TY - BOOK TI - Eye of the Storm: The South and Congress in an Era of Change AU - Kuzenski, John C. AU - Moreland, Laurence W. AU - Steed, Robert P. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Praeger Publishers ER - TY - CHAP TI - The South and Congress at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century AU - Kuzenski, John C. AU - Steed, Robert P. AU - Moreland, Laurence W. T2 - Eye of the Storm: The South and Congress in an Era of Change A2 - Kuzenski, Moreland A2 - Steed PY - 2002/// PB - Praeger ER - TY - CONF TI - The seven secrets to virtual team success: Lessons from Sabre, Inc AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Rosen, B. AU - Gibson, C.B. AU - Tesluk, P.E. T2 - Western Academy of Management Meeting C2 - 2002/// CY - Santa Fe, NM DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding reactions to working in virtual team environments: Integrating team and technology factors AU - Tesluk, P.E. AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Gibson, C.B. AU - Rosen, B. T2 - 17th annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology C2 - 2002/// CY - Toronto, Canada DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessing the relative impact of cultural values and demographic heterogeneity on work team processes and performance AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Shapiro, D.L. AU - Gidley, A.J. T2 - Annual meeting of the Academy of Management C2 - 2002/// CY - Denver, CO DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/8// ER - TY - CONF TI - Connecting at the team-member boundary: Characteristics of teams predicting members’ satisfaction with working virtually AU - Tesluk, P.E. AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Gibson, C.B. AU - Rosen, B. T2 - Annual meeting of the Academy of Management C2 - 2002/// CY - Denver, CO DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/8// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping managers' market orientations regarding new product success AU - Tyler, Beverly B. AU - Gnyawali, Devi R. T2 - Journal of Product Innovation Management AB - Research shows that managers' cognitive structures influence their decisions and firm outcomes, and that managers' shared understanding is critical to new product success. Yet, little is known about the content and structure of managers' knowledge regarding their business's market orientation (MO) and how such orientation relates to new product development. By drawing from research on managerial cognition, we suggest that an examination of managers' cognitive maps of their business's MO can provide valuable insights. First, cognitive maps provide information regarding the relative ranking of concepts that managers consider important to new product success. Second, they offer insights about the relationship among concepts by illustrating the causal logic flow, centrality, and strength of the association between concepts. Finally, cognitive maps reveal a gestalt or pattern of managers' understandings. This pattern provides an overall view of their perceptions of their firms' MO. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to begin developing theory to explain the nature and extent of the sharing of managers' understanding of their business's MO across a company within the context of new product development. We develop several theoretical propositions using established research on market orientation and an exploratory investigation of the cognitive maps of a stratified sample of thirty managers of a highly successful frozen food division of a multinational company. We argue that managers of innovative companies with a history of successful new products in moderately dynamic industries will have established market orientations, as reflected in cognitive maps, which emphasize customer orientations more than competitor or technological orientations. Moreover, we suggest that managers will consistently recognize the importance of interfunctional coordination because it influences the firm's orientations towards customers, competitors, and technology by facilitating sharing of important market information necessary for successful new product development. Furthermore, we propose that the division of labor and functional specialization in a company will result in predictable differences across cognitive maps of managers in different functions and levels of the organization. For example, senior managers are likely to have a more balanced and integrated MO than junior managers, due to their knowledge of organization wide issues. The article also proposes an agenda for scholars interested in investigating the relationship between managers' cognitive maps of their company's market orientation and new product success. We note the importance of studying managers' cognitive structures in different types of industries over time, and how managers' cognitive structures may relate to their company's ability to learn. Managers could use cognitive mapping to recognize and evaluate beliefs that inhibit the sharing and interpretation of information between managers, departments, and levels and could design appropriate interventions. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1111/1540-5885.1940259 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 259-276 J2 - Journal of Product Innovation Management LA - en OP - SN - 0737-6782 1540-5885 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1940259 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Bayer Makes Decisions to Develop New Drugs AU - Stonebraker, Jeffrey S. T2 - Interfaces AB - Drug development is time consuming, resource intensive, risky, and heavily regulated. To ensure that it makes the best drug-development decisions, Bayer Pharmaceuticals (Pharma) uses a structured process based on the principles of decision analysis to evaluate the technical feasibility and market potential of its new drugs. In July 1999, the biological products leadership committee composed of the senior managers within Bayer Biological Products (BP), a business unit of Pharma, made its newly formed strategic-planning department responsible for the commercial evaluation of a new blood-clot-busting drug. Even though Pharma's use of decision analysis began in the late 1980s, this commercial evaluation was BP's first decision analysis project. Previously, BP had analyzed a few business cases for review by Pharma. Pharma senior managers considered our recommendations relevant to their decision making. The project also institutionalized decision analysis at the business-unit level. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1287/inte.32.6.77.6475 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 77-90 J2 - Interfaces LA - en OP - SN - 0092-2102 1526-551X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.32.6.77.6475 DB - Crossref KW - decision analysis : applications industries : pharmaceutical ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deconstructing the Pioneer's Advantage: Examining Vintage Effects and Consumer Valuations of Quality and Variety AU - Bohlmann, Jonathan D. AU - Golder, Peter N. AU - Mitra, Debanjan T2 - Management Science AB - Several studies have demonstrated an order-of-entry effect on market share, suggesting that pioneers outperform later entrants. However, other research has pointed out the limitations of these studies and found evidence that many pioneers fail or have low market share. Given this background, the purpose of this research is to understand the conditions under which pioneers are more likely and also less likely to have an advantage. We propose a game-theoretic model that includes important sources of pioneer advantages as well as disadvantages. Specifically, we incorporate a pioneer advantage due to preemption in markets with heterogeneous tastes. In addition, we incorporate a potential pioneer disadvantage due to technology vintage effects, where later entrants utilizing improved technology can have lower costs and higher quality. The model allows us to evaluate the extent of vintage effects necessary to overcome a pioneer's advantage. Key relationships are found between the magnitude of the pioneer advantage or disadvantage and consumer valuations of product attributes (e.g., variety and quality). We empirically validate the model with vintage effect data in 36 product categories, and measures of consumer valuations of product variety and quality for 12 of these 36 categories. The results show that pioneers do better in product categories where variety is more important and worse in categories where product quality is more important. Pioneers in categories with high vintage effects are shown to have lower market shares and higher failure rates. Similar results appear when analyzing persistence of market leadership over time, further validating our model's major implications. We also present two case studies that illustrate key elements of the model. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1287/mnsc.48.9.1175.175 VL - 48 IS - 9 SP - 1175-1195 J2 - Management Science LA - en OP - SN - 0025-1909 1526-5501 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.9.1175.175 DB - Crossref KW - pioneering KW - order of entry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Five challenges to virtual team success: Lessons from Sabre, Inc. AU - Kirkman, Bradley L. AU - Rosen, Benson AU - Gibson, Cristina B. AU - Tesluk, Paul E. AU - McPherson, Simon O. T2 - Academy of Management Perspectives AB - Executive Summary Advances in communications and information technology create new opportunities for organizations to build and manage virtual teams. Such teams are composed of employees with unique skills, located at a distance from each other, who must collaborate to accomplish important organizational tasks. Based on a comprehensive set of interviews with a subset of team members, team leaders, general managers, and executives on 65 virtual teams at Sabre, Inc.—an innovative organization in the travel industry—we identify five challenges that organizations can expect to encounter in establishing, maintaining, and supporting virtual teams, e.g., building trust, cohesion, and team identity, and overcoming isolation among virtual team members. Both leaders and members of virtual teams face particular difficulties in selecting team members who have the balance of technical and interpersonal skills and abilities required to work virtually and in evaluating the performance of individuals and teams working in virtual space. Examination of Sabre's strategies for coping with each challenge should be instructive to other organizations using or considering virtual teams. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.5465/ame.2002.8540322 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 67-79 J2 - AMP LA - en OP - SN - 1558-9080 1943-4529 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.8540322 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Knowledge of pay study AU - Mulvey, P. W. AU - LeBlanc, P. V. AU - Heneman, R. L. AU - McInerney, M. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Scottsdale, AZ: WorldatWork ER - TY - CHAP TI - Implementing rewards systems AU - Mulvey, P. W. AU - Ledford, G. E., Jr. T2 - Implementing organizational interventions: Steps, processes, and best practices A2 - Hedge, J. A2 - Pulakos, E. PY - 2002/// PB - San Francisco: Jossey-Bass SN - 0787957224 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Investments: Analysis and management (8th ed.) AU - Jones, C. P. CN - HG4521 .J663 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - New York: J. Wiley & Sons SN - 0471416738 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conducting studies of decision making in organizational contexts: A tutorial for policy-capturing and other regression-based techniques AU - Aiman-Smith, L AU - Scullen, SE AU - Barr, SH T2 - ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS AB - Policy-capturing, conjoint analysis, and related techniques are all regression-based methods used in various areas of organizational research to determine the importance people attach to cues when they make decisions. Despite the widespread use of those methods, the organizational research literature lacks an integrated tutorial for researchers who are interested in studying decision making but who have little experience with the techniques required for this type of research. The authors use empirical findings and suggestions from a number of sources to offer a step-by-step tutorial covering the effective design, execution, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of policy-capturing studies. