TY - SOUND TI - Overseeding, Varieties, Procedures, and Transition AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2006/8/1/ PY - 2006/8/1/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Try these tips on pesticide efficiency, formulations, and equipment AU - Buss, E.A. AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - TurfGrass Trends DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// SP - 60-62 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection of insecticide formulation AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Buss, E.A. T2 - The Louisiana Turfgrass Bulletin DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New turfgrass research underway at Pine Acres AU - Kenworthy, K. AU - Trenholm, L. AU - Dukes, M. AU - Miller, G. AU - Altpeter, F. AU - Buss, E. AU - Sartain, J. T2 - Florida Turf Digest. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 10-14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determining your athletic field’s use capacity AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 16–19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Baseball field layout and construction AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - IFAS DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// M1 - ENH159/EPO92 M3 - University of Florida Extension Publication PB - IFAS SN - ENH159/EPO92 ER - TY - CONF TI - Tips for Athletic Field Management AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Oklahoma Turf Conference C2 - 2006/11/9/ CY - Stillwater, OK DA - 2006/11/9/ PY - 2006/11/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Managing Critical Water Issues on the Golf Course AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Oklahoma Turf Conference C2 - 2006/11/8/ CY - Stillwater, OK DA - 2006/11/8/ PY - 2006/11/8/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Water Issues in the Landscape AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Oklahoma Turf Conference C2 - 2006/11/8/ CY - Stillwater, OK DA - 2006/11/8/ PY - 2006/11/8/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Agronomic Trends in Athletic Field Management AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2006/6/29/ PY - 2006/6/29/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Walking a fine line AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media Online DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// PB - Green Media Online ER - TY - RPRT TI - Measuring water infiltration rates AU - Dukes, M. AU - Miller, G. AU - Gregory, J. A3 - Green Media Online DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// PB - Green Media Online ER - TY - RPRT TI - More Bermuda in the outfield AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media Online DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// PB - Green Media Online ER - TY - SOUND TI - Grow-in and Maintenance Fertilization of Sand-Based Athletic Fields AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2006/6/23/ PY - 2006/6/23/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - You may need a blanket AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media Online DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// PB - Green Media Online ER - TY - CONF TI - Top 10 Problems on Athletic Fields AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Texas Turfgrass Conference and Show C2 - 2006/12/12/ CY - Austin, TX DA - 2006/12/12/ PY - 2006/12/12/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Water Management Issues on Golf Courses AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2006/9/27/ PY - 2006/9/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - The role of nutrient management in IPM programs AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2006/11/14/ PY - 2006/11/14/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - More Bermuda in the outfield AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rolling revisited AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - You may need a blanket! AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 22 IS - 12 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Start your renovations now AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 22 IS - 10 SP - 50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring water infiltration rates AU - Dukes, M. AU - Miller, G. AU - Gregory, J. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 22 IS - 10 SP - 22, 24, 26, 28–29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moving up I-95 AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 22 IS - 8 SP - 54 ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of cell wall synthesis in feeding cells formed by root-knot nematodes AU - Hudson, L.C. AU - Haigler, C. AU - Davis, E.L. T2 - 12th International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, C2 - 2006/// C3 - Biology of plant-microbe interactions - Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Mérida, Yucatán, México CY - Mérida, Yucatán, México DA - 2006/// PY - 2005/12/14/ SP - 281–285 ER - TY - SOUND TI - PGR Evaluation Trial AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2006/8/8/ PY - 2006/8/8/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen Status on Nitrogen Uptake by Tall Fescue Turf AU - Bowman, Daniel C. AU - Cramer, Grant R. AU - Devitt, Dale A. T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition AB - ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) absorption is inhibited by root zone salinity, which could result in increased NO3 leaching. Conversely, N absorption is enhanced by moderate N deficiency. Because turfgrasses are grown under N-limiting conditions, it is important to understand the interactive effects of salinity and N deficiency on N uptake. This study examined the effect of N status (replete versus deficient) and salinity on N (15NO3 and 15 NH4) uptake and partitioning by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Two cultivars (‘Monarch’ and ‘Finelawn I’) were grown in nutrient solution culture. Treatments included N level (100% or 25% of maximum N demand) and salinity (0, 40, 80, and 120 meq L−1) in a factorial arrangement. Absorption of NO3 and NH4 was greater in low-N than in high-N cultures, but was reduced by salinity under both N treatments. Salinity reduced partitioning of absorbed N to leaves and increased retention in roots. These results suggest that turfgrass managers should consider irrigation water quality when developing their fertilizer program. Keywords: Nitrogen deficiencyNitrogen partitioning Notes ∗, ∗∗, ∗∗∗ Significant at P = 0.01, 0.001, respectively. ∗, ∗∗, ∗∗∗ not significant, significant at P = 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1080/01904160600837584 VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - 1481-1490 J2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition LA - en OP - SN - 0190-4167 1532-4087 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160600837584 DB - Crossref KW - nitrogen deficiency KW - nitrogen partitioning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erratum: Heritabilities and correlations of fusarium ear rot resistance and fumonisin contamination resistance in two maize populations (Crop Science 46, 1 (353-361)) AU - Robertson, L.A. AU - Kleinschmidt, C.E. AU - White, D.G. AU - Payne, G.A. AU - Maragos, C.M. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Crop Science AB - In volume 46, issue 1, p. 353–361, the estimates of heritability for fumonisin concentration and Fusarium ear rot in the NC300 × B104 recombinant inbred population were computed incorrectly. The corrected estimates of heritability on an entry mean basis are 0.88 (SE = 0.03) for fumonisin concentration and 0.86 (SE = 0.03) for ear rot. The corrected estimates of heritability on a plot basis are 0.58 (SE = 0.06) for fumonisin concentration and 0.55 (SE = 0.07) for ear rot. The corrected estimate of heritability on an individual plant basis for ear rot is 0.22 (SE = 0.03). The corrected estimate of the relative efficiency of indirect selection is 0.85. All of the corrected parameter estimates are higher than the original estimates reported, and the changes do not affect our conclusions. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.0139er VL - 46 IS - 3 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646459781&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTL mapping for fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination resistance in two maize populations AU - Robertson-Hoyt, L.A. AU - Jines, M.P. AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. AU - Kleinschmidt, C.E. AU - White, D.G. AU - Payne, G.A. AU - Maragos, C.M. AU - Molnár, T.L. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Crop Science AB - Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis ) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: G. intermedia ) are fungal pathogens of maize ( Zea mays L.) that cause ear rot and contaminate grain with fumonisins, mycotoxins that can harm animals and humans. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination in two maize populations, comprised of 213 BC 1 F 1:2 families from the first backcross of GE440 to FR1064 (GEFR) and 143 recombinant inbred lines from the cross of NC300 to B104 (NCB). QTL mapping was used to study the genetic relationships between resistances to ear rot and fumonisin contamination and to investigate consistency of QTL across populations. In the GEFR population, seven QTL explained 47% of the phenotypic variation for mean ear rot resistance and nine QTL with one epistatic interaction explained 67% of the variation for mean fumonisin concentration. In the NCB population, five QTL explained 31% of the phenotypic variation for mean ear rot resistance and six QTL and three epistatic interactions explained 81% of the phenotypic variation for mean fumonisin concentration. Eight QTL in the GEFR population and five QTL in the NCB population affected both disease traits. At least three ear rot and two fumonisin contamination resistance QTL mapped to similar positions in the two populations. Two QTL, localized to chromosomes four and five, appeared to be consistent for both traits across both populations. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12-0450 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1734-1743 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746069043&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification and mapping of a tiller inhibition gene (tin3) in wheat AU - Kuraparthy, Vasu AU - Sood, Shilpa AU - Dhaliwal, H. S. AU - Chhuneja, Parveen AU - Gill, Bikram S. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 2006/11/8/ PY - 2006/11/8/ DO - 10.1007/S00122-006-0431-Y VL - 114 IS - 2 SP - 285-294 J2 - Theor Appl Genet LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5752 1432-2242 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00122-006-0431-Y DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Controlled Drainage and Nutrient Management Planning Reduce Drainage Outflow and Nitrogen Transport AU - Smeltz, H. L. AU - Evans, R. O. AU - Osmond, D. L. T2 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006 AB - Controlled drainage, nutrient management planning, and a combination of both were implemented and evaluated throughout the upper Core Creek watershed to reduce nutrient loading to the Neuse River. Hydrology and drainage water quality were monitored at fifteen locations within the watershed for a period of five years. DRAINMOD-N was calibrated on a field-by-field basis to predict long-term hydrology and nitrate losses based on BMPs implemented and crops grown throughout the watershed. Predicted NO3-N reduction was most effectively accomplished when controlled drainage and a nitrogen management plan were used in conjunction with one another. If implemented separately, a nitrogen management plan was predicted to be more effective than controlled drainage alone. The cropping system also impacted the drainage rate and nitrate loss from the fields. Potentially, a 30% and 75% nitrate reduction can be achieved growing cotton or soybeans, respectively, as compared to corn. Controlled drainage reduced the drainage outflow by 6.8 centimeters (21.3%) annually, compared to conventional drainage. This flow reduction accounted for 11.5% of the NO3-N reduction leaving the watershed. C2 - 2006/5/19/ C3 - World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006 DA - 2006/5/19/ DO - 10.1061/40856(200)254 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers SN - 9780784408568 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)254 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding a Hypoallergenic Peanut AU - Perkins, T. AU - Schmitt, D.A. AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Cheng, H. AU - Maleki, S.J. T2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology AB - RATIONALE: Approximately 700 varieties of peanut, including irradiated mutants, were previously screened to determine if variations could be found in the levels of allergenic proteins, Ara h 1, 2, and 3. Some irradiated peanuts were found to contain mutations resulting in the lack of one of the allergen isoforms or showed reduced levels of these proteins. These varieties were crossbred towards producing progeny missing more than one of the allergen isoforms. METHODS: The F2 generation produced by crossbreeding peanuts that were missing either an Ara h 2 or Ara h 3 isoform were homogenized and the proteins were extracted. The proteins were screened using anti-Ara h 2 and 3 antibodies and serum IgE from allergic individuals to determine if there were any peanuts that lacked isoforms of both Ara h 2 and Ara h 3. RESULTS: We observed that some of the crossbred peanuts were missing either an isoform of Ara h 3 or the higher molecular weight isoform of Ara h 2, and other peanuts were missing both. The observed numbers of double-mutant lines conformed to the 15:1 mendelian dihybrid ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Through conventional breeding practices it is possible to eliminate more than one allergenic protein, towards ultimately reducing sensitization ability and/or the severity of the allergic response to peanuts. Future studies will involve crossing these peanuts that lacked both isoforms with peanuts that have reduced levels of Ara h 1 or are missing other isoforms of Ara h 2 or Ara h 3. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1293 VL - 117 IS - 2 SP - S328 J2 - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology LA - en OP - SN - 0091-6749 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1293 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Method for Maintaining One-Dimensional Temperature Gradients in Unsaturated, Closed Soil Cells AU - Zhou, J. AU - Heitman, J. L. AU - Horton, R. AU - Ren, T. AU - Ochsner, T. E. AU - Prunty, L. AU - Ewing, R. P. AU - Sauer, T. J. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - One‐dimensional temperature gradients are difficult to achieve in nonisothermal laboratory studies because, in addition to desired axial temperature gradients, ambient temperature interference (ATI) creates a radial temperature distribution. Our objective was to develop a closed soil cell with limited ATI. The cell consists of a smaller soil column, the control volume, surrounded by a larger soil column, which provides radial insulation. End boundary temperatures are controlled by a new spiral‐circulation heat exchanger. Four cell size configurations were tested for ATI under varying ambient temperatures. Results indicate that cells with a 9‐cm inner column diameter, 5‐cm concentric soil buffer, and either 10‐ or 20‐cm length effectively achieved one‐dimensional temperature conditions. At 30°C ambient temperature, and with axial temperature gradients as large as 1°C cm −1 , average steady‐state radial temperature gradients in the inner soil columns were <0.02°C cm −1 Thus, these cell configurations meet the goal of maintaining a one‐dimensional temperature distribution. These cells provide new opportunities for improving the study of coupled heat and water movement in soil. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2005.0336n VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 1303-1309 J2 - Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. LA - en OP - SN - 0361-5995 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0336n DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conversion from an American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) biomass crop to a no-till corn (Zea mays L.) system: Crop yields and management implications AU - Devine, Warren D. AU - Tyler, Donald D. AU - Mullen, Michael D. AU - Houston, Allan E. AU - Joslin, John D. AU - Hodges, Donald G. AU - Tolbert, Virginia R. AU - Walsh, Marie E. T2 - Soil and Tillage Research AB - It is not known if a short-rotation woody crop (SRWC) grown on a historically agricultural site will affect subsequent row crops if the site is returned to annual row crop production after harvest of the SRWC. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of converting an American sycamore biomass plantation to a no-till corn system and to document the effects of the sycamore plantation on corn grain yields and N fertilizer efficacy. The study was in southwestern TN, USA, on a Memphis–Loring silt loam intergrade (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludalfs—fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs). Four-year (SY4C) and 5-year (SY5C) rotations of American sycamore were followed by no-till corn. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] followed by corn (SBC) was a control treatment. Four rates of broadcast NH4NO3 (0, 73, 146, and 219 kg N ha−1) were applied to corn crops. The quantity of N removed in the harvest of the sycamore crop was similar to that of a single harvest of corn grain; thus, the SRWC did not constitute a significant loss of N from the system. No mechanical problems were encountered when planting no-till corn over sycamore stumps. Stump total N concentration increased from 2.2 to 8.5 g kg−1 in the first 104 weeks after sycamore harvest, likely due to microbial immobilization. While first- and second-year corn after sycamore required 219 kg ha−1 fertilizer N to maximize grain yield, third-year corn after sycamore and corn grown after soybean both reached maximum yields at 146 kg N ha−1. These responses suggest that the N fertilizer requirement during at least the first 2 years of corn following sycamore is increased by the sycamore crop. After converting from a SRWC to a row crop, plant-available N should be carefully monitored due to potential losses from N immobilization in woody residues. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1016/j.still.2005.03.006 VL - 87 IS - 1 SP - 101-111 J2 - Soil and Tillage Research LA - en OP - SN - 0167-1987 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.03.006 DB - Crossref KW - American sycamore KW - corn KW - bioenergy crops KW - crop rotation KW - fertilization KW - nitrogen immobilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of burning season and frequency on saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) flowering and fruiting AU - Carrington, Mary E. AU - Mullahey, J. Jeffrey T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Medicinal use of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruits in treating benign prostatic hypertrophy has driven a recent sharp increase in fruit harvesting. At the same time, saw palmetto often is considered a keystone species, serving as habitat or a food source for several hundred mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian and insect species. Due to harvesting pressure on this ecologically important, non-cultivated species, land management practices that produce environmentally sustainable harvests are needed. As part of research focusing on use of controlled burning as a management tool, we investigated effects of burning season and frequency on saw palmetto flowering and fruiting in 32 pine flatwoods sites in central and southwest Florida from 1997 to 1999. The study was conducted as two repeated measures experiments, each involving 16 sites. Each experiment included two among-subjects factors – burning season and past burning frequency – and one within-subjects factor – year – with four replications of each treatment combination. For both experiments, growing season (i.e., April–July) burns had high flowering levels the first year after burning (mean proportion of saw palmettos flowering = 0.49, n = 16 sites), but decreased the second year after burning (mean proportion flowering = 0.15, n = 16 sites), while winter (i.e., November–February) burns had intermediate levels of flowering during both the first and second years after burning (mean proportions flowering = 0.21 and 0.28 for first and second years after burning, n = 16 sites). Although most flowering occurred during April and May, flowering occurred 2–5 months after winter burns, but did not occur until 9–12 months after growing season burns. During the 1997–1998 experiment, fruit infection by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides caused a fruiting failure in all sites. During the 1998–1999 experiment, fruit yields were higher in growing season burns only in infrequently burned (i.e., burned less often than every 5 years) sites, and only in 1998 (mean fruit yields = 325 kg/ha and 0.25 kg/ha for growing season, infrequently burned sites and winter, infrequently burned sites; n = 4 sites in each group). Frequently burned (i.e., burned every 2–3 years) sites generally had low fruit yields (mean fruit yields = 163 kg/ha and 242 kg/ha for frequently burned sites in 1998 and 1999; n = 8 sites). Although controlled burning can be an effective management tool in producing economically sustainable saw palmetto fruit harvests, land managers also must consider ecological needs of other plant and animal species when planning environmentally sustainable burning regimes. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.020 VL - 230 IS - 1-3 SP - 69-78 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en OP - SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.020 DB - Crossref KW - Serenoa repens KW - fire ecology KW - flatwoods ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF POSTAPPLICATION HALOSULFURONMETHYL AT VARIOUS PERCENTS OF VINE COVERAGE ON WATERMELON YIELDS AU - Dittmar, Peter J. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. T2 - HortScience AB - Most seedless watermelons are grown on black polyethylene mulch to aid crop establishment, growth, yield, and quality and weed control. However, nutsedge is a persistent problem in this production system, as it can easily penetrate the mulch. Halosulfuron-methyl is registered in some crops and provides excellent yellow nutsedge control. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of reduced halosulfuron-methyl contract to the watermelon plant on fruit yield and quality. The seedless watermelon cultivars, Tri-X-313 and Precious Petite, were transplanted into black polyethylene mulch and sprayed 16 days later. Halosulfuron-methyl at 35 g a.i./ha plus 0.25% (v/v) nonionic surfactant was applied at 187 L·ha –1 with a TeeJet 8002 even tip nozzle. Treatments were no spray, 25% of the vine tips, 25% of the crown, and over the top (entire plant). Plants in each treatment were rated (0% = no damage, 100% = fatality) for herbicide injury and the longest vine was measured on four plants. The no-spray treatment had the longest vines (156 cm). The topical halosulfuron treatment resulted in the shortest vines (94 cm) and the highest visual damage rating (63%). The herbicide caused foliage to yellow, internodes to shorten, and stems to crack. Treatments receiving halosulfuron-methyl applied to 25% of the vine (tip end) or 25% of the vine (crown end) resulted in reduced injury compared to the topical application. Generally, the 25% vine tip application was the safest halosulfuron treatment. The total yield (kg·ha –1 ) and number of watermelons/ha were similar among treatments. The no-spray treatment produced 4450 kg·ha –1 and 8300 watermelons/ha. The over-top treatment produced 3500 kg·ha –1 and 7300 watermelons/ha. Watermelon in the no-spray treatment weighed 4.4 kg, while watermelons weighed 3.9 kg with the over the top treatment. Halosulfuron-methyl is registered to apply to middles between watermelon rows; however, topical applications are prevented due to the possibility of crop injury. This research suggests that reduction of topical application to only 25% contact of the crop may improve crop tolerance. Thus application to nutsedge patches where limited contact to watermelon occurs may be a possibility in the future. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.41.3.519a VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 519A-519 ER - TY - JOUR TI - (21) Using Compost Sources as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide in Vegetable Production AU - Sanders, Douglas C. AU - Reyes, Luz M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jennings, Katie M. AU - Louws, Frank J. AU - Driver, Jim G. T2 - HortScience AB - Compost sources were used to determine long-term influence on common vegetable cropping systems (tomato, pepper, and cucumber). Three sources of Controlled Microbial Compost (CMC) (20 yd 3 /A) amended with fumigant Telone-C35 (35 gal/A) and Trichoderma-382 [2.5 oz/yd. 3 (T-382)] were used during 3 consecutive years. Tomato showed statistic differences (1%) among compost treatments with higher total yields when CMC was combined with Telone-C35 (21%) and T-382 (8.2%). All treatments but Bio-Compost and control presented al least 25% more marketable yield per acre. No differences in fruit size were found for tomato, except for medium-size fruit when Telone C-35 was added. The CMC alone or combined with Telone C-35 and T-382 increased the total plant dry weight at least 18.6%. Pepper crop showed statistic differences with higher number of No. 1 fruit size when CMC was combined with Telone C-35 and T-382. Number of culls per acre decreased for all three compost sources, with no differences from the control. Cucumber yields differed among treatments for total and marketable yields and No.1 size fruit per acre. Best yields were achieved with CMC and when mixed with Telone C-35 and T-382. The lower numbers of culls per acre were found with Bio-Compost and Lexington sources and CMC+T-382. Total plant dry weight was increased in at least 24% when Bio-Compost or CMC compost were used alone or combined with Telone-C35 or T-382. CMC increased root knot nematode soil counts and percentage of root galling, but tended to improve root vigor in cucumbers. It seems that compost sources combined with Telone C-35 or T-382 could improve the cropping management as alternative to methyl bromide. Weed responses will also be discussed. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1074a VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 1074A-1074 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Roadside Turf Management AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Martin, D. AU - Karnok, K. DA - 2006/1/1/ PY - 2006/1/1/ PB - Crop Science Society of America SN - 0891185607 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of urban soil compaction on infiltration rate AU - Gregory, J.H. AU - Dukes, M.D. AU - Jones, P.H. AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 61 SP - 117–124 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Influence of an introgressed N. tomentosa QTL on leaf number and correlated traits in N. tabacum L. AU - Lewis, R.S. AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Kernodle, S.P. DA - 2006/11/12/ PY - 2006/11/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of agronomic traits and disease reactions between high-oleic backcross-derived lines and their normal-oleic recurrent parents AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Copeland, S.C. AU - Graeber, J.B. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2006/// VL - 37 SP - 24 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Breeding for early maturing runner- and virginia-type peanuts AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. DA - 2006/3/14/ PY - 2006/3/14/ M3 - invited presentation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values for tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) incidence in Virginia-type peanuts AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Isleib, T.G. T2 - Peanut Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 57-67 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Application of molecular technologies to reduce post-harvest aflatoxin accumulation of peanuts AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Isleib, T.G. DA - 2006/3/14/ PY - 2006/3/14/ M3 - invited presentation ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of an introgressed N. tomentosa QTL affecting leaf number and correlated traits in N. tabacum L AU - Lewis, R.S. AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Kernodle, S.P. C2 - 2006/// C3 - CORESTA Conference Program Abst. DA - 2006/// SP - 67 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efecto de tipos de labranza sobre la población de malezas en caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.). AU - León, Ramón AU - Agüero, Renán T2 - Agronomía Mesoamericana AB - Experiments were conducted in two sugarcane fields, one with low weed pressure (plot 1) and the other with high weed pressure (plot 2). Four treatments were established in each study: green harvest that left plant mulch on soil surface (VCR), green harvest without plant mulch on soil surface (VSR), burning the crop before harvest without soil disturbance (QSL) and burning the crop before harvest with soil disturbance (QCL). Evaluations were made 75 days after harvest. The evaluations were conducted separately in rows and between rows. In addition, sugarcane population and height were measured. Differences in weed populations were not observed for the field with low weed pressure (plot 1). In the field with high weed pressure (plot 2), weeds were favored by burning and soil disturbance caused by fertilizer incorporation. Thus the treatments QSL and QCL showed the highest percentage of surface coverage. Also, the QCL treatment had the greatest weed populations resulting in reduced sugarcane population and height. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton) had the greatest percentage surface coverage, especially in QCL. Weed populations were larger in rows than between rows. Apparently in rows, weeds found better conditions for germination and nutrient uptake. DA - 2006/1/1/ PY - 2006/1/1/ DO - 10.15517/am.v12i1.17289 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 71 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efecto de la profundidad del suelo en Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour) Clayton en caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.). AU - León, Ramón AU - Agüero, Renán T2 - Agronomía Mesoamericana AB - Four sugarcane fields with different soil textures (clay loam, sandy loam, clay and loam) were sampled. All fields showed R. cochinchinensis populations with at least 75-150 plants/m2. The number of plants of this weed in 0.25 m2 was determined separately in the microhabitats: rows and between rows. The depth at which each plant emerged was measured. Based on depth emergence, each plant was distributed in one of the next categories: 0, >0-2.5, >2.5-5.0, >5.0-10 and >10.0-15.0 cm. In addition, under greenhouse conditions, seeds were seeded in pots at the maximum depth of each category in order to evaluate the effect of soil depth. Finally, the effect of light and darkness on seed germination were evaluated in Petri dishes under laboratory conditions. In the field evaluations most of the plants emerged from >0-2.5 cm. The second most common category was >2.5-5.0 cm. It seems that those depths provide optimum conditions for germination. There were no differences regarding soil texture or microhabitats. In the greenhouse experiment, the largest germination was observed at 0 cm due to light exposure in this treatment. This was confirmed in the laboratory where light treatment showed also the largest germination. Control strategies that keep the seeds of this species above ground will reduce the number of new seeds in the seed bank and avoid optimum field conditions for its germination. If such strategies include efforts to reduce the seed production of those plants that are able to become established, it could be possible to significantly reduce the seed bank, therefore, it would be easier to control the population of this weed. DA - 2006/1/1/ PY - 2006/1/1/ DO - 10.15517/am.v12i1.17288 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 65 ER - TY - CONF TI - Alternative cropping systems for organic dairy producers: improvements and lessons learned AU - Jemison, J.M. AU - Reberg-Horton, C. