TY - BOOK TI - Pollination Biology—Linking Botany and Zoology AU - Irwin, R. AU - Chittka, L. AU - Thomson, J.D. AB - EcologyVolume 83, Issue 4 p. 1168-1169 Book Review Pollination Biology—Linking Botany and Zoology Rebecca E. Irwin, Rebecca E. Irwin University of Georgia Institute of Ecology Ecology Building Athens, Georgia 30602 E-mail: rirwin@arches.uga.eduSearch for more papers by this author Rebecca E. Irwin, Rebecca E. Irwin University of Georgia Institute of Ecology Ecology Building Athens, Georgia 30602 E-mail: rirwin@arches.uga.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 2002 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1168:PBLBAZ]2.0.CO;2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume83, Issue4April 2002Pages 1168-1169 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1168:PBLBAZ]2.0.CO;2 VL - 83 SE - 1168–1169 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Volatile Production by Buds and Corollas of Two Sympatric, Confamilial Plants, Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum AU - Irwin, R.E. AU - Dorsett, B. T2 - Journal of Chemical Ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1014596129601 VL - 28 SP - 565–578 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Alpine plants of North America AU - Irwin, R. AU - Nicholls, G. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 49 SE - 68–69 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct and ecological costs of resistance to herbivory AU - Strauss, Sharon Y. AU - Rudgers, Jennifer A. AU - Lau, Jennifer A. AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - Herbivores can consume significant amounts of plant biomass in many environments. Yet plants are not defenseless against such attack. Although defenses might benefit plants in the presence of herbivores, herbivore attack varies both spatially and temporally, and the expression of plant resistance to herbivores can be costly in the absence of plant enemies. Costs can be described as allocation costs, resource-based tradeoffs between resistance and fitness, or as ecological costs, decreases in fitness resulting from interactions with other species. Here, we update the seminal 1996 Bergelson and Purrington review of resistance costs and find that many more studies have documented costs of resistance (sensu lato) than found during the 1996 survey. Eighty-two percent of studies in which genetic background is controlled, demonstrate significant fitness reductions associated with herbivore resistance. We categorize studies by type of resistance, induced or constitutive, by type of cost, and also by the degree to which investigators controlled for genetic background. Recent work has commonly detected both direct resistance costs, such as resource-based tradeoffs, and ecological costs, which depend on interactions with other species. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02483-7 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 278-285 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution LA - en OP - SN - 0169-5347 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02483-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in nectar robbing over time, space, and species AU - Irwin, Rebecca E. AU - Maloof, Joan E. T2 - Oecologia DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1007/s00442-002-1060-z VL - 133 IS - 4 SP - 525-533 J2 - Oecologia LA - en OP - SN - 0029-8549 1432-1939 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1060-z DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Germ‐line transformation of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina AU - Heinrich, J. C. AU - Li, X. AU - Henry, R. A. AU - Haack, N. AU - Stringfellow, L. AU - Heath, A. C. G. AU - Scott, M. J. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - Abstract The Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina , is the most important economic insect pest for the sheep industries in Australia and New Zealand. piggyBac ‐mediated germ‐line transformation of L. cuprina was achieved with a helper plasmid that had the Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter controlling expression of the transposase and a piggyBac vector with an EGFP marker gene. Two transformant lines were obtained, at a frequency of approximately 1–2% per fertile G 0 . One of these lines has a single copy of the transgene, the other most likely has four copies. This is the first report of germ‐line transformation of L. cuprina and is an important step towards the generation of engineered strains that would be suitable for male‐only release eradication/suppression programmes. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00301.x VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1-10 J2 - Insect Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00301.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection and quantification of an environmentally versatile Bacillus strain using hybridization probes targeting the 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA spacer region T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/15001862/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Environmental effects of transgenic plants: The scope and adequacy of regulation AU - Andow, D.A. A3 - National Academy Press DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - National Academy Press ER - TY - CONF TI - Insect resistance in Bt corn: Management, monitoring and response AU - Andow, D.A. T2 - 56th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference C2 - 2002/// C3 - Report of the 56th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 214–225 PB - American Seed Trade Association ER - TY - CONF TI - Adaptive resistance management in Bt maize AU - Andow, D.A. T2 - The BCPC Conference, Pests and Diseases C2 - 2002/// C3 - British Crop Protection Council, The BCPC Conference, Pests and Diseases 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 1035–1042 PB - British Crop Protection Council ER - TY - CHAP TI - Genetically modified plants AU - Andow, D.A. T2 - Encyclopedia of Insects A2 - Resh, V. A2 - Cardé, R. PY - 2002/// SP - 466–471 PB - Academic Press ER - TY - CONF TI - Frequency of alleles conferring major resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a Philippine population of the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) AU - Cuong, N.L. AU - Andow, D.A. AU - Cohen, M.B. T2 - 4th Pacific Rim Conference A2 - Akhurst, R.J. A2 - Beard, C.E. A2 - Hughes, P.A. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the 4th Pacific Rim Conference CY - Australian National University, Canberra, Australia DA - 2002/// PY - 2001/11/11/ SP - 99 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance of an oviposition behavior by an egg parasitoid AU - Olson, D M AU - Andow, D A T2 - Heredity AB - A quantitative genetic study revealed genetic and environmental sources of variance in percentage parasitism of European corn borer egg masses and secondary sex ratios by Trichogramma nubilale. Full and half-sib groups of T. nubilale were obtained from a nested mating design, which permitted the partitioning of the variance of T. nubilale parasitism of European corn borer egg masses into additive genetic variance, maternal/dominant variance and environmental variance. A mother-daughter regression of the percentage of an egg mass parasitized allowed a determination of the direction of a potential response to selection in the event of maternal effects. No or very little additive genetic effects were associated with the percentage of eggs within a mass parasitized and secondary sex ratios, but a significant amount of the variance for both traits had a maternal and/or dominant genetic source. The relationship between mothers and daughters in egg mass parasitism was positive, and 55.4% of the progeny of a given mother had behaviors that resemble their mother. Most of the variance had an environmental and/or unknown genetic source implying potentially high phenotypic plasticity associated with all these traits. The presence of maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity could have multiple and complex effects on progeny characters and potential responses to selection. DA - 2002/5/27/ PY - 2002/5/27/ DO - 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800076 VL - 88 IS - 6 SP - 437-443 J2 - Heredity LA - en OP - SN - 0018-067X 1365-2540 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800076 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Biosafety Research(EBR): a new journal to fill a unique scientific niche AU - Tepfer, Mark AU - Andow, David A. AU - Ammann, Klaus T2 - Environmental Biosafety Research AB - Environmental applications of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have received unprecedented inspection and evaluation. In recent decades, public valuation of the environment has increased, and public perceptions of the environmental impacts of agricultural technologies have changed. Agricultural technologies, which at one time escaped broad public consideration, now receive intense public scrutiny because of their potential adverse environmental effects. For instance, pesticides, sub-soil drainage, fertilizers, and the Green Revolution have been examined with increasing intensity, and GMOs are the most recent agricultural technology to attract public criticism in their evolving attitudes toward the environment. However, the breadth of the ongoing public discourse concerning GMOs is unprecedented in scope and timing. This is the first time that human health, environmental, and socio-economic considerations have been brought to bear in evaluating a technological innovation prior to commercialization. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1051/ebr/2002000 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 3-4 J2 - Environ. Biosafety Res. OP - SN - 1635-7922 1635-7930 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2002000 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Encyclopedia of Pest Management A3 - Pimentel, David A3 - Andow, D.A. AB - Auxiliaries: Deodorants, Diluents, Solvents, Stickers, Surfactants, and Synergists | Allergenic Reactions to Pesticides and Pests | Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (Fungi) | Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (Viruses) | Compatibility of Chemical and Biological Pesticides | Cosmetic Standards (Blemished Food Products and Insects in Foods) | Destruction of Natural Enemies by Pesticides | Ecological Aspects of Pest Management | Field Crop Pest Management (Insects and Mites) | Field Crop Pest Management (Plant Pathogens) | GIS and Gps Systems in Pest Control | Glasshouse Crop Pest Management (Insects and Mites) | Historical Epidemics (E.G., Irish Potato Famine) | History of Biological Controls | Insect Pest Management | Insect Pest Management for Lawns | Legal Aspects of Pest Management and Pesticides | Lethal Genes for Use in Insect Control | Natural Enemy Monitoring for Pest Management | Neurological Effects of Insecticides | Ornamental Crop Pest Management (Insects) | Ornamental Crop Pest Management (Plant Pathogens) | Postharvest Insect Control with Inert Dusts | Principles of Pest Management with Emphasis on Plant Pathogens | Regulating Pesticides (Laws and Regulations) | Reproductive and Developmental Effects from Occupational Pesticides Exposure | Soil Erosion and Pesticide Translocation Control | System and Management of Integrated Plant Control | Vegetable Crop Pest Management (Weeds) | Weed Management: Introduction and Mechanical and Cultural Approaches | Worker Protection Standard DA - 2002/5/9/ PY - 2002/5/9/ DO - 10.1201/noe0824706326 PB - CRC Press SN - 9780367803742 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824706326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis AU - Bourguet, D. AU - Chaufaux, J. AU - Séguin, M. AU - Buisson, C. AU - Hinton, J. L. AU - Stodola, T. J. AU - Porter, P. AU - Cronholm, G. AU - Buschman, L. L. AU - Andow, D. A. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 2002/12/10/ PY - 2002/12/10/ DO - 10.1007/s00122-002-1172-1 VL - 106 IS - 7 SP - 1225-1233 J2 - Theor Appl Genet LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5752 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-1172-1 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution of resistance to Bt crops: directional selection in structured environments AU - Ives, Anthony R. AU - Andow, D. A. T2 - Ecology Letters AB - Abstract Widespread use of transgenic crops that express an insecticidal endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis increases the risk of evolution of resistance by the European corn borer and other insect pests. To delay resistance evolution, the high‐dose/refuge strategy is being implemented for Bt maize and Bt cotton. We develop a general modelling framework to understand the invasion and spread of alleles conferring resistance. We show that at least three processes are involved in explaining the effectiveness of the high‐dose/refuge strategy: the intensity of selection, assortative (non‐random) mating due to spatial subdivision, and variation in male mating success also due to spatial subdivision. Understanding these processes leads to a greater range of possible resistance management tactics. For example, efforts to encourage adults to leave their natal fields may have the unwanted effect of speeding rather than slowing resistance evolution. Furthermore, when Bt maize causes high mortality to susceptible target pests, spraying insecticides in refuges to reduce pest populations may not greatly disrupt resistance management. DA - 2002/11/7/ PY - 2002/11/7/ DO - 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00392.x VL - 5 IS - 6 SP - 792-801 LA - en OP - SN - 1461-023X 1461-0248 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00392.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - MONITORING AND ADAPTIVE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT AU - Andow, D. A. AU - Ives, A. R. T2 - Ecological Applications AB - An adaptive management strategy can be used to hedge against failures in the scientific assumptions underlying the high-dose plus refuge strategy for managing the resistance of the European corn borer to Bt corn. This will require sensitive monitoring coupled with effective adaptive management interventions. Using a theoretical model, we suggest that recessive resistance alleles must be detected at frequencies of ≤5 × 10−3 to provide enough time to adapt management. Analysis of the costs of monitoring indicates that an F2 screen is the most cost effective method for monitoring recessive resistance to Bt corn. If resistance is dominant, an in-field screen is the most cost effective method. Both methods can detect and measure resistance at frequencies of ≤5 × 10−3 for ∼$5000 (U.S. dollars) per site. Two kinds of adaptive responses can be taken: (1) reducing the selective advantage of the resistance allele or (2) modifying the mating system so fewer resistance alleles are passed on to future generations. Assuming there is a two-year time delay between detecting resistance and taking an adaptive response, we found that either increasing refuge size to 66% (from 20%), or decreasing survival and reproduction of European corn borers from Bt corn fields by 90% can prolong susceptibility by 10 generations. Modification of the mating system by changing movement rates and attracting susceptible males into Bt corn fields could prolong susceptibility for >20 generations. These results suggest that adaptive resistance management could increase the durability of Bt corn. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1378:maarm]2.0.co;2 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 1378-1390 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1378:maarm]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ancestral feeding and survival of offspring in European corn borer AU - Andow, D.A. T2 - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata AB - Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of ancestral adult feeding by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on larval survival in the field and neonate movement behavior in laboratory. Larval survival was higher when either the grandparental or parental generation had fed, but the feeding sites of the surviving larvae were not affected by ancestral feeding condition. This is the first evidence that grandparental feeding could influence larval survival in the field. Larval movement was observed in the laboratory. Silking speed of neonates was faster when either grandparents or parents had fed, while walking speed was faster only when parents had fed. No broad‐sense genetic correlation was found between silking speed and walking speed. Broad‐sense heritability among feeding histories were not significant for silking speed, but was significantly greater than zero for walking speed when grandparents fed and parents did not. These intergenerational effects could induce complex population dynamics in this species. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00965.x VL - 103 IS - 2 SP - 115-122 J2 - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata LA - en OP - SN - 0013-8703 1570-7458 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00965.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Positive results in association studies are associated with departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: hint for genotyping error? AU - Xu, Jianfeng AU - Turner, Aubrey AU - Little, Joy AU - Bleecker, Eugene AU - Meyers, Deborah T2 - Human Genetics DA - 2002/12/1/ PY - 2002/12/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00439-002-0819-y VL - 111 IS - 6 SP - 573-574 J2 - Human Genetics OP - SN - 0340-6717 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-002-0819-y DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toxicant induced differential gene expression and production of an aquatic gene array AU - Kullman, S.W. AU - Hinton, D.E. T2 - The MDIBL Bulletin DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 41 SP - 58–61 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular cloning of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggshell zona radiata protein complementary DNA: mRNA expression in 17β-estradiol- and nonylphenol-treated fish AU - Arukwe, Augustine AU - Kullman, Seth W. AU - Berg, Karin AU - Goksøyr, Anders AU - Hinton, David E. T2 - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AB - A complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the eggshell zona radiata protein (RbtZR: AF407574) has been cloned from the liver of estradiol-17β (E2)-treated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A set of degenerate primers homologous to the highly conserved cysteine-rich region of the zona radiata protein gene from salmon, winter flounder, medaka and carp were used for the initial RT-PCR. The resulting PCR product was cloned, sequenced and identified as the Zrp gene fragment based on amino acid sequence similarities. Based on the Zrp sequence from the initial PCR, a pair of gene-sequence primers was designed for 3′- and 5′- random amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Cloning and sequencing of RACE products showed a 1349-bp Zrp gene encoding a 403-amino acid protein with a theoretical molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence reveals that RbtZR is similar to piscine and mammalian zona pellucida proteins. The RbtZR gene, together with the estrogen receptor (ER) and vitellogenin (Vtg) genes, was further characterized and comparatively studied for transcriptional and translational expression in xenoestrogen- (nonylphenol, NP) and E2-treated juvenile rainbow trout in a time-course experiment. Northern and slot blot analysis showed that the RbtZR mRNA was expressed, in parallel with the ER and Vtg mRNA, in both NP- and E2-treated juvenile rainbow trout. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibody raised against Atlantic salmon Zrp indicated the translational expression of RbtZR protein in blood plasma samples from NP- and E2-treated juvenile trout. The differential time-dependent transcriptional and translational expression and use of Zrp, ER and Vtg as sensitive biomarkers in environmental monitoring of endocrine disrupters in fish is discussed. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00009-x VL - 132 IS - 2 SP - 315-326 J2 - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology LA - en OP - SN - 1096-4959 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00009-x DB - Crossref KW - eggshell protein KW - cDNA cloning KW - liver KW - gene expression KW - xenoestrogen KW - biomarkers KW - environmental monitoring ER - TY - CONF TI - Mapping genes related to disease resistance and milk production in Holsteins AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. AU - Van Tassell, C.P. C2 - 2002/// C3 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum Proceedings DA - 2002/// VL - 20 SP - 264–266 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genomic tools and techniques used in livestock species AU - Ashwell, M.S. C2 - 2002/// C3 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum Proceedings DA - 2002/// VL - 20 SP - 261–263 ER - TY - CONF TI - Fine-mapping of QTL affecting protein percent and fat percent on BTA6 in a popular U.S. Holstein family. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Schnabel, R.D. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. AU - Van Tassell, C.P. C2 - 2002/// C3 - World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production Proceedings DA - 2002/// VL - 31 SP - 123–126 ER - TY - CONF TI - Isolation of DNA from buccal and vaginal samples using the BuccalAmp kit AU - Sadler, R.S. AU - Anderson, M.A. AU - Ashwell, M.S. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Epicentre Forum DA - 2002/// VL - 9 SP - 13 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Molecular approaches to improved disease resistance in dairy cattle AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Genomic tools and techniques used in livestock species AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Mapping genes related to disease resistance and milk production in US Holsteins AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring your success: a look at nest-box occupancy AU - Phillips, T. AU - Rohrbaugh, R.W. AU - Cooper, C.B. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rhythm and Bluebirds: new devices track temperature and incubation rhythms at the nest AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Phillips, T. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The strategy of sitting on eggs AU - Cooper, C.B. AU - Chu, M. T2 - Birdscope DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 3 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Genetics, Cattle Genomics AU - Van Tassell, C.P. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Connor, E. AU - Kappes, S.M. T2 - Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences A2 - Roginski, H. A2 - Fuquay, J.W. A2 - Fox, P.F. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/b0-12-227235-8/00178-4 VL - 2 SP - 1219-1224 PB - Elsevier UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-227235-8/00178-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A radiation hybrid map of bovine chromosome 27 AU - Ashwell, Melissa S. AU - Sonstegard, Tad S. AU - Kata, Srinivas AU - Womack, James E. T2 - Animal Genetics AB - Animal GeneticsVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 75-76 A radiation hybrid map of bovine chromosome 27 Melissa S. Ashwell, Melissa S. Ashwell USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorTad S. Sonstegard, Tad S. Sonstegard USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorSrinivas Kata, Srinivas Kata Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this authorJames E. Womack, James E. Womack Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this author Melissa S. Ashwell, Melissa S. Ashwell USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorTad S. Sonstegard, Tad S. Sonstegard USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorSrinivas Kata, Srinivas Kata Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this authorJames E. Womack, James E. Womack Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 March 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742c.xCitations: 5 Melissa S. Ashwell, (e-mail: mashwell@anri.barc.usda.gov) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume33, Issue1February 2002Pages 75-76 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742c.x VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 75-76 LA - en OP - SN - 0268-9146 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742c.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and expression of the bovine growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor AU - Connor, E.E. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Dahl, G.E. T2 - Domestic Animal Endocrinology AB - The hypothalamic hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its pituitary receptor are principal regulators of pituitary growth hormone (GH) synthesis and release. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced a complete bovine pituitary GHRH receptor cDNA in order to study its expression in cattle. The lengths of the exons in the bovine GHRH receptor gene were determined by comparison of the cloned cDNA with genomic sequences obtained from a bovine genomic library clone. As in other species, the bovine cDNA sequence encodes a 423-amino acid protein containing seven hydrophobic domains characteristic of a G protein-coupled receptor. The predicted bovine amino acid sequence shares 93, 90, 89, 87, and 85% identity with the ovine, porcine, human, rat and mouse sequences, respectively. Expression of the receptor in bovine ileum, ovary, anterior pituitary, testis, hypothalamus, pancreas and liver was examined by RT-PCR. Of those tissues examined, GHRH receptor expression was detected in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus. To gain a better understanding of GHRH receptor gene regulation in ruminants, we examined the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment on pituitary GHRH receptor expression in dairy heifers using relative and real-time RT-PCR. In the present study, bST treatment of dairy heifers resulted in no significant decline in pituitary GHRH receptor expression. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00129-7 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 189-200 J2 - Domestic Animal Endocrinology LA - en OP - SN - 0739-7240 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00129-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - The Immunomodulatory Effects Of Triamcinolone On Peripheral Blood Phagocytosis And Tgf-b Mrna Expression In Hybrid Striped Bass AU - Johnson, AK AU - Choi, K AU - Harms, Ca AU - Levine, Jf AU - Law, M T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Baseline Landcover Analysis To Evaluate Risk Of Mycobacterium Bovis Transmission In White-Tailed Deer And Cattle In Northeastern Michigan AU - Porter-Spalding, Keneene J. AU - Kennedy-Stokopf, S. AU - Levine, J. T2 - NCSU CVM Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Furosemide Continuous Rate Infusion in the Horse AU - Johansson, A.M. AU - Gardner, S.Y. AU - Levine, J.F. AU - Papich, M.G. AU - LaFevers, D.H. AU - Goldman, R.B. AU - Sheets, M.K. AU - Atkins, C.E. T2 - NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Forum C2 - 2002/4// CY - Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - JOUR TI - DNA binding properties of the yeast Msh2-Msh6 and Mlh1-Pms1 heterodimers AU - Drotschmann, Karin AU - Hall, Mark C AU - Shcherbakova, Polina V AU - Wang, Hong AU - Erie, Dorothy A AU - Brownewell, Floyd R AU - Kool, Eric T AU - Kunkel, Thomas A T2 - Biological chemistry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 383 IS - 6 SP - 969-975 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A minimal exonuclease domain of WRN forms a hexamer on DNA and possesses both 3'-5'exonuclease and 5'-protruding strand endonuclease activities AU - Xue, Yu AU - Ratcliff, Glenn C AU - Wang, Hong AU - Davis-Searles, Paula R AU - Gray, Matthew D AU - Erie, Dorothy A AU - Redinbo, Matthew R T2 - Biochemistry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 41 IS - 9 SP - 2901-2912 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Saccharification enzymes from hyperthermophilic bacteria and processes for their production AU - Kelly, R.M. AU - Brown, S.H. AU - Costantino, H.R. AU - Anfinsen, C.B. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// M1 - 6,355,467 M3 - U.S. Patent SN - 6,355,467 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Enzymatic Modification of Guar Solutions AU - Tayal, Akash AU - Pai, Vandita AU - Kelly, Robert M. AU - Khan, Saad A. T2 - Water Soluble Polymers A2 - Amjad, Z. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1007/0-306-46915-4_4 SP - 41–49 PB - Springer US SN - 9780306459313 9780306469152 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46915-4_4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proteolysis in hyperthermophilic microorganisms AU - Ward, Donald E. AU - Shockley, Keith R. AU - Chang, Lara S. AU - Levy, Ryan D. AU - Michel, Joshua K. AU - Conners, Shannon B. AU - Kelly, Robert M. T2 - Archaea AB - Proteases are found in every cell, where they recognize and break down unneeded or abnormal polypeptides or peptide-based nutrients within or outside the cell. Genome sequence data can be used to compare proteolytic enzyme inventories of different organisms as they relate to physiological needs for protein modification and hydrolysis. In this review, we exploit genome sequence data to compare hyperthermophilic microorganisms from the euryarchaeotal genus Pyrococcus , the crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus , and the bacterium Thermotoga maritima . An overview of the proteases in these organisms is given based on those proteases that have been characterized and on putative proteases that have been identified from genomic sequences, but have yet to be characterized. The analysis revealed both similarities and differences in the mechanisms utilized for proteolysis by each of these hyperthermophiles and indicated how these mechanisms relate to proteolysis in less thermophilic cells and organisms. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1155/2002/503191 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 63-74 J2 - Archaea LA - en OP - SN - 1472-3646 1472-3654 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/503191 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural diets of vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea AU - A., Schnetzer AU - D., Steinberg T2 - Marine Biology DA - 2002/7/1/ PY - 2002/7/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00227-002-0815-8 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 89-99 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0815-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Active transport of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen by vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea AU - Schnetzer, A AU - Steinberg, DK T2 - Marine Ecology Progress Series AB - MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 234:71-84 (2002) - doi:10.3354/meps234071 Active transport of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen by vertically migrating zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea Astrid Schnetzer1,*, Deborah K. Steinberg2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, Los Angeles,California 90089-0371, USA 2Virginia Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA *E-mail: astrids@usc.edu ABSTRACT: Diel vertically migrating zooplankton can contribute significantly to dissolved carbon and nutrient export by respiring and excreting surface-ingested particulate organic matter below the mixed layer. Active export of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) due to defecation at depth has rarely been considered in export budgets. We measured the gut passage time (GPT) of common migrant species at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site, using the gut fluorescence method, to determine whether GPT is slow enough to allow active export of POC and PON to depth. Mean GPT for the copepods Pleuromamma xiphias and Euchirella messinensis was 191 and 114 min, respectively, and for the euphausiids Thysanopoda aequalis and Euphausia brevis (analyzed together) was 41 min, exceeding previously reported GPT for non-migrating zooplankton by a factor of 6. Between 18 and 81% of the initial gut pigment was retained in zooplankton guts upon descent below a mixed layer of 150 m. By comparing pigment ingestion rates (gut fluorescence technique) with total ingestion rates (CHN analysis of fecal material), we estimated that 71 to 85% of the migrant diet originated from non-plant material, which we included in our estimates of active POC/PON export. We applied the mean weight-specific active POC/PON export rate for the species examined to the total migratory zooplankton biomass using data from the BATS zooplankton time-series. Mean active POC (PON) flux at BATS was 0.94 mgC m-2 d-1 (0.18 mgN m-2 d-1) and the maximum was 5.27 mgC m-2 d-1 (1.02 mgN m-2 d-1), corresponding to a mean of 3% (4%) and a maximum of 18% (20%) of the mean gravitational POC (PON) flux measured by sediment traps at 150 m. Migrants also contributed significantly to passive flux via production of sinking fecal pellets during the night in surface waters. This passive flux exceeded active POC flux by ~10-fold. Freshly released feces by migrators at depth could be a valuable food source for mesopelagic organisms, in contrast to feces produced in surface waters which decompose while settling through the water column. KEY WORDS: Zooplankton · Vertical migration · Gut evacuation rate · Gut fluorescence · Particulate organic carbon · Particulate organic nitrogen · Export flux · Sargasso Sea · Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 234. Online publication date: June 03, 2002 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2002 Inter-Research. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3354/meps234071 VL - 234 SP - 71-84 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps234071 KW - zooplankton KW - vertical migration KW - gut evacuation rate KW - gut fluorescence KW - particulate organic carbon KW - particulate organic nitrogen KW - export flux KW - Sargasso sea KW - Bermuda Atlantic time-series study (BATS) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of remnant size and connectivity on the response of Brown Treecreepers to habitat fragmentation AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. AU - Ford, Hugh T2 - Emu - Austral Ornithology AB - We studied approximately 50 groups of the cooperatively breeding Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus) in connected and unconnected (isolated) woodland remnants in the New England Tablelands of northeastern New South Wales during 1996–98. Large and small, unconnected remnants were more likely to contain territories lacking females than were connected habitat remnants. Using General Linear Mixed Models to control for the non-independence of groups studied in the same remnants, we found that neither remnant size nor connectivity affected nest success rate, brood size, or fledgling production. Survival of females was lower in small remnants and greatest in large, unconnected remnants. Lower survival in small remnants suggests area-sensitivity, but this effect cannot explain patterns in recruitment of females because there was no shortage of females in small, connected remnants. We conclude that remnant connectivity influences dispersal success of Brown Treecreepers, with dispersal being disrupted when remnants are unconnected. Therefore, isolation-sensitivity, not area-sensitivity, is the primary basis of the species’ sensitivity to habitat fragmentation. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1071/mu01007 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 249-256 J2 - Emu - Austral Ornithology LA - en OP - SN - 0158-4197 1448-5540 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu01007 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Independent effects of woodland loss and fragmentation on Brown Treecreeper distribution AU - Cooper, Caren B AU - Walters, Jeffrey R T2 - Biological Conservation AB - We examined the influence of local habitat and the surrounding landscape on the distribution of Brown Treecreepers in a matrix of woodlands and pastures. Our goals were to: (1) determine the importance and scale of the independent effects of woodland cover and fragmentation on treecreeper distribution, and (2) employ landscape variables to improve models of treecreeper distribution based on local habitat features. Woodland fragmentation was important at a large scale while both woodland cover and fragmentation were important at a smaller scale. Excluding unoccupied sites in highly fragmented landscapes improved the ability of local habitat features to explain Brown Treecreeper distribution, which appeared to be constrained by cavity density. Brown Treecreepers' response to fragmentation at the larger scale may occur because fragmentation disrupts dispersal. Alternatively, their response may be an example of a general phenomenon of fragmentation effects only arising when < 20% of woodland cover remains at a given scale. As fragmentation increases, so does the need to incorporate landscape patterns into wildlife-habitat models. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00172-0 VL - 105 IS - 1 SP - 1-10 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en OP - SN - 0006-3207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00172-0 DB - Crossref KW - habitat loss KW - fragmentation KW - landscape models KW - habitat models KW - Brown Treecreepers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Evidence of Disrupted Dispersal Causing Decline of an Australian Passerine in Fragmented Habitat AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. T2 - Conservation Biology AB - Abstract: We evaluated two hypothetical explanations for the decline of the cooperatively breeding Brown Treecreeper ( Climacteris picumnus ) in fragmented habitat: habitat degradation and isolation. We monitored the reproductive performance of approximately 50 breeding groups in Eucalyptus woodlands in the New England tablelands of northeastern New South Wales during 1996–1998. In addition, we translocated females to contiguous woodland and woodland fragments with unpaired males. We predicted that experimentally relocated females would reject territories with unpaired males in fragments if the habitat was degraded but not if males were unpaired due to isolation. We moved 11 females to fragments with unpaired males and 5 females to contiguous habitat with unpaired males. Nine females remained with males in fragments. Five of these females attempted nesting and 3 produced fledglings. No female relocated to contiguous habitat with an unpaired male remained or paired. We rejected habitat degradation as an explanation for the current decline of Brown Treecreepers within remnants, although degradation likely played a role in the past at a regional scale. Exceedingly low female recruitment within fragments and a lack of female dispersal between fragments provide additional evidence that female dispersal into territories in fragments rarely occurs naturally. We conclude that patch isolation is responsible for the high proportion of unpaired males in fragmented habitat. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00346.x VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 471-478 J2 - Conservation Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0888-8892 1523-1739 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00346.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - LANDSCAPE PATTERNS AND DISPERSAL SUCCESS: SIMULATED POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BROWN TREECREEPER AU - Cooper, Caren B. AU - Walters, Jeffrey R. AU - Priddy, Jeffery T2 - Ecological Applications AB - We used a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to explain the possible role of patch isolation in causing observed declines of Brown Treecreepers (Climacteris picumnus) in northern New South Wales, Australia. Using aerial photographs and a geographic information system, we created a spatially realistic landscape in which territories were constrained to woodlands and the matrix composition mimicked the actual landscape in the study area. We compared observed population behavior to the outcome of simulations based on two dispersal movement rules and three dispersal mortality rules. Under the first movement rule, a dispersing bird's initial direction was selected at random (Random); under the second rule, a bird's initial direction was toward its nearest neighbor (Neighbor). The first mortality rule used a constant mortality rate for dispersing birds, whereas the second and third varied mortality rate dependent on habitat type traversed. In simulations using the Random movement rule, populations in contiguous habitat were relatively stable, whereas populations in fragmented habitat steadily declined due to low female recruitment, which is the same pattern observed in the real population. Populations in both contiguous and fragmented habitat increased under the Neighbor movement rule, suggesting that population dynamics may be sensitive to dispersal search patterns. Varying mortality rate with habitat type had a large effect on population behavior even though long-distance dispersal was infrequent. Thus, for this cooperative breeder, where territories become clumped due to a high rate of territorial budding, matrix habitats continue to influence overall population performance. In this system, conservation efforts must address the quality of the matrix habitats as well as the configuration of remaining habitat. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1576:lpadss]2.0.co;2 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 1576-1587 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en OP - SN - 1051-0761 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1576:lpadss]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discussion on the meeting on 'Statistical modelling and analysis of genetic data' AU - Balding, D.J. AU - Carothers, A.D. AU - Marchini, J.L. AU - Cardon, L.R. AU - Vetta, A. AU - Griffiths, B. AU - Weir, B.S. AU - Hill, W.G. AU - Goldstein, D. AU - Strimmer, K. AU - Myers, S. AU - Beaumont, M.A. AU - Glasbey, C.A. AU - Mayer, C.D. AU - Richardson, S. AU - Marshall, C. AU - Durrett, R. AU - Nielsen, R. AU - Visscher, P.M. AU - Knott, S.A. AU - Haley, C.S. AU - Ball, R.D. AU - Hackett, C.A. AU - Holmes, S. AU - Husmeier, D. AU - Jansen, R.C. AU - ter Braak, CJF AU - Maliepaard, CA AU - Boer, MP AU - Joyce, P AU - Li, N AU - Stephens, M AU - Marcoulides, GA AU - Drezner, Z AU - Mardia, K AU - McVean, G AU - Meng, XL AU - Ochs, MF AU - Pagel, M AU - Sha, N AU - Vannucci, M AU - Sillanpaa, MJ AU - Sisson, S AU - Yandell, BS AU - Jin, CF AU - Satagopan, JM AU - Gaffney, PJ AU - Zeng, ZB AU - Broman, KW AU - Speed, TP AU - Fearnhead, P AU - Donnelly, P AU - Larget, B AU - Simon, DL AU - Kadane, JB AU - Nicholson, G AU - Smith, AV AU - Jonsson, F AU - Gustafsson, O AU - Stefansson, K AU - Donnelly, P AU - Parmigiani, G AU - Garrett, ES AU - Anbazhagan, R AU - Gabrielson, E T2 - Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) AB - Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)Volume 64, Issue 4 p. 737-775 Discussion on the meeting on ‘Statistical modelling and analysis of genetic data’ First published: 23 October 2002 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9868.00359Citations: 11Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume64, Issue4October 2002Pages 737-775 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1111/1467-9868.00359 VL - 64 IS - 4 SP - 737-775 SN - 1369-7412 1467-9868 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9868.00359 ER - TY - CHAP TI - An Evolutionary Perspective of Phosphoinositide Signaling During Osmotic Stress AU - Heilmann, I. AU - Perera, I.Y. AU - Boss, W.F. T2 - Intracellular Signalling in Plant and Animal Systems A2 - Kravets, V. PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning and characterization of the Tribolium castaneum eye-color genes encoding tryptophan oxygenase and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase AU - Lorenzen, M.D. AU - Brown, S.J. AU - Denell, R.E. AU - Beeman, R.W. T2 - Genetics AB - Abstract The use of eye-color mutants and their corresponding genes as scorable marker systems has facilitated the development of transformation technology in Drosophila and other insects. In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, the only currently available system for germline transformation employs the exogenous marker gene, EGFP, driven by an eye-specific promoter. To exploit the advantages offered by eye-pigmentation markers, we decided to develop a transformant selection system for Tribolium on the basis of mutant rescue. The Tribolium orthologs of the Drosophila eye-color genes vermilion (tryptophan oxygenase) and cinnabar (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) were cloned and characterized. Conceptual translations of Tc vermilion (Tcv) and Tc cinnabar (Tccn) are 71 and 51% identical to their respective Drosophila orthologs. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to show that T. castaneum larvae lacking functional Tcv or Tccn gene products also lack the pigmented eyespots observed in wild-type larvae. Five available eye-color mutations were tested for linkage to Tcv or Tccn via recombinational mapping. No linkage was found between candidate mutations and Tccn. However, tight linkage was found between Tcv and the white-eye mutation white, here renamed vermilionwhite (vw). Molecular analysis indicates that 80% of the Tcv coding region is deleted in vw beetles. These observations suggest that the Tribolium eye is pigmented only by ommochromes, not pteridines, and indicate that Tcv is potentially useful as a germline transformation marker. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1093/genetics/160.1.225 VL - 160 IS - 1 SP - 225–234 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Applying 21st century technology to very old animals AU - Chapman, R.E. AU - Matthews, N.A. AU - Schweitzer, M.H. AU - Horner, C.C. T2 - Dinosaurs: The Science Behind the Stories A2 - Scotchmoor, J.G. A2 - Springer, D.A. A2 - Breithaupt, B.H. A2 - Fiorillo, T. PY - 2002/// SP - 137–144 PB - Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Paleontological Society, American Geological Institute SN - 9780922152629 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): the model organism database for the laboratory mouse AU - Blake, J. A. AU - Richardson, J.E. AU - Bult, C.J. AU - Kadin, J.A. AU - Eppig, J.T. AU - Baldarelli, R. M. AU - Baya, M. AU - Beal, J. S. AU - Boddy, W. J. AU - Bradt, D. W. AU - Burkart, D. J. AU - Butler, N. E. AU - Campbell, J. AU - Chu, T. AU - Corbani, L. E. AU - Cousins, S. AU - Drabkin, H. J. AU - Garippa, D. M. AU - Goldsmith, C. W. AU - Grant, P. L. AU - Lennon-Pierce, M. AU - Lu, I. AU - Lutz, C. M. AU - Maltais, L. J. AU - Mani, P. AU - McKenzie, L. M. AU - Ormsby, J. E. AU - Planchart, A. J. AU - Ramachandran, S. AU - Reed, D. J. AU - Shaw, D. R. AU - Smith, C. AU - Szauter, P. AU - Trombley, L. A. AU - Wiegers, T. C. T2 - Nucleic Acids Research AB - The Mouse Genome Database (MGD) is the community database resource for the laboratory mouse, a key model organism for interpreting the human genome and for understanding human biology and disease (http://www.informatics.jax.org). MGD strives to provide a highly curated, highly integrated information resource that not only includes the consensus view of current knowledge about the mouse, but also provides comparative genomic information particularly for human and rat genomes. MGD includes extensive information about mouse genes, supporting all gene attribute assertions with experimental data, statements of evidence and citation. Detailed information about alleles and mouse mutants includes genotype, molecular variant and phenotype descriptions. Extensive collaboration with other data providers such as NCBI, RIKEN and SWISS-PROT provides standardization of gene:sequence associations and robust interconnections between large information systems based on shared sequence curation. Recent integration of large datasets of mouse full-length cDNAs and radiation-hybrid mapped ESTs, the continued development and use of extensive structured vocabularies and the expansion of the representation of phenotypes highlight this year’s developments. DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.1093/nar/30.1.113 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 113–115 SN - 1362-4962 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/30.1.113 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Environmental Issues Associated with Transgenic Plants AU - Kuzma, J. A3 - National Research Council DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - National Research Council ER - TY - RPRT TI - Marine Biotechnology in the 21st Century AU - Kuzma, J. A3 - National Research Council DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - National Research Council ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of short-term N2 deficiency on expression of the ureide pathway in cowpea root nodules AU - Smith, P.M.C. AU - Winter, H. AU - Storer, P.J. AU - Bussell, J.D. AU - Schuller, K.A. AU - Atkins, C.A. T2 - Plant Physiology AB - Root systems of 28-d-old cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp cv Vita 3: Bradyrhizobium sp. strain CB756) plants bearing nitrogen-fixing nodules in sand culture were exposed to an atmosphere of Ar:O(2) (80:20, v/v) for 48 h and then returned to air. Root systems of control plants were maintained in air throughout. Nodules were harvested at the same times in control and Ar:O(2)-treated root systems. Activities of two enzymes of de novo purine synthesis, glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART; EC 2.1.2.2), aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (AIRS; EC 6.3.3.1), uricase (EC 1.7.3.3), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31) were measured together with the protein level of each using immune-specific polyclonal antibodies. AIRS activity and protein both declined to very low levels within 6 h in Ar:O(2) together with a decline in transcript level of pur5, the encoding gene. GART activity, protein, and transcript (pur3) levels were relatively stable. Uricase activity declined in Ar:O(2) as rapidly as AIRS activity but the protein was stable. PEPC activity showed evidence of increased sensitivity to inhibition by malate but the protein level was stable. The data indicate that the flux of fixed N from bacteroids (N(2)-fixing nodule bacteria) is in some way associated with transcriptional control over pur5 and possibly also catabolism of AIRS protein. In contrast, there is limited posttranslational control over GART and PEPC and close posttranslational control over uricase activity. The significance of these different levels of regulation is discussed in relation to the overall control of enhanced expression of plant enzymes in the cowpea symbiosis. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1104/pp.010714 VL - 129 IS - 3 SP - 1216-1221 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035983935&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endocrine and metabolite adaptations in the thermoconditioned chicken in response to high ambient température AU - Mc Murtry, John AU - Yahav, S AU - Brocht, Donna AU - Ashwell, Christopher AU - Rosebrough, Robert AU - Kahl, Stanislaw AU - Leach, , JR T2 - Poultry Sci DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 81 SP - 214 ER - TY - CONF TI - Endocrine and metabolic factors in unique inbred$\times$ outbred chicken crosses AU - Ashwell, CM AU - McMurtry, JP AU - Deeb, N AU - Lamont, SJ C2 - 2002/// C3 - 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France DA - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of an uncoupling protein gene homolog in chickens AU - Evock-Clover, Christina M AU - Poch, Stephen M AU - Richards, Mark P AU - Ashwell, Christopher M AU - McMurtry, John P T2 - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 133 IS - 2 SP - 345-358 ER - TY - CONF TI - Chicken QTLs for growth, body composition, and metabolic factors associated with TGF-beta family genes AU - Li, H AU - Deeb, N AU - Zhou, H AU - Ashwell, CM AU - Lamont, SJ C2 - 2002/// C3 - Abstract of a poster presented at the Plant, Animal and Microbe Genomes X Conference DA - 2002/// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Countering Bioterrorism: The Role of Science and Technology DA - 2002/12/3/ PY - 2002/12/3/ DO - 10.17226/10536 PB - National Academies Press SN - 9780309086073 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/10536 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Animal Biotechnology DA - 2002/11/29/ PY - 2002/11/29/ DO - 10.17226/10418 PB - National Academies Press SN - 9780309084390 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/10418 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism DA - 2002/4/30/ PY - 2002/4/30/ DO - 10.17226/10505 PB - National Academies Press SN - 9780309085458 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/10505 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economics of cage culture in Puerto Rico AU - Brown, Jason G. AU - Goller, Carlos C. AU - Peters, Tara L. AU - Olean, Adam AU - Vernon‐Gerstenfeld, Susan AU - Gerstenfeld, Arthur T2 - Aquaculture Economics & Management AB - Abstract Puerto Rico has been faced with a decline of fish stocks similar to other parts of the world. Offshore cage aquaculture might be an answer to this problem although there are many unanswered questions. This paper describes a project in Puerto Rico that assessed the economics of offshore cage culture for aquaculture. The first cage was placed in the water in February 2002 with a second one to follow shortly thereafter. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1080/13657300209380325 VL - 6 IS - 5-6 SP - 363-372 J2 - Aquaculture Economics & Management LA - en OP - SN - 1365-7305 1551-8663 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13657300209380325 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic regions controlling vernalization and photoperiod responses in oat AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Portyanko, V.A. AU - Hoffman, D.L. AU - Lee, M. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1007/s00122-001-0845-5 VL - 105 IS - 1 SP - 113-126 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036923983&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Avena KW - flowering KW - mapping KW - QTLs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlated responses to selection for greater β-glucan content in two oat populations AU - Cervantes-Martinez, C.T. AU - Frey, K.J. AU - White, P.J. AU - Wesenberg, D.M. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 730-738 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036235335&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding perennial grain crops AU - Cox, T.S. AU - Bender, M. AU - Picone, C. AU - Van Tassel, D.L. AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Brummer, E.C. AU - Zoeller, B.E. AU - Paterson, A.H. AU - Jackson, W. T2 - Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 59-91 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036216289&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The case of the fainting Boxer: review of Boxer cardiomyopathy AU - DeFrancesco, T.C. T2 - Waltham FOCUS DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 28–30 RI - Boxer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Acacia mangium AU - Xie, D. AU - Hong, Y. T2 - Plant Cell Reports DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1007/s00299-001-0397-9 VL - 20 IS - 10 SP - 917-922 J2 - Plant Cell Rep LA - en OP - SN - 0721-7714 1432-203X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-001-0397-9 DB - Crossref KW - Acacia mangium KW - Agrobacterium KW - genetic transformation KW - rejuvenation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Saltatory Changes in the Structure of the Ribosomal DNA External Transcribed Spacer during the Evolution of Cockroaches of Genus Blattella AU - Mukha, D. V. AU - Wiegmann, B. M. AU - Schal, C. T2 - Doklady Biological Sciences DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1023/a:1021745709410 VL - 387 IS - 1/6 SP - 549–552 SN - 0012-4966 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021745709410 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cooxidation of naphthalene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the nitrifying bacterium, Nitrosomonas europaea. T2 - Biodegradation DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.1023/a:1022811430030 UR - https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022811430030 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeography and Genotype-Symptom Associations in Early and Late Season Infections of Canola by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum AU - Phillips, D. V. AU - Carbone, I. AU - Gold, S. E. AU - Kohn, L. M. T2 - Phytopathology AB - Both typical late season stem infections and atypical early season rosette infections of canola, a relatively new crop in the southeastern United States, were caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The 51 DNA fingerprints (from 71 isolates) did not match any fingerprints from previous studies of canola or other crops. Single locus haplotypes from nuclear DNA sequences included 18 in the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rRNA repeat, four in 44.11, six in translation elongation factor 1α, three in calmodulin (CAL), and two in chitin synthase 1. Contingency permutation testing for associations of infection type with DNA fingerprint, single- or multilocus haplotype, or hierarchically nested clades based on single locus haplotypes found significant association of haplotype with mycelial compatibility group and DNA fingerprint for all loci except CAL. Significant association of IGS haplotypes with symptom type was detected in one pathogen population. Southeastern U.S. canola was infected by both recently evolved, geographically dispersed pathogen genotypes and older, indigenous genotypes (Carbone and Kohn, 2001. Mol. Ecol. 10:947–964). Indigenous haplotypes are infection-type generalists, and the most frequently isolated from rosette infections. In contrast, haplotypes from the most recently evolved, dispersed population were associated one-to-one with infection type, with only the most recently evolved haplotypes infecting rosettes. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.785 VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - 785–793 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.785 KW - cladistic inference KW - genome size KW - multilocus sequence typing KW - nested haplotype networks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgene expression from the Tribolium castaneum Polyubiquitin promoter AU - Lorenzen, M. D. AU - Brown, S. J. AU - Denell, R. E. AU - Beeman, R. W. T2 - Insect Molecular Biology AB - The highly conserved Ubiquitin proteins are expressed from genes with strong, constitutively active promoters in many species, making these promoters attractive candidates for use in driving transgene expression. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the Tribolium castaneum Polyubiquitin (TcPUb) gene. We placed the TcPUb promoter upstream of the coding region of the T. castaneum eye-colour gene Tc vermilion (Tcv) and injected this construct into embryos from a Tcv-deficient strain. Transient expression of Tcv during embryogenesis resulted in complete rescue of the larval mutant phenotype. We then incorporated the TcPUb-Tcv chimera into a piggyBac donor. Resulting germline transformants were easily recognized by rescue of eye pigmentation, illustrating the potential of the TcPUb promoter for use in driving transgene expression. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00349.x VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 399-407 J2 - Insect Mol Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0962-1075 1365-2583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00349.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α in cats with congestive heart failure AU - Meurs, Kathryn M. AU - Fox, Philip R. AU - Miller, Matthew W. AU - Kapadia, Samir AU - Mann, Douglas L. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - To determine whether plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are increased in cats with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to cardiomyopathy.26 adult cats with CHF and cardiomyopathy and 9 healthy control cats.Plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha were measured in cats with CHF and cardiomyopathy. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured by quantifying cytotoxic effects of TNF-alpha on L929 murine fibrosarcoma cells.Concentrations of TNF-alpha were increased (0.13 to 3.6 U/ml) in 10 of 26 cats with CHF but were undetectable in the other 16 cats with CHF and all control cats. In 20 of 26 cats with CHF right-sided heart failure (RHF) was evident; TNF-alpha concentrations were increased in 9 of these 20 cats. The remaining 6 cats had left-sided heart failure (LHF); TNF-alpha concentrations were increased in only 1 of these cats. Age of cats with LHF (mean +/- SD, 12.1+/-6.2 years) was not significantly different from age of the cohort with RHF (10.5+/-5.2 years). Body weight of cats with increased TNFalpha concentrations (5.4+/-1.8 kg) was not significantly different from body weight of cats with CHF that did not have measurable concentrations of TNF-alpha (4.7+/-1.6 kg).Concentrations of TNF-alpha were increased in many cats with CHF. Cats with RHF were most likely to have increased TNF-alpha concentrations. Increased plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha in cats with CHF may offer insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of heart failure and provide targets for therapeutic interventions. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.640 VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - 640–642 SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.640 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response Selectivity for Species-Specific Calls in the Inferior Colliculus of Mexican Free-Tailed Bats is Generated by Inhibition AU - Klug, Achim AU - Bauer, Eric E. AU - Hanson, Joshua T. AU - Hurley, Laura AU - Meitzen, John AU - Pollak, George D. T2 - Journal of Neurophysiology AB - Here we show that inhibition shapes diverse responses to species-specific calls in the inferior colliculus (IC) of Mexican free-tailed bats. We presented 10 calls to each neuron of which 8 were social communication and 2 were echolocation calls. We also measured excitatory response regions: the range of tone burst frequencies that evoked discharges at a fixed intensity. The calls evoked highly selective responses in that IC neurons responded to some calls but not others even though those calls swept through their excitatory response regions. By convolving activity in the response regions with the spectrogram of each call, we evaluated whether responses to tone bursts could predict discharge patterns evoked by species-specific calls. The convolutions often predicted responses to calls that evoked no responses and thus were inaccurate. Blocking inhibition at the IC reduced or eliminated selectivity and greatly improved the predictive accuracy of the convolutions. By comparing the responses evoked by two calls with similar spectra, we show that each call evoked a unique spatiotemporal pattern of activity distributed across and within isofrequency contours and that the disparity in the population response was greatly reduced by blocking inhibition. Thus the inhibition evoked by each call can shape a unique pattern of activity in the IC population and that pattern may be important for both the identification of a particular call and for discriminating it from other calls and other signals. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1941 VL - 88 IS - 4 SP - 1941-1954 J2 - Journal of Neurophysiology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3077 1522-1598 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1941 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in establishment of adenomas and maintenance of carcinomas during intestinal tumorigenesis AU - Roberts, R. B. AU - Min, L. AU - Washington, M. K. AU - Olsen, S. J. AU - Settle, S. H. AU - Coffey, R. J. AU - Threadgill, D. W. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - We used the hypomorphic Egfr(wa2) allele to genetically examine the impact of impaired epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) signaling on the Apc(Min) mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Transfer of the Apc(Min) allele onto a homozygous Egfr(wa2) background results in a 90% reduction in intestinal polyp number relative to Apc(Min) mice carrying a wild-type Egfr allele. This Egfr effect is potentially synergistic with the actions of the modifier-of-min (Mom1) locus. Surprisingly, the size, expansion, and pathological progression of the polyps appear Egfr-independent. Histological examination of the ilea of younger animals revealed no differences in the number of microadenomas, the presumptive precursor lesions to gross intestinal polyps. Pharmacological inhibition with EKI-785, an Egfr tyrosine kinase inhibitor, produced similar results in the Apc(Min) model. These data suggest that normal Egfr activity is required for establishment of intestinal tumors in the Apc(Min) model between initiation and subsequent expansion of initiated tumors. The role of Egfr signaling during later stages of tumorigenesis was examined by using nude mice xenografts of two human colorectal cancer cell lines. Treatment with EKI-785 produced a dose-dependent reduction in tumor growth, suggesting that Egfr inhibitors may be useful for advanced colorectal cancer treatment. DA - 2002/1/29/ PY - 2002/1/29/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.032678499 VL - 99 IS - 3 SP - 1521-1526 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.032678499 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Timing of transmission and the evolution of virulence of an insect virus AU - Cooper, V. S. AU - Reiskind, M. H. AU - Miller, J. A. AU - Shelton, K. A. AU - Walther, B. A. AU - Elkinton, J. S. AU - Ewald, P. W. T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences AB - We used the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, to investigate whether the timing of transmission influences the evolution of virulence. In theory, early transmission should favour rapid replication and increase virulence, while late transmission should favour slower replication and reduce virulence. We tested this prediction by subjecting one set of 10 virus lineages to early transmission (Early viruses) and another set to late transmission (Late viruses). Each lineage of virus underwent nine cycles of transmission. Virulence assays on these lineages indicated that viruses transmitted early were significantly more lethal than those transmitted late. Increased exploitation of the host appears to come at a cost, however. While Early viruses initially produced more progeny, Late viruses were ultimately more productive over the entire duration of the infection. These results illustrate fitness trade-offs associated with the evolution of virulence and indicate that milder viruses can obtain a numerical advantage when mild and harmful strains tend to infect separate hosts. DA - 2002/6/7/ PY - 2002/6/7/ DO - 10.1098/rspb.2002.1976 VL - 269 IS - 1496 SP - 1161-1165 J2 - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B LA - en OP - SN - 0962-8452 1471-2954 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.1976 DB - Crossref KW - virulence KW - timing KW - transmission KW - trade-off KW - Lymantria dispar KW - nuclear polyhedrosis virus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased competition may promote species coexistence AU - Vandermeer, J. AU - Evans, M. A. AU - Foster, P. AU - Hook, T. AU - Reiskind, M. AU - Wund, M. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - It is a mainstay of community ecology that local exclusion of species will result if competitive pressures become too large. The pattern of exclusion may be complicated, but the qualitative orthodoxy has changed little since the pioneering work of Lotka, Volterra, and Gause—no two species can occupy the same niche. Stated in a more precise form, the higher the intensity of interspecific competition in an assemblage of species, the fewer the number of species that can coexist in perpetuity. We suggest that this orthodoxy results from “linear” thinking, and that if the classical equations are formulated more realistically with attendant nonlinearities, the orthodoxy breaks down and higher levels of competition may actually increase the likelihood that species will avoid competitive exclusion. Furthermore, this increased probability of coexistence at higher levels of competition is accompanied by characteristic dynamic patterns: ( i ) at lower levels of competition, after all extinction events have occurred, remaining species follow irregular chaotic patterns; ( ii ) at higher levels of competition, when most species coexist, all species are entrained in a single large limit cycle; ( iii ) the transient behavior appears to correspond to a special case of chaos, uniform phase chaotic amplitude. DA - 2002/6/17/ PY - 2002/6/17/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.142073599 VL - 99 IS - 13 SP - 8731-8736 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en OP - SN - 0027-8424 1091-6490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142073599 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Six Leuconostoc fallax Bacteriophages Isolated from an Industrial Sauerkraut Fermentation AU - Barrangou, R. AU - Yoon, S.-S. AU - Breidt, F. AU - Fleming, H. P. AU - Klaenhammer, T. R. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT Six bacteriophages active against Leuconostoc fallax strains were isolated from industrial sauerkraut fermentation brines. These phages were characterized as to host range, morphology, structural proteins, and genome fingerprint. They were exclusively lytic against the species L. fallax and had different host ranges among the strains of this species tested. Morphologically, three of the phages were assigned to the family Siphoviridae , and the three others were assigned to the family Myoviridae . Major capsid proteins detected by electrophoresis were distinct for each of the two morphotypes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting showed that all six phages were genetically distinct. These results revealed for the first time the existence of bacteriophages that are active against L. fallax and confirmed the presence and diversity of bacteriophages in a sauerkraut fermentation. Since a variety of L. fallax strains have been shown to be present in sauerkraut fermentation, bacteriophages active against L. fallax are likely to contribute to the microbial ecology of sauerkraut fermentation and could be responsible for some of the variability observed in this type of fermentation. DA - 2002/11/1/ PY - 2002/11/1/ DO - 10.1128/aem.68.11.5452-5458.2002 VL - 68 IS - 11 SP - 5452-5458 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages from Fermenting Sauerkraut AU - Yoon, S. S. AU - Barrangou-Poueys, R. AU - Breidt, F. AU - Klaenhammer, T. R. AU - Fleming, H. P. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT This paper presents the first report of bacteriophage isolated from commercial vegetable fermentations. Nine phages were isolated from two 90-ton commercial sauerkraut fermentations. These phages were active against fermentation isolates and selected Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum strains, including a starter culture. Phages were characterized as members of the Siphoviridae and Myoviridae families. All Leuconostoc phages reported previously, primarily of dairy origin, belonged to the Siphoviridae family. DA - 2002/2/1/ PY - 2002/2/1/ DO - 10.1128/aem.68.2.973-976.2002 VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 973-976 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and Characterization of Leuconostoc fallax Strains Isolated from an Industrial Sauerkraut Fermentation AU - Barrangou, R. AU - Yoon, S.-S. AU - Breidt, F. AU - Fleming, H. P. AU - Klaenhammer, T. R. T2 - Applied and Environmental Microbiology AB - ABSTRACT Lactic acid bacterial strains were isolated from brines sampled after 7 days of an industrial sauerkraut fermentation, and six strains were selected on the basis of susceptibility to bacteriophages. Bacterial growth in cabbage juice was monitored, and the fermentation end products were identified, quantified, and compared to those of Leuconostoc mesenteroides . Identification by biochemical fingerprinting, endonuclease digestion of the 16S-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region, and sequencing of variable regions V1 and V2 of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the six selected sauerkraut isolates were Leuconostoc fallax strains. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA fingerprints indicated that the strains were distinct from one another. The growth and fermentation patterns of the L. fallax isolates were highly similar to those of L. mesenteroides . The final pH of cabbage juice fermentation was 3.6, and the main fermentation end products were lactic acid, acetic acid, and mannitol for both species. However, none of the L. fallax strains exhibited the malolactic reaction, which is characteristic of most L. mesenteroides strains. These results indicated that in addition to L. mesenteroides , a variety of L. fallax strains may be present in the heterofermentative stage of sauerkraut fermentation. The microbial ecology of sauerkraut fermentation appears to be more complex than previously indicated, and the prevalence and roles of L. fallax require further investigation. DA - 2002/6/1/ PY - 2002/6/1/ DO - 10.1128/aem.68.6.2877-2884.2002 VL - 68 IS - 6 SP - 2877-2884 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lipophorin-facilitated hydrocarbon uptake by oocytes in the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) AU - FAN, YL AU - CHASE, J AU - SEVALA, VL AU - SCHAL, C T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 205 IS - 6 SP - 781-790 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short communication Effect of maize rhizodeposits on soil microbial community structure E. Benizri, O. Dedourge, C. Dibattista-Leboeuf, S. Piutti, C. Nguyen and A. Guckert (France).................. 261 AU - Larsen, KS AU - Jonasson, S AU - Denmark, A Michelsen AU - Dromph, KM AU - Denmark, S Vestergaard AU - Salamanca, EF AU - Raubuch, M T2 - Applied Soil Ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 21 SP - 289{\k{a}}290 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle T2 - Microbes and infection DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 4 IS - 13 SP - 1369-1377 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 181-189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms T2 - Applied Soil Ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 147-160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on nematode trophic groups and community dynamics under tomatoes T2 - Applied soil ecology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 233-250 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations from Costa Rica. Estructura genética de las poblaciones de Phytophthora infestans de Costa Rica. AU - Gómez-Alpı́zar, Luis Enrique AU - Cafe-Filho, AC AU - Ristaino, Jean Beagle C2 - 2002/// C3 - Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Milwaukee, WI, US, July 27-31, 2002. DA - 2002/// VL - 92 SP - S30 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effie A. Southworth, First woman Plant Pathologists hired at USDA AU - Ristaino, Jean AU - Peterson, Paul T2 - The plant Health Instructor DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 10 SP - 1094 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes T2 - Phytopathology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 181-189 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036164806&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trp-dependent auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: involvement of cytochrome P450s CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 AU - Zhao, Yunde AU - Hull, Anna K. AU - Gupta, Neeru R. AU - Goss, Kendrick A. AU - Alonso, José AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Normanly, Jennifer AU - Chory, Joanne AU - Celenza, John L. T2 - Genes & Development DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 23 SP - 3100-3112 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three redundant brassinosteroid early response genes encode putative bHLH transcription factors required for normal growth AU - Friedrichsen, Danielle M. AU - Nemhauser, Jennifer AU - Muramitsu, Takamichi AU - Maloof, Julin N. AU - Alonso, José AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Furuya, Masaki AU - Chory, Joanne T2 - Genetics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 162 IS - 3 SP - 1445-1456 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NPSN11 is a cell plate-associated SNARE protein that interacts with the syntaxin KNOLLE AU - Zheng, Haiyan AU - Bednarek, Sebastian Y. AU - Sanderfoot, Anton A. AU - Alonso, Jose AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Raikhel, Natasha V. T2 - Plant physiology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 129 IS - 2 SP - 530-539 ER - TY - JOUR TI - De-Etiolated 1 and Damaged DNA Binding Protein 1 Interact to Regulate< i> Arabidopsis Photomorphogenesis AU - Schroeder, Dana F. AU - Gahrtz, Manfred AU - Maxwell, Bridey B. AU - Cook, R. Kimberley AU - Kan, Jack M. AU - Alonso, José M. AU - Ecker, Joseph R. AU - Chory, Joanne T2 - Current Biology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 12 IS - 17 SP - 1462-1472 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A role for peroxisomes in photomorphogenesis and development of Arabidopsis AU - Hu, Jianping AU - Aguirre, Maria AU - Peto, Charles AU - Alonso, José AU - Ecker, Joseph AU - Chory, Joanne T2 - Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 297 IS - 5580 SP - 405-409 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of Immunoreactive Material in Mammoth Fossils AU - Schweitzer, Mary AU - Hill, Christopher L. AU - Asara, John M. AU - Lane, William S. AU - Pincus, Seth H. T2 - Journal of Molecular Evolution AB - The fossil record represents a history of life on this planet. Attempts to obtain molecular information from this record by analysis of nucleic acids found within fossils of extreme age have been unsuccessful or called into question. However, previous studies have demonstrated the long-term persistence of peptides within fossils and have used antibodies to extant proteins to demonstrate antigenic material. In this study we address two questions: Do immunogenic/antigenic materials persist in fossils? and; Can fossil material be used to raise antibodies that will cross-react with extant proteins? We have used material extracted from a well-preserved 100000-300000-year-old mammoth skull to produce antisera. The specificity of the antisera was tested by ELISA, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. It was demonstrated that antisera reacted specifically with the fossils and not the surrounding sediments. Reactivity of antisera with modern proteins and tissues was also demonstrated, as was the ability to detect evolutionary relationships via antibody-antigen interactions. Mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of amino acids and specific peptides within the fossil. Peptides were purified by anion-exchange chromatography and sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry. The collagen-derived peptides may have been the source of at least some of the immunologic reactivity, but the antisera identified molecules that were not observed by mass spectrometry, indicating that immunologic methods may have greater sensitivity. Although the presence of peptides and amino acids was demonstrated, the exact nature of the antigenic material was not fully clarified. This report demonstrates that antibodies may be used to obtain information from the fossil record. DA - 2002/12/1/ PY - 2002/12/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00239-002-2365-6 VL - 55 IS - 6 SP - 696-705 J2 - Journal of Molecular Evolution OP - SN - 0022-2844 1432-1432 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-002-2365-6 DB - Crossref KW - fossil KW - mammoth KW - ancient proteins KW - molecular preservation KW - mass spectrometry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Late Cretaceous avian eggs with embryos from Argentina AU - Schweitzer, Mary H. AU - Jackson, Frankie D. AU - Chiappe, Luis M. AU - Schmitt, James G. AU - Calvo, Jorge O. AU - Rubilar, David E. T2 - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology AB - (2002). Late Cretaceous avian eggs with embryos from Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 191-195. DA - 2002/3/14/ PY - 2002/3/14/ DO - 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0191:lcaewe]2.0.co;2 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 191-195 J2 - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology LA - en OP - SN - 0272-4634 1937-2809 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0191:lcaewe]2.0.co;2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular characterization of AtNAM: a member of the Arabidopsis NAC domain superfamily AU - Duval, Manuel AU - Hsieh, Tzung-Fu AU - Kim, Soo Young AU - Thomas, Terry L. T2 - Plant Molecular Biology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/a:1016028530943 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 237-248 SN - 0167-4412 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016028530943 KW - DNA-binding domain KW - shoot meristem KW - transcriptional activation ER - TY - CONF TI - Parallel genehunter: Implementation of a linkage analysis package for distributed-memory architectures AU - Conant, G. AU - Plimpton, S. AU - Old, W. AU - Wagner, A. AU - Fain, P. AU - Heffelfinger, G. AB - We present a parallel algorithm for performing multipoint linkage analysis of genetic marker data on large family pedigrees. The algorithm effectively distributes both the computation and memory requirements of the analysis. We discuss an implementation of the algorithm in the Genehunter linkage analysis package (version 2.1), enabling Genehunter to be run on distributed memory platforms for the first time. Our preliminary benchmarks indicate reasonable scalability of the algorithm for even small fixed-size problems, with parallel efficiencies of 75% or more on up to a few dozen processors. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings - International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS 2002 DA - 2002/// DO - 10.1109/IPDPS.2002.1016586 SP - 184-191 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84966632851&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - GenomeHistory: A software tool and its application to fully sequenced genomes AU - Conant, G.C. AU - Wagner, A. T2 - Nucleic Acids Research DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 30 IS - 15 SP - 3378-3386 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036682357&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of secretory diarrhea. AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - Journal of veterinary internal medicine AB - Details of the physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial secretion in the gastrointestinal tract are becoming clear, leading to new models of the mechanisms underlying diarrhea. The enteric nervous system is a critical component of the mechanism regulating fluid secretion in the normal gut and a key element in the pathophysiology of diarrhea. Neural reflex pathways increase epithelial fluid secretion in response to several enteric pathogens of veterinary importance such as Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium parvum , rotavirus, and Clostridium difficile . Moreover, the enteric nervous system has an important role in epithelial secretion triggered by products of activated leukocytes during inflammation. New approaches targeting the enteric nervous system show promise for the treatment of secretory diarrhea. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02361.x VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 222–228, UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12041649 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein kinase A regulates beta2 integrin avidity in neutrophils. AU - Jones, SL T2 - Journal of leukocyte biology DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 1042–1048, UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12050191 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on bile-injured and normal equine colon. AU - Campbell, NB AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - Equine veterinary journal DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 493–498, UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12358053 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transplantation of X-linked severe combined immunodeficient dogs with CD34+ bone marrow cells AU - Hartnett, Brian J AU - Yao, DaPeng AU - Suter, Steven E AU - Ellinwood, N.Matthew AU - Henthorn, Paula S AU - Moore, Peter F AU - McSweeney, Peter A AU - Nash, Richard A AU - Brown, Jeffrey D AU - Weinberg, Kenneth I AU - Felsburg, Peter J T2 - Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation AB - X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is the most common form of human SCID and is caused by mutations in the common gamma chain (gammac), a shared component of the interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 receptors. BMT for human X-SCID results in engraftment of donor T-cells and reconstitution of normal T-cell function but engraftment of few, if any, donor B-cells and poor reconstitution of humoral immune function. Canine X-SCID is also caused by mutations in the yc and has an immunological phenotype identical to that of human X-SCID. We have previously reported that transplantation of nonconditioned X-SCID dogs with unfractionated histocompatible bone marrow results in engraftment of both donor B- and T-cells and reconstitution of normal T-cell and humoral immune function. In this study, we assessed the ability of purified canine CD34+ bone marrow cells to reconstitute lymphoid populations after histocompatible BMT in 6 nonablated X-SCID dogs. All dogs showed engraftment of donor T-cells, with T-cell regeneration occurring through a thymic-dependent pathway, and had reconstituted normal T-cell function. In contrast to our previous studies, only 3 dogs had engraftment of donor B-cells and reconstituted normal antigen-specific B-cell function post-BMT. The variable donor B-cell engraftment and reconstitution of normal humoral immune function observed in this study are similar to the outcomes observed in the majority of human X-SCID patients following BMT. This study demonstrates that canine CD34+ cells contain progenitors capable of immune reconstitution and is the first study to document the ability of CD34+ bone marrow cells to reconstitute normal B- and T-cell function in a nonablated large-animal model of BMT. This study also demonstrates that the quality of immune reconstitution following CD34+ BMT may be dosage dependent Thus canine X-SCID provides a large-animal preclinical model that can be used not only to determine the optimal conditions for both donor B- and T-cell engraftment following CD34 BMT, but also to develop and evaluate strategies for gene therapy protocols that target CD34 cells. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1053/bbmt.2002.v8.pm12014808 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 188-197 J2 - Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation LA - en OP - SN - 1083-8791 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/bbmt.2002.v8.pm12014808 DB - Crossref KW - canine KW - X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency CD34 KW - bone marrow transplantation KW - immune reconstitution ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Model for Estimating Total Parasite Load in Falciparum Malaria Patients AU - Gravenor, Mike B. AU - Lloyd, Alun L. AU - Kremsner, Peter G. AU - Missinou, Michel A. AU - English, Mike AU - Marsh, Kevin AU - Kwiatkowski, Dominic T2 - Journal of Theoretical Biology AB - We describe an age-structured mathematical model of the malaria parasite life cycle that uses clinical observations of peripheral parasitaemia to estimate population dynamics of sequestered parasites, which are hidden from the clinical investigator. First, the model was tested on parasite populations cultured in vitro, and was found to account for ∼72% of the variation in that sub-population of parasites that would have been sequestered in vivo. Next, the model was applied to patients undergoing antimalarial therapy. Using individual data sets we found that although the model fitted the peripheral parasite curves very well, unique solutions for the fit could not be obtained; therefore, robust estimates of sequestered parasite dynamics remained unavailable. We conclude that even given detailed data on individual parasitaemia, estimates of sequestered numbers may be difficult to obtain. However, if data on individuals undergoing similar therapy are collected at equal time intervals, some of these problems may be overcome by estimating specific parameters over groups of patients. In this manner we estimated sequestered parasite density in a group of patients sampled at identical time points following antimalarial treatment. Using this approach we found significant relationships between changes in parasite density, age structure and temperature that were not apparent from the analysis of peripheral parasitaemia only. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1006/jtbi.2002.3030 VL - 217 IS - 2 SP - 137-148 J2 - Journal of Theoretical Biology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-5193 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2002.3030 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - NATURE OF RESISTANCE OF SWEETPOTATO TO SWEETPOTATO VIRUS DISEASE AU - Mwanga, R.O.M. AU - Moyer, J.W. AU - Zhang, D.P. AU - Carey, E.E. AU - Yencho, G.C. T2 - Acta Horticulturae AB - Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) is a disease syndrome due to the dual infection and synergistic interaction of sweetpotato chlorotic stunt crinivirus (SPCSV) and sweetpotato feathery mottle potyvirus (SPFMV). SPVD causes up to 98% yield loss in East Africa. Uganda’s sweetpotato breeding program released six sweetpotato cultivars with moderate to high levels of field SPVD resistance in 1995. A multidisciplinary partnership involving Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute in Uganda, North Carolina State University, the US Vegetable laboratory (USV, USDA-ARS) and Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, and the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru, has investigated the genetic basis of SPVD resistance. This paper highlights research findings of the response of sweetpotato to sweetpotato virus disease. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability of (SCA) of 45 sweetpotato diallel families, and the GCA to SCA variance component ratios were high, indicating that additive gene effects are predominant in the inheritance of SPVD and recovery. The distribution of SPVD scores in the promising families was skewed toward highly susceptible categories in Uganda and Peru. In the proposed model for inheritance, two genes are unlinked and they are inherited in a hexosamic or tetradisomic manner. Based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses, two unlinked AFLP markers were associated with the loci conferring resistance to SPCSV and SPFMV. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2002.583.12 VL - 8 IS - 583 SP - 113-119 KW - aphids KW - Bemisia tabaci KW - ELISA KW - Ipomoea setosa KW - heritability ER - TY - JOUR TI - When a day makes a difference. Interpreting data from endoplasmic reticulum-targeted green fluorescent protein fusions in cells grown in suspension culture AU - Persson, S. AU - Love, J. AU - Tsou, P. L. AU - Robertson, D. AU - Thompson, William AU - Boss, W. F. T2 - Plant Physiology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1104 VL - 128 IS - 2 SP - 341–344 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Taxonomic relationships among peanut wild species as revealed by AFLP markers AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Tallury, S.P. AU - Stalker, H.T. AU - Isleib, T.G. DA - 2002/11/10/ PY - 2002/11/10/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding value for tomato spotted wilt virus incidence in virginia-type peanuts AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Isleib, T.G. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2002/// VL - 34 SP - 37 ER - TY - CONF TI - Summer Cascade’ river birch AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Allen, J.D. AU - Allen, D.A. AU - Fountain, M.O. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 47th Annual Report DA - 2002/// SP - 624–626 ER - TY - CONF TI - Role of endogenous phenolics in resistance to fire blight AU - Bell, A.C. AU - Ranney, T.G. AU - Eaker, T.A. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 47th Annual Report DA - 2002/// SP - 202–206 ER - TY - CONF TI - Photosynthetic capacity of Illicium parviflorum and I. floridanum exposed to high irradiance AU - Griffin, J.J. AU - Ranney, T.G. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference, 47th Annual Report DA - 2002/// SP - 429–432 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SEUSS, a member of a novel family of plant regulatory proteins, represses floral homeotic gene expression with LEUNIG. AU - Franks, R.G. AU - Wang, C. AU - Levin, J.Z. AU - Liu, Z. AU - Development DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 253–263 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11782418 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SEUSS, a member of a novel family of plant regulatory proteins, represses floral homeotic gene expression with LEUNIG AU - Franks, R.G. AU - Wang, C. AU - Levin, J.Z. AU - Liu, Z. T2 - Development DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 253-263 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036333380&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge foaming: relationship of mycolata levels to foaming initiation and stability. AU - Reyes, F. L. AU - Raskin, L. T2 - Water Res DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 445-59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimization of activated sludge designs using genetic algorithms AU - Doby, TA AU - Loughlin, DH AU - Reyes, FL AU - Ducoste, JJ T2 - Water Science and Technology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 187-198 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000175103800019&KeyUID=WOS:000175103800019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge foaming: relationship of mycolata levels to foaming initiation and stability AU - Reyes, FL AU - Raskin, L T2 - Water Research AB - The relationship between the levels of mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes (mycolata), Gordonia spp. and Gordonia amarae, and foam initiation and stability was characterized using: (1) batch tests involving addition of G. amarace cells to activated sludge, (2) analysis of a full-scale activated sludge plant that experienced seasonal foaming, and (3) a study of lab-scale activated sludge reactors augmented with G. amarae. Using batch tests, threshold Gordonia levels for foam formation and foam stability were determined to be approximately 2 x 10(8) microm ml(-1) and 1 x 10(9) microm ml(-1), respectively. In the full-scale plant, the levels of Gordonia spp. and G. amarae increased during the course of foaming, and the foam formation threshold of 2 x 10 microm ml(-1) corresponded to the onset of foaming. This value was also verified in lab-scale reactor washout experiments, where decreasing mycolata levels were observed during the course of foam dissipation. The foam stability threshold of 1 x 10(9) micorm ml(-1) was verified in lab-scale reactor studies. The increase in the levels of Gordonia spp. and G. amarae in the full-scale plant corresponded to an increase in temperature, suggesting that the growth of Gordonia spp. was favored during warmer periods. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00227-5 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 445-459 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000173085900009&KeyUID=WOS:000173085900009 KW - activated sludge KW - filamentous foaming KW - nocardioforms KW - foam threshold KW - Gordonia amarae KW - 16S ribosomal RNA ER - TY - BOOK TI - Optimization of activated sludge designs using genetic algorithms DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 45 SE - 187-198 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036219345&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial community structures in foaming and nonfoaming full-scale wastewater treatment plants. T2 - Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 437-449 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036730237&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial community structures in foaming and nonfoaming full-scale wastewater treatment plants. AU - Reyes, F. L. AU - Rothauszky, D. AU - Raskin, L. T2 - Water Environ Res DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 437-49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MODELING THE COMPETITION BETWEEN FILAMENTS AND FLOC FORMERS: INTEGRATING DECAY RATE, STORAGE, KINETIC SELECTION, AND FILAMENTOUS BACKBONE THEORY AU - Lou, In Chio AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - proc water environ fed DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864702784248539 VL - 2002 IS - 17 SP - 47-58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection and quantification of an environmentally versatile Bacillus strain using hybridization probes targeting the 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA spacer region AU - Keith, J. E. AU - Leder, J. AU - Reyes, F. L., III T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 102 SP - 431 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BCI&KeyUT=BCI:BCI200200616990&KeyUID=BCI:BCI200200616990 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Methods in Biological Systems AU - Oerther, Daniel B. AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - water environ res AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 74, Issue 7 p. 71-105 Monitoring and MeasurementFree Access Molecular Methods in Biological Systems Daniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorFrancis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this author Daniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorFrancis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2002 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143002X140413AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume74, Issue72002 Literature ReviewJuly-August 2002Pages 71-105 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.2175/106143002x140413 VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 71-105 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000208064900003&KeyUID=WOS:000208064900003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial Community Structures in Foaming and Nonfoaming Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plants AU - Reyes, Francis L. AU - Rothauszky, Dagmar AU - Raskin, Lutgarde T2 - water environ res AB - A survey of full‐scale activated‐sludge plants in Illinois revealed that filamentous foaming is a widespread problem in the state, and that the causes and consequences of foaming control strategies are not fully understood. To link microbial community structure to foam occurrence, microbial populations in eight foaming and nine nonfoaming full‐scale activated‐sludge systems were quantified using oligonucleotide hybridization probes targeting the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of the mycolata; Gordonia spp.; Gordonia amarae ; “ Candidatus Microthrix parvicella”; the α‐, β‐, and γ‐subclasses of the Proteobacteria , and members of the Cytophaga‐Flavobacteria . Parallel measurements of microbial population abundance using hybridization of extracted RNA and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that the levels of mycolata, particularly Gordonia spp., were higher in most foaming systems compared with nonfoaming systems. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and microscopy suggested the involvement of “ Candidatus Microthrix parvicella” and Skermania piniformis in foam formation in other plants. Finally, high numbers of “ Candidatus Microthrix parvicella” were detected by FISH in foam and mixed liquor samples of one plant, whereas the corresponding levels of rRNA were low. This finding implies that inactive “ Candidatus Microthrix parvicella” cells (i.e., cells with low rRNA levels) can cause foaming. DA - 2002/9/1/ PY - 2002/9/1/ DO - 10.2175/106143002x140233 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 437-449 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000179440400004&KeyUID=WOS:000179440400004 KW - activated sludge KW - filamentous foaming KW - microbial community structure KW - oligonucleotide probes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Localization of astrovirus in experimentally infected turkeys as determined by in situ hybridization. AU - Behling-Kelly, E. AU - Schultz-Cherry, S. AU - Koci, M. AU - Kelley, L. AU - Larsen, D. AU - Brown, C. T2 - Veterinary Pathology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 595-598 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036728382&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Avian astroviruses AU - Koci, Matthew D. AU - Schultz-Cherry, Stacey T2 - Avian Pathology AB - As poultry becomes more important in the world economy, it is increasingly important to fully understand the mechanisms of disease and poor production that affect the industry. To more accurately and reasonably treat these diseases, a more sophisticated understanding of interrelatedness is required. This review focuses on avian astroviruses (AAstVs), in particular the recent advances in our understanding of AAstV molecular biology, and also history, diagnosis, treatment and control. The known AastVs comprise duck astrovirus 1, turkey astrovirus 1 and 2, and avian nephritis virus of chickens. Nucleotide and amino acid identities between the avian and mammalian (human, ovine, bovine) astroviruses is very low (e.g. 20 to 25% and 12 to 15%, respectively) in open reading frame (ORF) 1a. There is also variation among the avian astroviruses, including between the two known types of turkey astrovirus. The ORF 1b sequence contains a number of conserved amino acid motifs; these could be the basis of degnerate oligonucleotide primers. A nomenclature for astroviruses is also proposed, based on: host species-astrovirus-type number/country(state)/reference number/year of isolation. For example, turkey astrovirus 2/North Carolina/034/1999. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1080/03079450220136521 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 213-227 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036281220&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Report of the Lignin Modification Group AU - Kuzma, J. T2 - Criteria for Field Testing Plants with Engineered Regulatory, Metabolic and Signaling Pathways PY - 2002/// PB - Blaxksburg: Information Systems for Biotechnology ER - TY - JOUR TI - The academy responds AU - Gould, F. AU - Kuzma, J. T2 - Scientist DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 20 SP - 12 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037078703&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oxford guide to ideas and issues of the Bible [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.5860/choice.39-5531 VL - 39 IS - 10 SP - 1738-1740 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ComicsResearch.org [Review] AU - Orcutt, D. T2 - Choice DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 255 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zebrafish as an immunological model system AU - Yoder, JA AU - Nielsen, ME AU - Amemiya, CT AU - Litman, GW T2 - MICROBES AND INFECTION AB - Two decades of research have established the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a significant model system for studying vertebrate development and gene structure-function relationships. Recent advances in mutation screening, the creation of genomic resources, including the Zebrafish Genome Project and the development of efficient transgenesis procedures, make this model increasingly attractive for immunological study. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)00029-1 VL - 4 IS - 14 SP - 1469-1478 SN - 1769-714X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036861294&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - mutation screens KW - zebrafish genome project KW - transgenesis KW - developmental immunology KW - novel immune-type genes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning novel immune-type inhibitory receptors from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss AU - Yoder, Jeffrey AU - Mueller, Gail AU - Nichols, Krista AU - Ristow, Sandra AU - Thorgaard, Gary AU - Ota, Tatsuya AU - Litman, Gary T2 - Immunogenetics DA - 2002/12/1/ PY - 2002/12/1/ DO - 10.1007/s00251-002-0511-3 VL - 54 IS - 9 SP - 662-670 J2 - Immunogenetics OP - SN - 0093-7711 1432-1211 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-002-0511-3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - BIVM, a Novel Gene Widely Distributed among Deuterostomes, Shares a Core Sequence with an Unusual Gene in Giardia lamblia AU - Yoder, Jeffrey A. AU - Hawke, Noel A. AU - Eason, Donna D. AU - Mueller, M.Gail AU - Davids, Barbara J. AU - Gillin, Frances D. AU - Litman, Gary W. T2 - Genomics AB - A novel gene, BIVM (for basic, immunoglobulin-like variable motif-containing), has been identified using an electronic search based on the conservation of short sequence motifs within the variable region of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. BIVM maps to human chromosome 13q32-q33 and is predicted to encode a 503-amino-acid protein with a pI of 9.1. The 5' untranslated region of BIVM is encoded in two exons; the coding portion is encoded in nine exons. BIVM is tightly linked (41 bp) and in the opposite transcriptional orientation to MGC5302 (also known as KDEL1 and EP58) in human. The ubiquitous expression of BIVM in normal tissues and the presence of a 5' CpG island suggest that BIVM is a housekeeping gene. Characterization of BIVM in representative species demonstrates significant conservation throughout deuterostomes; no sequence with significant identity to BIVM has been detected in proteostomes. However, an unusual gene has been identified in the protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia that is similar to the core sequence of BIVM, suggesting the possibility of a horizontal gene transfer. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1006/geno.2002.6768 VL - 79 IS - 6 SP - 750-755 J2 - Genomics LA - en OP - SN - 0888-7543 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.2002.6768 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Resistograph to estimate genetic parameters from progeny trials and comparison with actual wood density AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. T2 - Proc. of Rocky Mountain Ecosystems: Diversity, complexity and interactions. Joint Meeting of 17th North American Forest Biology Workshop and Western Forest Genetics Association DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 17 SP - 59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seedling vs clonal testing options for loblolly pine AU - Isik, F. AU - Li, B. AU - Frampton, J. AU - Goldfarb, G. T2 - Proc. of Silviculture and Genetic Impact on productivity of southern pine forests. IEG-40 Meeting DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clonal variation of flower production in a Pinus brutia seed orchard AU - Isik, K. Keskin AU - S., Isik AU - F., AU - Cengiz, Y. T2 - Proc. of International Conference on Conversation, Regeneration and Restoration of Mediterranean Pines and Their Ecosystems. MEDPINE 2 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation strategies for Pinus maximinoi based on provenance, RAPD and allozyme information AU - Dvorak, W. S. AU - Hamrick, J. L. AU - Furman, B. J. AU - Hodge, G. R. AU - Jordan, A. P. T2 - Forest Genetics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 263 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary genomics of maize AU - Buckler, E. AU - Doebley, J. AU - Gaut, B. AU - Goodman, M. AU - Kresovich, S. AU - Muse, S. AU - Weir, B. T2 - Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// IS - 76 SP - 86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disease assessment scales for seedling screening and detached leaf assay for gummy stem blight in watermelon AU - Gusmini, G. AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Holmes, G. J. T2 - Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// IS - 25 SP - 36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polygenic control of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) provirus load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis AU - Vine, AM AU - Witkover, AD AU - Lloyd, AL AU - Jeffery, KJM AU - Siddiqui, A AU - Marshall, SEF AU - Bunce, M AU - Eiraku, N AU - Izumo, S AU - Usuku, K AU - Osame, M AU - Bangham, CRM T2 - JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB - Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is one outcome of infection with HTLV-I. A population association study of 229 patients with HAM/TSP and 202 healthy carriers of HTLV-I in southern Japan showed that this outcome of HTLV-I infection and the HTLV-I provirus load are under polygenic control. Of 58 polymorphic sites studied in 39 non-HLA candidate gene loci, 3 new host genetic factors that influenced the risk of HAM/TSP or the provirus load of HTLV-I were identified. The promoter TNF -863A allele predisposed to HAM/TSP, whereas SDF-1 +801A 3'UTR, and IL-15 191C alleles conferred protection. Knowledge of HTLV-I-infected individuals' ages, sex, provirus load, HTLV-I subgroup, and genotypes at the loci HLA-A, HLA-C, SDF-1, and TNF-alpha allowed for the correct identification of 88% of cases of HAM/TSP in this Japanese cohort. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.1086/342953 VL - 186 IS - 7 SP - 932-939 SN - 0022-1899 UR - https://publons.com/publon/13927972/ ER - TY - PAT TI - Transgenic cotton plants with altered fiber characteristics transformed with a sucrose phosphate synthase nucleic acid AU - Haigler, C. H. AU - Holaday, A. S. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The regulation of metabolic flux to cellulose, a major sink for carbon in plants AU - Delmer, DP AU - Haigler, CH T2 - METABOLIC ENGINEERING AB - Cellulose is an important component of the cell walls of higher plants and the world's most abundant organic compound. As a major sink for carbon on earth, it is of interest to examine possible means by which the quality or quantity of cellulose deposited in various plant parts might be manipulated by metabolic engineering techniques. This review outlines basic knowledge about the genes and proteins that are involved in cellulose biosynthesis and presents a model that summarizes our current thinking on the overall cellulose biosynthesis pathway. Strategies that might be used for altering the flux of carbon into this pathway are discussed. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1006/mben.2001.0206 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 22-28 SN - 1096-7176 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-throughput transgene copy number estimation by competitive PCR AU - Callaway, AS AU - Abranches, R AU - Scroggs, J AU - Allen, GC AU - Thompson, WF T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1007/BF02782462 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 265-277 SN - 0735-9640 KW - competitive KW - copy number KW - high throughput KW - PCR KW - quantitative KW - transgenic ER - TY - CHAP TI - Hormones, brain, and behavior in reptiles AU - Godwin, John AU - Crews, D. T2 - Hormones, brain, and behavior CN - QP356.45 .H433 2002 V.2 PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50032-9 VL - 2 SP - 545–585 PB - Amsterdam ; Boston: Academic Press SN - 0125321066 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimization of North American flounder culture: a controlled breeding scheme. AU - Luckenbach, J. A. AU - Godwin, J. AU - Daniels, H. V. AU - Borski, R. J. T2 - World Aquaculture DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 40-4569 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cooxidation of naphthalene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the nitrifying bacterium, Nitrosomonas europaea AU - Chang, S. W. AU - Hyman, M. R. AU - Williamson, K. J. T2 - Biodegradation (Dordrecht) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 373-381 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between hydration estimate and body weight change after fluid therapy in critically ill dogs and cats AU - Hansen, B AU - DeFrancesco, T T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE AB - Abstract Objective: To characterize the relationship between clinical estimates of hydration in dogs and cats admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and changes in their body weight following 24–48 hours of fluid therapy. Design: Outcome study. Setting: ICU at a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH). Animals: A total of 151 dogs and 42 cats with various medical disorders that had not had surgery within 48 hours of admission into the ICU were consecutively admitted into the study. Animals with any condition predisposing to excess fluid loss or retention were excluded: heart disease, sepsis, trauma, pancreatitis, pleural or pericardial effusion, ascites, and pathologic oliguria. Animals that acquired any of the following during the observation period were excluded: gastrointestinal fluid loss, edema or diseases predisposing to edema, oliguria, diuretic therapy, and body fluid drainage or hemorrhage. Fluid therapy was ordered based on estimate of hydration at admission. Other treatments were not modified or withheld. Interventions: Physiologic data were collected at the time of admission and 24–48 hours later. Measurements and main results: Hydration was estimated on admission to the ICU using clinical judgement with no supporting laboratory data. Each admitting clinician used this estimate to plan fluid therapy. Fluid therapy was defined as the administration of any enteral or parenteral fluids as well as any decision to withhold fluids. Paired measurements taken on admission and at 24–48 hours included packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma solids (TS), and body weight. Amount and type of fluids or blood products administered were noted. Neither clinician estimates of dehydration nor baseline PCV or TS predicted clinically significant changes in body weight following fluid therapy, and there was no relationship between weight change and changes in PCV or TS. Conclusions: A clinical diagnosis of dehydration in our ICU does not predict weight gain following fluid therapy. Neither baseline PCV/TS nor changes in these measurements following 24–48 hours of fluid therapy predicted changes in body weight. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1435-6935.2002.t01-1-00050.x VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 235-243 SN - 1534-6935 KW - assessment KW - dehydration KW - packed cell volume KW - plasma total solids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pulping and bleaching of partially CAD-deficient wood AU - Dimmel, DR AU - MacKay, JJ AU - Courchene, CE AU - Kadla, JF AU - Scott, JT AU - DM O'Malley, AU - McKeand, SE T2 - JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Mutant loblolly pine trees that are partially deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) have been studied as a possible new source of pulpwood. Young (4- and 6-year-old) partially CAD-deficient pine trees are ˜20% more easily delignified (pulping and bleaching) and provide similar pulp yields to that of similarly aged normal pines grown on the same plots. Bleached pulp from a 6-year-old partially CAD-deficient pine tree displayed better strength properties than the same age normal pine tree; this probably reflects the milder pulping conditions needed in the case of the partially CAD-deficient tree. Studies also were conducted on a limited number of 14-year-old trees from a different genetic background. In contrast to the results with young trees, no real differences in ease of delignification, pulp yields, bleached pulp strength properties, and wood specific gravities were observed with the 14-year-old trees. There would likely be no penalty if partially CAD-deficient trees were used for lumber products. The rapid growth of partially CAD-deficient trees could make them a valuable pulpwood. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1081/WCT-120016260 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 235-248 SN - 0277-3813 KW - pulping KW - bleaching KW - kraft KW - lignin KW - cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase KW - CAD-deficient KW - loblolly pine KW - mutant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nematode gene sequences, update for June 2002 AU - McCarter, J.P. AU - Clifton, S.W. AU - Bird, D.McK. AU - Waterston, R.H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 71-74 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036618995&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Multiple mechanisms for phenotype development AU - Semsar, K. AU - Godwin, J. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Integrative and Comparative Biology DA - 2002/// VL - 42 SP - 1309 M1 - 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A phylogenetic analysis of Coelopidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data AU - Meier, R AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION AB - The phylogenetic relationships of 22 species of Coelopidae are reconstructed based on a data matrix consisting of morphological and DNA sequence characters (16S rDNA, EF-1α). Optimal gap and transversion costs are determined via a sensitivity analysis and both equal weighting and a transversion cost of 2 are found to perform best based on taxonomic congruence, character incongruence, and tree support. The preferred phylogenetic hypothesis is fully resolved and well-supported by jackknife, bootstrap, and Bremer support values, but it is in conflict with the cladogram based on morphological characters alone. Most notably, the Coelopidae and the genus Coelopa are not monophyletic. However, partitioned Bremer Support and an analysis of node stability under different gap and transversion costs reveal that the critical clades rendering these taxa non-monophyletic are poorly supported. Furthermore, the monophyly of Coelopidae and Coelopa is not rejected in analyses using 16S rDNA that was manually aligned. The resolution of the tree based on this reduced data sets is, however, lower than for the tree based on the full data sets. Partitioned Bremer support values reveal that 16S rDNA characters provide the largest amount of tree support, but the support values are heavily dependent on analysis conditions. Problems with direct comparison of branch support values for trees derived using fixed alignments with those obtained under optimization alignment are discussed. Biogeographic history and available behavioral and genetic data are also discussed in light of this first cladogram for Coelopidae based on a quantitative phylogenetic analysis. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00276-2 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 393-407 SN - 1095-9513 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is attraction fatal? The effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on herbivore parasitism AU - Oppenheim, SJ AU - Gould, F T2 - ECOLOGY AB - We investigated the relationship between parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles and larval parasitism rates of two closely related heliothine, noctuid moths. Heliothis subflexa Guenee is a specialist on plants in the genus Physalis, while Heliothis virescens Fabricius is an extreme generalist. In North America, these species serve as the only known hosts for the specialist parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick; oviposition into Helicoverpa zea, a non-host, does occur but results in lethal encapsulation of C. nigriceps' eggs. Heliothis virescens larvae are parasitised by C. nigriceps far more frequently than are H. subflexa larvae. Parasitoid attraction to volatiles emitted by tobacco in response to herbivory by H. virescens has previously been demonstrated. Using field experiments, we examined the possibility that pre-detection defenses against parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles are responsible for H. subflexa's relatively low rates of parasitism by C. nigriceps. Herbivore-damaged plants were significantly more attractive to C. nigriceps than were larvae, larval frass, larval saliva, or damaged leaves alone. Plant species affected parasitoid attraction: tobacco was the most preferred plant species, followed by Physalis angulata, and then cotton. The parasitoid was also more attracted to host species (H. subflexa and H. virescens) than to the non-host species, H. zea. There was an interaction between plant species and herbivore species: each plant species was most attractive when infested by its typical herbivore (e.g., H. virescens on tobacco). We compared these data with those of a previously published experiment on field parasitism of H. virescens and H. subflexa, conducted at the same time and place. Our results indicate that differences in parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles do not contribute to H. subflexa's relatively low parasitism rate. For the generalist, H. virescens, rates of attraction correspond with rates of parasitism; for the specialist, H. subflexa, they do not. Attraction to H. subflexa on P. angulata is greater than to H. virescens on P. angulata, yet parasitism of H. subflexa is much less than parasitism of H. virescens. These results indicate that pre-detection defenses are not responsible for H. subflexa's low parasitism on P. angulata. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.2307/3072090 VL - 83 IS - 12 SP - 3416-3425 SN - 1939-9170 KW - Cardiochiles nigriceps KW - Heliothis KW - herbivore defense KW - herbivore host range evolution KW - herbivore-induced plant volatiles KW - herbivore, specialist vs. generalist KW - natural enemies KW - parasitism rates KW - parasitoid parasitoid attraction cf. increased parasitism KW - Physalis angulata KW - tritrophic interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Divergence time and evolutionary rate estimation with multilocus data AU - Thorne, JL AU - Kishino, H T2 - SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY AB - Bayesian methods for estimating evolutionary divergence times are extended to multigene data sets, and a technique is described for detecting correlated changes in evolutionary rates among genes. Simulations are employed to explore the effect of multigene data on divergence time estimation, and the methodology is illustrated with a previously published data set representing diverse plant taxa. The fact that evolutionary rates and times are confounded when sequence data are compared is emphasized and the importance of fossil information for disentangling rates and times is stressed. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/10635150290102456 VL - 51 IS - 5 SP - 689-702 SN - 1076-836X KW - Markov chain Monte Carlo KW - Metropolis-Hastings algorithm KW - molecular clock KW - phylogeny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two novel fungal virulence genes specifically expressed in appressoria of the rice blast fungus AU - Xue, CY AU - Park, G AU - Choi, WB AU - Zheng, L AU - Dean, RA AU - Xu, , JR T2 - PLANT CELL AB - The PMK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase gene regulates appressorium formation and infectious hyphae growth in the rice blast fungus. To further characterize this mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, we constructed a subtraction library enriched for genes regulated by PMK1. Two genes identified in this library, GAS1 and GAS2, encode small proteins that are homologous with gEgh16 of the powdery mildew fungus. Both were expressed specifically during appressorium formation in the wild-type strains, but neither was expressed in the pmk1 mutant. Mutants deleted in GAS1 and GAS2 had no defect in vegetative growth, conidiation, or appressoria formation, but they were reduced in appressorial penetration and lesion development. Interestingly, deletion of both GAS1 and GAS2 did not have an additive effect on appressorial penetration and lesion formation. The GAS1-green fluorescent protein and GAS2-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were expressed only in appressoria and localized in the cytoplasm. These two genes may belong to a class of proteins specific for filamentous fungi and function as novel virulence factors in fungal pathogens. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1105/tpc.003426 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 2107-2119 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on bile-injured and normal equine colon AU - Campbell, NB AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL AB - A potential adverse effect of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) in horses is colitis. In addition, we have previously shown an important role for COX-produced prostanoids in recovery of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum. It was hypothesised that the nonselective COX inhibitor flunixin would retard repair of bile-injured colon by preventing production of reparative prostaglandins, whereas the selective COX-2 inhibitor, etodolac would not inhibit repair as a result of continued COX-1 activity. Segments of the pelvic flexure were exposed to 1.5 mmol/l deoxycholate for 30 min, after which they were recovered for 4 h in Ussing chambers. Contrary to the proposed hypothesis, recovery of bile-injured colonic mucosa was not affected by flunixin or etodolac, despite significantly depressed prostanoid production. However, treatment of control tissue with flunixin led to increases in mucosal permeability, whereas treatment with etodolac had no significant effect. Therefore, although recovery from bile-induced colonic injury maybe independent of COX-elaborated prostanoids, treatment of control tissues with nonselective COX inhibitors may lead to marked increases in permeability. Alternatively, selective inhibition of COX-2 may reduce the incidence of adverse effects in horses requiring NSAID therapy. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.2746/042516402776117737 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 493-498 SN - 0425-1644 KW - horse KW - colon KW - mucosa KW - cyclo-oxygenase KW - flunixin KW - etodolac ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sweetpotato Genomics at North Carolina State University AU - Sosinski, B AU - He, L AU - Cervantes-Flores, J AU - Pokrzywa, RM AU - Bruckner, A AU - Yencho, GC T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SWEETPOTATO: FOOD AND HEALTH FOR THE FUTURE DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2002.583.4 VL - 8 IS - 583 SP - 51-60 SN - 2406-6168 KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - molecular markers KW - sequencing KW - DNA library KW - database KW - gene expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural and catalytic response to temperature and cosolvents of carboxylesterase EST1 from the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 AU - Sehgal, AC AU - Tompson, R AU - Cavanagh, J AU - Kelly, RM T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING AB - The interactive effects of temperature and cosolvents on the kinetic and structural features of a carboxylesterase from the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 (Sso EST1) were examined. While dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and dioxane were all found to be deleterious to enzyme function, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) activated Sso EST1 to various extents. This was particularly true at 3.5% (v/v) DMSO, where k(cat) was 20-30% higher than at 1.2% DMSO, over the temperature range of 50-85 degrees C. DMSO compensated for thermal activation in some cases; for example, k(cat) at 60 degrees C in 3.5% DMSO was comparable to k(cat) at 85 degrees C in 1.2% DMSO. The relationship between DMSO activation and enzyme structural characteristics was also investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and circular dichroism showed no gross change in enzyme conformation with 3.5% DMSO between 50 and 80 degrees C. However, low levels of DMSO were shown to have a small yet significant change in enzyme conformation. This was evident through the reduction of Sso EST1's melting temperature and changes in the microenvironment of the enzyme's tyrosine and tryptophan residues at 3.5% versus 1.2% (v/v) solvent. Finally, activation parameter analysis based on kinetic data, at 1.2% and 3.5% DMSO, implied an increase in conformational flexibility with additional cosolvent. These results suggest the activating effect of DMSO was related to small changes in the enzyme's structure resulting in an increase in its conformational flexibility. Thus, in addition to their use for solubilizing hydrophobic substrates in water, cosolvents may also serve as activators in applications involving thermostable biocatalysts at sub-optimal temperatures. DA - 2002/12/30/ PY - 2002/12/30/ DO - 10.1002/bit.10433 VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - 784-793 SN - 0006-3592 KW - DMSO KW - conformational flexibility KW - enzyme activation KW - thermostable ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prospective clinical evaluation of serum cardiac troponin T in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital AU - DeFrancesco, TC AU - Atkins, CE AU - Keene, BW AU - Coats, , JR AU - Hauck, ML T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - The purpose of this study was to measure serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) with a commercially available human enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test in various groups of dogs, including those undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy. Serum samples were obtained from 6 groups of dogs: (1) normal adult dogs (n = 15); (2) dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 5); (3) dogs with congestive heart failure (n = 10); (4) dogs with untreated neoplasia (n = 20); (5) dogs with skeletal muscle trauma (n = 10); and (6) dogs with neoplasia receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy (n = 4). One serum sample was obtained from each of the normal dogs, those with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy, those with congestive heart failure, and those with untreated neoplasia. Serum samples were obtained serially from the dogs that were undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy; samples were collected before doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) administration and then 1, 5, 7, and 14 days after administration throughout 6 cycles for a cumulative total dose of 180 mg/m2. All normal dogs, dogs with untreated neoplasia, and dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy had cTnT concentrations below the lower limits of detection for the assay used (<0.05 ng/mL). Detectable concentrations of cTnT were found in 3 dogs with congestive heart failure and in 2 dogs with skeletal muscle trauma. Detectable concentrations also were found in both dogs that had received 180 mg/m2 of doxorubicin. We conclude that dogs with congestive heart failure and those with skeletal muscle trauma and dogs with neoplasia receiving high-dose doxorubicin chemotherapy may have increased serum cTnT concentration, which may be suggestive of myocardial damage. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0553:PCEOSC>2.3.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 553-557 SN - 0891-6640 KW - cardiomyopathy KW - congestive heart failure KW - doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity KW - neoplasia KW - skeletal muscle trauma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous Balloon Pericardiotomy as a Treatment for Recurrent Pericardial Effusion in 6 Dogs AU - Sidley, J.A. AU - Atkins, C.E. AU - Keene, B.W. AU - DeFrancesco, T.C. T2 - Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine AB - Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy (PBP) has been performed in people and in a small number of dogs as a treatment for recurrent pericardial effusion with tamponade (PET). We performed this technique on 6 dogs with recurrent PET (5 with heart base tumors and 1 with no identifiable mass). Under general anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance, a balloon-dilating catheter (diameters 14-20 mm) was introduced percutaneously at the 5th intercostal space through a sheath-introducing catheter, positioned across the parietal pericardium, and inflated 3 times. No dog experienced serious complications. The procedure was considered successful in 4 of 6 dogs. One dog is still alive without recurrence of PET 1 year after the procedure. Three dogs died of unrelated disease without recurrence of PET 5. 19, and 32 months after the procedure. The procedure was not beneficial in 1 dog that was euthanized 9 weeks later because of recurrence of pleural and abdominal effusion thought to be secondary to PET. One dog may have temporarily benefited but developed symptomatic PET 6 months after PBP. PBP appears to be a safe, economical, and potentially effective palliative treatment for recurrent PET and is a reasonable, less invasive alternative to surgery for dogs with recurrent PET, especially effusions caused by heart base tumors and possibly idiopathic pericardial effusion. Premature closure of the stoma is a potential cause for long-term failure and was thought to have been responsible for the recurrence of clinical signs in 2 dogs. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0541:PBPAAT>2.3.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 541-546 LA - en OP - SN - 0891-6640 1939-1676 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02384.x DB - Crossref KW - cardiac tamponade KW - chemodectoma KW - heart base tumor KW - hemangiosarcoma KW - idiopathic pericardial effusion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interferon regulatory factor-1, interferon-beta, and reovirus-induced myocarditis AU - Azzam-Smoak, K AU - Noah, DL AU - Stewart, MJ AU - Blum, MA AU - Sherry, B T2 - VIROLOGY AB - Viral myocarditis is an important human disease, and reovirus-induced myocarditis in mice provides an excellent model to study direct viral damage to the heart. Previously, we showed that reovirus induction of and sensitivity to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is an important determinant of viral pathogenicity in the heart and that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) is required for reovirus induction of IFN-beta in primary cardiac myocyte cultures. Given several lines of evidence suggesting a possible distinctive environment for IRFs in the heart, we have now focused on IRF-1. Previous studies demonstrated that viruses, double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA), and IFN-alpha/beta can each induce IRF-1 and that IRF-1 plays a role in dsRNA, but perhaps not viral, induction of IFN-alpha/beta. Importantly, none of these studies used a virus with a dsRNA genome (such as reovirus), none of them used a highly differentiated nonlymphoid cell type, and none of them addressed whether viral induction of IRF-1 is direct or is mediated through viral induction of IFN-beta. Indeed, as recently as this year it has been assumed that viral induction of IRF-1 is direct. Here, we found that reovirus induced IRF-1 in primary cardiac myocyte cultures, but that IRF-1 was not required for reovirus induction of IFN-beta. Surprisingly, we found that reovirus failed to induce IRF-1 in the absence of the IFN-alpha/beta response. This provides the first evidence that viruses may not induce IRF-1 directly. Finally, nonmyocarditic reovirus strains induced more cardiac lesions in mice deficient for IRF-1 than they did in wildtype mice, directly demonstrating a protective role for IRF-1. Together, the results indicate that while IRF-1 is downstream of the IFN-beta response, it plays an important protective role against viral myocarditis. DA - 2002/6/20/ PY - 2002/6/20/ DO - 10.1006/viro.2002.1470 VL - 298 IS - 1 SP - 20-29 SN - 0042-6822 KW - reovirus KW - double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) KW - viral myocarditis KW - cardiac myocytes KW - interferon (IFN) KW - interferon regulatory factor (IRF) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on nematode trophic groups and community dynamics under tomatoes AU - Bulluck, LR AU - Barker, KR AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Research was conducted to examine the effects of organic and synthetic soil amendments and tillage on nematode communities in field soils planted to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) at two locations. The experimental design was a replicated split plot with chisel-plow tillage and bare-soil or chisel-plow tillage and surface mulch with wheat straw as main plots, and soil amendments of synthetic fertilizer, composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure as subplots. Tillage did not affect free-living or plant-parasitic nematode community dynamics, but soil amendments had a large impact on nematode community structure and diversity. Populations of bacterivorous nematodes mainly in the Rhabditidae and Cephalobidae, and fungivorous nematodes were greater after planting in soils amended with swine manure, composted cotton-gin trash, or rye-vetch, than in soils amended with synthetic fertilizer at both locations. Populations of nematodes in these trophic groups decreased through time in each year. Populations of Meloidogyne incognita in soil were not affected by soil amendments, but increased through time at each location. Root-gall indices were lower in plots containing swine manure or cotton-gin trash than in those with synthetic fertilizer or rye-vetch during the second season. The combined nematode maturity index values were greater at planting in soils amended with rye-vetch or fertilizer than in soils with swine manure and composted cotton-gin trash. Shannon’s diversity index decreased over time for both years at one location, regardless of soil amendment. At the second location, the Shannon’s diversity index decreased only in the second year. Use of descriptive indices, including the Enrichment index, structure index, and channel index provided useful information about the effects of organic amendments on the structure of nematode communities in tomato field soils. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00089-6 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 233-250 SN - 1873-0272 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036784082&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - food web KW - maturity index KW - nematode ecology KW - organic amendments KW - trophic dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incompatibility in diploid and tetraploid crosses of Cucumis sativus and Cucumis metuliferus AU - Walters, SA AU - Wehner, TC T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1021212815590 VL - 128 IS - 3 SP - 371-374 SN - 0014-2336 KW - African horned cucumber KW - cucumber KW - Cucumis sativus KW - C. metuliferus KW - interspecific hybridization KW - polyploidy KW - vegetable breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glucose-to-fructose conversion at high temperatures with xylose (glucose) isomerases from Streptomyces murinus and two hyperthermophilic Thermotoga species AU - Bandlish, RK AU - Hess, JM AU - Epting, KL AU - Vieille, C AU - Kelly, RM T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING AB - Abstract The conversion of glucose to fructose at elevated temperatures, as catalyzed by soluble and immobilized xylose (glucose) isomerases from the hyperthermophiles Thermotoga maritima (TMGI) and Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 (TNGI) and from the mesophile Streptomyces murinus (SMGI), was examined. At pH 7.0 in the presence of Mg 2+ , the temperature optima for the three soluble enzymes were 85°C (SMGI), 95° to 100°C (TNGI), and >100°C (TMGI). Under certain conditions, soluble forms of the three enzymes exhibited an unusual, multiphasic inactivation behavior in which the decay rate slowed considerably after an initial rapid decline. However, the inactivation of the enzymes covalently immobilized to glass beads, monophasic in most cases, was characterized by a first‐order decay rate intermediate between those of the initial rapid and slower phases for the soluble enzymes. Enzyme productivities for the three immobilized GIs were determined experimentally in the presence of Mg 2+ . The highest productivities measured were 750 and 760 kg fructose per kilogram SMGI at 60°C and 70°C, respectively. The highest productivity for both TMGI and TNGI in the presence of Mg 2+ occurred at 70°C, pH 7.0, with approximately 230 and 200 kg fructose per kilogram enzyme for TNGI and TMGI, respectively. At 80°C and in the presence of Mg 2+ , productivities for the three enzymes ranged from 31 to 273. A simple mathematical model, which accounted for thermal effects on kinetics, glucose–fructose equilibrium, and enzyme inactivation, was used to examine the potential for high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) production at 80°C and above using TNGI and SMGI under optimal conditions, which included the presence of both Co 2+ and Mg 2+ . In the presence of both cations, these enzymes showed the potential to catalyze glucose‐to‐fructose conversion at 80°C with estimated lifetime productivities on the order of 2000 kg fructose per kilogram enzyme, a value competitive with enzymes currently used at 55° to 65°C, but with the additional advantage of higher fructose concentrations. At 90°C, the estimated productivity for SMGI dropped to 200, whereas, for TNGI, lifetime productivities on the order of 1000 were estimated. Assuming that the most favorable biocatalytic and thermostability features of these enzymes can be captured in immobilized form and the chemical lability of substrates and products can be minimized, HFCS production at high temperatures could be used to achieve higher fructose concentrations as well as create alternative processing strategies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 185–194, 2002. DA - 2002/10/20/ PY - 2002/10/20/ DO - 10.1002/bit.10362 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 185-194 SN - 0006-3592 KW - Thermotoga KW - xylose isomerase KW - Streptomyces murinus KW - hyperthermophile ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of the Drosophila gene disconnected using the UAS/GAL4 system AU - Robertson, LK AU - Dey, BK AU - Campos, AR AU - Mahaffey, JW T2 - GENESIS AB - genesisVolume 34, Issue 1-2 p. 103-106 UAS LinesFree Access Expression of the drosophila gene disconnected using the UAS/GAL4 system Lisa K. Robertson, Lisa K. Robertson Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBijan K. Dey, Bijan K. Dey Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorAna Regina Campos, Ana Regina Campos Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJames W. Mahaffey, Corresponding Author James W. Mahaffey [email protected] Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USADepartment of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614Search for more papers by this author Lisa K. Robertson, Lisa K. Robertson Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorBijan K. Dey, Bijan K. Dey Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorAna Regina Campos, Ana Regina Campos Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJames W. Mahaffey, Corresponding Author James W. Mahaffey [email protected] Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USADepartment of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614Search for more papers by this author First published: 12 September 2002 https://doi.org/10.1002/gene.10123Citations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat LITERATURE CITED Brand AH, Perrimon N. 1993. Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. Development 118: 401–415. Freeman M. 1996. Reiterative use of the EGF receptor triggers differentiation of all cell types in the Drosophila eye. Cell 87: 651–60. Glossop NRJ, Shepherd D. 1998. Disconnected mutants show disruption to the central projections of proprioceptive neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurobiol 36: 337–347. Hardin PE, Hall JC, Rosbash M. 1992. Behavioral and molecular analysis suggest that circadian output is disrupted by disconnected mutants in D. melanogaster. EMBO J 11: 1–6. Heilig JS, Freeman M, Laverty T, Lee KJ, Campos AR, Rubin GM, Steller H. 1991. Isolation and characterization of the disconnected gene of Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J 10: 809–815. Helfrich-Forster C. 1998. Robust circadian rhythmicity of Drosophila melanogaster requires the presence of lateral neurons: a brain-behavioral study of disconnected mutants. J Comp Physiol [A] 182: 435–453. Lee KJ, Freeman M, Steller H. 1991. Expression of the disconnected gene during development of Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J 10: 817–826. Lyko F, Ramsahoye BH, Kashevsky H, Tudor M, Mastrangelo MA, Orr-Weaver TL, Jaenisch R. 1999. Mammalian (cytosine-5) methyltransferases cause genomic DNA methylation and lethality in Drosophila. Nat Genet 23: 363–366. Mahaffey JW, Griswold CM, Cao QM. 2001. The Drosophila genes disconnected and disco-related are redundant with respect to larval head development and accumulation of mRNAs from deformed target genes. Genetics 157: 225–236. Pederson JD, Kiehart DP, Mahaffey JW. 1996. The Role of HOM-C Genes in Segmental Transformations: Reexamination of the Drosophila Sex combs reduced embryonic phenotype. Dev Biol 180: 131–142. Rubin GM, Spradling AC. 1982. Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors. Science 218: 348–353. Sanson B, White P, Vincent JP. 1996. Uncoupling cadherin-based adhesion from wingless signalling in Drosophila. Nature 383: 627–630. Steller H, Fischbach KF, Rubin GM. 1987. Disconnected: a locus required for neuronal pathway formation in the visual system of Drosophila. Cell 50: 1139–1153. Surdej P, Got C, Miassod R. 1990. Developmental expression pattern of a 800-kb DNA continuum cloned from the Drosophila X chromosome 14B-1415B region. Biological Cell 68: 105–118. Tautz D, Pfeifle C. 1989. A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method for the localization of specific RNAs in Drosophila embryos reveals translational control of the segmentation gene hunchback. Chromosoma 98: 81–85. Yoffe KB, Manoukian AS, Wilder EL, Brand AH, Perrimon N. 1995. Evidence for engrailed-independent wingless autoregulation in Drosophila. Dev Biol 170: 636–650. Citing Literature Volume34, Issue1-2Special Issue: GAL4/UAS in Drosophila September ‐ October 2002Pages 103-106 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1002/gene.10123 VL - 34 IS - 1-2 SP - 103-106 SN - 1526-954X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution of duplicated alpha-tubulin genes in ciliates AU - Israel, R. L. AU - Pond, S. L. K. AU - Muse, S. V. AU - Katz, L. A. T2 - Evolution AB - Ciliates provide a powerful system to analyze the evolution of duplicated alpha-tubulin genes in the context of single-celled organisms. Genealogical analyses of ciliate alpha-tubulin sequences reveal five apparently recent gene duplications. Comparisons of paralogs in different ciliates implicate differing patterns of substitutions (e.g., ratios of replacement/synonymous nucleotides and radical/conservative amino acids) following duplication. Most substitutions between paralogs in Euplotes crassus, Halteria grandinella and Paramecium tetraurelia are synonymous. In contrast, alpha-tubulin paralogs within Stylonychia lemnae and Chilodonella uncinata are evolving at significantly different rates and have higher ratios of both replacement substitutions to synonymous substitutions and radical amino acid changes to conservative amino acid changes. Moreover, the amino acid substitutions in C. uncinata and S. lemnae paralogs are limited to short stretches that correspond to functionally important regions of the alpha-tubulin protein. The topology of ciliate alpha-tubulin genealogies are inconsistent with taxonomy based on morphology and other molecular markers, which may be due to taxonomic sampling, gene conversion, unequal rates of evolution, or asymmetric patterns of gene duplication and loss. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01425.x VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - 1110-1122 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution and phylogenetic information content of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit in the Blattodea (Insecta) AU - Mukha, D AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Schal, C T2 - INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - The organization, structure, and nucleotide variability of the ribosomal repeat unit was compared among families, genera, and species of cockroaches (Insecta:Blattodea). Sequence comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses were used to describe rDNA repeat unit variation at differing taxonomic levels. A reverse similar 1200 bp fragment of the 28S rDNA sequence was assessed for its potential utility in reconstructing higher-level phylogenetic relationships in cockroaches. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these data strongly support the expected pattern of relationships among cockroach groups. The examined 5' end of the 28S rDNA is shown to be an informative marker for larger studies of cockroach phylogeny. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) among closely related species of Blattella and Periplaneta reveals that ITS sequences can vary widely in primary sequence, length, and folding pattern. Secondary structure estimates for the ITS region of Blattella species indicate that variation in this spacer region can also influence the folding pattern of the 5.8S subunit. These results support the idea that ITS sequences play an important role in the stability and function of the rRNA cluster. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00164-3 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 951-960 SN - 1879-0240 KW - phylogenetic analysis KW - 28S ribosomal DNA KW - ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 KW - blattodea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enantiomeric resolution of 2-aryl propionic esters with hyperthermophilic and mesophilic esterases: Contrasting thermodynamic mechanisms AU - Sehgal, AC AU - Kelly, RM T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY AB - The enantiomeric resolution of 2-aryl propionic esters by hyperthermophilic and mesophilic esterases was found to be governed by contrasting thermodynamic mechanisms. Entropic contributions predominated for mesophilic esterases from Candida rugosa and Rhizomucor miehei, while enthalpic forces controlled this resolution by the esterase from the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus P1. This disparity in thermodynamic mechanism can be attributed to the differences in conformational flexibility of mesophilic and thermophilic enzymes as they relate to the temperature range (4-70 degrees C) examined. DA - 2002/7/17/ PY - 2002/7/17/ DO - 10.1021/ja026512q VL - 124 IS - 28 SP - 8190-8191 SN - 0002-7863 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of local thermal non-equilibrium on thermally developing forced convection in a porous medium AU - Nield, DA AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Xiong, M T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AB - The classical Graetz methodology is applied to investigate the effect of local thermal non-equilibrium on the thermal development of forced convection in a parallel-plate channel filled by a saturated porous medium, with walls held at constant temperature. The Brinkman model is employed. The analysis leads to an expression for the local Nusselt number, as a function of the dimensionless longitudinal coordinate, the Péclet number, the Darcy number, the solid–fluid heat exchange parameter, the solid/fluid thermal conductivity ratio, and the porosity. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S0017-9310(02)00203-X VL - 45 IS - 25 SP - 4949-4955 SN - 0017-9310 ER - TY - PAT TI - Compositions for fracturing subterranean formations AU - Kelly, R. M. AU - Khan, S. A. AU - Leduc, P. AU - Tayal, A. AU - Prud'homme, R. K. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - 17 beta-estradiol is a hormonal regulator of mirex tumor promotion sensitivity in mice AU - Porter, KL AU - Chanda, S AU - Wang, HQ AU - Gaido, KW AU - Smart, RC AU - Robinette, CL T2 - TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES AB - Mirex, an organochlorine pesticide, is a potent non-phorbol ester tumor promoter in mouse skin. Previous studies have shown that female mice are 3 times more sensitive to mirex tumor promotion than male mice and that ovariectomized (OVX) female mice are resistant to mirex promotion, suggesting a role for ovarian hormones in mirex promotion. To determine whether the ovarian hormone 17-β estradiol (E2) is responsible for the sensitivity of female mice to mirex promotion, female mice were initiated with DMBA; 2 weeks later groups of mice were OVX and implants, with or without E2, were surgically implanted subcutaneously. These mice were treated topically twice weekly with mirex for 26 weeks. E2 implanted OVX mice demonstrated high normal physiologic levels of serum E2 throughout the tumor promotion experiment. E2 implants restored by 80% the intact mirex-sensitive phenotype to the OVX mice. Consistent with a role for E2 and ERα and ERβ, treatment of DMBA-initiated female mice with topical ICI 182,780, an estrogen-receptor antagonist, reduced mirex tumor multiplicity by 30%. However, in cells co-transfected with ERα or ERβ and estrogen-responsive promoter reporter, mirex did not stimulate promoter reporter activity, suggesting that the promotion effect of mirex is downstream of ERα/β. Finally, a tumor promotion study was conducted to determine whether E2 implants could increase the sensitivity of male mice to mirex promotion. E2 implants in male mice did increase sensitivity to mirex promotion; however, the implants did not produce the full female sensitivity to mirex tumor promotion. Collectively, these studies indicate that E2 is a major ovarian hormone responsible for mirex tumor promotion sensitivity in female mice. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1093/toxsci/69.1.42 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 42-48 SN - 1096-6080 KW - mirex KW - skin KW - 17 beta-estradiol KW - tumor promotion KW - endocrine ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of cAMP modulation upon the adhesion and respiratory burst activity of immune complex-stimulated equine neutrophils AU - Chilcoat, CD AU - Rowlingson, KA AU - Jones, SL T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Toxic products such as reactive oxygen intermediates released by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) have an important role in the pathophysiology of diseases associated with the deposition of immune complexes (IC) in tissues. IC-induced activation of PMN requires adhesion mediated by integrin adhesion receptors. Of the integrins expressed on PMN, the beta(2) family has been found to be of particular importance for activation of PMN by IC. beta(2) Integrin ligand binding must be activated to enable adhesion to IC. Both activating and inhibitory signals regulate beta(2) integrin ligand avidity and adhesion. The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been demonstrated to inhibit the activation of PMN in response to a variety of stimuli. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that cAMP-dependent signals inhibit beta(2) integrin-dependent adhesion of equine PMN to immobilized IC and subsequent adhesion-dependent activation of respiratory burst activity. Treatment of equine PMN with beta(2) adrenergic agonists isoproterenol or clenbuterol, which trigger an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration, inhibited adhesion of equine PMN to IC in a dose dependent manner. Similarly, inhibition of cAMP hydrolysis by the non-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor pentoxifylline and the PDE 4-specific inhibitor rolipram inhibited adhesion of equine PMN to IC. Elevation of intracellular cAMP levels with pentoxifylline, clenbuterol and rolipram also inhibited IC-induced activation of respiratory burst activity in equine PMN. Importantly, co-treatment of equine PMN with rolipram and either beta(2) adrenergic agonist synergistically inhibited both the adhesion of equine PMN to IC as well as the subsequent respiratory burst activity. DA - 2002/9/6/ PY - 2002/9/6/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00137-X VL - 88 IS - 1-2 SP - 65-77 SN - 0165-2427 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12088646 KW - neutrophil KW - cAMP KW - adhesion KW - integrin KW - immune complex ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simultaneous maximum likelihood estimation of linkage and linkage phases in outcrossing species AU - Wu, RL AU - Ma, CX AU - Painter, I AU - Zeng, ZB T2 - THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY AB - With the advent of new molecular marker technologies, it is now feasible to initiate genome projects for outcrossing plant species, which have not received much attention in genetic research, despite their great agricultural and environmental value. Because outcrossing species typically have heterogeneous genomes, data structure for molecular markers representing an entire genome is complex: some markers may have more alleles than others, some markers are codominant whereas others are dominant, and some markers are heterozygous in one parent but fixed in the other parent whereas the opposite can be true for other markers. A major difficulty in analyzing these different types of marker at the same time arises from uncertainty about parental linkage phases over markers. In this paper, we present a general maximum-likelihood-based algorithm for simultaneously estimating linkage and linkage phases for a mixed set of different marker types containing fully informative markers (segregating 1:1:1:1) and partially informative markers (or missing markers, segregating 1:2:1, 3:1, and 1:1) in a full-sib family derived from two outbred parent plants. The characterization of linkage phases is based on the posterior probability distribution of the assignment of alternative alleles at given markers to two homologous chromosomes of each parent, conditional on the observed phenotypes of the markers. Two- and multi-point analyses are performed to estimate the recombination fraction and determine the most likely linkage phase between different types of markers. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the statistical properties of the model for characterizing the linkage phase between markers. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1006/tpbi.2002.1577 VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - 349-363 SN - 1096-0325 KW - EM algorithm KW - linkage phase KW - outcrossing species KW - partially informative marker KW - posterior probability KW - recombination fraction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recovery and sequence validation of the histological signal following in situ RT-PCR localization of plant gene transcripts AU - Koltai, H AU - Bird, DM T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1007/BF02772126 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 391-397 SN - 0735-9640 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4544341383&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - functional genomics KW - in situ RT-PCR KW - Medicago truncatula KW - nodule KW - signal specificity KW - transcription ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms AU - Bulluck, LR AU - Brosius, M AU - Evanylo, GK AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on soil microbial communities and soil physical and chemical properties at three organic and three conventional vegetable farms in Virginia and Maryland in 1996 and 1997. Two treatments, including either an alternative organic soil amendment (composted cotton-gin trash, composted yard waste, or cattle manure) or synthetic soil amendment (fertilizer) were applied to three replicated plots at each grower field location. Production history and time affected propagule densities of Trichoderma species which remained higher in soils from organic farms. Propagule densities of Trichoderma species, thermophilic microorganisms, and enteric bacteria were also detected in greater numbers in soils amended with alternative than synthetic amendments, whereas propagule densities of Phytophthora and Pythium species were lower in soils amended with alternative than synthetic fertility amendments. Concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and Mn were higher in soils amended with alternative than synthetic fertility amendments. Canonical correlations and principle component analyses indicated significant correlation between these soil chemical factors and the biological communities. First-order canonical correlations were more negative in fields with a conventional history, and use of synthetic fertilizers, whereas canonical correlations were more positive in fields with a history of organic production and alternative soil amendments. In the first year, yields of corn or melon were not different in soil amended with either synthetic or organic amendments at four of six farms. In the second year, when all growers planted tomatoes, yields were higher on farms with a history of organic production, regardless of soil amendment type. Alternative fertility amendments, enhanced beneficial soil microorganisms reduced pathogen populations, increased soil organic matter, total carbon, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and lowered bulk density thus improving soil quality. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0929-1393(01)00187-1 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 147-160 SN - 1873-0272 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036160296&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - soil chemical and physical factors KW - organic agriculture KW - sustainable agriculture KW - soil microbial communities ER - TY - CONF TI - Grower-participatory sweetpotato breeding efforts in North Carolina AU - Yencho, G. C. AU - Pecota, K. V. AU - Schultheis, J. R. AU - Sosinski, B. R. AB - Sweetpotato, based on area and value, is the most important vegetable crop produced in North Carolina, and NC is the leading supplier of sweetpotatoes in the US producing ca. 218 thousand metric tons per year (ca. 35-40% of the national supply) worth an estimated $55.7 million. In 1997, we initiated a grower-participatory breeding effort to develop improved sweetpotato varieties for NC growers. This highly collaborative project involves researchers and extension specialists from NC State University, county extension agents, growers and industry representatives. Our variety development efforts are supported by the NC Sweetpotato Commission. To date, the project has been highly successful. This manuscript will describe our overall breeding efforts and it will focus on how this project has resulted in: 1) improved two-way learning between the breeding program and our clientele - growers; and 2) increased support and awareness of our conventional and genomics-based sweetpotato breeding and research efforts. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the first international conference on sweetpotato food and health: Lima, Peru 26-29 July, 2001 DA - 2002/// DO - 10.17660/actahortic.2002.583.6 VL - 583 SP - 69–76 M1 - 583 PB - Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arginine vasotocin effects on courtship behavior in male white perch (Morone americana) AU - Salek, SJ AU - Sullivan, CV AU - Godwin, J T2 - BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH AB - Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homologue, arginine vasopressin (AVP), have been shown to have widespread behavioral effects in vertebrates. AVT was evaluated for its effectiveness in stimulating an important courtship behavior termed 'attending' in male white perch, Morone americana. Attending consists of close and continuous following of the female with occasional contact in the abdominal area. We tested the behavioral effectiveness of AVT in stimulating attending when administered either intraperitoneally (IP) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV). We also tested IP injections of AVT alone and in combination with an AVP V(1) receptor antagonist (Manning compound). None of the IP injections of either AVT or Manning compound produced consistent effects on attending behavior. In contrast, ICV injections of AVT did significantly increase attending behavior and at low dosages. Circulating levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were not affected approximately 80 min following injection by any of the treatments. The strong behavioral effects observed with ICV administration support a central site of action for AVT in stimulating attending behavior. This is a complex behavior that shows similarities to behaviors mediated by AVT and AVP in other vertebrates, providing further evidence of a conserved behavioral role for these peptides. DA - 2002/7/18/ PY - 2002/7/18/ DO - 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00003-7 VL - 133 IS - 2 SP - 177-183 SN - 1872-7549 KW - arginine vasotocin KW - sexual behavior KW - teleost KW - androgen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening the cucumber germplasm collection for fruit yield and quality AU - Shetty, NV AU - Wehner, TC T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Yield of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) in the United States has not been significantly increased during the last two decades. Our objective was to evaluate the USDA cucumber germplasm collection for fruit yield and quality. All cucumber plant introduction accessions from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System collection plus check cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) were evaluated for early, total, and marketable yield (number and weight), fruit quality rating, and days to harvest in small plots harvested once. All plants were treated with ethephon (2‐chloroethyl phosphonic acid) to make them gynoecious. Highly significant differences were observed among cultigens for all traits evaluated in the study. Pickling type cultigens with the highest yield (fruit weight) were PI 209065, PI 326598, PI 137848, PI 285610, and PI 264666. Slicing type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 234517, PI 118279, PI 304085, and PI 512614. Beit Alpha type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 167050, PI 163213, PI 532519, PI 211978, PI 357864, PI 183231, and PI 211117. Trellis type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 264228, PI 478366, PI 390262, PI 532524, PI 390267, and PI 532520. The USDA collection also exhibited a wide range in diversity for marketable fruit number, fruit weight, percentage of culled fruit at harvest, fruit quality, and days to harvest. High yielding cultigens identified in the study could be used to develop high yielding cultivars. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.2174 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 2174-2183 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected with novel DNA probes differentiate among diverse lineages of serogroup 4 Listeria monocytogenes and identify four distinct lineages in serotype 4b AU - Tran, HL AU - Kathariou, S T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes of serotype 4b has been implicated in numerous outbreaks of food-borne listeriosis and in ca. 40% of sporadic cases. Strains of this serotype appear to be relatively homogeneous genetically, and molecular markers specific for distinct serotype 4b lineages have not been frequently identified. Here we show that DNA fragments derived from the putative mannitol permease locus of Listeria monocytogenes had an unexpectedly high potential to differentiate among different strains of serotype 4b when used as probes in Southern blotting of Eco RI-digested genomic DNA, yielding four distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. Strains of two epidemic-associated lineages, including the major epidemic clone implicated in several outbreaks in Europe and North America, had distinct RFLPs which differed from those of all other serotype 4b strains that we screened but which were encountered among strains of serotypes 1/2b and 3b. In addition, three serogroup 4 lineages were found to have unique RFLPs that were not encountered among any other L. monocytogenes strains. One was an unusual lineage of serotype 4b, and the other two were members of the serotype 4a and 4c group. The observed polymorphisms may reflect evolutionary relationships among lineages of L. monocytogenes and may facilitate detection and population genetic analysis of specific lineages. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1128/AEM.68.1.59-64.2002 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 59-64 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methods for screening watermelon for resistance to papaya ringspot virus type-W AU - Guner, N AU - Strange, EB AU - Wehner, TC AU - Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Z T2 - SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE AB - Papaya ringspot virus-watermelon strain (PRSV-W) affects all agriculturally important species of the Cucurbitaceae, and is of economic interest because of its destructiveness. The objective of this study was to develop a consistent and reliable method to screen watermelon for resistance to PRSV-W. PRSV-W isolates 1637, 1870, 2030, 2038, 2040, 2052, 2169, 2201, 2207, and W-1A were maintained in ‘Gray Zucchini’ squash, and were used in the inoculations. Three experiments were run, a preliminary experiment to determine the important factors involved in disease development, a main experiment to quantify the effects of those factors, and a retest of three cultigens to determine test variability. The experiment was a split-plot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Whole plots were growth stage (cotyledon, first true leaf), subplots were pot size (55 or 100 mm), and sub-subplots were the 10 isolates. Plants were rated on a scale of 0–9 for each of three traits: leaf necrosis, mosaic symptoms, and leaf deformation. We found the best method for a screening of the watermelon germplasm collection for resistance to PRSV-W is to grow the seedlings in square, 100 mm diameter pots (or 55 mm diameter pots if uniform germination is expected) and inoculate plants at the first true leaf stage using PRSV-W isolate 2052 and the rub method. Significant differences were obtained (with LSD values of 0.6–1.5) using four replications of five plants per plot, but fewer replicates and plants may be adequate for a large germplasm screening experiment. The method can be used by researchers interested in screening for PRSV-W resistance in watermelon, verifying that resistance, studying its inheritance, and transferring it to elite cultivars. DA - 2002/6/28/ PY - 2002/6/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00007-9 VL - 94 IS - 3-4 SP - 297-307 SN - 1879-1018 KW - Cucurbitaceae KW - Citrullus lanatus KW - mosaic KW - disease KW - pathology KW - vegetable breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - MagnaportheDB: a federated solution for integrating physical and genetic map data with BAC end derived sequences for the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea AU - Martin, SL AU - Blackmon, BP AU - Rajagopalan, R AU - Houfek, TD AU - Sceeles, RG AU - Denn, SO AU - Mitchell, TK AU - Brown, DE AU - Wing, RA AU - Dean, RA T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - We have created a federated database for genome studies of Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast disease, by integrating end sequence data from BAC clones, genetic marker data and BAC contig assembly data. A library of 9216 BAC clones providing >25-fold coverage of the entire genome was end sequenced and fingerprinted by HindIII digestion. The Image/FPC software package was then used to generate an assembly of 188 contigs covering >95% of the genome. The database contains the results of this assembly integrated with hybridization data of genetic markers to the BAC library. AceDB was used for the core database engine and a MySQL relational database, populated with numerical representations of BAC clones within FPC contigs, was used to create appropriately scaled images. The database is being used to facilitate sequencing efforts. The database also allows researchers mapping known genes or other sequences of interest, rapid and easy access to the fundamental organization of the M.grisea genome. This database, MagnaportheDB, can be accessed on the web at http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/fungal_genomics/mgdatabase/int.htm. DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.1093/nar/30.1.121 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 121-124 SN - 0305-1048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host Reactions of Sweetpotato Genotypes to Root-knot Nematodes and Variation in Virulence of Meloidogyne incognita Populations AU - Cervantes-Flores, J.C. AU - Yencho, G.C. AU - Davis, E.L. T2 - HortScience AB - Sweetpotato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes were evaluated for resistance to North Carolina root-knot nematode populations: Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood races 1 and 2; M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood races 1, 2, 3, and 4; and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Resistance screening was conducted using 150-cm 3 Conetainers containing 3 sand: 1 soil mix. Nematode infection and reproduction were assessed as the number of egg masses produced by root-knot nematodes per root system. Host suitability for the root-knot nematode populations differed among the 27 sweetpotato genotypes studied. Five genotypes (`Beauregard', L86-33, PDM P6, `Porto Rico', and `Pelican Processor') were selected for further study based on their differential reaction to the different root-knot nematodes tested. Two African landraces (`Tanzania' and `Wagabolige') were also selected because they were resistant to all the nematode species tested. The host status was tested against the four original M. incognita races, and an additional eight populations belonging to four host races, but collected from different geographical regions. The virulence of root-knot nematode populations of the same host race varied among and within sweetpotato genotypes. `Beauregard', L86-33, and PDM P6 were hosts for all 12 M. incognita populations, but differences in the aggressiveness of the isolates were observed. `Porto Rico' and `Pelican Processor' had different reactions to the M. incognita populations, regardless of the host race. Several clones showed resistance to all M. incognita populations tested. These responses suggest that different genes could be involved in the resistance of sweetpotato to root-knot nematodes. The results also suggest that testing Meloidogyne populations against several different sweetpotato hosts may be useful in determining the pathotypes affecting sweetpotato. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.37.7.1112 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 1112-1116 KW - Ipomoea-batatas KW - Meloidogyne arenaria KW - Meloidogyne javanica KW - host plant resistance KW - differential hosts KW - plant breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic structure of populations of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 on potato in eastern North Carolina AU - Ceresini, PC AU - Shew, HD AU - Vilgalys, RJ AU - Rosewich, UL AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was developed to identify and differentiate genotypes of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 subgroup PT (AG-3 PT), a fungal pathogen of potato. Polymorphic co-dominant single-locus PCR-RFLP markers were identified after sequencing of clones from a genomic library and digestion with restriction enzymes. Multilocus genotypes were determined by a combination of PCR product and digestion with a specific restriction enzyme for each of seven loci. A sample of 104 isolates from one commercial field in each of five counties in eastern North Carolina was analyzed, and evidence for high levels of gene flow between populations was revealed. When data were clone-corrected and samples pooled into one single North Carolina population, random associations of alleles were found for all loci or pairs of loci, indicating random mating. However, when all genotypes were analyzed, the observed genotypic diversity deviated from panmixia and alleles within and between loci were not randomly associated. These findings support a model of population structure for R. solani AG-3 PT on potato that includes both recombination and clonality. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2307/3761779 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 450-460 SN - 0027-5514 KW - migration KW - population subdivision KW - Thanatephorus cucumeris ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 from potato and tobacco in North Carolina AU - Ceresini, PC AU - Shew, HD AU - Vilgalys, RJ AU - Cubeta, MA T2 - MYCOLOGIA AB - Anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) of Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph = Thanatephorus cucumeris) is frequently associated with diseases of potato (AG-3 PT) and tobacco (AG-3 TB). Although isolates of R. solani AG-3 from these two Solanaceous hosts are somatically related based on anastomosis reaction and taxonomically related based on fatty acid, isozyme and DNA characters, considerable differences are evident in their biology, ecology, and epidemiology. However, genetic diversity among field populations of R. solani AG-3 PT and TB has not been documented. In this study, the genetic diversity of field populations of R. solani AG-3 PT and AG-3 TB in North Carolina was examined using somatic compatibility and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) criteria. A sample of 32 isolates from potato and 36 isolates from tobacco were paired in all possible combinations on PDA plus activated charcoal and examined for their resulting somatic interactions. Twenty-eight and eight distinct somatic compatibility groups (SCG) were identified in the AG-3 PT and AG-3 TB samples, respectively. AFLP analyses indicated that each of the 32 AG-3 PT isolates had a distinct AFLP phenotype, whereas 28 AFLP phenotypes were found among the 36 isolates of AG-3 TB. None of the AG-3 PT isolates were somatically compatible or shared a common AFLP phenotype with any AG-3 TB isolate. Clones (i.e., cases where two or more isolates were somatically compatible and shared the same AFLP phenotype) were identified only in the AG-3 TB population. Four clones from tobacco represented 22% of the total population. All eight SCG from tobacco were associated with more than one AFLP phenotype. Compatible somatic interactions between AG-3 PT isolates occurred only between certain isolates from the same field (two isolates in each of four different fields), and when this occurred AFLP phenotypes were similar but not identical. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2307/3761778 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 437-449 SN - 0027-5514 KW - clonality KW - genetic structure KW - mating KW - population structure KW - recombination ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence for downy mildew races in cucumber tested in Asia, Europe, and North America AU - Shetty, NV AU - Wehner, TC AU - Thomas, CE AU - Doruchowski, RW AU - Shetty, KPV T2 - SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE AB - Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostov.) is an important disease in most cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production areas worldwide. A set of cucumber cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter referred to collectively as cultigens) resistant to downy mildew in particular regions of the world were tested for resistance in geographical regions thought to differ in pathogen virulence or race (US, Poland, China, and India). Cucumber cultigens used in the study were developed in the US, Poland or China, and differed in their resistance to downy mildew. These cultigens were evaluated against local isolates of P. cubensis under field conditions (North Carolina and India) or greenhouse conditions (South Carolina and Poland). Significant differences were observed among cultigens for resistance to P. cubensis at all locations. Individual cultigens differed in their resistance to the pathogen at different geographic locations, providing evidence that the different local isolates represented different races of the pathogen. Cultigens from PR China that were resistant to downy mildew in that country were also resistant in India. However, those same cultigens were intermediate in resistance in the US and Poland. Cultigens from the US and Poland that were resistant in those countries were intermediate in resistance in India. The most resistant cultigens over all locations were ‘Nongchen #4’ (PR China) and M 21 (NC State University). DA - 2002/6/28/ PY - 2002/6/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00013-4 VL - 94 IS - 3-4 SP - 231-239 SN - 0304-4238 KW - Cucumis sativus KW - fruiting KW - germplasm evaluation KW - vegetable breeding KW - fruit number ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of long-term administration of enalapril on clinical indicators of renal function in dogs with compensated mitral regurgitation AU - Atkins, Clarke E. AU - Brown, William A. AU - Coats, Julie R. AU - Crawford, Mary Ann AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa C. AU - Edwards, Joel AU - Fox, Philip R. AU - Keene, Bruce W. AU - Lehmkuhl, Linda AU - Luethy, Michael AU - Meurs, Kate AU - Petrie, Jean-Paul AU - Pipers, Frank AU - Rosenthal, Steven AU - Sidley, Jennifer A. AU - Straus, Justin T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To determine the effect of long-term administration of enalapril on renal function in dogs with severe, compensated mitral regurgitation.Randomized controlled trial.139 dogs with mitral regurgitation but without overt signs of heart failure.Dogs were randomly assigned to be treated with enalapril (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h) or placebo, and serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were measured at regular intervals for up to 26 months.Adequate information on renal function was obtained from 132 dogs; follow-up time ranged from 0.5 to 26 months (median, 12 months). Mean serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different between dogs receiving enalapril and dogs receiving the placebo at any time, nor were concentrations significantly different from baseline concentrations. Proportions of dogs that developed azotemia or that had a +/- 35% increase in serum creatinine or urea nitrogen concentration were also not significantly different between groups.And Clinical Relevance: Results suggest that administration of enalapril for up to 2 years did not have any demonstrable adverse effects on renal function in dogs with severe, compensated mitral regurgitation. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.654 VL - 221 IS - 5 SP - 654-658 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.221.654 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta is a mediator of keratinocyte survival and skin tumorigenesis involving oncogenic Ras signaling AU - Zhu, SY AU - Yoon, K AU - Sterneck, E AU - Johnson, PF AU - Smart, RC T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - The basic leucine zipper transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBPbeta) is expressed in many cell types, including keratinocytes. C/EBPbeta activity can be increased by phosphorylation through pathways stimulated by oncogenic Ras, although the biological implications of Ras-C/EBPbeta signaling are not currently understood. We report here that C/EBPbeta-nullizygous mice are completely refractory to skin tumor development induced by a variety of carcinogens and carcinogenesis protocols, including 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiation/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate promotion, that produce tumors containing oncogenic Ras mutations. No significant differences in TPA-induced epidermal keratinocyte proliferation were observed in C/EBPbeta-null versus wild-type mice. However, apoptosis was significantly elevated (17-fold) in the epidermal keratinocytes of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-treated C/EBPbeta-null mice compared with wild-type mice. In v-Ha-ras transgenic mice, C/EBPbeta deficiency also led to greatly reduced skin tumor multiplicity and size, providing additional evidence for a tumorigenesis pathway linking Ras and C/EBPbeta. Oncogenic Ras potently stimulated C/EBPbeta to activate a C/EBP-responsive promoter-reporter in keratinocytes and mutating an ERK1/2 phosphorylation site (T188) in C/EBPbeta abolished this Ras effect. Finally, we observed that C/EBPbeta participates in oncogenic Ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. These findings indicate that C/EBPbeta has a critical role in Ras-mediated tumorigenesis and cell survival and implicate C/EBPbeta as a target for tumor inhibition. DA - 2002/1/8/ PY - 2002/1/8/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.012437299 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - 207-212 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A revised classification scheme for genetically diverse populations of Heterodera glycines AU - Niblack, T. L. AU - Arelli, P. R. AU - Noel, G. R. AU - Opperman, C. H. AU - Ore, J. H. AU - Schmitt, D. P. AU - Shannon, J. G. AU - Tylka, G. L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 279-288 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two E2F elements regulate the proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter differently during leaf development AU - Egelkrout, EM AU - Mariconti, L AU - Settlage, SB AU - Cella, R AU - Robertson, D AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - PLANT CELL AB - E2F transcription factors regulate genes expressed at the G1/S boundary of the cell division cycle in higher eukaryotes. Although animal E2F proteins and their target promoters have been studied extensively, little is known about how these factors regulate plant promoters. An earlier study identified two E2F consensus binding sites in the promoter of a Nicotiana benthamiana gene encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and showed that the proximal element (E2F2) is required for the full repression of PCNA expression in mature leaves. In this study, we examined the distal element (E2F1) and how it interacts with the E2F2 site to regulate the PCNA promoter. Gel shift assays using plant nuclear extracts or purified Arabidopsis E2F and DP proteins showed that different complexes bind to the two E2F sites. Mutation of the E2F1 site or both sites differentially altered PCNA promoter function in transgenic plants. As reported previously for the E2F2 mutation, the E2F1 and E2F1+2 mutations partially relieved the repression of the PCNA promoter in mature leaves. In young tissues, the E2F1 mutation resulted in a threefold reduction in PCNA promoter activity, whereas the E2F1+2 mutation had no detectable effect. The activity of E2F1+2 mutants was indistinguishable from that of E2F2 mutants. These results demonstrate that both E2F elements contribute to the repression of the PCNA promoter in mature leaves, whereas the E2F1 site counters the repression activity of the E2F2 element in young leaves. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1105/tpc.006403 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 3225-3236 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'NC Hulless' oat AU - Murphy, JP AU - Navarro, RA AU - Leath, S AU - Bowman, DT T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 311-311 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘NC Hulless’ Oat J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.3110 Research supported in part by grants from the North Carolina Small Grains Growers Association, Inc. and the USDA-ARS. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 311-311 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0311 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 311-311 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance differences and genetic parameters for four coastal provenances of loblolly pine in the southeastern United States AU - Sierra-Lucero, V. AU - Mckeand, S. E. AU - Huber, D. A. AU - Rockwood, D. L. AU - White, T. L. T2 - Forest Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 732-742 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Percutaneous retrieval of a jugular catheter fragment from the pulmonary artery of a foal AU - Little, D AU - Keene, BW AU - Bruton, C AU - Smith, LJ AU - Powell, S AU - Jones, SL T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - A 49-kg (107.8-lb) sexually intact male Arabian foal was evaluated at 3 days of age because of profuse watery diarrhea, anorexia, and signs of abdominal pain. Physical examination findings were unremarkable except for evidence of diarrhea. A catheter was placed in the right jugular vein for administration of antimicrobials and lactated Ringer's solution. The foal was discharged with instructions to the owner to continue antimicrobial administration and fluid therapy; at home, the owner inadvertently cut the catheter at the level of the hub during attempted removal, and the catheter fragment migrated distally in the jugular vein and subsequently lodged in the pulmonary artery. The foal was readmitted to the hospital for retrieval of the fragment, using a percutaneous retrieval technique. Catheter fragmentation is a well-recognized risk of catheterization in horses. Catheter fragments can be retrieved somewhat easily from the jugular vein; however, if the fragment migrates to the heart or pulmonary artery, imaging the fragment to locate and retrieve it can be difficult. Complications associated with catheter fragmentation include septicemia, endocarditis, lung abscesses, pulmonary embolism, dysrhythmias, cardiac perforation, pulmonary or caval thrombosis, and death. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful retrieval of a catheter fragment from the pulmonary artery in a horse. DA - 2002/1/15/ PY - 2002/1/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.212 VL - 220 IS - 2 SP - 212-214 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12126133 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Particle flow, mixing, and chemical reaction in circulating fluidized bed absorbers AU - Mao, D AU - Edwards, , JR AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Srivastava, R T2 - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE AB - Abstract A mixing model has been developed to simulate the particle residence time distribution (RTD) in a circulating fluidized bed absorber (CFBA). Also, a gas/solid reaction model for sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) removal by lime has been developed. For the reaction model that considers RTD distribution inside the core and annulus regions of a CFBA, a macrochemical reaction can be simulated based on microchemical reaction dynamics. The presented model can predict SO 2 and lime concentration distributions inside the CFBA, and give the amount of lime needed to remove a given percentage of SO 2 . It is found that SO 2 concentration decreases with the increase of CFBA distance from the bottom in the core region. However, lime concentration exhibits a very slight variation in the core region. This means that lime is efficiently utilized to remove SO 2 . The model also predicts that SO 2 partial pressure at the exit of the CFBA decreases with the increase in the percentage of fresh lime injected in the CFBA. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00168-9 VL - 57 IS - 15 SP - 3107-3117 SN - 0009-2509 KW - circulating fluidized bed KW - residence time distribution KW - SO2 removal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nasal adenocarcinoma with diffuse metastases involving the orbit, cerebrum, and multiple cranial nerves in a horse AU - Davis, JL AU - Gilger, BC AU - Spaulding, K AU - Robertson, ID AU - Jones, SL T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - A 9-year-old Trakehner gelding was examined because of right exophthalmus. Clinical findings included a lack of menace response in the right eye, reduced direct and consensual right pupillary light reflexes, ventrolateral strabismus of the right eye, mild right-sided facial asymmetry, a head tilt to the left, and increased extensor tone in the right limbs. Findings were suggestive of a multifocal lesion affecting the right forebrain; right optic, oculomotor, and facial nerves; and left vestibulocochlear nerve. Ultrasonographic examination of the right eye revealed a vascular retrobulbar mass. Computed tomographic imaging revealed a mass that filled the nasal cavity and invaded the forebrain. Necropsy revealed an undifferentiated nasal adenocarcinoma affecting the orbit with metastases to the right parotid gland, cranial cervical lymph nodes, fascial planes of the neck, and lungs. No evidence of direct involvement of the right facial and left vestibulocochlear nerves was found, suggesting the possibility of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy. DA - 2002/11/15/ PY - 2002/11/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1460 VL - 221 IS - 10 SP - 1460-1463 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12458617 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Host DNA replication is induced by geminivirus infection of differentiated plant cells AU - Nagara, S AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L AU - Robertson, D T2 - PLANT CELL AB - The geminivirus Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) replicates in differentiated plant cells using host DNA synthesis machinery. We used 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to examine DNA synthesis directly in infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants to determine if viral reprogramming of host replication controls had an impact on host DNA replication. Immunoblot analysis revealed that up to 17-fold more BrdU was incorporated into chromosomal DNA of TGMV-infected versus mock-infected, similarly treated healthy leaves. Colocalization studies of viral DNA and BrdU demonstrated that BrdU incorporation was specific to infected cells and was associated with both host and viral DNA. TGMV and host DNA synthesis were inhibited differentially by aphidicolin but were equally sensitive to hydroxyurea. Short BrdU labeling times resulted in some infected cells showing punctate foci associated with host DNA. Longer periods showed BrdU label uniformly throughout host DNA, some of which showed condensed chromatin, only in infected nuclei. By contrast, BrdU associated with viral DNA was centralized and showed uniform, compartmentalized labeling. Our results demonstrate that chromosomal DNA is replicated in TGMV-infected cells. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1105/tpc.005777 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 2995-3007 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterologous array analysis in Pinaceae: hybridization of Pinus taeda cDNA arrays with cDNA from needles and embryogenic cultures of P-taeda, P-sylvestris or Picea abies AU - Zyl, L AU - Arnold, S AU - Bozhkov, P AU - Chen, YZ AU - Egertsdotter, U AU - MacKay, J AU - Sederoff, RR AU - Shen, J AU - Zelena, L AU - Clapham, DH T2 - COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AB - Hybridization of labelled cDNA from various cell types with high-density arrays of expressed sequence tags is a powerful technique for investigating gene expression. Few conifer cDNA libraries have been sequenced. Because of the high level of sequence conservation between Pinus and Picea we have investigated the use of arrays from one genus for studies of gene expression in the other. The partial cDNAs from 384 identifiable genes expressed in differentiating xylem of Pinus taeda were printed on nylon membranes in randomized replicates. These were hybridized with labelled cDNA from needles or embryogenic cultures of Pinus taeda, P. sylvestris and Picea abies, and with labelled cDNA from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. The Spearman correlation of gene expression for pairs of conifer species was high for needles (r(2) = 0.78 - 0.86), and somewhat lower for embryogenic cultures (r(2) = 0.68 - 0.83). The correlation of gene expression for tobacco leaves and needles of each of the three conifer species was lower but sufficiently high (r(2) = 0.52 - 0.63) to suggest that many partial gene sequences are conserved in angiosperms and gymnosperms. Heterologous probing was further used to identify tissue-specific gene expression over species boundaries. To evaluate the significance of differences in gene expression, conventional parametric tests were compared with permutation tests after four methods of normalization. Permutation tests after Z-normalization provide the highest degree of discrimination but may enhance the probability of type I errors. It is concluded that arrays of cDNA from loblolly pine are useful for studies of gene expression in other pines or spruces. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1002/cfg.199 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 306-318 SN - 1532-6268 KW - cDNA array KW - conifer KW - normalization KW - functional genomics KW - pine KW - spruce ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of nursery characteristics on field survival and growth of loblolly pine rooted cuttings AU - Frampton, J. AU - Isik, F. AU - Goldfarb, B. T2 - Southern Journal of Applied Forestry DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 207-213 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes : Entomophthoraceae), on sex pheromone and other cuticular hydrocarbons of the house fly, Musca domestica AU - Zurek, L AU - Watson, DW AU - Krasnoff, SB AU - Schal, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB - House fly (Musca domestica) males are highly attracted to dead female flies infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae. Because males orient to the larger abdomen of infected flies, both visual and chemical cues may be responsible for the heightened attraction to infected flies. Our behavioral assays demonstrated that the attraction is sex-specific-males were attracted more to infected females than to infected males, regardless of cadaver size. We examined the effect of E. muscae on the main component of the house fly sex pheromone, (Z)-9-tricosene, and other cuticular hydrocarbons including n-tricosane, n-pentacosane, (Z)-9-heptacosene, and total hydrocarbons of young (7 days old) and old (18 days old) virgin females. Young E. muscae-infected female flies accumulated significantly less sex pheromone and other hydrocarbons on their cuticular surface than uninfected females, whereas the cuticular hydrocarbons of older flies were unaffected by fungus infection. These results suggest that chemical cues other than (Z)-9-tricosene, visual cues other than abdomen size, or a combination of both sets of cues might be responsible for attraction of house fly males to E. muscae-infected females. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00109-X VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 171-176 SN - 0022-2011 KW - Entomophthora muscae KW - Musca domestica KW - sex pheromone KW - cuticular hydrocarbons KW - behavior ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diallel analysis of sweetpotatoes for resistance to sweetpotato virus disease AU - Mwanga, ROM AU - Yencho, CGC AU - Moyer, JW T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1020828421757 VL - 128 IS - 2 SP - 237-248 SN - 0014-2336 KW - general combining ability KW - heritability KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus KW - Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus KW - Sweetpotato virus disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochemical characterization of Thermotoga maritima endoglucanase Ce174 with and without a carbohydrate binding module (CBM) AU - Chhabra, , SR AU - Kelly, RM T2 - FEBS LETTERS AB - The genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima (Tm) encodes at least eight glycoside hydrolases with putative signal peptides; the biochemical characteristics of seven of these have been reported previously. The eighth, Tm Cel74, is encoded by an open reading frame of 2124 bp corresponding to a polypeptide of 79 kDa with a signal peptide at the amino-terminus. The gene (lacking the signal peptide) encoding Tm Cel74 was expressed as a 77 kDa monomeric polypeptide in Escherichia coli and found to be optimally active at pH 6, 90 degrees C, with a melting temperature of approximately 105 degrees C. The cel74 gene was previously found to be induced during T. maritima growth on a variety of polysaccharides, including barley glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), glucomannan, galactomannan and starch. However, while Tm Cel74 was most active towards barley glucan and to a lesser extent CMC, glucomannan and tamarind (xyloglucan), no activity was detected on other glycans, including galactomannan, laminarin and starch. Also, Tm Cel74 did not contain a carbohydrate binding module (CBM), versions of which have been identified in the amino acid sequences of other family 74 enzymes. As such, a CBM associated with a chitinase in another hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus, was used to create a fusion protein that was active on crystalline cellulose; Tm Cel74 lacked activity on this substrate. Based on the cleavage pattern determined for Tm Cel74 on glucan-based substrates, this enzyme likely initiates recruitment of carbohydrate carbon and energy sources by creating oligosaccharides that are transported into the cell for further processing. DA - 2002/11/6/ PY - 2002/11/6/ DO - 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03493-2 VL - 531 IS - 2 SP - 375-380 SN - 1873-3468 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin resistance management: Stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea AU - Gould, F AU - Blair, N AU - Reid, M AU - Rennie, TL AU - Lopez, J AU - Micinski, S T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Data have been lacking on the proportion of Helicovera zea larvae that develop on noncotton host plants that can serve as a refuge from selection pressure for adaptation to transgenic cotton varieties that produce a toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis . We found that individual H. zea moths that develop as larvae on cotton and other plants with C 3 physiology have a different ratio of 13 C to 12 C than moths that develop on plants with C 4 physiology, such as corn. We used this finding in determining the minimum percentage of moths that developed on noncotton hosts in two cotton-growing areas. Our results indicate that local corn can serve as a refuge for H. zea in midsummer. Our results contrast dramatically with the prevailing hypothesis that the large majority of late-season moths are produced from larvae feeding on cotton, soybean, and other C 3 plants. Typically, <50% of moths captured in August through October have isotope ratios indicative of larval feeding on C 3 plants. In one October sample, 100% of the moths originated from C 4 hosts even though C 4 crops were harvested at least 1 mo earlier, and no common wild C 4 hosts were available. These findings support other research indicating that many late-season H. zea moths captured in Louisiana and Texas are migrants whose larvae developed on corn in more northern locations. Our isotope data on moths collected in Texas early in the season indicate that the majority of overwintering H. zea do not originate from cotton-feeding larvae and may be migrants from Mexico. Non-Bt corn in Mexico and the U.S. corn belt appears to serve as an important refuge for H. zea . DA - 2002/12/24/ PY - 2002/12/24/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.242382499 VL - 99 IS - 26 SP - 16581-16586 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altered glycosylation of 63- and 68-kilodalton microvillar proteins in Heliothis virescens correlates with reduced Cry1 toxin binding, decreased pore formation, and increased resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 toxins AU - Jurat-Fuentes, JL AU - Gould, FL AU - Adang, MJ T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT The binding and pore formation abilities of Cry1A and Cry1Fa Bacillus thuringiensis toxins were analyzed by using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from sensitive (YDK) and resistant (YHD2) strains of Heliothis virescens . 125 I-labeled Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac toxins did not bind to BBMV from the resistant YHD2 strain, while specific binding to sensitive YDK vesicles was observed. Binding assays revealed a reduction in Cry1Fa binding to BBMV from resistant larvae compared to Cry1Fa binding to BBMV from sensitive larvae. In agreement with this reduction in binding, neither Cry1A nor Cry1Fa toxin altered the permeability of membrane vesicles from resistant larvae, as measured by a light-scattering assay. Ligand blotting experiments performed with BBMV and 125 I-Cry1Ac did not differentiate sensitive larvae from resistant larvae. Iodination of BBMV surface proteins suggested that putative toxin-binding proteins were exposed on the surface of the BBMV from resistant insects. BBMV protein blots probed with the N -acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin soybean agglutinin (SBA) revealed altered glycosylation of 63- and 68-kDa glycoproteins but not altered glycosylation of known Cry1 toxin-binding proteins in YHD2 BBMV. The F1 progeny of crosses between sensitive and resistant insects were similar to the sensitive strain when they were tested by toxin-binding assays, light-scattering assays, and lectin blotting with SBA. These results are evidence that a dramatic reduction in toxin binding is responsible for the increased resistance and cross-resistance to Cry1 toxins observed in the YHD2 strain of H. virescens and that this trait correlates with altered glycosylation of specific brush border membrane glycoproteins. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5711-5717.2002 VL - 68 IS - 11 SP - 5711-5717 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of interferon regulatory factors in the cardiac response to viral infection AU - Sherry, B T2 - VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY AB - Reovirus-induced murine myocarditis provides an excellent model for the human disease. Cardiac tissue damage varies between reovirus strains, and is caused by a direct viral cytopathogenic effect. One determinant of virus-induced cardiac tissue damage is the cardiac interferon-beta (IFN-beta) response to viral infection. Nonmyocarditic reoviruses induce more IFN-beta and/or are more sensitive to the antiviral effects of IFN-beta in cardiac cells than myocarditis reoviruses. The roles of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in the cardiac response to viral infection are reviewed, and results suggest possible cardiac-specific variations in IRF-3 and IRF-1 function. In addition, data are presented indicating that the role of IRF-2 in regulation of IFN-beta expression is cell type-specific and differs between skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Together, results suggest that the heart may provide a unique environment for IRF function, critical for protection against virus-induced cardiac damage. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1089/088282402317340206 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 17-28 SN - 1557-8976 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Signal transduction mechanisms mediating rapid, nongenomic effects of cortisol on prolactin release AU - Borski, RJ AU - Hyde, GN AU - Fruchtman, S T2 - STEROIDS AB - While the mechanisms governing genomically mediated glucocorticoid actions are becoming increasingly understood, relatively little is known with regard to the cell signaling pathways that transduce rapid glucocorticoid actions. Studies of the cultured tilapia rostral pars distalis (RPD), a naturally segregated region of the fish pituitary gland that contains a 95–99% pure population of prolactin (PRL) cells and is easily dissected and maintained in a completely defined, serum-free media, indicate that physiological concentrations of cortisol rapidly inhibit PRL release. The attenuative action of cortisol on PRL release occurs within 10–20 min, is insensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and mimicked by its membrane impermeable analog, cortisol-21 hemisuccinate-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cortisol and somatostatin, a peptide known to work through membrane receptors to inhibit PRL release, rapidly and reversibly reduces intracellular free Ca2+ (Cai2+), and inhibits 45Ca2+ influx and BAYK-8644 induced PRL release. Preliminary investigations show cortisol, but not somatostatin, suppresses phospholipase C (PLC) activity in PRL cell membrane preparations. In addition, cortisol and somatostatin reduce intracellular cAMP and membrane adenylyl cyclase activity. These findings indicate that the acute inhibitory effects of cortisol on PRL release occur through a nongenomic mechanism involving interactions with the plasma membrane and inhibition of both the Ca2+ and cAMP signal transduction pathways. Cortisol may reduce Cai2+ by inhibiting influx through L-type voltage-gated channels and possibly release through a PLC/inositol triphosphate sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pool. In addition, it is also likely the steroid inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity in events leading to reduced cAMP production and the subsequent release of PRL. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1016/S0039-128X(01)00197-0 VL - 67 IS - 6 SP - 539-548 SN - 0039-128X KW - steroid hormone KW - adenylyl cyclase KW - calcium KW - cAMP KW - nongenomic action KW - phospholipase C KW - membrane receptor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of secretory diarrhea AU - Jones, SL AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE AB - Details of the physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial secretion in the gastrointestinal tract are becoming clear, leading to new models of the mechanisms underlying diarrhea. The enteric nervous system is a critical component of the mechanism regulating fluid secretion in the normal gut and a key element in the pathophysiology of diarrhea. Neural reflex pathways increase epithelial fluid secretion in response to several enteric pathogens of veterinary importance such as Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, and Clostridium difficile. Moreover, the enteric nervous system has an important role in epithelial secretion triggered by products of activated leukocytes during inflammation. New approaches targeting the enteric nervous system show promise for the treatment of secretory diarrhea. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0222:ROTENS>2.3.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 222-228 SN - 0891-6640 KW - alimentary KW - enterocolitis KW - inflammation KW - neuroimmune ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance to Sweetpotato Chlorotic Stunt Virus and Sweetpotato Feathery Mottle Virus Is Mediated by Two Separate Recessive Genes in Sweetpotato AU - Mwanga, R.O.M. AU - Kriegner, A. AU - Cervantes-Flores, J.C. AU - Zhang, D.P. AU - Moyer, J.W. AU - Yencho, G.C. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science AB - When sweetpotato chlorotic stunt crinivirus (SPCSV) and sweetpotato feathery mottle potyvirus (SPFMV) infect sweetpotato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], they interact synergistically and cause sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD), a major constraint to food productivity in east Africa. The genetic basis of resistance to these diseases was investigated in 15 sweetpotato diallel families (1352 genotypes) in Uganda, and in two families of the same diallel at the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru. Graft inoculation with SPCSV and SPFMV resulted in severe SPVD symptoms in all the families in Uganda. The distribution of SPVD scores was skewed toward highly susceptible categories (SPVD scores 4 and 5), eliminating almost all the resistant genotypes (scores 1 and 2). Likewise, when two promising diallel families (`Tanzania' × `Bikilamaliya' and `Tanzania' × `Wagabolige') were graft inoculated with SPCSV and SPFMV at CIP, severe SPVD was observed in most of the progenies. Individual inoculation of these two families with SPCSV or SPFMV, and Mendelian segregation analysis for resistant vs. susceptible categories led us to hypothesize that resistance to SPCSV and SPFMV was conditioned by two separate recessive genes inherited in a hexasomic or tetradisomic manner. Subsequent molecular marker studies yielded two genetic markers associated with resistance to SPCSV and SPFMV. The AFLP and RAPD markers linked to SPCSV and SPFMV resistance explained 70% and 72% of the variation in resistance, respectively. We propose naming these genes as s pcsv1 and s pfmv1 . Our results also suggest that, in the presence of both of these viruses, additional genes mediate oligogenic or multigenic horizontal (quantitative) effects in the progenies studied for resistance to SPVD. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.21273/jashs.127.5.798 VL - 127 IS - 5 SP - 798-806 KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - sweetpotato virus disease KW - linkage analysis KW - ELISA KW - whitefly KW - aphids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships within Cornales and circumscription of Cornaceae – matK and rbcL sequence data and effects of outgroups and long branches AU - Xiang, Q.Y. AU - Moody, M. AU - Soltis, D.E. AU - Fan, C.Z. AU - Soltis, P.S. T2 - Molecular Phylogeneics and Evolution AB - Phylogenetic relationships in Cornales were assessed using sequences rbcL and matK. Various combinations of outgroups were assessed for their suitability and the effects of long branches and outgroups on tree topology were examined using RASA 2.4 prior to conducting phylogenetic analyses. RASA identified several potentially problematic taxa having long branches in individual data sets that may have obscured phylogenetic signal, but when data sets were combined RASA no longer detected long branch problems. t(RASA) provides a more conservative measurement for phylogenetic signal than the PTP and skewness tests. The separate matK and rbcL sequence data sets were measured as not containing phylogenetic signal by RASA, but PTP and skewness tests suggested the reverse [corrected]. Nonetheless, the matK and rbcL sequence data sets suggested relationships within Cornales largely congruent with those suggested by the combined matK-rbcL sequence data set that contains significant phylogenetic signal as measured by t(RASA), PTP, and skewness tests. Our analyses also showed that a taxon having a long branch on the tree may not be identified as a "long-branched" taxon by RASA. The long branches identified by RASA had little effect on the arrangement of other taxa in the tree, but the placements of the long-branched taxa themselves were often problematic. Removing the long-branched taxa from analyses generally increased bootstrap support, often substantially. Use of non-optimal outgroups (as identified by RASA) decreased phylogenetic resolution in parsimony analyses and suggested different relationships in maximum likelihood analyses, although usually weakly supported clades (less than 50% support) were impacted. Our results do not recommend using t(RASA) as a sole criterion to discard data or taxa in phylogenetic analyses, but t(RASA) and the taxon variance ratio obtained from RASA may be useful as a guide for improved phylogenetic analyses. Results of parsimony and ML analyses of the sequence data using optimal outgroups suggested by RASA revealed four major clades within Cornales: (1) Curtisia-Grubbia, (2) Cornus-Alangium, (3) Nyssa-Camptotheca-Davidia-Mastixia-Diplopanax, and (4) Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, with clades (2) and (3) forming a monophyletic group sister to clade (4) and clade (1) sister to the remainder of Cornales. However, there was not strong bootstrap support for relationships among the major clades. The placement of Hydrostachys could not be reliably determined, although most analyses place the genus within Hydrangeaceae; ML analyses, for example, placed the genus as the sister of Hydrangeeae. Our results supported a Cornales including the systematically problematic Hydrostachys, a Cornaceae consisting of Cornus and Alangium, a Nyssaceae consisting of Nyssa and Camptotheca, a monogeneric Davidiaceae, a Mastixiaceae consisting of Mastixia and Diplopanax, and an expanded Grubbiaceae consisting of Grubbia and Curtisia, and two larger families, Hydrangeaceae and Loasaceae. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00267-1 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 35–57 SN - 1095-9513 KW - Cornales KW - Cornaceae KW - Hydrostachyaceae KW - Grubbiaceae KW - molecular phylogeny KW - rbcL KW - matK KW - long-branch attraction KW - RASA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytophthora infestans populations from tomato and potato in North Carolina differ in genetic diversity and structure AU - Wangsomboondee, T AU - Groves, CT AU - Shoemaker, PB AU - Cubeta, MA AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive disease on tomato and potato. In North Carolina (NC) potatoes are mostly grown in the east, whereas tomatoes are grown in the mountainous areas in the western part of the state. Five genotypes of P. infestans were identified from 93 and 157 isolates collected from tomato and potato over a 5 year period between 1993 and 1998. All isolates collected from potato in eastern NC were the US-8 genotype, whereas only a single isolate was the US-1 genotype. Tuber blight was found on immature daughter tubers in a single field in 1997, however infection on mature tubers was not observed. Within potato fields, a range of sensitivity to metalaxyl was observed among isolates but all were either intermediate or highly resistant to the fungicide. In contrast, isolates from tomatoes included previously reported US-7 and US-8 genotypes and two new genotypes called US-18 and US-19 (A2 mating type, allozyme genotype Gpi 100/100 and Pep 92/100). These genotypes had unique restriction fragment length polymorphism banding patterns, were sensitive to metalaxyl, and have not been reported elsewhere. All genotypes, with the exception of the US-1, were the Ia mitochondrial haplotype. Thus, isolates of P. infestans from tomato were more genetically diverse over time in NC than those from potato and include two new genotypes that are sensitive to metalaxyl. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1189 VL - 92 IS - 11 SP - 1189-1195 SN - 0031-949X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036827876&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - epidemiology KW - Irish potato famine KW - population genetics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in foals after i.v. and oral dose and disposition into phagocytes AU - Davis, JL AU - Gardner, SY AU - Jones, SL AU - Schwabenton, BA AU - Papich, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - The properties of azithromycin suggest that it may be an alternative to erythromycin for treatment of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. To investigate this possibility, the disposition of azithromycin in plasma, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and alveolar cells was examined after a single administration in foals. Azithromycin suspension was administered orally (p.o.) at a dose of 10 mg/kg to five healthy 2-3-month-old foals. Two weeks later, azithromycin for injection was administered by intravenous (i.v.) infusion at a dose of 5 mg/kg to the same foals. Plasma samples were collected after p.o. and i.v. administration. Peripheral blood PMN and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and alveolar cells were collected after p.o. administration. Azithromycin concentrations were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with coulometric electrochemical detection. Azithromycin p.o. absorption was variable with a mean systemic availability of 39% (+/-20%). The plasma half-life was 16 and 18.3 h after i.v. and p.o. administration, respectively. Azithromycin had a very large volume of distribution (V(d)) of 11.6 L/kg [V(d(ss))] and 12.4 L/kg [V(d(area))]. The large V(d) can be attributed to high tissue and intracellular concentrations, exhibited by the high concentration of azithromycin in PMN and alveolar cells. The PMN half-life was 49.2 h. Dosage of 10 mg/kg of azithromycin p.o. once daily for foals with R. equi pneumonia is recommended for further study. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00387.x VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 99-104 SN - 1365-2885 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12000529 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PCR-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to clone nine aquaporin genes in cucumber AU - Xie, J. H. AU - Wehner, T. C. AU - Conkling, M. A. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 127 IS - 6 SP - 925-930 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neutrophils increase paracellular permeability of restituted ischemic-injured porcine ileum AU - Gayle, J. AU - Jones, S.L. AU - Argenzio, R.A. AU - Blikslager, A.T. AU - Surgery T2 - SURGERY AB - Background. We have previously shown minimal evidence of neutrophil infiltration during early reperfusion of porcine ischemic ileum. However, we noted marked neutrophil infiltration 6 to 18 hours after ischemia during mucosal repair. We postulated such neutrophil infiltration would disrupt restituting epithelium. Methods. Pigs were pretreated with anti-CD11/CD18 monoclonal antibody, superoxide dismutase-polyethylene glycol, or saline solution before inducing 1 hour of ischemia. Pigs recovered for up to 18 hours, after which mucosal repair was assessed. Results. One hour of ischemia induced loss of 19 ± 7% of the villous epithelial surface area. Epithelial restitution covered the mucosal defect within 2 hours, although full recovery of mucosal barrier function required 6 hours. By 18 hours, a significant decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in transmucosal mannitol flux was noted despite the continued presence of complete epithelial coverage. Accumulation of neutrophils within restituting epithelium was noted on histologic examination, associated with electron-microscopic evidence of widened paracellular spaces. Pretreatment with anti-CD11/CD18 monoclonal antibody and superoxide dismutase-polyethylene glycol significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration and normalized transepithelial electrical resistance and mannitol fluxes. Conclusions. Mucosal inflammation during epithelial repair resulted in increased paracellular permeability as neutrophils traversed restituted epithelium. Blocking neutrophil adhesion or scavenging superoxide prevented mucosal dysfunction in recovering tissue. (Surgery 2002;132:461-70.) DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1067/msy.2002.125320 VL - 132 IS - 3 SP - 461-470 SN - 0039-6060 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12324760 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Didymella bryoniae and related Phoma species isolated from cucurbits AU - Somai, BM AU - Dean, RA AU - Farnham, MW AU - Zitter, TA AU - Keinath, AP T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is the causal agent of gummy stem blight, although other Phoma species are often isolated from cucurbit plants exhibiting symptoms of the disease. The molecular and phylogenetic relationships between D. bryoniae and these Phoma species are unknown. Isolates of D. bryoniae and Phoma obtained from cucurbits grown at various geographical locations in the United States were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis (ITS-1 and ITS-2) to determine the molecular and phylogenetic relationships within and between these fungi. Using RAPD fingerprinting, 59 isolates were placed into four phylogenetic groups, designated RAPD group (RG) I, RG II, RG III, and RG IV. D. bryoniae isolates clustered in either RG I (33 isolates), RG II (12 isolates), or RG IV (one isolate), whereas all 13 Phoma isolates clustered to RG III. There was greater than 99% sequence identity in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions between isolates in RG I and RG II, whereas isolates in RG III, P. medicaginis ATCC 64481, and P. exigua ATCC 14728 clustered separately. On muskmelon seedlings, a subset of RG I isolates were highly virulent (mean disease severity was 71%), RG II and RG IV isolates were slightly virulent (mean disease severity was 4%), and RG III isolates were nonpathogenic (disease severity was 0% for all isolates). The ITS sequences indicate that RG I and RG II are both D. bryoniae, but RAPD fingerprints and pathogenicity indicate that they represent two different molecular and virulence subgroups. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.9.997 VL - 92 IS - 9 SP - 997-1004 SN - 1943-7684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hooded warbler nesting success adjacent to group-selection and clearcut edges in a southeastern bottomland forest AU - Moorman, CE AU - Guynn, DC AU - Kilgo, JC T2 - CONDOR AB - During the 1996, 1997, and 1998 breeding seasons, we located and monitored Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) nests in a bottomland forest and examined the effects of edge proximity, edge type, and nest-site vegetation on nesting success. Successful Hooded Warbler nests were more concealed from below and were located in nest patches with a greater abundance of >0.5-m-tall switchcane (Arundinaria gigantea) stems than unsuccessful nests. Daily nest survival rates, clutch size, and number of fledglings per successful nest did not differ between nests near edges of selection-harvest openings within the bottomland and nests near edges of clearcuts adjacent to the bottomland. Daily survival rate, clutch size, and number of fledglings per successful nest did not differ among nests 0–50 m, 51–100 m, and >100 m from the nearest edge, and probability of nest survival was not related to proximity to either edge type. However, probability of parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was higher near clearcut edges, and parasitism reduced clutch size and numbers of fledglings per successful nest. The combined effects of edge, especially edge created by the relatively small (≤0.5 ha) group-selection openings, on Hooded Warbler nesting success were minimal. However, our study was conducted in a primarily forested landscape, so cowbird abundance or negative edge effects may have been low relative to agricultural landscapes in the South. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0366:HWNSAT]2.0.CO;2 VL - 104 IS - 2 SP - 366-377 SN - 1938-5129 KW - bottomland KW - brood parasitism KW - clearcut KW - edge effects KW - group selection KW - Hooded Warbler KW - nest success KW - Wilsonia citrina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of effective population size of HIV-1 within a host: A pseudomaximum-likelihood approach AU - Seo, T. K. AU - Thorne, J. L. AU - Hasegawa, M. AU - Kishino, H. T2 - Genetics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 160 IS - 4 SP - 1283-1293 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of thermal dispersion and turbulence in forced convection in a composite parallel-plate channel: Investigation of constant wall heat flux and constant wall temperature cases AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Cheng, L AU - Xiong, M T2 - NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER PART A-APPLICATIONS AB - Abstract In this article, a composite parallel-plate channel whose central portion is occupied by a clear fluid and whose peripheral portion is occupied by a fluid saturated porous medium, is considered. The flow in the porous region of the channel is assumed to be laminar, governed by the Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy equation, while the flow in the clear fluid region of the channel is assumed to be turbulent. The validity of this laminar/turbulent assumption is validated by estimating Reynolds numbers in the clear fluid and porous regions of the channel. Although the flow in the porous region remains laminar, it is still fast enough for the quadratic drag (Forchheimer) effects to be important. In this situation, hydrodynamic mixing of the interstitial fluid at the pore scale becomes important and may cause significant thermal dispersion. It is shown that thermal dispersion may result in some counterintuitive effects, such as the increase of the Nusselt number when the width of the clear fluid region in the center of the channel is decreased. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1080/10407780290059602 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 365-383 SN - 1040-7782 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential Top10 promoter regulation by six tetracycline analogues in plant cells AU - Love, J AU - Allen, GC AU - Gatz, C AU - Thompson, WF T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - The effects of five tetracycline analogues, anhydrotetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline, on Top10 promoter activity in NT1 tobacco tissue culture cells have been analysed. The concentration that repressed Top10 promoter activity, the level of transgene repression and the kinetics of transgene de‐repression were determined for each analogue, and could not be predicted from in vitro binding affinity to the tetracycline repressor or from comparison with animal cells. Doxycycline had the most potent effect on the Top10 promoter and completely inhibited transgene expression at 4 nmol l–1. Tetracycline was the most versatile of the analogues tested; tetracycline inhibited the Top10 promoter at 10 nmol l–1 and was easily washed out to restore Top10‐driven expression in 12–24 h. A study was also made of the suitability for plant research of a novel tetracycline analogue, GR33076X. In animal cells, GR33076X de‐repressed Top10 promoter activity in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of anhydrotetracycline. In NT1, it is shown that GR 33076X can antagonize repression of the Top10 promoter in the presence of tetracycline, but not of anhydrotetracycline or of doxycycline. Different tetracycline analogues can therefore be used to regulate the Top10 promoter in plant cells and this property may be exploited in planning an optimum course of transgene regulation. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1093/jxb/erf050 VL - 53 IS - 376 SP - 1871-1877 SN - 1460-2431 KW - tetracycline analogues KW - tobacco KW - Top10 promoter activity KW - tissue culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the effects of four antiarrhythmic treatments for familial ventricular arrhythmias in Boxers AU - Meurs, K. M. AU - Spier, A. W. AU - Wright, N. A. AU - Atkins, C. E. AU - DeFrancesco, Teresa AU - Gordon, S. G. AU - Hamlin, R. L. AU - Keene, B. W. AU - Miller, M. W. AU - Moise, N. S. AU - al. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association AB - To evaluate the effect of 4 antiarrhythmic treatment protocols on number of ventricular premature complexes (VPC), severity of arrhythmia, heart rate (HR), and number of syncopal episodes in Boxers with ventricular tachyarrhythmias.Randomized controlled clinical trial.49 Boxers.Dogs with > 500 VPC/24 h via 24-hour ambulatory ECG (AECG) were treated with atenolol (n = 11), procainamide (11), sotalol (16), or mexiletine and atenolol (11) for 21 to 28 days. Results of pre- and posttreatment AECG were compared with regard to number of VPC/24 h; maximum, mean, and minimum HR; severity of arrhythmia; and occurrence of syncope.Significant differences between pre- and posttreatment number of VPC, severity of arrhythmia, HR variables, or occurrence of syncope were not observed in dogs treated with atenolol or procainamide. Significant reductions in number of VPC, severity of arrythmia, and maximum and mean HR were observed in dogs treated with mexiletine-atenolol or sotalol; occurrence of syncope was not significantly different between these 2 treatment groups.Treatment with sotalol or mexiletine-atenolol was well tolerated and efficacious. Treatment with procainamide or atenolol was not effective. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.522 VL - 221 IS - 4 SP - 522-527 J2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association LA - en OP - SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.221.522 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cloning of disease-resistance homologues in end sequences of BAC clones linked to Fom-2, a gene conferring resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon (Cucumis melo L.) AU - Wang, YH AU - Choi, WB AU - Thomas, CE AU - Dean, RA T2 - GENOME AB - Disease resistance has not yet been characterized at the molecular level in cucurbits, a group of high-value, nutritious, horticultural plants. Previously, we genetically mapped the Fom-2 gene that confers resistance to Fusarium wilt races 0 and I of melon. In this paper, two cosegregating codominant markers (AM, AFLP marker; FM, Fusarium marker) were used to screen a melon bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. Identified clones were fingerprinted and end sequenced. Fingerprinting analysis showed that clones identified by each marker assembled into two separate contigs at high stringency. GenBank searches produced matches to leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) of resistance genes (R genes); to retroelements and to cellulose synthase in clones identified by FM; and to nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) of R genes, retroelements, and cytochrome P-450 in clones identified by AM. A 6.5-kb fragment containing both NBS and LRR sequences was found to share high homology to TIR (Toll-interleukin-1 receptor)-NBS-LRR R genes, such as N, with 42% identity and 58% similarity in the TIR-NBS and LRR regions. The sequence information may be useful for identifying NBS-LRR class of R genes in other cucurbits. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1139/G02-005 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 473-480 SN - 0831-2796 KW - BAC end sequencing KW - Cucumis melo L. KW - Fusarium wilt KW - R gene ER - TY - JOUR TI - A geminivirus replication protein interacts with a protein kinase and a motor protein that display different expression patterns during plant development and infection AU - Kong, LJ AU - Hanley-Bowdoin, L T2 - PLANT CELL AB - The geminivirus protein AL1 initiates viral DNA replication, regulates its own expression, and induces plant gene transcription. To better understand how AL1 interacts with host proteins during these processes, we used yeast two-hybrid library screening and a baculovirus protein interaction system to identify plant proteins that interact with AL1. These studies identified a Ser/Thr kinase, a kinesin, and histone H3 as AL1 partners. The kinase is autophosphorylated and can phosphorylate common kinase substrates in vitro. The kinesin is phosphorylated in insect cells by a cyclin-dependent kinase. Immunostaining of Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis showed that kinase protein levels and subcellular location are regulated during plant development and geminivirus infection. By contrast, the kinesin is ubiquitous even though it is associated with the spindle apparatus in mitotic cells. Together, our results establish that AL1 interacts with host proteins involved in plant cell division and development. Possible functions of these host factors in healthy and geminivirus-infected plants are discussed. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1105/tpc.003681 VL - 14 IS - 8 SP - 1817-1832 SN - 1532-298X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synergism between Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota : Hyphomycetes) and boric acid against the German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) AU - Zurek, L AU - Watson, DW AU - Schal, C T2 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB - Mortality of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), caused by Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain AC-1 alone and in combination with different formulations of boric acid, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Topical application of M. anisopliae alone (8.96 × 109 conidia/m2) required 28 days to cause >92% cockroach mortality (LT50 = 10 days). In contrast, in combination with boric acid (topically applied as a dust or in drinking water), M. anisopliae killed cockroaches significantly faster than without boric acid. M. anisopliae conidial dust (8.96 × 108 conidia/m2) with either 12.5% (w/w) boric acid dust or 0.1% (w/v) boric acid in drinking water killed 100% of the cockroaches in only 8 days (LT50 = 5 days) and 10 days (LT50 = 6 days), respectively, without compromising the fungus emergence from cadavers. Replacement of M. anisopliae with flour dust or heat-killed M. anisopliae conidia eliminated this effect, demonstrating that it was not the consequence of greater boric acid ingestion due to more extensive cockroach grooming upon exposure to M. anisopliae conidia. Moreover, injections of a low dose of M. anisopliae, which caused only 30% mortality, together with sublethal concentrations of boric acid into the cockroach hemocoel resulted in a doubling of mortality. Statistical analysis demonstrated a synergistic interaction between these two insecticides. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1006/bcon.2001.1012 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 296-302 SN - 1090-2112 KW - Metarhizium anisopliae KW - Blattella germanica KW - boric acid KW - dust KW - synergism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships of the lower Cyclorrhapha (Diptera : Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA sequences AU - Collins, KP AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - INSECT SYSTEMATICS & EVOLUTION AB - Abstract Cyclorrhaphan Diptera are an extremely successful clade of ecologically and phylogenenetically important flies. Despite their significance the relationships among lower cyclorrhaphans ('Aschiza') remain controversial in spite of several morphologically based phylogenetic analyses. We sequenced a 2.7-kb fragment of 28S rDNA for taxa representing all lower cyclorrhaphan families (except Ironomyiidae), four schizophoran families, and seven empidoid out-group taxa. Phylogenetic analysis of these data strongly supports a monophyletic Cyclorrhapha (including the enigmatic taxon Opetia nigra) that is divided into two clades - a well-supported Eumuscomorpha (Syrphidae + Pipunculidae + Schizophora), and a weakly-supported Platypezoidea (all non-Eumuscomorpha). Consequently, the former grouping known as Aschiza, which included syrphids and pipunculids, is not a valid monophyletic clade. Within Platypezoidea, most of our analyses place Lonchopteridae as sister group to Opetiidae, and strongly support the monophyly of Sciadoceridae + Phoridae. Among the Eumuscomorpha we do not recover the monophyly of Syrphoidea (Syrphidae + Pipunculidae). Instead, all analyses place Pipunculidae as the sister group to Schizophora. This novel finding has never been proposed based on morphological data and will require more data (both molecular and morphological) and taxa to confirm. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1163/187631202X00235 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 445-456 SN - 1876-312X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetic relationships and placement of the Empidoidea (Diptera : Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA and EF-1 alpha sequence AU - Collins, KP AU - Wiegmann, BM T2 - INSECT SYSTEMATICS & EVOLUTION AB - Abstract The phylogenetic relationships within the Eremoneura (Empidoidea + Cyclorrhapha) have been controversial. The monophyly of the Empidoidea, as well as the position and rank of higher-level empidoid clades remains unresolved despite numerous analyses using morphological data. In addition, the origin of the Cyclorrhapha and their relationship to the Empidoidea continues to be debated. We present the results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequences collected from 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) genes. All currently recognized empidoid families and subfamilies, many lower cyclorrhaphan families (including Opetiidae), and several asiloid outgroups are represented in this study. Unweighted and weighted parsimony, as well as maximum likelihood analyses were applied to individual data partitions and a combined data set. Our results support the monophyly of both Empidoidea and Cyclorrhapha (including Opetia), as well as their sister-group relationship. Within Empidoidea we find support for the following: 1) Chvála's (1983) proposal to divide Empidoidea into five families; 2) Atelestidae as the basal empidoid lineage; and 3) monophyly of Microphoridae + Dolichopodidae. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1163/187631202X00226 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 421-444 SN - 1876-312X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation and synteny of SSR loci and QTLs for vegetative propagation in four Eucalyptus species AU - Marques, CM AU - Brondani, RPV AU - Grattapaglia, D AU - Sederoff, R T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1007/s00122-002-0899-z VL - 105 IS - 2-3 SP - 474-478 SN - 0040-5752 KW - SSR KW - mapping KW - QTLs KW - eucalyptus KW - synteny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Behavioral adaptations increase the value of enemy-free space for Heliothis subflexa, a specialist herbivore. AU - Oppenheim, S. J. AU - Gould, Fred T2 - Evolution AB - Abstract We investigated the importance of specialized behaviors in the use of enemy-free space by comparing the host-use behavior of two closely related moths, Heliothis subflexa Guenee and H. virescens Fabricius. Heliothis subflexa is a specialist on plants in the genus Physalis, whereas H. virescens is an extreme generalist, feeding on plants in at least 14 families. Heliothis subflexa uses the inflated calyx surrounding Physalis fruits as enemy-free space, and field rates of parasitism for H. subflexa on Physalis are much lower than for H. virescens on tobacco and cotton, common hosts found in the same habitat as Physalis. If Physalis' architecture were solely responsible for H. subflexa's low rates of parasitism on Physalis, we predicted thatH. virescens larvae experimentally induced to feed on Physalis would experience parasitism rates similar to those ofH. subflexa. We found, however, that specialized host-use and host-acceptance behaviors are integral to the use of enemy-free space on Physalis and strongly augment the effects of the structural refuge. In laboratory assays, we found considerable differences between the larval behavior of the specialist, H. subflexa, and the generalist, H. virescens, and these contributed to H. subflexa's superior use of enemy-free space on Physalis. We tested the importance of these behavioral differences in the field by comparing parasitism of H. virescens on Physalis, H. virescens on tobacco, and H. subflexa on Physalis by Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick, a specialist braconid parasitoid. For H. virescens, a threefold decrease in parasitism occurred when feeding on Physalis (mean parasitism ± SEM = 13 ± 4%) rather than tobacco (43 ± 4%), a difference we attribute to the structural refuge provided by Physalis. However, parasitism ofH. virescens on Physalis was more than ten times as great as that of H. subflexa on Physalis (1 ± 4%), supporting the hypothesis that specialized behaviors have a substantial impact on use of Physalis as enemy-free space. Behavioral adaptations may be central to the use of enemy-free space by phytophagous insects and may act as an important selective force in the evolution of dietary specialization. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01379.x VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 679–689 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A model for fine particle agglomeration in circulating fluidized bed absorbers AU - Mao, D AU - Edwards, , JR AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Srivastava, R T2 - HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1007/S002310100260 VL - 38 IS - 4-5 SP - 379-388 SN - 0947-7411 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A 2D analysis of stability of bioconvection in a fluid saturated porous medium - Estimation of the critical permeability value AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Avramenko, AA T2 - INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AB - Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to perform a 2D stability analysis of bioconvection in a suspension of motile gyrotactic microorganisms in a fluid saturated porous medium and to obtain an analytical expression for the critical permeability of the porous medium. Recent numerical investigation by Kuznetsov and Jiang [1] suggests that permeability is a very important parameter for bioconvection in porous media. Their numerical results indicate that for small permeability bioconvection is stable (the microorganisms swim in the upward direction), while for large permeability it is unstable (variations of density are enhanced and macroscopic fluid circulation is induced). In the present investigation, a simple but elegant criterion of stability of the bioconvection is obtained. This criterion gives the critical permeability of the porous medium through the cell eccentricity, average swimming velocity, fluid viscosity, and other relevant parameters. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0735-1933(02)00308-1 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 175-184 SN - 0735-1933 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein kinase A regulates beta 2 integrin avidity in neutrophils AU - Jones, S. L. T2 - Journal of Leukocyte Biology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 1042-1048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth, provenance effects and genetic variation of Bombacopsis quinata in field tests in Venezuela and Colombia AU - Hodge, GR AU - Dvorak, WS AU - Uruena, H AU - Rosales, L T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Ten provenance/progeny tests of Bombacopsis quinata were established in Venezuela and Colombia using open-pollinated (OP) seed collected from throughout its natural range. In addition, two full-sib progeny tests were established in Colombia with seed from crosses made in a second-generation seed orchard. Average survival of all tests was approximately 80%, with the local source from Colombia (Atlántico) having slightly better survival in Colombia. Average growth rates at age 8 years were 6–7 m height and 12–13 cm DBH. Provenance×country interaction was highly significant between Colombia and Venezuela, although at a within-provenance level, families performed relatively consistently in the two countries (rBg=0.58). There was no important genotype×environment interaction at the provenance or family level between test sites in the same country. There were large provenance effects in both countries. In Colombia, two provenances from Nicaragua (Hacienda San Juan and Los Playones) performed as well as the local source, with 11–16% more volume than average. In Venezuela, provenances originating in areas of 1600–2100 mm of annual rainfall (Choluteca, Honduras, and Guanacaste, Costa Rica) had volumes 26% above average, while the local source performed poorly both in survival and growth. Heritabilities for growth traits are moderate and increase with age up to 0.25–0.30 at age 8 years. Dominance variance is relatively unimportant as it is approximately 14 or less than the size of additive variance. After the appropriate provenances have been identified, additional genetic gains of up to 50% in volume are possible from family and within family selection. DA - 2002/3/15/ PY - 2002/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00720-9 VL - 158 IS - 1-3 SP - 273-289 SN - 0378-1127 KW - genetic correlation KW - heritability KW - coefficient of relationship KW - genotype x environment interaction KW - additive variance KW - dominance variance KW - tree improvement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equine rounds-Case presentation: Idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis in a 10-week-old colt AU - Stanar, L.S. AU - Little, D. AU - Redding, W.R. AU - Jones, S.L. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 342–344 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficient Evaluation of Resistance to Three Root-knot Nematode Species in Selected Sweetpotato Cultivars AU - Cervantes-Flores, J.C. AU - Yencho, G.C. AU - Davis, E.L. T2 - HortScience AB - Five sweetpotato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars (`Beauregard', `Excel', `Jewel', `Hernandez', and `Porto Rico') were evaluated for resistance to three root-knot nematode species: Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood (race 2), M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (race 3), and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Resistance screening efficiency was assessed in both 400-cm 3 square pots and 150-cm 3 Conetainers™. Nematode infection was assessed as the percentage of root system galled, percentage of root system necrosis, and the number of nematode eggs produced per gram of root tissue. Means of these dependent variables were not different ( P ≤ 0.05) between container types, with Conetainers™ being more efficient to use. Root necrosis was not related to nematode infection, but was significant among cultivars ( P = 0.0005). The resistance responses of the cultivars differed depending on the nematode species. All five cultivars were resistant to M. arenaria race 2. `Hernandez', `Excel', and `Jewel' were also resistant to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica . DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.37.2.390 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 390-392 KW - Ipomoea batatas KW - Meloidogyne arenaria KW - Meloidogyne incognita KW - Meloidogyne javanica KW - host plant resistance KW - plant breeding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of PCR-ELISA for detection and differentiation of Didymella bryoniae from related Phoma species AU - Somai, BM AU - Keinath, AP AU - Dean, RA T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The causal agent of gummy stem blight, Didymella bryoniae, often is isolated from infected cucurbits together with other Phoma spp. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers specific to D. bryoniae and Phoma were used to develop and evaluate a microtiter-based PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Primers were modified by addition of a fluorescein and a biotin label to the 5′ ends of the forward and reverse primers, respectively. After amplification, PCR products were detected in an ELISA using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antifluorescein antibody and three substrates that yielded three colored products, one for each fungal group. The most sensitive substrate (highest signal:noise ratio) was 2,2′ -azino-bis[3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]. PCR-ELISA successfully detected 45 of 46 D. bryoniae and all 13 Phoma isolates that were used. Results were comparable to those obtained with gel electrophoresis. Only one D. bryoniae isolate could not be detected with PCR-ELISA; this isolate also produced a fragment larger than other D. bryoniae isolates on agarose gels. PCR-ELISA was used successfully on crude extracts of “blind” fungal samples and identified seven of seven isolates as D. bryoniae or Phoma. Although less sensitive than gel electrophoresis, PCR-ELISA was a highly specific, yet simple, rapid and convenient assay for detection of D. bryoniae and Phoma sp. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.7.710 VL - 86 IS - 7 SP - 710-716 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deficiency of either cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 alters epidermal differentiation and reduces mouse skin tumorigenesis AU - Tiano, H. F. AU - Loftin, C. D. AU - Akunda, J. AU - Lee, C. A. AU - Spalding, J. AU - Sessoms, A. AU - Dunson, D. B. AU - Rogan, E. G. AU - Morham, S. G. AU - Smart, R. C. AU - al., T2 - Cancer Research DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 62 IS - 12 SP - 3395–3401 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages AU - Wiegmann, BM AU - Regier, JC AU - Mitter, C T2 - ZOOLOGICA SCRIPTA AB - Agreement among recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses has strengthened estimates of the relationships among the earliest lineages of the holometabolan order Lepidoptera. For a few major groups, evidence for monophyly and basal relationships remains relatively weak or contradictory — chiefly within the clades of basal Glossata and Heteroneura. Here we assess the support for these controversial areas of lepidopteran classification through molecular systematic investigation of 18S rDNA sequence variation. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses are presented for 1379 alignable sites of 18S. These data are then combined with 61 morphological features scored for major lineages of basal Glossata and Heteroneura. Our 18S rDNA data support recent hypotheses for the placement of Micropterigidae and Agathiphagidae as the basal‐most lineages of Lepidoptera, and support the monophyly of the groups Neolepidoptera and Exoporia. 18S data alone are shown to be insufficient for resolving the monophyly and relationships of the Glossata, and for specifying relationships above the Neolepidoptera. Combination of the 18S data with published morphological ground‐plan scorings improves overall support for the morphology‐based hypothesis for basal glossatans, but phylogenetic resolution among published alternatives for the basal Heteroneura remains a major question for lepidopteran systematics. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 67-81 SN - 1463-6409 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of coupled turbulent flow and solidification in the wedge-shaped pool with different nozzles during twin-roll strip casting AU - Kim, DS AU - Kim, WS AU - Kuznetsov, AV T2 - NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER PART A-APPLICATIONS AB - Abstract In the twin-roll continuous casting (CC) process that produces a near-net-shaped strip, the mushy zone solidification phenomena are mainly influenced by various process parameters such as nozzle shape, roll-gap thickness, and superheat of melt. This study numerically examines, in a wedge-shaped pool for the twin-roll CC process, the dependence of the solidification phenomena and melt-flow behavior on those process parameters. The turbulent characteristics of the melt flow are considered using a low-Reynolds-number k- k turbulence model. The results show that there exists the distinct region with a well-mixed melt flow and a wide range of mush in the lower part of the pool. The variation of the melt-flow velocity due to different nozzle types mainly affects the liquidus line and has little effect on the solidus line in the outlet region. In the case of a small roll gap, the liquidus line is shifted upward and the solidified shell thickness increases slightly in the outlet region. The variation of melt superheat mainly affects the position of the liquidus line. The direct melt feed onto the free surface has little effect of the melt superheat on an increase in the temperature in the lower part of the pool, while the overall temperature in the lower part of the pool for the submerged nozzle has a high dependence on the melt superheat. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1080/104077802317221410 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 1-17 SN - 1040-7782 ER - TY - JOUR TI - When a day makes a difference. Interpreting data from endoplasmic reticulum-targeted green fluorescent protein fusions in cells grown in suspension culture AU - Persson, S. AU - Love, J. AU - Tsou, P. L. AU - Robertson, D. AU - Thompson, W. F. AU - Boss, W. F. T2 - Plant Physiology AB - The stability of the self-contained structure of green fluorescent protein (GFP) has made it the most widely utilized fluorescent marker for gene expression and subcellular localization studies ([Chalfie et al., 1994][1]; [Tsien, 1998][2]; [De Giorgi et al., 1999][3]; [Haseloff et al., 1999][4]). DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1104/pp.010840 VL - 128 IS - 2 SP - 341-344 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studying the functional genomics of stress responses in loblolly pine with the Expresso microarray experiment management system AU - Heath, L. S. AU - Ramakrishnan, N. AU - Sederoff, R. R. AU - Whetten, R. W. AU - Chevone, B. I. AU - Struble, C. A. AU - Jouenne, V. Y. AU - Chen, D. W. AU - Van Zyl, L. AU - Grene, R. AU - al., T2 - COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AB - Conception, design, and implementation of cDNA microarray experiments present a variety of bioinformatics challenges for biologists and computational scientists. The multiple stages of data acquisition and analysis have motivated the design of Expresso, a system for microarray experiment management. Salient aspects of Expresso include support for clone replication and randomized placement; automatic gridding, extraction of expression data from each spot, and quality monitoring; flexible methods of combining data from individual spots into information about clones and functional categories; and the use of inductive logic programming for higher-level data analysis and mining. The development of Expresso is occurring in parallel with several generations of microarray experiments aimed at elucidating genomic responses to drought stress in loblolly pine seedlings. The current experimental design incorporates 384 pine cDNAs replicated and randomly placed in two specific microarray layouts. We describe the design of Expresso as well as results of analysis with Expresso that suggest the importance of molecular chaperones and membrane transport proteins in mechanisms conferring successful adaptation to long-term drought stress. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1002/cfg.169 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 226-243 SN - 1532-6268 KW - microarrays KW - data mining KW - experiment management systems KW - inductive logic programming KW - reactive oxygen species KW - drought stress KW - Pinus taeda KW - microarray design ER - TY - JOUR TI - Screening the watermelon germplasm collection for resistance to papaya ringspot virus type-W AU - Strange, EB AU - Guner, N AU - Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Z AU - Wehner, TC T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Papaya ringspot virus watermelon strain (PRSV-W), formerly watermelon mosaic virus-1, is a major disease of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. The objectives of this study were (i) to screen the USDA watermelon germplasm collection for PRSV-W resistance, (ii) to verify the disease rating for the most resistant and most susceptible accessions, (iii) to determine the number of escapes on the basis of the retest of the germplasm screening test. The experiment was a randomized complete block with five replications and 1275 accessions. ‘Charleston Gray’ susceptible checks were used to verify that the PRSV-W inoculum was virulent. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed after the last rating to determine whether the virus was in the plant tissue. The PI accessions with the highest resistance to PRSV-W that also had resistance to other watermelon viruses (ZYMV, zucchini yellow mosaic virus or WMV, watermelon mosaic virus, formerly watermelon mosaic virus-2) were PI 244018, PI 244019, PI 255137, and PI 482299. The first retest of the most resistant 21 PI accessions showed that there were some escapes that were not resistant to PRSV-W. Of the 21 PI accessions in the retest, seven PI accessions were identified for further testing. Of the 60 resistant PI accessions in the final retest, eight had resistance with a rating of 3.6 or less for the best, average, and maximum ratings: PI 244017 (best over all tests), PI 244019, PI 482342, PI 482318, PI 485583, PI 482379, PI 595203, and PI 244018. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1324 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 1324-1330 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of NC99BGTAG11 wheat germplasm resistant to powdery mildew AU - Murphy, JP AU - Navarro, RA AU - Leath, S T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 4 p. 1382-1382 Registration of Germplasm Registration of NC99BGTAG11 Wheat Germplasm Resistant to Powdery Mildew J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.1382Citations: 7 Research supported in part by the North Carolina Small Grains Growers Association, Inc. Registration by CSSA. 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Originally published in The plant health instructor, February 1, 2002. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// IS - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isolation of a reovirus from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome and its pathogenicity in turkey poults AU - Heggen-Peay, CL AU - Qureshi, MA AU - Edens, FW AU - Sherry, B AU - Wakenell, PS AU - PH O'Connell, AU - Schat, KA T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an acute, infectious intestinal disease of turkey poults, characterized by high mortality and 100% morbidity, that decimated the turkey industry in the mid-1990s. The etiology of PEMS is not completely understood. This report describes the testing of various filtrates of fecal material from control and PEMS-affected poults by oral inoculation into poults under experimental conditions, the subsequent isolation of a reovirus, ARV-CU98, from one of the PEMS fecal filtrates, and in vivo and in vitro studies conducted to determine the pathogenicity of ARV-CU98 in turkey poults. In order to identify a filtrate fraction of fecal material containing a putative etiologic agent, poults were challenged in two independent experiments with 220- and 100-nm filtrates of fecal material from PEMS-negative and PEMS-positive poults. The 100-nm filtrate was chosen for further evaluation because poults inoculated with this filtrate exhibited mortality and significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) body weight and relative bursa weight, three clinical signs associated with PEMS. These results were confirmed in a third experiment with 100-nm fecal filtrates from a separate batch of PEMS fecal material. In Experiment 3, body weight and relative bursa and thymus weights were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in poults inoculated with 100-nm filtrate of PEMS fecal material as compared with poults inoculated with 100-nm filtrate of control fecal material. Subsequently, a virus was isolated from the 100-nm PEMS fecal filtrate and propagated in liver cells. This virus was identified as a reovirus on the basis of cross-reaction with antisera against avian reovirus (FDO strain) as well as by electrophoretic analysis and was designated ARV-CU98. When inoculated orally into poults reared under controlled environmental conditions in isolators, ARV-CU98 was associated with a higher incidence of thymic hemorrhaging and gaseous intestines. In addition, relative bursa and liver weights were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in virus-inoculated poults as compared with controls. Virus was successfully reisolated from virus-challenged poults but not from control birds. Furthermore, viral antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in liver sections from virus-challenged poults at 3 and 6 days postinfection and virus was isolated from liver at 6 days postinfection, suggesting that ARV-CU98 replicates in the liver. In addition to a decrease in liver weight, there was a functional degeneration as indicated by altered plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in virus poults as compared with controls. Although this reovirus does not induce fulminating PEMS, our results demonstrated that ARV-CU98 does cause some of the clinical signs in PEMS, including intestinal alterations and significantly lower relative bursa and liver weights. ARV-CU98 may contribute directly to PEMS by affecting the intestine, bursa, and liver and may contribute indirectly by increasing susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens that facilitate development of clinical PEMS. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0032:IOARFP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 32-47 SN - 0005-2086 KW - poult enteritis and mortality syndrome KW - reovirus KW - turkey KW - fecal filtrate ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes AU - Bulluck, LR AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT Soil fertility amendments, including composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, a rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizers, were applied to subplots and tillage on bare soil; or tillage followed by surface mulch with wheat straw were applied to main plots to determine the effect on the incidence of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, yield of processing tomato, and soil microbial communities. The amendment-tillage interaction was significant in 1997 and disease incidence was 67% in tilled bare soil receiving synthetic fertilizers; whereas disease incidence was 3, 12, and 16% in surface-mulched plots amended with a composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure. The amendment effect was significant in 1998, and disease incidence was 61% in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer and was 23, 44, and 53% in plots receiving cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or rye-vetch green manure, respectively. In 1997, yields were highest in tilled surface-mulched plots amended with synthetic fertilizers, cotton-gin trash, or swine manure, respectively. In 1998, yields were low in all plots and there were no significant differences in yield due to treatment. Propagule densities of antagonistic soil fungi in the genus Trichoderma were highest in soils amended with composted cotton-gin trash or swine manure in both years. Propagule densities of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil were higher in plots amended with organic amendments than with synthetic fertilizers in both years. Propagules densities of enteric bacteria were elevated in soils amended with raw swine manure biosolids in both years. Our research indicates that some organic amendments, such as cotton-gin trash, reduced the incidence of southern blight in processing tomato and also enhanced populations of beneficial soil microbes. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.181 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 181-189 SN - 0031-949X KW - organic agriculture KW - sustainable agriculture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of evaporation on thin film deposition in dip coating process AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Xiong, M T2 - INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AB - Evaporation from the free surface is an important phenomenon that occurs during dip coating process. Accounting for evaporation is crucial for correct prediction of film thickness during this process when evaporation rate is large. This paper suggests a method to extend the classical free meniscus theory to account for evaporation from the free surface in a two-component system. The governing equations are solved utilizing a finite difference method. The effects of evaporation on the free surface profile and solute concentration distribution are investigated. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/S0735-1933(01)00322-0 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 35-44 SN - 0735-1933 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dependence of microporosity formation on the direction of solidification AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Xiong, M T2 - INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AB - The aim of this paper is to suggest a new approach in the investigation of the effect of gravity on microporosity formation in solidification of binary alloys. Instead of traditional unidirectional solidification from the bottom, which involves solidification against the gravity, we suggest to carry out solidification from the top, which involves solidification along the gravity. Numerical modeling performed in this paper suggests an experimental study that compares the results of these two experiments, which potentially reveals some important data concerning the influence of gravity on microporosity formation and also could be used as a tool for validation of microporosity formation models. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/S0735-1933(01)00321-9 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 25-34 SN - 0735-1933 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulation of endo-acting glycosyl hydrolases in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima grown on glucan- and mannan-based polysaccharides AU - Chhabra, , SR AU - Shockley, KR AU - Ward, DE AU - Kelly, RM T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT The genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima encodes a number of glycosyl hydrolases. Many of these enzymes have been shown in vitro to degrade specific glycosides that presumably serve as carbon and energy sources for the organism. However, because of the broad substrate specificity of many glycosyl hydrolases, it is difficult to determine the physiological substrate preferences for specific enzymes from biochemical information. In this study, T. maritima was grown on a range of polysaccharides, including barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose, carob galactomannan, konjac glucomannan, and potato starch. In all cases, significant growth was observed, and cell densities reached 10 9 cells/ml. Northern blot analyses revealed different substrate-dependent expression patterns for genes encoding the various endo-acting β-glycosidases; these patterns ranged from strong expression to no expression under the conditions tested. For example, cel74 (TM0305), a gene encoding a putative β-specific endoglucananse, was strongly expressed on all substrates tested, including starch, while no evidence of expression was observed on any substrate for lam16 (TM0024), xyl10A (TM0061), xyl10B (TM0070), and cel12A (TM1524), which are genes that encode a laminarinase, two xylanases, and an endoglucanase, respectively. The cel12B (TM1525) gene, which encodes an endoglucanase, was expressed only on carboxymethyl cellulose. An extracellular mannanase encoded by man5 (TM1227) was expressed on carob galactomannan and konjac glucomannan and to a lesser extent on carboxymethyl cellulose. An unexpected result was the finding that the cel5A (TM1751) and cel5B (TM1752) genes, which encode putative intracellular, β-specific endoglucanases, were induced only when T. maritima was grown on konjac glucomannan. To investigate the biochemical basis of this finding, the recombinant forms of Man5 ( M r , 76,900) and Cel5A ( M r , 37,400) were expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. Man5, a T. maritima extracellular enzyme, had a melting temperature of 99°C and an optimun temperature of 90°C, compared to 90 and 80°C, respectively, for the intracellular enzyme Cel5A. While Man5 hydrolyzed both galactomannan and glucomannan, no activity was detected on glucans or xylans. Cel5A, however, not only hydrolyzed barley β-glucan, carboxymethyl cellulose, xyloglucan, and lichenin but also had activity comparable to that of Man5 on galactomannan and higher activity than Man5 on glucomannan. The biochemical characteristics of Cel5A, the fact that Cel5A was induced only when T. maritima was grown on glucomannan, and the intracellular localization of Cel5A suggest that the physiological role of this enzyme includes hydrolysis of glucomannan oligosaccharides that are transported following initial hydrolysis by extracellular glycosidases, such as Man5. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1128/AEM.68.2.545-554.2002 VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 545-554 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimization of activated sludge designs using genetic algorithms AU - Doby, TA AU - Loughlin, DH AU - Reyes, FL AU - Ducoste, JJ T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - We describe a framework in which a genetic algorithm (GA) and a static activated sludge (AS) treatment plant design model (WRC AS model) are used to identify low cost activated sludge designs that meet specified effluent limits (e.g. for BOD, N, and P). Once the user has chosen a particular process (Bardenpho, Biodenipho, UCT or SBR), this approach allows the parameterizations for each AS unit process to be optimized systematically and simultaneously. The approach is demonstrated for a wastewater treatment plant design problem and the GA-based performance is compared to that of a classical nonlinear optimization approach. The use of GAs for multiobjective problems such as AS design is demonstrated and their application for reliability-based design and alternative generation is discussed. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2166/wst.2002.0106 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 187-198 SN - 0273-1223 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000175103800019&KeyUID=WOS:000175103800019 KW - activated sludge KW - design KW - genetic algorithms KW - optimization KW - wastewater treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - A viral sampling design for testing the molecular clock and for estimating evolutionary rates and divergence times AU - Seo, TK AU - Thorne, JL AU - Hasegawa, M AU - Kishino, H T2 - BIOINFORMATICS AB - The high pace of viral sequence change means that variation in the times at which sequences are sampled can have a profound effect both on the ability to detect trends over time in evolutionary rates and on the power to reject the Molecular Clock Hypothesis (MCH). Trends in viral evolutionary rates are of particular interest because their detection may allow connections to be established between a patient's treatment or condition and the process of evolution. Variation in sequence isolation times also impacts the uncertainty associated with estimates of divergence times and evolutionary rates. Variation in isolation times can be intentionally adjusted to increase the power of hypothesis tests and to reduce the uncertainty of evolutionary parameter estimates, but this fact has received little previous attention.We provide approximations for the power to reject the MCH when the alternative is that rates change in a linear fashion over time and when the alternative is that rates differ randomly among branches. In addition, we approximate the standard deviation of estimated evolutionary rates and divergence times. We illustrate how these approximations can be exploited to determine which viral sample to sequence when samples representing different dates are available. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1093/bioinformatics/18.1.115 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 115-123 SN - 1367-4803 ER - TY - BOOK TI - A primer of genome science AU - Gibson, G. AU - Muse, S. V. CN - QH447 .G534 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Sunderland, MA: Sinauer SN - 0878932348 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - MICROBES AND INFECTION AB - The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, a devastating disease on potato that led to the Irish potato famine during 1845–1847. The disease is considered a reemerging problem and still causes major epidemics on both potato and tomato crops worldwide. Theories on the origin of the disease based on an examination of the genetic diversity and structure of P. infestans populations and use of historic specimens to understand modern day epidemics are discussed. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)00010-2 VL - 4 IS - 13 SP - 1369-1377 SN - 1286-4579 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036848765&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Phytophthora injestans KW - late blight of potatoes KW - plant disease epidemiology KW - ancient DNA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Listeria monocytogenes virulence and pathogenicity, a food safety perspective AU - Kathariou, S T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - Several virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes have been identified and extensively characterized at the molecular and cell biologic levels, including the hemolysin (listeriolysin O), two distinct phospholipases, a protein (ActA), several internalins, and others. Their study has yielded an impressive amount of information on the mechanisms employed by this facultative intracellular pathogen to interact with mammalian host cells, escape the host cell's killing mechanisms, and spread from one infected cell to others. In addition, several molecular subtyping tools have been developed to facilitate the detection of different strain types and lineages of the pathogen, including those implicated in common-source outbreaks of the disease. Despite these spectacular gains in knowledge, the virulence of L. monocytogenes as a foodborne pathogen remains poorly understood. The available pathogenesis and subtyping data generally fail to provide adequate insight about the virulence of field isolates and the likelihood that a given strain will cause illness. Possible mechanisms for the apparent prevalence of three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) in human foodborne illness remain unidentified. The propensity of certain strain lineages (epidemic clones) to be implicated in common-source outbreaks and the prevalence of serotype 4b among epidemic-associated stains also remain poorly understood. This review first discusses current progress in understanding the general features of virulence and pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes. Emphasis is then placed on areas of special relevance to the organism's involvement in human foodborne illness, including (i) the relative prevalence of different serotypes and serotype-specific features and genetic markers; (ii) the ability of the organism to respond to environmental stresses of relevance to the food industry (cold, salt, iron depletion, and acid); (iii) the specific features of the major known epidemic-associated lineages; and (iv) the possible reservoirs of the organism in animals and the environment and the pronounced impact of environmental contamination in the food processing facilities. Finally, a discussion is provided on the perceived areas of special need for future research of relevance to food safety, including (i) theoretical modeling studies of niche complexity and contamination in the food processing facilities; (ii) strain databases for comprehensive molecular typing; and (iii) contributions from genomic and proteomic tools, including DNA microarrays for genotyping and expression signatures. Virulence-related genomic and proteomic signatures are expected to emerge from analysis of the genomes at the global level, with the support of adequate epidemiologic data and access to relevant strains. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-65.11.1811 VL - 65 IS - 11 SP - 1811-1829 SN - 1944-9097 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America - List 26 - 2002 AU - Wehner, Todd T2 - HortScience DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.37.1.15 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 15–78 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Up-regulation of phosphoinositide metabolism in tobacco cells constitutively expressing the human type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase AU - Perera, IY AU - Love, J AU - Heilmann, I AU - Thompson, WF AU - Boss, WF T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - To evaluate the impact of suppressing inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) in plants, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells were transformed with the human type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (InsP 5-ptase), an enzyme which specifically hydrolyzes InsP(3). The transgenic cell lines showed a 12- to 25-fold increase in InsP 5-ptase activity in vitro and a 60% to 80% reduction in basal InsP(3) compared with wild-type cells. Stimulation with Mas-7, a synthetic analog of the wasp venom peptide mastoparan, resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in InsP(3) in both wild-type and transgenic cells. However, even with stimulation, InsP(3) levels in the transgenic cells did not reach wild-type basal values, suggesting that InsP(3) signaling is compromised. Analysis of whole-cell lipids indicated that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP(2)), the lipid precursor of InsP(3), was greatly reduced in the transgenic cells. In vitro assays of enzymes involved in PtdInsP(2) metabolism showed that the activity of the PtdInsP(2)-hydrolyzing enzyme phospholipase C was not significantly altered in the transgenic cells. In contrast, the activity of the plasma membrane PtdInsP 5 kinase was increased by approximately 3-fold in the transgenic cells. In vivo labeling studies revealed a greater incorporation of (32)P into PtdInsP(2) in the transgenic cells compared with the wild type, indicating that the rate of PtdInsP(2) synthesis was increased. These studies show that the constitutive expression of the human type I InsP 5-ptase in tobacco cells leads to an up-regulation of the phosphoinositide pathway and highlight the importance of PtdInsP(2) synthesis as a regulatory step in this system. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1104/pp.003426 VL - 129 IS - 4 SP - 1795-1806 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Response: The urbanization of North Carolina AU - Bardon, R. E. AU - Moorman, C. E. AU - Hamilton, R. A. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 57-58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimization of sample size and DNA extraction methods to improve PCR detection of different propagules of Phytophthora infestans AU - Wangsomboondee, T AU - Ristaino, JB T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive blight of potato tubers and foliage. A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been developed for detection of P. infestans in potato tubers. In this study, the effect of method of DNA extraction on different propagule types and the minimal number of propagules of P. infestans detectable by PCR were assessed using the PINF and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)5 primers. Sensitivity of the primers for PCR was high, and DNA was detectable at concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml. Zoospores and oospores responded differently to different extraction methods, whereas all extraction methods worked equally well for sporangia. Freeze-thaw DNA lysis, in which propagules were frozen at -80°C and thawed at 65°C three times for 15 min each, or direct PCR, in which propagules were placed directly in the reaction mix, were effective methods for PCR detection of sporangia or zoospores but were not effective methods for PCR detection of DNA in oospores of P. infestans. DNA from a single sporangium or oospore could be amplified by PCR after hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) or NaOH lysis extraction methods, whereas DNA from a single zoospore could be amplified by CTAB or direct PCR methods. “IsoCode” Stixs, used in forensic applications, were used to collect the pathogen from leaf and tuber lesions and provided another simple method to extract template DNA. PCR detection of the pathogen in infected tubers using PINF and ITS5 primers was compared to tissue isolation or visual observation. The probability of detection of P. infestans in infected tubers at 7 days post inoculation using the PCR assay, tissue isolation, or visual observation was 0.90, 0.80, and 0.75, respectively. The PINF and ITS5 primers provide a powerful tool for rapid and sensitive detection of zoospores, sporangia, and oospores of P. infestans when used with appropriate extraction methods, and could easily be deployed to reduce spread of the pathogen in potato tubers. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.247 VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 247-253 SN - 1943-7692 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036191533&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling the limits on the response of net carbon exchange to fertilization in a south-eastern pine forest AU - Lai, CT AU - Katul, G AU - Butnor, J AU - Siqueira, M AU - Ellsworth, D AU - Maier, C AU - Johnsen, K AU - Mckeand, S AU - Oren, R T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - Abstract Using a combination of model simulations and detailed measurements at a hierarchy of scales conducted at a sandhills forest site, the effect of fertilization on net ecosystem exchange ( NEE ) and its components in 6‐year‐old Pinus taeda stands was quantified. The detailed measurements, collected over a 20‐d period in September and October, included gas exchange and eddy covariance fluxes, sampled for a 10‐d period each at the fertilized stand and at the control stand. Respiration from the forest floor and above‐ground biomass was measured using chambers during the experiment. Fertilization doubled leaf area index (LAI) and increased leaf carboxylation capacity by 20%. However, this increase in total LAI translated into an increase of only 25% in modelled sunlit LAI and in canopy photosynthesis. It is shown that the same climatic and environmental conditions that enhance photosynthesis in the September and October periods also cause an increase in respiration The increases in respiration counterbalanced photosynthesis and resulted in negligible NEE differences between fertilized and control stands. The fact that total biomass of the fertilized stand exceeded 2·5 times that of the control, suggests that the counteracting effects cannot persist throughout the year. In fact, modelled annual carbon balance showed that gross primary productivity ( GPP ) increased by about 50% and that the largest enhancement in NEE occurred in the spring and autumn, during which cooler temperatures reduced respiration more than photosynthesis. The modelled difference in annual NEE between fertilized and control stands (approximately 200 1;g 2;C 3;m −2 y −1 ) suggest that the effect of fertilization was sufficiently large to transform the stand from a net terrestrial carbon source to a net sink. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00896.x VL - 25 IS - 9 SP - 1095-1119 SN - 1365-3040 KW - biosphere-atmosphere exchange KW - canopy carbon uptake KW - fertilization KW - net ecosystem exchange KW - turbulence modelling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linkage mapping of sex-specific differences AU - Wu, RL AU - Ma, CX AU - Wu, SS AU - Zeng, ZB T2 - GENETICAL RESEARCH AB - Most current linkage analyses assume identical fractions of meiotic recombination between homologous marker loci of the two sexes. This assumption is not realistic, because considerable sex-related differences have been observed in recombination fraction. In this paper, a general EM-based algorithm is presented to estimate sex-specific recombination fractions for a mixed set of molecular markers segregating differently in a full-sib family derived from two heterozygous parents. The asymptotic variances of the estimates of linkage specifically for each of the parents are evaluated using a numerical analysis based on information functions. This approach will have important implications for precise gene mapping based on sex-specific linkage maps. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1017/s0016672301005389 VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - 85-96 SN - 0016-6723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of fruit grade weights based on fruit number and total fruit weight in cucumber AU - Shetty, N. V. AU - Wehner, T. C. T2 - HortScience DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 1117-1121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of pituitary IGF-I receptors: modulation of prolactin and growth hormone AU - Fruchtman, S AU - McVey, DC AU - Borski, RJ T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AB - There have been no studies in any vertebrate that have localized insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors in prolactin (PRL) cells or that have correlated pituitary binding to the potency of IGF-I in regulating both PRL and growth hormone (GH) secretion. We show that IGF-I binds with high affinity and specificity to the pituitary gland of hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops). IGF-I and IGF-II were equipotent in inhibiting saturable (125)I-IGF-I binding, whereas insulin was ineffective. IGF-I binds with similar affinity to the rostral pars distalis (>95% PRL cells) as the whole pituitary gland and immunohistochemistry colocalizes IGF-I receptors and PRL in this same region. Des(1-3)IGF-I, a truncated analog of IGF-I that binds with high affinity to IGF-I receptors but weakly to IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBPs), showed a similar inhibition of saturable (125)I-IGF-I binding, but it was more potent than IGF-I in stimulating PRL and inhibiting GH release. These results are the first to localize IGF-I receptors to PRL cells, correlate IGF-I binding to its efficacy in regulating GH and PRL secretion, as well as demonstrate that IGFBPs may play a significant role in modulating the disparate actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH secretion. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1152/ajpregu.00511.2001 VL - 283 IS - 2 SP - R468-R476 SN - 1522-1490 KW - signal transduction KW - teleost KW - insulin-like growth factor binding proteins KW - Morone KW - secretion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Annual shoot growth components related to growth of Pinus brutia AU - Isik, F AU - Isik, K AU - Yildirim, T AU - Li, BL T2 - TREE PHYSIOLOGY AB - Shoot elongation patterns of Pinus brutia Ten. were studied in six natural populations and 10 open-pollinated families within each population. The data were collected from a provenance-progeny trial that was thinned at Ages 13 and 17 years. Annual height increment was partitioned into first flush (spring shoot) and subsequent flushes (summer shoots) and the contribution of each to annual height increment was measured from Ages 7 to 17. Spring shoot elongation patterns were similar in all populations and families for 9 out of 10 years. In contrast, at all ages, populations differed significantly in total summer shoot growth and number of summer flushes. Families within populations differed in number of summer flushes in 7 out of 10 years. Summer shoot growth was the major cause of the differences in annual height growth among the six populations. Significant and high correlations were observed between summer shoot growth at Ages 7 to 12 and height at Age 13. A population from near the middle of the species' altitudinal range had more summer flushes than populations from higher or lower elevations, indicating an opportunistic growth pattern. Compared with mid-elevation populations, low- and high-elevation populations had more conservative growth patterns that depended mainly on growth of spring shoots. We conclude that summer shoot growth can serve as an explanatory variable to predict height growth of populations. Differences in shoot elongation patterns among Pinus brutia populations may be useful for selecting seed sources and for gene conservation programs. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1093/treephys/22.1.51 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 51-58 SN - 0829-318X KW - adaptation KW - first flush KW - growth cycles KW - shoot elongation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling epistasis of quantitative trait loci using Cockerham's model AU - Kao, C. H. AU - Zeng, Z. B. T2 - Genetics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 160 IS - 3 SP - 1243-1261 ER -