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1177/109442802237117 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 388-414 SN - 1552-7425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tunable barium strontium titanate thin film capacitors for RF and microwave applications AU - Tombak, A AU - Maria, JP AU - Ayguavives, F AU - Jin, Z AU - Stauf, GT AU - Kingon, AI AU - Mortazawi, A T2 - IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS AB - The measurement results for thin film barium strontium titanate (BST) based voltage tunable capacitors intended for RF applications are reported. At 9 V DC, BST capacitors fabricated using MOCVD (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) method achieved 71% (3.4:1) tunability. The measured device quality factor (Q) for BST varactors is comparable with the device Q for commercially available varactor diodes of similar capacitance. The typical dielectric loss tangent was in the range 0.003-0.009 at VHF. Large signal measurement and modeling results for BST thin film capacitors are also presented. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1109/7260.975716 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 3-5 SN - 1558-1764 KW - barium strontium titanate KW - (Ba,Sr)TiO3 KW - BST KW - ferroelectric KW - MOCVD KW - thin film KW - tunable capacitor KW - varactor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Piezoresponse force microscopy for piezoelectric measurements of III-nitride materials AU - Rodriguez, BJ AU - Gruverman, A AU - Kingon, AI AU - Nemanich, RJ T2 - JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH AB - Piezoelectric constants and polarity distributions of epitaxial AlN and GaN thin films are investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The magnitude of the effective longitudinal piezoelectric constant d33 is determined to be 3±1 and 2±1 pm/V for wurtzite AlN and GaN/AlN layers grown by organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy on SiC substrates, respectively. Simultaneous imaging of surface morphology as well as the phase and magnitude of the piezoelectric response is performed by PFM on a GaN film with patterned polarities on a c-Al2O3 substrate. We demonstrate that the polarity distribution of GaN based lateral polarity heterostructures can be deduced from the phase image of the piezoresponse with nanometer scale spatial resolution. We also present images of AlN/Si samples with regions of opposite piezoresponse phase, which indicate the presence of antiphase domains. We discuss the potential application of this technique for determination of the orientation of bulk crystals. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01749-9 VL - 246 IS - 3-4 SP - 252-258 SN - 0022-0248 KW - Al. atomic force microscopy KW - B2. piezoelectric materials KW - B2. semiconducting III-V materials ER - TY - JOUR TI - Orientation effects in chemical solution derived Pb(Zr-0.3,Ti-0.7)O-3 thin films on ferroelectric properties AU - Kim, SH AU - Park, DY AU - Woo, HJ AU - Lee, DS AU - Ha, J AU - Hwang, CS AU - Shim, IB AU - Kingon, AI T2 - THIN SOLID FILMS AB - The solely orientation-related effects on ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.3,Ti0.7)O3 (PZT) thin films with identical processing conditions were investigated using near lattice matched Pt electrodes, that is, (111)-textured Pt for (111)-oriented PZT thin films and (100)-textured Pt for (100)-oriented films. As a result, the film composition, microstructure, and topography were highly similar in all cases. (111)-oriented tetragonal PZT films exhibited highly rectangular P–V hysteresis loops with a slightly better fatigue endurance than the (100)-oriented films. However, the measured d33 values of (100)-oriented PZT films were somewhat higher than those of (111)-oriented films, indicating a consistency with C–V curves. It was shown that in tetragonal symmetry, the intrinsic effect was largest in the piezoelectricity of PZT thin films. DA - 2002/9/2/ PY - 2002/9/2/ DO - 10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00726-5 VL - 416 IS - 1-2 SP - 264-270 SN - 0040-6090 KW - PZT KW - orientation KW - sol-gel KW - electrode ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanoscale observation of photoinduced domain pinning and investigation of imprint behavior in ferroelectric thin films AU - Gruverman, A AU - Rodriguez, BJ AU - Nemanich, RJ AU - Kingon, AI T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS AB - Piezoresponse force microscopy has been used to investigate the nanoscale mechanism of imprint behavior of ferroelectric PbTiO3 thin films by studying the photoinduced changes in the hysteresis loops of individual grains. Illumination of the film with UV light resulted in a voltage shift opposite to that observed in ferroelectric thin film capacitors. This effect is attributed to the generation of an electric field within the surface dielectric layer as a result of the interaction between photoinduced charges and polarization charges. Application of a small nonswitching bias to the film with simultaneous UV illumination resulted in domain pinning in the grains where the polarization direction coincided with the direction of the applied field, in agreement with the proposed model. Domain pinning was also observed in grains with polydomain structure suggesting that charge entrapment at the existing domain boundaries in the bulk of the film contributes to the suppression of switchable polarization. However, a symmetric character of hysteresis loops observed in such grains implies that charge entrapment in the bulk of the film does not cause the