TY - CHAP TI - The South and the 2000 Election: A Victory for Valence Issues AU - Kuzenski, John C. T2 - The 2000 Presidential Election in the South A2 - Steed, Robert P. A2 - Moreland, Laurence W. PY - 2001/// PB - Praeger ER - TY - CONF TI - Team teaching an MBA leadership course: Mechanisms for integrating internal and external faculty AU - Lowe, K.B. AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Holderness, C.D. AU - Weitzel, S.R. T2 - Annual meeting of the Academy of Management C2 - 2001/// CY - Washington DC DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/8// ER - TY - CONF TI - Culture’s consequences and leadership research: A quantitative review AU - Lowe, K.B. AU - Kirkman, B.L. T2 - Annual meeting of the Academy of Management C2 - 2001/// CY - Washington DC DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/8// ER - TY - CONF TI - The impact of cultural values on the relationship between team empowerment and team effectiveness: A four-country study AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Shapiro, D.L. T2 - Annual meeting of the Academy of Management C2 - 2001/// CY - Washington DC DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/8// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Anticipatory injustice: The consequences of expecting injustice in the workplace AU - Shapiro, D.L. AU - Kirkman, B.L. T2 - Advances in Organizational Justice A2 - Greenberg, J. A2 - Cropanzano, R. PY - 2001/// SP - 152–178 PB - Stanford University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - New York Power Authority Uses Decision Analysis to Schedule Refueling of Its Indian Point 3 Nuclear Power Plant AU - Dunning, Dennis J. AU - Lockfort, Steve AU - Ross, Quentin E. AU - Beccue, Phillip C. AU - Stonebraker, Jeffrey S. T2 - Interfaces AB - The New York Power Authority (NYPA) wanted to develop a 10-year schedule for refueling its Indian Point 3 Nuclear Power Plant (IP3) that balanced fish protection, which occurs when IP3 is shut down for refueling, and the costs of buying and loading fuel. We developed a decision analysis model to compare alternative strategies for refueling. It explicitly considered key uncertainties associated with future operation: how well IP3 operates, how long it takes to refuel, and when New York State is likely to deregulate the electric utility industry. The NYPA decision makers used the model to reinforce their choice of a refueling strategy. They were not surprised that more fish protection occurred with strategies that restricted the starting date for refueling to the third week in May, rather than allowing the starting date to float throughout the period from May through August. However, the decision makers were surprised that the more restrictive strategies also resulted in lower costs. DA - 2001/10// PY - 2001/10// DO - 10.1287/inte.31.5.121.9658 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 121-135 J2 - Interfaces LA - en OP - SN - 0092-2102 1526-551X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.31.5.121.9658 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Household preference revisions and decision making: The role of disconfirmation AU - Bohlmann, Jonathan D. AU - Qualls, William J. T2 - International Journal of Research in Marketing AB - In this paper, we examine the role of disconfirmation as an important determinant of household preference revisions and decision making. Although prior research has examined decision influence and information exchange in household decision making, the impact of disconfirmation on individual family member preferences and the joint household preference has not been explicitly studied. Analogous to the main types of social influence found within groups, we identify two types of disconfirmation that impact individual preferences arising from family interaction or discussion. These two types of disconfirmation are informational disconfirmation, related to new product information revealed in family discussion being different than one's prior beliefs, and preference disconfirmation, where a family member has incorrect expectations of the preferences of other influential household members. An empirical study involving a household vacation decision demonstrates significant disconfirmation effects in explaining individuals' post-discussion preferences, as well as the joint household preference and decision. Based on the empirical results, we discuss various implications and suggest future research to study the specific consequences of disconfirmation in household decisions. DA - 2001/12// PY - 2001/12// DO - 10.1016/s0167-8116(01)00043-x VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 319-339 J2 - International Journal of Research in Marketing LA - en OP - SN - 0167-8116 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8116(01)00043-x DB - Crossref KW - family decision malting KW - group behavior KW - disconfirmation ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of Team Members’ Cultural Values on Productivity, Cooperation, and Empowerment in Self-Managing Work Teams AU - Kirkman, Bradley L. AU - Shapiro, Debra