TY - CONF TI - The effect of the physical work environment on the development of linking and communal social capital AU - Zagenczyk, T.J. T2 - 2004 Academy of Management Conference C2 - 2004/// C3 - 2004 Academy of Management Conference CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/8/8/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Social Psychology to Explain Stakeholder Reactions to an Organization's Social Performance AU - Zagenczyk, Thomas J. T2 - Business and Society Review AB - Business and Society ReviewVolume 109, Issue 1 p. 97-101 Using Social Psychology to Explain Stakeholder Reactions to an Organization's Social Performance Thomas J. Zagenczyk Jr., Thomas Zagenczyk is a doctoral candidate at the University of Pittsburgh.Search for more papers by this author Thomas J. Zagenczyk Jr., Thomas Zagenczyk is a doctoral candidate at the University of Pittsburgh.Search for more papers by this author First published: 03 March 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2004.00007.xCitations: 7Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume109, Issue1March 2004Pages 97-101 RelatedInformation DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1111/j.0045-3609.2004.00007.x VL - 109 IS - 1 SP - 97-101 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2004.00007.x ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adopting cash balance pension plans: implications and issues AU - Clark, Robert L. AU - Schieber, Sylvester J. T2 - Journal of Pension Economics and Finance AB - Over the past 15 to 20 years, many companies have converted their traditional defined benefit plans to cash balance or pension equity plans. In a cash balance plan, the worker's ‘account’ is based on an annual contribution rate for each year of employment, plus accumulating interest on annual contributions. A pension equity plan defines the benefit as a percentage of final average earnings for each year of service under the plan. Both types of plans specify the benefit as a lump sum payable at termination. In contrast, traditional defined benefit plans specify benefits in terms of an annuity payable at retirement. From the employees' perspective, cash balance and pension equity plans look somewhat like defined contribution plans. However, they are funded, administered, and regulated as defined benefit plans. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1017/S1474747204001738 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 271-295 J2 - Journal of Pension Economics and Finance LA - en OP - SN - 1474-7472 1475-3022 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1474747204001738 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - India Working: Essays on Society and Economy AU - Clark, Robert AU - Harris-White, Barbara DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1016/j.asieco.2004.03.002 VL - 15 PB - Elsevier BV SE - 441–442 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2004.03.002 ER - TY - CONF TI - Technological innovation: Generating economic results: An immersion approach to graduate education in engineering AU - Flury, A. AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Shalley, C. AU - Thursby, M. AU - Vincent, L. T2 - 8th annual NCIIA meeting C2 - 2004/// CY - San Jose, CA DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - The relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior in the People’s Republic of China and the United States AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Chen, Z.X. AU - Lowe, K.B. T2 - 1st annual meeting of the International Association of Chinese Management Research C2 - 2004/// CY - Beijing, China DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/6// ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring the impact of demographic heterogeneity on virtual team performance AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - Rosen, B. AU - Gibson, C.B. T2 - Annual meeting of the Academy of Management C2 - 2004/// CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/8// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Performance management in global teams AU - Kirkman, B.L. AU - den Hartog, D.N. T2 - The Blackwell handbook of global management : a guide to managing complexity A2 - Lane, H.W. A2 - Maznevski, M.L. A2 - Mendenhall, M.E. A2 - McNett, J. PY - 2004/// SP - 250–272 PB - Blackwell SN - 9781405128834 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Analogies and Imaginary Consumers: A Case Study of New Product Development AU - Rosa, J. AU - Hoeffler, S. AU - Qualls, W. AU - Bohlmann, J. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// M1 - 04-122 M3 - Marketing Science Institute Working Paper SN - 04-122 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling haemophilia epidemiology and treatment modalities to estimate the unconstrained factor VIII demand AU - Stonebraker, J. S. AU - Amand, R. E. AU - Bauman, M. V. AU - Nagle, A. J. AU - Larson, P. J. T2 - Haemophilia AB - The article presents a new method for estimating the unconstrained factor VIII (FVIII) demand based on the principles of decision analysis. Epidemiology and treatment modalities were integrated into a model for unconstrained FVIII demand. Assumptions for each variable with impact on the unconstrained FVIII demand were defined and probability estimates for these variables were obtained from the literature and medical experts. The sensitivity of the unconstrained FVIII demand to each of the variables was determined, and the variables with the greatest impact were modelled probabilistically. The probability-weighted average for the unconstrained FVIII demand model was 6.9 units per capita with a 90% uncertainty interval of 2.7-13.6 units per capita. When compared with FVIII usage in countries, only Luxembourg's use of FVIII (7.7 units per capita) exceeded the probability-weighted average for the modelled unconstrained FVIII demand. As better information becomes available, revision of model variables is easily accomplished allowing for a more accurate and dynamic forecast of demand over time. More accurate modelling of the 'true' demand longitudinally should help prevent shortages of FVIII concentrates such as those that have occurred in the past. In addition, a more accurate forecast of FVIII demand will allow national health care policy makers to better allocate financial and other resources. Sufficient and consistent supply of FVIII concentrates and appropriate financing of haemophilia care will allow the clinical benefits of more aggressive treatment regimens such as prophylaxis to be realized. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2516.2003.00841.x VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 18-26 J2 - Haemophilia LA - en OP - SN - 1351-8216 1365-2516 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2516.2003.00841.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of Demographic Heterogeneity and Team Leader-Team Member Demographic Fit on Team Empowerment and Effectiveness AU - Kirkman, Bradley L. AU - Tesluk, Paul E. AU - Rosen, Benson T2 - Group & Organization Management AB - The authors report the results of an investigation on how demographic heterogeneity in work teams influences team empowerment and team effectiveness. Using data collected from 111 intact work teams in four organizations, it was found that team race heterogeneity was negatively related to team empowerment and to multiple indicators of team effectiveness. Teams were also less effective when their team leaders had longer, rather than shorter, organizational tenure. Team empowerment fully mediated the relationships that race heterogeneity had with team leader ratings of team effectiveness and partially mediated the relationships with team member ratings. In addition, demographic dissimilarity between team leaders and their teams on race was negatively related to empowerment and team leader ratings of team effectiveness; and team members reported less empowerment when led by older team leaders. The authors discuss both theoretical and managerial implications of these findings. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1177/1059601103257412 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 334-368 J2 - Group & Organization Management LA - en OP - SN - 1059-6011 1552-3993 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601103257412 DB - Crossref KW - diversity KW - work team effectiveness KW - demographic heterogeneity KW - organizational demography ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE IMPACT OF TEAM EMPOWERMENT ON VIRTUAL TEAM PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTION. AU - Kirkman, B. L. AU - Rosen, B. AU - Tesluk, P. E. AU - Gibson, C. B. T2 - Academy of Management Journal AB - We investigated the relationship between team empowerment and virtual team performance and the moderating role of the extent of face-to-face interaction using 35 sales and service virtual teams in a high-technology organization. Team empowerment was positively related to two independent assessments of virtual team performance— process improvement and customer satisfaction. Further, the number of face-to-face meetings moderated the relationship between team empowerment and process improvement: team empowerment was a stronger predictor for teams that met face-toface less, rather than more, frequently. DA - 2004/4/1/ PY - 2004/4/1/ DO - 10.2307/20159571 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 175-192 J2 - Academy of Management Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0001-4273 1948-0989 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20159571 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE ROLE OF VIRTUALITY IN WORK TEAM EFFECTIVENESS. AU - Kirkman, Bradley L. AU - Mathieu, John E. T2 - Academy of Management Proceedings AB - The article discusses a study about the effectiveness of virtual work teams, which looks at how team members use different types of electronic communication to perform team work and how the communication may be enhanced by such types of media. The article discusses dimensions that influence teams' virtuality, including contextual factors, media-tast compatibility issues, task complexities, and performance rhythms. The article makes several propositions, including that as the number of boundaries crossed increases, so does the virtuality of the team. The article concludes by offering a revised definition of virtuality in teams, and articulating a set of factors that will increase team virtuality and apply that virtuality to team effectiveness measurements. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.5465/ambpp.2004.13862418 VL - 2004 IS - 1 SP - L1-L6 J2 - AMPROC LA - en OP - SN - 0065-0668 2151-6561 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2004.13862418 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The microstructure of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb cv. 'Nonpareil') cotyledon AU - Young, CT AU - Schadel, WE AU - Pattee, HE AU - Sanders, TH T2 - LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT UND-TECHNOLOGIE-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Microstructure of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb cv. ‘Nonpareil’) cotyledon was observed with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The objective of this study was to characterise almond cotyledon surfaces as well as to describe internal and subcellular organisation. The testa has an outer epidermis, which consists of relatively large thin-walled cells, which range from 100 to 300 μm in width. The major portion of the testa consists of approximately 14–20 layers of flattened parenchymal cells with the total thickness of the layers ranging from 80 to 120 μm. The remainder of the testa was comprised of a small amount of vascular tissue. The embryo consisted primarily of parenchymal tissue with relatively thin cell walls (1–3 μm in thickness) and a small amount of provascular tissue. Protein bodies up to 12 μm in width and spaces once occupied by lipid bodies up to 3 μm in width were present in all cells of the embryo. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/j.lwt.2003.09.007 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 317-322 SN - 0023-6438 KW - protein body KW - lipid body KW - light microscopy KW - scanning electron microscopy KW - transmission electron microscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - What you should know about using surveys AU - Aiman-Smith, L AU - Markham, SK T2 - RESEARCH-TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1080/08956308.2004.11671625 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 12-15 SN - 1930-0166 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social security financing: Facts, fantasies, foibles, and follies AU - Clark, RL T2 - AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW AB - Reforming Social Security to restore its financial balance is one of the most important public policy issues of the 21st century. Reform is essential whether one favors maintaining the basic structure of the current system or transforming this retirement program to include individual accounts. The needed national debate on Social Security must be based on the best, unbiased measures of the financial status of the program and on appropriate economic research. Unfortunately, projections, data, and research are often misused in reform debates. Even some “experts” are often uninformed about various aspects of the current and future financial status of Social Security. This paper highlights misconceptions and focuses on the facts of Social Security financing. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1257/0002828041301678 VL - 94 IS - 2 SP - 182-186 SN - 1944-7981 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social capital and knowledge creation: Diminishing returns of the number and strength of exchange relationships AU - McFadyen, MA AU - Cannella, AA T2 - ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL AB - This study analyzed the relationship between social capital and knowledge creation at the individual level. Our limited theory of knowledge creation encompasses the number and strength of the relat... DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004/10// DO - 10.2307/20159615 VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - 735-746 SN - 0001-4273 ER - TY - CONF TI - Microwave properties of BST thin film interdigital capacitors on low cost alumina substrates AU - Nath, J. AU - Ghosh, D. AU - Maria, J.-P. AU - Steer, M. B. AU - Kingon, A. I. AU - Stauf, G. T. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings of the 34th European Microwave Conference (EuMc), Amsterdam DA - 2004/// SP - 1497-1500 PB - London: Horizon House SN - 1580539920 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ca-doped lead zirconate titanate thin film capacitors on base metal nickel on copper foil AU - Kim, T AU - Kingon, AI AU - Maria, JP AU - Croswell, RT T2 - JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004/10// DO - 10.1557/jmr.2004.0387 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 2841-2848 SN - 0884-2914 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A voltage controlled oscillator using Barium strontium titanate (BST) thin film varactor AU - Victor, A AU - Nath, J AU - Ghosh, D AU - Boyette, B AU - Maria, JP AU - Steer, MB AU - Kingon, AI AU - Stauf, GT T2 - RAWCON: 2004 IEEE RADIO AND WIRELESS CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS AB - Barium strontium titanate (BST) has a field-dependent permittivity and can be used as a dielectric in voltage tunable capacitors or varactors. These BST-based varactors are passive devices and have significantly different properties compared to semiconductor varactors. A voltage tunable oscillator using a BST thin film varactor was designed and characterized. The frequency of oscillation varied from 34.8 MHz to 44.5 MHz (28% tuning) upon application of 7 V tuning voltage. The VCO gain was 1.38 MHz/V and the 2nd harmonic was over 23 dB below the fundamental throughout the tuning range. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1109/rawcon.2004.1389079 SP - 91-94 KW - voltage controlled oscillator KW - varactors KW - ferroelectric films KW - harmonic distortion ER - TY - JOUR TI - The design and characterization of a novel piezoelectric transducer-based linear motor AU - Palmer, JA AU - Dessent, B AU - Mulling, JF AU - Usher, T AU - Grant, E AU - Eischen, JW AU - Kingon, AI AU - Franzon, PD T2 - IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS AB - Before microminiature robots can be realized, new direct drive micromotor systems must be developed. In this research, a linear motor system for a miniature jumping robot was desired. However, current systems must display better force/torque characteristics than is currently available. This paper deals with the design, construction, and testing, of a macro-scale, unidirectional, direct drive linear piezomotor that operates like an inchworm. It uses a parallel arrangement of unimorph piezoelectric transducers, in conjunction with passive mechanical latches, to perform work on a coil spring. Experimental results showed that the linear piezomotor achieved a maximum no-load velocity of 161 mm/s, and a blocked force of 14 N, at a drive signal frequency of 100 Hz. Thereafter, back slip in the latch assembly restricted the forward motion. Based on the results obtained with the macro-level linear piezomotor, it is concluded that smaller direct drive piezomotor designs based on unimorph piezoelectric transducers are achievable. System scalability will be addressed in a future publication. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1109/TMECH.2004.828647 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 392-398 SN - 1941-014X KW - direct drive motors KW - linear piezomotor KW - passive latches KW - piezoelectric transducers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phasing into retirement AU - Allen, Steve AU - Clark, R.L. AU - Ghent, L.S. T2 - Industrial and Labor Relations Review AB - To help workers navigate the transition from work to retirement more effectively, employers have been launching phased retirement programs, which allow older employees to work part-time and receive full retirement benefits. This paper examines the experience of the phased retirement system for tenured faculty in the University of North Carolina system over the years 1996–98. After phased retirement was introduced, there was a sizable increase in the overall separation rate in the system. The key finding from an empirical analysis of the retirement decision as a function of pension incentives, employee performance, demographics, and campus characteristics is that the odds of entering phased retirement were strongly and inversely related to employee performance, as measured by recent pay increases. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1177/001979390405800106 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 112-127 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-9744261743&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Investments: Analysis and management (9th ed.) AU - Jones, C. P. CN - HG4521 .J663 2004 DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// PB - Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons SN - 0471456667 ER - TY - PAT TI - Lanthanum oxide-based dielectrics for integrated circuit capacitors AU - Maria, J.-P. AU - Kingon, A. I. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three-dimensional high-resolution reconstruction of polarization in ferroelectric capacitors by piezoresponse force microscopy AU - Rodriguez, BJ AU - Gruverman, A AU - Kingon, AI AU - Nemanich, RJ AU - Cross, JS T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS AB - A combination of vertical and lateral piezoresponse force microscopy (VPFM and LPFM, respectively) has been used to map the out-of-plane and in-plane polarization distribution, respectively, of (111)-oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-based (PZT) ferroelectric patterned and reactively-ion-etched capacitors. While VPFM and LPFM have previously been used to determine the orientation of the polarization vector in ferroelectric crystals and thin films, this is the first time the technique has been applied to determine the three-dimensional polarization distribution in thin-film capacitors and, as such, is of importance to the implementation of nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memory. Sequential VPFM and LPFM imaging have been performed in poled 1×1.5 μm2 PZT capacitors. Subsequent quantitative analysis of the obtained piezoresponse images allowed the three-dimensional reconstruction of the domain arrangement in the PZT layers of the capacitors. It has been found that the poled capacitors, which appear as uniformly polarized in VPFM, are in fact in a polydomain state as is detected by LPFM and contain 90° domain walls. Despite the polycrystallinity of the PZT layer, regions larger than the