TY - JOUR TI - Struggling for freedom AU - Gastrow, C. T2 - Safundi AB - The author explores the divestment activism at UIUC between the years 1977 and 1987, and in the process highlights the central arguments and themes that arose as the movement developed. In particular the author stresses issues that became salient during the movement's existence: the proper role of a university in society, the moral grounds for divestment, issues of democracy within the university, and racism on campus. In highlighting the intense debate and activity that took place at UIUC, this study remembers a forgotten historical development in the history of the university, and, by providing a micro-study of one particular grass-roots group and its achievements, plays a small part in countering the “great man” historical approach that threatens to skew the historical record by ignoring the significant impact of grassroots organizations in the U.S. anti-apartheid movement DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1080/17533170500306403 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 1-26 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85007838842&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Risk and Recruitment: Patterns of Social Movement Mobilization in a Government Town AU - Shriver, Thomas E. T2 - Environmental Sociology: From Analysis to Action A2 - King, Leslie A2 - McCarthy, Deborah PY - 2005/// SP - 341–356 PB - Rowman and Littlefield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contested Environmental Hazards and Community Conflict Over Relocation* AU - Shriver, Thomas E. AU - Kennedy, Dennis K. T2 - Rural Sociology AB - Abstract The majority of the literature on contaminated communities indicates that environmental hazards lead to conflict and dissension. In this paper we examine the salient dimensions of conflict and factionalism in a rural Oklahoma community. The community is heavily contaminated from 80 years of commercial mining operations and was one of the first sites designated on the Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund List in 1983. Despite two decades of remediation efforts, the community remains polluted with lead and other heavy metals. Based on in-depth interviews with community residents, observation, and document analysis, we find that the community has splintered into two competing groups over the environmental controversy. One faction of the community supports a federally sponsored relocation campaign, while the other has organized to oppose relocation. The results of our study indicate that the contentious split is centered around the ambiguity of harm associated with the contamination, conflicting economic concerns, and variations in community attachment. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1526/003601105775012679 VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 491-513 LA - en OP - SN - 0036-0112 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1526/003601105775012679 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Classic and postclassic chipped stone at Xaltocan AU - Millhauser, John K T2 - Production and Power at Postclassic Xaltocan PY - 2005/// SP - 267-318 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Joking cultures: Humor themes as social regulation in group life AU - Fine, G.A. AU - De Soucey, M. T2 - Humor AB - Abstract Every interacting social group develops, over time, a joking culture: a set of humorous references that are known to members of the group to which members can refer and that serve as the basis of further interaction. Joking, thus, has a historical, retrospective, and reflexive character. We argue that group joking is embedded, interactive, and referential, and these features give it power within the group context. Elements of the joking culture serve to DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1515/humr.2005.18.1.1 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 1-22 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-23844485265&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of Informal Job Matching across the Life Course: Entry-Level, Reentry-Level, and Elite Non-Searching* AU - McDonald, Steve T2 - Sociological Inquiry AB - The character and outcomes of informal job matching vary at different stages during people's lives. This is illustrated through an examination of non-searchers—people who get their jobs without searching thanks to receiving unsolicited information about job openings. Examining data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I identify three distinct patterns of non-searching. Early in the work career, “entry-level” non-searchers acquire their first few jobs often while still in school. During the mid-career, “reentry-level” non-searchers tend to be women with little work experience who have been out of the labor market taking care of family responsibilities. Finally, “elite” non-searchers tend to be male, highly experienced in their field, with very short gaps between employment. All three lack an economic urgency to get a job, but only the elite non-searchers match prevailing assumptions of non-searchers as the best connected and most advantaged workers. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating a life course perspective into the study of informal job matching. DA - 2005/8// PY - 2005/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1475-682x.2005.00128.x VL - 75 IS - 3 SP - 403-428 J2 - Sociological Inquiry LA - en OP - SN - 0038-0245 1475-682X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2005.00128.