L. T2 - Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology AB - Using a field survey of 81 self-managing work teams (SMWTs) in Belgium, Finland, the Philippines, and the United States, we examined the extent to which team members’ resistance to SMWTs mediated the relationships between team members’ cultural values and team effectiveness. Specifically, we found that teams higher, rather than lower, in collectivism were also more productive, cooperative, and empowered; and that these relationships were fully mediated by the level of team resistance to the team-related aspect of SMWTs. Also, we found that teams that were more, rather than less, doing-oriented were also more empowered, and that this relationship was fully mediated by the level of team resistance to the self-managing aspect of SMWTs. The findings suggest that it may behoove managers who are charged with implementing SMWTs to pay close attention to the predominant cultural values inherent in the teams they lead. Additional practical and theoretical implications are discussed. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1177/0022022101032005005 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 597-617 J2 - Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0221 1552-5422 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005005 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL VALUES ON JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN SELF-MANAGING WORK TEAMS: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF EMPLOYEE RESISTANCE. AU - Kirkman, B. L. AU - Shapiro, D. L. T2 - Academy of Management Journal AB - Using a field survey of 461 self-managing work team members in four countries, we examined: (1) whether employee resistance to such teams mediated the relationships between employee cultural values and job attitudes and (2) whether the value-resistance relationships were stronger in some countries than in others. Results show that resistance mediated the cultural value-job attitude relationships, sometimes fully and sometimes partially, depending on which type of resistance (to teams or to self-management) and which type of cultural value was being examined. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. DA - 2001/6/1/ PY - 2001/6/1/ DO - 10.2307/3069370 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 557-569 J2 - Academy of Management Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0001-4273 1948-0989 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069370 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - “Exporting” teams AU - Kirkman, Bradley L AU - Gibson, Cristina B AU - Shapiro, Debra L T2 - Organizational Dynamics DA - 2001/6// PY - 2001/6// DO - 10.1016/s0090-2616(01)00038-9 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 12-29 J2 - Organizational Dynamics LA - en OP - SN - 0090-2616 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-2616(01)00038-9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Culture and Procedural Justice: The Influence of Power Distance on Reactions to Voice AU - Brockner, Joel AU - Ackerman, Grant AU - Greenberg, Jerald AU - Gelfand, Michele J. AU - Francesco, Anne Marie AU - Chen, Zhen Xiong AU - Leung, Kwok AU - Bierbrauer, Gunter AU - Gomez, Carolina AU - Kirkman, Bradley L. AU - Shapiro, Debra T2 - Journal of Experimental Social Psychology AB - A central premise of the procedural justice literature—based on studies conducted mainly in the United States—is that people react unfavorably when they have little voice in a decision-making process. The studies reported here evaluated whether the magnitude of voice effects varies across cultures. As predicted, Studies 1–3 showed that the tendency for people to respond less favorably (i.e., with lower organizational commitment) to lower levels of voice was greater in low power distance cultures (United States and Germany) than in high power distance cultures (People's Republic of China, Mexico, and Hong Kong). And in a single cultural setting, Study 4 found a similar interactive effect of voice and people's power distance beliefs on employees' work attitudes and job performance. Theoretical implications for the justice and cross-cultural literatures are discussed, as are practical implications and suggestions for future research. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1006/jesp.2000.1451 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 300-315 J2 - Journal of Experimental Social Psychology LA - en OP - SN - 0022-1031 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2000.1451 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - ASSESSING THE INCREMENTAL VALIDITY OF TEAM CONSENSUS RATINGS OVER AGGREGATION OF INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL DATA IN PREDICTING TEAM EFFECTIVENESS AU - Kirkman, Bradley L. AU - Tesluk, Paul E. AU - Rosen, Benson T2 - Personnel Psychology AB - Using data collected from 98 work teams, empowerment levels were assessed based on the aggregation of individual team member ratings as well as on a team consensus approach utilized after aggregation. These 2 methods of measuring team empowerment were then compared on their ability to predict manager ratings of team effectiveness on 4 dimensions. Findings demonstrated that the consensus method of measuring team empowerment explained significantly greater variance in team effectiveness than did the aggregation method alone. We discuss implications for team research and practice based on these findings and include a discussion on when using consensus after aggregation may be most appropriate. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00226.x VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 645-667 LA - en OP - SN - 0031-5826 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00226.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technology and the wage structure AU - Allen, SG T2 - JOURNAL OF LABOR ECONOMICS AB - This article reports direct evidence on how technological change is related to changes in wage gaps by schooling, experience, and gender. Wage gaps by schooling increased the most in industries with rising R&D intensity and accelerating growth in the capital‐labor ratio. Estimates of their relationship to high‐tech capital are inconclusive. Contrary to popular notions that technological change harms older workers, wage growth of experienced workers is much greater in R&D‐intensive industries than in industries with little R&D activity. The gender gap narrowed more in industries that most intensively used high‐tech capital in 1979. DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1086/319567 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 440-483 SN - 0734-306X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035593297&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - To retire or not?: Retirement policy and practice in higher education AU - Clark, R. L. AU - Hammond, P. B. CN - LB2334 .T6 2001 DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// PB - Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press SN - 081223572X ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of a new phased retirement option on faculty retirement decisions AU - Ghent, LS AU - Allen, SG AU - Clark, RL T2 - RESEARCH ON AGING AB - Life-cycle theory suggests that workers would prefer to gradually enter retirement from their career jobs. Using data from 15 campuses of the University of North Carolina system, this study provides a first look at the effects of the introduction of a phased retirement program on faculty retirement decisions. The authors’ analysis indicates that most of the faculty members choosing phased retirement would have likely remained full-time at their universities if the phased retirement option had not been available. DA - 2001/11// PY - 2001/11// DO - 10.1177/0164027501236003 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - 671-693 SN - 0164-0275 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034781270&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thick electrodes for high frequency high Q tunable ferroelectric thin film varactors AU - Stauf, G. T. AU - Ragaglia, C. AU - Roeder, J. F. AU - Vestyck, D. AU - Maria, J. P. AU - Ayguavives, T. AU - Kingon, A. AU - Mortazawi, A. AU - Tombak, A. T2 - Integrated Ferroelectrics AB - Abstract Thin film barium strontium titanate (BST) shows great promise for voltage tunable dielectric devices for use at RF and microwave frequencies. An MOCVD process has been developed for production of BST, resulting in films with very low losses (as low as 0.002–0.004) and tunabilities over 50% at low operation voltages. With these values of BST loss, overall device quality factors at RF (100 MHz+) frequencies are primarily limited by losses in the thin metal electrodes, such as Pt, normally used for ferroelectric thin films. The bottom electrode in parallel plate capacitor structures is particularly challenging, since it must provide a good growth surface for BST and be stable at high (>600 °C) growth temperatures in an oxidizing atmosphere yet have high conductivity and compatibility with Si or SiO2/Si substrates. These challenges have previously prevented use of Pt thicknesses over 0.1–0.2 urn. Our solution to this problem, involves combinations of adhesion layers at the Pt/SiO2 interface and embedded stabilization layers to make functioning Pt bottom electrodes as thick as 2 μm. Devices with dielectric Q factors over 150 at 100 MHz (tan δ ∼ 0.006 as measured and modeled by S-parameters) and overall device Q factors over 50 at 30 MHz are described. We have also inserted these devices into tunable filters, achieving tunabilities of 50% and low insertion losses (0.3 dB) at RF frequencies. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1080/10584580108011955 VL - 39 IS - 1-4 SP - 1271-1280 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The low-voltage-switching behavior of sol-gel-derived Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 thin film capacitors AU - Kim, S. H. AU - Park, D. Y. AU - Woo, H. J. AU - Lee, D. S. AU - Ha, J. W. AU - Hwang, C. S. AU - Jeong, S. AU - Kingon, A. I. T2 - Integrated Ferroelectrics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 39 IS - 1-4 SP - 963-972 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contribution of dielectric and metallic losses in RF/microwave tunable varactors using (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films AU - Ayguavives, F. AU - Jin, Z. AU - Tombak, A. AU - Maria, J. P. AU - Mortazawi, A. AU - Kingon, A. I. T2 - Integrated Ferroelectrics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 39 IS - 1-4 SP - 1343-1352 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are you attracted? Do you intend to pursue? A recruiting policy-capturing study AU - Aiman-Smith, L AU - Bauer, TN AU - Cable, DM T2 - JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND PSYCHOLOGY DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1023/A:1011157116322 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 219-237 SN - 0889-3268 KW - recruiting KW - policy-capturing KW - organizational image ER - TY - JOUR TI - Study of TaSiN diffusion barrier AU - Letendu, F. AU - Hugon, M. C. AU - Agius, B. AU - Aubert, P. AU - Coindeau, S. AU - Kingon, A. I. T2 - Integrated Ferroelectrics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 38 IS - 1-4 SP - 865-872 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Load characterization of high displacement piezoelectric actuators with various end conditions AU - Mulling, J AU - Usher, T AU - Dessent, B AU - Palmer, J AU - Franzon, P AU - Grant, E AU - Kingon, A T2 - SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL AB - Piezoelectric ceramic transducers are characterized by relatively small strains on the order of 0.1%. One method of achieving significantly larger displacements is to utilize flexural mode actuators, such as unimorphs or bimorphs. In this paper, we investigate a particular type of stressed unimorph flexural actuator, viz. the ‘THUNDER’ actuators. (THUNDER™ is a trademark of Face International Corporation). These stressed unimorphs are of interest due to their particularly large flexural strains. To determine their versatility as high displacement actuators, it was necessary to investigate their actuation capability as a function of load. In addition, our investigation determined that end conditions have an appreciable effect, which has also not been reported in the literature. Therefore, experimental results of the load capabilities of these high displacement actuators with various end conditions are presented here. Commercially available rectangular actuators were chosen for this study. The actuators had been constructed by bonding thin PZT ceramics (0.152 mm thick, 1.37 cm wide, 3.81 cm long) to stainless steel sheets (0.20 mm thick, 1.27 cm wide, 6.35 cm long). They were operated in a flexural mode. It was shown that progressively restrictive end conditions increased the stiffness, ranging from 2.5 to 23 N/m, enhancing the load capabilities of the actuator. In some cases, displacement actually increased as a function of load. This enhanced stiffness was obtained at a cost of reduced no load flexural strain (defined as the ratio of flexural displacement and ceramic length), ranging from 1.08% for free-end conditions to 0.2% for highly restricted end conditions. The load bearing capabilities were tested out to 10 N for most end conditions. DA - 2001/10/31/ PY - 2001/10/31/ DO - 10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00688-4 VL - 94 IS - 1-2 SP - 19-24 SN - 0924-4247 KW - THUNDER transducers KW - piezoelectric KW - actuator KW - ferroelectric KW - PZT KW - unimorph ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gainsharing and organizational learning: An analysis of employee suggestions over time AU - Arthur, JB AU - Aiman-Smith, L T2 - ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL AB - The authors propose a model of gainsharing as an organizational learning system. Analyzing employee suggestions submitted over the first four years of a gainsharing plan at one plant, the authors f... DA - 2001/8// PY - 2001/8// DO - 10.2307/3069413 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 737-754 SN - 0001-4273 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recovery characteristics of hydrogen-damaged (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O-3 capacitors with Pt and IrO2 top electrodes AU - Yoon, SG AU - Kingon, AI T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY AB - The effect of hydrogen on ferroelectric properties was investigated for ( Pb , La ) ( Zr , Ti ) O 3 ( PLZT ) films with Pt and IrO 2 top electrodes. The P-E hysteresis loop and fatigue properties of the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitor are completely recovered by recovery anneal at 700°C in O 2 ambient after a hydrogen-forming gas anneal. On the other hand, IrO 2 / PLZT / Pt capacitor after recovery anneal does not show a complete recovery for ferroelectric properties. The IrO 2 top electrode in the IrO 2 / PLZT / Pt capacitor is completely reduced to Ir metal in 4% H 2 at 300°C and then change to the IrO 2 / Ir complex phase after recovery anneal at 700°C in O 2 ambient. The ferroelectric properties of PLZT capacitors greatly depend on the residual hydrogen near the film/top electrode interface after recovery anneal. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DA - 2001/7// PY - 2001/7// DO - 10.1149/1.1375170 VL - 148 IS - 7 SP - F137-F139 SN - 0013-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structure and stability of La2O3/SiO2 layers on Si(001) AU - Stemmer, S AU - Maria, JP AU - Kingon, AI T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to investigate La2O3/SiO2/Si structures. The La2O3 layers were deposited on thermal SiO2 on silicon, followed by rapid thermal annealing treatments at 600 °C and 800 °C in a nitrogen ambient. After annealing at 600 °C, the oxide layers were amorphous. After an 800 °C treatment, crystallites appeared in the original La2O3 layer, and the total oxide layer thickness increased by 17%, most likely due to the oxygen diffusion and reaction at the Si/SiO2 interface. EELS, using a 0.2 nm probe, showed that rapid thermal annealing at 600 °C did not cause significant La diffusion into the SiO2 layer, whereas some intermixing was observed at 800 °C. We use the observed microstructures to estimate equivalent oxide thicknesses. The results demonstrate that oxygen partial pressures and initial SiO2 thickness need to be carefully controlled to control SiO2 formation at the Si interface and to achieve target equivalent oxide thickness. DA - 2001/7/2/ PY - 2001/7/2/ DO - 10.1063/1.1383268 VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - 102-104 SN - 0003-6951 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ca- and Sr-doped (Pb1-xLax)(ZryTi1-y)(1-x/4)O-3 thin films for low-voltage operation AU - Kim, S. H. AU - Ha, J. AU - Hwang, C. S. AU - Kingon, A. I. T2 - Thin Solid Films DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 394 IS - 1-2 SP - 131-135 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thickness effects on imprint in chemical-solution-derived (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O-3 thin films AU - Kim, SH AU - Woo, HJ AU - Ha, J AU - Hwang, CS AU - Kim, HR AU - Kingon, AI T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - The film thickness-dependent imprinting behavior (voltage shift) of (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 capacitors was evaluated by a thermal stress process under a remanence bias. The remanent polarization (Pr) was found to be almost independent of the film thickness whereas in the 50–300 nm range the relative dielectric constant (εr) increased linearly with the square root of the film thickness. It was found that the voltage shift, which was attributed to the accumulation of charged defects near the electrode interface, also increased linearly with increasing film thickness. In addition, the charge accumulated thickness varied with the square root of the film thickness. This was established from a simple assumption that the level of charge accumulation is determined by the product of the total amount of charged defects (total film thickness×charged defect density) and the internal field that is generated by the Pr. Therefore, the imprint is much more a bulk-related degradation phenomenon compared to the fatigue. DA - 2001/5/7/ PY - 2001/5/7/ DO - 10.1063/1.1370989 VL - 78 IS - 19 SP - 2885-2887 SN - 1077-3118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Asymmetric nanoscale switching in ferroelectric thin films by scanning force microscopy AU - Gruverman, A AU - Kholkin, A AU - Kingon, A AU - Tokumoto, H T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - Scanning force microscopy (SFM) has been used to perform nanoscale studies of the switching behavior of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 thin films via the direct observation of their domain structures. The study revealed a significant asymmetry of a switching pattern which is a function of the voltage polarity and original domain structure of individual grains. The phenomenon of asymmetric switching is attributed (1) to the presence of an internal built-in electric field at the bottom interface and (2) to the mechanical stress exerted by the SFM tip. The former effect results in incomplete 180° switching, while the latter effect leads to a 90° rotation of the polarization vector. The resulting shear stress deformation of the grain underneath the tip combined with the applied field effect propels polarization reversal in the adjacent grains. DA - 2001/4/30/ PY - 2001/4/30/ DO - 10.1063/1.1366644 VL - 78 IS - 18 SP - 2751-2753 SN - 1077-3118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The complementarity of cooperative and technological competencies: a resource-based perspective AU - Tyler, BB T2 - JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AB - Firms today are finding it more and more challenging to maintain a competitive advantage. This paper proposes a middle range, meso-theory that argues that valuable cooperative competencies can complement technological competencies and increase the probability of original technological innovation in dynamic and uncertain industries. Using a resource-based