TY - JOUR TI - Integrated environmental assessment, Part I: Estimating emissions AU - Christopher Frey, H. AU - Small, M.J. T2 - Journal of Industrial Ecology AB - Journal of Industrial EcologyVolume 7, Issue 1 p. 9-11 Integrated Environmental Assessment, Part I Estimating Emissions H. Christopher Frey, Corresponding Author H. Christopher Frey Associate professor of civil engineering at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Porter Hall 119, Frew Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA, ms35@andrew.cmu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorMitchell J. Small, Mitchell J. Small H. John Heinz III Professor of Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.Search for more papers by this author H. Christopher Frey, Corresponding Author H. Christopher Frey Associate professor of civil engineering at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Porter Hall 119, Frew Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA, ms35@andrew.cmu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorMitchell J. Small, Mitchell J. Small H. John Heinz III Professor of Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 08 February 2008 https://doi.org/10.1162/108819803766729159Citations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume7, Issue1January 2003Pages 9-11 Translations 《产业生态学报》中文摘要 (JIE Chinese Abstracts) Resúmenes en Español de la Revista de Ecología Industrial (JIE Spanish Abstracts) RelatedInformation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1162/108819803766729159 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 9-11 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038818049&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presence of Paracoccus pantotrophus as an indicator of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an intermittently aerated continuously-fed batch reactor T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/15001860/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimization of nitrogen removal from anaerobically-pretreated swine wastewater in intermittent aeration tanks T2 - Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes Ix, Proceedings DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/7119259/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of kinetic parameters in bulking and non-bulking activated sludge: Effects on filament/floc former competition T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/15001861/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of unusually high levels of nitrifying bacteria in reactors treating high nitrogen wastewater T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/15001859/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: Effects of activated carbon surface chemistry and pore structure on the adsorption of organic contaminants from aqueous solution (Carbon (2002) 40 (2085-2100) PII: S0008622302000696) AU - Li, L. AU - Quinlivan, P.A. AU - Knappe, D.R.U. T2 - Carbon DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0008-6223(03)00121-0 VL - 41 IS - 8 SP - 1693 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038617285&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimizing ferric sulfate coagulation of algae with streaming current measurements AU - Briley, D.S. AU - Knappe, D.R.U. T2 - Water Resources Research Institute News of the University of North Carolina DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// IS - 341 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40349083675&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - NOM and MIB, who wins in the competition for activated carbon adsorption sites? AU - Newcombe, G. AU - Hepplewhite, C. AU - Knappe, D. T2 - Water DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 33-36 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037294576&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determining traffic stream impacts of radar detectors using microscopic simulation AU - Oliveira, M.G. AU - Williams, B. AU - Leonard, J.D. T2 - Journal of Transportation Engineering AB - Police radar is known to have an effect on the speed of drivers. This effect derives from the presence of vehicles equipped with radar detectors in the traffic stream and the reactions that the drivers of these vehicles have to radar. The level of impact on a traffic stream exposed to radar transmissions is a function of the proportion of radar detector equipped vehicles in the traffic stream, i.e., the radar detector density. Microscopic simulation can be used to model this impact. A microscopic simulator extension is proposed that allows determinations of this type to be carried out by adding the capability to model driver response to radar transmissions. This approach can also be applied to the modeling of other driver warning technologies such as changeable message signs. A case study using the proposed methodology to analyze different congestion and radar detector density levels is presented and discussed. The case study shows that the efficacy of using radar as a speed reduction strategy is a function of congestion and radar detector density, with the strategy being most effective for volumes levels between 200 and 1,400 vehicles per hour per lane. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:1(7) VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 7-15 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037246604&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Performance-Based System For Post-Closure Care At MSW Landfills AU - Morris, J.W.F. AU - Houlihan, M.F. AU - Clark, S. AU - Barlaz, M.A. AU - Repa, E. AU - Sullivan, P.S. AU - Burt, D. T2 - Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) Landfill Symposium C2 - 2003/// CY - Atlantic City, NJ DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/6/16/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Tetrachloroethylene Sorbed to Municipal Solid Waste Components AU - Zhang, Z. AU - Barlaz, M.A. AU - Knappe, D.R.U. T2 - 103rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology C2 - 2003/// CY - Washington, DC DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/5/18/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Production of Non-Methane Organic Compounds (NMOCs) During the Decomposition of Refuse and Individual Waste Components Under Various Operating Conditions AU - Barlaz, M.A. AU - Cowie, S.J. AU - Hater, G.R. T2 - Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) Landfill Gas Symposium C2 - 2003/// CY - Tampa, FL DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/3/24/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Performance-Based System For Post-Closure Care At MSW Landfills- A New Approach To The Current 30-Year Time-Based System Of Subtitle D AU - Morris, J.W.F. AU - Houlihan, M.F. AU - Barlaz, M.A. AU - Sullivan, P.S. AU - Bonaparte, R. AU - Gallinatti, J.D. AU - Durant, N.D. AU - Gibbons, R.D. AU - Burt, D.M. AU - Clarke, H.S. AU - Baker, J.A. T2 - WasteTech C2 - 2003/// CY - New Orleans, LA DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/2/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Landfill Chemistry and Microbiology and End of Post-Closure AU - Barlaz, M.A. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Invited lecture ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of UV Fluence Rate Distribution Models AU - Ducoste, J.J. AU - Liu, D. AU - Shanshan, J. AU - Linden, K.G. T2 - International Ultraviolet Association Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings International Ultraviolet Association Conference CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/7/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Implementing UV into Large Water Treatment Plants AU - Hulsey, R. AU - Mackey, H. AU - Neemann, J. AU - Linden, K. AU - Ducoste, J. T2 - International Ultraviolet Association Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings International Ultraviolet Association Conference CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/7/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Medium Pressure UV Reactor Models for Validation Purposes AU - Rokjer, D. AU - Valade, M. AU - Keesler, D. AU - Borsykowsky, M. AU - Ducoste, J. T2 - American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water Quality and Technology Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings AWWA Water Quality and Technology Conference CY - Philadelphia, PA DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation Of Sequential Disinfection Strategy in Drinking Water Treatment using a Non-Biological Surrogate AU - Baeza, C. AU - Richards, B.H. AU - Ducoste, J. T2 - North Carolina American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federtation (NC AWWA/WEF) Annual Conference C2 - 2003/// CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/11/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Using CFD Model to Analyze Mixing Performance for the Formation of Chloramines AU - Liu, Y. AU - Ducoste, J. T2 - North Carolina American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation (NC AWWA/WEF) Annual Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings NC AWWA/WEF Annual Conference CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/11/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - The Intricacies of using Numerical Models for Analyzing/Designing Ultraviolet UV Disinfection Reactors AU - Ducoste, J.J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design of FRP Reinforced Concrete for Serviceability AU - Svecova, D. AU - Rizkalla, S. AU - Tadros, G. T2 - ACI Special Publications C7 - SP-210 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 210 SP - 149–173 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field Applications of Concrete-Filled FRP Tubes for Marine Piles AU - Fam, A. AU - Greene, R. AU - Rizkalla, S. T2 - ACI Special Publications DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// VL - SP-215 SP - 161–180 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FRP Retrofit of the Ring-Beam of a Nuclear Reactor Containment Structure AU - Demers, M. AU - Popovic, A. AU - Neale, K. AU - Rizkalla, S. AU - Tadros, G. T2 - ACI Special Publications DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// VL - SP-215 SP - 303–316 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Rehabilitation of Bridges in Western Canada AU - Hutchinson, R. AU - Tadros, G. AU - Kroman, J. AU - Rizkalla, S. T2 - ACI Special Publications DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// VL - SP–215 SP - 239–248 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FRP for Prestressing of Concrete Bridges in Canada AU - Rizkalla, S. AU - Tadros, G. T2 - ACI Special Publications DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// VL - 215 SP - 75–90 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of ACM in Rehabilitation Projects in Egypt AU - Abdelrahman, A. AU - Mohamadien, M. AU - Rizkalla, S. AU - Tadros, G. T2 - ACI Special Publications DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// VL - 215 SP - 361–372 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effects of Activated Carbon Surface Chemistry and Pore Structure on the Adsorption of Trichloroethene and Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether from Natural Water AU - Knappe, D.R.U. AU - Li, L. AU - Quinlivan, P.A. AU - Wagner, T.B. A3 - American Water Works Association Research Foundation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - Executive Summary PB - American Water Works Association Research Foundation ER - TY - SOUND TI - Utility of Climate Information Based Reservoir Inflow Forecasts in Annual Water Allocation: Ceara Case Study AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Lall, U. AU - Sharma, A. AU - Lucas, J. DA - 2003/11/18/ PY - 2003/11/18/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Water Allocation for Multiple Uses based on Probabilistic Reservoir Inflow Forecasts AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Sharma, A. AU - Lall, U. T2 - IAHS-IUGG Meeting C2 - 2003/6// C3 - Proceedings of the IAHS-IUGG Meeting CY - Sapporo, Japan DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Utility of Climate Forecasts in Improving Reservoir Management AU - Arumugam, S. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Life-Cycle Analysis To Compare Solid Waste Management Alternatives Involving Recycling, Composting And Landfills AU - Barlaz, M.A. AU - Kaplan, P.O. AU - Ranjithan, S.R. T2 - MSW Management DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 42–43 ER - TY - CONF TI - Flood Quantiles and Changing Climate: Seasonal Forecasts and Reconstruction of Past Flood Records AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Lall, Upmanu T2 - World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003 AB - It is widely acknowledged that both climate and land use changes modify flood frequency, thereby challenging the traditional assumption that the underlying stochastic process is stationary in time, and that the annual maximum flood corresponds to an independent identically distributed (iid) process. In this paper, we employ a semi-parametric approach to estimate flood quantiles conditional on selected "climate indices" that carry the signal of structured low frequency climate variation, and influence the atmospheric mechanisms that enhance or retard local precipitation and flood potential. The semi-parametric approach that maximizes the local likelihood of the observed annual maximum peak in the climatic predictor state space is applied to estimate conditional flood quantiles for the Blacksmith Fork River near Hyrum (BFH), Utah. The estimated conditional flood quantiles correlate well with the observed annual maximum peaks, thus offering prospects for reconstructing past flood series as well as for short term forecasting. C2 - 2003/6/17/ C3 - World Water & Environmental Resources Congress 2003 DA - 2003/6/17/ DO - 10.1061/40685(2003)356 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784406854 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)356 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydroclimatology of the continental United States AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Vogel, Richard M. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - The overall water balance and the sensitivity of watershed runoff to changes in climate are investigated using national databases of climate and streamflow for 1,337 watersheds in the U.S. We document that 1% changes in precipitation result in 1.5–2.5% changes in watershed runoff, depending upon the degree of buffering by storage processes and other factors. Unlike previous research, our approach to estimating climate sensitivity of streamflow is nonparametric and does not depend on a hydrologic model. The upper bound for precipitation elasticity of streamflow is shown to be the inverse of the runoff ratio. For over a century, investigators [ Pike , 1964 ; Budyko , 1974 ; Ol'dekop , 1911 ; and Schreiber , 1904 ] have suggested that variations in watershed aridity alone are sufficient to predict spatial variations in long‐term watershed runoff. We document that variations in soil moisture holding capacity are just as important as variations in watershed aridity in explaining the mean and variance of annual watershed runoff. DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1029/2002gl015937 VL - 30 IS - 7 J2 - Geophys. Res. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 0094-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015937 DB - Crossref KW - hydroclimatology KW - hydrologic budget KW - water/energy interactions KW - runoff and streamflow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flood quantiles in a changing climate: Seasonal forecasts and causal relations AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. AU - Lall, Upmanu T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Recognizing that the frequency distribution of annual maximum floods at a given location may change over time in response to interannual and longer climate fluctuations, we compare two approaches for the estimation of flood quantiles conditional on selected “climate indices” that carry the signal of structured low‐frequency climate variation, and influence the atmospheric mechanisms that modify local precipitation and flood potential. A parametric quantile regression approach and a semiparametric local likelihood approach are compared using synthetic data sets and for data from a streamflow gauging station in the western United States. Their relative utility in different settings for seasonal flood risk forecasting as well as for the assessment of long‐term variation in flood potential is discussed. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.1029/2002wr001593 VL - 39 IS - 5 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001593 DB - Crossref KW - teleconnection KW - seasonal flood forecasting KW - local likelihood KW - quantile regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of a watershed model without calibration AU - Vogel, Richard M. AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Traditional approaches for the validation of watershed models focus on the “goodness of fit” between model predictions and observations. It is possible for a watershed model to exhibit a “good” fit, yet not accurately represent hydrologic processes; hence “goodness of fit” can be misleading. Instead, we introduce an approach which evaluates the ability of a model to represent the observed covariance structure of the input (climate) and output (streamflow) without ever calibrating the model. An advantage of this approach is that it is not confounded by model error introduced during the calibration process. We illustrate that once a watershed model is calibrated, the unavoidable model error can cloud our ability to validate (or invalidate) the model. We emphasize that model hypothesis testing (validation) should be performed prior to, and independent of, parameter estimation (calibration), contrary to traditional practice in which watershed models are usually validated after calibrating the model. Our approach is tested using two different watershed models at a number of different watersheds in the United States. DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1029/2002wr001940 VL - 39 IS - 10 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001940 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of persistence on trend detection via regression AU - Matalas, Nicholas C. AU - Sankarasubramanian, A. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Trends in hydrologic sequences may be assessed in various ways. The coefficient of regression of flow on time may be used, particularly if the sequences are very long. Under the assumption of stationarity the variance of the regression coefficient is expressed as a function of sequence length and the autocorrelation coefficients of relevant order. Thus the variance inflation factor for assessing the statistical significance of estimated regression coefficients may be readily determined for any given stationary process. The variance inflation factor is determined for four stationary processes: independent, Markov, autoregressive‐moving average of order (1, 1), and fractional Gaussian noise. The effectiveness of prewhitening observed sequences with a Markov process is nearly the same whether the first order autocorrelation coefficient is known per se or through estimation. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1029/2003wr002292 VL - 39 IS - 12 J2 - Water Resour. Res. LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1397 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002292 DB - Crossref KW - persistence KW - stationarity KW - trends ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using fuzzy neural network approach to estimate contractors’ markup AU - Liu, Min AU - Ling, Yean Yng T2 - Building and Environment AB - This paper presents a decision aid to assist contractors to estimate markup percentage to be included in their tenders, based on the Fuzzy neural network (FNN) approach. With the fuzzy logic inference system integrated inside, the FNN model provides users with a clear explanation to justify the rationality of the estimated markup output. Meanwhile, as every output of the FNN model is produced through the fuzzy inference rules, the results from the FNN model are in a reasonable and acceptable scale. By using this model, the difficulties in markup estimation due to its heuristic nature can be overcome. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1016/s0360-1323(03)00135-5 VL - 38 IS - 11 SP - 1303-1308 J2 - Building and Environment LA - en OP - SN - 0360-1323 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(03)00135-5 DB - Crossref KW - markup KW - artificial neural network KW - fuzzy neural network KW - construction management KW - tender estimating ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design recommendations for the use of FRP for reinforcement and strengthening of concrete structures AU - Rizkalla, Sami AU - Hassan, Tarek AU - Hassan, Nahla T2 - Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials AB - Abstract The use of fibre reinforced polymer, FRP, as reinforcement for concrete structures has been growing rapidly in recent years. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of these materials and highlights the various FRP strengthening techniques that have been used for concrete and masonry structures. Material characteristics of FRP and fundamental design considerations are discussed. Selection of the appropriate materials and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Design philosophies for concrete members reinforced and/or strengthened with FRP are enumerated. Fundamental flexure, shear and bond behaviour of concrete members reinforced and/or strengthened with FRP according to the current ACI design guidelines are examined. The paper also reviews the durability aspects of FRP and describes selected field applications of these materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1002/pse.139 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 16-28 J2 - Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. LA - en OP - SN - 1365-0556 1528-2716 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.139 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of Depth of Surface Cracks in Asphalt Pavements AU - Underwood, Shane AU - Kim, Y. Richard T2 - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board AB - Nondestructive measurement of crack depths of asphalt pavements in situ could be a valuable tool for engineers in rehabilitation planning. Such measurements currently must be made by first coring or trenching a pavement and then measuring the crack by hand. Two methods for performing this task nondestructively are presented. The two methods, surface wave and ultrasonic, use the slowing effect that a crack has on a wave. Two signal-processing techniques were used to analyze the surface wave method—the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the short kernel method (SKM). The FFT method provided a frequency spectrum that was used to find the energy carried by specific frequencies. The percent energy reduction (PER) was computed and plotted at each crack depth; this plot revealed that PER values increase as crack depth increases. The SKM method showed the wave velocity to decrease as the crack depth in creased. By comparing the wave velocity of the cracked pavement with that of the undamaged pavement, a phase velocity ratio plot was developed and was shown to be adequate for predicting crack depth. Ultrasonic testing proved to be a simpler and more direct method than surface wave testing. It was not necessary to know the wave properties of an undamaged pavement with this method, and a quantitative prediction of crack depth was obtained. While encouraging results were observed with both methods, ultrasonic testing showed the most promise for application because of the commercial availability of ultrasonic meters and the direct prediction of crack depth. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.3141/1853-16 VL - 1853 IS - 1 SP - 143-149 J2 - Transportation Research Record LA - en OP - SN - 0361-1981 2169-4052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1853-16 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of arterial signalization and level of service on measured vehicle emissions AU - Unal, A. AU - Rouphail, N.M. AU - Frey, C. T2 - Transportation Research Record DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// IS - 1842 SP - 47-56 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1542316140&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - QUANTIFYING SPECIES-SPECIFIC FILAMENTOUS BULKING THRESHOLDS USING MOLECULAR AND REACTOR STUDIES AU - Liao, Jiangying AU - Lou, Inchio AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - proc water environ fed DA - 2003/1/1/ PY - 2003/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864703784756246 VL - 2003 IS - 11 SP - 740-749 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presence of Paracoccus pantotrophus as an indicator of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an intermittently aerated continuously-fed batch reactor. AU - Williams, J. C. AU - Reyes, F. L., III T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 103 SP - Q-253 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BCI&KeyUT=BCI:BCI200300546638&KeyUID=BCI:BCI200300546638 ER - TY - JOUR TI - POPULATION DYNAMICS OF NITRIFYING BACTERIA IN INTERMITTENTLY-AERATED REACTORS TREATING HIGH NITROGEN WASTEWATER AU - Mota, Cesar R. AU - Hu, Zhengzheng AU - Cheng, Jiayang AU - Reyes, Francis L. T2 - proc water environ fed DA - 2003/1/1/ PY - 2003/1/1/ DO - 10.2175/193864703784640820 VL - 2003 IS - 7 SP - 585-590 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Optimization of nitrogen removal from anaerobically-pretreated swine wastewater in intermittent aeration tanks AU - Hu, ZZ AU - Mota, CR AU - Reyes, FL AU - Cheng, JY AU - ASAE T2 - Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes Ix, Proceedings PY - 2003/// SP - 590-595 PB - SE - UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000224513200073&KeyUID=WOS:000224513200073 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular Methods in Biological Systems AU - Reyes, Francis L. AU - Oerther, Daniel B. AU - Angenent, Largus T. T2 - water environ res AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 75, Issue 7 p. 65-139 Monitoring and MeasurementFree Access Molecular Methods in Biological Systems Francis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this authorDaniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorLargus T. Angenent, Largus T. AngenentSearch for more papers by this author Francis L. de los Reyes III, Francis L. de los Reyes IIISearch for more papers by this authorDaniel B. Oerther, Daniel B. OertherSearch for more papers by this authorLargus T. Angenent, Largus T. AngenentSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2003 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143003X141376AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume75, Issue72003 Literature ReviewSeptember-October 2003Pages 65-139 RelatedInformation DA - 2003/10/1/ PY - 2003/10/1/ DO - 10.2175/106143003x141376 VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - 65-139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of kinetic parameters in bulking and non-bulking activated sludge: Effects on filament/floc former competition. AU - Lou, I. AU - Reyes, F. L., III T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 103 SP - Q-183 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BCI&KeyUT=BCI:BCI200300546568&KeyUID=BCI:BCI200300546568 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of unusually high levels of nitrifying bacteria in reactors treating high nitrogen wastewater. AU - Mota, C. AU - Hu, Z. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Reyes, F. L., III T2 - Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 103 SP - Q-182 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=BCI&KeyUT=BCI:BCI200300546567&KeyUID=BCI:BCI200300546567 ER - TY - CONF TI - New GA approaches for pipe support optimization C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the Structures Congress and Exposition DA - 2003/// SP - 61-62 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-22344433506&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Asynchronous genetic algorithms for heterogeneous networks using coarse-grained dataflow DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2723 SE - 730-741 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35248893482&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Determination of depth of surface cracks in asphalt pavements AU - Underwood, B.S. AU - Kim, Y.R. C2 - 2003/// C3 - 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Record DA - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of depth of surface cracks in asphalt pavements AU - Underwood, B.S. AU - Krim, Y.R. T2 - Transportation Research Record DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Extraction of JP-4 using well injection depth extraction (WIDE): Field demonstration AU - Kunberger, T. AU - Quaranta, J. D. AU - Gabr, M. A. A2 - P. J. Culligan, H. H. Einstein A2 - Whittle, A. J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Soil and Rock America 2003 :12th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering DA - 2003/// PB - Essen: Verlag Glu?ckauf GMBH SN - 9783773959850 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of decomposition and stress on creep compression index of municipal solid waste in bioreactor landfills AU - Hossain, M. S. AU - Gabr, M. A. AU - Barlaz, M. A2 - P. J. Culligan, H. H. Einstein A2 - Whittle, A. J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Soil and Rock America 2003 :12th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering DA - 2003/// PB - Essen: Verlag Glu?ckauf GMBH SN - 9783773959850 ER - TY - CONF TI - A well injection depth extraction (WIDE) field demonstration AU - Warren, K. AU - Gabr, M. A. A2 - P. J. Culligan, H. H. Einstein A2 - Whittle, A. J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Soil and Rock America 2003 :12th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering DA - 2003/// PB - Essen: Verlag Glu?ckauf GMBH SN - 9783773959850 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Performance and acceptability criteria for crumb rubber modified binders with same performance graded (PG) rating AU - Natu, G. S. AU - Tayebali, A. A. T2 - Proceedings of the asphalt rubber 2003 conference : Brasilia, Brazil, December 2003 A2 - Sousa, Jorge B. PY - 2003/// PB - Brasilia: Asphalt Rubber Conference SN - 8590399710 ER - TY - RPRT TI - LRS project deliverables, products, and services AU - Rasdorf, W. A3 - Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation ER - TY - RPRT TI - Identification of flooded road segments using LIDAR elevation data and 3-D road data AU - Cai, H. AU - Rasdorf, W. A3 - Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation of spatial measurement technologies AU - Rasdorf, W. AU - Tiyasiritanon, W. A3 - Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Business and data process reengineering for traffic volume data AU - Wikoff, L. AU - Rasdorf, W. Pasquariello AU - L., AU - Taylor, K. A3 - Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation ER - TY - CONF TI - Quantifying nitrifying bacteria in bioreactors treating swine wastewater AU - Mota, C. R. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Reyes F. L., C2 - 2003/// C3 - 2003 Quad Conference (Blacksburg, VA) DA - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Population dynamics of nitrifying bacteria in intermittently-aerated reactors treating high nitrogen wastewater AU - Mota, C. R. AU - Hu, Z. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Reyes F. L., C2 - 2003/// C3 - WEFTEC.03 : Conference Program & Exhibitor Guide : 76th Annual Technial Exhibition and Conference : the water quality event : Los Angeles, October 11-15, 2003, Los Angeles Convention Center DA - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Detection of unusually high levels of nitrifying bacteria in reactors treating high nitrogen wastewater AU - Mota, C. R. AU - Hu, Z. AU - Cheng, J. AU - Reyes F. L., C2 - 2003/// C3 - American Society for Microbiology 103rd General Meeting, May 18-22, 2003, Washington, D.C DA - 2003/// SN - 1555812732 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The role of ASCE in the emergence of computing in civil engineering AU - Fenves, S. J. AU - Rasdorf, W. J. T2 - Perspectives in civil engineering: Commemorating the 150th anniversary of the American Society of Civil Engineers PY - 2003/// SP - 219-227 PB - Reston, VA: ASCE Press SN - 0784406863 ER - TY - CONF TI - Role of computing in civil engineering: Practitioners' perspective AU - Abudayyeh, O. AU - Cai, H. AU - Fenves, S. J. AU - Law, K. AU - O'Neill, R. AU - Rasdorf, W. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Towards a vision for information technology in civil engineering: Proceedings of the Fourth Joint International Symposium on Technology in Civil Engineering, Nov. 15-16, 2003, Nashville, TN DA - 2003/// PB - Nashville, TN: American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 0784407045 ER - TY - CONF TI - Role of computing in civil engineering: Educators' perspective AU - Abudayyeh, O. AU - Cai, H. AU - Fenves, S. J. AU - Law, K. AU - O'Neill, R. AU - Rasdorf, W. AB - The Education Committee of the Technical Council on Computing and Information Technology (TCCIT) of ASCE conducted two surveys during 2002 to assess the current computing component of the curriculum in civil engineering. The two surveys were targeted at two different segments within the civil engineering profession: educators and practitioners. This paper presents the findings of the survey directed to civil engineering educators concerning their perspective on the issue. This survey is a follow-up of surveys conducted by the Education Committee in 1990 and 1995. The presentation of the results includes an analysis of some of the changes in the survey results since 1990. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Towards a vision for information technology in civil engineering: Proceedings of the Fourth Joint International Symposium on Technology in Civil Engineering, Nov. 15-16, 2003, Nashville, TN DA - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/40704(2003)5 PB - Nashville, TN: American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 0784407045 ER - TY - CONF TI - Understanding how freshmen engineering students think they learn AU - Spurlin, J. E. AU - Bernold, L. E. AU - Crossland, C. L. AU - Anson, C. M. C2 - 2003/// C3 - American Society for Engineering Education DA - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Empowerment to learn in engineering: preparation for an urgently-needed paradigm shift AU - Anson, C. W. AU - Bernold, L. E. AU - Crossland, C. AU - Spurlin, J. AU - McDemott, M. AU - S., Weiss. T2 - Global Journal of Engineering Education DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 145-155 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A statistically-based validation of computer simulation models in traffic operations and management T2 - Journal of Transportation and Statistics DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 1-15 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Effect of arterial signalization and level of service on measured vehicle emissions AU - Unal, A. AU - Rouphail, N. M. AU - Frey, H. C. T2 - Energy, air quality, and fuels 2003 CN - TE7 .H5 no. 1842 PY - 2003/// SP - 47-56 PB - Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board SN - 0309085756 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Using the asphalt pavement layer condition assessment program - Case studies AU - Xu, B. AU - Ranjithan, S. R. AU - Kim, Y. R. T2 - Pavement assessment, monitoring and evaluation 2003 AB - The Asphalt Pavement Layer Condition Assessment Program (APLCAP) is developed in this research to help highway agencies assess layer conditions of asphalt pavements. APLCAP implements a new integrated procedure for condition assessment from falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) deflections. The main components of this procedure include screening of FWD raw deflections, predictions of condition indicators from FWD measurements, structural adjustments for the predicted condition indicators, and layer condition evaluation based on the adjusted condition indicators. This procedure was developed on the basis of dynamic nonlinear finite element analysis and calibrated using field measurements. The three case studies presented show that the APLCAP algorithms can predict the asphalt concrete modulus, pavement critical strains, and strengths of the base and subgrade quite well, but not the compressive strain in the aggregate base layer. Although the APLCAP procedure includes the complicated dynamic effect of FWD loading and nonlinear behavior of unbound materials, the time to obtain results from this procedure is insignificant and therefore suitable for real-time evaluation of pavement conditions. CN - TE7 .H5 no.1860 PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3141/1860-08 SP - 66-75 PB - Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board SN - 0309085977 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Prediction of remaining life of asphalt pavement with failing-weight deflectometer multiload-level deflections AU - Park, H. M. AU - Kim, Y. R. T2 - Pavement assessment, monitoring and evaluation 2003 AB - The development of prediction methods for the remaining life of flexible pavements using falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) multiload-level deflections is presented. Pavement response models and pavement performance models were used in developing this procedure. The pavement response models were designed to predict critical pavement responses from surface deflections and deflection basin parameters. The pavement performance models were used to develop the relationships between critical pavement responses obtained from pavement response models and actual pavement performance. Pavement distress data and FWD multiload-level deflection data obtained from the Long-Term Pavement Performance database were used to verify the performance prediction procedure. It was found that the performance of fatigue cracking can be predicted using the proposed procedure except for pavements with high and rapidly increasing cracking in wet-freeze regions. Such trends may be due to environment-induced distresses such as low-temperature cracking, permanent deformation of unbound layers, or both, during the spring thaw period. Predicted rut depths using both single-load and multiload-level deflections show good agreement with measured rut depths over a wide range of rutting potentials. However, the procedure using single–load-level deflections consistently underpredicts the rut depths. This observation demonstrates that the rutting prediction procedure using multiload-level deflections can estimate an excessive level of rutting quite well and thus improve the prediction quality of rutting potential in flexible pavements. CN - TE7 .H5 no.1860 PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3141/1860-06 SP - 48-56 PB - Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board SN - 0309085977 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time-temperature superposition for asphalt mixtures with growing damage and permanent deformation in compression AU - Zhao, YQ AU - Kim, YR T2 - BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES 2003 AB - The objective in this study was to check the validity of the time–temperature superposition principle for hot-mix asphalt (HMA) with growing damage and viscoplastic strain in the compression state, which is essential for the permanent deformation characterization of HMA. Constant crosshead rate compression tests were conducted at temperatures between 25°C and 55°C, and data were analyzed to construct the stresslog reduced-time master curves for various strain levels. Research results indicate that HMA with growing damage remains thermorheologically simple in the temperature range used in this study and that the time–temperature shift factor is only a function of temperature and is independent of the strain level. Two types of tests, the repeated creep and recovery test and the cyclic sinusoidal loading test, were performed in this study to validate the time–temperature superposition in loading histories commonly used in asphalt mixture testing. The results further confirm that the time–temperature superposition is valid for HMA with growing damage and permanent deformation and that the response of HMA depends only on the reduced loading history. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3141/1832-20 IS - 1832 SP - 161-172 SN - 0361-1981 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of asphalt mix fatigue life with viscoelastic material properties AU - Lee, HJ AU - Kim, YR AU - Lee, SW T2 - BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES 2003 AB - A simplified fatigue model is presented that can predict the fatigue life of asphalt mixes using viscoelastic properties only. This fatigue model was originally developed with the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle and continuum damage mechanics and was reduced to a simple version that can predict fatigue life with viscoelastic properties only. On the basis of the experimental study conducted on 12 different types of asphalt mixes, it was observed that the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixes is affected by both the viscoelastic properties and the fatigue characteristics, but mostly by the viscoelastic properties. In addition, it was found that the coefficient of conventional strain-based fatigue models could be expressed in terms of viscoelastic material properties. In the verification study, the fatigue model was able to predict the fatigue life of various types of mixes at the same level of prediction accuracy without change in model coefficients. The fatigue model was also able to accurately predict the changes in the fatigue life of an asphalt mix due to the changes in the volumetric mix properties. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3141/1832-17 IS - 1832 SP - 139-147 SN - 0361-1981 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship of compressibility parameters to municipal solid waste decomposition AU - Hossain, M. S. AU - Gabr, Mohammed AU - Barlaz, Morton T2 - Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering AB - Recently, there has been substantial interest in the enhancement of refuse decomposition in landfills, which results in increased settlement. In this paper, changes in waste compressibility as a function of the state of decomposition are reported. Samples representative of residential refuse were decomposed under conditions designed to simulate decomposition in both control and bioreactor landfills. Twenty four one-dimensional oedometer tests (63.5 mm cell) were performed on refuse prepared in laboratory-scale reactors for measurement of primary (Cc) and secondary (Cαi, representing creep, and Cβi, representing biological) compression indices. The state of decomposition was quantified by the methane yield and the cellulose (C) plus hemicellulose (H) to lignin (L) ratio. The magnitude of compressibility was shown to increase as refuse decomposed and compressibility parameters were correlated with the state of decomposition. Initial settlement increased with decreasing (C+H)/L ratio while the creep index was fairly independent of the state of decomposition. The coefficients of primary compression (Cc) for bioreactor samples showed an increasing trend with decreasing (C+H)/L ratios. Cc increased from 0.16 to 0.36 as (C+H)/L decreased from 1.29 to 0.25, and similar values of Cc were obtained with control samples at similar (C+H)/L ratios. The creep index range was estimated at 0.02–0.03 for control and bioreactor samples in various states of decomposition. The magnitude of the biological degradation index (Cβi) depended on the degradation phase with the highest value of 0.19 obtained during the phase of accelerated methane production. Proposing a single Cc for landfill settlement calculations may lead to inaccurate predictions. Properties of each waste sublayer will change as a function of the decomposition stage, and dominating processes with appropriate compressibility parameters should be applied to individual sublayers. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1151) VL - 129 IS - 12 SP - 1151–1158 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discussion of 'Options for centralized management of swine waste' by Ross M. Tabachow, Chase Stock, and J. Jeffrey Peirce AU - Anastasiou, C. C. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 129 IS - 4 SP - 387-388 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of hourly probabilistic utility NOx emission inventories using time series techniques: Part I - univariate approach AU - Abdel-Aziz, A AU - Frey, HC T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Abstract Historical data regarding hourly variability in coal-fired power plant unit emissions based upon continuous emission monitoring enables estimation of the likely range of possible values in the near future for purposes of air quality modeling. Analyses were conducted for 32 units for a base case in 1995, an alternative 1998 case, and a 2007 future scenario case. Hourly inter-unit uncertainty was assumed to be independent. Univariate stochastic time series models were employed to quantify hourly uncertainty in capacity and emission factors. Ordinary least-squares regression models were used to quantify hourly uncertainty in heat rate. The models were used to develop an hourly probabilistic emission inventory for a 4-day period. There was significant autocorrelation for time lags 1, 2, 23, and 24 for the capacity and emission factor and a 24 h cyclical pattern for the capacity factor. The uncertainty ranges for hourly emissions were found to vary for different hours of the day, with 95% probability ranges of typically ±20–40% of the mean. For the 1995 case, the 95% confidence interval for the daily inventory was 510–633 t/d, representing approximately ±10% uncertainty with respect to the average value of 576 t/d. Inter-annual changes in the mean and variability were assessed by comparison of 1998 data with 1995 data. The daily inventory for the 2007 scenario had an uncertainty range of ±8% of the average value of 175 t/d. The substantial autocorrelation in capacity and emission factor, and the cyclic effect for capacity factor, indicate the importance of accounting for time series effects in estimation of uncertainty in hourly emissions. Additional work is recommended to account for inter-unit dependence, which is addressed in Part 2. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.007 VL - 37 IS - 38 SP - 5379-5389 SN - 1873-2844 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0142226858&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - autocorrelation KW - uncertainty KW - variability KW - emissions KW - nitrogen oxides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a procedure to determine the effectiveness of asphalt-removing solvents AU - Kulkarni, M. AU - Xu, Q. X. AU - Tayebali, A. T2 - Journal of Testing and Evaluation DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 429-437 ER - TY - JOUR TI - World survey of civil engineering programs on fiber reinforced polymer composites for construction AU - Mirmiran, A. AU - Bank, L. C. AU - Neale, K. W. AU - Mottram, J. T. AU - Ueda, T. AU - Davalos, J. F. T2 - Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice AB - The Editorial Board of the American Society of Civil Engineers Journal of Composites for Construction (Lawrence C. Bank, Editor) sponsored a survey of the civil/structural engineering programs around the world on the subject of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, excluding the traditional steel–concrete composite construction and fiber reinforced concrete. This paper summarizes the main results from the survey. During the last decade, considerable focus has been devoted to the use of FRP composites in construction. The main driving force is the need for revitalizing the aging infrastructure with innovative materials and structural systems that last longer and require less maintenance. As the construction industry embraces FRPs in the field, the need for educating civil engineers with background on the subject has become more evident. Despite a significant number of field applications and laboratory research, the survey shows that FRPs have not yet been fully implemented in the engineering curricula, and the classrooms are still lagging behind. To improve this situation, civil engineering and their extension programs must provide sufficient training on unique features of FRPs so that engineers could design or specify them in construction. This survey should be repeated as a gauging tool again at the end of this decade. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2003)129:3(155) VL - 129 IS - 3 SP - 155-160 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precast Piles for Route 40 Bridge in Virginia using Concrete-filled FRP Tubes AU - Fam, A. AU - Pando, M. AU - Filz, G. AU - Rizkalla, S. T2 - PCI Journal AB - This paper summarizes the construction details and findings of laboratory and field tests of a new generation of precast composite piles used for the first time in the construction of the substructure of the Route 40 highway bridge over the Nottoway River in Virginia. The piles consisted of 24.6 in. (625 mm) diameter concrete-filled glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) circular tubes, with a 0.21 in. (5.3 mm) wall thickness. The composite piles extended above the ground level and were directly embedded into the reinforced concrete cap beam supporting the superstructure. Laboratory tests included two full-scale composite piles loaded to failure using four-point bending configuration. Field testing included a full-scale precast composite pile and a conventional 20 in. (508 mm) square concrete pile prestressed with fourteen 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) diameter strands. This paper presents details of the construction and driving of the piles, comparisons between the behavior of the composite and prestressed concrete piles under axial and lateral loading, the observed failure modes, and the details of the connection between the piles and the reinforced concrete cap beam. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.15554/pcij.05012003.32.45 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 32–45 SN - 0887-9672 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On optimal finite-difference approximation of PML AU - Asvadurov, S AU - Druskin, V AU - Guddati, MN AU - Knizhnerman, L T2 - SIAM JOURNAL ON NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AB - A technique derived from two related methods suggested earlier by some of the authors for optimization of finite-difference grids and absorbing boundary conditions is applied to discretization of perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions for wave equations in Cartesian coordinates. We formulate simple sufficient conditions for optimality and implement them. It is found that the minimal error can be achieved using pure imaginary coordinate stretching. As such, the PML discretization is algebraically equivalent to the rational approximation of the square root on [0,1] conventionally used for approximate absorbing boundary conditions. We present optimal solutions for two cost functions, with exponential (and exponential of the square root) rates of convergence with respect to the number of the discrete PML layers using a second order finite-difference scheme with optimal grids. Results of numerical calculations are presented. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1137/S0036142901391451 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 287-305 SN - 0036-1429 KW - absorbing boundary conditions KW - exponential convergence KW - finite differences KW - hyperbolic problems KW - perfectly matched layers KW - wave propagation KW - optimal rational approximations ER - TY - CHAP TI - Measured distributions of control delay on signalized arterials AU - Colyar, J. D. AU - Rouphail, N. M. T2 - Traffic flow theory and highway capacity, 2003 CN - TE7 .H5 no.1852 PY - 2003/// SP - 1-9 PB - Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board SN - 0309085888 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental and analytical modeling of concrete-filled fiber- reinforced polymer tubes subjected to combined bending and axial loads AU - Fam, A. AU - Flisak, B. AU - Rizkalla, S. T2 - ACI Structural Journal AB - First Name is required invalid characters Last Name is required invalid characters Email Address is required Invalid Email Address Invalid Email Address DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.14359/12659 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 499-509 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Evolutionary multiobjective optimization in watershed water quality management AU - Dorn, J. L. AU - Ranjithan, S. R. T2 - Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization: Second international conference, EMO 2003, Faro, Portugal, April 8-11, 2003: proceedings AB - The watershed water quality management problem considered in this study involves the identification of pollution control choices that help meet water quality targets while sustaining necessary growth. The primary challenge is to identify nondominated management choices that represent the noninferior tradeoff between the two competing management objectives, namely allowable urban growth and water quality. Given the complex simulation models and the decision space associated with this problem, a genetic algorithm-based multiobjective optimization (MO) approach is needed to solve and analyze it. This paper describes the application of the Nondominated Sorting Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to this realistic problem. The effects of different population sizes and sensitivity to random seed are explored. As the water quality simulation run times can become prohibitive, appropriate stopping criteria to minimize the number of fitness evaluations are being investigated. To compare with the NSGA-II results, the MO watershed management problem was also analyzed via an iterative application of a hybrid GA/local-search method that solved a series of single objective ε-constraint formilations of the multiobjective problem. In this approach, the GA solutions were used as the starting points for the Nelder-Mead local search algorithm. The results indicate that NSGA-II offers a promising approach to solving this complex, real-world MO watershed management problem. CN - T57.95 .E48 2003 PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/3-540-36970-8_49 VL - 2632 SP - 692-706 PB - Berlin; New York: Springer SN - 3540018697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Creep modeling for concrete-filled steel tubes AU - Naguib, W AU - Mirmiran, A T2 - JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL RESEARCH AB - Using the rate of flow method and the double power law function for basic creep of concrete, an algorithm is developed for the time-dependent behavior of concrete-filled steel tube (CFT), with or without the interface bond. The model adheres to geometric compatibility and static equilibrium, and considers the effects of sealed concrete, multi-axial state of stresses, creep Poisson’s ratio, stress redistribution, variable creep stress history, and creep failure of the column. The model is verified against previous creep tests for bonded and unbonded specimens. A study is then carried out on the practical design parameters that may affect creep of CFT columns under service loads, or lead to their creep rupture at high levels of sustained load. The study indicates that creep of CFT columns should be considered in the design, however, with creep coefficients much lower than those prescribed in the current ACI. Creep of CFT is shown to be a function of concrete mix, column geometry, and interface bond. Therefore, a single ultimate creep coefficient cannot be used for all concrete mixes, column geometries, and construction types. Bonded tubes curtail creep of concrete much more than the equivalent unbonded ones, mainly because of the stress relaxation phenomenon, which is more pronounced for smaller diameter-to-thickness ratios. For diameter-to-thickness ratios of 40 or less, bonded tubes are more durable in creep rupture than the equivalent unbonded ones. Creep rupture life of 75 years is quite feasible in bonded CFT, with diameter-to-thickness ratio of 40 or less, for sustained loads as high as 65% of the static capacity of the column. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1016/S0143-974X(03)00085-3 VL - 59 IS - 11 SP - 1327-1344 SN - 0143-974X KW - bond KW - columns KW - concrete-filled steel tube KW - time-dependent behavior ER - TY - CHAP TI - Comparison of capacity models for two-lane roundabouts AU - Hagring, O. AU - Rouphail, N. M. AU - Sorensen, H. A. T2 - Traffic flow theory and highway capacity, 2003 CN - TE7 .H5 no.1852 PY - 2003/// SP - 114-123 PB - Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board SN - 0309085888 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Asynchronous genetic algorithms for heterogenous networks using course-grained dataflow AU - Baugh, J. W. AU - Kumar, S. V. T2 - Genetic and evolutionary computation--GECCO 2003: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, July 12-16, 2003: Proceedings AB - Genetic algorithms (GAs) are an attractive class of techniques for solving a variety of complex search and optimization problems. Their implementation on a distributed platform can provide the necessary computing power to address large-scale problems of practical importance. On heterogeneous networks, however, the performance of a global parallel GA can be limited by synchronization points during the computation, particularly those between generations. We present a new approach for implementing asynchronous GAs based on the dataflow model of computation — an approach that retains the functional properties of a global parallel GA. Experiments conducted with an air quality optimization problem and others show that the performance of GAs can be substantially improved through dataflow-based asynchrony. CN - QA402.5 .G4563 2003 v.1-2 PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/3-540-45105-6_88 VL - 2723 SP - 730-741 PB - Berlin; New York: Springer SN - 3540406026 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Are the "best" solutions to a real optimization problem always found in the noninferior set? Evolutionary algorithm for generating alternatives (EAGA) AU - Zechman, E. M. AU - Ranjithan, S. R. T2 - Genetic and evolutionary computation--GECCO 2003: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, July 12-16, 2003: Proceedings AB - Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) continue to offer an effective, powerful, and sometimes exclusive way to search for solutions to real optimization problems. While these algorithms can help solve a complex optimization problem, whether the results represent the “best” choices for making decisions about a solution to a real problem is questionable. In decision-making problems that are ill posed, all objectives may not be defined clearly and therefore not quantitatively captured in the optimization model [1]. The noninferior set of solutions to the optimization model being solved may not necessarily contain the best solution to the actual problem. CN - QA402.5 .G4563 2003 v.1-2 PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/3-540-45110-2_55 VL - 2724 SP - 1622-1623 PB - Berlin; New York: Springer SN - 3540406026 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A reactive species model for chlorine decay and THM formation under rechlorination conditions AU - Boccelli, DL AU - Tryby, ME AU - Uber, JG AU - Summers, RS T2 - WATER RESEARCH AB - Chlorine is typically used within drinking water distribution systems to maintain a disinfectant residual and minimize biological regrowth. Typical distribution system models describe the loss of disinfectant due to reactions within the water matrix as first order with respect to chlorine concentration, with the reactants in excess. Recent work, however, has investigated relatively simple dynamic models that include a second, hypothetical reactive species. This work extends these latter models to account for discontinuities associated with rechlorination events, such as those caused by booster chlorination and by mixing at distribution system junction nodes. Mathematical arguments show that the reactive species model will always represent chlorine decay better than, or as well as, a first-order model, under single dose or rechlorination conditions; this result is confirmed by experiments on five different natural waters, and is further shown that the reactive species model can be significantly better under some rechlorination conditions. Trihalomethane (THM) formation was also monitored, and results show that a linear relationship between total THM (TTHM) formation and chlorine demand is appropriate under both single dose and rechlorination conditions. This linear relationship was estimated using the modeled chlorine demand from a calibrated reactive species model, and using the measured chlorine demand, both of which adequately represented the TTHM formation. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// DO - 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00067-8 VL - 37 IS - 11 SP - 2654-2666 SN - 0043-1354 KW - chlorine KW - decay KW - rechlorination KW - trihalomethanes KW - disinfection by-products KW - model ER - TY - JOUR TI - TaN-TiN binary alloys and superlattices as diffusion barriers for copper interconnects AU - Wang, H AU - Gupta, A AU - Tiwari, A AU - Zhang, X AU - Narayan, J T2 - JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS DA - 2003/10// PY - 2003/10// DO - 10.1007/s11664-003-0081-7 VL - 32 IS - 10 SP - 994-999 SN - 0361-5235 KW - TaN KW - TiN KW - superlattice KW - alloy KW - Cu diffusion barrier ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors influencing faecal contamination in coastal marinas AU - Sobsey, MD AU - Perdue, R AU - Overton, M AU - Fisher, J T2 - WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Recreational pleasure and fishing boats are potential sources of human faecal contamination because the sanitary wastes from boat occupants may be discharged into the surrounding water. The impacts of such faecal contamination from boats is potentially high in marinas where boats are often kept and occupied for varying periods of time. The nature and extent of such faecal contamination from boats in marinas of different design and use is still inadequately understood. In this study the levels of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria were measured in the waters of a confined and an open water marina over a 6 d period encompassing a holiday weekend. Levels of FC rose with increasing occupancy by boats and boaters during the study period and then declined again. FC levels were higher in waters of a confined or basin marina than in waters of an open or unconfined marina. In both confined and open water marinas, FC levels were highest in water samples collected near boats but they also became elevated on occasion in water samples taken a distance of 305 m from boats. Concentrations of FC in marina waters exceeded the standards and guidelines for shell-fishing and primary contact recreation waters. Therefore, greater consideration of human health risks from enteric microbes in marina waters and shellfish is recommended. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2166/wst.2003.0195 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 199-204 SN - 0273-1223 KW - boats KW - faecal coliforms KW - faecal contamination KW - marinas KW - pollution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Creep analysis of axially loaded fiber reinforced polymer-confined concrete columns AU - Naguib, W. AU - Mirmiran, A. T2 - Journal of Engineering Mechanics AB - An analytical model is developed to study the time-dependent behavior of concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes (CFFT) and fiber-wrapped concrete columns (FWCC) under sustained axial loads. The model utilizes the double power law creep function for concrete in the framework of rate of flow method, and the linear viscoelastic creep model for FRP. It follows geometric compatibility and static equilibrium, and considers the effects of sealed concrete, multiaxial state of stresses, creep Poisson’s ratio, stress redistribution, variable creep stress history, and creep rupture. The model is verified against previous creep tests by the writers on FWCC and CFFT columns. It is then used to study the practical design parameters that may affect creep of FRP-confined concrete under service loads, or lead to creep rupture at high levels of sustained load. Creep of FWCC is shown to be close to that of sealed concrete of the same mix, as the effect of confinement on creep of concrete is not very significant. CFFT columns, on the other hand, creep much less than FWCC, mainly due to axial stress redistribution. As the stiffness of the tube increases relative to the concrete core, larger stress redistributions take place further reducing the creep. However, there is a threshold, beyond which, stiffer tubes would not significantly lower the creep of concrete. Creep rupture life expectancy of CFFT columns is shown to be quite acceptable. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:11(1308) VL - 129 IS - 11 SP - 1308-1319 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Comparison of the new W-interchange with conventional interchanges AU - Thompson, C. D. AU - Hummer, J. E. AU - Kluckman, R. C. T2 - Operational effects of geometrics, 2003 CN - TE7 .H5 no. 1847 PY - 2003/// SP - 42-51 PB - Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board SN - 0309085837 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A framework for life-cycle cost assessment of composites in construction AU - Hastak, M AU - Mirmiran, A AU - Richard, D T2 - JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES AB - The slow acceptance of composite materials in construction could be attributed to the high initial cost of composites compared to conventional materials and the limited information on life-cycle cost. This paper presents a unique framework for a probable life-cycle cost assessment model for composite materials in construction. The proposed model utilizes the historical life-cycle performance data for conventional materials, knowledge about material properties, and deterioration characteristics for new and conventional materials to effectively assess the life-cycle cost and behavior of composite materials in construction. The proposed model integrates deterioration characteristics of structural components under different environmental and loading conditions to establish performance envelopes. Monte Carlo simulation models are generated to evaluate various maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation (MR and R) strategies possible over the life-cycle. The life-cycle cost associated with each scenario is computed, at different discount factors, to obtain the optimum life-cycle cost for various material options. The specifics of the model are illustrated through an example. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1177/073168403035586 VL - 22 IS - 15 SP - 1409-1430 SN - 0731-6844 KW - composite materials KW - construction KW - life-cycle cost KW - deterioration KW - performance curves KW - life-cycle performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Self-actuating SMA-HPFRC fuses for auto-adaptive composite structures AU - Krstulovic-Opara, N AU - Nau, J AU - Wriggers, P AU - Krstulovic-Opara, L T2 - COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING AB - Existing experimental results clearly demonstrate that the structural use of conventional, that is, “passive,” high–performance fiber reinforced concretes (HPFRCs) results in excellent seismic performance. By combining shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers with conventional HPFRCs, self–actuating HPFRCs were recently developed. This paper explores a novel way of using such self–actuating SMA–based HPFRCs to develop more seismically resistant and cost–effective, auto–adaptive frame buildings. A numerical investigation on the use of self–actuating HPFRCs in highly energy absorbing, replaceable, “fuse” zones is presented first. Resulting SMA–HPFRC “fuses” can adjust their response to the level of seismic overload. A brief discussion of the possible use of such self–actuating “fuses” in auto–adaptive structures is also provided. While in an actual auto–adaptive structure “triggering” of the desired self–actuating HPFRC fuse behavior will require the use of “sensing” and control elements, this paper focuses only on the behavior of SMA–HPFRC fuses and their effect on the overall structural response. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1111/1467-8667.t01-1-00301 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 78-94 SN - 1467-8667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Probabilistic nonroad mobile source emission factors AU - Frey, H. Christopher AU - Bammi, S. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering AB - Quantitative methods for characterizing both variability and uncertainty are applied to case studies of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total hydrocarbon air pollutant emission factors for construction, farm and industrial engines. A database was developed and statistical methods were used to identify statistically significant categories, including gasoline engines, two-stroke diesel engines, and four-stroke diesel engines. Emissions were not found to be statistically significantly different for older versus newer nonroad diesel engines nor when comparing naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Interengine variability in emissions was quantified using Weibull, gamma, and lognormal distributions. Bootstrap simulation was used to characterize confidence intervals for the mean. The 95% confidence intervals for the mean emission factors were as small as −10 to +11% and as large as −48 to +49%, with an average range of −26 to +27%. Asymmetry in the confidence intervals is attributable to small sample sizes and skewness in the data. Estimates of uncertainty convey information regarding the quality of the emission factors and serve as a basis for calculation of uncertainty in emission inventories. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:2(162) VL - 129 IS - 2 SP - 162-168 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037331021&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - On-road measurement of vehicle tailpipe emissions using a portable instrument AU - Frey, HC AU - Unal, A AU - Rouphail, NM AU - Colyar, JD T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - A study design procedure was developed and demonstrated for the deployment of portable onboard tailpipe emissions measurement systems for selected highway vehicles fueled by gasoline and E85 (a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline). Data collection, screening, processing, and analysis protocols were developed to assure data quality and to provide insights regarding quantification of real-world intravehicle variability in hot-stabilized emissions. Onboard systems provide representative real-world emissions measurements; however, onboard field studies are challenged by the observable but uncontrollable nature of traffic flow and ambient conditions. By characterizing intravehicle variability based on repeated data collection runs with the same driver/vehicle/route combinations, this study establishes the ability to develop stable modal emissions rates for idle, acceleration, cruise, and deceleration even in the face of uncontrollable external factors. For example, a consistent finding is that average emissions during acceleration are typically 5 times greater than during idle for hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide and 10 times greater for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. A statistical method for comparing on-road emissions of different drivers is presented. Onboard data demonstrate the importance of accounting for the episodic nature of real-world emissions to help develop appropriate traffic and air quality management strategies. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466245 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 992-1002 SN - 2162-2906 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042123783&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling and forecasting vehicular traffic flow as a seasonal ARIMA process: Theoretical basis and empirical results AU - Williams, Billy AU - Hoel, L.A. T2 - Journal of Transportation Engineering AB - This article presents the theoretical basis for modeling univariate traffic condition data streams as seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average processes. This foundation rests on the Wold decomposition theorem and on the assertion that a one-week lagged first seasonal difference applied to discrete interval traffic condition data will yield a weakly stationary transformation. Moreover, empirical results using actual intelligent transportation system data are presented and found to be consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. Conclusions are given on the implications of these assertions and findings relative to ongoing intelligent transportation systems research, deployment, and operations. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:6(664) VL - 129 IS - 6 SP - 664-672 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0344944192&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling Nitrogen Transport in Duckweed Pond for Secondary Treatment of Swine Wastewater AU - Chaiprapat, Sumate AU - Cheng, Jiayang AU - Classen, John J. AU - Ducoste, Joel J. AU - Liehr, Sarah K. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering AB - A mathematical model was developed to describe nitrogen transport in duckweed-covered static ponds for nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water. A finite difference technique was used to solve the partial differential equations describing the ammonia transport and concentration in the pond. The key parameters in the model include the diffusion coefficient of ammonium in the medium (D) and kinetic constant of nitrogen uptake by duckweed (k). Using one order of magnitude parameter variations, the simulations showed that the model was clearly much more sensitive to D than to k, indicating the process of nitrogen removal in a static pond by duckweed is diffusion limited. Laboratory testing was conducted with Spirodela punctata 7776, a duckweed strain, to calibrate the model. The calibration of the model with experimental data yielded a new ammonium transport coefficient (T) that is 85 times of D value. Model results showed good agreement with depth-wise experimental ammonium concentration and the model also demonstrates that intermittent mixing every 3 h can enhance ammonium uptake. Additionally, an apparent drop in pH near the duckweed mat at the surface was observed that may explain low rates of ammonia emission from duckweed ponds. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:8(731) VL - 129 IS - 8 SP - 731-739 J2 - J. Environ. Eng. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-9372 1943-7870 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:8(731) DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large scale testing and analysis of hybrid concrete/composite tubes for circular beam-column applications AU - Fam, Amir AU - Rizkalla, Sami T2 - Construction and Building Materials AB - Concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) circular tubes provide an effective structural system for a variety of applications such as piles, columns, overhead sign structures and utility poles. This paper discusses the behavior of concrete-filled Glass-FRP tubes ranging in diameter from 90 to 942 mm, using test results of eight beams, five columns and ten beam-column specimens. The effects of concrete fill, laminate structure of the tube, reinforcement ratio based on the wall thickness, as well as different failure modes are examined. Analytical models have been established and used in a parametric study to examine the effects of fiber orientation within the FRP tubes, thickness of the FRP tube, and the diameter of a central hole, which could be used to reduce the self-weight of the member. The benefits of concrete fill as well as the confinement effects have been demonstrated experimentally and analytically. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1016/s0950-0618(03)00048-5 VL - 17 IS - 6-7 SP - 507-516 J2 - Construction and Building Materials LA - en OP - SN - 0950-0618 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(03)00048-5 DB - Crossref KW - fibre reinforced polymer KW - tubes KW - concrete-filled KW - confinement KW - beam KW - column ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative performance evaluation of tele-operated pipe laying AU - Lee, J. AU - Lorenc, S. J. AU - Bernold, L. E. T2 - Journal of Construction Engineering and Management AB - Excavation, in particular, trenching, presents a hazardous working environment for workers. Many deadly accidents still occur even though the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has increased its training for safe trenching. The work presented in this paper originated with the belief that the best approach to remedy this problem is technology. Its premise is the need to remove the workers from this deadly trap and replace them with a mechanical device capable of doing the work necessary to lay pipes accurately. Presented is the result of a comparative field evaluation designed to prove that such a technology is not only technically feasible, but also cost-effective. For this purpose, a tele-operated pipe manipulator was built, capable of being easily attached to an excavator bucket and controllable from the safety of an operator cabin. The new technology was subsequently evaluated during field tests using both qualitative and quantitative performance criteria. Data from the study clearly demonstrate that this technological intervention not only works as intended, but also promises to reduce the cost of installing pipes, especially with increasing trench depths. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2003)129:1(32) VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 32-40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analytical models for concrete confined with FRP tubes AU - Becque, J. AU - Patnaik, A. K. AU - Rizkalla, S. H. T2 - Journal of Composites for Construction AB - Concrete columns encased in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes offer an attractive solution to enhance behavior of concrete in terms of strength as well as ductility. Analytical models for development of stress-strain curves for concrete confined with FRP are proposed in this paper. The predicted stress-strain curves for confined concrete using the proposed models are compared with those of tests for concrete specimens confined with FRP. It is demonstrated that the proposed models predict the stress-strain behavior of confined concrete very well. Based on the confidence gained in the proposed models, the effects of using different fibers, the presence of voids, and the number of layers are established. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:1(31) VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 31-38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rocking stiffness of mounting arrangements in electrical cabinets and control panels AU - Yang, JF AU - Rustogi, SK AU - Gupta, A T2 - NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN AB - Several studies have shown that the consideration of a rigid body-rocking mode in a cabinet is necessary to evaluate accurate incabinet spectra. Observations from finite element analyses are used to study cabinet rocking behavior and to show that accurate representation of the boundary conditions at the cabinet base is essential in the evaluation of correct rocking mode. Simple formulations for evaluating the rocking stiffness are developed by conducting detailed analytical studies for three different types of cabinet mounting arrangements. Availability of these formulations enables incorporation of a cabinet rocking mode in the Ritz vector approach [Nucl. Eng. Des. 190 (1990) 225] for evaluating the cabinet dynamic properties in significant mode and for generating the incabinet response spectra. DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1016/S0029-5493(02)00279-0 VL - 219 IS - 2 SP - 127-141 SN - 0029-5493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methods for quantifying variability and uncertainty in AP-42 emission factors: Case studies for natural gas-fueled engines AU - Frey, HC AU - Li, S T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - Quantitative methods for characterizing variability and uncertainty were applied to case studies of oxides of nitrogen and total organic carbon emission factors for lean-burn natural gas-fueled internal combustion engines. Parametric probability distributions were fit to represent inter-engine variability in specific emission factors. Bootstrap simulation was used to quantify uncertainty in the fitted cumulative distribution function and in the mean emission factor. Some methodological challenges were encountered in analyzing the data. For example, in one instance, five data points were available, with each data point representing a different market share. Therefore, an approach was developed in which parametric distributions were fitted to population-weighted data. The uncertainty in mean emission factors ranges from as little as approximately +/-10% to as much as -90 to +180%. The wide range of uncertainty in some emission factors emphasizes the importance of recognizing and accounting for uncertainty in emissions estimates. The skewness in some uncertainty estimates illustrates the importance of using numerical simulation approaches that do not impose restrictive symmetry assumptions on the confidence interval for the mean. In this paper, the quantitative method, the analysis results, and key findings are presented. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466317 VL - 53 IS - 12 SP - 1436-1447 SN - 2162-2906 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0142172026&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of tension strain on buckling of reinforcement in concrete columns AU - Moyer, M. J. AU - Kowalsky, M. J. T2 - ACI Structural Journal AB - First Name is required invalid characters Last Name is required invalid characters Email Address is required Invalid Email Address Invalid Email Address DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.14359/12441 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 75-85 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic model to optimize underground utility protection AU - Bernold, L. E. T2 - Journal of Construction Engineering and Management DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2003)126:6(645) VL - 129 IS - 6 SP - 645-652 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distributed model of solid waste anaerobic digestion - Effects of leachate recirculation and pH adjustment AU - Vavilin, VA AU - Rytov, SV AU - Lokshina, JY AU - Pavlostathis, SG AU - Barlaz, MA T2 - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING AB - A distributed model of solid waste digestion in a 1-D bioreactor with leachate recirculation and pH adjustment was developed to analyze the balance between the rates of polymer hydrolysis/acidogenesis and methanogenesis during the anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW). The model was calibrated on previously published experimental data generated in 2-L reactors filled with shredded refuse and operated with leachate recirculation and neutralization. Based on model simulations, both waste degradation and methane production were stimulated when inhibition was prevented rapidly from the start, throughout the reactor volume, by leachate recirculation and neutralization. An optimal strategy to reduce the time needed for solid waste digestion is discussed. DA - 2003/1/5/ PY - 2003/1/5/ DO - 10.1002/bit.10450 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 66-73 SN - 0006-3592 KW - solid waste KW - distributed model KW - hydrolysis KW - methanogenesis KW - leachate recirculation KW - pH adjustment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of hourly probabilistic utility NOx emission inventories using time series techniques: Part II - multivariate approach AU - Abdel-Aziz, A AU - Frey, HC T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Inter-unit dependence in the time series of capacity factors was accounted for in developing time series models for predictions of uncertainty in hourly NOx emissions for base load coal-fired power plants. Analyses were conducted for 32 units from 9 plants for a 1995 base case, and 1998 alternate case, and a future scenario in 2007. Multivariate time series models were employed in the analyses to account for the dependence between emissions from correlated units. The trade-off of using this approach is the complexity involved in the modeling process, including selection of model parameters and computational effort in the simulation process. Sufficient simultaneously recorded data for all correlated units must be available for purposes of model development. The results were compared to those of the inter-unit independent approach employed in a companion paper. Inter-unit correlations for capacity factor were as high as 0.86 and for total emissions were as high as 0.62. The total daily inventory for the 1995 case had a 95% confidence interval of 497–705 t/d which represents an uncertainty range of −15% to +20% of the average value of 587 t/d. The 2007 case had an uncertainty range of −8% to +15%. These uncertainty ranges are wider than the corresponding ranges obtained from the inter-unit independent approach. Simulations from the vector autoregressive time series approach that accounted for inter-unit correlation in capacity factor were more accurate than the inter-unit independent approach when compared to observed data. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.008 VL - 37 IS - 38 SP - 5391-5401 SN - 1352-2310 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0142226859&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - autocorrelation KW - uncertainty KW - variability KW - emissions KW - nitrogen oxides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reliability-based load and resistance factor design for piping: an exploratory case study AU - Gupta, A AU - Choi, B T2 - NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN AB - This paper presents an exploratory case study on the application of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) approach to the Section III of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code for piping design. The failure criterion for defining the performance function is considered as plastic instability. Presently used design equation is calibrated by evaluating the minimum reliability levels associated with it. If the target reliability in the LRFD approach is same as that evaluated for the presently used design equation, it is shown that the total safety factors for the two design equations are identical. It is observed that the load and resistance factors are not dependent upon the diameter to thickness ratio. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to study the variations in the load and resistance factors due to changes in (a) coefficients of variation for pressure, moment, and ultimate stress, (b) ratio of mean design pressure to mean design moment, (c) distribution types used for characterizing the random variables, and (d) statistical correlation between random variables. It is observed that characterization of random variables by log-normal distribution is reasonable. Consideration of statistical correlation between the ultimate stress and section modulus gives higher values of the load factor for pressure but lower value for the moment than the corresponding values obtained by considering the variables to be uncorrelated. Since the effect of statistical correlation on the load and resistance factors is relatively insignificant for target reliability values of practical interest, the effect of correlated variables may be neglected. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1016/S0029-5493(03)00133-X VL - 224 IS - 2 SP - 161-178 SN - 0029-5493 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrated solid waste management in the United States AU - Barlaz, Morton AU - Cekander, G. C. AU - Vasuki, N. C. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.) AB - In this editorial, we examine the meaning of integrated solid waste management, discuss its application in practice, and identify areas where both technological and regulatory development are needed. Let us recognize that like water and wastewater treatment, solid waste must be managed by virtually every community to protect human health and the environment. The U.S. EPA ~2002! defines municipal solid waste ~MSW! to include waste generated in the residential, commercial, and institutional sectors. Of the 232 million tons generated in 2000, approximately 55.4% was disposed of in landfills, 23% was recovered for recycling, 7.1% was recovered for composting ~primarily yard waste!, and 14.5% was combusted in waste-to-energy facilities. In addition to MSW, many other nonhazardous wastes are managed in these same facilities, including construction and demolition ~C&D! waste, water and wastewater treatment plant sludges, and nonhazardous industrial wastes ranging from foodprocessing wastes to foundry sands. We often find that the best way to analyze waste management is to understand how the money flows. For waste generated in the residential and institutional sectors, the cost of solid waste management is typically borne by residents through a unit of government, which means that the costs for collection, recycling, composting, combustion, and disposal are constantly competing for always scarce tax revenue. MSW management may also be funded through user fees. Some have advocated the implementation of ‘‘pay as you throw’’ ~PAYT! systems, in which waste generators are charged for refuse collection in proportion to the volume discarded. Conceptually, this should encourage people to reduce waste generation and to recycle wherever possible. The implementation of such systems is increasing in the United States. Of course, PAYT is standard practice for commercial waste generators. MSW is frequently managed by a combination of public and private entities. The local government’s responsibility for protection of public health and the local environment is cost-effectively discharged through public-private partnerships. Thus, the waste management infrastructure consists of numerous public-private partnerships that together are charged with protecting human health and the environment in a cost-effective manner. The EPA identified a hierarchy for waste management in which source reduction is considered to be most favorable, followed by recycling, treatment, and ultimately landfill disposal. While seemingly intuitive, we suggest that this hierarchy is most useful when both economic feasibility and environmental sustain- DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:7(583) VL - 129 IS - 7 SP - 583–584 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing flocculation under heterogeneous turbulence AU - Hopkins, DC AU - Ducoste, JJ T2 - JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE AB - This study investigated the impact of turbulent heterogeneity in a flocculation reactor on particle aggregation and breakup. In particular, the influence of average characteristic velocity gradient (G), particle concentration, and coagulation mechanism (sweep floc vs charge neutralization) on the floc growth, steady-state size, and variance was analyzed. Experiments were performed in a bench-scale reactor with a low-shear axial-flow impeller using a photometric dispersion analyzer (PDA). Results indicated that as G increased, floc growth increased while the mean size and variance in the floc size distribution decreased. In addition, floc growth, mean size, and variance increased with increasing primary particle concentration and when the coagulation mechanism was switched from charge neutralization to sweep floc. Lastly, floc growth, mean size, and variance were found to vary spatially in the reactor at low G values with larger floc size and growth rate in the bulk region and a larger variance in the impeller discharge region. DA - 2003/8/1/ PY - 2003/8/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00446-6 VL - 264 IS - 1 SP - 184-194 SN - 0021-9797 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042669795&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - flocculation KW - heterogeneous turbulence KW - mixing KW - water treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation of bond in concrete structures strengthened with near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer strips AU - Hassan, T. AU - Rizkalla, S. T2 - Journal of Composites for Construction AB - Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are currently produced in different configurations and are widely used for the strengthening and retrofitting of concrete structures and bridges. Recently, considerable research has been directed to characterize the use of FRP bars and strips as near surface mounted reinforcement, primarily for strengthening applications. Nevertheless, in-depth understanding of the bond mechanism is still a challenging issue. This paper presents both experimental and analytical investigations undertaken to evaluate bond characteristics of near surface mounted carbon FRP (CFRP) strips. A total of nine concrete beams, strengthened with near surface mounted CFRP strips were constructed and tested under monotonic static loading. Different embedment lengths were used to evaluate the development length needed for effective use of near surface mounted CFRP strips. A closed-form analytical solution is proposed to predict the interfacial shear stresses. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values with test results as well as nonlinear finite element modeling. A quantitative criterion governing the debonding failure of near surface mounted CFRP strips is established. The influence of various parameters including internal steel reinforcement ratio, concrete compressive strength, and groove width is discussed. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(248) VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 248-257 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detention pond design and land use planning for watershed management AU - Harrell, L. J. AU - Ranjithan, S. R. T2 - Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9486(2003)129:2(98) VL - 129 IS - 2 SP - 98-106 ER - TY - CONF TI - Optimization of nitrogen removal from anaerobically-pretreated swine wastewater in intermittent aeration tanks AU - Hu, Z. AU - Mota, C. R., III AU - Reyes F. L., AU - Cheng, J. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes IX : proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, 12-15 October, 2003, Raleigh, North Carolina DA - 2003/// VL - 9 SN - 1892769328 ER - TY - CONF TI - Swine wastewater treatment in an integrated system of anaerobic digestion and duckweed nutrient removal AU - Cheng, J. AU - Liehr, S. AU - Lyerly, C. AB - Organics destruction and nutrient uptake in an integrated pilot system of anaerobic digestion andduckweed nutrient removal for swine wastewater treatment were monitored under field conditions. Raw swinewastewater of 100 gallons/day was first treated in a 1,000-gallon anaerobic digester with floating ballast rings.Organic compounds in the wastewater were digested to produce biogas. Many nutrients including nitrogen andphosphorus remain in the effluent of the anaerobic digester. Duckweed (Lemna gibba 8678) was grown inthree 1,000-gallon tanks to recover nutrients from the anaerobic effluent. The duckweed was periodicallyharvested and can be used as animal, poultry, and fish feed. This research provides an initial understanding ofthe attached-growth anaerobic digester and the characteristics exhibited by Lemna gibba in the treatment ofswine wastewater under conditions similar to those found in North Carolina. Both the anaerobic digester andthe duckweed tanks were run as completely mixed systems. The performance of the system was monitored by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus(TP), ortho-phosphate-phosphorus, and pH in the influent and effluent of each treatment unit. C2 - 2003/// C3 - ASAE annual International Meeting 2003, Las Vegas : The Riviera Hotel, July 27-30, 2003 DA - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.13893 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vulnerability indicators for coastal dunes AU - Judge, E. K. AU - Overton, M. F. AU - Fisher, J. S. T2 - Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering AB - This paper describes the development of a new parameter to characterize dune vulnerability to storm-induced erosion. Existing indicators of dune erosion vulnerability are examined, including expected cross-sectional erosion values calculated using storm characteristics. We extract a series of 110 pre- and poststorm profiles at cross-shore transects, spaced at approximately 300 m alongshore on digital terrain models of a North Carolina barrier island. Dune failure and survival are designated based on a percentage of the cross-sectional area eroded—50% or greater erosion indicates failure, less than 50% erosion, survival. Crest height does not prove to be an effective predictor of dune vulnerability. Existing cross-sectional area based parameters show some success in predicting erosion vulnerability. We improve the dune failure and survival prediction success rate using a new parameter, a surrogate moment of inertia, the erosion resistance. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:6(270) VL - 129 IS - 6 SP - 270-278 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Special issue: Second Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium, Asheville, North Carolina, USA, October 2002 AU - Barlaz, M AU - Reinhart, D T2 - WASTE MANAGEMENT DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/s0956-053x(03)00115-6 VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - 557-559 SN - 0956-053X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seismic retrofit with continuous slurry-infiltrated mat concrete jackets AU - Dogan, E. AU - Krstulovic-Opara, N. T2 - ACI Structural Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 100 IS - 6 SP - 713-722 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seismic design aspects of vertically irregular reinforced concrete buildings AU - Das, S AU - Nau, JM T2 - EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA AB - Seismic building codes such as the Uniform Building Code (UBC) do not allow the equivalent lateral force (ELF) procedure to be used for structures with vertical irregularities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the definition of irregular structures for different vertical irregularities: stiffness, strength, mass, and that due to the presence of nonstructural masonry infills. An ensemble of 78 buildings with various interstory stiffness, strength, and mass ratios is considered for a detailed parametric study. The lateral force-resisting systems (LFRS) considered are special moment-resisting frames (SMRF). These LFRS are designed based on the forces obtained from the ELF procedure. The results from linear and nonlinear dynamic analyses of these engineered buildings exhibit that most structures considered in this study performed well when subjected to the design earthquake. Hence, the restrictions on the applicability of the equivalent lateral force procedure are unnecessarily conservative for certain types of vertical irregularities considered. DA - 2003/8// PY - 2003/8// DO - 10.1193/1.1595650 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 455-477 SN - 8755-2930 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of hourly variability in NOx emissions for baseload coal-fired power plants AU - Abdel-Aziz, A AU - Frey, HC T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - The objectives of this paper are to (1) quantify variability in hourly utility oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)) emission factors, activity factors, and total emissions; (2) investigate the autocorrelation structure and evaluate cyclic effects at short and long scales of the time series of total hourly emissions; (3) compare emissions for the ozone (O3) season versus the entire year to identify seasonal differences, if any; and (4) evaluate interannual variability. Continuous emissions monitoring data were analyzed for 1995 and 1998 for 32 units from nine baseload power plants in the Charlotte, NC, airshed. Unit emissions have a strong 24-hr cycle attributable primarily to the capacity factor. Typical ranges of the coefficient of variation for emissions at a given hour of the day were from 0.2 to 0.45. Little difference was found when comparing weekend emissions with the entire week or when comparing the O3 season with the entire year. There were substantial differences in the mean and standard deviation of emissions when comparing 1995 and 1998 data, indicative of the effect of retrofits of control technology during the intervening time. The wide range of variability and its autocorrelation should be accounted for when developing probabilistic utility emission inventories for analysis of near-term future episodes. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// DO - 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466298 VL - 53 IS - 11 SP - 1401-1411 SN - 1047-3289 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0242322675&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence and treatment of 1,4-dioxane in aqueous environments AU - Zenker, MJ AU - Borden, RC AU - Barlaz, MA T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE AB - 1,4-Dioxane is classified as a probable human carcinogen. It is used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and it is formed as a by-product during the manufacture of polyester and various polyethoxylated compounds. Improper disposal of industrial waste and accidental solvent spills have resulted in the contamination of groundwater with 1,4-dioxane. Volatilization and sorption are not significant attenuation mechanisms due to 1,4-dioxane's complete miscibility with water. At present, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the only proven technology for 1,4-dioxane treatment. 1,4-Dioxane was believed to be very resistant to both abiotic and biologically mediated degradation due to its heterocyclic structure with two ether linkages. However, recent studies have shown that 1,4-dioxane can be biodegraded as a sole carbon and energy source, and that cost-effective biological treatment processes can be developed. Future work should be oriented towards the development of better information on the extent of 1,4-dioxane contamination in the environment and of full-scale biological treatment processes. In addition, the application of chemical oxidation for in situ treatment of 1,4-dioxane warrants further investigation. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1089/109287503768335913 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 423-432 SN - 1092-8758 KW - 1,4-dioxane KW - ethers KW - biodegradation KW - remediation KW - occurrence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen management in bioreactor landfills AU - Price, GA AU - Barlaz, MA AU - Hater, GR T2 - WASTE MANAGEMENT AB - One scenario for long-term nitrogen management in landfills is ex situ nitrification followed by denitrification in the landfill. The objective of this research was to measure the denitrification potential of actively decomposing and well decomposed refuse. A series of 10-l reactors that were actively producing methane were fed 400 mg NO3-N /l every 48 h for periods of 19-59 days. Up to 29 nitrate additions were either completely or largely depleted within 48 h of addition and the denitrification reactions did not adversely affect the leachate pH. Nitrate did inhibit methane production, but the reactors recovered their methane-producing activity with the termination of nitrate addition. In well decomposed refuse, the nitrate consumption rate was reduced but was easily stimulated by the addition of either acetate or an overlayer of fresh refuse. Addition of acetate at five times the amount required to reduce nitrate did not lead to the production of NH4+ by dissimilatory nitrate reduction. The most probable number of denitrifying bacteria decreased by about five orders of magnitude during refuse decomposition in a reactor that did not receive nitrate. However, rapid denitrification commenced immediately with nitrate addition. This study shows that the use of a landfill as a bioreactor for the conversion of nitrate to a harmless byproduct, nitrogen gas, is technically viable. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/s0956-053x(03)00104-1 VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - 675-688 SN - 0956-053X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing recycling, composting and landfills AU - Barlaz, M. A. AU - Kaplan, P. O. AU - Ranjithan, S. R. AU - Rynk, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 9 SP - 60- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transportation distance measurement data quality AU - Rasdorf, W. AU - Cai, H. AU - Tilley, C. AU - Brun, S. AU - Karimi, H. AU - Robson, F. T2 - Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering AB - Data quality and spatial data accuracy issues are critical to any geographic information systems (GIS) application, especially GIS applications in the transportation community. This paper addresses one specific aspect of spatial data accuracy issues, namely, linear measurement (length measurement), through a transportation case study. In the case study, an alternative to distance measurement instruments (DMI) was proposed to determine road lengths for interstate highways in North Carolina. In the proposed alternative, the road lengths were calculated by overlaying GIS roadway linework over elevation data—in this case the National Elevation Dataset, which was developed based on U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 min digital elevation models and calculating a centerline roadway slope distance. The results of this approach were collected and compared with DMI lengths to assess the accuracy of the proposed approach. Error sources were tentatively identified and control mechanisms were discussed. Computer tools and models used to model surfaces and roadway linework are emphasized in this paper. The computer algorithms used for length calculations and accuracy assessment are described. This research concluded that, by carefully controlling quality of both the roadway linework data and the elevation data, GIS programs can be written to provide accurate length measurements to the transportation community. Furthermore, instrumentation like global positioning systems, high resolution cameras, and precise odometers can be combined to create productivity enhancing automated engineering systems. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2003)17:2(75) VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 75-87 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The limitations and performances of different displacement based design methods AU - Sullivan, TJ AU - Calvi, GM AU - Priestley, MJN AU - Kowalsky, MJ T2 - JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AB - Journal of Earthquake EngineeringVol. 07, No. spec01, pp. 201-241 (2003) No AccessTHE LIMITATIONS AND PERFORMANCES OF DIFFERENT DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN METHODST. J. SULLIVAN, G. M. CALVI, M. J. N. PRIESTLEY and M. J. KOWALSKYT. J. SULLIVANUniversita degli Studi di Pavia, ROSE School, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy Search for more papers by this author , G. M. CALVIUniversita degli Studi di Pavia, ROSE School, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy Search for more papers by this author , M. J. N. PRIESTLEYUniversita degli Studi di Pavia, ROSE School, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy Search for more papers by this author and M. J. KOWALSKYNorth Carolina State University, Dept. Civil Engineering, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, USA Search for more papers by this author Cited by:0 Previous AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AbstractDisplacement based design (DBD) methods are emerging as the latest tool for performance based seismic design. Of the many different DBD procedures proposed in recent years there are few that are developed to a standard suitable for implementation in modern design codes. This paper presents the findings of a study that uses eight different DBD methods to undertake the seismic design of five different case studies. Some significant limitations with the eight methods have been identified through their application to realistic design examples. The study also shows that despite all of the DBD methods using the same set of design parameters, a large variation in design strength is obtained. Finally, through non-linear time history analyses the performance of each method is assessed. The performance assessment indicates that each of the eight DBD methods provide designs that ensure limit states are not exceeded. It is hoped that by presenting the limitations and comparing the required strength and performance of the methods, developments will be made that will enable designers to undertake DBD with ease and confidence.Keywords:Displacementdeformation-basedseismic designperformancelimitations References T. Albanesi, C. Nuti and I. Vanzi, Earthq. 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FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Recommended Vol. 07, No. spec01 Metrics History KeywordsDisplacementdeformation-basedseismic designperformancelimitationsPDF download DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1142/S1363246903001012 VL - 7 SP - 201-241 SN - 1559-808X KW - displacement KW - deformation-based KW - seismic design KW - performance KW - limitations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Filament-wound glass fiber reinforced polymer bridge deck modules AU - Williams, B. AU - Shehata, E. AU - Rizkalla, S. H. T2 - Journal of Composites for Construction AB - The demand for the development of efficient and durable bridge decks is a priority for most of the highway authorities worldwide. This paper summarizes the results of an experimental program designed to study the behavior of an innovative glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bridge deck recently patented in Canada. The deck consisted of a number of triangular filament wound tubes bonded with epoxy resin. GFRP plates were adhered to the top and bottom of the tubes to create one modular unit. The experimental program, described in this paper, discusses the evolution of two generations of the bridge deck. In the first generation, three prototype specimens were tested to failure, and their performance was analyzed. Based on the behavior observed, a second generation of bridge decks was fabricated and tested. The performance was evaluated based on load capacity, mode of failure, deflection at service load level, and strain behavior. All decks tested exceeded the requirements to support HS30 design truck loads specified by AASHTO with a margin of safety. This paper also presents an analytical model, based on Classical Laminate Theory to predict the load-deflection behavior of the FRP decks up to service load level. In all cases the model predicted the deck behavior very well. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(266) VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 266-273 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating environmental impacts of solid waste management alternatives AU - Barlaz, M. A. AU - Kaplan, P. O. AU - Ranjithan, S. R. AU - Rynk, R. T2 - BioCycle DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 52-56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Innovative system for prestressing fiber-reinforced polymer sheets AU - El-Hacha, R. AU - Wight, R. G. AU - Green, M. F. T2 - ACI Structural Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - 305-313 ER -