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Biomedical Legacy in Minority Health Policy-Making, 1975–2002 AU - Halfmann, Drew AU - Rude, Jesse AU - Ebert, Kim T2 - Research in the Sociology of Health Care AB - Through content analysis, the study traces the relative prominence of “biomedical” and “public health” approaches in congressional bills aimed at improving the health of racial and ethnic minorities over a 28-year period. It documents a surge of interest in minority health during the late 1980s and early 1990s and highlights the dominance of biomedical initiatives during this period. Drawing on historical methods and interviews with key informants, the paper explains these patterns by detailing the ways in which policy legacies shaped the interests, opportunities, and ideas of interest groups and policy-makers. PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/s0275-4959(05)23012-0 SP - 245-275 PB - Emerald (MCB UP ) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0275-4959(05)23012-0 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for violence against teenage retail workers in the United States AU - Runyan, Carol W. AU - Bowling, J. Michael AU - Schulman, Michael AU - Gallagher, Susan Scavo T2 - Journal of Adolescent Health AB - Purpose To examine the working conditions of teenagers in five sites, examining the presence of factors associated with workplace violence and considering workers’ concerns about safety and training to deal with violent circumstances. Methods Teenage workers, aged 14–17 years, with employment experience in retail industries in five sites (North Carolina; Brockton, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Oakland, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) were questioned. Data in North Carolina were collected by telephone interview. Parallel data from the other sites were obtained using self-administered questionnaires in schools. Results Teenage retail workers report experiences that include working alone, at night, and/or without supervisors present. Training about angry customers, robbery, and sexual harassment is less than complete. Yet, teenage retail workers express few concerns about safety. Conclusions Most teenagers work while attending high school, with over half employed in the retail trades. Those working in retail experience higher rates of workplace violence than other workers, mostly during robberies. Working alone and at night are risk factors for violent victimization. Findings indicate areas of potential improvement in child labor practices, particularly with respect to training and supervision. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.07.006 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 267.e1-267.e5 J2 - Journal of Adolescent Health LA - en OP - SN - 1054-139X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.07.006 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Fields of Power, Forests of Discontent: Culture, Conservation, and the State in Mexico AU - Haenn, N. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// PB - University of Arizona Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Nature of Leadership in Ohio Hopewellian Societies Role Segregation and the Transformation from Shamanism AU - Carr, Christopher AU - Case, D. Troy T2 - GATHERING HOPEWELL: SOCIETY, RITUAL, AND RITUAL INTERACTION DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1007/0-387-27327-1_5 SP - 177-237 SN - 1568-2722 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pedal symphalangism in modern American and Japanese skeletons AU - Case, DT AU - Heilman, J T2 - HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY AB - Pedal symphalangism is a surprisingly common heritable trait of the human foot. In individuals exhibiting the trait, the joint between the intermediate and distal phalanges of one or more lateral toes never develops, resulting in toes with two phalanges rather than three. This study was undertaken to explore variation in the frequency of pedal symphalangism among groups with widely different geographic ancestry, and to consider the applicability of this trait to skeletal biological distance studies. A total of 460 Euro-American, 191 African-American and 99 Japanese skeletons were examined for presence of pedal symphalangism. The American individuals date to the first half of the 20th c, while the Japanese individuals date to the late 19th and early 20th c. Although the country of ancestry is unknown for most of the American individuals, the Euro-Americans appear to be largely northern European, with roots in Germany, Ireland and Scandinavia, while the African-Americans are primarily descendants of slaves with roots in west African countries such as Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Sierra Leone. Frequencies of fifth toe pedal symphalangism were calculated and compared among all three samples and found to be significantly higher in modern Japanese (83.7%) than in either Euro-Americans (46.4%) or African-Americans (44.0%). The Euro- and African-American frequencies were statistically indistinguishable for symphalangism of the fifth toe. In the fourth toe, however, the opposite result was found. The African-American frequency (7.9%) was significantly higher than the Euro-American frequency (2.6%), while no difference was found between the African-Americans and Japanese (11.7%). Since fourth toe pedal symphalangism has never been observed in the absence of fifth toe involvement, some of the same genes are clearly involved in producing the trait in both toes. However, differences in the pattern of fourth and fifth toe expression among the three groups identified in this study suggest that additional genetic or developmental factors may play a role in expression of pedal symphalangism in each of the toes. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.jchb.2004.08.002 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 251-262 SN - 0018-442X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition: Evidence of significant differences in tarsal coalition frequency AU - Burnett, S. E. AU - Case, D. T. T2 - Foot (Edinburgh, Scotland) AB - The relatively large number of naviculo-cuneiform I cases reported from Japan, and their rarity in American and European clinical literature, suggests that populations may vary in tarsal coalition frequency [Kumai T, Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Tamai S. Isolated first naviculocuneiform joint coalition. Foot Ankle Int 1996;17:635–40]. Our objective is to test for significant differences in naviculo-cuneiform I coalition frequency between geographically distinct populations. Skeletal remains from one African sample and two samples of European ancestry were analyzed. Fisher's Exact tests [Uitenbroek DG. Fisher Exact [online]. 