analysis, it is argued that above average cooperative capabilities (i.e. competencies relevant to information processing, communication, knowledge transfer, intra- and interunit coordination, the ability to develop trusting relationships, and negotiation) typically result from unique historical conditions, are ambiguous, and are socially complex. Therefore, they can be expected to provide firms with a competitive advantage that is not easily imitated or competed away. DA - 2001/3// PY - 2001/3// DO - 10.1016/S0923-4748(00)00031-X VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 1-27 SN - 1879-1719 KW - capabilities KW - technological competencies KW - cooperation KW - resource-based ER - TY - JOUR TI - High temperature stability in lanthanum and zirconia-based gate dielectrics AU - Maria, JP AU - Wicaksana, D AU - Kingon, AI AU - Busch, B AU - Schulte, H AU - Garfunkel, E AU - Gustafsson, T T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS AB - Gate dielectrics composed primarily of lanthana and zirconia were prepared by reactive evaporation. The stability of the layers during high temperature anneals was investigated. By controlling the oxygen partial pressure during heat treatment, lanthana and zirconia films could be protected against reaction with the underlying Si substrate and against the growth of low-ε interface layers. The electrical thickness of the dielectrics could be maintained after a 900 °C exposure. The critical oxygen pressure at 900 °C for low-ε interface formation beneath ZrO2 and La2O3 dielectrics was ∼2e−4 Torr. The interfaces that formed beneath the ZrO2 and La2O3 layers are distinctly different. The sub-ZrO2 interface, influenced primarily by phase separation, tends towards pure SiO2, while the sub-La2O3 interface, influenced primarily by silicate formation, tends towards a La–Si–O alloy. For both materials, reducing the oxygen pressure to values below 10−7 Torr resulted in rapid degradation of the metal oxide. This dielectric degradation is believed to be linked to SiO evaporation. These results suggest that at high temperatures, a window of optimal oxygen partial pressure exists in which the stability of many oxides in contact with silicon can be achieved. DA - 2001/10/1/ PY - 2001/10/1/ DO - 10.1063/1.1391418 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - 3476-3482 SN - 0021-8979 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epitaxial Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbTiO3 thin films grown by MOCVD AU - Baumann, P. K. AU - Streiffer, S. K. AU - Bai, G. R. AU - Ghosh, K. AU - Auciello, O. AU - Thompson, C. AU - Stemmer, S. AU - Rao, R. A. AU - Eom, C. B. AU - Xu, F. AU - Trolier-McKinstry, S. AU - Kim, D. J. AU - Maria, J. P. AU - Kingon, A. I. T2 - Integrated Ferroelectrics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 35 IS - 1-4 SP - 1881-1888 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electrical properties of Pb1-xLax(ZryTi1-y)(1-x/4)O-3 thin films with various iridium-based top electrodes AU - Yoon, S. G. AU - Kingon, A. I. AU - Kim, S. H. T2 - Integrated Ferroelectrics DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// VL - 33 IS - 1-4 SP - 155-164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - O-18 study of the oxidation of reactively sputtered Ti1-xAlxN barrier AU - Hugon, MC AU - Varniere, F AU - Letendu, F AU - Agius, B AU - Vickridge, L AU - Kingon, AI T2 - JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1557/JMR.2001.0356 VL - 16 IS - 9 SP - 2591-2599 SN - 0884-2914 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 and selected lower electrode structures as a pathway to integrated piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems AU - Chen, IS AU - Roeder, JF AU - Kim, DJ AU - Maria, JP AU - Kingon, AI T2 - JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B AB - The actuation mechanism is an important aspect of many micromachined devices. Electrostatic actuation has been the prevailing actuation method due to its relative ease in implementation using conventional silicon microfabrication techniques. Other mechanisms are becoming more accessible to micromachine designs as new materials are introduced into the microfabrication process. Recent progress in nonvolatile memory has led to successful incorporation of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films into microelectronic devices. The present work expands on this area and investigates PZT thin films and electrode/barrier combinations for applications in micromachined devices. Incorporation of PZT thin films into silicon micromachined devices requires electrode systems and deposition techniques that are compatible with silicon microfabrication. In this study, Ir/IrOx and Ir/(Ti,Al)N lower electrode systems were developed to suppress diffusion of reactive species (e.g., Pb) into silicon-based microelectromechanical system devices and to enhance PZT film adhesion. Piezoelectric PZT thin films from 0.3 to 1 μm thick were prepared on silicon wafers with these electrode structures by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Hysteresis loops of longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33) were measured by dual-beam interferometry and used to characterize piezoelectric activity in these films. The effective d33 exhibited an apparent dependence on film thickness. d33 values up to 70 pm/V were obtained for 1 μm films, while thinner films exhibited lower d33 values between 54 and 60 pm/V. The dielectric loss (tan δ) was below 2% for most films irrespective of their thickness. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1116/1.1401747 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 1833-1840 SN - 1071-1023 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Creativity in the organization: the role of individual creative problem solving and computer support AU - Kletke, MG AU - Mackay, JM AU - Barr, SH AU - Jones, B T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES AB - Organizational support of employees' creative problem-solving (CPS) outputs is critical for maintaining a competitive advantage and for institutionalizing creativity. We believe that computerized creative support systems (CCSS) can be used effectively in this regard. We identify characteristics of CCSS and individual characteristics and suggest directions for empirical research to evaluate how these characteristics may affect an individual's CPS process and resulting creative outcomes. We also demonstrate the importance of individual creativity to organizational creativity and suggest directions for research to contribute to institutionalized creativity in the organization. We illustrate our arguments with sets of empirical research propositions based upon both process and outcomes. DA - 2001/9// PY - 2001/9// DO - 10.1006/ijhc.2001.0467 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 217-237 SN - 1071-5819 KW - creative KW - creativity KW - organization KW - problem solving KW - problem-solving process KW - computer support ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of hydrogen on true leakage current characteristics of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O-3 thin-film capacitors with Pt- or Ir-based top electrodes AU - Yoon, SG AU - Wicaksana, D AU - Kim, DJ AU - Kim, SH AU - Kingon, AI T2 - JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH DA - 2001/4// PY - 2001/4// DO - 10.1557/JMR.2001.0163 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 1185-1189 SN - 2044-5326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lead zirconate titanate thin films on base-metal foils: an approach for embedded high-permittivity passive components AU - Maria, J.-P. AU - Cheek, K. AU - Streiffer, S. AU - Kim, S. H. AU - Dunn, G. AU - Kingon, A. T2 - Journal of the American Ceramic Society AB - An approach for embedding high‐permittivity dielectric thin films into glass epoxy laminate packages has been developed. Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (Pb 0.85 La 0.15 (Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 ) 0.96 O 3 , PLZT) thin films were prepared using chemical solution deposition on nickel‐coated copper foils that were 50 μm thick. Sputter‐deposited nickel top electrodes completed the all‐base‐metal capacitor stack. After high‐temperature nitrogen‐gas crystallization anneals, the PLZT composition showed no signs of reduction, whereas the base‐metal foils remained flexible. The capacitance density was 300–400 nF/cm 2 , and the loss tangent was 0.01–0.02 over a frequency range of 1–1000 kHz. These properties represent a potential improvement of 2–3 orders of magnitude over currently available embedded capacitor technologies for polymeric packages. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb01029.x VL - 84 IS - 10 SP - 2436-2438 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Product champions: Truths, myths and management AU - Markham, SK AU - Aiman-Smith, L T2 - RESEARCH-TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AB - OVERVIEW:Champions represent powerful forces in most organizations. Champions are passionate about what they do; they generate support for ideas; and they keep ideas and projects alive. The research literature contradicts some champion myths and validates others. For example, we now know that a champion moves projects along, while projects with no champion struggle—but having a champion does not guarantee market success. As well, we know that champions arise from all levels in an organization, and are as likely to support incremental as radical ideas. Champions work within a political environment, and rely primarily on relationships for influence, although they will resort to traditional influence tactics. Formal NPD processes with cross-functional teams go hand-in-hand with champions. Champions are motivated by working toward a strategic vision, from contact with a community of knowledge, and from opportunities to develop skills. Having a loyal antagonist may actually help champions in their work. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001/// DO - 10.1080/08956308.2001.11671429 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 44-50 SN - 0895-6308 ER -