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings of the Annual Meeting -Northeastern Weed Science Society DA - 2006/// VL - 60 SP - 74-77 DB - Northeastern Weed Science Society 60:74-77. ER - TY - CONF TI - Managing smooth bedstraw in pasture and forage crops in New England AU - Kersbergen, R. AU - Reberg-Horton, C. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society DA - 2006/// VL - 60 SP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tillage systems and seed dormancy effects on common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) seedling emergence AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Owen, M.D.K. T2 - Weed Science AB - Understanding weed seedling emergence patterns is important for successful implementation of many weed management strategies. Identifying the sources of variation of emergence patterns could greatly improve our ability to predict emergence timing. Differences in seed dormancy levels between populations or biotypes are usually not considered when studying seedling emergence of many weed species despite evidence that dormancy levels can affect weed seedling emergence patterns. We studied the importance of seed dormancy on seedling emergence patterns of common waterhemp using three biotypes (Ames, Everly, and Ohio) that differed in dormancy regulation and level (5, 26, and 87% germination, respectively) and three tillage systems (no-tillage, chisel plow, and moldboard plow) in 2004 and 2005. Seedling emergence was at least four times greater under no-tillage than under chisel or moldboard plow conditions. Fewer seedlings emerged in moldboard plow than in other tillage systems. Furthermore, seedling emergence occurred in no-tillage over a longer period than in chisel and moldboard plow. In no-tillage the largest emergence events occurred at the end of June, whereas in other tillage systems most emergence occurred during May and the first week of June. Among biotypes, differences in number of emerged seedlings were more evident than differences in emergence timing. For Everly and Ohio biotypes, the number of emerged seedlings was the same between chisel and moldboard plow plots. For the Ames biotype, in 2004, the number of emerged seedlings was 25-fold higher in chisel plow than in moldboard plow, and the emergence pattern in no-tillage was longer and peaked later than in the other tillage systems. However, these results were not observed in 2005. Overall, we did not observe consistent differences in seedling emergence patterns among biotypes, which suggested that under field conditions, other factors can compensate for differences in seed dormancy levels. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/ws-06-009.1 VL - 54 IS - 6 SP - 1037–1044 KW - conventional tillage KW - chisel plow KW - germination KW - moldboard plow KW - notillage KW - seed bank ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance of deep seed dormancy and stratification-mediated dormancy alleviation in Amaranthus tuberculatus AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Bassham, D. AU - Owen, M.D.K. T2 - Seed Science Research AB - Amaranthus tuberculatus is a weed species that has shifted emergence patterns over the past few years, presumably due to changes in seed dormancy in response to selection in agricultural fields. Although it is recognized that the seed dormancy phenotype is greatly affected by the environment, it is also acknowledged that the genotype plays a significant role. However, the importance of the genotype in determining intra-population seed dormancy variability, and the effect on emergence patterns, is not well understood. The objective of the present study was to determine the importance of the genotype on deep dormancy and the stratification-mediated dormancy alleviation in A. tuberculatus . Wild populations differing in seed dormancy were crossed and F 2 families were generated. These families were used to determine narrow sense heritability of dormancy and stratification-mediated dormancy alleviation at the individual ( h i 2 ) and family ( h f 2 ) levels. h i 2 ranged from 0.13 to 0.4 and 0.04 to 0.06 for the dormancy and stratification response, respectively. In the case of h f 2 , the values ranged from 0.76 to 0.91 for deep dormancy and from 0.33 to 0.58 for the stratification response. The genetic correlation between these two traits was below 0.075, indicating that different genes control them. High temperature strengthened the dormancy of deeply dormant seeds, making them less sensitive to stratification. However, high temperature promoted the germination of non-deeply dormant seeds. It is proposed that delayed weed emergence can be generated by selecting genes that control stratification response, and not necessarily only the genes that are directly responsible for deep dormancy. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1079/ssr2006250 VL - 16 IS - 03 SP - 193–202 KW - Amaranthus tuberculatus KW - dormancy KW - heritability KW - seed bank KW - stratification KW - temperature ER - TY - JOUR TI - Germination and proteome analyses reveal intra-specific genetic variation in seed dormancy regulation of common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Bassham, D. AU - Owen, M.D.K. T2 - Weed Science AB - Common waterhemp is an obligate outcrosser that has high genetic variability. However, under selection pressure, this weed shows population differentiation for adaptive traits. Intraspecific variation for herbicide resistance has been studied, but no studies have been conducted to determine the existence of variation for other adaptive traits that could influence weed management. The objective of this study was to examine the existence of different seed dormancy regulatory mechanisms in common waterhemp. Seed dormancy regulation, in response to different temperature and moisture regimes, was studied through germination experiments and proteome analysis using two common waterhemp biotypes (Ames and Everly) collected from agricultural fields in Iowa, and one biotype (Ohio) collected from a pristine area in Ohio. Without stratification, germination percentage among the different biotypes was 9, 29 and 88% for Ames, Everly, and Ohio respectively. The germination rate of seeds from Ames was dramatically increased after incubation at either 4 or 25 C under wet conditions, whereas germination of seeds from Everly was only increased at 25 C under wet conditions. The Ohio biotype showed no change in germination response to any of the incubation treatments. Germination studies indicated that the rate of seed dormancy alleviation differed between biotypes. Seed protein profiles obtained from the three biotypes differed in protein abundance, number, and type. A putative small heat-shock protein (sHSP) of 17.6 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) 6.1 increased whereas a putative glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) of 30.9 kDa and pI 6.4 decreased in abundance in the Ames biotype as seed dormancy was reduced in response to incubation at 4 C and wet conditions. These two proteins did not change in the Everly and Ohio biotypes, suggesting that these proteins changed their abundance in response to seed dormancy alleviation. The results of this study suggest that differences in seed dormancy levels between the biotypes were due to different physiological regulatory mechanisms. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/ws-05-115r1.1 VL - 54 IS - 02 SP - 305–315 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Producción y composición de los cultivares Mulato I y II de Brachiaria híbridos inoculados con Micorriza y Trichoderma harzianum AU - Castillo, M.S. AU - Vélez, M. AU - Rosas, J.C. AU - Trabanino, R. T2 - Ceiba AB - Se evaluó la producción de Materia Seca (MS), Fibra Neutro Detergente (FND), Fibra Ácido Detergente (FAD), Digestibilidad in vitro de la Materia Orgánica (DIVMO), Proteína Cruda (PC) y absorción de nutrientes de los cultivares Mulato I y II de Brachiaria híbridos en respuesta a la aplicación de los hongos micorriza y Trichoderma harzianum en El Zamorano, Honduras. Se utilizaron 32 parcelas de 3 × 5 m, con cuatro cortes cada 21 días. Se contaron las conidias de T. harzianum cada mes en los tres primeros meses y de esporas e infección de raíces con micorriza al tercer mes. En base a análisis del suelo se fertilizó con 150 kg N/ha/año (Urea) cada dos cortes. Se usó un diseño factorial en el cual el factor principal fue la variedad de pasto (Mulato I o Mulato II) y el factor secundario la aplicación de biofertilizantes (Mycoral®, Trichozam®, Mycoral® + Trichozam® y el Testigo). Para analizar las variables de producción de MS y conteo de conidias de T. harzianum se utilizaron medidas repetidas en el tiempo y sin medidas repetidas para esporas y porcentaje de infección de raíces con micorriza. La aleatorización en campo se realizó en un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA) con cuatro repeticiones por cada combinación de tratamientos. No hubo diferencia (P>0.05) en la producción de MS entre los pastos (117.4 kg/ha/día y 110.9 kg/ha/día para Mulato I y II, respectivamente) ni entre la aplicación del biofertilizante. El tratamiento con micorriza + T. harzianum tuvo el menor rendimiento (107.1 kg/ha/día). El contenido de FND (50.5%), FAD (29.2%) y DIVMO (60.3%) fueron similares en ambos pastos. El contenido de PC fue mayor en Mulato II (15.1%) que en Mulato I (29.2%). La absorción de nutrientes fue similar en ambos pastos, a excepción del zinc y nitrógeno.Palabras clave: Digestibilidad In Vitro de la Materia Orgánica (DIVMO); Fibra Ácido Detergente (FAD); Fibra Neutro Detergente (FND); Materia Seca (MS); Proteína Cruda (PC). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ceiba.v47i1-2.444 Ceiba, 2006. Volumen 47(1-2):25-32 DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.5377/ceiba.v47i1-2.444 VL - 47 SP - 25–32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Finding the soil surface in ground-penetrating radar profiles: The lift test AU - Szuch, R.P. AU - White, J.G. AU - Vepraskas, M.J. AU - Doolittle, J.A. T2 - Soil Survey Horizons AB - Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can be used to determine the depth to a subsurface layer if the user can identify where the ground surface is on the GPR trace. This study demonstrates a simple field procedure for unequivocally determining the ground surface in a GPR trace. A “lift test” was performed simply by raising the transceiving antenna unit off the ground and setting it back down while the GPR unit was recording. This procedure produced a distinct wave pattern on the GPR profile that clearly showed the soil surface. The lift test improved accuracy of depth estimates by approximately 10% in a GPR study to determine depths to moderately fine and fine textured horizons at a drained Carolina bay wetland restoration site. Though easy to perform, this procedure has apparently not been used in many GPR studies. The lift test provides an efficient means of determining the soil surface in GPR surveys, a necessity if accurate depth measurements are to be made. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2136/sh2006.1.0010 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 10–12 ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterization of jetting-induced disturbance zones AU - Gabr, M. A. AU - Borden, R. H. AU - Smith, A. W. AU - Denton, R. L. AU - Eggleston, D. B. AU - Broome, S. W. C2 - 2006/// C3 - 3rd Annual GEO3 T2 conference & expo 2006, Charlotte, April, 2006 DA - 2006/// PB - Raleigh, NC: NC Department of Transportation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management of annual grasses and Amaranthus spp. in glufosinate-resistant cotton AU - Gardner, A. P. AU - York, A. C. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Monks, D. W. T2 - Journal of Cotton Science (Online) DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 328 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glufosinate antagonizes postemergence graminicides applied to annual grasses and johnsongrass AU - Gardner, A. P. AU - York, A. C. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Monks, D. W. T2 - Journal of Cotton Science (Online) DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 319 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential sensitivity of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae and Thielaviopsis basicola to monomeric aluminum species AU - Fichtner, E. J. AU - Hesterberg, Dean AU - Smyth, T. J. AU - Shew, H. D. T2 - Phytopathology AB - Aluminum (Al) is toxic to many plant pathogens, including Thielaviopsis basicola and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Because fungi-toxicity of Al has been described in soils over a wide pH range, multiple species of Al may be responsible for pathogen suppression. The goals of this work were to determine the sensitivity of T. basicola and P. para-sitica var. nicotianae to Al over a range of pH values, quantify the toxicity of monomeric Al species to production of sporangia of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and chlamydospores of T. basicola, and detect the accumulation of Al in pathogen structures. A complete factorial treatment design was used with Al levels ranging from 0 to 100 μM and pH levels ranging from 4 to 6 in a minimal salts medium. The chemistry of test solutions was modeled using GEOCHEM-PC. Colonies were grown in 5% carrot broth, and after 1 or 2 days, the nutrient solution was removed, colonies were rinsed with water, and Al test solutions were added to each of four replicate plates. After 2 days, propagules were counted and colonies were stained with the Al-specific, fluorescent stain lumogallion. The oomycete P. parasitica var. nicotianae was sensitive to multiple monomeric Al species, whereas sensitivity of T. basicola to Al was pH-dependent, suggesting that only Al 3+ is responsible for suppression of this fungal pathogen. Chlamydospore production by T. basicola was inhibited at pH values <5.0 and Al levels >20 μM, whereas sporangia production by P. parasitica was inhibited at Al levels as low as 2 μM across all pH values tested. The lumogallion stain was an effective technique for detection of Al in fungal tissues. Aluminum accumulated in sporangia and zoospores of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and in nonmelanized chlamy-dospores of T. basicola, but not in cell walls of either organism. The differential sensitivity of the two organisms may indicate that true fungi respond differently to Al than members of the oomycota, which are more closely related to plants. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1094/phyto-96-0212 VL - 96 IS - 3 SP - 212 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644892775&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attempt to validate a remote sensing-based late-season corn nitrogen requirement prediction system AU - Sripada, R. P. AU - Heiniger, R. W. AU - White, J. G. AU - Crozier, C. R. AU - Meijer, A. D. T2 - Crop Management DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The contribution of tunneling dung beetles to pasture soil nutrition AU - Bertone, M. A. AU - Green, J. T. AU - Washburn, S. P. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Watson, D. W. T2 - Forage and Grazinglands AB - The effect of dung beetle activity on soil nutrition was studied in three distinct soil types under laboratory conditions. Two tunneling dung beetles, Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius) and Onthophagus taurus (Schreber), were allowed to incorporate cattle dung, for brood production, into a piedmont Cecil clay soil, a coastal plain sandy-loam soil and commercially available play sand. Controlled treatments included soil alone and soil exposed to dung only. Soils were tested for primary nutrients (P and K), secondary nutrients (Ca and Mg), and micronutrients (Mn, Zn, and Cu), as well as other soil characteristics (pH, exchangeable acidity, etc.). Both O. gazella and O. taurus produced the most offspring in the piedmont clay soil; variable numbers of brood were produced in other soil types. Soils exposed to dung beetle activity were generally higher in nutrient content than both soils left untreated, and those that had been exposed to cattle dung only. In this manner, tunneling dung beetles can be considered vital to nutrient recycling and plant health in pasture systems. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1094/fg-2006-0711-02-rs SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal profiles of leaf ascorbic acid content and redox state in ozone-sensitive wildflowers AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Neufeld, Howard S. AU - Souza, Lara AU - Chappelka, Arthur H. AU - Davison, Alan W. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.), crown-beard (Verbesina occidentalis Walt.), and tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata L.) are wildflower species native to Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S.A.). Natural populations of each species were analyzed for leaf ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) to assess the role of ascorbate in protecting the plants from ozone stress. Tall milkweed contained greater quantities of AA (7–10 μmol g−1 fresh weight) than crown-beard (2–4 μmol g−1 fresh weight) or cutleaf coneflower (0.5–2 μmol g−1 fresh weight). DHA was elevated in crown-beard and cutleaf coneflower relative to tall milkweed suggesting a diminished capacity for converting DHA into AA. Tall milkweed accumulated AA in the leaf apoplast (30–100 nmol g−1 fresh weight) with individuals expressing ozone foliar injury symptoms late in the season having less apoplast AA. In contrast, AA was not present in the leaf apoplast of either crown-beard or cutleaf coneflower. Unidentified antioxidant compounds were present in the leaf apoplast of all three species. Overall, distinct differences in antioxidant metabolism were found in the wildflower species that corresponded with differences in ozone sensitivity. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.009 VL - 143 IS - 3 SP - 427-434 SN - 0269-7491 KW - antioxidant capacity KW - ascorbic acid KW - foliar injury KW - great smoky mountains national park KW - native plants KW - ozone ER - TY - PAT TI - Transgenic fiber producing plants with increased expression of sucrose phosphate synthase AU - Haigler, C. H. AU - Holaday, A. S. C2 - 2006/// DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of plant growth regulator 2,4-D, KT and BA on callus induction and plant regeneration from mature embryos of maize AU - Wu, M. S. AU - Wang, X. F. T2 - Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// IS - 80 SP - 25 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Establishing the cellular and biophysical context of cellulose synthesis AU - Haigler, C. H. T2 - The science and lore of the plant cell wall: Biosynthesis, structure and function PY - 2006/// SP - 97-105 PB - Boca Raton, FL: BrownWalker Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a simple and powerful method, cDNA AFLP-SSPAG, for cloning of differentially expressed genes AU - Wu, M. S. T2 - African Journal of Biotechnology DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 5 IS - 24 SP - 2423-2427 ER - TY - PAT TI - Chitinase encoding DNA molecules from cotton expressed preferentially in secondary walled cells during secondary wall deposition and a corresponding promoter AU - Haigler, C. H. AU - Zhang, H. AU - Wu, C. AU - Zhang, D. C2 - 2006/// DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Learning spaces DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// PB - Boulder, CO: EDUCAUSE SN - 0967285372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root absorbed sulfentrazone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone in flue-cured tobacco transplants AU - Fisher, Loren R. AU - Burke, Ian C. AU - Price, Andrew J. AU - Smith, W. David AU - Wilcut, John W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Research was conducted to evaluate root uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14 C-sulfentrazone alone or in a mixture with clomazone in solution in flue-cured tobacco transplants. Uptake and translocation of sulfentrazone was rapid and was not affected by the addition of clomazone. Fifty-nine and 65% of the 14 C absorbed by the plant was translocated to the leaves within 24 h with sulfentrazone alone and in the clomazone plus sulfentrazone mixture, respectively. Differences in plant metabolism were observed between sulfentrazone alone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone. After 3 h, 66% of the 14 C recovered from the leaves was metabolized when sulfentrazone was applied alone, compared to 91% when sulfentrazone was applied with clomazone. The difference could indicate that metabolism of sulfentrazone by tobacco transplants was enhanced by the presence of clomazone. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-05-182.1 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 898-902 SN - 0890-037X KW - enhanced metabolism KW - safening KW - tolerance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'NC-Raleigh' soybean AU - Burton, J. W. AU - Carter, T. E., Jr. AU - Fountain, M. O. AU - Bowman, D. T. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 6 p. 2710-2711 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘NC-Raleigh’ Soybean J.W. Burton, Corresponding Author J.W. Burton [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Carter, T.E. Carter Dep. of Crop Science, USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorM.O. Fountain, M.O. Fountain USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-8604Search for more papers by this author J.W. Burton, Corresponding Author J.W. Burton [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Carter, T.E. Carter Dep. of Crop Science, USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorM.O. Fountain, M.O. Fountain USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-8604Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.11.0410Citations: 19 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1Boerma, H.R., R.S. Hussey, D.V. Phillips, E.D. Wood and S.L. Finnerty. 1994. Registration of 'Haskell' soybean. Crop Sci. 34: 541. 2Boerma, H.R., R.S. Hussey, D.V. Phillips, E.D. Wood, G.B. Rowan and S.L. Finnerty. 1997. Registration of 'Benning' soybean. Crop Sci. 37: 1982. 3Bowman, D.T. 2001. North Carolina measured crop performance cotton and soybean 2001. Crop Science Research Report No. 213. Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh. 4Brim, C.A. 1966. A modified pedigree method of selection in soybeans. Crop Sci. 6: 220. 5Brim, C.A. and M.F. Young. 1971. Inheritance of a male-sterile character in soybeans. Crop Sci. 11: 564–566. 6Burton, J.W., C.A. Brim and M.F. Young. 1987. Registration of 'Johnston' soybean. Crop Sci. 27: 1093. 7Burton, J.W., T.E. Carter, Jr., F.S. Farmer and E.B. Huie. 1997. Registration of 'Clifford' soybean. Crop Sci. 37: 1980. 8Burton, J.W., T.E. Carter, Jr. and E.B. Huie. 1996. Registration of 'Holladay' soybean. Crop Sci. 36: 467. 9Burton, J.W. and R.F. Wilson. 1994. Registration of N88-480, a soybean germplasm line with a high concentration of oil in seeds. Crop Sci. 34: 313–314. 10Johnson, H.W. 1958. Registration of soybean varieties, VI. Agron. J. 50: 690–691. 11 R.L. Paris, and G.W. Shelton (ed.). 2000. Uniform soybean tests, southern states, 2000. USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS. 12 USDA-ARS National Genetic Resources Program. 2005. Germplasm Resources Information Network-(GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/acchtml.pl?1443374; verified 18 July 2006. 13Weaver, D.B., R. Rodriguez-Kabana and R.R. Sharpe. 2000. Registration of 'Kuell' soybean. Crop Sci. 40: 1496. 14Weiss, M.G. 1953a. Registration of soybean varieties, III. Agron. J. 45: 326–330. 15Weiss, M.G. 1953b. Registration of soybean varieties, IV. Agron. J. 45: 570–571. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue6November–December 2006Pages 2710-2711 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.11.0410 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 2710-2711 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insect communities associated with beneficial insect habitat plants in North Carolina AU - Forehand, L. M. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Linker, H. M. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - This study recorded the arthropod communities present in three commercially available beneficial insect habitat seed mixes (Peaceful Valley’s Good Bug Blend, Clyde Robin’s Border Patrol, and Heirloom Seed’s Beneficial Insect Mix) and three commonly grown cut flower/herb plantings (Zinnia, Celosia, and fennel). Communities were sampled three ways: (1) foliar and floral collections were made using a D-Vac and aerial nets, and insects were identified to family and assigned to feeding groups; (2) pitfall traps were used to collect ground beetle and ground-dwelling spider populations; and (3) evening observations recorded visits by noctuid (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) to flowers. Overall, Good Bug Blend had the highest abundance and diversity of beneficial parasitoids, predators, and ground beetles. However, along with Border Patrol, it also harbored the highest diversity and abundance of crop-feeding herbivores. The Border Patrol plantings had the highest diversity and abundance of insect herbivore crop pests and the highest number of feeding visits by pest moth species during evening observations. The moth visits were most likely caused by the presence of evening primrose in this mix that blooms at dusk when moths are most active. Celosia harbored the greatest diversity and abundance of predators and parasitoids in the cut flower/herb plots. Fennel had the lowest overall abundance and diversity of all the plantings, but this may have been caused by late summer flowering. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X(2006)35[1541:ICAWBI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1541-1549 SN - 1938-2936 KW - beneficial insects KW - beneficial insect habitat KW - cut flowers KW - commercial insect habitat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterosis and inbreeding depression in two soybean single crosses AU - Burton, Joseph W. AU - Brownie, Cavell T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Heterosis is considered to be of little importance in soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) because the crop is produced as “pure‐line” cultivars or blends of inbred lines. The F 1 generations Holladay/Hutcheson (Cross 1) and Brim/Boggs (Cross 2) were generated by hand pollinations. Inbred generations were generated by bulk selfing. The F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , F 4 , and F 5 generations were yield‐tested in replicated bordered single row plots in multiple years and locations. The average yield of Cross 1 F 1 was 16% greater than that of the highest‐yielding parent and the average yield of the Cross 2 F 1 was 5% greater than the highest‐yielding parent. Cross 1 showed significant inbreeding depression when regressed on percentage inbreeding which is clear evidence of dominance for yield. Possible genetic bases for heterosis in soybean include gene complementation or interaction of duplicate favorable loci in repulsion, linked dominant alleles that are inherited as a unit, a greater number of dominant alleles in the F 1 than either parent separately, multiple dosage‐dependant regulatory loci, and/or overdominance. The existence of heterosis should be evidence that superior gene combinations are possible. The magnitude of yield heterosis may be a useful criterion for selection among biparental crosses. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0156 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 2643-2648 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field evaluation of a model for predicting nitrogen losses from drained lands AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Skaggs, R. Wayne AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Gilliam, J. Wendell T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - ABSTRACT The N simulation model, DRAINMOD‐N II, was field‐tested using a 6‐yr data set from an artificially drained agricultural site located in eastern North Carolina. The test site is on a nearly flat sandy loam soil which is very poorly drained under natural conditions. Four experimental plots, planted to a corn ( Zea mays )–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean ( Glycine max. ) rotation and managed using conventional and controlled drainage, were used in model testing. Water table depth, subsurface drainage, and N concentration in drain flow were measured and meteorological data were recorded continuously. DRAINMOD‐N II was calibrated using the data from one plot; data sets from the other three plots were used for model validation. Simulation results showed an excellent agreement between observed and predicted nitrate‐nitrogen (NO 3 –N) losses in drainage water over the 6‐yr period and a reasonable agreement on an annual basis. The agreement on a monthly basis was not as good. The Nash‐Sutcliffe modeling efficiency (EF) for monthly predictions was 0.48 for the calibration plot and 0.19, 0.01, and −0.02 for the validation plots. The value of the EF for yearly predictions was 0.92 for the calibration plot and 0.73, 0.62, and −0.10 for the validation plots. Errors in predicting cumulative NO 3 –N losses over the 6‐yr period were remarkably small; −1.3% for the calibration plot, −8.1%, −2.8%, and 4.0% for the validation plots. Results of this study showed the potential of DRAINMOD‐N II for predicting N losses from drained agricultural lands. Further research is needed to test the model for different management practices and soil and climatological conditions. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2005.0249 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 2026-2042 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of membrane lipid differences in insulin resistant diabetes mellitus type 2 in whites and blacks AU - Allen, Hengameh G. AU - Allen, Jonathan C. AU - Boyd, Leon C. AU - Alston-Mills, Brenda P. AU - Fenner, Gregory P. T2 - NUTRITION AB - Insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) can result from membrane lipid alterations. Blacks are at a higher risk of developing DM2; therefore, we investigated whether membrane lipid differences exist between blacks and whites and if differences contribute to impaired insulin binding in diabetes. Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control (n = 10), black control (n = 10), white diabetic (n = 5), and black diabetic (n = 10). Diabetic subjects who had DM2 with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy were matched by age and sex. The following determinations were made: fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, plasma lipid profile, red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids and cholesterol, and RBC insulin binding. The membrane lipid analysis showed racial differences in phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC). The plasma membrane of whites showed higher PE and lower PC levels than that in blacks. The RBC rheologic (PE/phosphatidyl serine) properties (deformability) were lower in diabetics and black subjects. The saturated nature of RBC ([sphingomyelin + PC)/(PE + phosphatidyl serine]) was the lowest in white control subjects (P < 0.056). The combination of increased saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased saturated nature, and increased cholesterol/phospholipid can contribute to decreased membrane fluidity, resulting in insulin resistance. Also, decreased RBC deformability can make oxygen delivery through the capillaries difficult, create tissue hypoxia, and contribute to some of the known complications of diabetes. Membrane lipid alteration may be one of the reasons for a higher incidence of diabetes among blacks. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.nut.2006.07.007 VL - 22 IS - 11-12 SP - 1096-1102 SN - 0899-9007 KW - diabetes KW - membrane lipids KW - insulin resistance KW - red blood cell deformability KW - fatty acids KW - membrane fluidity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of phosphorus species in biosolids and manures using XANES spectroscopy AU - Shober, Amy L. AU - Hesterberg, Dean L. AU - Sims, J. Thomas AU - Gardner, Sheila T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Identification of the chemical P species in biosolids or manures will improve our understanding of the long-term potential for P loss when these materials are land applied. The objectives of this study were to determine the P species in dairy manures, poultry litters, and biosolids using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and to determine if chemical fractionation techniques can provide useful information when interpreted based on the results of more definitive P speciation studies. Our XANES fitting results indicated that the predominant forms of P in organic P sources included hydroxylapatite, PO(4) sorbed to Al hydroxides, and phytic acid in lime-stabilized biosolids and manures; hydroxylapatite, PO(4) sorbed on ferrihydrite, and phytic acid in lime- and Fe-treated biosolids; and PO(4) sorbed on ferrihydrite, hydroxylapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), and often PO(4) sorbed to Al hydroxides in Fe-treated and digested biosolids. Strong relationships existed between the proportions of XANES PO(4) sorbed to Al hydroxides and NH(4)Cl- + NH(4)F-extractable P, XANES PO(4) sorbed to ferrihydrite + phytic acid and NaOH-extractable P, and XANES hydroxylapatite + beta-TCP and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB)- + H(2)SO(4)-extractable P (r(2) = 0.67 [P = 0.01], 0.78 [P = 0.01], and 0.89 [P = 0.001], respectively). Our XANES fitting results can be used to make predictions about long-term solubility of P when biosolids and manures are land applied. Fractionation techniques indicate that there are differences in the forms of P in these materials but should be interpreted based on P speciation data obtained using more advanced analytical tools. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2006.0100 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1983-1993 SN - 1537-2537 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845343243&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A seedling assay to screen aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid and cyclohexanedione resistance in johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) AU - Burke, Ian C. AU - Thomas, Walter E. AU - Burton, James D. AU - Spears, Janet F. AU - Wilcut, John W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - A seedling bioassay was developed for the rapid diagnosis of resistance to clethodim and fluazifop-P in johnsongrass. The assay was based on differences in the coleoptile length of susceptible (S) and resistant (R) seedlings exposed to clethodim and fluazifop-P in petri dishes for 5 d. Bioassay concentrations of 0.09 mg/L clethodim and 0.18 mg/L fluazifop-P were chosen as discriminant based on rate responses of each biotype to increasing herbicide dose. At 5 d after treatment (DAT), the amounts of clethodim required to reduce coleoptile length by 50% ( GR 50 ) for the R and S seedlings were 462.5 and 24.8 mg/L, respectively, resulting in an R:S ratio of 18.7. The fluazifop GR 50 values for the R and S seedlings were 618.7 and 17.5 mg/L, respectively, resulting in a R:S ratio of 35.4. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-05-160.1 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 950-955 SN - 0890-037X KW - ACCase inhibitors KW - herbicide resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - A mutation in a 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthase II gene is associated with elevated palmitic acid levels in soybean seeds AU - Aghoram, Karthik AU - Wilson, Richard E. AU - Burton, Joseph W. AU - Dewey, Ralph E. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Palmitic acid is the major saturated fatty acid component of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil, typically accounting for approximately 11% of total seed oil content. Several genetic loci have been shown to control the seed palmitate content of soybean. One such locus, fap 2 , mediates an elevated seed palmitate phenotype. Previous biochemical studies indicated that the fap 2 locus is associated with a reduction in the activity of 3‐keto‐acyl‐ACP synthase II (KAS II), an enzyme that initiates the elongation of palmitoyl‐ACP to stearoyl‐ACP in the plastid. The objective of the present research was to define the molecular basis by which the fap 2 locus increases seed palmitate levels. We isolated two closely related, yet unique KAS II cDNAs, designated GmKAS IIA and GmKAS IIB, from soybean cultivar Century ( Fap 2 , Fap 2 ) and its derivative high palmitate germplasm C1727 ( fap 2 , fap 2 ). The GmKAS IIB cDNAs recovered from Century and C1727 were identical. In contrast, a single base‐pair substitution was found in the GmKAS IIA gene from C1727 versus Century which converted a tryptophan codon into a premature stop codon, a mutation that would be predicted to render the encoded enzyme nonfunctional. Knowledge of the DNA sequence polymorphism led to the development a facile, robust cleavage amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker that readily distinguishes the mutant GmKAS IIA gene. This marker faithfully associated with a second independent germplasm line bearing the fap 2 locus, and thus may be useful in breeding programs that target the development of high palmitate soybean cultivars. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2006.04.0218 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 2453-2459 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding freeze stress in biological tissues: Thermodynamics of interfacial water AU - Olien, C. Robert AU - Livingston, David P., III T2 - THERMOCHIMICA ACTA AB - A thermodynamic approach to distinguish forms of freeze energy that injure plants as the temperature decreases is developed. The pattern resulting from this analysis dictated the sequence of thermal requirements for water to exist as an independent state. Improvement of freezing tolerance in biological systems depends on identification of a specific form of stress, just as control of a disease depends on identification of the pathogen causing the disease. The forms of energy that stress hydrated systems as temperature decreases begin with disruption of biological function from chill injury that occurs above freezing. Initiation of non-equilibrium freezing with sufficient free energy to drive disruptive effects can occur in a supercooled system. As the temperature continues to decrease and freezing occurs in an equilibrium manner, adhesion at hydrated interfaces contributes to disruptive effects as protoplasts contract by freeze-dehydration. If protective systems are able to prevent injury from direct interactions with ice, passive effects of freeze-dehydration may cause injury at lower temperatures. The temperature range in which an injury occurs is an indicator of the form of energy causing stress. The form of energy is thus a primary guide for selection of a protective mechanism. An interatomic force model whose response to temperature change corresponds with the enthalpy pattern might help define freeze stress from a unique perspective. DA - 2006/12/1/ PY - 2006/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.tca.2006.08.014 VL - 451 IS - 1-2 SP - 52-56 SN - 1872-762X KW - freezing stress KW - ice adhesion KW - activation energy KW - latent heat KW - equilibrium freezing KW - non-equilibrium freezing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rice XA21 binding protein 3 is a ubiquitin ligase required for full Xa21-mediated disease resistance AU - Wang, Y. S. AU - Pi, L. Y. AU - Chen, X. H. AU - Chakrabarty, P. K. AU - Jiang, J. AU - De Leon, A. L. AU - Liu, G. Z. AU - Li, L. C. AU - Benny, U. AU - Oard, J. AU - Ronald, P. C. AU - Song, W. Y. T2 - Plant Cell DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1005/tpc.106.046730 VL - 18 IS - 12 SP - 3635-3646 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing ratings of the southern phosphorus indices AU - Osmond, D. L. AU - Cabrera, M. L. AU - Feagley, S. E. AU - Hardee, G. E. AU - Mitchell, C. C. AU - Moore, P. A. AU - Mylavarapu, R. S. AU - Oldham, J. L. AU - Stevens, J. C. AU - Thom, W. C. AU - Walker, F. AU - Zhang, H. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 325-337 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil enzyme activities and organic matter composition in a turfgrass chronosequence AU - Shi, Wei AU - Dell, Emily AU - Bowman, Daniel AU - Iyyemperumal, Kannan T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1007/s11104-006-9116-1 VL - 288 IS - 1-2 SP - 285-296 SN - 1573-5036 KW - cellulase KW - Fourier transform infrared KW - N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase KW - phenol oxidase KW - soil enzymes KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential individual versus simultaneous climate change effects on soybean (C-3) and maize (C-4) crops: An agrotechnology model based study AU - Mera, Roberto J. AU - Niyogi, Dev AU - Buol, Gregory S. AU - Wilkerson, Gail G. AU - Semazzi, Fredrick H. M. T2 - GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE AB - Landuse/landcover change induced effects on regional weather and climate patterns and the associated plant response or agricultural productivity are coupled processes. Some of the basic responses to climate change can be detected via changes in radiation (R), precipitation (P), and temperature (T). Past studies indicate that each of these three variables can affect LCLUC response and the agricultural productivity. This study seeks to address the following question: What is the effect of individual versus simultaneous changes in R, P, and T on plant response such as crop yields in a C3 and a C4 plant? This question is addressed by conducting model experiments for soybean (C3) and maize (C4) crops using the DSSAT: Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer, CROPGRO (soybean), and CERES-Maize (maize) models. These models were configured over an agricultural experiment station in Clayton, NC [35.65°N, 78.5°W]. Observed weather and field conditions corresponding to 1998 were used as the control. In the first set of experiments, the CROPGRO (soybean) and CERES-Maize (maize) responses to individual changes in R and P (25%, 50%, 75%, 150%) and T (± 1, ± 2 °C) with respect to control were studied. In the second set, R, P, and T were simultaneously changed by 50%, 150%, and ± 2 °C, and the interactions and direct effects of individual versus simultaneous variable changes were analyzed. For the model setting and the prescribed environmental changes, results from the first set of experiments indicate: (i) precipitation changes were most sensitive and directly affected yield and water loss due to evapotranspiration; (ii) radiation changes had a non-linear effect and were not as prominent as precipitation changes; (iii) temperature had a limited impact and the response was non-linear; (iv) soybeans and maize responded differently for R, P, and T, with maize being more sensitive. The results from the second set of experiments indicate that simultaneous change analyses do not necessarily agree with those from individual changes, particularly for temperature changes. Our analysis indicates that for the changing climate, precipitation (hydrological), temperature, and radiative feedbacks show a non-linear effect on yield. Study results also indicate that for studying the feedback between the land surface and the atmospheric changes, (i) there is a need for performing simultaneous parameter changes in the response assessment of cropping patterns and crop yield based on ensembles of projected climate change, and (ii) C3 crops are generally considered more sensitive than C4; however, the temperature–radiation related changes shown in this study also effected significant changes in C4 crops. Future studies assessing LCLUC impacts, including those from agricultural cropping patterns and other LCULC–climate couplings, should advance beyond the sensitivity mode and consider multivariable, ensemble approaches to identify the vulnerability and feedbacks in estimating climate-related impacts. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.003 VL - 54 IS - 1-2 SP - 163-182 SN - 1872-6364 KW - land surface response KW - climate change impacts KW - crop yield KW - soybeans KW - maize KW - crop models KW - evapotranspiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) germination and emergence as affected by temperature and seed burial depth AU - Wilson, David G., Jr. AU - Burton, Michael G. AU - Spears, Janet E. AU - York, Alan C. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Doveweed is becoming more common in agronomic crops in North Carolina. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature and seed burial depth on doveweed germination and emergence. Germination of lightly scarified seed at constant temperature was well described by a Gaussian model, which estimated peak germination at 28 C. Similar maximum percentage of germination was observed for optimal treatments under both constant and alternating temperatures. Among alternating temperatures, a 35/25 C regime gave greatest germination (77%). In spite of similar average daily temperatures, germination was greater with alternating temperature regimes of 40/30 and 40/35 C (65 and 30%, respectively) than constant temperatures of 36 and 38 C (4 and 0%, respectively). No germination was observed at 38 C constant temperature or for alternating temperature regimes of 20/10 and 25/15 C. Light did not enhance germination. Greatest emergence occurred from 0 to 1 cm, with a reduction in emergence as depth increased to 4 cm. No emergence occurred from 6 cm or greater depth. This information on seedbank dynamics may aid in developing tools and strategies for management. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WS-06-091.1 VL - 54 IS - 6 SP - 1000-1003 SN - 1550-2759 KW - cominelinaceae KW - light KW - weed biology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Additional freeze hardiness in wheat acquired by exposure to-3 degrees C is associated with extensive physiological, morphological, and molecular changes AU - Herman, Eliot M. AU - Rotter, Kelsi AU - Premakumar, Ramaswamy AU - Elwinger, G. AU - Bae, Rino AU - Ehler-King, Linda AU - Chen, Sixue AU - Livingston, David P., III T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Cold-acclimated plants acquire an additional 3-5 degrees C increase in freezing tolerance when exposed to -3 degrees C for 12-18 h before a freezing test (LT50) is applied. The -3 degrees C treatment replicates soil freezing that can occur in the days or weeks leading to overwintering by freezing-tolerant plants. This additional freezing tolerance is called subzero acclimation (SZA) to differentiate it from cold acclimation (CA) that is acquired at above-freezing temperatures. Using wheat as a model, results have been obtained indicating that SZA is accompanied by changes in physiology, cellular structure, the transcriptome, and the proteome. Using a variety of assays, including DNA arrays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 2D gels with mass spectroscopic identification of proteins, and electron microscopy, changes were observed to occur as a consequence of SZA and the acquisition of added freezing tolerance. In contrast to CA, SZA induced the movement of intracellular water to the extracellular space. Many unknown and stress-related genes were upregulated by SZA including some with obvious roles in SZA. Many genes related to photosynthesis and plastids were downregulated. Changes resulting from SZA often appeared to be a loss of rather than an appearance of new proteins. From a cytological perspective, SZA resulted in alterations of organelle structure including the Golgi. The results indicate that the enhanced freezing tolerance of SZA is correlated with a wide diversity of changes, indicating that the additional freezing tolerance is the result of complex biological processes. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1093/jxb/erl111 VL - 57 IS - 14 SP - 3601-3618 SN - 1460-2431 KW - aquaporin KW - cold acclimation KW - DNA array KW - electron microscopy KW - freeze hardiness KW - proteome KW - proteomics KW - transcriptome KW - wheat ER - TY - CONF TI - Quantitative trait loci for winter hardiness in oat AU - Wooten, D. R. AU - Livingston, D. P. AU - Lyerly, J. H. AU - Murphy, J. P. C2 - 2006/// C3 - ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, November 12-16, 2006, Indianapolis, IN DA - 2006/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Quantitative trait loci for winter hardiness component traits in oat AU - Wooten, D. R. AU - Livingston, D. P. AU - Lyerly, J. H. AU - Murphy, J. P. C2 - 2006/// C3 - 2006 American Oat Workers Conference, Program book DA - 2006/// SP - 63 PB - Fargo, ND: American Oat Workers Conference ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ground cover impacts on sediment and phosphorus export from manured riparian pasture AU - Butler, D. M. AU - Franklin, D. H. AU - Ranells, N. N. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Green, J. T. T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/ieq2005.0351 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 2178-2185 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemistry of subsurface drain discharge from an agricultural polder soil AU - Hesterbery, Dean AU - Vos, Bram AU - Raats, P. A. C. T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - Protecting groundwater and surface water quality in drained agricultural lands is aided by an understanding of soil physical and chemical processes affecting leaching of plant nutrients and other chemical constituents, and discharge from subsurface drains. Our objectives were to determine which chemical processes most affected discharge of redox-active components and macroelements (mainly base cations) from a subsurface drain, and to assess soil characterization needs for more accurate reactive-transport modeling. We measured the chemical composition of discharge water samples collected for 150 days from a 0.075-ha agricultural field plot on a calcareous polder soil. In light of previously reported two-dimensional, hydrological modeling of subsurface NO3 and Cl discharge, variations in the dissolved concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, and S could be qualitatively understood in terms of hydrology along with oxidation–reduction (redox), precipitation/dissolution, and cation exchange processes. Elevated concentrations of Mn and Fe in the presence of NO3 during periods of peak flow were consistent with mixing of porewaters from reduced and oxidized soil zones. Discharge samples were supersaturated with respect to pure calcite, and responded only weakly to changes in pH over the measured range of pH 7.2–8.2. Dissolved concentrations of Na, Mg, K, and S depended on their relative affinities for the soil exchanger phase and initial NH4Cl-extractable concentrations throughout the soil profile. Quantitative prediction of reactive components in drain discharge would require coupling of two-dimensional hydrological modeling with modeling of depth-dependent precipitation/dissolution and cation exchange processes, and redox kinetics. DA - 2006/11/16/ PY - 2006/11/16/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2006.07.003 VL - 86 IS - 1-2 SP - 220-228 SN - 1873-2283 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750618128&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - reactive transport KW - redox KW - cation exchange KW - calcareous soils KW - calcite ER - TY - CONF TI - 2005-06 uniform Southern fusarium head blight screening nursery AU - Murphy, J. P. AU - Navarro, R. A. AU - Lyerly, J. H. C2 - 2006/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2006 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum, 2006 Dec. 10-12, Research Triangle Park, NC DA - 2006/// SP - 114 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wheat Genetics Resource Center: The first 25 years AU - Gill, Bikram S. AU - Friebe, Bernd AU - Raupp, W. John AU - Wilson, Duane L. AU - Cox, T. Stan AU - Sears, Rollin G. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina L. AU - Fritz, Allan K. T2 - ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 89 AB - The Wheat Genetics Resource Center, a pioneering center without walls, has served the wheat genetics community for 25 years. The Wheat Genetics Resource Center (WGRC) assembled a working collection of over 11,000 wild wheat relatives and cytogenetic stocks for conservation and use in wheat genome analysis and crop improvement. Over 30,000 samples from the WGRC collection of wheat wild relatives, cytogenetic stocks, and improved germplasm have been distributed to scientists in 45 countries and 39 states in the United States. The WGRC and collaborators have developed standard karyotypes of 26 species of the Triticum/Aegilops complex, rye, and some perennial genera of the Triticeae. They have developed over 800 cytogenetic stocks including addition, substitution, and deletion lines. The anchor karyotypes, technical innovations, and associated cytogenetic stocks are a part of the basic tool kit of every wheat geneticist. They have cytogenetically characterized over six‐dozen wheat–alien introgression lines. The WGRC has released 47 improved germplasm lines incorporating over 50 novel genes against pathogens and pests; some genes have been deployed in agriculture. The WGRC hosted over three‐dozen scientists especially from developing countries for advanced training. The WGRC was engaged in international agriculture through several collaborating projects. Particularly noteworthy was the collaborative project with Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT) on the production of synthetic wheats. It is estimated that “by the year 2003–2004, 26% of all new advanced lines made available through CIMMYT screening nurseries to cooperators for either irrigated or semi‐arid conditions were synthetic derivatives.” The WGRC is applying genomics tools to further expedite the use of exotic germplasm in wheat crop improvement. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/S0065-2113(05)89002-9 VL - 89 SP - 73-136 SN - 2213-6789 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management with S-metolachlor and glyphosate mixtures in glyphosate-resistant strip- and conventional-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) AU - Clewis, SB AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Porterfield, D T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Five studies were conducted at Clayton, Rocky Mount, and Lewiston-Woodville, NC, in 2001 and 2002, to evaluate weed management, crop tolerance, and yield in strip- and conventional-tillage glyphosate-resistant cotton. Cotton was treated with two glyphosate formulations; glyphosate-IP (isopropylamine salt) or glyphosate-TM (trimethylsulfonium salt), early postemergence (EPOST) alone or in a mixture with S -metolachlor. Early season cotton injury was minimal (3%) with either glyphosate formulation alone or in mixture with S -metolachlor. Weed control and cotton yields were similar for both glyphosate formulations. The addition of S -metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and yellow foxtail 14 to 43 percentage points compared with control by glyphosate alone. S -metolachlor was not beneficial for late-season control of entireleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, or yellow nutsedge. The addition of S -metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf 6 to 46 percentage points. The addition of a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA increased control to greater than 95% for all weed species regardless of EPOST treatment, and control was similar with or without S -metolachlor EPOST. Cotton lint yield was increased 220 kg/ha with the addition of S -metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation compared with yield from glyphosate alone. The addition of the LAYBY treatment increased yields 250 and 380 kg/ha for glyphosate plus S -metolachlor and glyphosate systems, respectively. S -metolachlor residual activity allowed for an extended window for more effective LAYBY application to smaller weed seedlings instead of weeds that were possibly larger and harder to control. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-05-030R.1 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 232-241 SN - 1550-2740 KW - economic returns KW - herbicide-resistant crops KW - tillage systems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water distribution from a subsurface drip irrigation system and dripline spacing effect on cotton yield and water use efficiency in a coastal plain soil AU - Grabow, G. L. AU - Huffman, R. L. AU - Evans, R. O. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Nuti, R. C. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - A subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system was installed in 2001 in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Initially, four zones were installed, each with 0.91 m dripline spacing. In 2002, a fifth zone with 1.82 m dripline spacing was added. This system irrigated a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) rotation on a Norfolk sandy loam soil. Seed cotton yield data was collected from 2001 to 2004. In addition to SDI, overhead sprinkler irrigation was applied to cotton plots from 2001 to 2003. This study was concurrent with another study that evaluated the effect of irrigation system type, cotton growth regulator (mepiquat chloride), herbicide (glyphosate) treatment, and planting date on lint yield and quality. Although the soil is classified as a sandy loam, water moved laterally to the midpoint of the 1.82 m spaced dripline; this was likely due to the pan layer found at about 0.3 m just below the dripline depth of 0.23 m. There was no difference in lateral water movement between the two dripline spacings. Seed cotton yield and irrigation water use efficiency was not statistically different between irrigation system type or dripline spacing over all years in the study. Seed cotton yield averaged 3.44 Mg ha-1 for the 0.91 m dripline spacing and 3.22 Mg ha-1 for the 1.82 m spacing for the three-year period 2002-2004 compared to an unirrigated average of 2.58 Mg ha-1 for the same period. Average irrigation water use efficiency was greater for the 0.91 m dripline spacing but not statistically different from the 1.82 m spacing. For 2001-2003, when sprinkler-irrigated plots existed, seed cotton yield averaged 3.55 Mg ha-1 for the 0.91 m dripline spacing, 3.35 Mg ha-1 for the sprinkler-irrigated plots, and 2.56 Mg ha-1 for the unirrigated plots. Drought conditions existed in 2002, when 258 mm of rain occurred between planting and final irrigation. The other growing seasons received relatively high amounts of rainfall: 524, 555, and 643 mm in 2001, 2003, and 2004, respectively. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.13031/2013.22303 VL - 49 IS - 6 SP - 1823-1835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soybean response to residual and in-season treatments of trifloxysulfuron AU - Porterfield, Dunk AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Wilcut, John W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted from 1998 to 2000 at Rocky Mount, NC, in weed-free environments to determine soybean tolerance to preplant (PP) applications of trifloxysulfuron and the potential for trifloxysulfuron applied preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) to cotton to injure soybean grown in rotation the following year. Trifloxysulfuron at 3.75 and 7.5 g ai/ha applied PP 2 wk before seeding injured conventional soybean less than 5%, whereas no injury was observed when seeding was delayed 4 or 6 wk after PP treatment. No injury to sulfonylurea-resistant soybean (SR) was observed for any treatment. Soybean yields were not influenced by trifloxysulfuron treatment. Cotton injury was 7% or less with trifloxysulfuron applied PRE or POST at 3.75 and 7.5 g/ha. Trifloxysulfuron at 15 g/ha PRE or POST injured cotton a maximum of 14 to 18%. Trifloxysulfuron did not reduce cotton lint yields regardless of method or rate of application. Both conventional and SR soybean were not injured nor were yields influenced by trifloxysulfuron applied PRE or POST the previous year to cotton. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-05-033R.1 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 384-388 SN - 1550-2740 KW - carryover KW - crop injury KW - sulfonylurea herbicide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil physical changes associated with forest harvesting operations on an organic soil AU - Grace, JM AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Cassel, DK T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - The influence of forest operations on forest soil and water continues to be an issue of concern in forest management. Research has focused on evaluating forest operation effects on numerous soil and water quality indicators. However, poorly drained forested watersheds with organic soil surface horizons have not been extensively investigated. A study was initiated in the Tidewater region of North Carolina to gain a better understanding of the impact of harvesting operations on poorly drained organic soils. Soils on the study site, having >80% organic matter (OM) content to a depth of 60 cm below the soil surface, were classified as shallow organic soils. Soil physical properties were examined by collecting soil cores from control and treatment watersheds in a nested design. Compaction caused by the harvest operation increased bulk density (D b ) from 0.22 to 0.27 g cm −3 , decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity ( k sat ) from 397 to 82 cm h −1 , and decreased the drained volume for a given water table depth. However, D b following the harvest remained low at 0.27 g cm −3 The drained volume at equilibrium following the lowering of the water table from the soil surface to a depth of 200 cm was reduced by 10% from that of control watershed as a result of harvesting. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2005.0154 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 503-509 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil cover and tillage influenced metolachlor mobility and dissipation in field lysimeters AU - Weber, J. B. AU - Taylor, K. A. AU - Wilkerson, G. G. T2 - Agronomy Journal DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/argonj2004.0222 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 19-25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil and herbicide properties influenced mobility of atrazine, metolachlor, and primisulfuron-methyl in field lysimeters AU - Weber, J. B. AU - Taylor, K. A. AU - Wilkerson, G. G. T2 - Agronomy Journal DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/argonj2004.0221 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 8-18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Remote Sensing-Informed Variable-Rate Nitrogen Management of Wheat and Corn AU - Hong, N. AU - White, J.G. AU - Weisz, R. AU - Crozier, C.R. AU - Gumpertz, M.L. AU - Cassel, D.K. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - In‐season, site‐specific, variable‐rate (SS) N management based on remote sensing (RS) may reduce N losses to groundwater while maintaining or increasing yield and N fertilizer‐use efficiency. We compared in‐season, RS‐informed N management applied on a uniform, field‐average (FA) or SS basis with the current uniform best management practice (BMP) based on “Realistic Yield Expectations” (RYE) in a typical 2‐yr southeastern U.S. coastal plain rotation: winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–double‐crop soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–corn ( Zea mays L.). Compared with the RYE‐based BMP, RS‐informed SS management achieved: (i) a maximum of 2.3 mg L −1 less groundwater NO 3 –N after 2001 wheat due to 39 kg ha −1 less fertilizer N and a 25% greater harvest N ratio (N in grain or forage/total N applied); (ii) 370 kg ha −1 more 2002 corn grain with 32 kg ha −1 greater N applied, similar harvest N ratio, and 37 kg ha −1 greater surplus N; (iii) 670 kg ha −1 more 2003 wheat grain associated with 14 kg ha −1 greater fertilizer N, 27% greater harvest N ratio, and 9 kg ha −1 less surplus N. Excepting one corn FA treatment that received excessive N, RS‐informed management produced equal or greater economic returns to N than RYE, and less surplus N for wheat. Treatments produced enduring effects on groundwater [NO 3 –N] consistent with agronomic results, but small relative to temporal [NO 3 –N] fluctuations that were positively correlated with water table elevation. To assess N management in leaching‐prone soils, frequent, periodic groundwater monitoring during and after the cropping season appears essential. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2005.0154 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 327–338 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying potential tolerance of selected cotton cultivars to Belonolaimus longicaudatus AU - Koenning, S. R. AU - Bowman, D. T. AU - Morris, R. H. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 187-191 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pm34: a new powdery mildew resistance gene transferred from Aegilops tauschii Coss. to common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) AU - Miranda, L. M. AU - Murphy, J. P. AU - Marshall, D. AU - Leath, S. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1007/s00122-006-0397-9 VL - 113 IS - 8 SP - 1497-1504 SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Panzea: a database and resource for molecular and functional diversity in the maize genome AU - Zhao, Wei AU - Canaran, Payan AU - Jurkuta, Rebecca AU - Fulton, Theresa AU - Glaubitz, Jeffrey AU - Buckler, Edward AU - Doebley, John AU - Gaut, Brandon AU - Goodman, Major AU - Holland, Jim AU - Kresovich, Stephen AU - McMullen, Michael AU - Stein, Lincoln AU - Ware, Doreen T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - Serving as a community resource, Panzea (http://www.panzea.org) is the bioinformatics arm of the Molecular and Functional Diversity in the Maize Genome project. Maize, a classical model for genetic studies, is an important crop species and also the most diverse crop species known. On average, two randomly chosen maize lines have one single-nucleotide polymorphism every ∼100 bp; this divergence is roughly equivalent to the differences between humans and chimpanzees. This exceptional genotypic diversity underlies the phenotypic diversity maize needs to be cultivated in a wide range of environments. The Molecular and Functional Diversity in the Maize Genome project aims to understand how selection has shaped molecular diversity in maize and then relate molecular diversity to functional phenotypic variation. The project will screen 4000 loci for the signature of selection and create a wide range of maize and maize–teosinte mapping populations. These populations will be genotyped and phenotyped, permitting high-power and high-resolution dissection of the traits and relating the molecular diversity to functional variation. Panzea provides access to the genotype, phenotype and polymorphism data produced by the project through user-friendly web-based database searches and data retrieval/visualization tools, as well as a wide variety of information and services related to maize diversity. DA - 2006/1/1/ PY - 2006/1/1/ DO - 10.1093/nar/gkj011 VL - 34 IS - Database issue SP - D752-D757 SN - 1362-4962 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644874840&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanism of resistance to clethodim in a johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) biotype AU - Burke, Ian C. AU - Burton, James D. AU - York, Alan C. AU - Cranmer, John AU - Wilcut, John W. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - A biotype of johnsongrass cross resistant to clethodim, sethoxydim, quizalofop-P, and fluazifop-P was identified in several fields in Washington County, MS. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism studies using 14C-clethodim and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) activity assays were conducted to determine the resistance mechanism. Absorption of 14C-clethodim was higher in the resistant than the susceptible biotype 4 hours after treatment (HAT), but at 24, 48, and 72 HAT, similar levels of radioactivity were detected in both johnsongrass biotypes. Consequently, resistant plants had more radioactivity present in the treated leaves at 4 and 24 HAT. However, there was no difference between resistant and susceptible biotypes in the translocation of 14C out of the treated leaf at 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 HAT as a percentage of total absorbed. Metabolism of clethodim was similar in the resistant and susceptible biotypes. There was no difference in the specific activity of ACCase from the susceptible and resistant johnsongrass biotypes (means of 0.221 and 0.223 nmol mg−1 protein min−1, respectively). ACCase from the susceptible biotype was sensitive to clethodim, with an I50 value of 0.29 μM clethodim. The ACCase enzyme from the resistant biotype was less sensitive, with an I50 value of 1.32 μM clethodim. The resultant R/S ratio for clethodim was 4.5. These results indicate that resistance to clethodim in this johnsongrass biotype resulted from an altered ACCase enzyme that confers resistance to clethodim. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WS-05-153R.1 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 401-406 SN - 1550-2759 KW - absorption KW - ACCase KW - enzyme activity KW - herbicide resistance KW - metabolism KW - translocation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping density response in maize: A direct approach for testing genotype and treatment interactions AU - Gonzalo, Martin AU - Vyn, Tony J. AU - Holland, James B. AU - McIntyre, Lauren M. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract Maize yield improvement has been strongly linked to improvements in stress tolerance, particularly to increased interplant competition. As a result, modern hybrids are able to produce kernels at high plant population densities. Identification of the genetic factors responsible for density response in maize requires direct testing of interactions between genetic effects and density and evaluation of that response in multiple traits. In this article we take a broad view of the problem and use a general approach based upon mixed models to analyze data from eight segmental inbred lines in a B73 background and their crosses to the unrelated parent Mo17 (hybrids). We directly test for the interaction between treatment effects and genetic effects instead of the commonly used overlaying of results on a common map. Additionally, we demonstrate one way to handle heteroscedasticity of variances common in stress responses. We find that some SILs are consistently different from the recurrent parent regardless of the density, while others differ from the recurrent parent in one density level but not in the other. Thus, we find positive evidence for both main effects and interaction between genetic loci and density in cases where the approach of overlapping results fails to find significant results. Furthermore, our study clearly identifies segments that respond differently to density depending upon the inbreeding level (inbred/hybrid). DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1534/genetics.105.045757 VL - 173 IS - 1 SP - 331-348 SN - 1943-2631 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744488041&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ergosterol as a quantifiable biomass marker for Diaporthe phaseolorum and Cercospora kikuchii AU - Xue, H. Q. AU - Upchurch, R. G. AU - Kwanyuen, P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The relationship between ergosterol content and biomass was determined for the soybean fungal pathogens Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. var. sojae, causal agent of Phomopsis seed decay, and Cercospora kikuchii (Matsumoto & Tomoy.), causal agent of leaf blight and purple seed stain. Biomass was manipulated by varying incubation period, and ergosterol was quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Fungal dry mass was linearly correlated with ergosterol content (r 2 = 0.90, P < 0.05 for D. phaseolorum, and r 2 = 0.95, P < 0.01 for C. kikuchii). In vitro ergosterol content of fungi was 3.16 μg/mg for D. phaseolorum and 2.85 μg/mg for C. kikuchii. Ergosterol content of inoculated seed was qualitatively correlated with observed seed colonization by both pathogens. Soybean variety had a significant effect on fungal colonization by D. phaseolorum and ergosterol content. Results show that ergosterol content can be used to quantify colonization of soybean seed by both pathogens. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1094/PD-90-1395 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1395-1398 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of environmental factors and pesticides on mycoparasitism of Sclerotinia minor by Coniothyrium minitans AU - Partridge, D. E. AU - Sutton, T. B. AU - Jordan, D. L. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The effects of soil temperature and moisture, and nine pesticides commonly used in peanut production, on the mycoparasitic activity of Coniothyrium minitans on sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor were evaluated. In vitro mycelial growth and conidia germination of C. minitans were sensitive to azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and diclosulam. C. minitans survived and infected sclerotia of S. minor in the presence of azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, diclosulam, fluazinam, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole. Mycoparasitic activity was reduced by all pesticides except S-metolachlor compared with the nontreated control. Optimum conditions for infection of sclerotia were temperatures from 14 to 22°C and soil moisture from -0.33 to -1 kPa × 10 2 . Mycoparasitic activity of C. minitans remained high (98% sclerotia infected) at temperatures ranging from 14 to 22°C, but decreased at temperatures above 28°C. Viability of sclerotia was inversely related to the proportion infected by C. minitans (r = -0.9963, P = 0.001). Mycoparasitic activity also declined when soil moisture was greater than -1 kPa × 10 2 or less than -0.10 kPa × 10 2 . These results indicate that C. minitans should not be applied when temperatures exceed 28°C, during extremes in soil moisture, or when there is a high risk of contact with pesticides before it becomes established in the soil. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1094/PD-90-1407 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1407-1412 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of factors that influence the epidemiology of Sclerotinia minor on peanut AU - Smith, D. L. AU - Hollowell, J. E. AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Shew, B. B. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - In North Carolina, sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor germinate myceliogenically to initiate infections on peanut. The effects of soil temperature and soil matric potential (ψ M on germination and growth of S. minor have not been well characterized, and little is known about relative physiological resistance in different parts of the peanut plant. Laboratory tests examined the ability of the fungus to germinate, grow, and infect detached peanut leaflets at soil temperatures ranging from 18 to 30°C at ψ M of -100, -10, and -7.2 kPa. In addition, detached pegs, leaves, main stems, and lateral branches from three peanut lines varying in field resistance were examined for resistance to infection by S. minor. Sclerotial germination was greatest at 30°C and ψ M of -7.2 kPa. Final mycelial diameters decreased with decreasing ψ M , whereas soil matric potential did not affect lesion development. Mycelial growth and leaflet lesion expansion were maximal at 18 or 22°C. Soil ψ M did not affect leaflet infection and lesion expansion. Lesions were not observed on leaves incubated at temperatures of 29°C or above, but developed when temperatures were reduced to 18 or 22°C 2 days after inoculation. Pegs and leaflets were equally susceptible to infection and were more susceptible than either main stems or lateral branches. Results of this work, particularly the effects of temperature on S. minor, and knowledge of peanut part susceptibility has application in improving Sclerotinia blight prediction models for recommending protective fungicide applications. DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006/11// DO - 10.1094/PD-90-1425 VL - 90 IS - 11 SP - 1425-1432 SN - 1943-7692 KW - Arachis hypogaea KW - groundnut KW - Sclerotinia blight ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advanced backcross QTL analysis of a hard winter wheat x synthetic wheat population AU - Narasimhamoorthy, B AU - Gill, BS AU - Fritz, AK AU - Nelson, JC AU - Brown-Guedira, GL T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1007/s00122-005-0159-0 VL - 112 IS - 5 SP - 787-796 SN - 1432-2242 KW - QTLs : for grain hardness KW - kernels per spike KW - and tiller number ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stability of fatty acid profile in soybean genotypes with modified seed oil composition AU - Oliva, M. L. AU - Shannon, J. G. AU - Sleper, D. A. AU - Ellersieck, M. R. AU - Cardinal, A. J. AU - Paris, R. L. AU - Lee, J. D. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Genetic effects and temperature during the reproductive period for unsaturated fatty acids in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed oil affect oil composition. Increasing oleic and reducing linolenic acids are desirable to improve oil for food and other uses. The objective of this study was to access the environmental effect on fatty acids of seed oil for seventeen soybean genotypes with normal and modified fatty acid profiles. Stability coefficients (b values) were calculated from the regression of fatty acid level on average temperature over the final 30 d of the reproductive period across 10 environments. Mid‐oleic acid genotypes were generally less stable for oleic acid content than genotypes with reduced oleic acid. Significant differences, however, were found for oleic acid stability among mid‐oleic acid genotypes. Mid‐oleic acid lines N98–4445A and N97–3363–4 were the most unstable among the 17 genotypes with stability coefficients of 3.28 and 2.53, respectively. However, the higher oleic acid line M23 was relatively stable in oleic acid with a stability coefficient of 0.13 over environments. IA 3017 at 10 g kg −1 was the most stable in linolenic acid content across environments while progressively higher linolenic acid genotypes were less stable. Soybean lines similar to M23 and IA 3017 will be essential to develop increased oleic acid and reduced linolenic acid cultivars to ensure consistent production of soybean oil with the desired fatty acid levels. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0474 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2069-2075 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of N96076L peanut germplasm line AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Rice, P. W. AU - Mozingo, R. W., II AU - Copeland, S. C. AU - Graeber, J. B. AU - Shew, B. B. AU - Smith, D. L. AU - Melouk, H. A. AU - Stalker, H. T. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 5 p. 2329-2330 Registrations of Germplasms Registration of N96076L Peanut Germplasm Line T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7903, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7903Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Smith, D.L. Smith Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7903, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7903Search for more papers by this authorH.A. Melouk, H.A. Melouk USDA-ARS Wheat, Peanut and Other Field Crops Research Unit, Oklahoma State Univ., 127 Nobel Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078Search for more papers by this authorH.T. Stalker, H.T. Stalker Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7903, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7903Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Smith, D.L. Smith Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7903, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7903Search for more papers by this authorH.A. Melouk, H.A. Melouk USDA-ARS Wheat, Peanut and Other Field Crops Research Unit, Oklahoma State Univ., 127 Nobel Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078Search for more papers by this authorH.T. Stalker, H.T. Stalker Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0479Citations: 21 Partial support for the development of N96076L was provided by the North Carolina Peanut Growers' Association, Inc., the North Carolina Crop Improvement Association, the North Carolina Foundation Seed Producers, Inc., and the USAID Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Carver, W.A. 1969. Registration of Florigiant peanuts (Reg. No. 1). Crop Sci. 9: 849–850. Campbell, W.V., D.A. Emery and W.C. Gregory. 1971. Registration of GP-NC343 peanut germplasm (Reg. No. GP 1). Crop Sci. 11: 605. Emery, D.A. and W.C. Gregory. 1970. Registration of NC 5 peanuts (Reg. No. 6). Crop Sci. 10: 460. Isleib, T.G., H.E. Pattee and P.W. Rice. 1997a. Use of a laboratory colorimeter to measure pod brightness in virginia-type peanuts. Peanut Sci. 24: 81–84. Isleib, T.G., P.W. Rice, J.E. Bailey, R.W. Mozingo and H.E. Pattee. 1997b. Registration of ‘NC 12C’ peanut. Crop Sci. 37: 1976. Isleib, T.G., P.W. Rice, R.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo, II and H.E. Pattee. 1999. Registration of ‘Gregory’ peanut. Crop Sci. 39: 1526. Isleib, T.G., P.W. Rice, R.W. Mozingo, II, J.E. Bailey, R.W. Mozingo and H.E. Pattee. 2003. Registration of ‘Perry’ peanut. Crop Sci. 43: 739–740. Mozingo, R.W., T. A. Coffelt and T.G. Isleib. 2000. Registration of ‘VA 98R’ peanut. Crop Sci. 40: 1202–1203. Simpson, C.E., O.D. Smith and H.A. Melouk. 2000. Registration of ‘Tamrun 98’ peanut. Crop Sci. 40: 859. Smith, D.L. 2004. Biology and epidemiology of Sclerotinia minor of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). M.S. thesis, N.C. State Univ. (http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03142004-234725/unrestricted/etd.pdf; verified 25 April 2006). Stalker, H.T. and M.K. Beute. 1993. Registration of four leafspot-resistant peanut germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 33: 1117. Stalker, H.T., M.K. Beute, B.B. Shew and T.G. Isleib. 2002. Registration of five leafspot-resistant peanut germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 42: 314–316. Wynne, J.C., R.W. Mozingo and D.A. Emery. 1979. Registration of NC 7 peanut (Reg. No. 22). Crop Sci. 19: 563. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue5September–October 2006Pages 2329-2330 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0479 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2329-2330 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Phillips' peanut AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Rice, P. W. AU - Mozingo, R. W., II AU - Copeland, S. C. AU - Graeber, J. B. AU - Pattee, H. E. AU - Sanders, T. H. AU - Mozingo, R. W. AU - Coker, D. L. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 5 p. 2308-2309 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘Phillips’ Peanut T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, N.C. State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, N.C. State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, N.C. State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, N.C. State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0491Citations: 25 Partial support for the development of Phillips was provided by the N.C. Peanut Growers' Association, Inc., the N.C. Crop Improvement Association, and the N.C. Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Branch, W.D., R.W. Mozingo, T.G. Isleib, J.P. Bostick, D.W. Gorbet, C. E. Simpson, M. D. Burow, M. Baring and K. E. Dashiell. 2004. Uniform Peanut Performance Tests, 2003. Univ. of Georgia/Coastal Plain Exp. Sta. Progress Rep. No. 4-04. Coker, D.L. and R.W. Mozingo. 2004. Peanut variety and quality evaluation results, 2004. I. Agronomic and grade data. Virginia Poly-tech. Inst. and State Univ. Inf. Ser. No. 476. Coker, D.L. and R.W. Mozingo. 2005. Peanut variety and quality evaluation results, 2004. II. Quality data. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ. Inf. Ser. No. 477. Isleib, T.G., H.E. Pattee and P.W. Rice. 1997. Use of a laboratory colorimeter to measure pod brightness in virginia-type peanuts. Peanut Sci. 24: 81–84. Pattee, H.E. and F.G. Giesbrecht. 1990. Adjusting roast peanut scores for fruity attribute and non-optimum CIELAB L* values. J. Sens. Stud. 9: 353–363. USDA-ARS, South Atlantic Area, Market Quality and Handling Research Unit. 2004. Uniform Peanut Performance Tests, 2003; Chemical, Sensory and Shelf-life Properties; Data Presented by Location. USDA-ARS-SAA Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC. 124 pp. Wynne, J.C., T.A. Coffelt, R.W. Mozingo and W.F. Anderson. 1991. Registration of ‘NC-V11’ peanut. Crop Sci. 31: 484–485. Wynne, J.C., R.W. Mozingo and D.A. Emery. 1979. Registration of NC 7 peanut (Reg. No. 22). Crop Sci. 19: 563. Wynne, J.C., R.W. Mozingo and D.A. Emery. 1986. Registration of ‘NC 9’ peanut. Crop Sci. 26: 197. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue5September–October 2006Pages 2308-2309 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0491 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2308-2309 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Brantley' peanut AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Rice, P. W. AU - Mozingo, R. W., II AU - Copeland, S. C. AU - Graeber, J. B. AU - Novitzky, W. P. AU - Pattee, H. E. AU - Sanders, T. H. AU - Mozingo, R. W. AU - Coker, D. L. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 5 p. 2309-2311 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘Brantley’ Peanut T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib tom_isleib@ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (tom_isleib@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorW.P. Novitzky, W.P. Novitzky USDA-ARS Soybean and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Group, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author T.G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T.G. Isleib tom_isleib@ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (tom_isleib@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorP.W. Rice, P.W. Rice Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo II, R.W. Mozingo II Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Copeland, S.C. Copeland Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorJ.B. Graeber, J.B. Graeber Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7629, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorW.P. Novitzky, W.P. Novitzky USDA-ARS Soybean and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Group, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Pattee, H.E. Pattee Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Sanders, T.H. Sanders USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, North Carolina State Univ., Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7624Search for more papers by this authorR.W. Mozingo, R.W. Mozingo Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorD.L. Coker, D.L. Coker Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences, Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Center, 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0492Citations: 18 Partial support for the development of Brantley was provided by the N.C. Peanut Growers' Association, Inc., the N.C. Crop Improvement Association, and the N.C. Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue5September–October 2006Pages 2309-2311 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0492 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2309-2311 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measurement of bi-directional ammonia fluxes over soybean using the modified Bowen-ratio technique AU - Walker, J. T. AU - Robarge, W. P. AU - Wu, Y. AU - Meyers, T. P. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Measurements of bi-directional ammonia (NH3) exchange over a fertilized soybean canopy are presented for an 8-week period during the summer of 2002. The modified Bowen-ratio approach was used to determine fluxes from vertical NH3 and temperature gradients in combination with eddy covariance sensible heat fluxes. The measurement site is located in an area of high NH3 emissions from animal production and fertilizer use. Ambient NH3 concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 43.9 μg m−3 (μ = 9.4 μg m−3) during the experiment. The mean flux was −12.3 ng m−2 s−1, indicating that the canopy was a net sink for NH3; however, emission fluxes were consistently observed during the late morning and early afternoon. Deposition rates were highest when the canopy was wet (μ = −29.9 ng m−2 s−1). Modeling results suggest that uptake via the leaf cuticle was the dominant deposition process and stomatal uptake only occurred during the first few hours after sunrise when the stomatal resistance and compensation point were low. The average stomatal compensation point was high (χs = 11.5 μg NH3 m−3), primarily due to high daytime temperatures (μ = 29 °C). Measured cuticular resistances were large (median Rw = 208 s m−1), most likely due to very dry conditions. The average NH3 flux corresponds to a dry-to-wet deposition ratio of 0.44. Median flux error was 51%, which was dominated by uncertainty in the vertical NH3 gradient due to sequential sampling between measurement heights. DA - 2006/8/29/ PY - 2006/8/29/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.011 VL - 138 IS - 1-4 SP - 54-68 SN - 1873-2240 KW - ammonia KW - dry deposition KW - compensation point KW - soybean KW - bi-directional flux ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intake and digestion of 'Jesup' tall fescue hays with a novel fungal endophyte, without an endophyte, or with a wild-type endophyte AU - Burns, JC AU - Fisher, DS T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an important forage resource for beef ( Bos taurus L.) production in the North–South transition zone. Recently, the cultivar ‘Jesup’ was released to provide improved stand survival when infected with a novel (nontoxic) endophyte marketed as MaxQ (Pennington Seed, Madison, GA), and warrants evaluation as a source of winter hay for beef cattle. Intake and digestion experiments were conducted to evaluate Jesup tall fescue containing the MaxQ endophyte (presumably without ergot alkaloids), Jesup with no endophyte, and Jesup with a wild‐type endophyte capable of producing ergot alkaloids. Initial growth of the three endophyte treatments was harvested in April and a regrowth harvested in June. These six hays were fed to goats ( Capra hircus L.) and sheep ( Ovis aries L.). The hays harvested in June were also fed to cattle. The digestibility of the endophyte treatments was similar but goats had greater daily dry matter intake when fed MaxQ compared with wild‐type hay (2.63 vs. 2.43 kg 100 −1 kg body weight; P = 0.07) while intake was similar to the endophyte‐free hay. Sheep consumed hays similarly, regardless of harvest date, as did steers fed the June harvest. Daily intake of hays harvested in April and June were similar for goats, whereas sheep consumed more of the April hays (2.89 vs. 2.57 kg 100 −1 kg body weight; P < 0.01) and both digested the April hays to a greater extent. Endophyte status of the hays had little influence on their quality. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.04-0040 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 216-223 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing kernel density for two inbred lines of maize AU - Thompson, Donald L. AU - Goodman, Major M. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Improving grain quality of maize ( Zea mays L.), including endosperm hardness and density, is often a breeding objective. Dense seed is preferred by dry millers and for alkaline processing, and can command a price premium at market. This study attempted to increase kernel density in a backcrossing program for two inbreds of maize using two selection techniques, specific gravity of kernels and the percentage of sinking kernels in a salt solution (or sinkers). Two inbreds, B73G and A632, were crossed with synthetics exhibiting apparent high kernel density, and several generations of backcrossing and self‐pollination followed. Examples of mean comparisons of backcross‐derived inbreds with the recurrent parents, B73G and A632 are as follows: B73G–Specific gravity, 1.251 and 1.206; Sinkers, 62.3 and 14.9%; and A632–Specific gravity, 1.266 and 1.250; Sinkers 45.4 and 29.1%. Both the specific gravity and sinkers techniques were successful for increasing kernel density during backcrossing. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2006.02.0111 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2179-2182 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to southern leaf blight and days to anthesis in a maize recombinant inbred line population AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Krakowsky, M. D. AU - Jines, M. P. AU - Robertson, L. A. AU - Molnar, T. L. AU - Goodman, M. M. AU - Holland, J. B. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - A recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the maize lines NC300 (resistant) and B104 (susceptible) was evaluated for resistance to southern leaf blight (SLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O and for days to anthesis in four environments (Clayton, NC, and Tifton, GA, in both 2004 and 2005). Entry mean and average genetic correlations between disease ratings in different environments were high (0.78 to 0.89 and 0.9, respectively) and the overall entry mean heritability for SLB resistance was 0.89. When weighted mean disease ratings were fitted to a model using multiple interval mapping, seven potential quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, the two strongest being on chromosomes 3 (bin 3.04) and 9 (bin 9.03–9.04). These QTL explained a combined 80% of the phenotypic variation for SLB resistance. Some time-point-specific SLB resistance QTL were also identified. There was no significant correlation between disease resistance and days to anthesis. Six putative QTL for time to anthesis were identified, none of which coincided with any SLB resistance QTL. DA - 2006/10// PY - 2006/10// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-96-1067 VL - 96 IS - 10 SP - 1067-1071 SN - 1943-7684 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749262148&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - flowering KW - Helminthosporium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of fluorescent AFLP and SSR markers for differentiation and analysis of New Guinea impatiens AU - Parks, E. J. AU - Moyer, J. W. AU - Lyerly, J. H. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 131 IS - 5 SP - 622-631 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heritabilities and correlations of fusarium ear rot resistance and fumonisin contamination resistance in two maize populations AU - Robertson, LA AU - Kleinschmidt, CE AU - White, DG AU - Payne, GA AU - Maragos, CM AU - Holland, JB T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis ) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: G. intermedia ) are fungal pathogens of maize ( Zea mays L.) that cause ear rot and contaminate grain with fumonisins, a family of mycotoxins that adversely affect animal and human health. The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities of and genotypic and phenotypic correlations between fumonisin concentration, ear rot, and flowering time in two maize populations. In the (GE440 × FR1064) × FR1064 backcross population, the genotypic and phenotypic correlations between ear rot and fumonisin concentration were 0.96 and 0.40, respectively. Heritability estimated on an entry mean basis was 0.75 for fumonisin concentration and 0.47 for ear rot resistance. In the NC300 × B104 recombinant inbred line population, the genotypic and phenotypic correlations between ear rot and fumonisin concentration were 0.87 and 0.64, respectively. Heritability estimated on an entry mean basis was 0.86 for fumonisin concentration and 0.80 for ear rot resistance. Correlations between fumonisin concentration and silking date were not significant in either population, and correlations between ear rot resistance and silking date were small (less than 0.30) in both populations. Moderate to high heritabilities and strong genetic correlations between ear rot and fumonisin concentration suggest that selection for reduced ear rot should frequently identify lines with reduced fumonisin concentration. Ear rot can be screened visually and so is less costly and less time‐consuming to evaluate than laboratory assays for fumonisin concentration. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.0139 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 353-361 SN - 1435-0653 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32344440659&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grazing research in the humid east: A historical perspective AU - Burns, JC T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - A historical perspective of the major developments in grazing research for the humid Eastern USA was addressed. Consideration was given to the emergence of the area of grazing research relative to the initial structure of agricultural institutions, the orientation of scientist within the constraints of the institutional boundaries (departments) and the carry‐through noted today. Early grazing research was constrained to the informal literature and discussed as informational, demonstrational, and experimental. The milestones that have been achieved, including statistical application, conceptual assessment, description of grazing management, methods of computing pasture yields, the origin and use of put‐and‐take stocking, pasture and animal biomass relationships, choice of stocking method, flexible grazing, and measurements in recent grazing research are presented and discussed relative to their origin and application. Furthermore, consideration was given to a number of important innovations with origin in the humid East that have contributed to the advancement of grazing research. Finally, brief consideration is given to future priority areas of grazing research and associated constraints. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.0185 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 118-130 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grazing influences on mass, nutritive value, and persistence of stockpiled Jesup tall fescue without and with novel and wild-type fungal endophytes AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. AU - Rottinghaus, G. E. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Introducing novel endophytes into tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) that produce no ergot alkaloids could prevent negative impacts on animal performance while improving plant persistence. This 3‐yr study evaluated ‘Jesup’ tall fescue (TF) for forage mass, nutritive value, and stand persistence when containing no endophyte, a novel endophyte (no ergot alkaloids), or a wild‐type endophyte (ergot alkaloids). Forage was accumulated from mid‐August and treatments consisted of (i) a grazed control (grazed when growth approximated 10 to 15 cm), or forage accumulated and grazed in (ii) mid‐November, (iii) mid‐December, (iv) mid‐January, and (v) mid‐February. Endophyte status had no influence on total forage mass; forage removed by grazing; proportion of leaf, stem, and dead fractions; or on nutritive value (except ergovaline which was greatest in the wild type). Delaying defoliation linearly reduced forage mass, ergovaline concentration, and nutritive value. All stands of TF declined with losses similar ( P = 0.37) for wild‐type and novel stands (29 vs. 42%) but were greatest for the TF without an endophyte (29 vs. 75%; P = 0.01 and 42 vs. 75%; P = 0.04). These data support the use of novel endophytes in TF for animal production and caution against the use of endophyte‐free TF because of decreased stand longevity. The presence of ergovaline can be minimized by stockpiling TF with utilization after late autumn but occurs with a sacrifice in forage mass and nutritive value. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.09-0327 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1898-1912 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) response and weed management with trifloxysulfuron, glyphosate, prometryn, and MSMA AU - Thomas, WE AU - Britton, TT AU - Clewis, SB AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted at three locations to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton response, weed control, and cotton lint yields to two formulations of glyphosate (diammonium salt– glyphosate and isopropylamine salt–glyphosate) and trifloxysulfuron applied early postemergence (EPOST) alone or to tank mixtures of trifloxysulfuron with each glyphosate formulation, with and without a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Trifloxysulfuron and both formulations of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters and pitted morningglory. Both glyphosate formulations provided equivalent control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed. Trifloxysulfuron controlled smooth pigweed better than either glyphosate formulation but did not control goosegrass or prickly sida. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved late-season control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and pitted morningglory for all EPOST systems and improved late-season smooth pigweed control for EPOST systems that did not include trifloxysulfuron. Cotton injury was 2% or less from both glyphosate formulations, while trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Deltapine 5415RR’ 7 to 16% at two locations. At a third location, trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Paymaster 1218RR/BG’ 24%, and when applied in mixture with either glyphosate formulation, injury increased to at least 72%. Cotton injury was transient at the first two locations and was not visually apparent 3 to 5 wk later. Cotton yield at the third location was reduced. High cotton yields reflected high levels of weed control. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-04-257R1.1 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 6-13 SN - 1550-2740 KW - diammonium salt KW - isopropylamine salt ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fifty years of grassland science leading to change AU - Nelson, C. Jerry AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Division C‐6 was established in 2000, but members associated with forages and grazinglands have been active in the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) since its inception; 21 have served as President and many authored textbooks and comprehensive reference works. Complex forage and pasture mixtures were common in 1955, but shifted to monocultures in the 1960s and 1970s. Mixtures returned in the 1980s as N prices increased, broader values of legumes became known, nutritive value was better understood, and environmental issues increased. Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) for dairy production had strong leadership from the private sector in seed production and breeding. Tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was well‐adapted, conserved soil, and extended grazing in the transition zone to increase beef cow–calf production. Bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] benefited from vegetative propagation, conserved soil, and was improved for adaptation, yield, and nutritive value. Yield advancements, except for a few species, have been discouraging. Management benefited from advances in disease resistance, methods for assessing nutritive value, and understanding the role of endophytic fungi. Modest increases in nutritive value, coupled with improved pasture management, have increased animal performance. Emerging interests include biomass, carbon sequestration, and roles of biodiversity. Molecular techniques offer potential to better understand the plants and make genetic progress. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2006.04.0278gas VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 2204-2217 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a commercially available beneficial insect habitat for management of Lepidoptera pests AU - Forehand, L. M. AU - Orr, D. B. AU - Linker, H. M. T2 - Journal of Economic Entomology AB - A field study was conducted in 2003 and 2004 at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems in Goldsboro, NC, to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercially available beneficial insect habitat in decreasing pest caterpillar populations in organically managed tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plots. Six pairs of tomato plots were established and a commercial beneficial insect habitat seed mix (Peaceful Valley’s Good Bug Blend) transplanted around the perimeter of treatment plots, whereas a brown-top millet, Brachiaria ramose (L.) Stapf., border was planted around control plots. Egg predation, egg parasitism by trichogrammatid wasps, and larval parasitism by braconid wasps was monitored throughout the growing season to determine whether habitat increased their activity. In both years of this study, the density of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Manduca spp. eggs was not significantly different between treatment and control plots. Although parasitism was the most important component of egg mortality (19–49%), parasitism was not significantly different between habitat types. Identifiable predation was a minor component (3–9%) of egg fate; it is possible that unidentified predation may be part of the ≈35–52% of eggs that met unknown fates. Larval parasitism levels ranged from ≈10 to 90% but was not significantly influenced by the presence of beneficial insect habitat in either year of the study. These results demonstrate that natural enemy activity in organic tomatoes was not amplified, and pest populations were not reduced by the presence of a commercially available beneficial insect habitat. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1093/jee/99.3.641 VL - 99 IS - 3 SP - 641-647 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corn (Zea mays L.) response to trifloxysulfuron AU - Porterfield, D AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted in weed-free environments to determine corn tolerance to trifloxysulfuron applied PRE or POST, and to determine the potential for trifloxysulfuron applied PRE or POST to cotton to injure corn grown in rotation the following year. Trifloxysulfuron at 3.75, 7.5, or 15 g ai/ha applied PRE or POST resulted in 98% stand reduction of imidazolinone-tolerant (IT) corn and 100% stand reduction in conventional corn. No injury occurred to imidazolinone-resistant (IR) corn. A corn cultivar yield response was observed, with conventional nontreated corn yielding 8,850 kg/ha and greater than nontreated IT corn at 7,900 kg/ha. Nontreated IR corn yielded the least, at 6,400 kg/ha, and these yields were equivalent to trifloxysulfuron-treated IR corn at 6,590 kg/ha. Cotton treated with trifloxysulfuron PRE at any rate was injured less than 8%. Both trifloxysulfuron at 7.5 g/ha POST and pyrithiobac at 70 g ai/ha POST injured cotton 11% early in the season. Neither trifloxysulfuron nor pyrithiobac influenced weed-free cotton lint yields. When grown in rotation, corn was not injured by trifloxysulfuron or pyrithiobac applied the previous year to cotton, and yields were not influenced. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-04-315R.1 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 81-85 SN - 1550-2740 KW - carryover KW - crop injury KW - sulfonylurea herbicide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compositional and sensory comparisons between normal- and high-oleic peanuts AU - Isleib, TG AU - Pattee, HE AU - Sanders, TH AU - Hendrix, KW AU - Dean, LO T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - The high-oleic-acid trait improves the oxidative stability of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and their products. The explicit effect of the trait on sensory quality, particularly on off-flavors associated with oil rancidity, has not been well documented. To assess the effect of the trait on off-flavors, data from two independent databases were analyzed to compare sensory quality and composition in normal- versus high-oleic peanut genotypes. In data collected using a sensory panel in the Department of Food Science at North Carolina State University, there were small differences between near-isogenic lines for intensities of the roasted peanut, astringent, over-roast, and nutty attributes, with the high-oleic lines exhibiting slightly greater intensities of those attributes. There were no differences for off-flavors such as fruity, painty, stale, moldy, or petroleum. In data collected from the multistate Uniform Peanut Performance Test and evaluated by a panel in the USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit (MQHRU) at Raleigh, NC, there were differences in chemical composition associated with the high-oleic trait, including differences in oil content, tocopherols, and carbohydrates in addition to the expected differences in fatty acid contents. There were small decreases in the intensities of the sensory attributes cardboard and painty associated with the high-oleic trait in the MQHRU data when all high-oleic lines were compared with all normal-oleic lines. Comparison of the near-isogenic pair NC 7 and N00090ol showed differences in oil and glucose contents, but not in sensory attributes. The high-oleic trait does not appear to have a major impact on sensory quality on average, although there were individual instances in which the trait was associated with shifts in sensory attribute intensities that may be perceptible to consumers. Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L.; flavor; fatty acids; chemical composition DA - 2006/3/8/ PY - 2006/3/8/ DO - 10.1021/jf052353t VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 1759-1763 SN - 1520-5118 KW - Arachis hypogaea L. KW - flavor KW - fatty acids KW - chemical composition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Change in soluble phosphorus in soils following fertilization is dependent on initial Mehlich-3 phosphorus AU - Bond, C. Ryan AU - Maguire, R. O. AU - Havlin, J. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - There is a lack of information on how fertilization and initial Mehlich-3 phosphorus (M3P) interact to affect water soluble P (WSP) in soils. Our objectives were to (i) quantify the relationship between WSP and M3P for four textural diverse benchmark soils of North Carolina (NC) and (ii) quantify the change in WSP concentrations following P additions to soils over a wide range of initial M3P. Soils known to represent a wide range in M3P were collected from an Autryville loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults), Wasda muck (fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, acid, thermic Histic Humaquepts), Georgeville silt loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults), and Pacolet sandy clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) and analyzed for M3P, Fe, Al, and WSP. An incubation study was also conducted where four samples representing a range in M3P from each series were fertilized at rates of 150 and 300 kg P ha(-1), and WSP was measured at 1, 7, and 21 d after fertilization. The Wasda muck exhibited a change point at 115 mg P kg(-1) across a broad range of M3P concentrations (60-238 mg kg(-1)) while Autryville, Georgeville, and Pacolet series (with ranges in M3P of 32-328, 119-524, 0-1034 mg P kg(-1), respectively) maintained linear relationships between WSP and M3P. For the fertilized soils, significant increases in WSP occurred regardless of P rate. Yet, WSP concentrations were greater in soils with greater initial M3P. Thus, these data suggest that shifting animal waste applications to fields of relatively lower M3P concentrations would have an immediate impact on reducing risk for P losses, if all other factors are equal. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2005.0404 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 1818-1824 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An integrated web resource for cotton AU - Gingle, Alan R. AU - Yang, Hongyu AU - Chee, Peng W. AU - May, O. Lloyd AU - Rong, Junkang AU - Bowman, Daryl T. AU - Lubbers, Edward L. AU - Day, J. LaDon AU - Paterson, Andrew H. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - “The Cotton Diversity Database” ( http://cotton.agtec.uga.edu ) is a Web resource for cotton ( Gossypium spp.) phenotypic and genomic data. A primary goal for this resource is to provide both a useful management tool for breeders and other applied scientists and a research tool for genetic and genomic scientists. The resource contains four interface suites that include displays for each of the available phenotypic or genomic data types. These display suites are accessible via the genotype portal, a search interface that allows users to begin with a cotton accession and obtain all available data. The phenotypic data displays include graphical views of overall cultivar performance with means and between group standard deviations indicated in an easy‐to‐interpret graphical manner for common trial measures such as lint yield, micronaire, etc. The genomic data displays include interactive graphical views of genetic map and diversity data types. Genetic map data is displayed in both traditional linear and two‐dimensional comparative dot plot formats. Genetic diversity data is displayed in an interactive tree‐based format showing degrees of similarity among genotypes. The data are stored in Oracle relational database (RDBMS) schemas containing tables and views for data storage, auto‐calculated statistics and display parameters. The searchable RDBMS provides flexibility for a wide range of query and search options as well as integration paths amongst the various data types. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.09.0328 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1998-2007 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A cytological marker associated with winterhardiness in oat AU - Santos, AG AU - Livingston, DR AU - Jellen, EN AU - Wooten, DR AU - Murphy, JP T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - The intergenomic translocation T7C‐17 occurs at different frequencies in fall‐ versus spring‐sown hexaploid oat ( Avena sp.) germplasm. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate crown meristem freeze tolerance and winter field survival among 94 random F 4 –derived lines from the cross between the cultivars Wintok (T7C‐17, winterhardy) and Fulghum (non‐T7C‐17, less winterhardy) and to examine the association between these winterhardiness traits and T7C‐17. Crown meristem freeze tolerance was evaluated in a three‐replicate randomized complete block design in controlled environment growth cabinets. Field survival was evaluated in a three replicate randomized complete block design at Laurel Springs, NC during the 1999–2000 season. Greater crown meristem freeze tolerance and greater winter field survival were associated with the presence of T7C‐17. Lines heterogeneous for the translocation had similar levels of crown meristem freeze tolerance and field survival as lines homozygous for the translocation. Twenty‐two percent of the variation in crown meristem freeze tolerance and 27% of the variation in field survival was accounted for by translocation status. The observed frequencies of translocation homozygotes and heterozygotes did not fit the expected frequencies for single factor segregation in the F 4 generation. There were almost threefold as many homozygotes with the translocation as homozygotes without the translocation which indicated preferential selection for T7C‐17 during inbreeding. Our results suggested that T7C‐17 might be isolating, in terms of recombination, either a dominant allele or a group of loci conditioning winterhardiness in our population. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.0152 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 203-208 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two genes from soybean encoding soluble Delta 9 stearoyl-ACP desaturases AU - Byfield, GE AU - Xue, H AU - Upchurch, RG T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - The Δ9 stearoyl acyl‐carrier protein desaturase ( SACPD ) gene of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] encodes a soluble enzyme that converts stearic to oleic acid. Understanding the regulation of SACPD expression and enzyme activity are thus important steps toward developing soybean lines with altered stearic or oleic acid content. Using primers designed to a G. max SACPD cDNA sequence, a 3648‐bp product was cloned and sequenced from the genome of cultivar Dare. Comparison of the third SACPD exon protein sequence with other available Glycine SACPD sequences revealed unique amino acid variability at positions 310 and 313. Sequence‐specific primers were designed for Real‐time RT‐PCR (reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction) for this region of exon 3. Diagnostic and specific products were recovered with these primers using Dare cDNA template and Dare genomic DNA. Sequencing of a second genomic clone from Dare confirmed that there were two SACPD genes, designated A and B , in this cultivar. Survey of the genomes of 51 soybean lines and cultivars with PCR and the gene‐specific primers indicated that all 51 had both A and B Differences between SACPD‐A and ‐B transcript abundance in soybean tissues, while quantifiable, were not dramatic. SACPD‐A and ‐B transcript accumulation for three seed developmental stages between R5 and R6 was essentially equal. Biochemical analysis of the proteins encoded by these two SACPD genes may reveal whether the amino acid variability uncovered in this study has any relation to enzyme activity. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.06-0172 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 840-846 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of moderate salinity on nitrate leaching from bermudagrass turf: A lysimeter study AU - Bowman, D. C. AU - Devitt, Dale A. AU - Miller, W. Wally T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1007/s11270-006-9110-5 VL - 175 IS - 1-4 SP - 49-60 SN - 1573-2932 KW - nitrogen use efficiency KW - nutrient fate KW - N-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Switchgrass production for the upper southeastern USA: Influence of cultivar and cutting frequency on biomass yields AU - Fike, JH AU - Parrish, DJ AU - Wolf, DD AU - Balasko, JA AU - Green, JT AU - Rasnake, M AU - Reynolds, JH T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered a good biofuels feedstock candidate. However, limited information is available on its productivity and harvest management in the upper southeastern USA. Our objective was to examine production potential of upland and lowland switchgrass cultivars in response to one- or two-cut management across the region. Upland (‘Cave-in-Rock’ and ‘Shelter’) and lowland (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) cultivars were harvested for 3 yr under one- or two-cut management at eight sites in five states (North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia). Across all sites, years, and cutting managements, upland cultivars yielded 12.6 vs. 15.8 Mg ha−1 for lowland cultivars. Both cultivars yielded more on average with two harvests rather than one, but the effect was greater for upland cultivars (36% more biomass), while lowland cultivars yielded only 8% more biomass with two harvests. Tiller densities were higher for Alamo (lowland) than for Cave-in-Rock (upland) and higher with two-cut than with one-cut management. Early season production of Alamo (a cultivar of southern origin) appeared sensitive to low temperatures. Weak linear responses to precipitation were observed for first-cut biomass, but none was observed for summer precipitation. Lowland switchgrass cultivars appear better suited to biomass production in the upper southeastern USA, due to their greater productivity. Two vs. one cutting per year may be of less advantage for biomass yield with lowland cultivars in this region. However, if upland cultivars are used, two harvests may be of benefit dependent upon production costs and feedstock quality. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.10.008 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 207-213 SN - 0961-9534 KW - Panicum virgatum L. KW - harvest management KW - latitude KW - temperature KW - precipitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial community structure and diversity in a turfgrass chronosequence: Land-use change versus turfgrass management AU - Yao, Huaiying AU - Bowman, Daniel AU - Shi, Wei T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - A diverse soil microbial community is an important measure of sustainable land use. Turfgrasses are usually managed as a monostand, which may result in reduced soil microbial diversity. However, there is little information on the structure and diversity of soil microorganisms in managed turfgrass systems. We examined the soil microbial community in a turfgrass chronosequence (i.e., 1, 6, 23 and 95 years), established from native pines, to address (1) the degree to which microbial diversity is achieved and maintained in turfgrass soils and (2) the relative importance of turfgrass management versus land-use change (i.e., native pines to turfgrass) in structuring the soil microbial community. Soil microbial communities were fingerprinted using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition, and also by the pattern of sole C source utilization (i.e., community-level physiological profiles, CLPP). The relative diversities of soil microbial communities as a function of land use and turfgrass ages were compared using the Shannon index. Multivariate analysis was used to detail variations in soil microbial communities. Despite the differences in land use and turfgrass age, microbial biodiversity was generally similar for the various soils, with the exception that diversity was lower in soils taken from 5 to 15 cm depth of the two youngest turfgrass systems. This reduction was correlated with low soil C, and suggests that soil organic matter (OM) is a primary determinant of microbial community diversity. Both CLPP- and PLFA-based principal component analyses (PCA) revealed distinct groupings of soil microbial communities based on land use but not on turfgrass age. There was a preferential use of phenolic compounds and carboxylic acids by the microbial community in native pine soils, whereas carbohydrates were the preferred C source for microbial communities in turfgrass soils. This difference in catabolic function was mirrored by a compositional change of phospholipid fatty acids. Cluster analysis of community structure indicated that microbial communities in older turfgrass systems (23 and 95 years old) diverged from younger systems (1 and 6 years old), implying some effect of management on composition and structure of the soil microbial community. Our study concludes that a diverse soil microbial community was achieved and maintained in turfgrass systems, and that shifts in soil microbial community structure were attributed primarily to the change of land use rather than the length of turfgrass management. DA - 2006/12// PY - 2006/12// DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.01.009 VL - 34 IS - 2-3 SP - 209-218 SN - 1873-0272 KW - microbial community KW - phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) KW - community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) KW - land-use change KW - pines KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen dynamics in a turfgrass chronosequence: A short-term response to turfgrass clipping addition AU - Shi, Wei AU - Muruganandam, Subathra AU - Bowman, Daniel T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - A mechanistic understanding of soil microbial biomass and N dynamics following turfgrass clipping addition is central to understanding turfgrass ecology. New leaves represent a strong sink for soil and fertilizer N, and when mowed, a significant addition to soil organic N. Understanding the mineralization dynamics of clipping N should help in developing strategies to minimize N losses via leaching and denitrification. We characterized soil microbial biomass and N mineralization and immobilization turnover in response to clipping addition in a turfgrass chronosequence (i.e. 3, 8, 25, and 97 yr old) and the adjacent native pines. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the impacts of indigenous soil and microbial attributes associated with turf age and land use on the early phase decomposition of turfgrass clippings and (2) to estimate mineralization dynamics of turfgrass clippings and subsequent effects on N mineralization of indigenous soils. We conducted a 28-d laboratory incubation to determine short-term dynamics of soil microbial biomass, C decomposition, N mineralization and nitrification after soil incorporation of turfgrass clippings. Gross rates of N mineralization and immobilization were estimated with 15N using a numerical model, FLAUZ. Turfgrass clippings decomposed rapidly; decomposition and mineralization equivalent to 20–30% of clipping C and N, respectively, occurred during the incubation. Turfgrass age had little effect on decomposition and net N mineralization. However, the response of potential nitrification to clipping addition was age dependent. In young turfgrass systems having low rates, potential nitrification increased significantly with clipping addition. In contrast, old turfgrass systems having high initial rates of potential nitrification were unaffected by clipping addition. Isotope 15N modeling showed that gross N mineralization following clipping addition was not affected by turf age but differed between turfgrass and the adjacent native pines. The flush of mineralized N following clipping addition was derived predominantly from the clippings rather than soil organic N. Our data indicate that the response of soil microbial biomass and N mineralization and immobilization to clipping addition was essentially independent of indigenous soil and microbial attributes. Further, increases in microbial biomass and activity following clipping addition did not stimulate the mineralization of indigenous soil organic N. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.005 VL - 38 IS - 8 SP - 2032-2042 SN - 0038-0717 KW - microbial biomass KW - N mineralization KW - decomposition KW - nitrification KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selecting among available, elite tropical maize inbreds for use in long-term temperate breeding AU - Nelson, P. T. AU - Jines, M. P. AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 255-262 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SNP-based improvement of a microsatellite marker associated with Karnal bunt resistance in wheat AU - Brooks, Steven A. AU - See, Deven R. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has become the technology of choice for introgressing important traits with indistinct phenotypes into agronomically elite cultivars. Karnal bunt (KB, causal agent Tilletia indica Mitra) is an economically important fungal pathogen of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) which has caused economic losses in the USA since it was first reported in 1996. To protect U.S. wheat from this emerging disease and the losses incurred from export quarantines, genetic sources of resistance are needed by breeders to improve U.S. germplasm. Resistance to KB is difficult to score phenotypically, making MAS an ideal choice for deploying this trait into U.S. wheat. Here we describe the conversion of a codominant microsatellite marker, Xgwm538 , associated with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for KB resistance into a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based marker. The SNP marker was developed to improve gel‐based resolution and amplification consistency. The gwm538 primers amplify three fragments in the KB resistant line HD29: 137‐, 147‐, and a 152‐bp fragment that maps to the long arm of chromosome 4B and is linked to the KB QTL. By cloning and sequencing all three fragments, we were able to exploit a SNP and design a new primer to selectively amplify the 152‐bp fragment of interest (gwm538snp). Amplification consistency is improved with gwm538snp since the amplification of competing nontarget fragments is eliminated, and ambiguity is reduced since heterozygous plants are easily identified among backcross progeny. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.05-0065 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1467-1470 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of soil microbial biomass and N availability to transition strategies from conventional to organic farming systems AU - Tu, C AU - Louws, FJ AU - Creamer, NG AU - Mueller, JP AU - Brownie, C AU - Fager, K AU - Bell, M AU - Hu, SJ T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Abstract Organic farming can enhance soil biodiversity, alleviate environmental concerns and improve food safety through eliminating the applications of synthetic chemicals. However, yield reduction due to nutrient limitation and pest incidence in the early stages of transition from conventional to organic systems is a major concern for organic farmers, and is thus a barrier to implementing the practice of organic farming. Therefore, identifying transition strategies that minimize yield loss is critical for facilitating the implementation of organic practices. Soil microorganisms play a dominant role in nutrient cycling and pest control in organic farming systems, and their responses to changes in soil management practices may critically impact crop growth and yield. Here we examined soil microbial biomass and N supply in response to several strategies for transitioning from conventional to organic farming systems in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, NC, USA. The transitional strategies included one fully organic strategy (ORG) and four reduced-input strategies (withdrawal of each or gradual reduction of major conventional inputs—synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (insecticides/fungicides), and herbicides), with a conventional practice (CNV) serving as a control. Microbial biomass and respiration rate were more sensitive to changes in soil management practices than total C and N. In the first 2 years, the ORG was most effective in enhancing soil microbial biomass C and N among the transition strategies, but was accompanied with high yield losses. By the third year, soil microbial biomass C and N in the reduced-input transition strategies were statistically significantly greater than those in the CNV (averaging 32 and 35% higher, respectively), although they were slightly lower than those in the ORG (averaging 13 and 17% lower, respectively). Soil microbial respiration rate and net N mineralization in all transitional systems were statistically significantly higher than those in the CNV (averagely 83 and 66% greater, respectively), with no differences among the various transition strategies. These findings suggest that the transitional strategies that partially or gradually reduce conventional inputs can serve as alternatives that could potentially minimize economic hardships as well as benefit microbial growth during the early stages of transition to organic farming systems. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013 VL - 113 IS - 1-4 SP - 206-215 SN - 1873-2305 KW - conventional farming system KW - microbial biomass KW - nitrogen supply KW - organic farming system KW - reduced-input transition strategy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of nine high-yielding tropical by temperate maize germplasm lines adapted for the southern USA AU - Carson, M. L. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Blanco, M. AU - Millard, M. AU - Duvick, S. AU - Holley, R. AU - Hudyncia, J. AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 4 p. 1825-1826 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of Nine High-Yielding Tropical by Temperate Maize Germplasm Lines Adapted for the Southern USA M.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorP.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Corresponding author (peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420 Pioneer Hi-bred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this authorJ. Hudyncia, J. Hudyncia USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author M.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorP.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Corresponding author (peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420 Pioneer Hi-bred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this authorJ. Hudyncia, J. Hudyncia USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0283Citations: 8 Registration by CSSA. 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Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue4July–August 2006Pages 1825-1826 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0283 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1825-1826 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of N98-4445A mid-oleic soybean germplasm line AU - Burton, JW AU - Wilson, RF AU - Rebetzke, GJ AU - Pantalone, VR T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2004-0769 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 1010-1012 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 20 GEM maize breeding germplasm lines adapted to the southern USA AU - Balint-Kurti, PJ AU - Blanco, M AU - Millard, M AU - Duvick, S AU - Holland, J AU - Clements, M AU - Holley, R AU - Carson, ML AU - Goodman, MM T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 2 p. 996-998 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of 20 GEM Maize Breeding Germplasm Lines Adapted to the Southern USA P.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti [email protected] USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Author for correspondence ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NC7), USDA-ARS & Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorJ. Holland, J. Holland USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM. Clements, M. Clements USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 Pioneer Hibred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this author P.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti [email protected] USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Author for correspondence ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NC7), USDA-ARS & Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorJ. Holland, J. Holland USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM. Clements, M. Clements USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 Pioneer Hibred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.04-0013Citations: 24 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue2March–April 2006Pages 996-998 RelatedInformation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.04-0013 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 996-998 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTL mapping for fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination resistance in two maize populations AU - Robertson-Hoyt, L. A. AU - Jines, M. P. AU - Balint-Kurti, P. J. AU - Kleinschmidt, C. E. AU - White, D. G. AU - Payne, G. A. AU - Maragos, C. M. AU - Molnar, T. L. AU - Holland, J. B. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci205.12-0450 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1734-1743 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring community shifts in a weed seedbank study with the use of distance-based redundancy analysis AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris AU - Gallandt, Eric R. AU - Molloy, Tom T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA), a recently developed ordination technique useful for both multivariate hypothesis testing and data interpretation, was used to evaluate treatment effects on weed communities in a long-term study of alternative potato cropping systems. The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of three pest management systems, conventional (CON), reduced input (RI), and biointensive (BIO), two soil management systems (amended vs. unamended), and two crop-rotation entry points. Soil samples collected in the spring of 1998 were subjected to exhaustive germination as a means of characterizing the weed community. Using partial ordinations, each factor in the factorial treatment structure was tested separately, revealing a significant interaction between pest and soil management systems. An ordination diagram of the pest by soil management interaction was used to interpret the results. Weed species that were highly correlated with the first two ordination axes included: common lambsquarters, broadleaf plantain, oakleaf goosefoot, common hempnettle and a complex of the Brassicaceae that included wild mustard, birdsrape mustard, and wild radish. Univariate analyses confirmed the response of these species to the factors examined. The BIO pest management system showed a different response to soil amendments than the other systems. Soil amendments caused an increase in the total weed density in the CON and RI systems, but caused a decrease in the BIO system. Given the need for better multivariate hypothesis testing and data interpretation in many types of weed science research, the use of db-RDA is expected to grow. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WS-05-148R1.1 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 861-866 SN - 0043-1745 KW - multivariate analysis KW - ordination KW - weed community ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management of Sclerotinia blight of peanut with the biological control agent Coniothyrium minitans AU - Partridge, D. E. AU - Sutton, T. B. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Curtis, V. L. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia minor, is an important disease of peanut in North Carolina. The effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans, a mycoparasite of sclerotia of Sclerotinia spp., was studied in a 5-year field experiment and in eight short-term experiments in northeastern North Carolina. The 5-year experiment was initiated in November 1999 to evaluate the effectiveness of repeated soil applications of C. minitans (commercial formulation, Contans WG) at 2 and 4 kg ha -1 in reducing Sclerotinia blight. In addition, individual commercial peanut fields were selected in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate a single application of C. minitans at 4 kg ha -1 . No differences were found between the 2 and 4 kg ha -1 rates of C. minitans in reducing Sclerotinia blight. In 2002, there was less disease in plots receiving applications of C. minitans for either 1 or 3 years compared with the nontreated control; whereas, in 2003, C. minitans applications for 1, 2, or 3 years reduced disease and the number of sclerotia isolated from soil. A single application of C. minitans reduced sclerotia in only two of the eight short-term experiments. The integration of consecutive years of soil applications of C. minitans at 2 kg ha -1 with moderately resistant cultivars and fungicide applications may aid in the management of Sclerotinia blight in peanut. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1094/PD-90-0957 VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - 957-963 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term yield potential of switchgrass-for-biofuel systems AU - Fike, JH AU - Parrish, DJ AU - Wolf, DD AU - Balasko, JA AU - Green, JT AU - Rasnake, M AU - Reynolds, JH T2 - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY AB - Limited information is available regarding biomass production potential of long-term (>5- yr-old) switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) stands. Variables of interest in biomass production systems include cultivar selection, site/environment effects, and the impacts of fertility and harvest management on productivity and stand life. We studied biomass production of two upland and two lowland cultivars under two different managements at eight sites in the upper southeastern USA during 1999–2001. (Sites had been planted in 1992 and continuously managed for biomass production.) Switchgrass plots under lower-input management received 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and were harvested once, at the end of the season. Plots under higher-input management received 100 kg N ha−1 (in two applications) and were harvested twice, in midsummer and at the end of the season. Management effects on yield, N removal, and stand density were evaluated. Annual biomass production across years, sites, cultivars, and managements averaged 14.2 Mg ha−1. Across years and sites, a large (28%) yield response to increased inputs was observed for upland cultivars; but the potential value of higher-input management for lowland cultivars was masked overall by large site×management interactions. Nitrogen removal was greater under the higher-input system largely due to greater N concentrations in the midsummer harvests. Management recommendations (cultivar, fertilization, and harvest frequency), ideally, should be site and cultivar dependent, given the variable responses reported here. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.10.006 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 198-206 SN - 0961-9534 KW - Panicuin virgatum L. KW - biomass KW - biofuels KW - nitrogen KW - system management KW - precipitation KW - cutting frequency KW - cultivar selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased occurrence of target spot of soybean caused by Corynespora cassiicola in the southeastern United States. AU - Koenning, , SR AU - Creswell, TC AU - Dunphy, EJ AU - Sikora, EJ AU - Mueller, JD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Target spot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.), although found in most soybean-growing countries, is considered to be a disease of limited importance (1) and has never been reported to cause soybean yield loss in the southeastern United States (2,3). Soybean plants submitted to the North Carolina Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCPDIC) in August 2004 from Beaufort, Robeson, Wilson, and Johnston counties, NC had symptoms consistent with target spot. Symptoms consisted of roughly circular, necrotic leaf lesions from minute to 11 mm in diameter, though typically approximately 4 to 5 mm in diameter, and with a yellow margin. Large lesions occasionally exhibited a zonate pattern often associated with this disease. Microscopic examination of the lesions revealed the presence of spores (conidia) typical of C. cassiicola (1). Conidia were mostly three to five septate with a central hilum at the base and ranged in size from 7 to 22 wide × 39 to 520 μm long. Three commercial soybean fields near Blackville, SC (Barnwell County) were severely affected by this disease and it caused premature defoliation. Nineteen of twenty-seven maturity group VII and VIII genotypes in the 2004 Clemson University soybean variety trial near Blackville, SC had visible symptoms of target spot. Heavy rainfall associated with hurricanes during September 2004 probably enhanced the incidence of this disease, and yield suppression due to target spot was estimated at 20 to 40% in some fields. In 2005, 20 of 161 soybean samples submitted to the NCPDIC or collected in surveys from 16 counties were positive for target spot on the basis of microscopic examination. Target spot also was diagnosed in six counties (Baldwin, DeKalb, Elmore, Fayette, Macon, and Pickens) in Alabama and in four additional counties (Bamberg, Hampton, Orange-burg, and Calhoun) in South Carolina in 2005. Records from the NCPDIC indicate that target spot had not been diagnosed on soybean in North Carolina since 1981. The large increase in incidence of target spot in the southeast may be related to changes in weather patterns, changes in pathogen virulence, and/or the introduction of more susceptible host genotypes. References: (1) J. B. Sinclair. Target spot. Page 27 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases. G. L. Hartman et al. eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (2) J. A. Wrather et al. Plant Dis. 79:1076. 1995. (3) J. A. Wrather et al. On-line publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0325-01-RV. Plant Health Progress, 2003. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1094/PD-90-0974C VL - 90 IS - 7 SP - 974-974 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of germplasm of possible value for confronting an unfavorable inverse genetic correlation in tobacco AU - Lewis, R. S. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - To be commercially viable in the USA, a flue‐cured tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar must be high‐yielding and also meet minimum requirements for percent total alkaloids (PTA). The negative correlation between yield and PTA complicates development of higher‐yielding cultivars with acceptable leaf chemistry, however. Identification and use of germplasm possessing alternative alleles positively affecting PTA could be an important component of strategies to develop commercially acceptable, higher‐yielding cultivars. Choice of donor germplasm should be done carefully, however, because yield modulates the phenotypic expression of PTA. Consequently, comparison of materials for genetic potential to accumulate alkaloids might best be done at common levels of yield. This investigation used manual control of leaf number to manipulate yield of fifteen diverse tobacco genotypes grown in a split‐plot design in two North Carolina environments. Within genotypes, the relationships between PTA and yield were found to be negative. Through statistical analyses, germplasm accessions TI 464 and TI 959 were found to exhibit the highest levels of PTA at given levels of yield in both environments. Data on N‐partitioning indicated that these genotypes may have increased genetic potential for utilizing accumulated N for alkaloid synthesis. Transfer of alleles from these genotypes to elite germplasm pools may facilitate development of higher‐yielding cultivars with acceptable PTA levels. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.12-0519 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1764-1771 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of freezing tolerance in advanced progeny from a cross of Avena sativa X A-macrostachya AU - Jia, Hongmei AU - Livingston, David P., III AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Porter, David R. T2 - CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1556/CRC.34.2006.2-3.235 VL - 34 IS - 2-3 SP - 1037-1042 SN - 1788-9170 KW - Avena macrostachya KW - A. sativa KW - winter hardiness KW - freezing tolerance KW - perennial oat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating genotypic correlations and their standard errors using multivariate restricted maximum likelihood estimation with SAS Proc MIXED AU - Holland, JB T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Plant breeders traditionally have estimated genotypic and phenotypic correlations between traits using the method of moments on the basis of a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Drawbacks of using the method of moments to estimate variance and covariance components include the possibility of obtaining estimates outside of parameter bounds, reduced estimation efficiency, and ignorance of the estimators' distributional properties when data are missing. An alternative approach that does not suffer these problems, but depends on the assumption of normally distributed random effects and large sample sizes, is restricted maximum likelihood (REML). This paper illustrates the use of Proc MIXED of the SAS system to implement REML estimation of genotypic and phenotypic correlations. Additionally, a method to obtain approximate parametric estimates of the sampling variances of the correlation estimates is presented. MANOVA and REML methods were compared with a real data set and with simulated data. The simulation study examined the effects of different correlation parameter values, genotypic and environmental sample sizes, and proportion of missing data on Type I and Type II error rates and on accuracy of confidence intervals. The two methods provided similar results when data were balanced or only 5% of data were missing. However, when 15 or 25% data were missing, the REML method generally performed better, resulting in higher power of detection of correlations and more accurate 95% confidence intervals. Samples of at least 75 genotypes and two environments are recommended to obtain accurate confidence intervals using the proposed method. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.0191 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 642-654 SN - 1435-0653 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644988886&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of cyclanilide, ethephong auxin transport inhibitors, and temperature on whole plant defoliation AU - Pedersen, M. K. AU - Burton, J. D. AU - Coble, H. D. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.07.0189 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 1666-1672 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamics of redoximorphic feature formation under controlled ponding in a created riverine wetland AU - Vepraskas, Michael J. AU - Richardson, Jimmie L. AU - Tandarich, John P. T2 - WETLANDS DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[486:dorffu]2.0.co;2 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 486-496 SN - 1943-6246 KW - hydric soil indicators KW - oxidation-reduction KW - redoximorphic features KW - wetland delineation KW - wetland hydrology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Delayed harvest effect on soft red winter wheat in the southeastern USA AU - Farrer, Dianne AU - Weisz, Randy AU - Heiniger, Ronnie AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Pate, Michael H. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Harvest of soft red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in the southeastern USA can be delayed because of inclement weather or other unforeseen problems. Our objectives were to determine the impact of delaying harvest beyond grain ripeness (135 g kg −1 grain moisture content) on yield, test weight, grain protein, and 20 milling and baking quality parameters, and to determine if these impacts were correlated with environmental conditions occurring between grain ripeness and harvest. In 2001 and 2002, a total of six trials were conducted where treatments consisted of a timely harvest at grain ripeness and a delayed harvest, 8 to 19 d later. Yield was reduced by up to ∼900 kg ha −1 due to delayed harvest, with yield losses negatively related to total precipitation and positively related to minimum daily temperatures ( R 2 = 0.99) during the delay interval, indicating that dry and warm environments increased yield losses. Test weight reductions up to ∼115 kg m −3 were seen and were linearly related to the number of precipitation events ( r 2 = 0.93) between harvests. Grain protein was not affected by delayed harvest. Of the milling and baking quality parameters measured, grain and flour falling number, clear flour percentage, grain deoxynivalenol (DON), and farinograph breakdown times were negatively affected by delayed harvest. Lower falling numbers and higher levels of DON are consistent with the high humidity and rainfall typical of the southeastern USA wheat harvest and are problematic for millers. Decreased farinograph breakdown times can be a problem for bakers. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2005.0211 VL - 98 IS - 3 SP - 588-595 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Altered weed reproduction and maternal effects under low-nitrogen fertility AU - Tungate, Kimberly D. AU - Burton, Michael G. AU - Susko, David J. AU - Sermons, Shannon M. AU - Rufty, Thomas W. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - The low-nitrogen status of highly weathered soils may offer a potential alternative for weed suppression in agricultural systems with N 2 -fixing crops. In this study, we used sicklepod as a model to evaluate weed response that might occur with managed reductions in nitrogen-soil fertility. A field study was conducted with the parental generation supplied 0, 112, 224, or 448 kg N ha −1 . Decreased nitrogen fertility led to reduced shoot biomass, seed number, and total seed mass. Individual seed mass was lower, but seed % nitrogen was not affected. Analysis of seed-mass distribution confirmed that low parental fertility was associated with more small seeds as a proportion of total seeds produced. Additional experiments in hydroponics culture revealed slower growth rates of seedlings produced from small seeds when grown under low-nitrogen conditions. Competitiveness of plants from small (low nitrogen) and large (high nitrogen) seed classes was determined in a replacement-series experiment conducted in sand culture in a controlled environment at two densities and two levels of nitrogen nutrition. Plants produced from smaller seeds were less competitive in low-nitrogen fertility conditions, but plants from small and large seeds competed similarly when grown under high-nitrogen fertility. The results support the hypothesis that comprehensive management strategies to reduce nitrogen availability for weed growth in low-fertility conditions could decrease weed interference by decreasing growth and seed production of parental plants and through maternal effects that lower competitiveness of offspring. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WS-05-145R.1 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 847-853 SN - 0043-1745 KW - competition KW - interference KW - nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global assembly of cotton ESTs AU - Udall, JA AU - Swanson, JM AU - Haller, K AU - Rapp, RA AU - Sparks, ME AU - Hatfield, J AU - Yu, YS AU - Wu, YR AU - Dowd, C AU - Arpat, AB AU - Sickler, BA AU - Wilkins, TA AU - Guo, JY AU - Chen, XY AU - Scheffler, J AU - Taliercio, E AU - Turley, R AU - McFadden, H AU - Payton, P AU - Klueva, N AU - Allen, R AU - Zhang, DS AU - Haigler, C AU - Wilkerson, C AU - Suo, JF AU - Schulze, , SR AU - Pierce, ML AU - Essenberg, M AU - Kim, H AU - Llewellyn, DJ AU - Dennis, ES AU - Kudrna, D AU - Wing, R AU - Paterson, AH AU - Soderlund, C AU - Wendel, JF T2 - GENOME RESEARCH AB - Approximately 185,000 Gossypium EST sequences comprising >94,800,000 nucleotides were amassed from 30 cDNA libraries constructed from a variety of tissues and organs under a range of conditions, including drought stress and pathogen challenges. These libraries were derived from allopolyploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum; A(T) and D(T) genomes) as well as its two diploid progenitors, Gossypium arboreum (A genome) and Gossypium raimondii (D genome). ESTs were assembled using the Program for Assembling and Viewing ESTs (PAVE), resulting in 22,030 contigs and 29,077 singletons (51,107 unigenes). Further comparisons among the singletons and contigs led to recognition of 33,665 exemplar sequences that represent a nonredundant set of putative Gossypium genes containing partial or full-length coding regions and usually one or two UTRs. The assembly, along with their UniProt BLASTX hits, GO annotation, and Pfam analysis results, are freely accessible as a public resource for cotton genomics. Because ESTs from diploid and allotetraploid Gossypium were combined in a single assembly, we were in many cases able to bioinformatically distinguish duplicated genes in allotetraploid cotton and assign them to either the A or D genome. The assembly and associated information provide a framework for future investigation of cotton functional and evolutionary genomics. DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1101/gr.4602906 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 441-450 SN - 1549-5469 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed control in glyphosate-resistant corn as affected by preemergence herbicide and timing of postemergence herbicide application AU - Parker, Robert G. AU - York, Alan C. AU - Jordan, David L. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted at three locations during both 2002 and 2003 to evaluate weed control and response of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn to glyphosate or nicosulfuron plus atrazine applied POST at three application timings with and without alachlor plus atrazine applied PRE. The POST herbicides were applied timely (5- to 9-cm weeds) or applications were delayed 1 or 2 wk. All treatments, except the weedy check, were followed by glyphosate postemergence-directed (PDIR) 4 wk after the timely POST application. Common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed were controlled at least 94% regardless of PRE or POST treatments. Large crabgrass and fall panicum were controlled at least 96% by glyphosate regardless of PRE herbicide or POST application timing. In contrast, control by nicosulfuron plus atrazine POST in the absence of PRE herbicide decreased as application was delayed. Sicklepod was controlled at least 94% when POST herbicides were applied timely, but control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased with delayed application regardless of PRE herbicide. Tall morningglory was controlled 93% or greater by POST herbicides applied timely. Control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased as application was delayed, with glyphosate being affected more by timing than nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Corn grain yield was similar with glyphosate and nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Yield was unaffected by POST application timing when PRE herbicides were included. Without PRE herbicide, grain yield decreased as POST herbicide application was delayed. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-04-288R.1 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 564-570 SN - 0890-037X KW - crop vigor KW - herbicide-resistant crops KW - alachlor KW - atrazine KW - nicosulfuron ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic carbon dynamics following afforestation of degraded pastures with eucalyptus in southeastern Brazil AU - Lima, Augusto M. N. AU - Silva, Ivo R. AU - Neves, Julio C. L. AU - Novais, Roberto F. AU - Barros, Nairam F. AU - Mendonca, Eduardo S. AU - Smyth, Thomas J. AU - Moreira, Michelle S. AU - Leite, Fernando P. T2 - FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT AB - Afforestation of degraded pastures can potentially enhance carbon sequestration, but little is known about the effects of eucalyptus plantations on soil organic matter (SOM) fractions. We used density and particle size SOM fractionations to evaluate changes in SOM for a chronosequence of eucalyptus plantations established on degraded pastures in two contrasting regions in southeastern Brazil. Declines in the content of soil C derived from the pasture (C4 photosynthetic pathway) and the accumulation of that derived from the eucalyptus (C3 photosynthetic pathway) were followed through 13C natural abundance of the SOM. The two study areas were in the Rio Doce River Valley, Minas Gerais State, namely: 1, Belo Oriente (BO, a region with lower elevation, higher mean annual temperature, lower forest productivities and dominated by clayey Typic Haplustoxs); 2, Virginópolis (VG, a region of higher elevation, higher forest productivities and dominated by clayey Rhodic Ustoxs). In the BO region the chronosequence included 0, 4.2, 13.2, 22.2, 32.0 and 34.2 years of eucalyptus cultivation and in the VG region soils were cultivated with eucalyptus for 0, 8.2, 19.2, 29.2 and 33.2 years. The accumulated cultivation time corresponds to about five rotations. In both regions the initial soil condition was represented by a site that was still under pasture. Soil samples collected at 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths were analyzed for: total organic carbon (TOC); C in the fulvic (FAF), humic (HAF) and humin (HF) fractions; C in the free (FLF) and occluded (OLF) light fractions; C associated with the heavy fractions, namely, the sand (SF), silt plus clay (S + CF) and clay (CF) fractions; and C in the microbial biomass (MB). Carbon stocks of virtually all SOM fractions were about twice as high in the VG region than in the BO region. Eucalyptus cultivation in the BO region increased C stocks in all SOM fractions, except for the MB fraction that was not altered and the SF fraction that declined with time of eucalyptus cultivation. Increases in TOC, FAF and HF organic C fractions were observed in the VG region. Mean annual accumulations across the entire cultivation period in the 0–10 cm soil layer showed virtually no difference averaging 0.22 Mg C ha−1 year−1 for the BO region and 0.23 Mg C ha−1 year−1 for the VG region. However, gains of TOC peaked by the end of the third rotation in the BO region and the second rotation in the VG region, so the TOC accumulation rate during the respective aggrading periods would correspond to 0.35 and 0.57 Mg C ha−1 year−1. There was no clear evidence that the more labile, fast cycling SOM fractions were more sensitive indicators of the impact of eucalyptus cultivation in the BO region, whereas in the VG region the FLF and OLF were more sensitive to the land use change than TOC. DA - 2006/11/1/ PY - 2006/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.331 VL - 235 IS - 1-3 SP - 219-231 SN - 1872-7042 KW - organic carbon KW - pasture conversion KW - oxisol KW - land use change KW - organic matter fractions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Riparian buffer width and nitrate removat in a tagoon-effluent irrigated agricutturat area AU - Smith, T. A. AU - Osmond, D. L. AU - Gilliam, J. W. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 273-281 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen transfer between plants: A N-15 natural abundance study with crop and weed species AU - Moyer-Henry, K. A. AU - Burton, J. W. AU - Israel, D. W. AU - Rufty, T. W. T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1007/s11104-005-3081-y VL - 282 IS - 1-2 SP - 7-20 SN - 1573-5036 KW - arbuscular mycorrhizae KW - N-2 fixation KW - 15N natural abundance KW - N transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Minimizing protein variability in soft red winter wheat: Impact of nitrogen application timing and rate AU - Farrer, Dianne C. AU - Weisz, Randy AU - Heiniger, Ronnie AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - White, Jeffrey G. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Grain protein content in soft red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is highly variable across years and environments in the southeastern USA. This variability makes southeastern wheat undesirable to millers and negatively impacts its value in the export market. The objectives of this study were to determine how different N fertilizer rates and application times would affect grain protein variability and to determine if there were N fertilizer recommendations that would minimize regional protein variation. We conducted experiments in the North Carolina Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Tidewater in 2001 and 2002. At each site–year, we used a split‐plot design with three or five N fertilizer rates at growth‐stage 25 (GS) (main plots), and an additional five N fertilizer rates applied at GS 30 (subplots). Analysis of variance indicated that environment contributed 68 and 90.5% of the variability in yield and test weight, respectively. Though environment contributed 23.3% of grain protein variability, the majority (51.4%) was attributed to timing and rate of N application. As grain protein levels increased at higher N rates, so did overall protein variability. Additionally, applying the majority of N fertilizer at GS 30 increased grain protein variability compared to application at GS 25. Based on these results, our recommendations to reduce grain protein variability in the southeastern USA are to: (i) reduce the range in N fertilizer rates used across the region, (ii) avoid overapplication of N beyond what is required to optimize yield and economic return, and (iii) apply spring N at GS 25. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2006.0039 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 1137-1145 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Iron and phosphate dissolution during abiotic reduction of ferrihydrite-boehmite mixtures AU - Murray, G. Christopher AU - Hesterberg, Dean T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Excessive phosphorus loss from soils poses a threat to surface‐water quality. Soils comprise assemblages of multiple minerals, with Fe‐ and Al‐oxides being important for phosphate sorption. Our objective was to measure reductive dissolution of an Fe‐oxide and sorbed orthophosphate as affected by the presence of an Al‐(hydr)oxide mineral. Aqueous suspensions containing 0.5 g ferrihydrite kg −1 and up to 0.7 g boehmite kg −1 and KH 2 PO 4 added at 750 mmol kg −1 of ferrihydrite were abiotically reduced at pH 6.0 for 72 h using 0.5% H 2(g) in the presence of a Pt catalyst. A sharp decrease in zero‐order Fe(II) dissolution rate coefficients was observed between 0 and 0.008 g kg −1 of added boehmite, whereas net Fe(II) dissolution was essentially null for boehmite additions ≥ 0.02 g kg −1 Although net dissolution of PO 4 occurred over time in the absence of boehmite, a net uptake occurred in the presence of boehmite. Auxiliary experiments suggested that Al(III) dissolved from boehmite decreased Fe(II) dissolution during reduction by sorbing to the ferrihydrite surface and blocking electron transfer. Because PO 4 was taken up in excess of the maximum boehmite sorption capacity in systems with ≤ 0.008 g boehmite kg −1 , results suggested the formation of Al‐phosphate or an Al(III)–PO 4 complex on ferrihydrite surfaces. Phosphorus K‐XANES spectroscopy of samples collected during reduction of a 1:1 ferrihydrite/boehmite mixture showed no consistent change in sorbed PO 4 associated with Fe(III) versus Al(III). DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2005.0292 VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 1318-1327 SN - 1435-0661 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745942293&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interdisciplinary and multilevel approach to organic and sustainable agriculture education at North Carolina State University AU - Schroeder, M. S. AU - Creamer, N. G. AU - Linker, H. M. AU - Mueller, J. P. AU - Rzewnicki, P. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 418-426 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inorganic PM2.5 at a US agricultural site AU - Walker, JT AU - Robarge, WP AU - Shendrikar, A AU - Kimball, H T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - In this study, we present approximately two years (January 1999-December 2000) of atmospheric NH3, NH4+, HCl, Cl-, HNO3, NO3-, SO2, and SO4= concentrations measured by the annular denuder/filter pack method at an agricultural site in eastern North Carolina. This site is influenced by high NH3 emissions from animal production and fertilizer use in the surrounding area and neighboring counties. The two-year mean NH3 concentration is 5.6 (+/-5.13) microg m(-3). The mean concentration of total inorganic PM2.5, which includes SO4=, NO3-, NH4+, and Cl-, is 8.0 (+/-5.84) microg m(-3). SO4=, NO3-, NH4+, and Cl- represent, respectively, 53, 24, 22, and 1% of measured inorganic PM2.5. NH3 contributes 72% of total NH3 + NH4+, on an average. Equilibrium modeling of the gas+aerosol NH3/H2SO4/HNO3 system shows that inorganic PM2.5 is more sensitive to reductions in gas + aerosol concentrations of sulfate and nitrate relative to NH3. DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.019 VL - 139 IS - 2 SP - 258-271 SN - 0269-7491 KW - ammonia KW - inorganic aerosol KW - PM2.5 KW - agriculture KW - annular denuder ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of diclosulam postemergence application timing on weed control and peanut tolerance AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Clewis, Scott B. AU - Taylor, Zachary G. AU - Wilcut, John W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted at Lewiston–Woodville and Rocky Mount, NC in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate weed control and peanut response to POST treatments of diclosulam at various rates and application timings. Diclosulam controlled common ragweed and entireleaf morningglory when applied within 35 d after planting (DAP). Common ragweed 61 cm tall was controlled ≥92% with 4 to 13 g ai/ha diclosulam and larger common ragweed (107 to 137 cm tall) were controlled ≥97% with 27 g/ha diclosulam. Common lambsquarters was controlled 62% or less with all diclosulam POST treatments following metolachlor applied PRE, which provided 48% control. Peanut injury was less than 15% with all diclosulam POST treatments and was transitory. In separate studies, POST diclosulam treatments did not affect peanut yield in a weed-free environment. Peanut yield in weedy environments was reduced as the diclosulam application timing was delayed because of early season weed interference. A linear relationship was observed between yield and application timing with yield decreasing as application timing was delayed. This yield response documents the importance of early season weed management for maximizing peanut yield potential. Virginia peanut varieties were not affected by different POST rates of diclosulam; however, early season peanut injury showed a linear and quadratic relationship with diclosulam rate and was less than 14% at rates as high as 71 g/ha, and was not apparent by late season. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-05-087R1.1 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 651-657 SN - 0890-037X KW - herbicide injury KW - weed control KW - yield KW - diclosulam ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia AU - Culpepper, A. Stanley AU - Grey, Timothy L. AU - Vencill, William K. AU - Kichler, Jeremy M. AU - Webster, Theodore M. AU - Brown, Steve M. AU - York, Alan C. AU - Davis, Jerry W. AU - Hanna, Wayne W. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - A glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype was confirmed in central Georgia. In the field, glyphosate applied to 5- to 13-cm-tall Palmer amaranth at three times the normal use rate of 0.84 kg ae ha −1 controlled this biotype only 17%. The biotype was controlled 82% by glyphosate at 12 times the normal use rate. In the greenhouse, I 50 values (rate necessary for 50% inhibition) for visual control and shoot fresh weight, expressed as percentage of the nontreated, were 8 and 6.2 times greater, respectively, with the resistant biotype compared with a known glyphosate-susceptible biotype. Glyphosate absorption and translocation and the number of chromosomes did not differ between biotypes. Shikimate was detected in leaf tissue of the susceptible biotype treated with glyphosate but not in the resistant biotype. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WS-06-001R.1 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 620-626 SN - 1550-2759 KW - absorption KW - glyphosate resistance KW - herbicide resistance KW - resistance mechanism KW - translocation KW - weed resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of erosion control products with and without added polyacrylamide AU - McLaughlin, Richard A. AU - Brown, Tabitha T. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been demonstrated to greatly reduce erosion in furrow irrigation, but much less is known about its effectiveness on the much steeper slopes typical of construction sites. The purpose of this study was to determine if anionic PAM would enhance erosion control either alone on bare soil or in combination with four types of ground covers commonly used for grass establishment: straw, straw erosion control blanket (ECB), wood fiber, and mechanically bonded fiber matrix (MBFM). Tests were conducted under natural rainfall and vegetation on a 4 percent slope (bare soil, straw, ECB, and MBFM) or using a rainfall simulator (bare soil, straw, wood fiber, MBFM) on either 10 percent or 20 percent slope on three different soil substrates. All ground cover treatments were evaluated with and without PAM applied in solution at 19 kg/ha. The straw, ECB, and MBFM significantly reduced runoff volume, average turbidity, and total sediment lost over five rainfall events on the vegetated plots. The addition of PAM to ground covers only occasionally had significant effects on runoff parameters but did significantly increase vegetative coverage overall. The rainfall simulator tests produced similar results after four events, with the straw, wood fiber, and MBFM all having significantly lower turbidity than the bare soil. The PAM significantly reduced turbidity for both the first and second events but did not consistently improve runoff quality after multiple rainfall events for any ground cover‐soil combinations tested. Separate tests of PAM applied before or after straw did not indicate a clear advantage of either approach, but runoff turbidity was often significantly reduced with PAM, especially at the 20 percent slope. Turbidity reductions were attributed to flocculation of eroded sediment. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04484.x VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 675-684 SN - 1752-1688 KW - polyacrylamide KW - erosion KW - runoff KW - sediment KW - rainfall simulator KW - turbidity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of planting date, mepiquat chloride, and glyphosate application to glyphosate-resistant cotton AU - Nuti, Russell C. AU - Viator, Ryan P. AU - Casteel, Shaun N. AU - Edmisten, Keith L. AU - Wells, Randy T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Management decisions and common misapplication of glyphosate may impact fruiting of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Experiments were conducted to determine if planting date affected the ability of GR cotton to compensate for fruit loss after misapplication of glyphosate and to evaluate mepiquat chloride's (MC) contribution to fruiting. Field studies were conducted in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, from 2001 to 2003. Treatments included optimum and late planting and a series of five glyphosate, 0.84 kg a.e. (acid equivalent) ha −1 , treatments representing recommended and common misapplication timings including a control. The 10 planting date and glyphosate combinations were factored across treatments of MC and no‐MC as needed according to growing conditions in 2001 and 2002. All plots were treated with MC in 2003. Optimal‐planted cotton produced more than late‐planted cotton. Yield was reduced in optimal‐planted cotton in 2001 and late‐planted cotton in 2001 and 2002 when glyphosate contacted plants after the four‐leaf stage. Misapplication of gyphosate did not affect yield in 2003. Yield was improved with MC by 11% in 2001. Bolls were at higher nodes in late‐planted cotton and cotton not treated with MC. Glyphosate contact after the four‐leaf stage in 2001 and 2002 shifted the fruitload above Node 10. Late planting of cotton decreases opportunities for fruiting compensation when glyphosate reduced early boll retention. Results support previous research showing application methods that allow glyphosate contact to GR cotton plants after the four‐leaf stage increase risk of yield reduction regardless of planting date. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2005.0360 VL - 98 IS - 6 SP - 1627-1633 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of nitrogen status on salinity tolerance of tall fescue turf AU - Bowman, Daniel C. AU - Cramer, Grant R. AU - Devitt, Dale A. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - ABSTRACT Turfgrass salinity tolerance is usually studied under conditions of non-limiting nutrition, even though most turfgrasses are managed with growth-limiting levels of nitrogen (N). This study examined the effect of N status (replete versus deficient) on salinity tolerance in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Additionally, the interactive effects of N status and salinity on tissue ion concentrations were determined. Two cultivars (‘Monarch’ and ‘Finelawn I’) were grown in nutrient solution culture. Treatments included N level (100% or 25% of maximum N demand) and salinity (0, 40, 80, 120 meq L−1). Salinity reduced leaf growth under high-N conditions, but much less so under low-N conditions. Concentrations of potassium (K), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) in the leaf sap were significantly higher in low-N than in high-N plants, indicating that increased salinity tolerance in low-N turf was not due to ion exclusion. These results suggest that efforts to screen turfgrasses for salt tolerance should be conducted using realistic N-fertility levels. DA - 2006/8// PY - 2006/8// DO - 10.1080/01904160600837600 VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - 1491-1497 SN - 0190-4167 KW - nitrogen deficiency KW - ion accumulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of cultivation and within-field differences in soil conditions on feral Helianthus annuus growth in ridge-tillage maize AU - Burton, MG AU - Mortensen, DA AU - Lindquist, JL T2 - SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH AB - Differences in weed population dynamics with respect to within-field heterogeneity are not well documented despite increasing interest in site-specific management of agro-ecosystems. The focus of this study was to determine if me chanical weed management (cultivation) and/or soil factors help to explain observed within-field distributions of feral common sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). The ridges and furrows created by the ridge–tillage system adds additional microsites to existing spatial heterogeneity for soil characteristics such as soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration. Experimental areas were selected on the basis of naturally high or low SOC concentration. Cultivation resulted in 100% mortality of H. annuus seedlings growing in the middle of furrows. Cultivation of pre-emergence herbicide treated and no-herbicide ridges resulted in small but statistically significant ( α = 0.05) reductions in seedling survival. No differences were detected in H. annuus canopy height, stem diameter, stem length, or vegetative biomass between high and low SOC environments. Neither total reproductive biomass (P = 0.49) nor the biomass of flowers near physiological maturity (an estimate of fecundity; P = 0.59) were affected by SOC environment. Late season H. annuus lodging was observed to reduce reproductive biomass. Juvenile plants that survived mechanical weed control efforts grew and produced reproductive biomass similarly across SOC environments. The lack of difference in vegetative and reproductive characteristics between high and low SOC environments suggests that SOC (or the edaphic conditions associated with greater or lesser SOC level) was not critical in contributing to the observed distribution of H. annuus from juvenile to flowering stages of growth within well-fertilized, irrigated agricultural habitats. DA - 2006/7// PY - 2006/7// DO - 10.1016/j.still.2005.04.002 VL - 88 IS - 1-2 SP - 8-15 SN - 0167-1987 KW - soil organic carbon KW - soil organic matter KW - ridge-tillage KW - population dynamics KW - fecundity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) reproduction and interference in transplanted plasticulture tomato AU - Buckelew, Juliana K. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Hoyt, Greg D. AU - Walls, Robert F., Jr. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Studies were conducted to determine the effect of in-row eastern black nightshade establishment and removal timings in plasticulture tomato on tomato yield loss and nightshade berry production and seed viability. Eastern black nightshade was transplanted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 wk after tomato planting (WAP) and remained until tomato harvest, or was established at tomato planting and removed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 WAP to determine the critical weed-free periods. Eastern black nightshade seed viability increased with berry size and with length of establishment or removal time. The critical weed-free period to avoid viable nightshade seed production was 3–6 WAP. Tomato yield decreased with early weed establishment or with delayed time of weed removal. The critical weed-free period to avoid greater than 20% tomato yield loss for the sum weight of extra large and jumbo grades was 28 to 50 d after tomato transplanting. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WS-05-060R.1 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 490-495 SN - 1550-2759 KW - critical period KW - interference KW - models KW - weed-free period KW - viable seed production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cross-resistance of a johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) biotype to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides AU - Burke, Ian C. AU - Wilcut, John W. AU - Cranmer, John T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Dose-response experiments were conducted in a greenhouse on a biotype of johnsongrass from Washington County, Mississippi, to determine the level of resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicide fluazifop-P-butyl and the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides clethodim and sethoxydim. Both seedling and rhizomatous plants were evaluated. Resistant/susceptible (R/S) ratios were calculated based on GR 50 values (the rate required to reduce shoot dry biomass, expressed as a percent of the control, 50%). The GR 50 values for the resistant and susceptible seedling plants were 110 and 10 g ai/ha for clethodim, 193 and 34 g ai/ha for fluazifop-P-butyl, and 265 and 48 g ai/ha for sethoxydim, resulting in R/S ratios of 11.0, 5.7, and 5.5, respectively. The GR 50 values for the resistant and susceptible rhizomatous plants were 609 and 39 g/ha for clethodim, 657 and 29 g/ha for fluazifop-P-butyl, and 668 and 30 g/ha for sethoxydim, resulting in R/S ratios of 15.6, 22.7, and 22.3, respectively. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WT-05-110R.1 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 571-575 SN - 0890-037X KW - ACCase inhibitors KW - herbicide resistance KW - graminicides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Allelopathic potential of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) AU - Gannon, TW AU - Yelverton, FH AU - McElroy, JS T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of centipedegrass. Germination and growth of indicator species were evaluated in soil leachates, leaf debris, and aqueous leaf extracts of centipedegrass. Centipedegrass soil leachates did not inhibit annual bluegrass, goosegrass, henbit, large crabgrass, or perennial ryegrass germination compared with the nonfertilized control. Incorporated centipedegrass leaf debris did not reduce lettuce germination, shoot weight, or root weight compared with the control. However, shoot and root dry weights of radish were reduced with increasing rates of centipedegrass leaf debris. Six and 9 mg debris g−1 soil reduced radish shoot weight by 49 and 64%, respectively, compared with the control. Aqueous leaf extracts of centipedegrass reduced lettuce germination; however, radicle and hypocotyl length were similar to the control. These data do not conclusively suggest centipedegrass has widespread allelopathic activity; however, significant reductions in shoot and root weight of radish with increasing centipedegrass leaf debris demonstrate a pattern of inhibition of one species against another, which fulfills a requirement of allelopathic interactions. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/WS-05-179R.1 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 521-525 SN - 0043-1745 KW - aqueous leaf extract KW - leaf debris KW - root leachate KW - germination KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aerial color infrared photography for determining early in-season nitrogen requirements in corn AU - Sripada, Ravi P. AU - Heiniger, Ronnie W. AU - White, Jeffrey G. AU - Meijer, Alan D. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - In‐season determination of corn ( Zea mays L.) N requirements via remote sensing may help optimize N application decisions and improve profit, fertilizer use efficiency, and environmental quality. The objective of this study was to use aerial color‐infrared (CIR) photography as a remote‐sensing technique for predicting in‐season N requirements for corn at the V7 growth stage. Field studies were conducted for 2 yr at three locations, each with and without irrigation, in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Experimental treatments were a complete factorial of four N rates at planting (N PL ) and five N rates at V7 (N V7 ). Aerial CIR photographs were taken at each of the locations at V7 before N application. Optimum N V7 ranged from 0 to 207 kg N ha −1 with a mean of 67 kg N ha −1 . Significant but weak correlations were observed between optimum N V7 rates and the band combinations relative green, Relative Green Difference Vegetation Index, and Relative Difference Vegetation Index as measured in CIR photos. High proportions of soil reflectance in the images early in the corn growing season (V7) likely confounded our attempts to relate spectral information to optimum N V7 rates. The primary obstacles to applying this technique early in the season are the use of relative digital counts or indices that require high‐N reference strips in the field and strong background reflectance from the soil. When the N PL treatments that were nonresponsive to N V7 (i.e., optimum N V7 = 0) were removed from the analysis, the normalized near infrared, the Green Difference Vegetation Index, the Green Ratio Vegetation Index, and the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were the best predictors of optimum N V7 rate ( r 2 = 0.33). DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2005.0200 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 968-977 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A unified mixed-model method for association mapping that accounts for multiple levels of relatedness AU - Yu, JM AU - Pressoir, G AU - Briggs, WH AU - Bi, , IV AU - Yamasaki, M AU - Doebley, JF AU - McMullen, MD AU - Gaut, BS AU - Nielsen, DM AU - Holland, JB AU - Kresovich, S AU - Buckler, ES T2 - NATURE GENETICS DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1038/ng1702 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 203-208 SN - 1546-1718 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-31744440502&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil physical properties and bromide movement in relation to tillage system AU - Afyuni, M AU - Wagger, MG T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract Conventional (CT) and no‐tillage (NT) effects on soil physical properties and bromide (Br) movement were studied at two locations in North Carolina. The soils were a Norfolk sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) at a North American eastern Coastal Plain location and a Pacolet sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) at a Piedmont location. Bulk density (Db), macroporosity (Mp), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured in the plant row (R) and trafficked (T) or untrafficked (N) interrow positions. Simulated rain was applied at two intensities to 1−m2 plots after KBr was surface applied. The first simulated rain (30 min) consisted of a low (1.27 cm h−1) or a high (5.08 cm h−1) intensity applied 24 h after Br application. One week later, the high rainfall rate was repeated on all plots. Soil samples for Br determinations were taken 2 days after each rain simulation event to a depth of 40 cm and at the end of the growing season to 120 cm. Soil physical properties were affected by both tillage and position. Bulk density was greater for NT than for CT and in the T compared with R and N row positions. Mp was significantly greater in NT than CT at Coastal Plain location, but the results were opposite at the Piedmont location. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was highly variable ranging from 0.36 cm h−1 to 14.4 cm h−1 at the Coastal Plain location and from 0.06 cm h−1 to 7.12 cm h−1 at the Piedmont location. Saturated hydraulic conductivity at T position was about 100% lower than Ks at N and R positions, but the effect of tillage system was not significant on Ks. The surface 10 cm of soil contained the greatest Br concentration for both tillage systems. For the first and second sampling dates, greater Br movement occurred under NT vs. CT. However, no significant differences were observed in Br movement in the end of season sampling. Because of the coarser soil texture, greater Ks and Mp at the Coastal Plain location, Br moved, to a greater depth at this site than at the Piedmont site. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1080/00103620500449393 VL - 37 IS - 3-4 SP - 541-556 SN - 1532-2416 KW - bulk density KW - hydraulic conductivity KW - porosity KW - Br movement KW - conventional tillage KW - no-tillage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved plant regeneration and in vitro somatic embryogenesis of St Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] AU - Li, R AU - Bruneau, AH AU - Qu, R T2 - PLANT BREEDING AB - Abstract St Augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is an important warm season turf and pasture grass. In vitro tissue culture of St Augustinegrass could serve as an important mean for its improvement through genetic transformation as well as induced somaclonal variation. To optimize tissue culture conditions for plant regeneration of St Augustinegrass, tissue culture responses of 11 explant tissues and four callus induction/subculture media have been examined. Embryogenic calli with regeneration potential were observed on cultures of early immature embryo [3 days after pollination (DAP)], immature embryo (7–14 DAP), and shoot base of young seedlings. The addition of benzyladenine (BA) in the callus induction/subculture medium enhances callus regeneration ability and does not harm callus induction for immature embryos. The best response came from 7 to 14 DAP immature embryo on MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l BA. The callus induction and regeneration rates were 97.7% and 47.6% respectively. However, BA supplement reduced callus formation and failed to enhance regeneration for young leaf bases. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that plant regeneration of St Augustinegrass is via somatic embryogenesis. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2006.01193.x VL - 125 IS - 1 SP - 52-56 SN - 1439-0523 KW - Stenotaphrum secundatum KW - benzyladenine KW - immature embryo KW - regeneration KW - scanning electron microscopy KW - somatic embryogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrologic models for altered landscapes AU - Vepraskas, MJ AU - Huffman, RL AU - Kreiser, GS T2 - GEODERMA AB - Understanding the hydrology of soils that have been drained is necessary for wetland restoration and in determining whether redoximorphic features are relicts of a former hydrologic regime. This study shows how two kinds of hydrologic models can be used to estimate the quantities of ground water entering a site, as well as compute long-term (40 years) records of water table fluctuations. A water budget was computed for a Carolina Bay wetland that had been drained for agriculture but was being restored to a wetland. Precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, surface outflow, and water stored in the soil were evaluated for a 13-min period to determine the amount of ground water entering the bay. A water table simulation model (DRAINMOD) was used at an additional site in NC to compute 40-year records of hourly water table fluctuations along a soil toposequence. The data were then related to percentages of redox depletions having chromas of 2 or less. The water budget showed that ground water comprised 35% of the total water input into the bay, indicating the site was functioning as a discharge area. Water table hydrographs were used to confirm the ground water inflow estimates as well as the estimate of potential evapotranspiration. The 40-year record of water table data obtained from DRAINMOD was summarized as the average number of times the soils at a given depth was saturated for 21 continuous days or longer. Historic rainfall data were selected from an area having the same rainfall distribution as found at the experimental site. The relationship between number of saturation events and percentage of redoximorphic features showed that some features were forming in soil horizons that saturated only four times within a 10-year period. These were not considered to be relict features because they formed during infrequent saturation events. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.03.010 VL - 131 IS - 3-4 SP - 287-298 SN - 1872-6259 KW - redoximorphic features KW - catena KW - Carolina Bay KW - wetlands KW - hydric soils ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression enhancement of a rice polyubiquitin gene promoter AU - Sivamani, E AU - Qu, R T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2006/1// PY - 2006/1// DO - 10.1007/s11103-005-3853-z VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 225-239 SN - 1573-5028 KW - exon KW - gene expression KW - GUS KW - IME KW - intron KW - polyubiquitin KW - promoter KW - rice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of fipronil residues on mole cricket (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) behavior and mortality in bermudagrass AU - Cummings, Hennen D. AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. AU - Leidy, Ross B. AU - Yelverton, Fred H. T2 - FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST AB - In a greenhouse experiment, fipronil was applied at 0.014 kg ai/ha to bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L., in plastic 5-liter containers 120, 90, 60, 30, and 0 days before adding one tawny mole cricket nymph, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder to the container. After the exposure period, soil in the containers was divided into depth increments of 0-4, 4-8, and 8-18 cm, and cricket status was recorded as dead, absent, or alive by thoroughly examining soil. Soil in the 0-4 cm-increment was analyzed for fipronil and four fipronil metabolite residues. Fipronil residue concentrations decreased with time (C = 0.00002x2 - 0.0053x 0.3675, R2 = 0.9998 where C = fipronil concentration (μg/g of soil) and x = days after treatment). Concentrations of two metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide, increased as fipronil residues decreased. Each treatment’s affect on late instar mole crickets was significantly different from the non-treated; however, there were no significant differences in nymph status among fipronil-treated containers. Fipronil and residues of its metabolites 120 days after application were 0.047 μg/g of soil and were high enough to kill or repel mole crickets to the same extent as the 0-day treatment, 0.368 μg/g of soil. Repellency of fipronil and its metabolites was significant as the majority of nymphs evacuated or died in the treated containers, but 35 of 37 nymphs were found alive in the non-treated containers. DA - 2006/9// PY - 2006/9// DO - 10.1653/0015-4040(2006)89[293:IOFROM]2.0.CO;2 VL - 89 IS - 3 SP - 293-298 SN - 0015-4040 KW - Scapteriscus vicinus KW - fipronil metabolite KW - fipronil sulfide KW - fipronil sulfone KW - repellency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Freezing in nonacclimated oat: thermal response and histological observations of crowns during recovery AU - Livingston, DP AU - Tallury, SP AU - Owens, SA AU - Livingston, JD AU - Premkumar, R T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE AB - The complex nature of freezing in plants may be easier to understand if freezing is studied in nonacclimated plants at temperatures just below freezing. Thermal patterns of model systems frozen at –2.6 °C were compared with those of crown tissue from oat ( Avena sativa L.). Thermal patterns of live crowns more closely resembled those of fructan and sugar solutions with filter paper than of plain water or a BSA solution. When the percentage of water freezing in nonacclimated plants at –2.6 °C was manually limited to 10%, the survival was reduced from 100% in supercooled plants to 25%. During cold acclimation, the percentage of water freezing at –2.6 °C went from 79% to 54% after 3 weeks of cold acclimation and resulted in 100% survival. The nucleus of cells in the primary apical meristem of nonacclimated plants appeared to have disintegrated, an effect that was not observed in any cold-acclimated (unfrozen controls) plants. Nuclear pycnosis was observed in leaf sheaths surrounding the meristem and in cells directly below the meristem. Cells of secondary meristems and in the crown core appeared undamaged, but vessels in plants frozen for as little as 30 min were ruptured and appeared plugged. The distinctive nature of injury in the apical meristem and the rapid ability of the plant to acclimate during cold to the stress causing this injury indicate that specific tissue, namely the apical region of the crown, should be the focus of attention when attempting to determine cause and effect between genetics or metabolism and cold acclimation in winter cereals. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1139/B05-147 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 199-210 SN - 0008-4026 KW - freezing tolerance KW - cold acclimation KW - nuclear pycnosis KW - meristem KW - crown KW - winter cereal KW - oat (Avena sativa) KW - calorimeter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal contamination of agricultural soils before and after hurricane-associated flooding in North Carolina AU - Casteel, MJ AU - Sobsey, MD AU - Mueller, JP T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AB - Hurricane Floyd and other storms in 1999 caused widespread and extensive flooding of eastern North Carolina and environmental contamination with fecal wastes from municipal wastewater and livestock operations. Because wastewater contains high levels of pathogenic micro-organisms, principal health risks to humans from flooding are consumption of crops grown in fecally contaminated soil and ingestion of contaminated water. Flood waters polluted with microbial and other contaminants also may be detrimental to the health of livestock and plant crops. In the present study, agricultural soils impacted by flood waters were analyzed for bacterial and viral indicators of fecal contamination. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, spores of Clostridium perfringens, and both male specific (F+) and somatic coliphages were recovered from soil and assayed in liquid culture media. A number of samples were positive for the presence of fecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages, indicating the presence of human or animal feces. Most samples were positive for total coliforms, and almost all samples contained high levels of Cl. perfringens spores. The levels of Cl. perfringens spores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in flooded soil (post-Hurricane Floyd) compared to pre-flood soil. Persistent fecal contamination of soil, as demonstrated by the high levels of Cl. perfringens spores, suggests the need for additional or alternative measures to protect crop-growing areas, including prospective microbiological monitoring and improved protection of watersheds from incidents capable of releasing fecal material. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1080/10934520500351884 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 173-184 SN - 1093-4529 KW - agriculture KW - fecal contamination KW - flooding KW - hurricanes KW - microbial indicators KW - soil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal development of ozone-induced foliar injury on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park AU - Souza, L AU - Neufeld, HS AU - Chappelka, AH AU - Burkey, KO AU - Davison, AW T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - The goals of this study were to document the development of ozone-induced foliar injury, on a leaf-by-leaf basis, and to develop ozone exposure relationships for leaf cohorts and individual tall milkweeds (Asclepias exaltata L.) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plants were classified as either ozone-sensitive or insensitive based on the amount of foliar injury. Sensitive plants developed injury earlier in the season and to a greater extent than insensitive plants. Older leaf cohorts were more likely to belong to high injury classes by the end of each of the two growing seasons. In addition, leaf loss was more likely for older cohorts (2000) and lower leaf positions (2001) than younger cohorts and upper leaves, respectively. Most leaves abscised without prior ozone-like stippling or chlorosis. Failure to take this into account can result in underestimation of the effects of ozone on these plants. DA - 2006/5/1/ PY - 2006/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.022 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 175-183 SN - 0269-7491 KW - tall milkweed KW - Asclepias exaltata KW - foliar injury KW - ozone KW - Great Smoky Mountains National Park KW - gas exchange KW - anti-oxidants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting aflatoxin and fumonisin in shelled corn lots sing poor-quality grade components AU - Johansson, A. S. AU - Whitaker, T. B. AU - Hagler, W. M. AU - Bowman, D. T. AU - Slate, A. B. AU - Payne, G. T2 - Journal of AOAC International DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 89 IS - 2 SP - 433-440 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular analysis of Arachis interspecific hybrids AU - Garcia, GM AU - Tallury, SP AU - Stalker, HT AU - Kochert, G T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1007/s00122-006-0236-z VL - 112 IS - 7 SP - 1342-1348 SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbohydrate partitioning between upper and lower regions of the crown in oat and rye during cold acclimation and freezing AU - Livingston, DP AU - Premakumar, R AU - Tallury, SP T2 - CRYOBIOLOGY AB - Carbohydrates have long been recognized as an important aspect of freezing tolerance in plants but the association between these two factors is often ambiguous. To help clarify the relationship, the allocation of carbohydrates between specific tissues within the over wintering organ (crown) of winter cereals was measured. A winter-hardy and non-winter-hardy oat (Avena sativa L.), and a rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar were grown and frozen under controlled conditions. Crown tissue was fractionated into an upper portion, called the apical region, and a lower portion, called the lower crown. These tissues were ground in liquid N and extracted with water. Extracts were analyzed by HPLC for the simple sugars, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and for fructan of various size classes. After 3 weeks of cold acclimation at 3 degrees C, carbohydrates accounted for approximately 40% of the dry weight of oats and 60% of the dry weight of rye. The apical region, which is the tissue within the crown that acclimates to the greatest extent, was generally 10% higher in total carbohydrates than the lower crown. During a mild freeze, various carbohydrates were allocated differently between specific tissues in the three genotypes. When frozen, fructan generally decreased to a greater extent in the lower crown than in the apical region but sugars increased more in the apical region than in the lower crown. Results suggest that to understand how carbohydrates relate to freezing tolerance, regions of the crown that endure freezing stress differently should be compared. DA - 2006/4// PY - 2006/4// DO - 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.11.001 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 200-208 SN - 1090-2392 KW - cold acclimation. KW - oat (Avena sativa) KW - rye (Secale cereale) KW - freezing KW - apical ineristem KW - crown KW - carbohydrates KW - fructan KW - histology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycorrhizal mediation of plant N acquisition and residue decomposition: Impact of mineral N inputs AU - Tu, C AU - Booker, FL AU - Watson, DM AU - Chen, X AU - Rufty, TW AU - Shi, W AU - Hu, SJ T2 - GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Mycorrhizas are ubiquitous plant–fungus mutualists in terrestrial ecosystems and play important roles in plant resource capture and nutrient cycling. Sporadic evidence suggests that anthropogenic nitrogen (N) input may impact the development and the functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, potentially altering host plant growth and soil carbon (C) dynamics. In this study, we examined how mineral N inputs affected mycorrhizal mediation of plant N acquisition and residue decomposition in a microcosm system. Each microcosm unit was separated into HOST and TEST compartments by a replaceable mesh screen that either prevented or allowed AM fungal hyphae but not plant roots to grow into the TEST compartments. Wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) was planted in the HOST compartments that had been inoculated with either a single species of AM fungus, Glomus etunicatum , or a mixture of AM fungi including G. etunicatum . Mycorrhizal contributions to plant N acquisition and residue decomposition were directly assessed by introducing a mineral 15 N tracer and 13 C‐rich residues of a C 4 plant to the TEST compartments. Results from 15 N tracer measurements showed that AM fungal hyphae directly transported N from the TEST soil to the host plant. Compared with the control with no penetration of AM fungal hyphae, AM hyphal penetration led to a 125% increase in biomass 15 N of host plants and a 20% reduction in extractable inorganic N in the TEST soil. Mineral N inputs to the HOST compartments (equivalent to 5.0 g N m −2 yr −1 ) increased oat biomass and total root length colonized by mycorrhizal fungi by 189% and 285%, respectively, as compared with the no‐N control. Mineral N inputs to the HOST plants also reduced extractable inorganic N and particulate residue C proportion by 58% and 12%, respectively, in the corresponding TEST soils as compared to the no‐N control, by stimulating AM fungal growth and activities. The species mixture of mycorrhizal fungi was more effective in facilitating N transport and residue decomposition than the single AM species. These findings indicate that low‐level mineral N inputs may significantly enhance nutrient cycling and plant resource capture in terrestrial ecosystems via stimulation of root growth, mycorrhizal functioning, and residue decomposition. The long‐term effects of these observed alterations on soil C dynamics remain to be investigated. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01149.x VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 793-803 SN - 1365-2486 KW - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi KW - C-13 tracer KW - decomposition KW - hyphal N transport KW - mineral N inputs KW - N-15 tracer KW - particulate organic C KW - plant N acquisition KW - soil C ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses to selection for partial resistance to crown rust in oat AU - Long, J AU - Holland, JB AU - Munkvold, GP AU - Jannink, JL T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Crown rust, caused by the fungal pathogen, Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae W.P. Fraser Ledingham, reduces kernel quality and grain yield in oat ( Avena sativa L.). Partial resistance is considered to be a durable form of rust resistance. This study sought to evaluate the feasibility of simultaneously improving partial resistance to crown rust, grain yield, and seed weight in an oat population, and to estimate predicted and realized heritabilities for area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and genetic correlations between AUDPC and agronomic traits in both crown rust‐inoculated and fungicide‐treated plots. A single cycle of selection for partial resistance to crown rust was performed. The initial (C 0 ) and selected (C 1 ) generations were evaluated in a field experiment in 2001 and 2002 at two Iowa locations. Selection on an index increased the levels of crown rust resistance, grain yield, and seed weight in crown rust−inoculated plots, and seed weight in fungicide‐treated plots. However, the change for the grain yield in fungicide‐treated plots was not significant. In both C 0 and C 1 populations, AUDPC was highly heritable ( H = 0.77 and 0.78 respectively), and was favorably correlated with grain yield, seed weight, and test weight measured in inoculated plots. Realized heritabilities for all traits except grain yield under fungicide treatment were consistent with predicted heritabilities. Our results suggested that index selection could increase levels of crown rust resistance, grain yield, and seed weight simultaneously. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.06-0169 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 1260-1265 SN - 1435-0653 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646438072&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partial dominance, pleiotropism, and epistasis in the inheritance of the high-oleate trait in peanut AU - Isleib, TG AU - Wilson, RF AU - Novitzky, WP T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Earlier reports of the high‐oleate (low‐linoleate) trait in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) indicated that it was controlled by completely dominant gene action. However, linoleate content intermediate to that in low‐ and normal‐linoleate seeds was found among progeny when the trait was backcrossed into five virginia‐type cultivars, suggesting partial dominance of the gene controlling the trait. Although BC 1 F 2 results were inconsistent across recurrent parents, data from the BC 2 F 2 and BC 3 F 2 populations of all crosses conformed to the 1:2:1 ratio expected under partial dominance. Quantitative analysis showed that fatty acid levels were affected by the background genotypes of the recurrent parents, suggesting that there are other genes that influence fatty acid. The ol gene exhibited pleiotropism by influencing not only oleate and linoleate, but also levels of palmitate, total C 18 fatty acids, gadoleate, and total saturated fatty acids. The effects of the ol gene interacted with background genotype, particularly with the additive genetic contrast, suggesting epistasis in the general sense. Progeny testing of 59 putatively heterozygous and 41 homozygous normal BC 2 F 2 plants indicated that the two genotypes could be distinguished accurately on the basis of linoleate level, suggesting that the ol gene can be moved by backcrossing using techniques appropriate for a dominant trait rather than a recessive trait. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2005.09-0313 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 1331-1335 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stability of QTLs involved in heterosis in maize when mapped under several stress conditions AU - Ledeaux, J. R. AU - Graham, G. I. AU - Stuber, C. W. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 151-167 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Major M. Goodman - A laudation AU - Holland, J. B. AU - Bretting, P. K. AU - Bubeck, D. M. AU - Cardinal, A. J. AU - Holley, R. N. AU - Uhr, D. V. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 3-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Liming poultry manures to decrease soluble phosphorus and suppress the bacteria population AU - Maguire, R. O. AU - Hesterberg, D. AU - Gernat, A. AU - Anderson, K. AU - Wineland, M. AU - Grimes, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Stabilizing phosphorus (P) in poultry waste to reduce P losses from manured soils is important to protect surface waters, while pathogens in manures are an emerging issue. This study was conducted to evaluate CaO and Ca(OH)2 for killing manure bacterial populations (pathogens) and stabilizing P in poultry wastes and to investigate the influence on soils following amendment with the treated wastes. Layer manure and broiler litter varying in moisture content were treated with CaO and Ca(OH)2 at rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 15% by weight. All treated wastes were analyzed for microbial plate counts, pH, and water-soluble phosphorus (WSP), while a few selected layer manures were analyzed by phosphorus X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). A loamy sand and a silt loam were amended with broiler litter and layer manure treated with CaO at rates of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15% and soil WSP and pH were measured at times 1, 8, and 29 d. Liming reduced bacterial populations, with greater rates of lime leading to greater reductions; for example 10% CaO applied to 20% solids broiler litter reduced the plate counts from 793,000 to 6500 mL-1. Liming also reduced the WSP in the manures by over 90% in all cases where at least 10% CaO was added. Liming the manures also reduced WSP in soils immediately following application and raised soil pH. The liming process used successfully reduced plate counts and concerns about P losses in runoff following land application of these limed products due to decreased WSP. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2005.0339 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 849-857 SN - 1537-2537 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646558633&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isozyme and morphological variation in maize of five Andean countries AU - Sanchez, J. J. AU - Goodman, M. M. AU - Bird, R. M. AU - Stuber, C. W. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 25-42 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gains from selection during the development of semiexotic inbred lines from Latin American maize accessions AU - Tarter, J.A. AU - Holland, J.B. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 15-23 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646828357&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation for root aerenchyma formation in flooded and non-flooded maize and teosinte seedlings AU - Mano, Y. AU - Omori, F. AU - Takamizo, T. AU - Kindiger, B. AU - Bird, R. McK. AU - Loaisiga, C. H. T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1007/s11104-005-4268-y VL - 281 IS - 1-2 SP - 269-279 SN - 1573-5036 KW - aerenchyma KW - flooding KW - maize KW - teosinte KW - Zea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance of temperately adapted tropical inbred lines and testcrosses to three important maize pathogens AU - Hawbaker, M. S. AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 135-139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogeography of the wild subspecies of Zea mays AU - Buckler, E. S. AU - Goodman, M. M. AU - Holtsford, T. P. AU - Doebley, J. F. AU - Sanchez, J. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 123-134 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zea models and matrices, measures and materials AU - Bird, R. M. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 103-122 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathogenicity, aggressiveness, and virulence of three species of Cercospora associated with gray leaf spot of maize AU - Carson, M. L. AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 89-92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping of factors for resistance to leaf-blade feeding by European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) in maize AU - Cardinal, A. J. AU - Lee, M. AU - Guthrie, W. D. AU - Bing, J. AU - Austin, D. F. AU - Veldboom, L. R. AU - Senior, M. L. T2 - Maydica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 93-102 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gas exchange and carbon metabolism in two Prosopis species (Fabaceae) from semiarid habitats: Effects of elevated CO2, N supply, and N source AU - Causin, HF AU - Rufty, TW AU - Reynolds, JF T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY AB - Predicting future plant and ecosystem responses to elevated CO(2) also requires an understanding of the role of other factors, especially soil nitrogen. This is particularly challenging for global aridlands where total N and the relative amounts of nitrate and ammonia vary both spatially and seasonally. We measured gas exchange and primary and secondary C metabolites in seedlings of two dominant aridland shrub species (Prosopis flexuosa [S America] and P. glandulosa [N America]) grown at ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (650 ppm) CO(2) and nitrogen at two levels (low [0.8 mM] and high [8.0 mM]) and at either 1 : 1 or 3 : 1 nitrate to ammonia. Whereas elevated CO(2) increased assimilation rate, water use efficiency, and primary carbon metabolites in both species, these increases were strongly contingent upon nitrogen availability. Elevated CO(2) did not increase secondary metabolites (i.e., phenolics). For these important aridland species, the effects of elevated CO(2) are strongly influenced by nitrogen availability and to a lesser extent by the relative amounts of nitrate and ammonia supplied, which underscores the importance of both the amount and chemical composition of soil nitrogen in mediating the potential responses of seedling growth and establishment of aridland plants under future CO(2)-enriched atmospheres. DA - 2006/5// PY - 2006/5// DO - 10.3732/ajb.93.5.716 VL - 93 IS - 5 SP - 716-723 SN - 1537-2197 KW - ammonia-N KW - global change KW - nitrate-N KW - phenolic compounds KW - Prosopis flexuosa KW - Prosopis glandulosa KW - rangeland ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of beef heifers grazing stockpiled fescue as influenced by supplemental whole cottonseed AU - Poore, MH AU - Scott, ME AU - Green, JT T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The objectives of this study were to determine the composition of stockpiled fescue from December through February over 2 yr and to determine the performance of heifers grazing stockpiled fescue with or without supplemental whole cottonseed. In early December, 36 heifers (initial BW 277 +/- 0.70 kg, yr 1; 266 +/- 2.2 kg, yr 2; and initial BCS of 5.0 +/- 0.04) were assigned randomly to 6 groups. Each group was assigned randomly to a 2.4-ha tall fescue pasture (98% endophyte infected), which had received 76 kg of N/ha on September 1. Group was the experimental unit for all measures. Forage DM available during grazing (to ground level) averaged 3,913 and 5,370 kg/ha in yr 1 and 2, respectively. The pasture was strip-grazed for 83 d, with daily forage allocation. Three groups were fed whole cottonseed (0.90 kg of DM/heifer; 24.4% CP, DM basis) daily at 0.33% of BW, and a small amount of a corn-based concentrate (0.19 kg of DM/heifer) to assure complete cottonseed consumption. Nutritive value of forage (dry basis) was determined each week by sampling each pasture to the 5-cm target grazing height. Forage disappearance was estimated every 2 wk from pre- and postgraze forage mass. Forage CP was 16.8% in yr 1 and 12.6% in yr 2. In vitro true organic matter digestibility (IVTOMD) was 82.0 and 71.9%, and ADF was 25.9 and 30.7% in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Most indicators of forage quality declined slightly through the winter, although they recovered in late winter in yr 1. The proportion of fescue that was green declined (P < 0.05) from December (79% in yr 1 and 64% in yr 2) to February (62% in yr 1 and 52% in yr 2). Green tissue averaged 20.4 and 15.2% CP, 91 and 87% IVTOMD, and 22.1 and 23.3% ADF in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Brown tissue averaged 10.3 and 8.5% CP, 64 and 62% IVTOMD, and 35.7 and 37.4% ADF in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Shrunk ADG (0.46 vs. 0.56 kg/d in yr 1 and 0.23 vs. 46 kg/d in yr 2) and change in BCS (- 0.03 vs. 0.33 in yr 1 and 0.13 vs. 0.5 in yr 2) was greater (P < 0.05) for supplemented heifers. Supplemented heifers had greater serum urea nitrogen in yr 1 (9.5 vs. 10.5 mg/dL; P < 0.07) and yr 2 (7.2 vs. 8.6 mg/dL; P < 0.01). Forage disappearance was similar between supplemented and unsupplemented heifers (3.19 vs. 3.39 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) in yr 1 and 4.14 vs. 4.17 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) in yr 2, respectively). Heifers responded to supplementation, but performance was lower than expected based on forage nutrient content. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.2527/2006.8461613x VL - 84 IS - 6 SP - 1613-1625 SN - 0021-8812 KW - Festuca arundinacea Schreb. KW - heifer KW - stockpiled fescue KW - supplement KW - whole cottonseed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oak flat restoration on phosphate-mine spoils AU - Andrews, RL AU - Broome, SW T2 - RESTORATION ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Phosphate mining in Beaufort County, North Carolina, impacts a rare plant community type, oak flats (nonriverine wet hardwood forests [NRWHF]). Reclamation of land after mining utilizes three by‐products of mining and manufacturing: clay tailings containing dolomite, low‐pH phosphogypsum, and bucket‐wheel spoil from the surface 10 m. The open mine is backfilled with a blend of phosphogypsum and clay tailings, which may be left as the surface or capped with bucket‐wheel spoil. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using these by‐products as substrates for restoring NRWHF. A field study measured survival of 11 tree and four shrub species planted in replicated plots of blend or bucket‐wheel spoil. Survival at the end of the second growing season was 59% on the blend and 52% on the bucket‐wheel spoil. A greenhouse experiment compared growth of four species of NRWHF oaks on bucket‐wheel spoil, blend, local topsoil (sterilized and unsterilized), and a commercial potting mix. Germination rates of acorns of all four species planted in topsoil were almost double those in bucket‐wheel spoil and 1.5 times greater than those in the blend. Height and stem volume of trees were significantly greater when grown in topsoil than in bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. There was no difference in tree growth on bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. In field and greenhouse soil tests, the blend had cadmium levels over 100 times that of local topsoil and the bucket‐wheel spoil had levels 40 times greater. Leaf chemical analysis in the field and greenhouse found higher cadmium levels in plants grown on the blend than on the bucket‐wheel spoil. These results indicate that the use of topsoil from the advancing mine front may lead to successful restoration of NRWHF. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00123.x VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 210-219 SN - 1061-2971 KW - hardwood restoration KW - nonriverine wet hardwood forests KW - oak flats KW - phosphate mine reclamation KW - phosphate mine spoils KW - precipitation flats bottontland hardwood restoration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Horizontal resolution and data density effects on remotely sensed LIDAR-based DEM AU - Anderson, Eric S. AU - Thompson, James A. AU - Crouse, David A. AU - Austin, Rob E. T2 - GEODERMA AB - Terrain analysis of digital elevation models (DEM) has become an important technique to assess landscape and watershed scale hydrologic and pedologic processes and the spatial variability of soil and ecologic properties. Light detecting and ranging (LIDAR) elevation data sets provide the flexibility needed to produce multiple horizontal resolutions of DEM from the same data source. A series of 61 LIDAR tiles (100 ha) were collected from the North Carolina Flood Mapping Program covering the spatial extent of the Hofmann Forest in the Lower Coastal Plain of Eastern North Carolina. The LIDAR data set was reduced to 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, and 1% of the original density. We created 5-, 10-, and 30-m DEM with 0.1 m vertical precision for each density level and used paired t-test to determine if the true mean of their differences were equal to zero. Differences indicated that for the 30-m DEM, LIDAR data sets could be reduced to 10% of their original data density without statistically altering the produced DEM. However, the 10-m DEM could only be reduced to 25% of the original data set before statistically altering the DEM. Data reduction was more limited for the 5-m DEM with possible reduction only to 50% of their original density without producing statistically different DEM. Our evaluation provides some indication as to the minimum required LIDAR data density to produce a DEM of a given horizontal resolution. However, evaluation of additional horizontal resolutions and additional density reduction is required to provide a clearer understanding of the effect of LIDAR data density. DA - 2006/6// PY - 2006/6// DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.06.004 VL - 132 IS - 3-4 SP - 406-415 SN - 1872-6259 KW - LIDAR KW - digital elevation model KW - data reduction KW - resolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial biomass, activity and nitrogen transformations in a turfgrass chronosequence AU - Shi, W AU - Yao, HY AU - Bowman, D T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Understanding the chronological changes in soil microbial properties of turfgrass ecosystems is important from both the ecological and management perspectives. We examined soil microbial biomass, activity and N transformations in a chronosequence of turfgrass systems (i.e. 1, 6, 23 and 95 yr golf courses) and assessed soil microbial properties in turfgrass systems against those in adjacent native pines. We observed age-associated changes in soil microbial biomass, CO2 respiration, net and gross N mineralization, and nitrification potential. Changes were more evident in soil samples collected from 0 to 5 cm than the 5 to 15 cm soil depth. While microbial biomass, activity and N transformations per unit soil weight were similar between the youngest turfgrass system and the adjacent native pines, microbial biomass C and N were approximately six times greater in the oldest turfgrass system compared to the adjacent native pines. Potential C and N mineralization also increased with turfgrass age and were three to four times greater in the oldest vs. the youngest turfgrass system. However, microbial biomass and potential mineralization per unit soil C or N decreased with turfgrass age. These reductions were accompanied by increases in microbial C and N use efficiency, as indicated by the significant reduction in microbial C quotient (qCO2) and N quotient (qN) in older turfgrass systems. Independent of turfgrass age, microbial biomass N turnover was rapid, averaging approximately 3 weeks. Similarly, net N mineralization was ∼12% of gross mineralization regardless of turfgrass age. Our results indicate that soil microbial properties are not negatively affected by long-term management practices in turfgrass systems. A tight coupling between N mineralization and immobilization could be sustained in mature turfgrass systems due to its increased microbial C and N use efficiency. DA - 2006/2// PY - 2006/2// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.05.008 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 311-319 SN - 0038-0717 KW - microbial biomass KW - N mineralization KW - nitrification KW - microbial quotient KW - bermudagrass KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of ground penetrating radar to aid restoration planning for a drained Carolina Bay AU - Szuch, RP AU - White, JG AU - Vepraskas, MJ AU - Doolittle, JA T2 - WETLANDS DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[205:aogprt]2.0.co;2 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 205-216 SN - 1943-6246 KW - wetland hydrology KW - aquitards KW - lacustrine deposits KW - fluvial deposits ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating primary and secondary subsidence in an organic soil 15, 20, and 30 years after drainage AU - Ewing, JM AU - Vepraskas, MJ T2 - WETLANDS DA - 2006/3// PY - 2006/3// DO - 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[119:epassi]2.0.co;2 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 119-130 SN - 1943-6246 KW - ditching KW - oxidation KW - soil weathering KW - Carolina bays ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of environmental factors on slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) germination AU - Thomas, W. E. AU - Burke, I. C. AU - Spears, J. F. AU - Wilcut, J. W. T2 - Weed Science AB - Germination response of slender amaranth to temperature, solution pH, moisture stress, and depth of emergence was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. Results indicated that 30 C was the optimum constant temperature for germination. Germination of slender amaranth seed at 21 d was similar, with 35/25, 35/20, 30/25, and 30/20 alternating temperature regimes. As temperatures in alternating regimes increased, time to onset of germination decreased and rate of germination increased. Slender amaranth germination was greater with acidic than with basic pH conditions. Germination declined with increasing water stress and was completely inhibited at water potentials below −0.6 MPa. Slender amaranth emergence was greatest at depths of 0.5 to 2 cm, but some seeds emerged from as deep as 6 cm. Information gained in this study will contribute to an integrated control program for slender amaranth. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006/// DO - 10.1614/ws-05-54.2.316 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 316-320 ER -