2000 [cited 2004 March 10]. Available from: URL: http://home.clara.net/sisa/fisher.htm] were employed to identify sample differences (α = 0.05). Six cases of naviculo-cuneiform I coalition were identified in the African sample; no cases were found in the Danish or American samples. Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition was significantly more prevalent in South African Bantu than in medieval Danes (p = 0.014; 1 − β = 0.70) or the combined sample of European ancestry (p = 0.003; 1 − β = 0.83). Given the sample sizes studied, a statistical difference was not found between the American and South African samples (p = 0.087; 1 − β = 0.52). Population differences in naviculo-cuneiform I coalition are clinically relevant since tarsal coalition may be symptomatic and associated with other abnormalities. Carpal coalition and transposition of the maxillary canine and first premolar were each found to be significantly associated with naviculo-cuneiform I coalition. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/j.foot.2005.02.006 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 80-85 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Frequency and form of the supracondylar process among ancient Nubians AU - Case, D. T. AU - Burnett, S. E. T2 - Journal of Paleopathology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 17-27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identity stakes, manhood acts, and the dynamics of accountability AU - Schwalbe, Michael T2 - STUDIES IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTION, VOL 28 AB - By the term “identity stakes” I mean all the side bets (Becker, 1960) that ride on being able to convince an audience that we are who and what we claim to be. These stakes are both material and psychic. Getting a monthly paycheck from my university depends on having convinced a host of people in that organization that I am indeed Michael Schwalbe, professor of sociology. Many more side bets ride on getting that check every month. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1016/S0163-2396(04)28010-3 VL - 28 SP - 65-81 SN - 0163-2396 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practices and perceptions of school integrated pest management by North Carolina pest-management professionals AU - Nalyanya, G. W. AU - Lilley, S. C. AU - Linker, H. M. AU - Waldvogel, M. G. T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 203-215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Race and workplace integration - A politically mediated process? AU - Stainback, K AU - Robinson, CL AU - Tomaskovic-Devey, D T2 - AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST AB - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 stands as one of the greatest achievements in U.S. history. Although the law made discrimination illegal, its effectiveness, especially Title VII covering the employment domain, remains highly contested. The authors argue that legal shifts produce workplace racial integration only to the extent that there are additional political pressures on firms to desegregate. They examine fluctuating national political pressure to enforce equal employment opportunity law and affirmative action mandates as key influences on the pace of workplace racial desegregation and explore trajectories of Black-White integration in U.S. workplaces since 1966. Their results show that although federal and state equal employment opportunity pressures had initial successes in reducing racial segregation in workplaces, little progress has been made since the early 1980s. They conclude that racial desegregation is an ongoing politically mediated process, not a natural or inevitable outcome of early civil rights movement victories. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1177/0002764205274816 VL - 48 IS - 9 SP - 1200-1228 SN - 1552-3381 KW - race KW - segregation KW - workplace KW - inequality KW - civil rights ER - TY - JOUR TI - The commercialization of intimate life: Notes from home and work AU - Risman, B. J. T2 - Contemporary Sociology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 128-131 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Challenges for rural America in the twenty-first century AU - Schulman, Michael T2 - Contemporary Sociology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1177/009430610503400239 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 172–173 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Race and the accumulation of human capital across the career: A theoretical model and fixed-effects application AU - Tomaskovic-Devey, D AU - Thomas, M AU - Johnson, K T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AB - The authors develop an explicitly sociological variant on human capital theory, emphasizing that most human capital acquisition is a social product, not an individual investment decision. The authors apply this model to racial earnings inequality, focusing on how exposure to discrimination influences both human capital acquisition and earnings inequalities as they develop across the career. The authors estimate models of career earnings trajectories, which show flatter trajectories for black and Hispanic men relative to white men, partial mediation by human capital acquired inside the labor market, and much larger race/ethnic career inequalities among the highly educated. DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1086/431779 VL - 111 IS - 1 SP - 58-89 SN - 0002-9602 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grounds for agreement: The political economy of the coffee commodity chain AU - Leiter, J T2 - CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1177/009430610503400624 