voltage shift. It has been suggested that a thin high-dielectric interfacial layer can improve the imprint behavior of ferroelectric capacitors. DA - 2002/9/1/ PY - 2002/9/1/ DO - 10.1063/1.1497698 VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 2734-2739 SN - 1089-7550 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping managers' market orientations regarding new product success AU - Tyler, BB AU - Gnyawali, DR T2 - JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT AB - Research shows that managers' cognitive structures influence their decisions and firm outcomes, and that managers' shared understanding is critical to new product success. Yet, little is known about the content and structure of managers' knowledge regarding their business's market orientation (MO) and how such orientation relates to new product development. By drawing from research on managerial cognition, we suggest that an examination of managers' cognitive maps of their business's MO can provide valuable insights. First, cognitive maps provide information regarding the relative ranking of concepts that managers consider important to new product success. Second, they offer insights about the relationship among concepts by illustrating the causal logic flow, centrality, and strength of the association between concepts. Finally, cognitive maps reveal a gestalt or pattern of managers' understandings. This pattern provides an overall view of their perceptions of their firms' MO. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to begin developing theory to explain the nature and extent of the sharing of managers' understanding of their business's MO across a company within the context of new product development. We develop several theoretical propositions using established research on market orientation and an exploratory investigation of the cognitive maps of a stratified sample of thirty managers of a highly successful frozen food division of a multinational company. We argue that managers of innovative companies with a history of successful new products in moderately dynamic industries will have established market orientations, as reflected in cognitive maps, which emphasize customer orientations more than competitor or technological orientations. Moreover, we suggest that managers will consistently recognize the importance of interfunctional coordination because it influences the firm's orientations towards customers, competitors, and technology by facilitating sharing of important market information necessary for successful new product development. Furthermore, we propose that the division of labor and functional specialization in a company will result in predictable differences across cognitive maps of managers in different functions and levels of the organization. For example, senior managers are likely to have a more balanced and integrated MO than junior managers, due to their knowledge of organization wide issues. The article also proposes an agenda for scholars interested in investigating the relationship between managers' cognitive maps of their company's market orientation and new product success. We note the importance of studying managers' cognitive structures in different types of industries over time, and how managers' cognitive structures may relate to their company's ability to learn. Managers could use cognitive mapping to recognize and evaluate beliefs that inhibit the sharing and interpretation of information between managers, departments, and levels and could design appropriate interventions. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0737-6782(02)00144-3 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 259-276 SN - 0737-6782 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating stock returns - Should investors expect less in the future? AU - Jones, CP AU - Wilson, JW AU - Lundstrum, LL T2 - JOURNAL OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT AB - How do we quantify the level of return that an investor can expect in the future? An examination of the historical distribution of total returns reveals declines in dividend yields and new likely lower boundaries for price appreciation. It is often asserted that low dividend yields brought about by higher earnings retention should be followed by greater price appreciation as a firm invests retained earnings into new projects. The available recent evidence refutes this assertion. Barring some significant reversal of current conditions, short-term and possibly intermediate-term returns from stocks will be lower than what many investors may be anticipating. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3905/jpm.2002.319862 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 40-+ SN - 2168-8656 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementing new manufacturing technology: The related effects of technology characteristics and user learning activities AU - Aiman-Smith, L AU - Green, SG T2 - ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL AB - This study of 157 users of new technologies implemented in manufacturing demonstrates complex relationships between technology characteristics, users' learning activities, and implementation outcom... DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.2307/3069356 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 421-430 SN - 0001-4273 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stability of ZrO2 layers on Si (001) during high-temperature anneals under reduced oxygen partial pressures AU - Stemmer, S AU - Chen, ZQ AU - Keding, R AU - Maria, JP AU - Wicaksana, D AU - Kingon, AI T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS AB - Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate ZrO2 layers grown by electron-beam evaporation in a molecular-beam epitaxy system. ZrO2/Si layers were investigated before and after uncapped annealing at 1000 °C under different oxygen partial pressures. The thickness of a SiO2-like, low-dielectric constant layer at the silicon interface was found to depend on the oxygen partial pressure during annealing. At oxygen partial