA - en OP - SN - 0268-9146 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0769b.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Genome Scan To Identify Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Economically Important Traits in a US Holstein Population AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Van Tassell, C.P. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Quantitative trait loci affecting economically important traits were studied for eight large US Holstein grandsire families by using the granddaughter design. A total of 155 microsatellite markers located throughout the bovine genome were selected for the scan. The data analyzed include genotypes for 50 markers not previously reported. Results analyses of 105 marker genotypes reported previously were updated. Effects of marker alleles were analyzed for 38 traits including traits for milk production, somatic cell score, productive life, conformation, calving ease, and 16 canonical traits derived from conformation and production traits. Permutation tests were used to calculate empirical traitwise error rates. A traitwise critical value of P = 0.1 was used to determine significance. Ten putative quantitative trait loci associated with seven of the new markers were identified within specific families. One marker on chromosome 14 was associated with differences in fat yield, fat percentage, and a canonical production trait in two families. Markers on chromosomes 18 and 22 were associated with differences in rump angle in the same family. Markers were associated with differences in udder depth and fore udder attachment on chromosomes 16 and 20, respectively. One marker on chromosome 27 was associated with a difference in the dairy capacity composite index, and another marker on chromosome 13 was associated with a difference in a canonical conformation trait. These additional markers complete our genome scan to identify quantitative trait loci affecting economically important traits in a selected commercial Holstein population. The quantitative trait loci identified in this genome scan may be useful for marker-assisted selection to increase the rate of genetic improvement on traits such as disease resistance and conformation traits associated with fitness while accelerating genetic improvement for production. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74705-4 VL - 84 IS - 11 SP - 2535-2542 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74705-4 DB - Crossref KW - quantitative trait loci KW - microsatellite markers KW - conformation traits KW - milk production traits ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dairy cattle genomics: Tools to accelerate genetic improvement? AU - Sonstegard, T. S. AU - Van Tassell, C. P. AU - Ashwell, M. S. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Traditional selection based on genetic merit calculated from phenotypic and pedigree information has been tremendously effective at improving production in dairy cattle. Hypothetically, genetic improvement could be accelerated even further for yield and other economically important traits by directly selecting upon the genetic differences underlying the phenotypes. To elucidate these genetic differences, research strategies based on genomic science have been developed to identify economic trait loci (ETL). Once resolved with respect to position in the genome, DNA markerbased tests that identify ETL can be practically applied to enhance selection in a commercial setting. To date, most dairy-related ETL have been detected in Holstein grandsire families using the granddaughter design. Because the marker intervals identifying these ETL are not resolved well enough for accurate selection in current populations, ETL analyses have been or are being extended to include ancestral animals that connect family pedigrees and current generations of nonprogenytested animals from within the founder animal pedigree. Increasing genotypic and phenotypic information in this manner alleviates two statistical limitations often associated with ETL interval refinement in experimental populations. First, population size is no longer limited or biased by previous selection. In addition, the inheritance of ETL can be traced from historic families of interest to current generations relevant to the industry. After allele frequency and contribution to phenotype are determined in current populations, those ETL most beneficial for the industry can be accurately used for selection. As an aid to ETL mapping in dairy cattle, efforts have been initiated to catalog as many bovine genes as possible by generating expressed sequence tags (EST) from cDNA clones. These clones represent gene expression at the mRNA level in various tissue types present in cattle. Mapping EST with sequence identity to human genes onto the bovine genetic map is improving the comparative map between species and will aid future investigations in determining genes that underlie ETL. Furthermore, cDNA microarrays constructed with the aid of EST data can be used for hybridization analysis to characterize gene-expression patterns and identify genetic pathways important for animal production and udder health. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.2527/jas2001.79e-supple307x VL - 79 IS - E-Suppl SP - E307 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2001.79e-supple307x DB - Crossref ER - TY - MGZN TI - Highway runoff effects on Freshwater Mussel Health AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - Centerline: Environmental Quarterly Newsletter DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// SP - 7 PB - NC Department of Transportation ER - TY - CONF TI - Hemolymph Collection in Elliptio complanata AU - Gustafson, L. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Bogan, A. AU - Showers, W. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Stoskopf, M. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2001/3// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Population Dynamics in Neutered and Intact Feral Cat Colonies AU - Nutter, F. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Stoskopf, M. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2001/3// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Determination of Host Fish Species for the Propagation of Endangered Freshwater Mussels AU - Tuttle, A. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Levine, J.F. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2001/3// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Prevalence of Bacterial Food-borne Pathogens in Shellfish AU - Tlamka, B. AU - Pitts, T. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - French, J.B. AU - Mare, CI AU - Joens, L.A. T2 - Eighty-Second Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases C2 - 2001/// CY - St. Louis, Missouri DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/11// ER - TY - CONF TI - A Method For Measuring Growth In Living Freshwater Mussels AU - Molina, R. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Savidge, T. AU - Bogan, A. AU - Johnson, J. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Symposium C2 - 2001/3// DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Freshwater mussels of North Carolina AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// M3 - poster ER - TY - CONF TI - Affects Of Flow On Juveniles Of Lampsilis Radiata Radiata Reared In An Indoor Recirculating Culture System AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Savidge, T. T2 - Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Symposium C2 - 2001/3// CY - Pittsburgh, PA DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Freshwater mussels: A learning resource and activity book AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// PB - N.C. Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership ER - TY - CONF TI - Nonlethal Hemolymph Collection for Assessing Freshwater Mollusk Health AU - Gustafson, L. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Bogan, A. AU - Showers, W. AU - Hanlon, S. AU - Stoskopf, M. T2 - Freshwater Mussel Conservation Society Symposium C2 - 2001/3// CY - Pittsburgh, PA DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Life Cycle of Freshwater Mussels AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Hanlon, S AU - Bogan, A DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// M3 - poster ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of a Multitiered Approach to Assess Health Status of Coastal North Carolina Fish AU - Law, J.M. AU - Choi, K.J. AU - Johnson, A.K. AU - Lehmann, D.W. AU - Pettengill, M. AU - Levine, J. AU - Harms, C T2 - 22nd Annual Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Meeting C2 - 2001/11// CY - Baltimore, Maryland DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// ER - TY - JOUR TI - High affinity cooperative DNA binding by the yeast Mlh1-Pms1 heterodimer AU - Hall, Mark C AU - Wang, Hong AU - Erie, Dorothy A AU - Kunkel, Thomas A T2 - Journal of molecular biology DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 312 IS - 4 SP - 637-647 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Hyperthermophilic Enzymes, Part C A3 - Adams, M.W.W. A3 - Kelly, R.M. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 334 PB - Academic Press SE - 3-526 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Hyperthermophilic Enzymes, Part B A3 - Adams, M.W.W. A3 - Kelly, R.M. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 331 PB - Academic Press SE - 3-494 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Hyperthermophilic Enzymes, Part A A3 - Adams, M.W.W. A3 - Kelly, R.M. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 PB - Academic Press SE - 3–513 ER - TY - JOUR TI - β-Mannanases from Thermotoga species AU - Chhabra, S.R. AU - Parker, K.N. AU - Lam, D. AU - Callen, W. AU - Snead, M.A. AU - Mathur, E.J. AU - Short, J.M. AU - Kelly, R.M. T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Thermostable mannanases have been identified from Thermotoga neapolitana, Rhodothermus marinus, Bacillus stearotherrnophilus, Thermo- anaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum, Caldocellosiruptor saccharolyticus," and Dictyoglomus thermophilum. The β-mannanases from T. Neapolitana (family 5) and R. marinus (family 26) are the most thermostable of these. The mannanase from T. neapolitana is less stable at 85°, but more stable at 90°, than the corresponding enzyme from R. marinus. The former has a half-life of 34 hr at 85° and 13 hr at 90°, whereas the latter has a half life of 45.3 and 4.5 hr at the respective temperatures. Hyperthermophilic mannanases are useful in several industrial applications where thermostability and thermoactivity are desirable. These include coffee extraction, oil/gas well stimulation, and wood pulp treatment. This chapter describes the purification and characterization of a β-mannanase from T. neapolitana, as well as cloning and sequencing of this enzyme from T. neapolitana and T. maritima. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/S0076-6879(01)30378-6 VL - 330 SP - 224–238 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Methods and compositions for fracturing subterranean formations AU - Kelly, R.M. AU - Khan, S.A. AU - Leduc, P. AU - Tayal, A. AU - Prud'homme, R. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// M1 - 6,197,730 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 6,197,730 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Homomultimeric protease and putative bacteriocin homolog from Thermotoga maritima AU - Hicks, Paula M AU - Chang, Lara S AU - Kelly, Robert M T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Publisher Summary Thermotoga maritima is an anaerobic heterotroph belonging to the bacterial order Thermotogales that grows optimally at 80° by fermentation of carbohydrates and proteins, including starch, glucose, galactose, glycogen, and yeast extract. The bacterium is also able to reduce thiosulfate to sulfide, with an improved growth rate. Although the microorganism is a facultative sulfur reducer, the reduction of sulfur does not provide an energetic boost as seen by the lack of effect on growth yields and fermentation balances. T. maritima appears to be motile, migrating at a speed proportional to the temperature. This chapter describes the purification protocols used to isolate maritimacin, as well as the biochemical assays used to measure its activity. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30397-x SP - 455-460 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30397-x DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Protease I from Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Chang, Lara S AU - Hicks, Paula M AU - Kelly, Robert M T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Pyrococcus furiosus is a hyperthermophilic archaeon from the order Thermococcales capable of growth on a variety of proteinaceous and carbohydrate-containing substrates. Analysis of gelatin-containing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) gels indicates that at least 11 endoproteinases are active in the cell extracts of this organism 2'3 and the following proteases have been characterized: protease I (PfpI), pyrolysin, proteasome, prolyl oligopeptidase, and proline dipeptidase. The gene encoding the 19-kDa subunit of PfpI has homologs in nearly every organism and cell examined to date, ranging from Escherichia coli to Homo sapiens; this ubiquity and evolutionary conservation indicates that it may play a fundamental physiological role. Efforts to study this issue have been exacerbated by difficulties encountered in obtaining significant amounts of a particular assembly of PfpI in either a native or a recombinant form. Native PfpI undergoes autoproteolysis and/or disassembly during direct purification from P. furiosus biomass and exists in multiple (singleto multisubunit) forms in vitro. The production of a recombinant form of PfpI is also problematic due to its toxicity toward mesophilic hosts. This chapter describes several methods that have been used to purify PfpI directly from P. Furiosus cell extracts are described here, together with an assay to detect proteolytic activity, a procedure to determine its molecular mass, and approaches to minimize PfpI-catalyzed proteolysis of other P. furious proteins. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30392-0 SP - 403-413 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30392-0 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - β-Endoglucanase from Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Cady, Susan G AU - Bauer, Michael W AU - Callen, Walter AU - Snead, Marjory A AU - Mathur, Eric J AU - Short, J.M AU - Kelly, Robert M T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Glycosylhydrolases have been isolated from a variety of heterotrophic hyperthermophiles and include glucanases, hemicellulases, and cellulases. Pyrococcus furiosus, a hyperthermophilic heterotroph isolated by Fiala and Stetter from geothermal regions of Vulcano Island, Italy, grows on a wide range of α- and β-1inked carbohydrates, a property supported by the enzyme inventory revealed in its genome sequence. This chapter describes the approaches used for the cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the eglA gene, which encodes the P. furiosus endoglucanase, and protocols used to study the biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme. It is also interesting to know that P. furiosus and other heterotrophic hyperthermophilic archaea do not seem to produce enzymes for the hydrolysis of nonglucan polysaccharides, such as mannan or xylan, even though Thermotoga maritima, a hyperthermophilic bacterium, does. Whether this is a distinguishing feature of archaeal growth physiology remains to be seen. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30387-7 SP - 346-354 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30387-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - αa-D-Galactosidases from Thermotoga species AU - Miller, E.S, Jr. AU - Parker, Kimberley N AU - Liebl, Wolfgang AU - Lam, David AU - Callen, Walter AU - Snead, Mabjory A AU - Mathur, Eric J AU - Short, J.M AU - Kelly, Robert M T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Publisher Summary Based on similarities in primary structure and hydrophobic cluster analyses, αGals have been grouped into three well-conserved families in the general classification of glycosylhydrolases Those from bacteria have been grouped into families 4 and 36 and those of eukaryotic origin into family 27. To date, only α Gals of the hyperthermophilic bacteria Thermotoga maritima ( Tm GalA) and T. neapolitana ( Tn GalA) have demonstrated activity and prolonged stability above 75°. These two enzymes are therefore of considerable interest from a biotechnological standpoint. Potential applications include the high temperature hydrolysis of galactomannans used for well stimulation in the oil and gas industry and oligosaccharide synthesis via glycosyltransferase reactions. Genes encoding both Tm GalA and Tn GalA have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli . Although these enzymes are structurally related, they exhibit different biochemical properties in terms of pH optima, activity, and thermostability. This chapter discusses the purification, cloning, and expression of recombinant α Gal from T. neapolitana and T. maritima , in addition to some of their biochemical properties. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30380-4 SP - 246-260 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30380-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Xylose isomerases from Thermotoga AU - Vieille, Claire AU - Sriprapundh, Dinlaka AU - Kelly, Robert M AU - Zeikus, J.Gregory T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Typically present in microorganisms that grow on xylose, xylose isomerise (XI) converts xylose to xylulose, which is then phosphorylated and enters the pentose-phosphate pathway. Because it also accepts glucose as substrate, XI is used extensively to isomerize glucose to fructose in the manufacture of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Performed at temperatures around 55-60°, this isomerization process requires thermostable enzymes. XIs have been characterized from a number of eubacterial sources and from rice and barley, but they have not been reported in fungi or archaea. XIs from the hyperthermophilic eubacteria Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana are the most thermostable yet characterized XIs. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30377-4 SP - 215-224 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30377-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Carboxylesterase from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 AU - Sehgal, A.C AU - Callen, Walter AU - Mathur, Eric J AU - Short, J.M AU - Kelly, Robert M T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - To date, relatively few investigations regarding the purification and characterization of thermostable (Topt > 60 °) esterases have been conducted. Thus far, esterases from Bacillus acidocaldarius, Pyrococcus furiosus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Sulfolobus shibatae, Thermoanaerobacterium sp, Pyrococcus abyssi, and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius have been studied to varying extents. Those thermostable esterases that have been evaluated vary significantly with respect to molecular mass, although their biochemical properties, such as pH optimum and substrate specificity, are quite similar. This chapter describes the cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant carboxylesterase (Sso P1 carboxylesterase) from the extreme thermoacidophile Sulfolobus solfataricus P1. S. solfataricus, which is a member of the Crenarchaeota, can be found in sulfurous caldrons and volcanic muds. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30398-1 SP - 461-471 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30398-1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - α-Glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Chang, Stephen T AU - Parker, Kimberley N AU - Bauer, Michael W AU - Kelly, Robert M T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Hyperthermophilic α-glucosidases could also provide valuable insights into protein function, structure, and stability at high temperatures. Indeed, it is the intrinsic high temperature activity and stability of these proteins that have fueled considerable effort into the development of these and other glycosylhydrolases for use in starch conversion technology. Currently employed mesophilic enzymes exhibit limited tolerance to the high temperatures and pH variations encountered during starch solubilization and degradation. These mesophilic enzymes often have metal ion requirements for activity, whereas their counterpart hyperthermophilic versions often do not. Although pullulanases and glucoamylases (also known as amyloglucosidases) are typically used for saccharification of intermediate starch degradation products to glucose, heat-stable α-glucosidases, together with pullulanases, could theoretically fill that role more efficiently. However, despite the potential impact of hyperthermophilic enzymes on industrial processes, including starch conversion, their application is still largely unrealized. One readily apparent obstacle is developing a costefficient method for producing sufficient quantities of enzyme either directly from the source organism or through recombinant means. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30381-6 SP - 260-269 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30381-6 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - β-Mannosidase from Thermotoga species AU - Parker, Kimberley N AU - Chhabra, Swapnil AU - Lam, David AU - Snead, Marjorie A AU - Mathur, Eric J AU - Kelly, Robert M T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - Publisher Summary β -Mannosidase is an exo-acting glycosylhydrolase whose function is to cleave mannose residues from the nonreducing termini of mannan oligosaccharides. In microorganisms, β -mannosidases often act in concert with endo-acting β -mannanases to completely hydrolyze mannan-based carbohydrates to be subsequently used for nutritional purposes. In mammals, the deficiency of mannosidase can lead to β -mannosidosis, a genetic disorder resulting from the storage and excretion of undegraded substrates. Hyperthermophilic β -mannosidases have been identified in archaea such as Pyrococcus furiosus and in the bacteria Thermotoga maritima and T. neapolitana . This chapter presents the protocols used to purify the β -mannosidase from T. Neapolitana together with the results of cloning and expression of genes encoding the analogous enzyme of T. maritima in Escherichia coli. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30379-8 SP - 238-246 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780121822316 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30379-8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Mars immunoassay life detection instrument for astrobiology (MILDI) AU - Steele, A. AU - McKay, D. AU - Allen, C. AU - Thomas-Keprta, K. AU - Warmflash, D. AU - Schweitzer, M.H. AU - Priscu, J AU - Hedgecock, J AU - Pincus, S. AU - Sears, J. AU - Avci, R. AU - Fogel, M. T2 - Thirty-second Lunar and Planetary Science Conference T3 - LPI contribution C2 - 2001/// C3 - Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII : papers presented at the thirty-second Lunar and Planetary Science Conference : March 12-16, 2001, Houston, Texas CY - Houston, TX DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/3/12/ PB - Lunar and Planetary Institute ER - TY - CONF TI - Micro-array assay for solar system exploration AU - Steele, A. AU - Toporski, J. AU - McKay, D.S. AU - Schweitzer, M.H. AU - Pincus, S. AU - Pérez-Mercader, J. AU - Parro, V.G. T2 - Exo-/astro-biology, First European Workshop T3 - European Space Agency C2 - 2001/// C3 - Exo-/astro-biology : proceedings of the first European workshop, 21-23 May 2001, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy CY - ESRIN, Frascati, Italy DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/5/21/ SP - 91–97 PB - European Space Agency Publications Division ER - TY - CONF TI - Evolutionary implications of possible protofeather structures associated with a specimen of Shuvuuia deserti AU - Schweitzer, M.H. T2 - International Symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom A2 - Gauthier, J. C2 - 2001/// C3 - New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom CY - New Haven, CT DA - 2001/// PY - 1999/2/13/ SP - 181–194 PB - Peabody Museum of Natural History Special Publication ER - TY - BOOK TI - Breeding and seed production AU - Wehner, T.C. AU - Shetty, N.V. AU - Elmstrom, G.W. A3 - Maynard, D.N. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// PB - ASHS Press SE - 27–73 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutations of the Mouse Twist and sy (Fibrillin 2) Genes Induced by Chemical Mutagenesis of ES Cells AU - Browning, Victoria L. AU - Chaudhry, Shazia S. AU - Planchart, Antonio AU - Dixon, Michael J. AU - Schimenti, John C. T2 - Genomics AB - A prior phenotype-based screen of mice derived from ethylmethanesulfonate-mutagenized embryonic stem cells yielded two mouse limb defect mutants. Animals heterozygous for the polydactyly ems (Pde) mutation display preaxial polydactyly of the hindlimbs, and homozygous syndactyly ems (sne) animals are characterized by a fusion of the middle digits of their hindlimbs and sometimes forelimbs. We now report that Pde is a new allele of the basic helix-loop-helix protein gene Twist. Sequencing the full-length cDNA and several hundred basepairs of genomic DNA upstream of the coding region failed to reveal a mutation, suggesting that the lesion may be in a regulatory element of the gene. sne is a new fused phalanges (fp) allele of the shaker-with-syndactylism deletion complex (sy), and we show that the genomic lesion is a small deletion removing an entire exon, coincident with the insertion of the 3′ end of a LINE element belonging to the TF subfamily. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1006/geno.2001.6523 VL - 73 IS - 3 SP - 291-298 J2 - Genomics LA - en OP - SN - 0888-7543 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.2001.6523 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental and computational approaches yield a high-resolution, 1-Mb physical map of the region harboring the mouse t haplotype sterility factor, tcs1 AU - Planchart, Antonio AU - Schimenti, John C. T2 - Mammalian Genome DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1007/s00335-001-1002-9 VL - 12 IS - 8 SP - 668-670 J2 - Mammalian Genome LA - en OP - SN - 0938-8990 1432-1777 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-001-1002-9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - RPRT TI - Risk Assessment of the Public Health Impact of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Ground Beef AU - Kuzma, J. A3 - USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// M3 - E. coli 0157:H7 Risk Assessment Team Report PB - USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service ER - TY - JOUR TI - Realistic Distributions of Infectious Periods in Epidemic Models: Changing Patterns of Persistence and Dynamics AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - Theoretical Population Biology AB - Most mathematical models used to study the epidemiology of childhood viral diseases, such as measles, describe the period of infectiousness by an exponential distribution. The effects of including more realistic descriptions of the infectious period within SIR (susceptible/infectious/recovered) models are studied. Less dispersed distributions are seen to have two important epidemiological consequences. First, less stable behaviour is seen within the model: incidence patterns become more complex. Second, disease persistence is diminished: in models with a finite population, the minimum population size needed to allow disease persistence increases. The assumption made concerning the infectious period distribution is of a kind routinely made in the formulation of mathematical models in population biology. Since it has a major effect on the central issues of population persistence and dynamics, the results of this study have broad implications for mathematical modellers of a wide range of biological systems. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.2001.1525 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 59–71 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection dynamics on scale-free networks AU - May, Robert AU - Lloyd, Alun T2 - Physical Review E AB - We discuss properties of infection processes on scale-free networks, relating them to the node-connectivity distribution that characterizes the network. Considering the epidemiologically important case of a disease that confers permanent immunity upon recovery, we derive analytic expressions for the final size of an epidemic in an infinite closed population and for the dependence of infection probability on an individual's degree of connectivity within the population. As in an earlier study [R. Pastor-Satorras and A. Vesipignani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3200 (2001); Phys. Rev. E. 63, 006117 (2001)] for an infection that did not confer immunity upon recovery, the epidemic process--in contrast with many traditional epidemiological models--does not exhibit threshold behavior, and we demonstrate that this is a consequence of the extreme heterogeneity in the connectivity distribution of a scale-free network. Finally, we discuss effects that arise from finite population sizes, showing that networks of finite size do exhibit threshold effects: infections cannot spread for arbitrarily low transmission probabilities. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.64.066112 VL - 64 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ontogeny of leptin mRNA expression in growing broilers and its relationship to metabolic body weight AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Richards, MP AU - McMurtry, JP T2 - Domestic animal endocrinology DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 161-168 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leptin: molecular biology and physiology AU - McMurtry, JP AU - Ashwell, C AU - Richards, M AU - Vasilatos-Younken, R T2 - Avian Endocrinology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// SP - 317-328 ER - TY - CONF TI - Leptin receptor gene expression in turkeys AU - Richards, MP AU - Poch, SM AU - Ashwell, CM T2 - FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA C2 - 2001/// C3 - FASEB JOURNAL DA - 2001/// VL - 15 SP - A961-A961 M1 - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation, characterization and mapping of the bovine signal peptidase subunit 18 gene AU - Ashwell, MS AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Garrett, WM AU - Bennett, GL T2 - Animal genetics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 232-233 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and expression of the turkey leptin receptor gene AU - Richards, M AU - Poch, SM AU - Ashwell, CM T2 - Poult. Sci DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 80 SP - 394 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution of the Simulated Data Problem AU - Thomas, Duncan C. AU - Borecki, Ingrid B. AU - Thomson, Glenys AU - Weiss, Ken AU - Almasy, Laura AU - Blangero, John AU - Nielsen, Dahlia AU - Terwilliger, Joseph AU - Zaykin, Dmitri AU - MacCluer, Jean T2 - Genetic Epidemiology AB - The simulated data problem was designed via an interactive process by the Simulation Problem Organizing Committee and the selected data simulators. Based on discussions at the previous Genetic Analysis Workshop, many of the features of previous simulation problems, such as a complex disease, genome scan, and replication, were retained and in addition, a population genetics model was used to generate the simulated genes. We describe the process that was used to structure the problem and summarize the discussions about many of the scientific issues that were considered. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s325 VL - 21 IS - S1 SP - S325-S331 LA - en OP - SN - 0741-0395 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s325 DB - Crossref KW - complex diseases KW - linkage disequilibrium KW - pedigree data KW - population genetics KW - simulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dwarf8 polymorphisms associate with variation in flowering time AU - Thornsberry, Jeffry M. AU - Goodman, Major M. AU - Doebley, John AU - Kresovich, Stephen AU - Nielsen, Dahlia AU - Buckler, Edward S. T2 - Nature Genetics DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1038/90135 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 286-289 J2 - Nat Genet LA - en OP - SN - 1061-4036 1546-1718 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/90135 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association mapping: where we’ve been, where we’re going AU - Nielsen, D.M. AU - Zaykin, D. T2 - Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics AB - This paper provides a review of recent work in the area of marker-phenotype association studies, specifically as used for localizing--or mapping--genes affecting a trait of interest. We describe the basis of association mapping and discuss a number of the commonly used techniques. We have also included references to various papers that have evaluated the use of these methods. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1586/14737159.1.3.334 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 334-342 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying Data Mining Techniques to the Mapping of Complex Disease Genes AU - Czika, W.A. AU - Weir, B.S. AU - Edwards, S.R. AU - Thompson, R.W. AU - Nielsen, D.M. AU - Brocklebank, J.C. AU - Zinkus, C. AU - Martin, E.R. AU - Nobler, K.E. T2 - Genetic Epidemiology AB - The simulated sequence data for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 were analyzed using data mining techniques provided by SAS ENTERPRISE MINER Release 4.0 in addition to traditional statistical tests for linkage and association of genetic markers with disease status. We examined two ways of combining these approaches to make use of the covariate data along with the genotypic data. The result of incorporating data mining techniques with more classical methods is an improvement in the analysis, both by correctly classifying the affection status of more individuals and by locating more single nucleotide polymorphisms related to the disease, relative to analyses that use classical methods alone. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s435 VL - 21 IS - S1 SP - S435-S440 LA - en OP - SN - 0741-0395 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s435 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops: A Workshop Summary AU - Andow, D.A. AB - On July 13-14, 2000, the National Research Council held a workshop on Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops. As the title suggests, the workshop specifically excluded monitoring aimed at detecting effects on human health. Its focus was on monitoring for effects that genetically modified crops might have on the surrounding ecosystems, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. The purpose was to lay out the issues surrounding such monitoring, to describe what was known, and to identify what needed further attention. DA - 2001/2/21/ PY - 2001/2/21/ DO - 10.17226/10068 PB - National Academies Press SN - 9780309073356 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/10068 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphism of PCR-based markers targeting exons, introns, promoter regions, and SSRs in maize and introns and repeat sequences in oat AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Helland, S.J. AU - Sharopova, N. AU - Rhyne, D.C. T2 - Genome AB - Sequence databases could be efficiently exploited for development of DNA markers if it were known which gene regions reveal the most polymorphism when amplified by PCR. We developed PCR primer pairs that target specific regions of previously sequenced genes from Avena and Zea species. Primers were targeted to amplify 40 introns, 24 exons, and 23 promoter regions within 54 maize genes. We surveyed 48 maize inbred lines (previously assayed for simple-sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism) for amplification-product polymorphism. We also developed primers to target 14 SSRs and 12 introns within 18 Avena genes, and surveyed 22 hexaploid oat cultivars and 2 diploid Avena species for amplification-product polymorphism. In maize, 67% of promoter markers, 58% of intron markers, and 13% of exon markers exhibited amplification-product polymorphisms. Among polymorphic primer pairs in maize, genotype diversity was highest for SSR markers (0.60) followed by intron markers (0.46), exon markers (0.42), and promoter markers (0.28). Among all Avena genotypes, 64% of SSR markers and 58% of intron markers revealed polymorphisms, but among the cultivars only, 21% of SSR markers and 50% of intron markers were polymorphic. Polymorphic-sequence-tagged sites for plant-breeding applications can be created easily by targeting noncoding gene regions. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1139/g01-110 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 1065-1076 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047681394&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection for greater β-glucan content in oat grain AU - Cervantes-Martinez, C.T. AU - Frey, K.J. AU - White, P.J. AU - Wesenberg, D.M. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 1085-1091 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034890343&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic relationships of crown rust resistance, grain yield, test weight, and seed weight in oat AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Munkvold, G.P. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 1041-1050 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034891094&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlated responses of fatty acid composition, grain quality and agronomic traits to nine cycles of recurrent selection for increased oil content in oat AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Frey, K.J. AU - Hammond, E.G. T2 - Euphytica DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1023/A:1012639821332 VL - 122 IS - 1 SP - 69-79 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0043198664&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Avena KW - fatty acid composition KW - genetic correlation KW - groat-oil KW - recurrent selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymorphism of PCR-based markers targeting exons, introns, promoter regions, and SSRs in maize and introns and repeat sequences in oat AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Helland, S.J. AU - Sharopova, N. AU - Rhyne, D.C. T2 - Genome DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1139/gen-44-6-1065 VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 1065-1076 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035543144&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Avena KW - Zea KW - genetic diversity KW - DNA sequence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blend response and stability and cultivar blending ability in oat AU - Helland, S.J. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 1689-1696 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035656793&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A restriction fragment length polymorphism based linkage map of a diploid Avena recombinant inbred line population AU - Kremer, C.A. AU - Lee, M. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Genome DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1139/gen-44-2-192 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 192-204 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035055506&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - grasses KW - oat KW - genetic mapping KW - homoeology ER - TY - JOUR TI - A linkage map of hexaploid oat based on grass anchor DNA clones and its relationship to other oat maps AU - Portyanko, V.A. AU - Hoffman, D.L. AU - Lee, M. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Genome AB - A cultivated oat linkage map was developed using a recombinant inbred population of 136 F6:7 lines from the cross 'Ogle' × 'TAM O-301'. A total of 441 marker loci, including 355 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, 40 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), 22 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 7 sequence-tagged sites (STSs), 1 simple sequence repeat (SSR), 12 isozyme loci, and 4 discrete morphological traits, was mapped. Fifteen loci remained unlinked, and 426 loci produced 34 linkage groups (with 2–43 loci each) spanning 2049 cM of the oat genome (from 4.2 to 174.0 cM per group). Comparisons with other Avena maps revealed 35 genome regions syntenic between hexaploid maps and 16–34 regions conserved between diploid and hexaploid maps. Those portions of hexaploid oat maps that could be compared were completely conserved. Considerable conservation of diploid genome regions on the hexaploid map also was observed (89–95%); however, at the whole-chromosome level, colinearity was much lower. Comparisons among linkage groups, both within and among Avena mapping populations, revealed several putative homoeologous linkage group sets as well as some linkage groups composed of segments from different homoeologous groups. The relationships between many Avena linkage groups remain uncertain, however, due to incomplete coverage by comparative markers and to complications introduced by genomic duplications and rearrangements.Key words: Avena, linkage map, comparative mapping, homoeology. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1139/gen-44-2-249 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 249-265 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035055426&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Avena KW - linkage map KW - comparative mapping KW - homoeology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of ambulatory electrocardiography for detection of ventricular premature complexes in healthy dogs AU - Meurs, K.M. AU - Spier, A.W. AU - Wright, N.A. AU - Hamlin, R.A. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To evaluate the use of 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography (AECG) for the detection of ventricular premature complexes (VPC) in healthy dogs.Case series.50 healthy mature dogs.A 24-hour AECG was performed on each dog and evaluated for the presence of VPC.Fifty dogs weighing between 18.2 to 40.9 kg (40 and 90 lb) representing 13 breeds were evaluated; there were 4 sexually intact females, 21 spayed females, 4 sexually intact males, and 21 castrated males. Ages ranged from 1 to 12 years. Thirty-four dogs had no VPC; 16 dogs had between 1 and 24 VPC. The grade of arrhythmia ranged from 1 to 4, with 4 dogs having an arrhythmia with a grade > 1. Significant differences were not detected between the group of dogs with VPC and those without VPC with regard to sex, age, and minimum, maximum, or mean heart rate.We conclude that healthy mature dogs have infrequent VPC, as detected by use of 24-hour AECG. The presence of numerous or sequential VPC may be suggestive of cardiac or systemic disease and may indicate the need for thorough clinical evaluation. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1291 VL - 218 IS - 8 SP - 1291–1295 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy AU - Meurs, K.M. AU - Spier, A.W. T2 - Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine PY - 2001/// VL - IV SP - 56–78 PB - WB Saunders ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection of hairy root clones of Artemisia annua L. for artemisinin production AU - Xie, Deyu AU - Ye, Hechun AU - Li, Guofeng AU - Guo, Zhongchen AU - Zou, Zhuorong AU - Guo, Zhongchen T2 - Israel Journal of Plant Sciences AB - Hairy roots were induced from two kinds of explants and selection of hairy root clones was studied for artemisin in production. Leaf blade pieces and petiole segments of Artemisia annua plantlets were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenesstrain 1601. The efficiency of leaf blade pieces forming hairy roots was higher than that of petiole segments. Light promoted hairy root induction and branching. Two hundred and twenty hairy root clones showed considerable variations in capacity of growth and branching. Six hairy root clones were established in suspension culture and showed obvious differences in their biomass and artemisin in content. Among six clones, clone 1601-L-3 produced the highest biomass, more than 70 times the inoculum, while clone 1601-L-1 gave the lowest biomass. The artemisin in content of clone 1601-L-1 was the highest, 1.195 mg/g DW, and this line yielded the highest artemisinin level of 9.08 mg/L. DA - 2001/1/1/ PY - 2001/1/1/ DO - 10.1560/n11n-6blg-er7c-xkct VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 129-134 J2 - Israel Journal of Plant Sciences OP - SN - 0792-9978 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/n11n-6blg-er7c-xkct DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regeneration of Acacia mangium through somatic embryogenesis AU - Xie, D. Y. AU - Hong, Y. T2 - Plant Cell Reports DA - 2001/1/15/ PY - 2001/1/15/ DO - 10.1007/s002990000288 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 34-40 J2 - Plant Cell Reports OP - SN - 0721-7714 1432-203X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990000288 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - AU - Xie, Deyu AU - Hong, Yan T2 - Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1023/a:1010632619342 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 167-173 OP - SN - 0167-6857 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010632619342 DB - Crossref KW - micropropagation KW - regeneration KW - thidiazuron ER - TY - CHAP TI - Finding All Common Intervals of k Permutations AU - Heber, Steffen AU - Stoye, Jens T2 - Combinatorial Pattern Matching AB - Given k permutations of n elements, a k-tuple of intervals of these permutations consisting of the same set of elements is called a common interval. We present an algorithm that finds in a family of k permutations of n elements all K common intervals in optimal O(nk+K) time and O(n) additional space.This extends a result by Uno and Yagiura (Algorithmica 26, 290-309, 2000) who present an algorithm to find all K common intervals of k = 2 permutations in optimal O(n+K) time and O(n) space. To achieve our result, we introduce the set of irreducible intervals, a generating subset of the set of all common intervals of k permutations. PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/3-540-48194-x_19 SP - 207-218 OP - PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 9783540422716 9783540481942 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48194-x_19 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - GAW12: Simulated Genome Scan, Sequence, and Family Data for a Common Disease AU - Almasy, Laura AU - Terwilliger, Joseph D. AU - Nielsen, Dahlia AU - Dyer, Thomas D. AU - Zaykin, Dmitri AU - Blangero, John T2 - Genetic Epidemiology AB - The Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 12 simulated data involves a common disease defined by imposing a threshold on a quantitative liability distribution. Associated with the disease are five quantitative risk factors, a quantitative environmental exposure, and a dichotomous environmental variable. Age at disease onset and household membership were also simulated. Genotype data, including 2,855 microsatellites on 22 autosomes, were simulated for 1,497 individuals in 23 families. Phenotype data and sequence data for seven candidate genes were provided for 1,000 of these individuals who were "living" and available for study. Data were simulated for 50 replicate samples in each of two populations, a general population and a population isolate formed from a small group of founders. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s332 VL - 21 IS - S1 SP - S332-S338 LA - en OP - SN - 0741-0395 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.2001.21.s1.s332 DB - Crossref KW - population isolate KW - quantitative trait KW - simulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Association Studies under General Disease Models AU - Nielsen, Dahlia M. AU - Weir, B.S. T2 - Theoretical Population Biology AB - There is great expectation that the levels of association found between genetic markers and disease status will play a role in the location of disease genes. This expectation follows from regarding association as being proportional to linkage disequilibrium and therefore inversely related to recombination value. For disease genes with more than two alleles, the association measure is instead a weighted average of linkage disequilibria, with the weights depending on allele frequencies and genotype susceptibilities at the disease loci. There is no longer a simple relationship, even in expectation, with recombination. We adopt a general framework to examine association mapping methods which helps to clarify the nature of case-control and transmission/disequilibrium-type tests and reveals the relationship between measures of association and coefficients of linkage disequilibrium. In particular, we can show the consequences of additive and nonadditive effects at the trait locus on the behavior of these tests. These concepts have a natural extension to marker haplotypes. The association of two-locus marker haplotypes with disease phenotype depends on a weighted average of three-locus disequilibria (two markers with each disease locus). It is likely that these two-marker analyses will provide additional information in association mapping studies. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1006/tpbi.2001.1539 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 253-263 J2 - Theoretical Population Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5809 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.2001.1539 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular and cellular fundamentals of aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene. T2 - Biodegradation DA - 2001/1/1/ PY - 2001/1/1/ DO - 10.1023/a:1012089908518 UR - https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012089908518 KW - bioremediation KW - cometabolism KW - cooxidation KW - methane monooxygenase KW - toluene monooxygenase KW - trichloroethylene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemiology: How Viruses Spread Among Computers and People AU - Lloyd, A.L. AU - May, R.M. T2 - Science AB - The spread of diseases in human and other populations can be described in terms of networks, where individuals are represented by nodes and modes of contact by edges. Similar models can be applied to the spread of viruses on the Internet. In their Perspective, Lloyd and May discuss the similarities and differences between the dynamics of computer viruses and infections of human and other populations. DA - 2001/5/18/ PY - 2001/5/18/ DO - 10.1126/SCIENCE.1061076 VL - 292 IS - 5520 SP - 1316-1317 SN - 0036-8075 1095-9203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1061076 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viability and stability of biological control agents on cotton and snap bean seeds AU - Elliott, Monica L AU - Jardin, Elizabeth A Des AU - Batson, William E AU - Caceres, Jacobo AU - Brannen, Philip M AU - Howell, Charles R AU - Benson, D Michael AU - Conway, Kenneth E AU - Rothrock, Craig S AU - Schneider, Raymond W AU - Ownley, Bonnie H AU - Canaday, Craig H AU - Keinath, Anthony P AU - Huber, Donald M AU - Sumner, Donald R AU - Motsenbocker, Carl E AU - Thaxton, Peggy M AU - Cubeta, Marc A AU - Adams, Pamela D AU - Backman, Paul A AU - Fajardo, Julius AU - Newman, Melvin A AU - Pereira, Roberto M T2 - Pest Management Science AB - Abstract Cotton and snap bean were selected for a multi‐year, multi‐state regional (south‐eastern USA) research project to evaluate the efficacy of both commercial and experimental bacterial and fungal biological control agents for the management of damping‐off diseases. The goal for this portion of the project was to determine the viability and stability of biological agents after application to seed. The biological seed treatments used included: (1) Bacillaceae bacteria, (2) non‐ Bacillaceae bacteria, (3) the fungus Trichoderma and (4) the fungus Beauveria bassiana . Seed assays were conducted to evaluate the following application factors: short‐term (≤3 months) stability after seed treatment; quality (ie isolate purity); compatibility with chemical pesticides and other biocontrol agents; application uniformity between years and plant species. For the bacterial treatments, the Bacillaceae genera ( Bacillus and Paenibacillus ) maintained the greatest population of bacteria per seed, the best viability over time and the best application uniformity across years and seed type. The non‐ Bacillaceae genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas had the least viability and uniformity. Although Beauveria bassiana was only evaluated one year, the seed fungal populations were high and uniform. The seed fungal populations and uniformity for the Trichoderma isolates were more variable, except for the commercial product T‐22. However, this product was contaminated with a Streptomyces isolate in both the years that it was evaluated. The study demonstrated that Bacillaceae can be mixed with Trichoderma isolates or with numerous pesticides to provide an integrated pest control/growth enhancement package. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/ps.342 VL - 57 IS - 8 SP - 695-706 J2 - Pest. Manag. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 1526-498X 1526-4998 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.342 DB - Crossref KW - Arthrobacter KW - Bacillus KW - Beauveria bassiana KW - Burkholderia KW - Gossypium hirsutum KW - Paenibacillus KW - Phaseolus vulgaris KW - Pseudomonas KW - seed treatments KW - Trichoderma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation of QT dispersion with indices used to evaluate the severity of familial ventricular arrhythmias in Boxers AU - Spier, Alan W. AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Muir, William W. AU - Lehmkuhl, Linda B. AU - Hamlin, Robert L. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - To measure QT interval duration and QT dispersion in Boxers and to determine whether QT variables correlate with indices of disease severity in Boxers with familial ventricular arrhythmias, including the number of ventricular premature complexes per day, arrhythmia grade, and fractional shortening.25 Boxers were evaluated by ECG and echocardiography.The QT interval duration was measured from 12-lead ECG and corrected for heart rate (QTc), using Fridericia's formula. The QT and QTc were calculated for each lead, from which QT and QTc dispersion were determined. Echocardiography and 24-hour ambulatory ECG were performed to evaluate for familial ventricular arrhythmias. Total number of ventricular premature complexes, arrhythmia grade, and fractional shortening were determined and used as indices of disease severity.There was no correlation between any QT variable and total number of ventricular premature complexes, arrhythmia grade, or fractional shortening. No difference between QT dispersion and QTc dispersion was identified, and correction for heart rate did not affect the results.QT interval duration and dispersion did not correlate with indices of disease severity for familial ventricular arrhythmias. Heart rate correction of the QT interval did not appear to be necessary for QT dispersion calculation in this group of dogs. QT dispersion does not appear to be a useful noninvasive diagnostic tool in the evaluation of familial ventricular arrhythmias of Boxers. Identification of affected individuals at risk for sudden death remains a challenge in the management of this disease. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1481 VL - 62 IS - 9 SP - 1481-1485 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1481 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of in-hospital versus 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography for detection of ventricular premature complexes in mature Boxers AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Spier, Alan W. AU - Wright, Nicola A. AU - Hamlin, Robert L. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To evaluate the use of in-hospital electrocardiography (ECG) for detection of ventricular premature complexes (VPC), compared with 24-hour ambulatory ECG.Original study.188 Boxers > 9 months old; 31 had a history of syncope, and 157 were healthy (no history of syncope).In-hospital ECG was performed on all Boxers for at least 2 minutes. Within 7 days after the in-hospital ECG was completed, 24-hour ambulatory ECG was performed.The specificity of in-hospital ECG was 100% for the detection of at least 50 VPC in a 24-hour period in dogs with syncope and 93% in healthy dogs. In-hospital ECG had poor sensitivity, although sensitivity increased as the number of VPC per 24 hours increased.Use of in-hospital ECG is highly specific for detection of at least 50 VPC during a 24-hour period. However, in-hospital ECG is insensitive, and a lack of VPC does not suggest that the dog does not have a substantial number of VPC during that same period. The use of in-hospital ECG appears to be inadequate for screening purposes and therapeutic evaluations in mature Boxers with ventricular arrhythmic disease. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.218.222 VL - 218 IS - 2 SP - 222-224 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.222 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of western immunoblot for evaluation of myocardial dystrophin, -sarcoglycan, and -dystroglycan in dogs with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy AU - Spier, Alan W AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Coovert, Daniel D AU - Lehmkuhl, Linda B. AU - O'Grady, Michael R. AU - Freeman, Lisa M. AU - Burghes, Arthur H. AU - Towbin, Jeffrey A. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - To evaluate the potential importance of dystrophin, alpha-sarcoglycan (adhalin), and beta-dystroglycan, by use of western blot analysis, in several breeds of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.Myocardial samples obtained from 12 dogs were evaluated, including tissues from 7 dogs affected with dilated cardiomyopathy, 4 control dogs with no identifiable heart disease (positive control), and 1 dog affected with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (negative control for dystrophin). Of the affected dogs, 4 breeds were represented (Doberman Pinscher, Dalmatian, Bullmastiff, and Irish Wolfhound).Western blot analysis was used for evaluation of myocardial samples obtained from dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy for the presence of dystrophin and 2 of its associated glycoproteins, alpha-sarcoglycan and beta-dystroglycan.Detectable differences were not identified between dogs with and without myocardial disease in any of the proteins evaluated.Abnormalities in dystrophin, alpha-sarcoglycan, and beta-dystroglycan proteins were not associated with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in the dogs evaluated in this study. In humans, the development of molecular biological techniques has allowed for the identification of specific causes of dilated cardiomyopathy that were once considered to be idiopathic. The use of similar techniques in veterinary medicine may aid in the identification of the cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, and may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.67 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 67-71 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.67 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytochrome c is not essential for viability of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans AU - Bradshaw, R.E. AU - Bird, D.M. AU - Brown, S. AU - Gardiner, R.E. AU - Hirst, P. T2 - Molecular Genetics and Genomics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/s004380100517 VL - 266 IS - 1 SP - 48-55 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034885798&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cytochrome c KW - Aspergillus KW - gene replacement KW - alternative respiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - A microbial population-species interface: nested cladistic and coalescent inference with multilocus data AU - Carbone, I. AU - Kohn, L. M. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Using sequence data from seven nuclear loci in 385 isolates of the haploid, plant parasitic, ascomycete fungus, Sclerotinia, divergence times of populations and of species were distinguished. The evolutionary history of haplotypes on both population and species scales was reconstructed using a combination of parsimony, maximum likelihood and coalescent methods, implemented in a specific order. Analysis of site compatibility revealed recombination blocks from which alternative (marginal) networks were inferred, reducing uncertainty in the network due to recombination. Our own modifications of Templeton and co-workers' cladistic inference method and a coalescent approach detected the same phylogeographic processes. Assuming neutrality and a molecular clock, the boundary between divergent populations and species is an interval of time between coalescence (to a common ancestor) of populations and coalescence of species. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01244.x VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 947-964 J2 - Mol Ecol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1083 1365-294X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01244.x DB - Crossref KW - fungi KW - migration KW - recombination KW - Sclerotinia KW - site compatibility KW - speciation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multilocus nested haplotype networks extended with DNA fingerprints show common origin and fine-scale, ongoing genetic divergence in a wild microbial metapopulation AU - Carbone, Ignazio AU - Kohn, Linda M. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Nested haplotype networks for three loci in a haploid, fungal plant pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, in two natural, Norwegian populations of the woodland buttercup, Ranunculus ficaria, were extended with DNA fingerprints to determine fine-scale population divergence. To preserve the cladistic structure in the network for both nonrecombinant and postrecombinant haplotypes in highly recombinant clades, recombinant events were not removed ('peeled off'), but instead were examined in alternative (marginal) networks. Fungi from both sampling locations share a common origin with subsequent genetic divergence, consistent with expectations for metapopulation structure. Evidence for divergence includes (i) lack of shared fingerprints between the two locations, (ii) evolution of new fingerprints, via transposition and recombination, within 2 years on a fine spatial scale within one sampling location, and (iii) increase in the size of the intergenic spacer (IGS) in both sampling locations. Sites of microsatellite repeat expansion and of an insertion were consistent with the boundaries of two recombination blocks in the IGS. Both alternative networks based on the recombination blocks were essential to finding all associations of DNA fingerprints with IGS size, sampling site, sampling year and mycelial compatibility group. Variation in the elongation factor 1alpha and calmodulin loci supported the topologies and the recurrent, ongoing polarity of change in fingerprints and IGS size inferred from the IGS. DA - 2001/12/21/ PY - 2001/12/21/ DO - 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01380.x VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 2409-2422 LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1083 1365-294X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01380.x DB - Crossref KW - fungi KW - genome size KW - IGS KW - microsatellite expansion KW - recombination block KW - Sclerotinia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy in Great Danes and results of a pedigree analysis: 17 cases (1990-2000) AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Miller, Matthew W. AU - Wright, Nicola A. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To determine clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Great Danes and to determine whether DCM is familial in this breed.Retrospective study.17 Great Danes with DCM.Medical records of Great Danes in which DCM was diagnosed on the basis of results of echocardiography (fractional shortening < 25%, end-systolic volume index > 30 ml/m2 of body surface area) were reviewed. Pedigrees were obtained for affected animals, as well as for other Great Danes in which DCM had been diagnosed.Dilated cardiomyopathy appeared to be familial and was characterized by ventricular dilatation, congestive heart failure (left-sided or biventricular), and atrial fibrillation. Pedigree analysis suggested that DCM was inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, but the mode of inheritance could not be definitively identified.Results suggest that DCM may be an X-linked recessive trait in Great Danes. Thus, dogs with DCM probably should not be used for breeding, and female offspring of affected dogs should be used cautiously. Male offspring of affected females are at an increased risk of developing DCM and should be evaluated periodically for early signs of disease. Results of pedigree analysis were preliminary and should be used only as a guide for counseling breeders, rather than as a basis for making breeding decisions. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.218.729 VL - 218 IS - 5 SP - 729-732 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.729 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the cardiac actin gene in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Magnon, Alex L. AU - Spier, Alan W. AU - Miller, Mathew W. AU - Lehmkuhl, Linda B. AU - Towbin, Jeffrey A. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - To evaluate the coding region of the cardiac actin gene in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) for mutations that could be responsible for the development of the condition28 dogs (16 Doberman Pinschers with DCM and 12 mixed-breed control dogs).Ten milliliters of blood was collected from each dog for DNA extraction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed to amplify canine exonic regions, using the sequences of exons 2 to 6 of the cardiac actin gene. Single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis was performed for each exon with all samples. Autoradiographs were analyzed for banding patterns specific to affected dogs. The DNA sequencing was performed on a selected group of affected and control dogs.Molecular analysis of exons 2 to 6 of the cardiac actin gene did not reveal any differences in base pairs between affected dogs and control dogs selected for DNA evaluation.Mutations in exons 5 and 6 of the cardiac actin gene that have been reported in humans with familial DCM do not appear to be the cause of familial DCM in Doberman Pinschers. Additionally, evaluation of exons 2 to 6 for causative mutations did not reveal a cause for inherited DCM in these Doberman Pinschers. Although there is evidence that DCM in Doberman Pinschers is an inherited problem, a molecular basis for this condition remains unresolved. Evaluation of other genes coding for cytoskeletal proteins is warranted. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.33 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 33-36 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.33 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymerase chain reaction analysis for viruses in paraffin-embedded myocardium from dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy or myocarditis AU - Maxson, Tracy R. AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Lehmkuhl, Linda B. AU - Magnon, Alex L. AU - Weisbrode, Steven E. AU - Atkins, Clarke E. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis on paraffin-embedded myocardium from dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and dogs with myocarditis to screen for canine parvovirus, adenovirus types 1 and 2, and herpesvirus. Sample Population —Myocardial specimens from 18 dogs with an antemortem diagnosis of DCM and 9 dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of myocarditis were evaluated. Procedure —Paraffin-embedded myocardial specimens were screened for viral genome by PCR analysis. Positive-control specimens were developed from cell cultures as well as paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from dogs with clinical and histopathologic diagnoses of viral infection with canine parvovirus, adenovirus types 1 and 2, and herpesvirus. The histologic characteristics of all myocardial specimens were classified regarding extent, location, and type of inflammation and fibrosis. Results —Canine adenovirus type 1 was amplified from 1 specimen from a dog with DCM. Canine parvovirus, adenovirus type 2, and herpesvirus were not amplified from any myocardial specimens. Histologic analysis of specimens from dogs with DCM revealed variable amounts of fibrosis; myocardial inflammation was observed in 1 affected dog. Histopathologic analysis of specimens from dogs with myocarditis disclosed variable degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. C onclusions and Clinical Relevance —Viral agents canine parvovirus, adenovirus types 1 and 2, and herpesvirus are not commonly associated with DCM or active myocarditis in dogs. Additional studies evaluating for nucleic acid from viruses that less commonly affect dogs or different types of infectious agents may be warranted to gain insight into the cause of DCM and myocarditis in dogs. ( Am J Vet Res 2001;62: 130–135) DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.130 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 130-135 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.130 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The 14th annual international mammalian genome society conference: A glimpse into the future of murine functional genomics AU - Strunk, Karen E. AU - Roberts, Reade Bruce T2 - genesis AB - genesisVolume 29, Issue 4 p. 153-155 Graduate Student Commentary The 14th annual international mammalian genome society conference: A glimpse into the future of murine functional genomics † Karen E. Strunk, Karen E. Strunk Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel HillSearch for more papers by this authorReade Bruce Roberts, Corresponding Author Reade Bruce Roberts reader@med.unc.edu Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel HillDepartment of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264Search for more papers by this author Karen E. Strunk, Karen E. Strunk Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel HillSearch for more papers by this authorReade Bruce Roberts, Corresponding Author Reade Bruce Roberts reader@med.unc.edu Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel HillDepartment of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264Search for more papers by this author First published: 10 April 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/gene.1018Citations: 1 † Editor's note: We encourage graduate students to submit commentaries of interest to Terry Magnuson. The commentaries will be reviewed by the editors and outside referees consisting of two graduate students. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume29, Issue4April 2001Pages 153-155 RelatedInformation DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/gene.1018 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 153-155 J2 - genesis LA - en OP - SN - 1526-954X 1526-968X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gene.1018 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemiological and ecological characteristics of past dengue virus infection in Santa Clara, Peru AU - Reiskind, Michael H. AU - Baisley, Kathy J. AU - Calampa, Carlos AU - Sharp, Trueman W. AU - Watts, Douglas M. AU - Wilson, Mark L. T2 - Tropical Medicine and International Health AB - To determine risk factors associated with dengue (DEN) virus infection among residents of Santa Clara, Peru, a rural Amazonian village near Iquitos, a cross‐sectional serological, epidemiological and environmental survey was conducted. Demographic, social and behavioural information was obtained by standardized questionnaire from 1225 Santa Clara residents (61.3%) aged 5 years or older. Additional data were obtained on the environmental variables and immature mosquito species and abundance surrounding each household ( n =248). Sera that had been collected previously by the Peruvian Ministry of Health from residents were tested by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for DEN virus IgG antibody. Antibody identity was verified as DEN by plaque reduction neutralization test. Data on individuals were analysed by univariate and multivariable methods, and independent sample t ‐tests. Spatial clustering was evaluated by comparing distances among DEN positive households. Overall, antibody prevalence was 29.4% and more than doubled from the youngest to the oldest age groups, but did not differ by sex. Curiously, length of residence in Santa Clara was negatively associated with DEN virus antibodies. More frequent travel to Iquitos was positively associated with seroprevalence. Residents who obtained water from a river source rather than a local well also had significantly higher antibody prevalence. None of the environmental variables measured at each household corresponded to the patterns of antibody distribution. Of the larval mosquitoes found around residences, all were determined to be species other than Aedes . No evidence of spatial autocorrelation among antibody‐positive households was detected. These results strongly suggested that recent DEN virus transmission did not occur in the village and that most infections of residents of this rural village were acquired while visiting the city of Iquitos. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00703.x VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 212-218 J2 - Trop Med Int Health LA - en OP - SN - 1360-2276 1365-3156 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00703.x DB - Crossref KW - dengue fever KW - virus antibody serology KW - Aedes aegypti KW - spatial pattern KW - vector ecology KW - Peru ER - TY - CHAP TI - Functional genomics and cell wall biosynthesis in loblolly pine AU - Whetten, Ross AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Zhang, Yi AU - Sederoff, Ron T2 - Plant Cell Walls PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-010-0668-2_16 SP - 275-291 OP - PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 9789401038614 9789401006682 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0668-2_16 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of age and sex on the production of internal and external hydrocarbons and pheromones in the housefly, Musca domestica (vol 31, pg 139, 2001) AU - MPURU, S AU - BLOMQUIST, GJ AU - SCHAL, C AU - ROUX, M AU - KUENZLI, M AU - DUSTICIER, G AU - CLEMENT, JL AU - BAGNERES, AG T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 31 IS - 9 SP - 935 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An adaptive benefit of facultative coprophagy in the German cockroach Blattella germanica AU - KOPANIC, RJ AU - HOLBROOK, GL AU - SEVALA, V AU - SCHAL, C T2 - ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 154-162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). AU - Akinbile, Christopher O AU - Yusoff, Mohd Suffian AU - Abdullah, MMF AU - El-Hadad, SA AU - Satour, MM AU - Ade-Ademilua, OE AU - Iwaotan, TO AU - Osaji, TC AU - Akinbile, CO AU - Akinbile, CO AU - others T2 - Asian Journal of Agricultural Research DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 12-14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ethylene pathway: a paradigm for plant hormone signaling and interaction AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. T2 - Science Signaling DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 2001 IS - 70 SP - re1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phototropin-related NPL1 controls chloroplast relocation induced by blue light AU - Jarillo, Jose A. AU - Gabrys, Halina AU - Capel, Juan AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Cashmore, Anthony R. T2 - Nature DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 410 IS - 6831 SP - 952-954 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Arabidopsis circadian clock component interacts with both CRY1 and phyB AU - Jarillo, Jose A. AU - Capel, Juan AU - Tang, Ru-Hang AU - Yang, Hong-Quan AU - Alonso, Jose M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Cashmore, Anthony R. T2 - Nature DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 410 IS - 6827 SP - 487-490 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of Herbivory on Plants in Different Resource Conditions: A Meta-Analysis AU - Hawkes, Christine V. AU - Sullivan, Jon J. T2 - Ecology AB - Understanding how plant recovery from herbivory interacts with the resource environment is necessary to predict under what resource conditions plants are most affected by herbivory, and ultimately how herbivory impacts plant population dynamics. It has been commonly assumed that plants are generally best able to recover from herbivory when growing in high resource conditions, an assumption which is supported by some models (e.g., the continuum of responses model) but opposed by others (e.g., the growth rate model). The validity and generality of any effects of resources (light, nutrients, and water) on plant recovery from herbivory were tested with mixed-model, factorial meta-analyses using a log response ratio metric applied to plant growth and reproduction data from the ecological literature. In total, 81 records from 45 studies were included in the growth meta-analysis, and 24 records from 14 studies in the reproduction meta-analysis. High resource levels and the absence of herbivory both strongly increased plant growth and reproduction. There was no significant overall interaction between growth or reproduction after herbivory and resource conditions, but the interaction terms were significant for each plant functional group in the growth meta-analysis. Basal meristem monocots grew significantly more after herbivory in high resources, while both dicot herbs and woody plants grew significantly more after herbivory in low resources. A similar result was found in the 34.6% of growth records where exact- or overcompensation occurred. Overcompensation was more likely in high resources for monocots and in low resources for dicot herbs. The reproduction data set was too small to subdivide. These qualitative differences between monocot and dicot herbs and woody plants explain many of the contradictory results in the literature and show that no single current model can account for the responses of all plants to herbivory. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.2307/2680068 VL - 82 IS - 7 SP - 2045 KW - compensation KW - continuum of responses model KW - defoliation KW - effect size KW - growth rate model KW - herbivory KW - log response ratio KW - meta analysis KW - plant growth and reproduction KW - plant-herbivore interactions KW - overcompensation KW - resources ER - TY - JOUR TI - A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage AU - Schweitzer, Mary Higby AU - Marshall, Cynthia Lee T2 - Journal of Experimental Zoology AB - Ectothermy is a primitive state; therefore, a shared common ancestor of crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds was at some point ectothermic. Birds, the extant descendants of the dinosaurs, are endothermic. Neither the metabolic transition within this lineage nor the place the dinosaurs held along the ectothermic-endothermic continuum is defined. This paper presents a conceptual model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage. It is recognized that other animals (some fish, insects, etc.) are functionally endothermic. However, endothermy in other clades is beyond the scope of this paper, and we address the onset of endothermy in only the theropod/bird clade. The model begins with simple changes in a single gene of a common ancestor, and it includes a series of concomitant physiological and morphological changes, beginning perhaps as early as the first archosaurian common ancestor of dinosaurs and crocodiles. These changes continued to accumulate within the theropod-avian lineage, were maintained and refined through selective forces, and culminated in extant birds. Metabolic convergence or homoplasy is evident in the inherent differences between the endothermy of mammals and the endothermy of extant birds. The strength and usefulness of this model lie in the phylogenetic, genetic, evolutionary, and adaptive plausibility of each of the suggested developmental steps toward endothermy. The model, although conceptual in nature, relies on an extensive knowledge base developed by numerous workers in each of these areas. In addition, the model integrates known genetic, metabolic, and developmental aspects of extant taxa that phylogenetically bracket theropod dinosaurs for comparison with information derived from the fossil record of related extinct taxa. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/jez.1132 VL - 291 IS - 4 SP - 317-338 J2 - J. Exp. Zool. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-104X 1097-010X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1132 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic cell suspensions of the banana cultivar Rasthali (AAB) AU - Ganapathi, T.R. AU - Higgs, N.S. AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. AU - Arntzen, C.J. AU - May, G. AU - Van Eck, J.M. T2 - Plant Cell Reports DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/s002990000287 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 157-162 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035114990&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - banana KW - Agrobacterium KW - Rasthali ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a transformation system for Mycosphaerella pathogens of banana: a tool for the study of host/pathogen interactions AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. AU - May, G.D. AU - Churchill, A.C.L. T2 - FEMS Microbiology Letters AB - A genetic transformation system has been developed for three Mycosphaerella pathogens of banana and plantain (Musa spp.). Mycosphaerella fijiensis and Mycosphaerella musicola, the causal agents of black and yellow Sigatoka, respectively, and Mycosphaerella eumusae, which causes Septoria leaf spot of banana, were transformed with a construct carrying a synthetic gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Most single-spored transformants that expressed GFP constitutively were mitotically stable in the absence of selection for hygromycin B resistance. Transformants of all three species were pathogenic on the susceptible banana cultivar Grand Nain, and growth in planta was comparable to wild-type strains. GFP expression by transformants allowed us to observe extensive fungal growth within leaf tissue that eventually turned necrotic, at which point the fungi grew saprophytically on the dead tissue. Leaf chlorosis and necrosis were often observed in advance of saprophytic growth of the mycelium on necrotic tissue, which supports previous reports suggesting secretion of a phytotoxin. DA - 2001/2/5/ PY - 2001/2/5/ DO - 10.1016/s0378-1097(00)00537-1 VL - 195 IS - 1 SP - 9-15 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035808973&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - fungal transformation KW - plant disease KW - green fluorescent protein KW - Musa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of estrogen-induced genes downregulated by AhR agonists in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using suppression subtractive hybridization AU - Chen, I AU - Hsieh, T AU - Thomas, T AU - Safe, S T2 - Gene AB - Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists inhibit 17beta-estradiol (E2) induced growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro and rodent mammary tumor growth in vivo. Genes associated with inhibitory AhR-estrogen receptor (ER) crosstalk were investigated in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using poly(A)(+)RNA from cells treated with either 1 nM E2 (target) or E2 plus 1 nM 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (reference) or 25 microM diindolylmethane (DIM) as AhR agonists in MCF-7 cells. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was subsequently used to identify 33 genes with sequence homology to known human genes that are induced by E2 and inhibited by AhR agonists in MCF-7 cells; two unknown genes were also identified. Many of these genes are involved in cell proliferation and these include cell cycle regulators (cdc28/cdc2-associated protein), nucleotide synthases (thymidylate synthase), early intermediate genes (early growth response alpha, EGRalpha) and other proteins involved in signaling pathways (calmodulin, ATP synthase alpha subunit). Thus SSH has identified a diverse spectrum of new genes that are affected by inhibitory AhR-ER crosstalk and among this group are a subset of genes that may be critical for the in vivo antitumorigenic effects of AhR agonists. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00530-8 VL - 262 IS - 1-2 SP - 207-214 J2 - Gene LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1119 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00530-8 DB - Crossref KW - antiestrogens KW - gene expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene expression in the developing mouse retina by EST sequencing and microarray analysis. T2 - Nucleic acids research AB - Retinal development occurs in mice between embryonic day E11.5 and post-natal day P8 as uncommitted neuroblasts assume retinal cell fates. The genetic pathways regulating retinal development are being identified but little is understood about the global networks that link these pathways together or the complexity of the expressed gene set required to form the retina. At E14.5, the retina contains mostly uncommitted neuroblasts and newly differentiated neurons. Here we report a sequence analysis of an E14.5 retinal cDNA library. To date, we have archived 15 268 ESTs and have annotated 9035, which represent 5288 genes. The fraction of singly occurring ESTs as a function of total EST accrual suggests that the total number of expressed genes in the library could approach 27 000. The 9035 ESTs were categorized by their known or putative functions. Representation of the genes involved in eye development was significantly higher in the retinal clone set compared with the NIA mouse 15K cDNA clone set. Screening with a microarray containing 864 cDNA clones using wild-type and brn-3b (-/-) retinal cDNA probes revealed a potential regulatory linkage between the transcription factor Brn-3b and expression of GAP-43, a protein associated with axon growth. The retinal EST database will be a valuable platform for gene expression profiling and a new source for gene discovery. DA - 2001/12/1/ PY - 2001/12/1/ DO - 10.1093/nar/29.24.4983 UR - http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC97568 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of nucleotide composition bias on the success of the parsimony criterion in phylogenetic inference AU - Conant, G.C. AU - Lewis, P.O. T2 - Molecular Biology and Evolution DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 1024-1033 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034983477&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of antiinflammatory therapy. AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, A T2 - Equine practice DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 245–62, UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15658174 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Posttranscriptional silencing of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development AU - Mattingly, Carolyn J. AU - Toscano, William A. T2 - Developmental Dynamics AB - Abstract Induction patterns of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), an early biochemical marker of exposure to the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐ p ‐dioxin (TCDD, or dioxin) were investigated during zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) development. A zebrafish CYP1A1 cDNA fragment was cloned and used to detect CYP1A1 mRNA in embryos exposed to TCDD (1 or 10 nM). Induction of CYP1A1 activity was dependent on age and state of hatch. CYP1A1 mRNA was observed by 15 hr postfertilization. CYP1A1 protein and monooxygenase activity were not detected until 3 days postfertilization and after hatch, as determined by Western immunoblot analysis and ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase (EROD) activity, respectively. In contrast to embryos, concomitant induction of mRNA and activity was detected in juvenile zebrafish (3 days posthatch) after 6 hr of TCDD exposure. Asynchronous induction of CYP1A1 mRNA and activity during development may be a general regulatory mechanism, as similar ontogenetic expression of this gene was demonstrated in mouse embryos. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CYP1A1 posttranscriptional silencing during embryogenesis. Our data suggest that TCDD‐mediated induction of CYP1A1 activity is regulated differentially in developing and mature systems. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1002/dvdy.1215 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - 645-654 J2 - Dev. Dyn. LA - en OP - SN - 1058-8388 1097-0177 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.1215 DB - Crossref KW - cytochrome P450 KW - monooxygenase KW - zebrafish KW - Ah receptor KW - dioxin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) function in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). AU - Mattingly, C J AU - McLachlan, J A AU - Toscano, W A, Jr T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives AB - We developed an inducible in vivo reporter system to examine expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) during development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the toxic actions of environmental contaminants such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) is an early biomarker of AhR activation. A 1905 base pair region of the human CYP1A1 promoter/enhancer region was regulated by AhR in zebrafish liver cells after exposure to TCDD (10 nM) in a transient transfection assay. This regulatory region was fused to the cDNA sequence encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) of jellyfish (Aequorea victoria). Transgenic zebrafish were generated to express this AhR-regulated GFP construct. Injected fish exposed to TCDD exhibited induction of GFP in the eye, nose, and vertebrae of zebrafish embryos (48 and 72 hr after fertilization) compared to vehicle controls (DMSO), which did not express GFP. To investigate whether AhR-regulated GFP expression correlated with sites of TCDD toxicity, we exposed wild-type zebrafish to DMSO or TCDD and examined them for morphologic abnormalities. By 5 days after fertilization, TCDD-exposed fish exhibited gross dysmorphogenesis in cranio-facial and vertebral development. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1289/ehp.01109845 VL - 109 IS - 8 SP - 845-849 J2 - Environ Health Perspect LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6765 1552-9924 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109845 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The dependence of viral parameter estimates on the assumed viral life cycle: limitations of studies of viral load data AU - Lloyd, A. L. T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences AB - Estimation of viral parameters, such as the basic reproductive number (R0) and infected cell life span, is central to the quantitative study of the within-host dynamics of viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. As these parameters can rarely be determined directly, they are usually estimated indirectly by fitting mathematical models to viral load data. This paper investigates how parameter estimates obtained by such procedures depend on the assumptions made concerning the viral life cycle. It finds that estimates of the basic reproductive number obtained using viral load data collected during the initial stages of infection can depend quite sensitively on these assumptions. The use of models which neglect the intracellular delay before virion production can lead to severe underestimates of R0 and, hence, to overly optimistic predictions of how efficacious treatment must be in order to prevent or eradicate the disease. These results are also of importance for attempts at estimating R0 from similar epidemiological data as there is a correspondence between within-host and between-host models. Estimates of the life span of infected cells obtained from viral load data collected during drug treatment studies also depend on the assumptions made in modelling the virus life cycle. The use of more realistic descriptions of the life cycle is seen to increase estimates of infected cell life span, in addition to providing a new explanation for the shoulder phase seen during drug treatment. This study highlights the limitations of what can be learnt by fitting mathematical models to infectious disease data without detailed independent knowledge of the life cycle of the infectious agent. DA - 2001/4/22/ PY - 2001/4/22/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2000.1572 VL - 268 IS - 1469 SP - 847-854 J2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 1471-2954 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1572 DB - Crossref KW - virus dynamics KW - parameter estimation KW - basic reproductive number KW - cell life span KW - non-exponential distribution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Destabilization of epidemic models with the inclusion of realistic distributions of infectious periods AU - Lloyd, A. L. T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences AB - Most mathematical models used to understand the dynamical patterns seen in the incidence of childhood viral diseases, such as measles, employ a simple, but epidemiologically unrealistic, description of the infection and recovery process. The inclusion of more realistic descriptions of the recovery process is shown to cause a significant destabilization of the model. When there is seasonal variation in disease transmission this destabilization leads to the appearance of complex dynamical patterns with much lower levels of seasonality than previously predicted. More generally, this study illustrates how detailed dynamical properties of a model may depend in an important way on the assumptions made in the formulation of the model. DA - 2001/5/7/ PY - 2001/5/7/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2001.1599 VL - 268 IS - 1470 SP - 985-993 J2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 1471-2954 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1599 DB - Crossref KW - epidemic model KW - infectious period distribution KW - seasonally forced dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Realistic Distributions of Infectious Periods in Epidemic Models: Changing Patterns of Persistence and Dynamics AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - Theoretical Population Biology AB - Most mathematical models used to study the epidemiology of childhood viral diseases, such as measles, describe the period of infectiousness by an exponential distribution. The effects of including more realistic descriptions of the infectious period within SIR (susceptible/infectious/recovered) models are studied. Less dispersed distributions are seen to have two important epidemiological consequences. First, less stable behaviour is seen within the model: incidence patterns become more complex. Second, disease persistence is diminished: in models with a finite population, the minimum population size needed to allow disease persistence increases. The assumption made concerning the infectious period distribution is of a kind routinely made in the formulation of mathematical models in population biology. Since it has a major effect on the central issues of population persistence and dynamics, the results of this study have broad implications for mathematical modellers of a wide range of biological systems. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1006/tpbi.2001.1525 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 59-71 J2 - Theoretical Population Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5809 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.2001.1525 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infection dynamics on scale-free networks AU - May, Robert M. AU - Lloyd, Alun L. T2 - Physical Review E AB - We discuss properties of infection processes on scale-free networks, relating them to the node-connectivity distribution that characterizes the network. Considering the epidemiologically important case of a disease that confers permanent immunity upon recovery, we derive analytic expressions for the final size of an epidemic in an infinite closed population and for the dependence of infection probability on an individual's degree of connectivity within the population. As in an earlier study [R. Pastor-Satorras and A. Vesipignani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3200 (2001); Phys. Rev. E. 63, 006117 (2001)] for an infection that did not confer immunity upon recovery, the epidemic process--in contrast with many traditional epidemiological models--does not exhibit threshold behavior, and we demonstrate that this is a consequence of the extreme heterogeneity in the connectivity distribution of a scale-free network. Finally, we discuss effects that arise from finite population sizes, showing that networks of finite size do exhibit threshold effects: infections cannot spread for arbitrarily low transmission probabilities. DA - 2001/11/19/ PY - 2001/11/19/ DO - 10.1103/physreve.64.066112 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - 066112 J2 - Phys. Rev. E LA - en OP - SN - 1063-651X 1095-3787 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.64.066112 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - QTL Mapping AU - Zeng, Z.-B. T2 - Encyclopedia of Genetics PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1441 SP - 1587-1593 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9780122270802 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rwgn.2001.1441 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Genome donors of Arachis hypogaea L AU - Tallury, S.P. AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Copeland, S.C. AU - Stalker, H.T. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2001/// VL - 33 SP - 60 ER - TY - CONF TI - Utilizing natural plant metabolites as feeding deterrents for adult Japanese beetles AU - Witt, J.D. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Warren, S.L. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 46th Annual Report DA - 2001/// SP - 228–232 ER - TY - CONF TI - Searching for fire blight resistance in flowering pears (Pyrus spp.) AU - Bell, A.C. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Eaker, T.A. AU - Sutton, T.B. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 46th Annual Report DA - 2001/// SP - 268–271 ER - TY - CONF TI - Rootstock selection and graft compatibility of Chamaecyparis species AU - Holland, B.T. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Eaker, T.A. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators’ Society DA - 2001/// VL - 51 SP - 461–465 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant evaluation program for nursery crops and landscape systems by the Southern Extension and Research Activities/Information Exchange Group-27 AU - Dunwell, W.C. AU - Fare, D. AU - Arnold, M.A. AU - Tilt, K. AU - Knox, G. AU - Witte, W. AU - Knight, P. AU - Pooler, M. AU - Klingeman, W. AU - Niemiera, A. AU - Ruter, J. AU - Yeager, T. AU - Ranney, T. AU - Beeson, R. AU - Lindstrom, J. AU - Bush, E. AU - Owings, A. AU - Schnelle, M. T2 - HortTechnology AB - The Southern Extension and Research Activities/Information Exchange Group-27 (SERA/IEG-27) is sponsored by the Southern Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors. Thirteen universities and the U.S. National Arboretum cooperate with official representatives from extension and research programs. The objective of the group is to identify, evaluate, select, and disseminate information on superior, environmentally sustainable, landscape plants for nursery crop production and landscape systems in the southeastern U.S. Plants are distributed to members responding to a request from cooperators for plant evaluation. Those who agree to cooperate are expected to grow the selected liner to landscape size, then transplant it in a landscape setting. The plant is rated for insect, disease, and cold damage, heat stress, growth rate, ornamental flowering and fruiting, fall color, commercial production potential, landscape potential, invasiveness potential, and insect disease transmission potential. Growth rate is evaluated annually by recording plant height and width. Initial bloom date is reported followed by bloom duration in days. Following evaluation, the group collectively and individually disseminates information gained from the plant evaluation system to a wide variety of audiences. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.21273/horttech.11.3.373 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 373-375 KW - plant evaluation KW - landscape plants KW - plant materials KW - landscape management KW - plant culture ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving adaptability of Cupressaceae with stress-tolerant rootstocks AU - Holland, B.T. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 46th Annual Report DA - 2001/// SP - 492–496 ER - TY - CONF TI - Heat and flooding stresses in Taxus and Cephalotaxus AU - Lasseigne, F.T. AU - Warren, S.L. AU - Blazich, F.A. AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 46th Annual Report DA - 2001/// SP - 490–491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating fire blight resistance among flowering crabapples (Malus spp.) and Pears (Pyrus spp.) AU - Bell, A.C. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Eaker, T.A. AU - Sutton, T.B. T2 - Landscape Plant News DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 2-7 ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparative light tolerance among taxa of Illicium AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 46th Annual Report DA - 2001/// SP - 525–527 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corrigendum to: “The zebrafish fth1, slc3a2, men1, pc, fgf3 and cycd1 genes define two regions of conserved synteny between linkage group 7 and human chromosome 11q13” [Gene 261 (2000) 235–242] AU - Yoder, Jeffrey A AU - Litman, Gary W T2 - Gene DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00443-7 VL - 269 IS - 1-2 SP - 227 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships in Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) based on matK sequence data AU - Soltis, D.E. AU - Tago-Nakazawa, M. AU - Xiang, Q.Y. AU - Kavano, S. AU - Murata, J. AU - Wakabayashi, M. AU - Hibsch-Hetter, C. T2 - American Journal of Botany AB - Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) consists of 57 species widely distributed in temperate and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species restricted to the southern part of South America. Species relationships within the genus are highly problematic. The genus has traditionally been divided into two groups, sometimes recognized as sections ( Oppositifolia and Alternifolia ), based on leaf arrangement, or, alternatively, into 17 series. Based on morphological features, Hara suggested that the genus originated in South America and then subsequently migrated to the Northern Hemisphere. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene matK for species of Chrysosplenium to elucidate relationships, test Hara's biogeographic hypothesis for the genus, and examine chromosomal and gynoecial diversification. These analyses revealed that both sections Oppositifolia and Alternifolia are monophyletic and form two large sister clades. Hence, leaf arrangement is a good indicator of relationships within this genus. Hara's series Pilosa and Macrostemon are each also monophyletic ; however, series Oppositifolia, Alternifolia , and Nepalensia are clearly not monophyletic. MacClade reconstructions suggest that the genus arose in Eastern Asia, rather than in South America, with several independent migration events from Asia to the New World. In one well‐defined subclade, species from eastern and western North America form a discrete clade, with Old World species as their sister group, suggesting that the eastern and western North American taxa diverged following migration to that continent. The South American species forms a clade with species from eastern Asia; this disjunction may be the result of ancient long‐distance dispersal. Character mapping demonstrated that gynoecial diversification is dynamic, with reversals from inferior to half‐inferior ovaries, as well as to ovaries that appear superior. Chromosomal evolution also appears to be labile with several independent origins of n = 12 (from an original number of n = 11) and multiple episodes of aneuploidy. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.2307/2657040 VL - 88 IS - 5 SP - 883–894 KW - chromosomal evolution KW - Chrysosplenium KW - gynoecial diversification KW - matK sequences KW - phytogeography KW - Saxifragaceae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge before, during, and after an incident of foaming by oligonucleotide probe hybridizations and antibody staining. AU - Oerther, D. B. AU - Reyes, F. L. AU - Reyes, M. F. AU - Raskin, L. T2 - Water Res DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - S0043-1354(01)00057-4 [pii] VL - 35 IS - 14 SP - 3325-36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Methods in Biological Systems AU - Oerther, Daniel B. AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - water environ res AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 73, Issue 7 p. 116-150 Measurement and Monitoring of PollutantFree Access Molecular Methods in Biological Systems Daniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorFrancis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this author Daniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorFrancis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2001 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143001X143493AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume73, Issue72001 Literature ReviewSeptember-October 2001Pages 116-150 RelatedInformation DA - 2001/10/1/ PY - 2001/10/1/ DO - 10.2175/106143001x143493 VL - 73 IS - 6 SP - 116-150 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000208064000003&KeyUID=WOS:000208064000003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF FILAMENTOUS BULKING IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE USING OLIGONUCLEOTIDE HYBRIDIZATION PROBES AU - Liao, Jiangying AU - Keith, Julia E. AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - proc water environ fed DA - 2001/1/1/ PY - 2001/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864701790902950 VL - 2001 IS - 15 SP - 708-717 ER - TY - CONF TI - System-Wide Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Genetic Algorithms AU - Loughlin, Daniel H. AU - Doby, Troy A. AU - Ducoste, Joel J. AU - Reyes, Francis L. C2 - 2001/5// C3 - Bridging the Gap DA - 2001/5// DO - 10.1061/40569(2001)106 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inactivation of an Astrovirus Associated with Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome AU - Schultz-Cherry, Stacey AU - King, Daniel J. AU - Koci, Matthew D. T2 - Avian Diseases AB - Outbreaks of poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) continue to cause financial losses to the turkey industry. Clinically, PEMS is defined by mortality profiles, diarrhea, flock unevenness, and immunosuppression. PEMS is a very difficult disease to control and prevent. Depopulation of PEMS-affected flocks and thorough cleaning of the contaminated housing have failed to prevent infection (disease) in subsequent flock placements. The relationship of PEMS to other enteric disease complexes of young turkeys is unknown, partly because the causative agent of PEMS remains unknown. Recently, we isolated a unique astrovirus strain from the thymus and intestines of PEMS-infected poults. This strain is molecularly and serologically distinct from the astrovirus that circulated in turkeys in the 1980s. Mammalian astroviruses are very resistant to inactivation. In these studies, we examined the stability of partially purified PEMS-associated astrovirus to inactivation with heat, laboratory disinfectants, and commercial disinfectants used in commercial turkey houses in an embryonated egg model system. Similar to mammalian astroviruses, the PEMS-associated astrovirus is resistant to inactivation by heat, acidification, detergent treatment, and treatment with phenolic, quaternary ammonium, or benzalkonium chloride-based products. Only treatment with formaldehyde, beta-propriolactone, or the peroxymonosulfate-based product Virkon S completely inactivated the astrovirus in the embryo model. These studies provide an alternate means to potentially control at least one virus associated with PEMS through the use of specific disinfectants. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.2307/1593014 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 76 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035066975&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - astrovirus KW - poult enteritis mortality syndrome KW - PEMS KW - disinfectants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structure of human DNMT2, an enigmatic DNA methyltransferase homolog that displays denaturant-resistant binding to DNA AU - Dong, A. AU - Yoder, J.A. AU - Zhang, X. AU - Zhou, L. AU - Bestor, T.H. AU - Cheng, X. T2 - Nucleic Acids Research AB - DNMT2 is a human protein that displays strong sequence similarities to DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases (m(5)C MTases) of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNMT2 contains all 10 sequence motifs that are conserved among m(5)C MTases, including the consensus S:-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding motifs and the active site ProCys dipeptide. DNMT2 has close homologs in plants, insects and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, but no related sequence can be found in the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Caenorhabditis elegans. The crystal structure of a deletion mutant of DNMT2 complexed with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) has been determined at 1.8 A resolution. The structure of the large domain that contains the sequence motifs involved in catalysis is remarkably similar to that of M.HHAI, a confirmed bacterial m(5)C MTase, and the smaller target recognition domains of DNMT2 and M.HHAI are also closely related in overall structure. The small domain of DNMT2 contains three short helices that are not present in M.HHAI. DNMT2 binds AdoHcy in the same conformation as confirmed m(5)C MTases and, while DNMT2 shares all sequence and structural features with m(5)C MTases, it has failed to demonstrate detectable transmethylase activity. We show here that homologs of DNMT2, which are present in some organisms that are not known to methylate their genomes, contain a specific target-recognizing sequence motif including an invariant CysPheThr tripeptide. DNMT2 binds DNA to form a denaturant-resistant complex in vitro. While the biological function of DNMT2 is not yet known, the strong binding to DNA suggests that DNMT2 may mark specific sequences in the genome by binding to DNA through the specific target-recognizing motif. C2 - 29660 DA - 2001/1/15/ PY - 2001/1/15/ DO - 10.1093/nar/29.2.439 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 439-448 SN - 1362-4962 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/29.2.439 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel immune-type receptor genes AU - Litman, GW AU - Hawke, NA AU - Yoder, JA T2 - IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS AB - Novel immune-type receptor (NITR) genes, which initially were identified in the Southern pufferfish (Spheroides nephelus), encode products which consist of an extracellular variable (V) and V-like C2 (V/C2) domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail, which typically possesses an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM). Multiple NITR genes have been identified in close, contiguous chromosomal linkage. The V regions of NITRs resemble prototypic forms defined for immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), are present in multiple families and exhibit regionalized variation in sequence, which also occurs in Ig and TCR. Comparisons of exons encoding transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of multiple NITRs suggest that exon shuffling has factored in the diversification of the NITR gene complex. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) NITRs exhibit many of these characteristics. NITRs that have been identified in additional species of bony fish demonstrate additional variation in the number of extracellular domains as well as in the presence of intramembranous charged residues, cytoplasmic tails and ITIMs. The presence in NITRs of V regions that are related closely to those found in Ig and TCR, as well as regulatory motifs and other structural features that are characteristic of immune inhibitory receptors encoded at the leukocyte receptor cluster, suggests that the NITRs are representative of an integral stage in the evolution of innate and adaptive immune function. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2001.1810121.x VL - 181 IS - 1 SP - 250-259 SN - 0105-2896 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune-type receptor genes in zebrafish share genetic and functional properties with genes encoded by the mammalian leukocyte receptor cluster AU - Yoder, J. A. AU - Mueller, M. G. AU - Wei, S. AU - Corliss, B. C. AU - Prather, D. M. AU - Willis, T. AU - Litman, R. T. AU - Djeu, J. Y. AU - Litman, G. W. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - An extensive, highly diversified multigene family of novel immune-type receptor (nitr) genes has been defined in Danio rerio (zebrafish). The genes are predicted to encode type I transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of extracellular variable (V) and V-like C2 (V/C2) domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail. All of the genes examined encode immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs in the cytoplasmic tail. Radiation hybrid panel mapping and analysis of a deletion mutant line (b240) indicate that a minimum of approximately 40 nitr genes are contiguous in the genome and span approximately 0.6 Mb near the top of zebrafish linkage group 7. One flanking region of the nitr gene complex shares conserved synteny with a region of mouse chromosome 7, which shares conserved synteny with human 19q13.3-q13.4 that encodes the leukocyte receptor cluster. Antibody-induced crosslinking of Nitrs that have been introduced into a human natural killer cell line inhibits the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is triggered by natural killer-sensitive tumor target cells. Nitrs likely represent intermediates in the evolution of the leukocyte receptor cluster. DA - 2001/5/29/ PY - 2001/5/29/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.121101598 VL - 98 IS - 12 SP - 6771-6776 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.121101598 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extraordinary variation in a diversified family of immune-type receptor genes AU - Hawke, N.A. AU - Yoder, Jeffrey AU - Haire, R.N. AU - Mueller, M.G. AU - Litman, R.T. AU - Miracle, A.L. AU - Stuge, T. AU - Shen, L. AU - Miller, N. AU - Litman, G.W. AU - al. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Immune inhibitory receptor genes that encode a variable (V) region, a unique V-like C2 (V/C2) domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) have been described previously in two lineages of bony fish. In the present study, eleven related genes encoding distinct structural forms have been identified in Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish), a well characterized immunological model system that represents a third independent bony fish lineage. Each of the different genes encodes an N-terminal V region but differs in the number of extracellular Ig domains, number and location of joining (J) region-like motifs, presence of transmembrane regions, presence of charged residues in transmembrane regions, presence of cytoplasmic tails, and/or distribution of ITIM(s) within the cytoplasmic tails. Variation in the numbers of genomic copies of the different gene types, their patterns of expression, and relative levels of expression in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) is reported. V region-containing immune-type genes constitute a far more complex family than recognized originally and include individual members that might function in inhibitory or, potentially activatory manners. DA - 2001/11/6/ PY - 2001/11/6/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.231418598 VL - 98 IS - 24 SP - 13832-13837 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.231418598 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning and sequence analysis of a zebrafish cDNA encoding DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase-1 AU - Mhanni, AA AU - Yoder, JA AU - Dubesky, C AU - McGowan, RA T2 - GENESIS AB - Abstract Summary: The zebrafish has become a well‐established animal model for the analysis of development and of several disease phenotypes. Several of the favorable traits that make it a popular model organism would also be beneficial for the study of normal and abnormal vertebrate development in which DNA methylation may play a role. We report the determination of the full‐length cDNA sequence corresponding to the zebrafish DNA (cytosine‐5‐) methyltransferase gene, Dnmt1 . It is 4,907 bases long and has an open reading frame predicted to encode a 1,499 amino acid protein that is similar in size and sequence to a number of other methyltransferases identified in other organisms. genesis 30:213–219, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1002/gene.1067 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 213-219 SN - 1526-968X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034861153&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase KW - DNA mtase KW - Dnmt1 KW - zebrafish KW - methylation KW - development ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic variation in wood density and its measurement using the Resistograph AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proc. 26th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2001/// VL - 26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in wood density and its measurement using the Resistograph AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. T2 - Proc. 26th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 26 SP - 120 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of water stress on the adaptive traits of Pinus brutia natural populations and families in a nursery trial AU - Isik, F. AU - Keskin, S. AU - Sabuncu, R. AU - Sahin, M. AU - Bas, N. AU - Kaya, Z. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proc. Global physiological and molecular responses to climatic stress of three Mediterranean conifers. Consequences for optimal use, conservation and sustainable improvement of their genetic resources DA - 2001/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of genetic variances estimated from seedlings and rooted cuttings of the same families of Loblolly pine AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. AU - Frampton, J. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the 26th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2001/// VL - 26 SP - 143-146 PB - Athens, GA : Georgia Center for Continuing Education, the University of Georgia ER - TY - CONF TI - Tree improvement and intensive silviculture - productivity increases from modern plantation methods AU - McKeand, S. E. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - Goldfarb, B. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the 14th CAETS Convocation. World Forests and Technology DA - 2001/// SP - 99-112 ER - TY - CONF TI - Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cad) and genomic approaches to manipulating wood properties in loblolly pine AU - O'Malley, D. AU - Scott, J. AU - Harkins, D. AU - Kadia, J. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Chang, H-M C2 - 2001/// C3 - 7th Brazilian Symposium on the Chemistry of Lignins and Other Wood Components DA - 2001/// SP - 19-24 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic parameters and uniformity of wood properties of full-sib families and clones of loblolly pine AU - Cumbie, W. P. AU - Li, B. AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Mullin, T. AU - McKeand, S. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the 26th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2001/// SP - 104-106 ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparative physiology of contrasting genotypes of loblolly pine under dry field conditions AU - Grissom, J. E. AU - McKeand, S. E. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Proceedings of the 26th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 2001/// SP - 122-124 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue distribution and lipophorin transport of hydrocarbons and sex pheromones in the house fly, Musca domestica AU - Schal, Coby AU - Sevala, V. AU - L. Capurro, M. AU - Snyder, T. E. AU - Blomquist, G. J. AU - Bagneres, A. G. T2 - Journal of Insect Science (Tucson, AZ) AB - We investigated the relationship between epicuticular and internal hydrocarbons in the adult house fly, Musca domestica and the distribution of hydrocarbons, including the female sex pheromone component, (Z)-9-tricosene, in tissues. Internal hydrocarbons increased dramatically in relation to sexual maturation and were found in the hemolymph, ovaries, digestive tract, and fat body. (Z)-9-Tricosene comprised a relatively large fraction of the hydrocarbons in the female carcass and hemolymph, and less so in other tissues, while other hydrocarbons were represented in greater amounts in the ovaries than in other tissues. It therefore appears that certain hydrocarbons were selectively provisioned to certain tissues such as the ovaries, from which pheromone was relatively excluded. Both KBr gradient ultracentrifugation and specific immunoprecipitation indicated that > 90% of hemolymph hydrocarbons were associated with a high-density lipophorin (density = 1.09 g ml−1), composed of two apoproteins under denaturing conditions, apolipophorin I (∼240 kD) and apolipophorin II (∼85 kD). Our results support a predicted model (Chino, 1985) that lipophorin is involved in the transport of sex pheromone in M. domestica. In addition to delivering hydrocarbons and sex pheromones to the cuticular surface, we suggest that lipophorin may play an important role in an active mechanism that selectively deposits certain subsets of hydrocarbons at specific tissues. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1673/031.001.1201 VL - 1 IS - 12 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Germination of watermelon seeds at low temperature AU - Singh, S. AU - Singh, P. AU - Sanders, D. C. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 24 SP - 59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of potential health risks to Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae) and implications for sympatric endangered freshwater mussel species AU - Chittick, B. AU - Stoskopf, M. AU - Law, M. AU - Overstreet, R. AU - Levine, J. T2 - Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vine length of a diverse set of watermelon cultivars AU - Neppl, G. P. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 24 SP - 65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of watermelon trialing methods used by breeders in the United States AU - Neppl, G. P. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 24 SP - 68 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seed treatment effects on emergence of luffa sponge gourd AU - Malik, I. J. AU - Ellington, T. L. AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Sanders, D. C. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 24 SP - 107 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation and callus production from cotyledon protoplasts of Cucumis metuliferus AU - McCarthy, W. H. AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Xie, J. H. AU - Daub, M. E. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 24 SP - 102 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving culture efficiency of Cucumis metuliferus protoplasts AU - McCarthy, W. H. AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Xie, J. H. AU - Daub, M. E. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 24 SP - 97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene list 2001 for cucumber AU - Xie, J. H. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// IS - 24 SP - 110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sucrose synthase localizes to cellulose synthesis sites in tracheary elements AU - Salnikov, , VV AU - Grimson, MJ AU - Delmar, DP AU - Haigler, CH T2 - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AB - The synthesis of crystalline cellulose microfibrils in plants is a highly coordinated process that occurs at the interface of the cortex, plasma membrane, and cell wall. There is evidence that cellulose biogenesis is facilitated by the interaction of several proteins, but the details are just beginning to be understood. In particular, sucrose synthase, microtubules, and actin have been proposed to possibly associate with cellulose synthases (microfibril terminal complexes) in the plasma membrane. Differentiating tracheary elements of Zinnia elegans L. were used as a model system to determine the localization of sucrose synthase and actin in relation to the plasma membrane and its underlying microtubules during the deposition of patterned, cellulose-rich secondary walls. Cortical actin occurs with similar density both between and under secondary wall thickenings. In contrast, sucrose synthase is highly enriched near the plasma membrane and the microtubules under the secondary wall thickenings. Both actin and sucrose synthase lie closer to the plasma membrane than the microtubules. These results show that the preferential localization of sucrose synthase at sites of high-rate cellulose synthesis can be generalized beyond cotton fibers, and they establish a spatial context for further work on a multi-protein complex that may facilitate secondary wall cellulose synthesis. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00045-0 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 823-833 SN - 0031-9422 KW - Zinnia elegans KW - compositae KW - electron microscopic immunolocalization KW - freeze substitution KW - cellulose synthesis KW - sucrose synthase KW - actin KW - microtubule KW - tracheary element KW - secondary cell wall ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sucrose phosphate synthase activity rises in correlation with high-rate cellulose synthesis in three heterotrophic systems AU - Babb, V. M. AU - Haigler, Candace H. T2 - Plant Physiology AB - Based on work with cotton fibers, a particulate form of sucrose (Suc) synthase was proposed to support secondary wall cellulose synthesis by degrading Suc to fructose and UDP-glucose. The model proposed that UDP-glucose was then channeled to cellulose synthase in the plasma membrane, and it implies that Suc availability in cellulose sink cells would affect the rate of cellulose synthesis. Therefore, if cellulose sink cells could synthesize Suc and/or had the capacity to recycle the fructose released by Suc synthase back to Suc, cellulose synthesis might be supported. The capacity of cellulose sink cells to synthesize Suc was tested by analyzing the Suc phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of three heterotrophic systems with cellulose-rich secondary walls. SPS is a primary regulator of the Suc synthesis rate in leaves and some Suc-storing, heterotrophic organs, but its activity has not been previously correlated with cellulose synthesis. Two systems analyzed, cultured mesophyll cells of Zinnia elegans L. var. Envy and etiolated hypocotyls of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), contained differentiating tracheary elements. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Acala SJ-1) fibers were also analyzed during primary and secondary wall synthesis. SPS activity rose in all three systems during periods of maximum cellulose deposition within secondary walls. The Z. elegans culture system was manipulated to establish a tight linkage between the timing of tracheary element differentiation and rising SPS activity and to show that SPS activity did not depend on the availability of starch for degradation. The significance of these findings in regard to directing metabolic flux toward cellulose will be discussed. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1104/pp.010424 VL - 127 SP - 1234–1242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon partitioning to cellulose synthesis AU - Haigler, CH AU - Ivanova-Datcheva, M AU - Hogan, PS AU - Salnikov, , VV AU - Hwang, S AU - Martin, K AU - Delmer, DP T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1023/A:1010615027986 VL - 47 IS - 1-2 SP - 29-51 SN - 1573-5028 KW - calcium KW - carbon partitioning KW - cellulose KW - cotton fiber KW - sucrose synthase KW - phosphorylation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in developing xylem AU - Haigler, CH AU - Babb, VM AU - Hwang, S AU - Salnikov, , VV T2 - MOLECULAR BREEDING OF WOODY PLANTS, PROCEEDINGS AB - The advantages of using isolated mesophyll cells of Zinnia elegans as a model to study the regulation of cellulose synthesis will be discussed. These cells can be induced by different mechanisms to expand greatly via primary wall synthesis or to differentiate into tracheary elements with patterned secondary walls. Therefore, mechanisms of cellulose synthesis during primary and secondary wall deposition can be studied separately in cultured cells. Recent work discussed includes the activity and role of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase during secondary wall cellulose synthesis and the diversity of cellulose synthase genes expressed during tracheary element differentiation. Evidence obtained during primary and secondary wall synthesis in cultured Zinnia cells is compared and contrasted. Data presented include immunolocalization of sucrose synthase and actin in cryogenically fixed cells, biochemical analysis of sucrose phosphate synthase activity during the time-course of tracheary element differentiation, and cloning and analysis of multiple cellulose synthase genes expressed differentially during secondary wall deposition in tracheary elements in culture. Differentiating cotton fibers and etiolated bean hypocotyls will be discussed as related systems. A composite cellular and metabolic model for cellulose synthesis will be presented. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0921-0423(01)80050-2 VL - 18 SP - 1-9 SN - 0921-0423 KW - cellulose synthesis KW - cellulose synthase KW - primary wall KW - secondary wall KW - sucrose phosphate synthase KW - sucrose synthase KW - tracheary element KW - Zinnia elegans ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute and chronic mineral oil pneumonitis in two horses AU - Davis, J. L. AU - Ramirez, S. AU - Campbell, N. AU - jones T2 - Equine Veterinary Education AB - Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 13, Issue 5 p. 230-234 Acute and chronic mineral oil pneumonitis in two horses J. L. Davis, J. L. Davis Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. Ramirez, S. Ramirez Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorN. Campbell, N. Campbell Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Corresponding Author S. L. Jones Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.†Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author J. L. Davis, J. L. Davis Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. Ramirez, S. Ramirez Anatomy, Physiology and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorN. Campbell, N. Campbell Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, Corresponding Author S. L. Jones Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.†Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00099.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue5October 2001Pages 230-234 RelatedInformation DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00099.x VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 230–234 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Symmetry of turbulent boundary-layer flows: Investigation of different eddy viscosity models AU - Avramenko, AA AU - Kobzar, SG AU - Shevchuk, , IV AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Iwanisov, LT T2 - ACTA MECHANICA DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/BF01272521 VL - 151 IS - 1-2 SP - 1-14 SN - 0001-5970 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous development of vocal and physical object combinations by a grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Bottle caps, lids, and labels AU - Pepperberg, I. M. AU - Shive, H. R. T2 - Journal of Comparative Pathology AB - On the basis of primarily behavioral data, researchers (e.g., P. M. Greenfield, 1991) have argued (a) that parallel development of communicative and physical object (manual) combinatorial abilities exists in young children; (b) that these abilities initially have a common neural substrate; (c) that a homologous substrate in great apes allows for similar, if limited, parallel development of these 2 abilities; and (d) that such abilities thus may indicate a shared evolutionary history for both communicative and physical behavior (J. Johnson-Pynn, D. M. Fragaszy, E. M. Hirsh, K. E. Brakke, & P. M. Greenfield, 1999). The authors of the present study found a comparable, if limited, parallel combinatorial development in a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Given the evolutionary distance between parrots and primates, the authors suggest that the search for and arguments concerning responsible substrates and common behavior should be approached with care and should not be restricted to the primate line. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1037//0735-7036.115.4.376-384 VL - 115 IS - 4 SP - 376-384 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Numerical investigation of bioconvection of gravitactic microorganisms in an isotropic porous medium AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Jiang, N T2 - INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AB - Abstract A new continuum model is formulated for bioconvection in a dilute suspension of swimming, gravitactic microorganisms in a porous medium. “Bioconvection” is the name given to pattern-forming convective motions set up in suspensions of swimming microorganisms. “Gravitaxis” means that microorganisms tend to swim against the gravity. The aim of this paper is to analyze collective behavior and pattern formation in populations of swimming microorganisms. The existence and stability of a two-dimensional plume in a tall, narrow chamber with stress-free sidewalls is investigated. Governing equations include Darcy law as well as microorganism conservation equation. A conservative finite-difference scheme is used to solve these equations numerically. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1016/S0735-1933(01)00291-3 VL - 28 IS - 7 SP - 877-886 SN - 0735-1933 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic thromboembolism in a family of domestic shorthair cats AU - Baty, CJ AU - Malarkey, DE AU - Atkins, CE AU - DeFrancesco, TC AU - Sidley, J AU - Keene, BW T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - A feline domestic shorthair queen and her 3 offspring were all diagnosed with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The family has been followed for 13 years, and 3 cats have died of aortic thromboembolism (ATE). This communication documents the long-term progression of HCM in these cats that presented with mild left ventricular hypertrophy and hyperdynamic systolic ventricular function, developed progressive left atrial enlargement, and eventually resulted in hypodynamic left ventricular systolic function with relative left ventricular chamber dilation at the time of ATE. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0595:NHOHCA>2.3.CO;2 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 595-599 SN - 0891-6640 KW - cardiac myocyte disarray KW - end stage KW - spontaneous echo contrast KW - systolic function KW - ventricular remodeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low genetic diversity indicates the need to broaden the genetic base of cultivated watermelon AU - Levi, A AU - Thomas, CE AU - Wehner, TC AU - Zhang, XP T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Genetic diversity and relatedness were assessed among 46 American cultivars of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus ), and 12 U.S. Plant Introduction accessions (PIs) of Citrullus sp. using 25 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. These primers produced 288 distinct reproducible bands that could be scored with high confidence among cultivars and PIs. Based on the RAPD data, genetic similarity coefficients were calculated and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The cultivars and C. lanatus var. lanatus PIs differentiated at the level of 92% to 99.6% and 88% to 95% genetic similarity, respectively. In contrast, the C. lanatus var. citroides , and C. colocynthis PIs were more divergent and differentiated at the level of 65% to 82.5% and 70.5% genetic similarity, respectively. The low genetic diversity among watermelon cultivars in this study emphasizes the need to expand the genetic base of cultivated watermelon. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.36.6.1096 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 1096-1101 SN - 2327-9834 KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - Citrullus colocynthis KW - RAPD markers KW - germplasm evaluation KW - vegetable breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - A genetic linkage map for watermelon based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers AU - Levi, A AU - Thomas, CE AU - Zhang, XP AU - Joobeur, T AU - Dean, RA AU - Wehner, TC AU - Carle, BR T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - A genetic linkage [randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-based] map was constructed for watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] using a BC 1 population [PI 296341-fusarium wilt resistant × New Hampshire Midget (fusarium susceptible)] × `New Hampshire Midget'. The map contains 155 RAPD markers, and a 700-base pair sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker that corresponds to a fragment produced by the RAPD primer GTAGCACTCC. This marker was reported previously as linked (1.6 cM) to race 1 fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. The markers segregated to 17 linkage groups. Of these, 10 groups included nine to 19 markers, and seven groups included two to four markers. The map covers a genetic linkage distance of 1295 cM. Nine of the 10 large linkage groups contained segments with low (or no) level of recombination (0 to 2.6 cM) among markers, indicating that the watermelon genome may contain large chromosomal regions that are deficient in recombination events. The map should be useful for identification of markers linked closely to genes that control fruit quality and fusarium wilt (races 1 and 2) resistance in watermelon. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.21273/jashs.126.6.730 VL - 126 IS - 6 SP - 730-737 SN - 2327-9788 KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - genetic mapping KW - SCAR KW - fusarium wilt KW - RAPD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transient dissociation of polyribosomes and concurrent recruitment of calreticulin and calmodulin transcripts in gravistimulated maize pulvini AU - Heilmann, I AU - Shin, J AU - Huang, J AU - Perera, IY AU - Davies, E T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - In plants, sugars are the main respiratory substrates and important signaling molecules in the regulation of carbon metabolism. Sugar signaling studies suggested that sugar sensing involves several key components, among them hexokinase (HXK). Although the sensing mechanism of HXK is unknown, several experiments support the hypothesis that hexose phosphorylation is a determining factor. Glucose (Glc) analogs transported into cells but not phosphorylated are frequently used to test this hypothesis, among them 3-O-methyl-Glc (3-OMG). The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects and fate of 3-OMG in heterotrophic plant cells. Measurements of respiration rates, protein and metabolite contents, and protease activities and amounts showed that 3-OMG is not a respiratory substrate and does not contribute to biosynthesis. Proteolysis and lipolysis are induced in 3-OMG-fed maize (Zea mays L. cv DEA) roots in the same way as in sugar-starved organs. However, contrary to the generally accepted idea, phosphorous and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and enzymatic assays prove that 3-OMG is phosphorylated to 3-OMG-6-phosphate, which accumulates in the cells. Insofar as plant HXK is involved in sugar sensing, these findings are discussed on the basis of the kinetic properties because the catalytic efficiency of HXK isolated from maize root tips is five orders of magnitude lower for 3-OMG than for Glc and Man. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1104/pp.127.3.1193 VL - 127 IS - 3 SP - 1193-1203 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Courtship behavior of male white perch, Morone americana: evidence for control by androgens AU - Salek, SJ AU - Sullivan, CV AU - Godwin, J T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Courtship behaviors are androgen-dependent in many vertebrates and castration often decreases courtship. We examined the effectiveness of castration in reducing courtship behaviors and 11-ketotestosterone (KT) and testosterone (T) in restoring them in male white perch. Castrates were given implants containing KT, T or no hormone. Sham-operated males received implants without hormone. Three weeks later, males were exposed to an ovulated female for 1 h and two courtship behaviors were quantified. Attending behavior involves close and continuous following of a female with occasional contact. Circling involves rapid transits around the female in a circular pattern or back and forth in front of her. In plasma samples taken immediately after observations, KT and T were below detectable levels in castrated males but at high physiological levels in males implanted with KT or T. Castrated males given KT attended females more than castrated males given T implants or implants containing no hormone, but not more than sham-operated males. Circling was eliminated by castration but restored by implantation with T or 11-KT to values exhibited by sham-operated males. This is one of the few demonstrations that KT can regulate courtship behavior in a non-territorial and economically important fish species. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00405-6 VL - 130 IS - 4 SP - 731-740 SN - 1531-4332 KW - courtship behavior KW - sexual behavior KW - 11-ketotestosterone KW - androgen KW - Morone KW - white perch KW - castrate ER - TY - CONF TI - Altering phosphoinositide metabolism by expressing human type I inositol polyphosphate 5 ' phosphatase in tobacco cells AU - Boss, W. F. AU - Perera, I. Y. AU - Love, J. AU - Heilmann, I. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Molecular Biology of the Cell DA - 2001/// VL - 12 SP - 820 M1 - 2001 Nov ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whole-tree biomass and carbon allocation of juvenile trees of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda): influence of genetics and fertilization AU - Retzlaff, WA AU - Handest, JA AU - DM O'Malley, AU - McKeand, SE AU - Topa, MA T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH AB - To assess the contribution of belowground biomass allocation towards total carbon (C) allocation of two provenances of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), we examined the total biomass allocation of a fast- and slow-growing family from each provenance. Since planting on a xeric, infertile site in Scotland County, N.C., U.S.A., trees in this study have been subjected to one of two nutrient treatments: optimal nutrition or control (no fertilization). Total biomass of 24 (1 tree/family plot × 2 families × 2 provenances × 2 treatments × 3 blocks) 5-year-old (juvenile) trees was harvested in January 1998. Fertilization increased total root, total shoot, and total tree biomass in all families as compared with harvested trees in control plots. Fertilization also increased biomass of coarse-root, woody-root, taproot, stem, branch, and foliar components of families as compared with trees in control plots. Although there were treatment and family differences in standing-crop biomass of the total root, total shoot, total tree, and various individual root and shoot components, the percent biomass (whole-tree) allocation to these tissues remained similar across treatments. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) analysis indicated some treatment, family, and provenance differences in TNC concentrations and partitioning to starch and soluble sugars. At the time of harvest, TNC concentrations of belowground tissues were much higher than those of aboveground tissues, and enhanced partitioning towards starch in root tissues indicates an important C storage role for belowground tissues at this time. Indeed, more than 90% of the trees starch content was present in root tissue in January. Although constrained by a sample size of three harvested trees per family, this study suggests that biomass allocation on a whole-tree level was similar between fast- and slow-growing families of different provenances of juvenile loblolly pine and was not affected by fertilizer treatment. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1139/x01-017 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 960-970 SN - 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Cloning and Expression of Eight Laccase cDNAs in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)* AU - Sato, Yasushi AU - Wuli, Bao AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Whetten, Ross T2 - Journal of Plant Research DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1007/pl00013978 VL - 114 IS - 2 SP - 147-155 J2 - J Plant Res LA - en OP - SN - 0918-9440 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00013978 DB - Crossref KW - laccase KW - lignin synthesis KW - loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L) KW - xylem differentiation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manipulations of the AVT system shift social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in the bluehead wrasse AU - Semsar, K AU - Kandel, FLM AU - Godwin, J T2 - HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR AB - Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homologoue arginine vasopressin (AVP) influence male sexual and aggressive behaviors in many species. We tested the effects of AVT and an AVP-V(1a) receptor antagonist on the display of alternative male tactics in a tropical coral reef fish, the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum. We gave AVT injections to territorial and nonterritorial males of the large and colorful phenotype (terminal phase) and an AVP-V(1a) receptor antagonist, Manning compound, to territorial males in the field. AVT increased courtship independent of status, while its effects on territoriality and aggression were dependent upon male status. In territorial males, AVT increased courtship and tended to decrease the number of chases toward initial phase individuals. In nonterritorial males, AVT increased courtship, chases toward initial phase individuals, and territorial behavior while decreasing feeding. These are all behaviors rarely seen in nonterritorial males, so AVT made these males act like territorial TP males. The AVP-V(1a) receptor antagonist had opposite effects. It decreased courtship and territorial defense, making these males act more like nonterritorial males. Manipulations of the AVT system shifted males within a single phenotype from the nonterritorial social status to the territorial social status and vice versa. Since the entire suite of behaviors related to territoriality was affected by AVT system manipulations, our results suggest that the AVT system may play a key role in motivation of behaviors related to mating. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1663 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 21-31 SN - 1095-6867 KW - arginine vasotocin KW - vasopressin KW - aggression KW - sexual behavior KW - territoriality KW - social behavior KW - alternative reproductive tactics KW - teleost ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ribosomal DNA systematics of Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus with Rhizoctonia anamorphs AU - Gonzalez, D AU - Carling, DE AU - Kuninaga, S AU - Vilgalys, R AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - The phylogenetic relationships of anastomosis groups (AG) of Rhizoctonia associated with Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus teleomorphs were determined by cladistic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S large subunit (LSU) regions of nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Combined analyses of ITS and LSU rDNA sequences from 41 isolates representing 28 AG of Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus supported at least 12 monophyletic groupings within Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus. There was strong support for separation of Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus, however, six sequences representing different AG of Ceratobasidium grouped with certain sequences within the Thanatephorus clade. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence data from 122 isolates revealed 31 genetically distinct groups from Thanatephorus (21 groups) and Ceratobasidium (10 groups) that corresponded well with previously recognized AG or AG subgroups. Although phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences provided evidence that several AG of Ceratobasidium may be more closely related with some AG from Thanatephorus, these relationships were not as strongly supported by bootstrap analysis. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.2307/3761674 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1138-1150 SN - 0027-5514 KW - basidiomycetes KW - binucleate Rhizoctonia KW - phylogeny KW - Rhizoctonia solani KW - taxonomy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge before, during, and after an incident of foaming by oligonucleotide probe hybridizations and antibody staining AU - Oerther, DB AU - Reyes, FL AU - Reyes, MF AU - Raskin, L T2 - WATER RESEARCH AB - Quantitative oligonucleotide probe hybridizations, immunostaining, and a simple foaming potential test were used to follow an incident of seasonal filamentous foaming at the Urbana-Champaign Sanitary District, Northeast Wastewater Treatment Plant. A positive correlation was observed between an increase in foaming potential and the appearance of foam on the surfaces of aeration basins and secondary clarifiers. In addition, during the occurrence of foaming, the mass and activity of Gordonia spp. increased as measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization, antibody staining, and quantitative membrane hybridization of RNA extracts. An increase in Gordonia spp. rRNA levels from 0.25 to 1.4% of total rRNA was observed using quantitative membrane hybridizations, whereas during the same period, the fraction of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids attributed to Gordonia spp. increased from 4% to more than 32% of the total mixed liquor volatile suspended solids. These results indicate that both the activity and biomass level of Gordonia spp. in activated sludge increased relative to the activity aid the biomass level of the complete microbial community during a seasonal occurrence of filamentous foaming. Thus, Gordonia spp. may represent a numerically dominant but metabolically limited fraction of the total biomass, and the role of Gordonia spp. in filamentous foaming may be linked more tightly to the physical presence of filamentous microorganisms than to the metabolic activity of the cells. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00057-4 VL - 35 IS - 14 SP - 3325-3336 SN - 0043-1354 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000170662900006&KeyUID=WOS:000170662900006 KW - contact stabilization activated sludge KW - filamentous foaming KW - wastewater treatment KW - oligonucleotide hybridization probes KW - ribosomal RNA KW - antibody stain ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preliminary interspecific genetic maps of the Populus genome constructed from RAPD markers AU - Yin, TM AU - Huang, MR AU - Wang, MX AU - Zhu, LH AU - Zeng, ZB AU - Wu, RL T2 - GENOME DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1139/gen-44-4-602 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 602-609 SN - 0831-2796 KW - interspecific hybrids KW - linkage map KW - poplar KW - pseudo-testcross mapping strategy ER - TY - CONF TI - Performance and microbial community structure during startup of a single reactor nitrogen removal activated sludge sytem AU - Reyes, F. L. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Fonner, C. E. AU - Liao, J. AU - Keith, J. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Microorganisms in activated sludge and biofilm processes III: Selected proceedings of the 3rd IWA International Specialised Conference on Microorganisms in Activated Sludge and Biofilm Processes, held in Rome, Italy, 13-15 June 2001 (Water science & technology,; v. 46, no. 1-2) DA - 2001/// VL - 46 M1 - 1-2 PB - London: IWA Pub. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elucidation of new structures in lignins of CAD- and COMT-deficient plants by NMR AU - Ralph, J AU - Lapierre, C AU - Marita, JM AU - Kim, H AU - Lu, FC AU - Hatfield, RD AU - Ralph, S AU - Chapple, C AU - Franke, R AU - Hemm, MR AU - Van Doorsselaere, J AU - Sederoff, RR AU - DM O'Malley, AU - Scott, JT AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Yahiaoui, N AU - Boudet, AM AU - Pean, M AU - Pilate, G AU - Jouanin, L AU - Boerjan, W T2 - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AB - Studying lignin-biosynthetic-pathway mutants and transgenics provides insights into plant responses to perturbations of the lignification system, and enhances our understanding of normal lignification. When enzymes late in the pathway are downregulated, significant changes in the composition and structure of lignin may result. NMR spectroscopy provides powerful diagnostic tools for elucidating structures in the difficult lignin polymer, hinting at the chemical and biochemical changes that have occurred. COMT (caffeic acid O-methyl transferase) downregulation in poplar results in the incorporation of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol into lignins via typical radical coupling reactions, but post-coupling quinone methide internal trapping reactions produce novel benzodioxane units in the lignin. CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) downregulation results in the incorporation of the hydroxycinnamyl aldehyde monolignol precursors intimately into the polymer. Sinapyl aldehyde cross-couples 8-O-4 with both guaiacyl and syringyl units in the growing polymer, whereas coniferyl aldehyde cross-couples 8-O-4 only with syringyl units, reflecting simple chemical cross-coupling propensities. The incorporation of hydroxycinnamyl aldehyde and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol monomers indicates that these monolignol intermediates are secreted to the cell wall for lignification. The recognition that novel units can incorporate into lignins portends significantly expanded opportunities for engineering the composition and consequent properties of lignin for improved utilization of valuable plant resources. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00109-1 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 993-1003 SN - 0031-9422 KW - NMR KW - transgenic KW - mutant KW - O-methyltransferase KW - monolignol KW - coniferyl aldehyde KW - sinapyl aldehyde KW - 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efforts to initiate construction of a disease resistance package on a designer chromosome in tobacco AU - Lewis, RS AU - Wernsman, EA T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Gene cloning and transformation can be used to circumvent linkage drag effects that can plague conventional interspecific gene transfers. These techniques can also be used to create desirable genetic linkages. Use of Nicotiana glutinosa L. N ‐gene mediated TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) resistance in flue‐cured tobacco, N tabacum L., has been limited due to linkage drag effects. Transformation was used to introduce the cloned N ‐gene into NC152, a chromosome addition line possessing a chromosome pair from N africana. This chromosome has been proposed to be used as a “designer chromosome” into which numerous transgenes could be inserted to form a desirable linkage package. The system could be used to shuttle a large number of transgenes from genotype to genotype. One hundred thirty‐six primary transformants possessing the N transgene were produced and hybridized with TMV‐susceptible ‘Petite Havana.’ These may serve as valuable TMV‐resistant breeding materials. For each independent transformant, BC 1 F 1 families which segregated for TMV resistance and the addition chromosome were generated. Data from cosegregation, transmission, and molecular analyses were used to conclude that one transformant possessed an insertion of the N ‐gene in the addition chromosome. By inserting N in the chromosome, we initiated construction of a disease resistance package by linking the TMV resistance gene with a potyvirus resistance gene(s) native to the chromosome. Occasional loss of the transgene, however, may be evidence of previously undetected interchromosomal recombination, and may have implications for use of this system in cultivar development. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2001.4151420x VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 1420-1427 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of heterogeneity in forced convection in a porous medium: Parallel-plate channel, asymmetric property variation,and asymmetric heating AU - Nield, D. A. AU - Kuznetsov, A. V. T2 - Journal of Porous Media AB - The effects of variation (in the transverse direction) of permeability and thermal conductivity on fully developed forced convection in a parallel plate channel or circular duct filled with a saturated porous medium is investigated analytically on the basis of a Darcy model. Previous work on the case of symmetric property variation and symmetric heating is now supplemented by a study of the case of asymmetric property variation, for both symmetric and asymmetric heating, lsoflux and isotemperature boundary conditions are treated in turn. For the isofiux case, it is found that both permeability variation and conductivity variation lead to a reduction in the value of the Nusselt number Nu based on mean properties, but for the isotemperature case the situation is more complicated. For the isoflux case and permeability variation only, Nu is independent of the degree of asymmetric heating as represented by a flux ratio τ, but in the case of conductivity variation Nu is strongly dependent on τ and the degree of conductivity variation. In the case of isotemperature boundary conditions no fully developed solution exists when both the property variation and the heating are asymmetric. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1615/jpormedia.v4.i2.40 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 137-148 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of group-selection opening size on breeding bird habitat use in a bottomland forest AU - Moorman, CE AU - Guynn, DC T2 - ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AB - An increase in timber removals from southern bottomland forests of the United States has been predicted, warranting investigations of the effects of silvicultural alternatives on avian breeding habitat. We studied the effects of creating group-selection openings (man-made canopy gaps) of various sizes on breeding bird habitat use in a bottomland hardwood forest in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA. We used spot mapping and mist netting to estimate bird abundance at 0.06-, 0.13-, 0.26-, and 0.5-ha gaps and at uncut control areas during the 1996, 1997, and 1998 breeding seasons (1 May–1 August). There were significant increases in the number of species mapped (P = 0.0001) and netted (P = 0.0001) with successive increases in gap size. The greatest number of total spot-map detections (P = 0.0002) and mist net captures (P = 0.0004) also occurred in and around the large gaps. These patterns were the result of increased use of larger gaps by field-edge species, primarily Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), and Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), and some forest-edge species, such as White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and Northern Parula (Parula americana). Conversely, Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) was less abundant in and adjacent to gaps. Because there were few differences in vegetation among gaps of different sizes, it is likely that birds that were detected more frequently in and adjacent to larger gaps selected those gaps based on other factors correlated with size. Creation of 0.5-ha group-selection openings in southern bottomland forests should provide breeding habitat for some field-edge species in gaps and habitat for forest-interior species and canopy-dwelling forest-edge species between gaps, provided that sufficient mature forest is maintained. DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1680:EOGSOS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 1680-1691 SN - 1051-0761 KW - bottomland forest KW - breeding birds KW - gap size KW - gap vegetation KW - group selection KW - habitat use KW - neotropical migrant KW - silviculture KW - South Carolina KW - succession ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Ca2+ status of the endoplasmic reticulum is altered by induction of calreticulin expression in transgenic plants AU - Persson, S AU - Wyatt, SE AU - Love, J AU - Thompson, WF AU - Robertson, D AU - Boss, WF T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract To investigate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores in plant cells, we generated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; NT1) suspension cells and Arabidopsis plants with altered levels of calreticulin (CRT), an ER-localized Ca2+-binding protein. NT1 cells and Arabidopsis plants were transformed with a maize (Zea mays) CRT gene in both sense and antisense orientations under the control of an Arabidopsis heat shock promoter. ER-enriched membrane fractions from NT1 cells were used to examine how altered expression of CRT affects Ca2+uptake and release. We found that a 2.5-fold increase in CRT led to a 2-fold increase in ATP-dependent 45Ca2+accumulation in the ER-enriched fraction compared with heat-shocked wild-type controls. Furthermore, after treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin, ER microsomes from NT1 cells overproducing CRT showed a 2-fold increase in the amount of45Ca2+ released, and a 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of 45Ca2+ retained compared with wild type. These data indicate that altering the production of CRT affects the ER Ca2+ pool. In addition, CRTtransgenic Arabidopsis plants were used to determine if altered CRT levels had any physiological effects. We found that the level of CRT in heat shock-induced CRT transgenic plants correlated positively with the retention of chlorophyll when the plants were transferred from Ca2+-containing medium to Ca2+-depleted medium. Together these data are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing CRT in the ER increases the ER Ca2+ stores and thereby enhances the survival of plants grown in low Ca2+ medium. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1104/pp.126.3.1092 VL - 126 IS - 3 SP - 1092-1104 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen transcription is repressed through an E2F consensus element and activated by geminivirus infection in mature leaves AU - Egelkrout, EM AU - Robertson, D AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - PLANT CELL AB - The geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) amplifies its DNA genome in differentiated plant cells that lack detectable levels of DNA replication enzymes. Earlier studies showed that TGMV induces the accumulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the processivity factor for DNA polymerase delta, in mature cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. We sought to determine if PCNA protein accumulation reflects transcriptional activation of the host gene. RNA gel blot analysis detected an approximately 1200-nucleotide PCNA transcript in young leaves. The same RNA was found in mature leaves of infected but not healthy plants. Reporter gene analysis showed that a 633-bp promoter fragment of the N. benthamiana PCNA gene supports high levels of expression in cultured cells and in young but not mature leaves of healthy transgenic plants. In contrast, PCNA promoter activity was detected in both young and mature leaves of TGMV-infected plants. Developmental studies established a strong relationship between symptom severity, viral DNA accumulation, PCNA promoter activity, and endogenous PCNA mRNA levels. Mutation of an E2F consensus element in the PCNA promoter had no effect on its activity in young leaves but increased transcription in healthy mature leaves. Unlike the wild-type PCNA promoter, TGMV infection had no detectable effect on the activity of the mutant E2F promoter. Together, these results demonstrate that geminivirus infection induces the accumulation of a host replication factor by activating transcription of its gene in mature tissues, most likely by overcoming E2F-mediated repression. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1105/tpc.13.6.1437 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 1437-1452 SN - 1531-298X ER - TY - PAT TI - Method for reducing expression variability of transgenes in plant cells AU - Thompson, W. F. C2 - 2001/// DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of thermal dispersion on forced convection in a composite parallel-plate channel AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE MATHEMATIK UND PHYSIK DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.1007/pl00001536 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 135-150 SN - 0044-2275 KW - forced convection KW - porous medium KW - interface ER - TY - JOUR TI - Induction of lipid metabolic enzymes during the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in plants AU - Shank, KJ AU - Su, P AU - Brglez, I AU - Boss, WF AU - Dewey, RE AU - Boston, RS T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is a signal transduction pathway activated by the perturbation of normal ER metabolism. We used the maize (Zea mays)floury-2 (fl2) mutant and soybean (Glycine max) suspension cultures treated with tunicamycin (Tm) to investigate the ER stress response as it relates to phospholipid metabolism in plants. Four key phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes, including DG kinase and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-phosphate 5-kinase were up-regulated in the fl2 mutant, specifically in protein body fractions where the mutation has its greatest effect. The third up-regulated enzyme, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, was regulated by fl2 gene dosage and developmental signals. Elevated accumulation of the fourth enzyme, PI 4-kinase, was observed in the fl2 endosperm and soybean cells treated with Tm. The activation of these phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes was accompanied by alterations in membrane lipid synthesis and accumulation. The fl2 mutant exhibited increased PI content in protein body membranes at 18 d after pollination and more than 3-fold higher triacylglycerol accumulation in the endosperm by 36 d after pollination. Incorporation of radiolabeled acetate into phospholipids in soybean culture cells increased by about 30% with Tm treatment. The coordinated regulation of ER stress related proteins and multiple components of phospholipid biosynthesis is consistent with signaling through a common pathway. We postulate that the plant ER stress response has an important role in general plant metabolism, and more specifically in integrating the synthesis of protein and lipid reserves to allow proper seed formation. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1104/pp.126.1.267 VL - 126 IS - 1 SP - 267-277 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a gene associated with bit resistance in Heliothis virescens AU - Gahan, LJ AU - Gould, F AU - Heckel, DG T2 - SCIENCE AB - Transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used for pest control. Bt-resistant insect strains have been studied, but the molecular basis of resistance has remained elusive. Here, we show that disruption of a cadherin-superfamily gene by retrotransposon-mediated insertion was linked to high levels of resistance to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the cotton pest Heliothis virescens. Monitoring the early phases of Bt resistance evolution in the field has been viewed as crucial but extremely difficult, especially when resistance is recessive. Our findings enable efficient DNA-based screening for resistant heterozygotes by directly detecting the recessive allele. DA - 2001/8/3/ PY - 2001/8/3/ DO - 10.1126/science.1060949 VL - 293 IS - 5531 SP - 857-860 SN - 0036-8075 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity among watermelon (Citrullus lanatus and Citrullus colocynthis) accessions AU - Levi, A AU - Thomas, CE AU - Keinath, AP AU - Wehner, TC T2 - GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1023/A:1013888418442 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 559-566 SN - 1573-5109 KW - disease resistance KW - RAPD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional genomics and cell wall biosynthesis in loblolly pine AU - Whetten, Ross AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Zhang, Yi AU - Sederoff, Ron T2 - Plant Molecular Biology DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1023/a:1010652003395 VL - 47 IS - 1/2 SP - 275-291 SN - 0167-4412 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010652003395 KW - EST sequencing KW - microarrays KW - Pinus taeda KW - xylogenesis KW - wood formation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of sandbar shiner as a surrogate for assessing health risks to the endangered Cape Fear shiner AU - Chittick, B AU - Stoskopf, M AU - Heil, N AU - Levine, J AU - Law, M T2 - JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AB - The health status of the endangered Cape Fear shiner Notropis mekistocholas and the suitability of using the sympatric sandbar shiner N. scepticus as an investigative surrogate were evaluated. Forty Cape Fear shiners from three sites and 50 sandbar shiners from five sites were examined. Findings on gill biopsies, fin biopsies, and skin scrapings were limited to low levels of parasitism and gill aneurysms. Eighty-three bacterial isolates representing 13 aerobic species were cultured from the gastrointestinal tracts. A picornavirus was isolated from one pooled sample of sandbar shiners at one site. Forty-three percent of shiners (12 Cape Fear shiners, 27 sandbar shiners) had granulomas in various tissues of the body, 26% (6 Cape Fear, 17 sandbar) had encysted trematodes, 16% (2 Cape Fear, 12 sandbar) had protozoal aggregates in muscle or connective tissue, and 26% (22 Cape Fear shiners, 1 sandbar shiner) had mild, moderate, or moderately severe hepatic vacuolization. Other microscopic lesions included mild parasitism and degrees of inflammation in various tissues. Sandbar shiners appeared to be suitable surrogates for the Cape Fear shiner in bacteriological sampling; however, parasitic, viral, and nonhepatic histological lesions were more common in sandbar shiners. Findings from this study warrant further investigation of sandbar shiners as a conservative bioindicator species for the presence of potential health risks to Cape Fear shiners. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0086:EOSSAA>2.0.CO;2 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 86-95 SN - 1548-8667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of anisotropy in permeability and effective thermal conductivity on thermal performance of an aluminum foam heat sink AU - Kim, SY AU - Koo, JM AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER PART A-APPLICATIONS DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1080/104077801300348851 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 21-36 SN - 1040-7782 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison between Lever and Scheil rules for modeling of microporosity formation during solidification AU - Xiong, M AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - FLOW TURBULENCE AND COMBUSTION DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1023/A:1015291706970 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 305-323 SN - 1386-6184 KW - interdendritic fluid flow KW - microporosity formation KW - solute transport ER - TY - JOUR TI - A role for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in gravitropic signaling and the retention of cold-perceived gravistimulation of oat shoot pulvini AU - Perera, IK AU - Hilmann, I AU - Chang, SC AU - Boss, WF AU - Kaufman, PB T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract Plants sense positional changes relative to the gravity vector. To date, the signaling processes by which the perception of a gravistimulus is linked to the initiation of differential growth are poorly defined. We have investigated the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) in the gravitropic response of oat (Avena sativa) shoot pulvini. Within 15 s of gravistimulation, InsP3 levels increased 3-fold over vertical controls in upper and lower pulvinus halves and fluctuated in both pulvinus halves over the first minutes. Between 10 and 30 min of gravistimulation, InsP3 levels in the lower pulvinus half increased 3-fold over the upper. Changes in InsP3 were confined to the pulvinus and were not detected in internodal tissue, highlighting the importance of the pulvinus for both graviperception and response. Inhibition of phospholipase C blocked the long-term increase in InsP3, and reduced gravitropic bending by 65%. Short-term changes in InsP3 were unimpaired by the inhibitor. Gravitropic bending of oat plants is inhibited at 4°C; however, the plants retain the information of a positional change and respond at room temperature. Both short- and long-term changes in InsP3 were present at 4°C. We propose a role for InsP3 in the establishment of tissue polarity during the gravitropic response of oat pulvini. InsP3 may be involved in the retention of cold-perceived gravistimulation by providing positional information in the pulvini prior to the redistribution of auxin. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1104/pp.125.3.1499 VL - 125 IS - 3 SP - 1499-1507 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - beta-Mannosidase from Thermotoga species AU - Parker, K. N. AU - Chhabra, S. AU - Lam, D. AU - Snead, M. A. AU - Mathur, E. J. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 238-246 ER - TY - JOUR TI - beta-Mannanases from Thermotoga species AU - Chhabra, S. AU - Parker, K. N. AU - Lam, D. AU - Callen, W. AU - Snead, M. A. AU - Mathur, E. J. AU - Short, J. M. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 224-238 ER - TY - JOUR TI - beta-Endoglucanase from Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Cady, S. G. AU - Bauer, M. W. AU - Callen, W. AU - Snead, M. A. AU - Mathur, E. J. AU - Short, J. M. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 346-354 ER - TY - JOUR TI - alpha-Glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Chang, S. T. AU - Parker, K. N. AU - Bauer, M. W. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 260-269 ER - TY - JOUR TI - alpha-D-galactosidases from Thermotoga species AU - Miller, E. S. AU - Parker, K. N. AU - Liebl, W. AU - Lam, D. AU - Callen, W. AU - Snead, M. A. AU - Mathur, E. J. AU - Short, J. M. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 246-260 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Xylose isomerases from Thermotoga AU - Vieille, C. AU - Sriprapundh, D. AU - Kelly, R. M. AU - Zeikus, J. G. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 215-224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Provenance variation and provenance-site interaction in Pinusbrutia TEN.: Consequences of defining breeding zones AU - Isik, F. AU - Keskin, S. AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Silvae Genetica DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 49 IS - 4-5 SP - 213-223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proline dipeptidase from Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Grunden, Amy AU - Ghosh, M. AU - Adams, M. W. W. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A AB - Prolyl residues are unique among the 20 common amino acid residues in that they confer a conformational constraint on peptide chains due to the cyclic nature of their pyrrolidine side group. This conformational constraint prevents cleavage of bonds adjacent to proline by most proteases; however, several enzymes have been characterized that are capable of hydrolyzing these bonds. Prolidases have been isolated from mammalian, bacterial (Lactobacillus and Xanthomonas), and archaeal (pyrococcus) sources and appear to be ubiquitous in nature. Although the physiological role of the enzyme is unclear in both bacteria and archaea, its absence in humans results in abnormalities of the skin and other collagenous tissues. Prolidases have several potential biotechnological applications. One possible use is in the dairy industry as a cheese-ripening agent, as removal of proline from proline-containing peptides in cheese reduces bitterness. A second application is as an enzyme to degrade organophosphorus acidcontaining compounds present in a number of chemical warfare agents and pesticides. The organophosphorus acid-hydrolyzing capabilities of prolidase have been suggested by the discovery that the protein characterized as an organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA) and prolidase are one in the same. CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30395-6 VL - 330 SP - 433–445 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of a divergence time estimation method under a probabilistic model of rate evolution AU - Kishino, H AU - Thorne, JL AU - Bruno, WJ T2 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION AB - Rates of molecular evolution vary over time and, hence, among lineages. In contrast, widely used methods for estimating divergence times from molecular sequence data assume constancy of rates. Therefore, methods for estimation of divergence times that incorporate rate variation are attractive. Improvements on a previously proposed Bayesian technique for divergence time estimation are described. New parameterization more effectively captures the phylogenetic structure of rate evolution on a tree. Fossil information and other evidence can now be included in Bayesian analyses in the form of constraints on divergence times. Simulation results demonstrate that the accuracy of divergence time estimation is substantially enhanced when constraints are included. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003811 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 352-361 SN - 0737-4038 KW - molecular clock KW - phylogeny KW - Markov chain Monte Carlo KW - Metropolis-Hastings algorithm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic mechanisms associated with alleles governing the 16 : 0 concentration of soybean oil AU - Wilson, RF AU - Marquardt, TC AU - Novitzky, WP AU - Burton, JW AU - Wilcox, , JR AU - Kinney, AJ AU - Dewey, RE T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil typically contains ca. 11% palmitic acid, but germplasm has been developed with less than 4% to about 35% 16∶0, A number of recessive alleles associated with these phenotypes have been described thattrepresent different mutations at Fap loci, however, the gene products (enzymes) produced by these alleles are unknown. This work attempts to define the metabolic activities that are regulated by the fap 1 , fap 2 , and fap nc alleles in soybean. Observation of de novo synthesis and metabolic turnover of fatty acids esterified to phospholipids in cotyledons during the period of peak oil accumulation revealed genotypic differences in the supply of 16∶0‐CoA from plastids. These metabolic studies narrowed the identification of fap 1 , fap 2 , and fap nc alleles to the genes that encode or regulate the 3‐keto‐acyl‐ACP synthetase II (where ACP is acyl carrier protein), 16∶0‐ACP thioesterase, 18∶0‐ACP desaturase, or 18∶1‐ACP thioesterase enzymes. Kinetic analyses suggested that the fap 2 mutation results in a decreased 3‐keto‐acyl‐ACP synthetase II activity. Deficiencies in 16∶0‐ACP thioesterase activity represented the most likely explanation of fap 1 and fap nc gene function. This hypothesis was strongly supported by Northern blot assays that revealed a significant reduction in the accumulation of transcripts corresponding to the 16∶0‐ACP thioesterase in germplasm homozygous for the fap nc allele. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1007/s11746-001-0265-4 VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 335-340 SN - 1558-9331 KW - developing-seed KW - fap-alleles KW - genetics KW - glycerolipid composition KW - Glycine max KW - metabolism KW - oil KW - palmitic acid KW - phospholipid KW - saturated fat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Homomultimeric protease and putative bacteriocin homolog from Thermotoga maritima AU - Hicks, P. M. AU - Chang, L. S. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 455-460 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic parameters and provenenance variation of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis in 48 international trials AU - Hodge, GR AU - Dvorak, WS T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1139/cjfr-31-3-496 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 496-511 SN - 0045-5067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emetophagy: Fipronil-induced regurgitation of bait and its dissemination from German cockroach adults to nymphs AU - Buczkowski, G AU - Schal, C T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) that were fed fipronil bait produced liquid excretions that were toxic to conspecifics. We have used a combination of analytical and behavioral assays to localize the source, to elucidate the time course, and to evaluate the role of these excretions in facilitation of secondary kill. Fipronil excretion coincided with the onset of the paralytic symptoms, and most of the excreted fipronil (79%) was eliminated during the first 12 h after ingestion of the bait. More than 74% of the total radioactivity excreted in 48 h from [14C]fipronil-fed females was recovered from their oral region, and time-lapse video analysis showed that first instars were highly attracted to these excretions. Moreover, first instars preferentially contacted the oral region of dying females and imbibed the liquid exudates. Emetophagy, the ingestion of insecticide-induced regurgitate, may constitute an important mechanism by which fast-acting, emetogenic insecticides are disseminated within cockroach populations. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1006/pest.2001.2572 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 147-155 SN - 1095-9939 KW - Blattella germanica KW - emetophagy KW - fipronil KW - horizontal toxicant transfer KW - bait KW - trophallaxis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of alleles governing 16 : 0 concentration on glycerolipid composition in developing soybeans AU - Wilson, RF AU - Marquardt, TC AU - Novitzky, WP AU - Burton, JW AU - Wilcox, , JR AU - Dewey, RE T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil typically contains 11% palmitic acid, but germplasm with recessive alleles at Fap gene loci exhibit from less than 4% to about 35% 16:0, Although these alleles are used to develop new cultivars, little is known about how they influence palmitic acid concentration. One theory suggests that fap alleles may mediate differences in triacylglycerol composition through genetic effects on the activity or substrate specificity of acyltransferases, such as diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20). Based on logistic function analysis of developing seed, differences in fag allele expression are evident in the rate of palmitic acid accumulation in triacylglycerol, with peak deposition near mid‐seed fill. Acetate saturation kinetics also reveal a strong positive relation between the relative amount of de novo palmitic acid synthesis and the indigenous palmitic acid concentration in triacylglycerol among fap genotypes. However, no differences appear in the kinetics of palmitoyl‐CoA metabolism in developing seed of these genotypes. Therefore, the fap alleles apparently do not encode or regulate the activities of glycerolipid acyltransferase enzymes. Rather, major genetic effects on triacylglycerol composition accrue through regulation of palmitic acid production in the plastids of developing soybean cotyledons. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1007/s11746-001-0264-5 VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 329-334 SN - 1558-9331 KW - developing-seed KW - fap-alleles KW - genetics KW - glycerolipid composition KW - Glycine max KW - logistic function KW - metabolism KW - oil KW - palmitic acid KW - saturated fat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continuous cultivation of hyperthermophiles AU - Pysz, M.A. AU - Rinker, K.D. AU - Shockley, K.R. AU - Kelly, R.M. T2 - Methods in Enzymology AB - This chapter describes a continuous culture system that can generate biomass from hyperthermophiles on a scale suitable for enzyme purification. Hightemperature chemostats have several advantages over large-scale batch systems. Long-term, stable, steady-state operation (arising from minimal problems with contamination) can provide biomass generated from exponential growth phase—that is, balanced growth. Because of the smaller operating volumes, continuous systems are inexpensive to construct and minimize problems with handling toxic and explosive gas substrates and products—for example, H2S, He, CH4. Small operating volumes also minimize problems associated with the growth of sulfide-producing anaerobes and thermoacidophiles in terms of choosing a proper material for reactor construction—for example, glass and gold. Continuous cultivation has also been useful for studying the bioenergetics and physiology of hyperthermophiles and for developing media formulations that induce enzyme expression. CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/S0076-6879(01)30369-5 VL - 330 SP - 31–40 ER - TY - PAT TI - Compositions for fracturing subterranean formations AU - Kelly, R. M. AU - Khan, S. A. AU - Leduc, P. AU - Tayal, A. AU - Prud'homme, R. K. C2 - 2001/// DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carboxylesterase from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 AU - Sehgal, A. C. AU - Callen, W. AU - Mathur, E. J. AU - Short, J. M. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 461-471 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bunyavirus infections in North Carolina white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) AU - Nagayama, J. N. AU - Komar, N. AU - Levine, J. F. AU - Biggerstaff, B. AU - Apperson, C. S. T2 - Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 169-172 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amey: A multipurpose, russet-skinned potato cultivar for the eastern United States AU - Haynes, KG AU - Porter, GA AU - Christ, BJ AU - Goth, RW AU - DeLong, KO AU - Halseth, DE AU - Sieczka, JB AU - Henninger, MR AU - Sterrett, SB AU - Yencho, GC AU - Webb, RE T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/BF02883542 VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 175-181 SN - 0003-0589 KW - Solanum tuberosum L. KW - fresh market potato KW - baking potato ER - TY - JOUR TI - The interaction of thermal nonequilibrium and heterogeneous conductivity effects in forced convection in layered porous channels AU - Nield, DA AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AB - Forced convection in a parallel plate channel filled with a porous medium, consisting of two layers with the same porosity and permeability but with different solid conductivity, and saturated by a single fluid, is analyzed using a two-temperature model. It is found that the effect of local thermal nonequilibrium is particularly significant when the solid conductivity in each layer is greater than the fluid conductivity, and in these circumstances the effect is to reduce the Nusselt number defined in terms of the overall effective thermal conductivity. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00078-3 VL - 44 IS - 22 SP - 4369-4373 SN - 0017-9310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival of clinical and poultry-derived isolates of Campylobacter jejuni at a low temperature (4 degrees C) AU - Chan, KF AU - Tran, HL AU - Kanenaka, RY AU - Kathariou, S T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and contamination of poultry has been implicated in illness. The bacteria are fastidious in terms of their temperature requirements, being unable to grow below ca. 31°C, but have been found to be physiologically active at lower temperatures and to tolerate exposure to low temperatures in a strain-dependent manner. In this study, 19 field isolates of C. jejuni (10 of clinical and 9 of poultry origin) were studied for their ability to tolerate prolonged exposure to low temperature (4°C). Although substantial variability was found among different strains, clinical isolates tended to be significantly more likely to remain viable following cold exposure than poultry-derived strains. In contrast, the relative degree of tolerance of the bacteria to freezing at −20°C and freeze-thawing was strain specific but independent of strain source (poultry versus clinical) and degree of cold (4°C) tolerance. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1128/AEM.67.9.4186-4191.2001 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 4186-4191 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species diagnosis and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) field strains from the southern United States using feeding disruption bioassays AU - Bailey, WD AU - Brownie, C AU - Bacheler, JS AU - Gould, F AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Roe, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Validation of a feeding disruption bioassay for the detection of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin and species identification is reported using field strains of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea collected from the southern United States in 1998. Feeding disruption is measured by a lack of fecal production from larvae exposed to a diagnostic concentration of CryIAc in a blue indicator diet. The bioassay provided rapid (24 h) diagnosis of the species composition of larvae tested and also monitored for the presence of resistance in H. virescens. An additional diagnostic concentration was established for monitoring resistance in H. zea. A probit model was used to compare the fecal production responses of insect strains over a range of CryIAc doses. Probability calculations, derived from our assay results, are also presented to aid in the interpretation of future results from field trials. Integration of the feeding disruption bioassay into integrated pest management programs is discussed. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.76 VL - 94 IS - 1 SP - 76-85 SN - 1938-291X KW - Heliothis viresccns KW - Helicoverpa zea KW - Bacillus thuringiensis KW - tobacco budworm KW - bollworm KW - insecticide resistance KW - cotton integrated pest management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silencing of a meristematic gene using geminivirus-derived vectors AU - Peele, C AU - Jordan, CV AU - Muangsan, N AU - Turnage, M AU - Egelkrout, E AU - Eagle, P AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L AU - Robertson, D T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - Geminiviruses are DNA viruses that replicate and transcribe their genes in plant nuclei. They are ideal vectors for understanding plant gene function because of their ability to cause systemic silencing in new growth and ease of inoculation. We previously demonstrated DNA episome-mediated gene silencing from a bipartite geminivirus in Nicotiana benthamiana. Using an improved vector, we now show that extensive silencing of endogenous genes can be obtained using less than 100 bp of homologous sequence. Concomitant symptom development varied depending upon the target gene and insert size, with larger inserts producing milder symptoms. In situ hybridization of silenced tissue in attenuated infections demonstrated that silencing occurs in cells that lack detectable levels of viral DNA. A mutation confining the virus to vascular tissue produced extensive silencing in mesophyll tissue, further demonstrating that endogenous gene silencing can be separated from viral infection. We also show that two essential genes encoding a subunit of magnesium chelatase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) can be silenced simultaneously from different components of the same viral vector. Immunolocalization of silenced tissue showed that the PCNA protein was down-regulated throughout meristematic tissues. Our results demonstrate that geminivirus-derived vectors can be used to study genes involved in meristem function in intact plants. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01080.x VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 357-366 SN - 0960-7412 KW - Geminiviruses KW - homology-dependent gene silencing KW - meristems KW - functional genomics KW - plant DNA viruses KW - magnesium chelatase KW - proliferating cell nuclear antigen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance to mefenoxam and metalaxyl among field isolates of Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight of bell pepper AU - Parra, G AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Incidence of Phytophthora blight in bell pepper fields that were sprayed for the first time with Ridomil Gold (mefenoxam) according to labeled recommendations was higher in North Carolina in 1997 than in previous years. Mefenoxam is the more active enantiomer contained in the racemic fungicide metalaxyl. A total of 150 isolates were obtained from 17 fields at eight grower locations. Among isolates from all locations, 30% were classified as sensitive, 10% as intermediate, and 59% were resistant to mefenoxam. Mefenoxam-resistant isolates were found in 82% of the fields sampled (14 of 17 fields). The proportion of resistant isolates in individual (fields ranged from 28 to 100%. The mean effective concentration (EC50) values for mefenoxam-sensitive isolates was 0.568 μg ml-1 (ranging from 0.12 to 1.1 μg ml-1), whereas the mean EC50 value for mefenoxam-resistant isolates was 366.5 μg ml-1 (ranging from 3 to 863 μg ml-1). The mean EC50 value for metalaxyl-sensitive isolates was 0.27 μg ml-1 (ranging from 0.00002 to 1.3 μg ml-1) and for metalaxyl-resistant isolates was 470.34 μg ml-1 (ranging from 10 to 966 μg ml-1). The greatest proportion of resistant isolates came from fields where mefenoxam was used alone rather than in combination with other fungicides. Both mating types were found among resistant isolates, suggesting that these isolates may persist in soil in subsequent years. Field isolates of Phytophthora capsici resistant to mefenoxam on pepper have not been reported previously and now pose new challenges for management of this important disease. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.10.1069 VL - 85 IS - 10 SP - 1069-1075 SN - 0191-2917 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034813367&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - epidemiology KW - fungicide resistance KW - fungicide sensitivity KW - Phytophthora root and crown rot ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels decrease with time in culture AU - Heilmann, I AU - Perera, IY AU - Gross, W AU - Boss, WF T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - During the stationary phase of growth, after 7 to 12 d in culture, the levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP(2)) decreased by 75% in plasma membranes of the red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Concomitant with the decrease in PtdInsP(2) levels in plasma membranes, there was an increase in PtdInsP(2) in microsomes, suggesting that the levels of plasma membrane PtdInsP(2) are regulated differentially. The decline of PtdInsP(2) in plasma membranes was accompanied by a 70% decrease in the specific activity of PtdInsP kinase and by reduced levels of protein cross-reacting with antisera against a conserved PtdInsP kinase domain. Upon osmotic stimulation, the loss of PtdInsP(2)from the plasma membrane increased from 10% in 7-d-old cells to 60% in 12-d-old cells, although the levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) produced in whole cells were roughly equal at both times. When cells with low plasma membrane PtdInsP(2) levels were osmotically stimulated, a mild osmotic stress (12.5 mM KCl) activated PtdInsP kinase prior to InsP(3) production, whereas in cells with high plasma membrane PtdInsP(2), more severe stress (250 mM KCl) was required to induce an increase in PtdInsP kinase activity. The differential regulation of a plasma membrane signaling pool of PtdInsP(2) is discussed with regard to the implications for understanding the responsive state of cells. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1104/pp.126.4.1507 VL - 126 IS - 4 SP - 1507-1518 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overlapping plant signal transduction pathways induced by a parasitic nematode and a rhizobial endosymbiont AU - Koltai, H AU - Dhandaydham, M AU - Opperman, C AU - Thomas, J AU - Bird, D T2 - MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AB - Root-knot nematodes and rhizobia establish interactions with roots characterized by the de novo induction of host structures, termed giant cells and nodules, respectively. Two transcription regulators, PHAN and KNOX, required for the establishment of meristems were previously shown to be expressed in tomato giant cells. We isolated the orthologues of PHAN and KNOX (Mt-phan and Mt-knox-1) from the model legume Medicago truncatula, and established the spatial distribution of their expression in situ. We confirmed that Mt-phan and Mt-knox-1 are expressed in lateral root initials and in nematode-induced giant cells and showed that they are expressed in nodules induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Expression of both genes becomes spatially restricted as the nodules develop. We further examined nematode feeding sites for the expression of two genes involved in nodule formation, ccs52 (encodes a mitotic inhibitor) and ENOD40 (encodes an early, nodulation mitogen), and found transcripts of both genes to be present in and around giant cells induced in Medicago. Collectively, these results reveal common elements of host responses to mutualistic and parasitic plant endosymbionts and imply that overlapping regulatory pathways lead to giant cells and nodules. We discuss these pathways in the context of phytohormones and parallels between beneficial symbiosis and disease. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.10.1168 VL - 14 IS - 10 SP - 1168-1177 SN - 0894-0282 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034800333&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cytokinin KW - Meloidogyne incognita KW - Nod factor KW - PHANTASTICA KW - polar auxin flow KW - rough sheath2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Microbial community structure in foaming and non-foaming full scale activated sludge plants AU - Reyes, F. L. AU - Raskin, L. C2 - 2001/// C3 - Microorganisms in activated sludge and biofilm processes III: Selected proceedings of the 3rd IWA International Specialised Conference on Microorganisms in Activated Sludge and Biofilm Processes, held in Rome, Italy, 13-15 June 2001 (Water science & technology,; v. 46, no. 1-2) DA - 2001/// SP - 385-392 M1 - 2001 June PB - London: IWA Pub. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hyperosmotic stress induces the rapid phosphorylation of a soybean phosphatidylinositol transfer protein homolog through activation of the protein kinases SPK1 and SPK2 AU - Monks, DE AU - Aghoram, K AU - Courtney, PD AU - DeWald, DB AU - Dewey, RE T2 - PLANT CELL AB - Although phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are known to serve critical functions in regulating a varied array of signal transduction processes in animals and yeast, the discovery of a similar class of proteins in plants occurred only recently. Here, we report the participation of Ssh1p, a soybean PITP-like protein, in the early events of osmosensory signal transduction in plants, a function not attributed previously to animal or yeast PITPs. Exposure of plant tissues to hyperosmotic stress led to the rapid phosphorylation of Ssh1p, a modification that decreased its ability to associate with membranes. An osmotic stress-activated Ssh1p kinase activity was detected in several plant species by presenting recombinant Ssh1p as a substrate in in-gel kinase assays. Elements of a similar osmosensory signaling pathway also were conserved in yeast, an observation that facilitated the identification of soybean protein kinases SPK1 and SPK2 as stress-activated Ssh1p kinases. This study reveals the activation of SPK1 and/or SPK2 and the subsequent phosphorylation of Ssh1p as two early successive events in a hyperosmotic stress-induced signaling cascade in plants. Furthermore, Ssh1p is shown to enhance the activities of a plant phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, an observation that suggests that the ultimate function of Ssh1p in cellular signaling is to alter the plant's capacity to synthesize phosphoinositides during periods of hyperosmotic stress. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1105/tpc.13.5.1205 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1205-1219 SN - 1532-298X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heritability and genetic variance estimates for leaf and stem resistance to gummy stem blight in two cucumber populations AU - Amand, PCS AU - Wehner, TC T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Heritability of resistance to gummy stem blight ( Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm.) was measured in two diverse cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) populations [North Carolina elite slicer 1 (NCES1) and North Carolina wide base pickle (NCWBP)]. Heritability was estimated using parent-offspring regression and half-sib family analysis in North Carolina field tests during 1991 and 1992. NCES1 is a slicing cucumber population with a narrow genetic base, and NCWBP is a pickling cucumber population with a wide genetic base. Heritability estimates were low to moderate ranging from 0.12 to 0.49 for the gummy stem blight leaf rating and from -0.03 to 0.12 for stem rating. Estimates of gain from selection were at least two times larger for selection based on half-sib families than for mass selection for all traits in both populations. Approximately three to five cycles of selection would be required to improve the NCES1 population mean for gummy stem blight leaf resistance by one rating scale unit, and three to four cycles of selection would be required to improve the NCWBP population mean for gummy stem blight leaf resistance by one rating scale unit, based on half-sib family selection. One rating scale unit decrease is equivalent to an 11% reduction in susceptibility. Gain would be slower if selecting for stem, or leaf and stem resistance. A moderate amount of additive genetic variation exists in both populations for gummy stem blight leaf resistance, but estimates for additive genetic variation for stem resistance indicate little to no additive genetic variation. Development of populations specifically for greater initial resistance and greater additive variance than found in these populations should aid in selection for resistance. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.21273/jashs.126.1.90 VL - 126 IS - 1 SP - 90-94 SN - 2327-9788 KW - Cucurbitaceae KW - Didymella bryoniae KW - disease resistance KW - vegetable breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global analysis of protein activities using proteome chips AU - Zhu, H AU - Bilgin, M AU - Bangham, R AU - Hall, D AU - Casamayor, A AU - Bertone, P AU - Lan, N AU - Jansen, R AU - Bidlingmaier, S AU - Houfek, T AU - Mitchell, T AU - Miller, P AU - Dean, RA AU - Gerstein, M AU - Snyder, M T2 - SCIENCE AB - To facilitate studies of the yeast proteome, we cloned 5800 open reading frames and overexpressed and purified their corresponding proteins. The proteins were printed onto slides at high spatial density to form a yeast proteome microarray and screened for their ability to interact with proteins and phospholipids. We identified many new calmodulin- and phospholipid-interacting proteins; a common potential binding motif was identified for many of the calmodulin-binding proteins. Thus, microarrays of an entire eukaryotic proteome can be prepared and screened for diverse biochemical activities. The microarrays can also be used to screen protein-drug interactions and to detect posttranslational modifications. DA - 2001/9/14/ PY - 2001/9/14/ DO - 10.1126/science.1062191 VL - 293 IS - 5537 SP - 2101-2105 SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypic control of high-frequency adventitious shoot regeneration via somatic organogenesis in loblolly pine AU - Tang, Wei AU - Whetten, Ross AU - Sederoff, Ron T2 - Plant Science AB - Mature zygotic embryos of 24 genotypes of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were used as explants to establish an adventitious shoot regeneration system through somatic organogenesis. Callus formation frequencies of 18.2 (genotype 11-1103) -77.7% (genotype 7-100) have been induced from mature zygotic embryos of all genotypes tested on callus induction medium (basal salts) containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), and kinetin. Adventitious shoot regeneration via organogenesis with the frequency of 5.4 (genotype 11-1103 and 7-2) -77.2% (genotype 8-1082) was obtained from callus and tissue cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos of 24 genotypes of loblolly pine. The highest mean number of 18 adventitious buds per piece of callus 0.5x0.5 cm(2) in size was obtained from genotype 8-1082. Elongation of adventitious buds was achieved on TE medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1 mg/l BA. After rooting, regenerated plantlets were established in soil. These results suggested that adventitious shoot regeneration via somatic organogenesis was influenced by the genotypes. The in vitro regeneration procedure established in this investigation could be used for clonal micropropagation of some genotypes of loblolly pine, as well as for establishing a transformation system in coniferous species. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1016/s0168-9452(01)00394-6 VL - 161 IS - 2 SP - 267-272 J2 - Plant Science LA - en OP - SN - 0168-9452 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(01)00394-6 DB - Crossref KW - Pinus taedu L. KW - organogenesis KW - adventitious shoot regeneration KW - callus induction frequency KW - differentiation frequency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of heterogeneity in forced convection in a porous medium: Triple layer or conjugate problem AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Nield, DA T2 - NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER PART A-APPLICATIONS AB - The effects of variation (in the transverse direction) of permeability and thermal conductivity, on fully developed forced convection in a parallel plate channel or circular duct filled with a saturated porous medium, is investigated analytically on the basis of a Darcy model, for the cases of isoflux and isothermal boundaries. Previous work is extended to the case of a medium composed of three layers, or two layers with an adjacent solid layer. For the parallel plate channel with isoflux boundaries, some general multilayer results are given. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1080/104077801753238158 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 363-385 SN - 1040-7782 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case presentation - Dysphagia caused by squamous cell carcinoma in two horses AU - Jones, S. L. AU - Zimmel, D. AU - Tate, L. P. AU - Campbell, N. AU - Redding, W. R. AU - Carlson, G. P. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - 1020-1024 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bivalent cations and amino-acid composition contribute to the thermostability of Bacillus licheniformis xylose isomerase AU - Vieille, C AU - Epting, KL AU - Kelly, RM AU - Zeikus, JG T2 - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Comparative analysis of genome sequence data from mesophilic and hyperthermophilic micro-organisms has revealed a strong bias against specific thermolabile amino-acid residues (i.e. N and Q) in hyperthermophilic proteins. The N + Q content of class II xylose isomerases (XIs) from mesophiles, moderate thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles was examined. It was found to correlate inversely with the growth temperature of the source organism in all cases examined, except for the previously uncharacterized XI from Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 (BLXI), which had an N + Q content comparable to that of homologs from much more thermophilic sources. To determine whether BLXI behaves as a thermostable enzyme, it was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the thermostability and activity properties of the recombinant enzyme were studied. Indeed, it was optimally active at 70-72 degrees C, which is significantly higher than the optimal growth temperature (37 degrees C) of B. licheniformis. The kinetic properties of BLXI, determined at 60 degrees C with glucose and xylose as substrates, were comparable to those of other class II XIs. The stability of BLXI was dependent on the metallic cation present in its two metal-binding sites. The enzyme thermostability increased in the order apoenzyme < Mg2+-enzyme < Co2+-enzyme approximately Mn2+-enzyme, with melting temperatures of 50.3 degrees C, 53.3 degrees C, 73.4 degrees C, and 73.6 degrees C. BLXI inactivation was first-order in all conditions examined. The energy of activation for irreversible inactivation was also strongly influenced by the metal present, ranging from 342 kJ x mol(-1) (apoenzyme) to 604 kJ x mol(-1) (Mg2+-enzyme) to 1166 kJ x mol(-1) (Co2+-enzyme). These results suggest that the first irreversible event in BLXI unfolding is the release of one or both of its metals from the active site. Although N + Q content was an indicator of thermostability for class II XIs, this pattern may not hold for other sets of homologous enzymes. In fact, the extremely thermostable alpha-amylase from B. licheniformis was found to have an average N + Q content compared with homologous enzymes from a variety of mesophilic and thermophilic sources. Thus, it would appear that protein thermostability is a function of more complex molecular determinants than amino-acid content alone. DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02587.x VL - 268 IS - 23 SP - 6291-6301 SN - 0014-2956 KW - Bacillus licheniformis KW - metal binding KW - thermostability KW - xylose isomerase ER - TY - JOUR TI - An investigation of the microporosity formation in an Al-4.1% Cu alloy casting in microgravity and in standard gravity AU - Xiong, M AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1007/s002310000186 VL - 38 IS - 1-2 SP - 35-43 SN - 0947-7411 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of polygenes affecting wing shape on chromosome 2 in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Weber, K. AU - Eisman, R. AU - Higgins, S. AU - Morey, L. AU - Patty, A. AU - Tausek, M. AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Genetics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - 1045-1057 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A general polyploid model for analyzing gene segregation in outcrossing tetraploid species AU - Wu, R. L. AU - Gallo-Meagher, M. AU - Littell, R. C. AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Genetics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 159 IS - 2 SP - 869-882 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein kinase C-alpha coordinately regulates cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 through different mechanisms in mouse keratinocytes AU - Wang, HQ AU - Kim, MP AU - Tiano, HF AU - Langenbach, R AU - Smart, RC T2 - MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY AB - Transgenic mice (K5-PKCα) in which the keratin 5 promoter directs the expression of protein kinase C-α (PKCα) to epidermal keratinocytes display a 10-fold increase in PKCα protein in their epidermis and alterations in phorbol ester-induced cutaneous inflammation [J Cell Science 1999;112:3497–3506]. In the current study, we have used these K5-PKCα mice to examine the role of PKCα in keratinocyte phospholipid metabolism/eicosanoid production and cutaneous inflammation. Primary keratinocytes from wild-type and transgenic mice were prelabeled in culture with [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) and subsequently treated with TPA. Compared with wild-type keratinocytes, K5-PKCα keratinocytes displayed a 2-fold increase in AA release. TPA treatment resulted in the phosphorylation of cPLA2. PKC inhibitors GF-109203X or H7, but not mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD 98059, could inhibit phosphorylation and AA release. Topical 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment of K5-PKCα mice resulted in a 5-fold increase in epidermal COX-2 induction and a 2- to 3-fold increase in prostaglandin (PG) E2 levels above that observed in TPA-treated wild-type mice. PD 98059, GF-109203X, or H7 could block cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction by TPA. Because C/EBPβ, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, can be activated via a PKCα/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and can influence COX-2 expression, we examined whether C/EBPβ is involved in TPA-induced epidermal COX-2 expression. TPA-induced COX-2 expression was similar in C/EBPβ nullizygous and wild-type mice. In summary, our results indicate that epidermal PKCα coordinately regulates cPLA2 activity and COX-2 expression resulting in increased levels of AA and PGE2. Furthermore, PKCα-induced AA release and cPLA2phosphorylation are independent of MEK, whereas PKCα-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production are MEK-dependent and C/EBPβ-independent events. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1124/mol.59.4.860 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 860-866 SN - 0026-895X ER - TY - JOUR TI - PCR amplification of the Irish potato famine pathogen from historic specimens AU - Ristaino, JB AU - Groves, CT AU - Parra, GR T2 - NATURE DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1038/35079606 VL - 411 IS - 6838 SP - 695-697 SN - 1476-4687 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035822055&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser ablation of a urethral web to relieve urinary outflow obstruction in a horse AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Tate, Lloyd P. AU - Jones, Samuel L. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - An 8-year-old Hanoverian gelding was examined because of urine dribbling and urethral obstruction. Mild proprioceptive deficits of the left hind limb were evident during neurologic examination. Ultrasonography per rectum revealed dilatation of the pelvic portion of the urethra. Endoscopy of the urethra revealed 2 webs of tissue: 1 was located 10 cm proximal to the external urethral opening; the other was located 65 cm proximal to the external urethral opening and prevented passage of the endoscope into the urinary bladder. The mass was ablated with a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, using a transendoscopic noncontact technique. On follow-up examination 6 months after laser surgery, an endoscope could easily be passed into the bladder, and no urethral web was seen. The horse was able to void a stream of urine but continued to dribble urine intermittently. The proximal location of the urethral lesion in this horse would have made use of traditional surgical methods problematic, whereas transendoscopic laser photoablation was easy and effective. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1970 VL - 218 IS - 12 SP - 1970-1972 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.1970 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Method of insecticide delivery affects horizontal transfer of fipronil in the German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - Buczkowski, G AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Horizontal transmission of insecticide occurs when foragers contact or ingest an insecticide, return to the aggregation or nest, and translocate the insecticide to the shelter and its vicinity. Relatively more sedentary members of the population then contact or eat the translocated insecticide and die. We evaluated three different methods of delivering fipronil to adult male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), for their potential to cause such secondary mortality in various developmental stages of the cockroach. Adult males topically treated with 5 ng of fipronil (approximately LD99) caused low mortality in untreated nymphs and no mortality in untreated adults within the same aggregation. Males exposed to residual fipronil on a glass surface translocated more insecticide, resulting in higher mortality of cockroaches they contacted, but only early instars were affected and no adult mortality was observed. Ingested fipronil bait, however, was most effectively translocated, and caused high mortality of untreated adults and nymphs. Ingestion of fipronil also caused greater secondary kill compared with a topical application of 25 ng, approximately the same amount recovered from the exterior of males that ingested 1 mg of 0.05% fipronil bait. Secondary mortality in the untreated population was significantly affected by the duration of contact between the treated and untreated cockroaches, the quantity and freshness of excretions from the treated insects, and the accessibility of the secretions to untreated cockroaches. The mechanisms that cause secondary kill may include ingestion of excreted fipronil residues, cannibalism of bait-fed cockroaches, as well as contact with fipronil-contaminated substrates. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-94.3.680 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 680-685 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Blattella germanica KW - fipronil KW - translocation KW - horizontal toxicant transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-throughput AFLP analysis using infrared dye-labeled primers and an automated DNA sequencer AU - Myburg, AA AU - Remington, DL AU - DM O'Malley, AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Whetten, RW T2 - BIOTECHNIQUES AB - Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is currently the most powerful and efficient technique for the generation of large numbers of anonymous DNA markers in plant and animal genomes. We have developed a protocol for high-throughput AFLP analysis that allows up to 70 000 polymorphic marker genotype determinations per week on a single automated DNA sequencer. This throughput is based on multiplexed PCR amplification of AFLP fragments using two different infrared dyelabeled primer combinations. The multiplexed AFLPs are resolved on a two-dye, model 4200 LI-COR ® automated DNA sequencer, and the digital images are scored using semi-automated scoring software specifically designed for complex AFLP banding patterns (AFLP-Quantar™). Throughput is enhanced by using high-quality genomic DNA templates obtained by a 96-well DNA isolation procedure. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.2144/01302tt04 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 348-+ SN - 0736-6205 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of age and sex on the production of internal and external hydrocarbons and pheromones in the housefly, Musca domestica AU - Mpuru, S AU - Blomquist, GJ AU - Schal, C AU - Roux, M AU - Kuenzli, M AU - Dusticier, G AU - Clement, JL AU - Bagneres, AG T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - The epicuticular and internal waxes of male and female houseflies were examined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at closely timed intervals from emergence until day-6 of adulthood. New components identified included tricosan-10-one, 9,10-epoxyheptacosane, heptacosen-12-one, a series of odd-carbon numbered dienes from C31 to C39, several positional isomers of monoenes including (Z)-9- and 7-pentacosene and a number of methyl- and dimethylalkanes. (Z)-9-tricosene appears in internal lipids prior to appearing on the surface of the insect, suggesting that it is transported in the hemolymph to its site of deposition on the epicuticle. The large increases in the amount of (Z)-9-tricosene in females from day-2 until day-6 is compensated for by a concomitant decrease in (Z)-9-heptacosene. The C23 epoxide and ketone only appear in females after the production of (Z)-9-tricosene is induced, and are only abundant in epicuticular waxes, suggesting they are formed after (Z)-9-tricosene is transported to the cells which are involved in taking them to the surface of the insect. Mathematical analysis indicated that the time shift between internal production and external accumulation in females is more than 24 h. The divergence between male and female lipid production occurs at an early stage, when insects are less than one day old. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00098-9 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 139-155 SN - 0965-1748 KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - sex-pheromone production KW - internal vs external lipids KW - selective transport KW - GC-MS KW - mathematical modeling KW - housefly (Musca domestica) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying 3-PG, a simple process-based model designed to produce practical results, to data from loblolly pine experiments AU - Landsberg, J. J. AU - Johnsen, K. H. AU - Albaugh, T. J. AU - Allen, H. L. AU - McKeand, S. E. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 43-51 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A simple allozyme method for distinguishing all life stages of Manduca sexta and M-quinquemaculata AU - Woods, HA AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Stephenson, A AU - Harrison, JE T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Entomologia Experimentalis et ApplicataVolume 98, Issue 1 p. 109-113 A simple allozyme method for distinguishing all life stages of Manduca sexta and M. quinquemaculata H. Arthur Woods, H. Arthur Woods Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA (Tel: (480) 965-9459; E-mail: [email protected])Search for more papers by this authorClyde E. Sorenson, Clyde E. Sorenson Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorAlan Stephenson, Alan Stephenson Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorJon F. Harrison, Jon F. Harrison Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA (Tel: (480) 965-9459; E-mail: [email protected])Search for more papers by this author H. Arthur Woods, H. Arthur Woods Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA (Tel: (480) 965-9459; E-mail: [email protected])Search for more papers by this authorClyde E. Sorenson, Clyde E. Sorenson Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorAlan Stephenson, Alan Stephenson Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USASearch for more papers by this authorJon F. Harrison, Jon F. Harrison Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA (Tel: (480) 965-9459; E-mail: [email protected])Search for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00762.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume98, Issue1January 2001Pages 109-113 RelatedInformation DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00762.x VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 109-113 SN - 1570-7458 KW - allozyme KW - malate dehydrogenase KW - malate dehydrogenase NADP(+) KW - Manduca sexta KW - Manduca quinquemaculata KW - egg size ER - TY - JOUR TI - A screen for sequences up-regulated during heterocyst development in Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120 AU - Curtis, SE AU - Hebbar, PB T2 - ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1007/s002030100267 VL - 175 IS - 5 SP - 313-322 SN - 0302-8933 KW - Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120 KW - cyanobacteria KW - heterocyst development KW - nitrogen starvation KW - genome screening KW - up-regulated genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vector competence of Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae) for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis AU - Zurek, L AU - Denning, SS AU - Schal, C AU - Watson, DW T2 - JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - The vectoR potential of adult house flies. Musca domestica L., for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer), a pathogen of domestic animals and humans, was investigated. Adult flies were allowed to feed on trypticase soy broth (TSB) containing Y. pseudotuberculosis for 6 h and then transferred to sterile containers with sterile TSB as a source of water and nutrients. At 6-h intervals, all flies were transferred to sterile containers with sterile TSB and 10 randomly selected flies were examined for the pathogen. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis did not establish a permanent population in the house fly colony; however, viable cells were detected from the digestive tract of flies for up to 36 h after the initial exposure, and flies contaminated their environment (sterile TSB) for up to 30 h after the exposure. These results demonstrated that house flies can carry Y. psedotuberculosis for a considerable period and therefore must be considered as a potential mechanical vector of pseudotuberculosis infection. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1603/0022-2585-38.2.333 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 333-335 SN - 0022-2585 KW - house fly KW - Yersinia pseudotuberculosis KW - vector potential KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation among isolates of Fusarium graminearum associated with Fusarium head blight in North Carolina AU - Walker, SL AU - Leath, S AU - Hagler, WM AU - Murphy, JP T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Fusarium head blight (FHB) can reduce yield of wheat and decrease the value of harvested grain by accumulation of detrimental toxins. Understanding the variability of the fungal population associated with infection could improve disease control strategies. Sixty-six isolates of Fusarium graminearum associated with FHB were collected in North Carolina and tested for in vitro growth rate, in vitro production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone, and pathogenicity on three cultivars of soft red winter wheat. Significant differences among isolates were found for all three traits. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed high levels of genotypic diversity among isolates. Isolates of F. graminearum, F. culmorum, and F. avenaceum acquired from the Pennsylvania State University Fusarium Center were included for comparison in all tests. In vivo levels of DON were measured for the five isolates associated with the highest levels of disease and the five isolates associated with the lowest levels of disease, and no significant differences were found. However, all ten isolates produced detectable levels of DON in vivo. Mean disease ratings ranged from 3.4 to 96.4%, in vitro (DON) levels ranged from 0 to 7176.2 ppm, and zearalenone ranged from 0 to 354.7 ppm, among isolates. A multiple regression model using in vitro growth, in vitro DON, and zearalenone production, collection location, wheat cultivar of isolate origin, plot, tillage conditions, and previous crop as independent variables and percent blighted tissue as the dependent variable was developed. The cumulative R 2 value for the model equaled 0.27 with in vitro rate of growth making the largest contribution. Analysis of phenotype and genotype among isolates demonstrated diversity in a single plot, in a single location, and in North Carolina. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity were significant under both conventional and reduced tillage conditions, and diversity was high regardless of whether the previous crop had been a host or non-host for F. graminearum. These data indicate a variable pathogen population of F. graminearum exists in North Carolina, and members of this population can be both highly pathogenic on wheat and produce high levels of detrimental toxins, indicating a potential threat for problems with FHB within the state. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.4.404 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 404-410 SN - 0191-2917 KW - resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - The 5 ' end of the pea ferredoxin-1 mRNA mediates rapid and reversible light-directed changes in translation in tobacco AU - Hansen, ER AU - Petracek, ME AU - Dickey, LF AU - Thompson, WF T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract Ferredoxin-1 (Fed-1) mRNA contains an internal light response element (iLRE) that destabilizes mRNA when light-grown plants are placed in darkness. mRNAs containing this element dissociate from polyribosomes in the leaves of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants transferred to the dark for 2 d. Here, we report in vivo labeling experiments with a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase mRNA fused to theFed-1 iLRE. Our data indicate that theFed-1 iLRE mediates a rapid decline in translational efficiency and that iLRE-containing mRNAs dissociate from polyribosomes within 20 min after plants are transferred to darkness. Both events occur before the decline in mRNA abundance, and polyribosome association is rapidly reversible if plants are re-illuminated. These observations support a model in which Fed-1 mRNA in illuminated leaves is stabilized by its association with polyribosomes, and/or by translation. In darkness a large portion of the mRNA dissociates from polyribosomes and is subsequently degraded. We also show that a significant portion of total tobacco leaf mRNA is shifted from polyribosomal to non-polyribosomal fractions after 20 min in the dark, indicating that translation of other mRNAs is also rapidly down-regulated in response to darkness. This class includes some, but not all, cytoplasmic mRNAs encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1104/pp.125.2.770 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 770-778 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regeneration of transgenic loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from zygotic embryos transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens AU - Tang, W AU - Sederoff, R AU - Whetten, R T2 - PLANTA DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1007/s004250100566 VL - 213 IS - 6 SP - 981-989 SN - 1432-2048 KW - genetic transformation KW - beta-glucuronidase gene KW - Pinus (transformation) KW - plant DNA/T-DNA junction analysis KW - transgenic pine KW - zygotic embryo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic revision of Agapophytinae subf.n. (Diptera : Therevidae) based on molecular and morphological evidence AU - Winterton, SL AU - Yang, LL AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Yeates, DK T2 - SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Summary Agapophytinae subf.n. is a highly diverse lineage of Australasian Therevidae, comprising eight described and two new genera: Agapophytus Guérin‐Méneville, Acupalpa Kröber, Acraspisa Kröber, Belonalys Kröber, Bonjeania Irwin & Lyneborg, Parapsilocephala Kröber, Acatopygia Kröber, Laxotela Winterton & Irwin, Pipinnipons gen.n. and Patanothrix gen.n. A genus‐level cladistic analysis of the subfamily was undertaken using sixty‐eight adult morphological characters and c. 1000 base pairs of the elongation factor‐1α (EF‐1α) protein coding gene. The morphological data partition produced three most parsimonious cladograms, whereas the molecular data partition gave a single most parsimonious cladogram, which did not match any of the cladograms found in the morphological analysis. The level of congruence between the data partitions was determined using the partition homogeneity test (HT F ) and Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Despite being significantly incongruent in at least one of the incongruence tests, the partitions were combined in a simultaneous analysis. The combined data yielded a single cladogram that was better supported than that of the individual partitions analysed separately. The relative contributions of the data partitions to support for individual nodes on the combined cladogram were investigated using Partitioned Bremer Support. The level of support for many nodes on the combined cladogram was non‐additive and often greater than the sum of support for the respective nodes on individual partitions. This synergistic interaction between incongruent data partitions indicates a common phylogenetic signal in both partitions. It also suggests that criteria for partition combination based solely on incongruence may be misleading. The phylogenetic relationships of the genera are discussed using the combined data. A key to genera of Agapophytinae is presented, with genera diagnosed and figured. Two new genera are described: Patanothrix with a new species ( Pat. skevingtoni ) and Pat. wilsoni (Mann) transferred from Parapsilocephala , and Pipinnipons with a new species ( Pip. kroeberi ). Pipinnipons fascipennis (Kröber) is transferred from Squamopygia Kröber and Pip. imitans (Mann) is transferred from Agapophytus . Agapophytus bicolor (Kröber) is transferred from Parapsilocephala . Agapophytus varipennis Mann is synonymised with Aga. queenslandi Kröber and Aga. flavicornis Mann is synonymised with Aga. pallidicornis (Kröber). DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00142.x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 173-211 SN - 0307-6970 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molybdate transport AU - Self, WT AU - Grunden, AM AU - Hasona, A AU - Shanmugam, KT T2 - RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - In both bacteria and archaea, molybdate is transported by an ABC-type transporter comprising three proteins, ModA (periplasmic binding protein), ModB (membrane protein) and ModC, the ATPase. The modABC operon expression is controlled by ModE-Mo. In the absence of the high-affinity molybdate transporter, molybdate is also transported by another ABC transporter which transports sulfate/thiosulfate as well as by a nonspecific anion transporter. Comparative analysis of the molybdate transport proteins in various bacteria and archaea is the focus of this review. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01202-5 VL - 152 IS - 3-4 SP - 311-321 SN - 1769-7123 KW - molybdate transport KW - genetics KW - biochemistry KW - bacteria KW - archaea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Melon bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library construction using improved methods and identification of clones linked to the locus conferring resistance to melon Fusarium wilt (Fom-2) AU - Luo, MZ AU - Wang, YH AU - Frisch, D AU - Joobeur, T AU - Wing, RA AU - Dean, RA T2 - GENOME DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1139/gen-44-2-154 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 154-162 SN - 0831-2796 KW - bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library KW - Fusarium wilt KW - melon KW - pCUGIBAC1 KW - resistant gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insulin-like growth factor-I augments prolactin and inhibits growth hormone release through distinct as well as overlapping cellular signaling pathways AU - Fruchtman, S AU - Gift, B AU - Howes, B AU - Borski, R T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - We recently discovered a new role for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) as a specific and direct stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release in addition to its recognized function as an inhibitor of growth hormone (GH) release and synthesis. Little is known of the mechanisms that transduce the actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH release in vertebrates. The present study was undertaken to determine the cellular pathways that mediate the disparate actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH release in hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis X M. chrysops). When regulating cellular function, IGF-I may activate two primary pathways, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The specific MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, blocked IGF-I-evoked PRL release as well as GH release inhibition over an 18–20-h incubation. LY294002, a specific PI 3-K inhibitor, overcame IGF-I's inhibition of GH release but was ineffective in blocking PRL release stimulated by IGF-I. These studies suggest IGF-I disparately alters PRL and GH by activating distinct as well as overlapping signaling pathways central for mediating actions of growth factors on secretory activity as well as cell proliferation. These results further support a role for IGF-I as a physiological regulator of PRL and GH. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00315-3 VL - 129 IS - 2-3 SP - 237-242 SN - 1879-1107 KW - mitogen-activated protein kinase KW - phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase KW - IGF-I signal transduction KW - IGF-I receptor KW - LY294002 KW - PD98059 KW - rapamycin KW - pituitary KW - teleost ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrolysis of tert-Butyl Methyl Ether (MTBE) in Dilute Aqueous Acid AU - O'Reilly, Kirk T. AU - Moir, Michael E. AU - Taylor, Christine D. AU - Smith, Christy A. AU - Hyman, Michael R. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - tert-Butyl methyl ether (MTBE) is generally considered to be resistant to chemical transformation in aqueous solution. This lack of reactivity has led to concerns of the long-term impacts of MTBE in groundwater. Although hydrolysis in the presence of strong acids has been recognized as a mechanism for MTBE transformation, it has been discounted as a significant reaction under environmental conditions. In this study, we have examined the fate of MTBE and other ether oxygenates under moderately acidic conditions (> or=pH 1). The results demonstrate that MTBE is sensitive to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction that generates tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and methanol as products. The reaction is first-order with respect to the concentration of MTBE and hydronium ion with a second-order rate constant of about 0.9 x 10(-2) M(-1) h(-1) at 26 degrees C. Commercially available acidic ion-exchange resins were also shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of MTBE at near neutral pH. Pseudo-first-order rate constants were observed to be as high as 0.03 h(-1) at 25 degrees C and 0.12 h(-1) at 35 degrees C. These findings are discussed in terms of their possible implications for the treatment and environmental fate of MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates. DA - 2001/10/1/ PY - 2001/10/1/ DO - 10.1021/es001431k VL - 35 IS - 19 SP - 3954-3961 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. SN - 0013-936X UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/es001431k DB - ACS Publications Y2 - 2019/2/1/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic analysis of larval survival and larval growth of two populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata on tomato AU - Lu, WH AU - Kennedy, GG AU - Gould, F T2 - ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA AB - Abstract The genetics of adaptation to tomato in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were investigated in reciprocal F 1 , F 2 , and backcross populations generated from crosses between beetles from a tomato adapted population and from a population that was poorly adapted to tomato. Larvae from the parent and test populations were reared on tomato for four days, after which survivorship and larval weights were recorded. Most results indicate that differences in larval growth and survival on tomato between the parent populations are largely determined by autosomal, polygenic mechanisms, the inheritance of which involves a significant dominance component. However, results from F 2 crosses are not consistent with this conclusion. A significant difference in larval weights, but not in survival, between reciprocal F 1 populations in an analysis of combined data from four separate experiments suggests that maternal cytoplasmic effects may contribute to differences in larval performance on tomato between the adapted and unadapted populations. The unusual results obtained from F 2 crosses in this study are not atypical of results from previous studies of the genetics of adaptation to host plants by the Colorado potato beetle. Host plant adaptation by Colorado potato beetles may therefore involve unusual genetic mechanisms that are not easily assessed by classical Mendelian analysis. DA - 2001/5// PY - 2001/5// DO - 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00812.x VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 143-155 SN - 1570-7458 KW - Leptinotarsa decemlineata KW - genetic variation KW - adaptation on tomato KW - inheritance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cortisol suppresses prolactin release through a non-genomic mechanism involving interactions with the plasma membrane AU - Borski, RJ AU - Hyde, GN AU - Fruchtman, S AU - Tsai, WS T2 - COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - In the classical theory of steroid hormone action, steroids diffuse through the membrane and alter transcription of specific genes resulting in synthesis of proteins important for modulating cell function. Most often, steroids work solely through the genome to exert their physiological actions in a process that normally takes hours or days to occur. In tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cortisol inhibits prolactin (PRL) release within 10-20 min in vitro. This action is accompanied by similarly rapid reductions in cellular Ca(2+) and cAMP levels, second messengers known to transduce the membrane effects of peptide hormones. We further examined whether cortisol might inhibit PRL release through a non-genomic, membrane-associated mechanism using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and a membrane impermeant form of cortisol, cortisol-21 hemisuccinate BSA (HEF/BSA). Cycloheximide (2 and 10 microg/ml) was ineffective in overcoming PRL release induced by hyposmotic medium or that inhibited by cortisol over 4 h static incubations. These dosages reduced protein synthesis as measured by amino acid incorporation in pituitaries by 75 and 99%, respectively. During 4-h incubation, HEF/BSA and HEF significantly reduced PRL release in a dose-dependent fashion. These studies suggest that cortisol inhibits PRL release through a plasma membrane-associated, protein-synthesis independent (non-genomic) pathway. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00358-X VL - 129 IS - 2-3 SP - 533-541 SN - 1096-4959 KW - BSA-conjugated steroid KW - osmoregulation KW - pituitary KW - receptors KW - calcium KW - cAMP KW - cycloheximide KW - tilapia KW - hydrocortisone KW - glucocorticoid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats: 43 cases (1985-1997) AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Atkins, Clarke E. AU - Miller, Matthew W. AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Keene, Bruce W. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - Abstract Objective —To determine the usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats and to compare this modality with other tests. Design —Retrospective study. Animals —43 cats with heartworm infection that had echocardiographic examinations at 2 veterinary teaching hospitals between 1985 and 1997. Twenty-two of these 43 cats also underwent radiography of the thorax and heartworm antibody and heartworm antigen testing. Procedure —Cats were determined to be infected with Dirofilaria immitis infection on the basis of 1 or more of the following findings: positive modified Knott or antigen test result, echocardiographic evidence of heartworm disease, or confirmation of the disease on postmortem examination. The percentage of echocardiographs in which heartworms were evident was compared with the percentage of radiographs in which pulmonary artery enlargement was evident and results of antigen or antibody tests in cats in which all tests were performed. Results —Overall, heartworms were detectable by use of echocardiography in 17 of 43 cats, most often in the pulmonary arteries. In the 22 cats in which all tests were performed, antibody test results were positive in 18, antigen test results were positive in 12, and pulmonary artery enlargement was evident radiographically and heartworms were identifiable echocardiographically in 14. Heartworm infection was diagnosed exclusively by use of echocardiography in 5 cats in which the antigen test result was negative. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Although echocardiography was less sensitive than antigen testing, it was a useful adjunctive test in cats that had negative antigen test results in which there was a suspicion of heartworm disease. The pulmonary arteries should be evaluated carefully to increase the likelihood of detection of heartworms echocardiographically. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:66–69) DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.2460/javma.2001.218.66 VL - 218 IS - 1 SP - 66-69 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.66 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transfer of ingested insecticides among cockroaches: Effects of active ingredient, bait formulation, and assay procedures AU - Buczkowski, G AU - Kopanic, RJ AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Foraging cockroaches ingest insecticide baits, translocate them, and can cause mortality in untreated cockroaches that contact the foragers or ingest their excretions. Translocation of eight ingested baits by adult male Blattella germanica (L.) was examined in relation to the type of the active ingredient, formulation, and foraging area. Ingested boric acid, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and hydramethylnon that were excreted by adults in small dishes killed 100% of first instars within 10 d and >50% of second instars within 14 d. Residues from these ingested baits were also highly effective on nymphs in larger arenas and killed 16-100% of the adults. However, when the baits and dead cockroaches were removed from the large arenas and replaced with new cockroaches, only residues of the slow-acting hydramethylnon killed most of the nymphs and adults, whereas residues of fast acting insecticides (chlorpyrifos and fipronil) killed fewer nymphs and adults. Excretions from cockroaches that ingested abamectin baits failed to cause significant mortality in cockroaches that contacted the residues. These results suggest that hydramethylnon is highly effective in these assays because cockroaches that feed on the bait have ample time to return to their shelter and defecate insecticide-laden feces. The relatively high concentration of hydramethylnon in the bait (2.15%) and its apparent stability in the digestive tract and feces probably contribute to the efficacy of hydramethylnon. To control for differences among baits in inert ingredients and the amount of active ingredient, we compared 1% chlorpyrifos with 1% hydramethylnon in identical baits. Again, hydramethylnon residues provided greater secondary kill, but the results highlighted the importance of the inert ingredients. We conclude that, in the absence of cannibalism and necrophagy, translocation of baits and secondary kill are most effective with slow acting insecticides in palatable baits that can traverse the digestive tract and be deposited within and around the cockroach aggregation. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1229 VL - 94 IS - 5 SP - 1229-1236 SN - 0022-0493 KW - Blattella germanica KW - coprophagy KW - horizontal toxicant transfer KW - bait ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of cell differentiation state and HMG-I/Y in the expression of transgenes flanked by matrix attachment regions AU - Ascenzi, R AU - Ingram, JL AU - Massel, M AU - Thompson, WF AU - Spiker, S AU - Weissinger, AK T2 - TRANSGENIC RESEARCH DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1023/A:1012082602587 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 465-470 SN - 0962-8819 KW - cell differentiation and proliferation KW - chromatin KW - matrix KW - scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR) KW - plant high mobility group-I/Y protein (HMG-I/Y) KW - transgene expression KW - tobacco ER - TY - JOUR TI - Signaling mechanism for equine neutrophil activation by immune complexes AU - Jones, SL AU - Sharief, Y AU - Chilcoat, CD T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Neutrophils (PMN) are critical host defense cells that have a role in the pathophysiology of a variety of inflammatory diseases, particularly those diseases associated with antigen-antibody immune complexes (IC) deposited in tissues. Activation of PMN by IC is most efficient if the IC are presented immobilized on a surface. Adhesion to the immobilized IC is important for subsequent activation of PMN effector functions, such as generation of reactive oxygen metabolites. Adhesion of human PMN to immobilized IC requires the expression and activation of adhesion receptors called integrins. Of the integrins expressed on PMN, the beta 2 family has been found to be of particular importance for PMN function. The mechanism of beta 2 integrin activation during adhesion to IC has been studied in human PMN, but not in equine PMN. We show here that adhesion of equine PMN to immobilized IC requires beta 2 integrins. Like adhesion, IC-induced respiratory burst activity is dependent on beta 2 integrins. Furthermore, the signaling pathway triggering beta 2 integrin-dependent adhesion of equine PMN to IC and subsequent generation of respiratory burst activity is inhibited by the specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) antagonists wortmannin and LY294002 with IC(50) (concentration at which 50% inhibition is achieved) similar to the published values for inhibition of PI3K enzymatic activity. In contrast, PMA-induced activation of beta 2 integrin-dependent adhesion and respiratory burst activity are wortmannin and LY294002 insensitive. These data demonstrate that like in human PMN, IC-induced activation of beta 2 integrins and beta 2 integrin-dependent functions in equine PMN is dependent on PI3K activity. DA - 2001/9/28/ PY - 2001/9/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00350-6 VL - 82 IS - 1-2 SP - 87-100 SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11557296 KW - neutrophil KW - adhesion KW - integrin KW - phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase KW - immune complex KW - Fe receptor KW - equine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Segregation and linkage of several genes in cucumber AU - Walters, S. A. AU - Shetty, N. V. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 126 IS - 4 SP - 442-450 ER - TY - PAT TI - Method of treating alopecia AU - Smart, R. C. AU - Oh, H.-S. C2 - 2001/// DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Generation of Intron-Containing, ER-Localized, Soluble-Modified Green Fluorescent Protein Genes for use in Plant Transformation AU - Mankin, S.L. AU - Thompson, W.F. T2 - Plant Molecular Biology Reporter DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1007/bf02824074 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 13–26 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Galactomannanases man2 and man5 from Thermotoga species: Growth physiology on galactomannans, gene sequence analysis, and biochemical properties of recombinant enzymes AU - Parker, KN AU - Chhabra, , SR AU - Lam, D AU - Callen, W AU - Duffaud, GD AU - Snead, MA AU - Short, JM AU - Mathur, EJ AU - Kelly, RM T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING AB - Abstract The enzymatic hydrolysis of mannan‐based hemicelluloses is technologically important for applications ranging from pulp and paper processing to food processing to gas and oil well stimulation. In many cases, thermostability and activity at elevated temperatures can be advantageous. To this end, the genes encoding β‐mannosidase ( man2 ) and β‐mannanase ( man5 ) from the hyperthermophilic bacteria Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 and Thermotoga maritima were isolated, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequences for the mannosidases from these organisms were 77% identical and corresponded to proteins with an M r of approximately 92 kDa. The translated nucleotide sequences for the β‐mannanase genes ( man5 ) encoded polypeptides with an M r of 76 kDa that exhibited 84% amino acid sequence identity. The recombinant versions of Man2 and Man5 had similar respective biochemical and biophysical properties, which were also comparable to those determined for the native versions of these enzymes in T. neapolitana. The optimal temperature and pH for the recombinant Man2 and Man5 from both organisms were approximately 90°C and 7.0, respectively. The presence of Man2 and Man5 in these two Thermotoga species indicates that galactomannan is a potential growth substrate. This was supported by the fact that β‐mannanase and β‐mannosidase activities were significantly stimulated when T. neapolitana was grown on guar or carob galactomannan. Maximum cell densities increased by at least tenfold when either guar or carob galactomannan was added to the growth medium. For T. neapolitana grown on guar at 83°C, Man5 was secreted into the culture media, whereas Man2 was intracellular. These localizations were consistent with the presence and lack of signal peptides for Man5 and Man2, respectively. The identification of the galactomannan‐degrading enzymes in these Thermotoga species adds to the list of biotechnologically important hemicellulases produced by members of this hyperthermophilic genera. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 322–333, 2001. DA - 2001/11/5/ PY - 2001/11/5/ DO - 10.1002/bit.10020 VL - 75 IS - 3 SP - 322-333 SN - 0006-3592 KW - Thermotoga KW - hyperthermophile KW - hemicellulase KW - glycosyl hydrolase KW - galactomannan KW - beta-mannanase KW - beta-mannosidase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of imidacloprid on transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus to pepper, tomato and tobacco by Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) AU - Groves, RL AU - Sorenson, CE AU - Walgenbach, JF AU - Kennedy, GG T2 - CROP PROTECTION AB - Abstract Rates of transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, to imidacloprid-treated and untreated tomato, pepper and tobacco were measured in greenhouse and small-plot field trials. The incidence of TSWV was reduced in greenhouse assays with all 3 crops receiving a soil application of imidacloprid at a rate of 9.9 g [AI]/1000 plants. Levels of TSWV were also reduced in small-plot field trials of tomato and pepper plants receiving transplant applications of imidacloprid at the same rate. No F. fusca were recovered from imidacloprid-treated tobacco (9.9 g [AI]/1000 plants) 24 days following an initial infestation. In the greenhouse, F. fusca populations reached higher levels on healthy than TSWV-infected tobacco. Applications of soil-applied imidacloprid reduced the number and duration of probing/feeding bouts by F. fusca on pepper and mustard (Brassica rapa L.). Reduced probing and feeding by viruliferous thrips on imidacloprid-treated plants may contribute to less TSWV incidence as observed in the field and greenhouse experiments. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00171-X VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 439-445 SN - 0261-2194 KW - Frankliniella fusca KW - imidacloprid KW - tomato spotted wilt tospovirus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dispersal-vicariance analyses of intercontinental disjuncts: Historical biogeographical implications for angiosperms in the Northern Hemisphere AU - Xiang, QYJ AU - Soltis, DE T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB - Ten North Temperate taxa representing diverse angiosperm lineages were analyzed for biogeographic histories using the dispersal‐vicariance analysis method to gain insights into the origin and evolution of disjunct distributions in the Northern Hemisphere. Results indicate four general biogeographic patterns: (1) origin and speciation in eastern Asia with subsequent expansion into North America and/or Europe (e.g., Aralia sect. Aralia, Symplocarpus, and possibly Asarum, Aesculus, and Chrysosplenium); (2) origin in eastern Asia and western North America with subsequent spread into eastern North America (e.g., Calycanthus and Boykinia); (3) a disjunct origin in eastern Asia and eastern North America with subsequent dispersal from eastern Asia into eastern North America (e.g., Panax); and (4) a widespread origin in the Northern Hemisphere with subsequent fragmentation by intercontinental vicariance (e.g., Cornus and Trautvetteria). Although there are caveats, the results indicate that the disjunct distributions of angiosperm lineages in the Northern Hemisphere cannot be explained with a simple vicariance model. Most lineages may have been restricted ancestrally to one or two adjacent areas and then secondarily expanded their ranges via dispersal. A noteworthy finding was the one‐way intercontinental plant exchange from the Old World to the New World and biased dispersal within each continent. There was more dispersal from the west to the east in North America but more dispersal from the east to the west in Eurasia. Such asymmetrical dispersal has also been documented in animals. The results also indicate that eastern Asia and western North America were the centers of origin for a majority of lineages examined, implying that these two areas were important sources of temperate angiosperm evolution in the Northern Hemisphere. The results further support a complex evolutionary history of angiosperms in the Northern Hemisphere and suggest pseudocongruence among lineages in phylogenetic relationships and distributional patterns. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1086/323332 VL - 162 IS - 2001 Nov SP - S29-S39 SN - 1537-5315 KW - angiosperms KW - biogeography KW - disjunction KW - dispersal KW - vicariance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calpain inhibition protects against virus-induced apoptotic myocardial injury AU - DeBiasi, RL AU - Edelstein, CL AU - Sherry, B AU - Tyler, KL T2 - JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB - Viral myocarditis is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality for which reliable and effective therapy is lacking. Using reovirus strain 8B infection of neonatal mice, a well-characterized experimental model of direct virus-induced myocarditis, we now demonstrate that myocardial injury results from apoptosis. Proteases play a critical role as effectors of apoptosis. The activity of the cysteine protease calpain increases in reovirus-infected myocardiocytes and can be inhibited by the dipeptide alpha-ketoamide calpain inhibitor Z-Leu-aminobutyric acid-CONH(CH(2))3-morpholine (CX295). Treatment of reovirus-infected neonatal mice with CX295 protects them against reovirus myocarditis as documented by (i) a dramatic reduction in histopathologic evidence of myocardial injury, (ii) complete inhibition of apoptotic myocardial cell death as identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, (iii) a reduction in serum creatine phosphokinase, and (iv) improved weight gain. These findings are the first evidence for the importance of a calpain-associated pathway of apoptotic cell death in viral disease. Inhibition of apoptotic signaling pathways may be an effective strategy for the treatment of viral disease in general and viral myocarditis in particular. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.1128/JVI.75.1.351-361.2001 VL - 75 IS - 1 SP - 351-361 SN - 1098-5514 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships within Cornus (Cornaceae) based on 26S rDNA sequences AU - Fan, Chuanzhu AU - Xiang, Jenny Qiu-Yun T2 - American Journal of Botany AB - Phylogenetic relationships within the dogwood genus Cornus have been highly controversial due to the great morphological heterogeneity. Earlier phylogenetic analyses of Cornus using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) data (including rbcL and matK sequences, as well as restriction sites) and morphological characters suggested incongruent relationships within the genus. The present study generated sequence data from the nuclear gene 26S rDNA for Cornus to test the phylogenetic hypotheses based on cpDNA and morphological data. The 26S rDNA sequence data obtained represent 16 species, 13 from Cornus and three from outgroups, having an aligned length of 3380 bp. Both parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these sequences were conducted. Trees resulting from these analyses suggest relationships among subgroups of Cornus consistent with those inferred from cpDNA data. That is, the dwarf dogwood (subg. Arctocrania) and the big-bracted dogwood (subg. Cynoxylon and subg. Syncarpea) clades are sisters, which are, in turn, sister to the cornelian cherries (subg. Cornus and subg. Afrocrania). This red-fruited clade is sister to the blue- or white-fruited dogwoods (subg. Mesomora, subg. Kraniopsis, and subg. Yinquania). Within the blue- or white-fruited clade, C. oblonga (subg. Yinquania) is sister to the remainder, and subg. Mesomora is sister to subg. Kraniopsis. These relationships were also suggested by the combined 26S rDNA and cpDNA data, but with higher bootstrap and Bremer support in the combined analysis. The 26S rDNA sequence data of Cornus consist of 12 expansion segments spanning 1034 bp. These expansion segments evolve approximately four times as fast as the conserved core regions. The study provides an example of phylogenetic utility of 26S rDNA sequences below the genus level. DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.2307/2657096 VL - 88 IS - 6 SP - 1131-1138 LA - en SN - 00029122 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/2657096 DB - Crossref Y2 - 2019/1/29/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The drosophila genes disconnected and disco-related are redundant with respect to larval head development and accumulation of mRNAs from deformed target genes AU - Mahaffey, J. W. AU - Griswold, C. M. AU - Cao, Q. M. T2 - Genetics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 157 IS - 1 SP - 225-236 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Joint linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping in natural populations AU - Wu, R. L. AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Genetics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 157 IS - 2 SP - 899-909 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dual interaction of a geminivirus replication accessory factor with a viral replication protein and a plant cell cycle regulator AU - Settlage, SB AU - Miller, AB AU - Gruissem, W AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Geminiviruses replicate their small, single-stranded DNA genomes through double-stranded DNA intermediates in plant nuclei using host replication machinery. Like most dicot-infecting geminiviruses, tomato golden mosaic virus encodes a protein, AL3 or C3, that greatly enhances viral DNA accumulation through an unknown mechanism. Earlier studies showed that AL3 forms oligomers and interacts with the viral replication initiator AL1. Experiments reported here established that AL3 also interacts with a plant homolog of the mammalian tumor suppressor protein, retinoblastoma (pRb). Analysis of truncated AL3 proteins indicated that pRb and AL1 bind to similar regions of AL3, whereas AL3 oligomerization is dependent on a different region of the protein. Analysis of truncated AL1 proteins located the AL3-binding domain between AL1 amino acids 101 and 180 to a region that also includes the AL1 oligomerization domain and the catalytic site for initiation of viral DNA replication. Interestingly, the AL3-binding domain was fully contiguous with the domain that mediates AL1/pRb interactions. The potential significance of AL3/pRb binding and the coincidence of the domains responsible for AL3, AL1, and pRb interactions are discussed. DA - 2001/1/20/ PY - 2001/1/20/ DO - 10.1006/viro.2000.0719 VL - 279 IS - 2 SP - 570-576 SN - 0042-6822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel serotype-specific gene cassette (gltA-gltB) is required for expression of teichoic acid-associated surface antigens in Listeria monocytogenes of serotype 4b AU - Lei, XH AU - Fiedler, F AU - Lan, Z AU - Kathariou, S T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b strains account for about 40% of sporadic cases and many epidemics of listeriosis. Mutations in a chromosomal locus resulted in loss of reactivity with all three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which were specific to serotype 4b and the closely related serotypes 4d and 4e. Here we show that this locus contains a serotype 4b-4d-4e-specific gene cassette (3,071 bp) which consists of two genes, gltA and gltB, and is flanked by palindromic sequences (51 and 44 nucleotides). Complete loss of reactivity with the three serotype-specific MAbs resulted from insertional inactivation of either gltA or gltB. The gltA and gltB mutants were characterized by loss and severe reduction, respectively, of glucose in the teichoic acid, whereas galactose, the other serotype-specific sugar substituent in the teichoic acid, was not affected. Within L. monocytogenes, only strains of serotypes 4b, 4d, and 4e harbored the gltA-gltB cassette, whereas coding sequences on either side of the cassette were conserved among all serotypes. Comparative genomic analysis of a serotype 1/2b strain showed that the 3,071-bp gltA-gltB cassette was replaced by a much shorter (528-bp) and unrelated region, flanked by inverted repeats similar to their counterparts in serotype 4b. These findings indicate that in the evolution of different serotypes of L. monocytogenes, this site in the genome has become occupied by serotype-specific sequences which, in the case of serotype 4b, are essential for expression of serotype-specific surface antigens and presence of glucose substituents in the teichoic acids in the cell wall. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1128/jb.183.4.1133-1139.2001 VL - 183 IS - 4 SP - 1133-1139 SN - 0021-9193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of antiinflammatory therapy AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, A T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE AB - The cells and mediators that make up the inflammatory response have the potential to injure tissues and contribute to the pathophysiology of many inflammatory diseases. Strategies to reduce neutrophil migration into sites of inflammation and subsequent activation by inhibiting integrin-mediated adhesion hold promise for successful treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases. New pharmacologic agents that specifically target prostanoid mediators of inflammation by specifically inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase 2 are potent antiinflammatory agents with fewer gastrointestinal side effects than nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitors. These areas of antiinflammatory research are rapidly yielding drugs with diverse future applications in equine medicine. DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30060-3 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 245-+ SN - 0749-0739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular and cellular fundamentals of aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene AU - Arp, D. J. AU - Yeager, C. M. AU - Hyman, M. R. T2 - Biodegradation (Dordrecht) DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 81-103 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Grafting for transgene containment AU - Lev-Yadun, S AU - Sederoff, R DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1038/nbt1201-1104 SP - 1104-1104 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A multivalent pairing model of linkage analysis in autotetraploids AU - Wu, S. S. AU - Wu, R. L. AU - Ma, C. X. AU - Zeng, Z. B. AU - Yang, M. C. AU - Casella, G. T2 - Genetics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 159 IS - 3 SP - 1339-1350 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pulping and bleaching of CAD-deficient wood AU - Dimmel, DR AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Althen, EM AU - Parks, C AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Mutant loblolly pine trees that are deficient in the enzyme cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) have been obtained through directed breeding. The lignin in the wood of CAD-deficient trees has a different pool of precursors, resulting in high levels of pulping-resistant C-5 linkages. Wood from a 12-year-old CAD-deficient tree has been pulped under soda and kraft conditions in microdigestors. In comparison to a normal 12-year-old loblolly pine, the CAD-deficient wood was much more easily delignified. In addition, the pulp from CAD-deficient wood was as easy to bleach as a control pulp. The high reactivity of CAD-deficient wood may be related to the lignin size and phenolic content. The molecular weight of an isolated milled wood lignin from CAD-deficient pine was ∼35% less than that from a normal pine tree. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1081/WCT-100102651 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 1-17 SN - 1532-2319 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protease I from Pyrococcus furiosus AU - Chang, L. S. AU - Hicks, P. M. AU - Kelly, R. M. T2 - Hyperthermophilic enzymes. Part A CN - QP601 .M49 vol. 330 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 330 SP - 403-413 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Moribund funding in agricultural research AU - Robertson, G. P. AU - Barry, P. J. AU - Busta, F. F. AU - Collier, R. J. AU - Keen, N. T. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Simpkins, W. W. AU - Stormshak, F. AU - Urban, T. N. AB - The double-digit increases in federal funding for basic research at the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for fiscal year 2001 are a welcome development ([1][1]), but does recognition of basic research as the engine that drives technology and economic growth not apply to agriculture? The standard competitive grants program for basic research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began as the National Research Initiative 10 years ago after National Research Council (NRC) reports decried the lack of support for competitive research in the agricultural sciences. The program has outgrown its initiative status, yet it has been stalled for 9 years at a funding level that can only be described as moribund. Whereas support for competitive basic research programs at NSF and NIH combined have grown in constant dollars by 60% since 1992 ([2][2]), funding for the USDA's competitive grants program has decreased 14% in constant dollars since its 1992 appropriation of $100 million. A report from the NRC noted the high quality of National Research Initiative research, its crucial contributions to agricultural productivity and environmental quality, and the more than three dozen studies that have placed the economic rate of return on public investment in food and fiber research at 35 to 60% per year ([3][3]). This is a phenomenal rate of return. New markets, new products, and environmental protection require new ideas, new approaches, and levels of research funding commensurate with the importance that society places on a safe, productive, and environmentally benign food and fiber production system. In 30 years—the approximate time it takes basic research in the public sector to reach marketplace maturity—the world population will have increased by about 3 billion. Will we have funded the basic research necessary to feed and clothe them? 1. [↵][4]1. D. Malakoff , Science 291, 33 (2001) See, for example,. [OpenUrl][5][FREE Full Text][6] 2. [↵][7]American Association for the Advancement of Science, Historical data on federal R&D, FY 1976-2001. Available at . 3. [↵][8]1. National Research Council , National Research Initiative: A Vital Competitive Grants Program in Food, Fiber, and Natural-Resources Research (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [5]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.issn%253D0036-8075%26rft.aulast%253DMalakoff%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%26rft.volume%253D291%26rft.issue%253D5501%26rft.spage%253D33%26rft.epage%253D33%26rft.atitle%253D2001%2BU.S.%2BBUDGET%253A%2BRecord%2BYear%2Bfor%2BScience%252C%2BBut%2BCan%2BIt%2BBe%2BRepeated%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.10.1126%252FSCIENCE.291.5501.33%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11192000%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [6]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjExOiIyOTEvNTUwMS8zMyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjI1OiIvc2NpLzI5MS81NTExLzIwODkuMy5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30= [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text [8]: #xref-ref-3-1 View reference 3 in text DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1126/science.291.5511.2089c SP - 2089-2090 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular methods in biological systems T2 - Water Environment Research DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 73 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Generation means analysis of leaf and stem resistance to gummy stem blight in cucumber AU - Amand, PCS AU - Wehner, TC T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Leaf and stem resistance to gummy stem blight [ Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm.] in five resistant by susceptible crosses of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) was investigated using generation means analysis. No single gene of major effect controls either leaf or stem resistance to gummy stem blight in these five crosses. The mean number of effective factors controlling leaf resistance in the cross `Slice' × `Wis. SMR 18' was estimated to be at least five. Estimates of broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities indicated that environmental effects were larger than genetic effects. In general, additive variance was the larger component of genetic variance. Epistasis was significant in most crosses, and dominance was present in several crosses. Additive gene effects contributed more to resistance than to susceptibility in contrast with dominance gene effects. Reciprocal differences for leaf rating were detected in the crosses M 17 × `Wis. SMR 18' and `Slice' × `Wis. SMR 18'. Phenotypic correlations between leaf and stem ratings were moderate ( r = 0.52 to 0.72). Estimates of genetic gain for resistance to gummy stem blight ranged from low to moderate. Breeding methods that make best use of additive variance should be used because much of the variance for resistance is additive, and dominance effects, at least in these crosses, tended to contribute to susceptibility. DA - 2001/1// PY - 2001/1// DO - 10.21273/jashs.126.1.95 VL - 126 IS - 1 SP - 95-99 SN - 0003-1062 KW - Cucumis sativus KW - Cucurbitaceae KW - Didymella bryoniae KW - disease resistance KW - Phoma cucurbitacearum KW - vegetable breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of attractants for monitoring populations of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - Nalyanya, G AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Lures that are used to attract German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), to traps were compared in olfactometer assays in the laboratory and in trapping experiments in cockroach-infested homes and a swine farm. In olfactometer assays, AgriSense GP-2 was the most attractive lure, followed by peanut butter, and distiller’s grain. Other lures, including Trapper tablet; Victor pheromone, a crude fecal extract that ostensibly contains B. germanica aggregation pheromone; and Victor food lure elicited upwind orientation from <50% of the test insects. Peanut butter and distiller’s grain were equally attractive in trapping experiments in swine production barns and they captured significantly more cockroaches than the GP-2 tablet or the Victor pheromone lure; the commercial lures failed to attract significantly more cockroaches than the unbaited control traps. When tested against blank controls, cockroaches preferred to rest in shelters that contained the aggregation pheromone-based lure (Victor), but this lure was the least attractive to cockroaches in olfactometer assays. These results do not support claims that commercial crude fecal extracts attract cockroaches to traps, and they highlight a need for developing more attractive lures for detection of cockroaches and for monitoring populations. DA - 2001/2// PY - 2001/2// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.208 VL - 94 IS - 1 SP - 208-214 SN - 1938-291X KW - Blattella germanica KW - attractants KW - baits KW - traps ER - TY - JOUR TI - Courtship and tank spawning behavior of temperate basses (Genus Morone) AU - Salek, SJ AU - Godwin, J AU - Sullivan, CV AU - Stacey, NE T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB - Special arenas were used to observe and describe courtship and spawning behavior of captive striped bass Morone saxatilis, white bass Morone chrysops, and white perch Morone americana. To induce final gonadal maturation and spawning, fish were either implanted with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, injected with human chorionic gonadotropin, or both. Behaviors were videotaped and systematically quantified. Broodfish displayed courtship behavior for at least 5 h before spawning, characterized by one female and from one to five males releasing gametes at the water surface. Spawning lasted about 10 s for striped bass, 5 s for white bass, and less than 1 s for white perch. The best predictor of imminent spawning was a significant increase in male attending behavior, defined as extremely close and continuous following of the female, sometimes contacting her abdominal or vent area with the snout. Around the time of spawning, male striped bass attended females less intensely than did white bass or white perch. Just before and during spawning, male white perch and white bass displayed a stereotypical circling behavior whereas male striped bass did not. In volitional hybridization trials, white perch and white bass hybridized with one another, but striped bass and white bass did not. Electro-olfactogram recordings from juveniles of all three Morone species did not reveal sensitivity to any known teleost steroid or prostaglandin pheromone. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0833:CATSBO>2.0.CO;2 VL - 130 IS - 5 SP - 833-847 SN - 0002-8487 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attractiveness of insecticide baits for cockroach control (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae): Laboratory and field studies AU - Nalyanya, G AU - Liang, D AU - Kopanic, RJ AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Several insecticide bait formulations were evaluated for their attractiveness to cockroaches in olfactometer assays in the laboratory and in trapping experiments in the field. Included in the assays were bait stations, gels, pastes, and a powder that contained one of the following active ingredients: abamectin, boric acid, chlorpyrifos, or hydramethylnon. There were significant differences among the baits in their attractiveness to the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In trapping experiments, Avert powder (abamectin), Maxforce station and gel, and Siege gel (all hydramethylnon) were consistently attractive to B. germanica adults and nymphs. Laboratory olfactometer assays with adult males confirmed these results and showed that nymphs were as responsive as males whereas females were less responsive. Our bioassays also demonstrate that attractiveness of bait can be dramatically affected by the age of the bait. One week of aging significantly reduced the attractiveness of Avert powder in both laboratory and field assays. Aging, however did not diminish the attractiveness of Maxforce gel, indicating that the formulation may be critical for retention of attractiveness of baits. Baits that were most attractive to the German cockroach were also the most attractive to nymphs and adults of the brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.). DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-94.3.686 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 686-693 SN - 1938-291X KW - Blattella germanica KW - Supella longipalpa KW - baits KW - cockroach KW - attractants ER -