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 639-640 SN - 0094-3061 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Double jeopardy: Adolescent offenders with mental disorders AU - Hiday, V. A. T2 - Contemporary Sociology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 547-548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Depression and law violation: Gendered responses to gendered stresses AU - De Coster, S T2 - SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AB - This article unites arguments from the sociology of mental health, criminology, and the sociology of gender to explore the role of gender in the stress process. The author proposes that gender acts upon the stress process in three ways. First, males and females may report exposure to different types of stresses. Second, males and females may be vulnerable to different types of stresses. Third, males and females may respond to stress in different ways—law violation versus depression. Arguments are tested about the relative importance of differential exposure versus differential vulnerability to various stresses for understanding the gender gaps in law violation and depression using the National Youth Survey, OLS regression, and Kessler's method for decomposing differences in exposure and vulnerability to stress. The results provide limited support for these arguments, suggesting that females report more exposure than do males to some communal stresses, whereas males report more exposure than do females to the agentic stresses included in this study. Vulnerability to these stresses also varies across gender, with females generally expressing greater vulnerability to communal stresses in the form of depression and males expressing greater vulnerability to agentic stresses in the form of law violation. Some deviations from this general pattern are discussed, and recommendations for future research follow. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// DO - 10.1525/sop.2005.48.2.155 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 155-187 SN - 1533-8673 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Becoming sinners: Christianity and moral torment in a Papua New Guinea Society AU - Jacka, J. K. T2 - Contemporary Sociology DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 518-519 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of the radiative strength function AU - Agvaanluvsan, U AU - Algin, E AU - Becker, JA AU - Guttormsen, M AU - Mitchell, GE AU - Siem, S AU - Schiller, A AU - Voinov, A T2 - NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS AB - The radiative strength function (RSF) is key for understanding nuclear reaction rates in areas ranging from astrophysics to radiochemical diagnostics. The RSF also provides a tool for understanding the characteristics of gamma-ray cascades. Unresolved transitions in nuclear deexcitation processes are best described by statistical properties such as the radiative strength function. The sequential extraction method developed at the Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory provides data for radiative strength functions for gamma-ray energies from 1 MeV to the neutron binding energy. The data are averaged over about 100 keV energy bin and normalized to the average total radiative width of neutron resonances. The radiative strength functions in all nuclei studied show a characteristic increase with increasing gamma-ray energy. However, the detailed structures in the radiative strength function for various nuclei show different behavior in various mass regions. In rare-earth nuclei, a resonance structure near 3 MeV is observed. For several lighter nuclei (A < 100), a large enhancement for low transition energies is observed. This unexpected phenomenon is not explained by existing theoretical models. Additional investigations using independent measurements are underway. The experiments and analysis methods will be described briefly. Experimental data for Fe, Sn, and Yb will be shown to illustrate the variety of behavior observed for the radiative strength function. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.081 VL - 241 IS - 1-4 SP - 180-184 SN - 0168-583X KW - radiative strength functions KW - pygmy resonance KW - nuclear statistical decay ER - TY - JOUR TI - For women, breadwinning can be dangerous: Gendered resource theory and wife abuse AU - Atkinson, MP AU - Greenstein, TN AU - Lang, MM T2 - JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY AB - To explain wife abuse, we offer a refinement of relative resource theory, gendered resource theory, which argues that the effect of relative resources is contingent upon husbands’ gender ideologies. We use data from the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households ( N = 4,296) to test three theories of wife abuse. Resource theory receives no support. Relative resource theory receives limited support. Gendered resource theory receives strong support. Wives’ share of relative incomes is positively related to likelihood of abuse only for traditional husbands. The findings suggest that both cultural and structural forces must be considered to understand marriage as a context for social interactions in which we create our gendered selves. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00206.x VL - 67 IS - 5 SP - 1137-1148 SN - 0022-2445 KW - culture KW - gender ideology KW - resource theory KW - structure KW - wife abuse ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fatherhood politics in the United States: Masculinity, sexuality, race, and marriage AU - Schwalbe, M T2 - CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS DA - 2005/7// PY - 2005/7// DO - 10.1177/009430610503400437 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 399-401 SN - 0094-3061 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exercising options: An assessment of the use of alternative sanctions for drug offenders AU - Gainey, RR AU - Steen, S AU - Engen, RL T2 - JUSTICE QUARTERLY AB - In this paper, we explore a relatively unexamined area of sentencing—the use of alternative sanctions. While researchers have discussed the potential uses and misuses of alternative sanctions, few have focused on who receives them and why. We argue that, while alternative sanctions have the potential to be useful tools, they also open “windows of discretion” that may disadvantage certain groups. We use quantitative and qualitative data from Washington State to explore how alternative sanctions are applied in cases involving felony drug offenders. The results of quantitative analyses are largely consistent with current theories of sentencing in that court officials rely heavily on indicators of danger and blameworthiness in determining when to apply alternative sanctions. Qualitative analyses, however, suggest that decisions about alternative sanctions are complex, and that court officials’ beliefs about the fairness and efficacy of sentencing options influence the extent to which they will use available alternatives. Implications for criminal justice theory, public policy, and future research are discussed. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1080/07418820500219219 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 488-520 SN - 1745-9109 KW - exercising options KW - alternative sanctions KW - drug offenders ER - TY - JOUR TI - 'Blacks and bubbas': Stereotypes, ideology, and categorization processes in restaurant servers' discourse AU - Mallinson, C AU - Brewster, ZW T2 - DISCOURSE & SOCIETY AB - Individuals employ general, cognitively grounded categorization processes to form expectations for interactions with members of other social groups. Such categorizations sometimes surface in the form of racial, ethnic, or other stereotypes. But although much literature describes and/or tests the cognitive nature of stereotyping and categorization, less investigates how stereotypes and categories are formed in casual interaction, through casual discourse. This article analyzes data from 15 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with restaurant servers to investigate how they categorize customers by drawing on racial stereotypes and stereotypes related to class and/or cultural capital to produce two types of discriminatory discourse: ‘racetalk’ and what we term ‘regiontalk’. Our analyses suggest potential differences in the servers’ processes of categorization according to patron type, which we interpret with regard to the larger context of racism and classism in contemporary U.S. society. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1177/0957926505056664 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 787-807 SN - 1460-3624 KW - critical discourse analysis KW - dialect prejudice KW - discourse KW - discourse analysis KW - discrimination KW - prejudice KW - racetalk KW - racism KW - racist discourse KW - redneck ER - TY - JOUR TI - Employment transitions and the household division of labor in China AU - Chen, FA T2 - SOCIAL FORCES AB - Highlighting one aspect of the economic transition in China (industrialization), this article focuses on how a change in employment from an agricultural to a non-agricultural job could change the household division of labor. Longitudinal analysis of data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey showed that such job shifts affected the household division of labor in different directions and magnitude, depending upon which spouse changed jobs. If the husband changed from an agricultural to a non-agricultural job, he cut back on housework, thereby increasing the difference in the number of hours of housework each spouse performed. If the wife experienced such a job change, the reduction in her housework hours was twice that of her husband's, reducing the difference between their shares of household duties. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1353/sof.2006.0010 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 831-851 SN - 0037-7732 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emplacement and millennial expectations in an era of development and globalization: Heaven and the appeal of Christianity for the Ipili AU - Jacka, J. K. T2 - American Anthropologist DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// VL - 107 IS - 4 SP - 643-653 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The sociologically examined life: Pieces of the conversation. (3rd ed.) AU - Schwalbe, M. L. CN - HM511 .S34 2005 DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// PB - Boston: McGraw-Hill SN - 0072825790 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The stratification puzzle: An active-learning exercise in hard work and success AU - Wills, JB AU - Brewster, ZW AU - Fulkerson, GM T2 - TEACHING SOCIOLOGY AB - Dans cet article, l'A decrit et evalue un exercice d'apprentissage actif visant a la comprehension par les etudiants de sociologie de la stratification sociale. Le but de l'exercice est de faire prendre conscience aux etudiants americains que l'ideologie de la meritocratie ne suffit pas a la reussite sociale et professionnelle DA - 2005/10// PY - 2005/10// DO - 10.1177/0092055X0503300405 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 389-395 SN - 0092-055X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Self-control, criminal motivation and deterrence: An investigation using Russian respondents AU - Tittle, CR AU - Botchkovar, EV T2 - CRIMINOLOGY AB - With data from respondents in Nizhni Novgorod, Russia, we address the generality of self-control theory. We also assess two hypotheses. The first focuses on the attractiveness of criminal acts, that is, motivation toward crime. The second concerns the contention that the mediating link between self-control and criminal conduct is the failure of those with less self-control to anticipate the long-term costs of misbehavior. Although the magnitude of associations between self-control and indicators of criminal behavior is about the same in this study as it is in others, which suggests that the theory is not culturally bound, those associations are largely overshadowed by criminal attraction. Consistent with that, failure to anticipate costly long-term consequences does not appear to be the mediating link between self-control and criminal behavior: the evidence shows no tendency for sanction fear to be greater among those with greater self-control. In fact, sanction fear is modestly and significantly related to the crime measures independent of self-control, though sanction fear also appears to be influenced by criminal attraction. The results suggest that in the production of criminal behavior, motivation may be more important than controls inhibiting criminal impulses. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00010.x VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 307-353 SN - 1745-9125 KW - self-control KW - deterrence KW - criminal motivation KW - Russia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Images of danger and culpability: Racial stereotyping, case processing, and criminal sentencing AU - Steen, S AU - Engen, RL AU - Gainey, RR T2 - CRIMINOLOGY AB - In this paper we argue that the meaning of race in criminal justice decision making will vary depending on other offender and offense characteristics, and that differences in treatment within races may therefore be as large as differences between races. We find that, among adult drug offenders from Washington State, those white offenders who most closely resemble the stereotype of a dangerous drug offender receive significantly harsher treatment than other white offending groups, while among black offenders, it is the defendants who least resemble a dangerous drug offender who receive substantially different—in this case, less punitive—treatment than other black offenders. That is, the exceptions are made for the most serious and the least serious offenders. We discuss the implications of these findings. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00013.x VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 435-468 SN - 0011-1384 KW - racial disparities in punishment KW - drug offenders KW - stereotyping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Visibility matters: increasing knowledge of women's contributions to ecology AU - Damschen, EI AU - Rosenfeld, KM AU - Wyer, M AU - Murphy-Medley, D AU - Wentworth, TR AU - Haddad, NM T2 - FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AB - Recent scholarship about women and science is a good source of material for addressing the under-representation of women in science. This review is the result of an interdisciplinary fusion of science and women's studies to critically assess teaching tools in undergraduate ecology education. We examine: (1) the representation of women and the coverage of social and cultural context in introductory ecology textbooks, and (2) student learning about women's contributions to ecology. Discipline demographics reveal that women are presented in textbooks less often than expected, and that explicit discussions of the social and cultural context of science are rare. When course content is enriched with material about women's contributions, student's awareness of women scientists improves. Such knowledge can play a critical role in proactively challenging students' perceptions of ecology and ecologists, creating a more positive classroom climate for all students, and introducing novel avenues of questioning and discovery. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.2307/3868465 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 212-219 SN - 1540-9309 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Residential patterns of parents and their married children in contemporary China: A life course approach AU - Chen, FN T2 - POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW DA - 2005/4// PY - 2005/4// DO - 10.1007/s11113-004-6371-9 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 125-148 SN - 1573-7829 KW - parental residence KW - living arrangements KW - family change in China ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adequacy of health and safety training among young Latino construction workers AU - T O'Connor, AU - Loomis, D AU - Runyan, C AU - Santo, JA AU - Schulman, M T2 - JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE AB - Objectives: This study aimed to assess the adequacy of safety training provided to young Latino immigrant construction workers. The study posited that, because of their youth and immigrant status, these workers would be less likely to receive adequate training. Methods: We interviewed 50 youths aged ≤21 who had worked at least 10 days in construction in the previous year. The in-person interview included 140 questions covering a range of construction work and health and safety experiences. Results: Participants reported performing a range of hazardous tasks, some while under the age of 18. Of these, 68% to 72% reported receiving some training, but median training time was only 1 hour. Only 24% reported receiving written training material. Those with less English ability received less training. Conclusions: Young Latino immigrants in this study received inadequate training given the hazardous work they performed. Clinical Significance: Results of this research, especially the relatively low level of English communication skills among young Latino workers, point to the need for increased bilingual services not just in worker safety training programs, but also in medical clinics and emergency rooms that treat Latino workers. DA - 2005/3// PY - 2005/3// DO - 10.1097/01.jom.0000150204.12937.f5 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 272-277 SN - 1536-5948 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studying race or ethnic and sex segregation at the establishment level - Methodological issues and substantive opportunities using EEO-1 reports AU - Robinson, CL AU - Taylor, T AU - Tomaskovic-Devey, D AU - Zimmer, C AU - Irvin, MW T2 - WORK AND OCCUPATIONS AB - Scholars of employment