pressures of about 10−4 torr the interfacial silicon oxide thickness increased through oxygen diffusion through the ZrO2 layer and silicon consumption at the interface. At oxygen partial pressures in the range of approximately 10−5 torr, only a thin (1 nm) interfacial silicon oxide layer was present, as required for low-equivalent oxide thicknesses of gate stacks incorporating alternative oxides. Further reduction of the oxygen partial pressures (about 10−7 torr) during annealing resulted in zirconium silicide formation at the interface. ZrO2 films annealed at the optimal partial pressure for a thin interfacial oxide were found to crystallize and contain no silicon. High-resolution analytical capabilities afforded by scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques proved essential in analyzing the stability of these ultrathin layers. DA - 2002/7/1/ PY - 2002/7/1/ DO - 10.1063/1.1481970 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 82-86 SN - 1089-7550 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of the S&P 500 Index and Cowles's extensions: Price indexes and stock returns, 1870-1999 AU - Wilson, JW AU - Jones, CP T2 - JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AB - This article provides a consistent monthly stock price index from January 1871 through 1999. The broadly defined S&P Weekly Index is reconstructed from 1918 and carried forward as the S&P 500 Composite Index to the present. Cowles’s monthly index is improved in order to provide month‐end estimates from February 1885. Cowles’s estimates of dividends and earnings for this index from 1871 are reevaluated and are carried forward until spliced to the S&P daily estimates that began in 1957. The result is a monthly index of prices, dividends, and earnings based on consistent definitions over a period of 130 years. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1086/339903 VL - 75 IS - 3 SP - 505-533 SN - 0021-9398 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature and thickness dependent permittivity of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films AU - Parker, CB AU - Maria, JP AU - Kingon, AI T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - The temperature and thickness dependence of permittivity of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 has been investigated. The films were deposited by liquid-source metalorganic chemical vapor deposition onto Pt/SiO2/Si, with thicknesses ranging from 15 to 580 nm. The dielectric response was measured from 100 to 520 K. As film thickness decreased, the maximum dielectric constant decreased, the temperature at which the maximum dielectric constant occurred decreased, and the peak in the dielectric constant became more diffuse. A model incorporating a thickness independent interior and a nonferroelectric surface cannot account for these thickness dependencies. To appropriately model these observations a physical model containing thickness and temperature dependent interior and surface components is necessary. DA - 2002/7/8/ PY - 2002/7/8/ DO - 10.1063/1.1490148 VL - 81 IS - 2 SP - 340-342 SN - 1077-3118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crystallization in SiO2-metal oxide alloys AU - Maria, JP AU - Wickaksana, D AU - Parrette, J AU - Kingon, AI T2 - JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1557/JMR.2002.0234 VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - 1571-1579 SN - 0884-2914 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research on the management of innovation: The Minnesota studies AU - Markham, S. K. T2 - Journal of Product Innovation Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 253-254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of international trade on wages. AU - Allen, SG T2 - INDUSTRIAL & LABOR RELATIONS REVIEW AB - Since the early 1980s, the U.S. economy has experienced a growing wage differential: high-skilled workers have claimed an increasing share of available income, while low-skilled workers have seen an absolute decline in real wages. How and why this disparity has arisen is a matter of ongoing debate among policymakers and economists. Two competing theories have emerged to explain this phenomenon, one focusing on international trade and labor market globalization as the driving force behind the devaluation of low-skill jobs, and the other focusing on the role of technological change as a catalyst for the escalation of high-skill wages. This collection brings together innovative new ideas and data sources in order to provide more satisfying alternatives to the trade versus technology debate and to assess directly the specific impact of international trade on U.S. wages. This timely volume offers a thorough appraisal of the wage distribution predicament, examining the continued effects of technology and globalization on the labor market. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.2307/2696217 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 357-358 SN - 0019-7939 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Piezoresponse force microscopy for polarity imaging of GaN AU - Rodriguez, BJ AU - Gruverman, A AU - Kingon, AI AU - Nemanich, RJ AU - Ambacher, O T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - The polarity distribution of GaN based lateral polarity heterostructures is investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Simultaneous imaging of surface morphology, as well as the phase and magnitude of the piezoelectric response, is performed by PFM on a GaN film with patterned polarities on a c-Al2O3 substrate. We demonstrate that the polarity distribution of GaN based lateral polarity heterostructures can be deduced from the phase image of the piezoresponse with nanometer scale spatial resolution. DA - 2002/6/3/ PY - 2002/6/3/ DO - 10.1063/1.1483117 VL - 80 IS - 22 SP - 4166-4168 SN - 1077-3118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns of work and retirement for a new century AU - Clark, R. L. AU - Quinn, J. F. T2 - Generations (San Francisco, Calif.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 17-24 ER -