average PZT grain size are found to have the same polarization orientation. This technique has potential for clarifying the switching behavior and imprint mechanism in micro- and nanoscale ferroelectric capacitors. DA - 2004/2/15/ PY - 2004/2/15/ DO - 10.1063/1.1638889 VL - 95 IS - 4 SP - 1958-1962 SN - 1089-7550 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The changing nature of stock and bond volatility AU - Jones, C. P. AU - Wilson, J. W. T2 - Financial Analysts Journal AB - AbstractThis article examines the changing nature of U.S. stock and bond risk from 1871 through 2000 and the implications for asset allocation. Using geometric means and standard deviations, we examine nominal and inflation-adjusted monthly returns over nonoverlapping 5-year periods, as well as annual returns over periods of approximately 25 years, and we document how stock and bond volatility changed over the period. Our analysis suggests that the relative change in the volatility of stocks and volatility of bonds over the past 50 years has increased the importance of stocks in asset allocation. The change is even more pronounced when inflation is considered. This article examines the changing nature of stock and bond risk from 1871 through 2000 and the implications for asset allocation. Using geometric means and standard deviations, we examine nominal and inflation-adjusted monthly returns over five-year periods, as well as annual returns over periods of approximately 25 years, and document how stock and bond volatility changed over the sample period. Our analysis suggests that the change in the relative volatility of stocks and bonds over the past 50 years has increased the attractiveness of stocks in asset allocation, and the change is even more pronounced when inflation is considered.Since about 1940, stock volatility has fluctuated in a narrow range, and both low and high mean stock returns have been associated with similar levels of volatility. But bond volatility increased during the last 35 years of the series. The best 5-year nominal mean returns on bonds occurred during a 10-year period when bond volatility was at its highest level in history.The geometric mean nominal returns of stocks exceeded those of bonds in 18 of the 26 nonoverlapping five-year periods. Inflation-adjusted geometric mean stock returns were negative in only 3 of the 26 periods, but for bonds, they were negative in 10 of the 26 periods. The inflation-adjusted geometric standard deviation of bonds was 30 percent higher than the nominal standard geometric deviation for the 1871–2000 period. For stocks in this period, however, there was little difference between inflation-adjusted and nominal geometric standard deviations.The relative riskiness of stocks and bonds has undergone a long-term change. Until roughly 1950, the ratio of the two variances (stocks to bonds) was much greater than it has been subsequently except for a single five-year period. An examination of five-year standard deviations indicates that bond risk has increased since the 1960s whereas stock risk has remained relatively steady.The correlation between bond returns and stock returns, although fluctuating, has been increasing. Combined with the increase in bond volatility relative to stock volatility, this rising correlation has important implications for asset allocation. Our analysis of the nominal risk–return trade-off available to investors shows that the situation changed after World War II. For the later two 25-year periods examined here, a 100 percent bond portfolio, or a portfolio invested primarily in bonds, compared unfavorably on a return–risk basis with several portfolios that had larger stock allocations. This outcome was most pronounced in the last period, 1974–2000, when a 70/30 stock/bond allocation had less risk and a much larger return than did a 100 percent bond portfolio. Clearly, during the last half of the 20th century, the changes in relative stock and bond volatility increased the attractiveness of stocks relative to bonds.On an inflation-adjusted basis, the case for portfolios heavily invested in bonds is even weaker than it is on a nominal basis. Bonds are affected more severely when adjusted for the increased risk caused by the covariance of nominal bond returns and inflation. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.2469/faj.v60.n1.2595 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 100-113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research on the human connection in technological innovation: an introductory essay AU - Green, S. G. AU - Aiman-Smith, L. T2 - Journal of Engineering and Technology Management DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 21 IS - 02-Jan SP - 09- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Liabilities, debts, revenues, and expenditures: Accounting for the actuarial balance of Social Security AU - Clark, R. L. T2 - Harvard Journal on Legislation DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 161-171 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corporate responses nanoscience and nanotechnology AU - Kingon, A. I. AU - Collins, M. J. AU - Gentry, S. T. AU - Bean, A. S. T2 - Research Technology Management DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 08- ER -