segregation now recognize that gender, race, and class processes are mutually constitutive. Coupled with new data-collection strategies, understanding of the organization of work and distribution of inequality will improve. The authors explore the strengths and weaknesses of longitudinal establishment data collected by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), comparing these to other data used to study workplace status processes. Findings both confirm and dispute well-known occupation-based analyses of workplace segregation and lead to similar substantive conclusions. EEOC data are useful for discovering trends in segregation, for locating segregation in spatial, temporal, and industrial contexts, and for combining with organizational data to uncover mechanisms. DA - 2005/2// PY - 2005/2// DO - 10.1177/0730888404272008 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 5-38 SN - 1552-8464 KW - sex KW - gender KW - race KW - workplace KW - segregation KW - inequality KW - stratification KW - status stratification ER - TY - BOOK TI - Designing surveys: A guide to decisions and procedures AU - Czaja, R. AU - Blair, J. CN - HA31.2 .C93 2005 DA - 2005/// PY - 2005/// PB - Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press SN - 076192745X ER - TY - JOUR TI - The generality and hegemony of self-control theory: A comparison of Russian and US adults AU - Tittle, CR AU - Botchkovar, EV T2 - SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AB - Abstract Unique data from residents of Nizhni Novgorod, Russia, are used to address issues about self-control. They provide some support for the generality claims of the theory, that self-control is associated with criminal behavior regardless of the cultural context, but evidence concerning the idea that self-control explains associations between standard predictive variables and crime is mixed. The analyses reveal a general association between self-control and indicators of criminal behavior that is consistent with that shown by the collective body of evidence. However, criminal opportunity (and in most instances deviant peer association) is found to predict the indicators of misbehavior as well as or perhaps better than, and independently of, self-control. Moreover, self-control only partially renders relationships between well known predictive variables and crime spurious. Thus, these results from an unusual cultural context confirm that self-control is at least a modest but persistent predictor of indicators of criminal conduct. However, self-control does not appear to be as potent as the authors of self-control theory contend and it may not even be as important as criminal opportunity, a variable that some have interpreted as a precondition for the operation of self-control in accounting for criminal/deviant behavior, or deviant peer association. DA - 2005/12// PY - 2005/12// DO - 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.12.003 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 703-731 SN - 1096-0317 KW - self-control KW - Russia KW - generality KW - explanation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crime, shame and reintegration in Russia AU - Botchkovar, EV AU - Tittle, CR T2 - THEORETICAL CRIMINOLOGY AB - We address individual-level hypotheses from Braithwaite’s shaming theory using Russian survey data. The results are mixed. Disintegrative shaming is associated with future misconduct, but being reintegratively shamed is also positively predictive of projected crime/deviance while participating in gossip is unrelated to future deviance. Interdependency does not seem to enhance the effects of shaming variables. In addition, guilt and fear of losing respect from others for potential misbehavior do not seem to be related to past shaming experiences nor do they mediate supposed relationships between past shaming experiences and misconduct. These results, in conjunction with the collective body of evidence already compiled, suggest that the theory may need further refinement. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005/11// DO - 10.1177/1362480605057726 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 401-442 SN - 1461-7439 KW - guilt KW - informal sanctions KW - reintegrative shaming KW - Russia KW - shaming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Religion, stress, and mental health in adolescence: Findings from add health AU - Nooney, JG T2 - REVIEW OF RELIGIOUS RESEARCH DA - 2005/6// PY - 2005/6// DO - 10.2307/3512165 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 341-354 SN - 2211-4866 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A dynamic model of racial competition, racial inequality, and interracial violence AU - McCall, PL AU - Parker, KF T2 - SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY AB - Race relations and stratification literatures offer explicit expectations concerning interracial conflict. Causal arguments derived from these perspectives are examined in this study to explore their ability to explain interracial violence above and beyond criminological perspectives of economic deprivation and racial inequality. The vast majority of previous aggregate-level studies on violence are cross-sectional, ignoring the importance of a dynamic model that incorporates the influence of changing structural conditions in urban areas on interracial violence. We explore theories that incorporate dynamic explanations for the influence of structural factors related to crime as well as racial conflict and employ a methodological approach that models the change in structural conditions for rare events such as interracial homicide. We find that changes between 1980 and 1990 in urban Black and Hispanic population composition, racial competition and racial inequality differentially explain the variation in White and Black interracial homicide offending. DA - 2005/5// PY - 2005/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2005.00122.x VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 273-293 SN - 0038-0245 ER -