TY - JOUR TI - Rheology of sodium and potassium illite suspensions in relation to colloidal stability AU - Hesterberg, D. AU - Page, A.L. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - To further understand the colloidal behavior of clay minerals in soils, rheological properties of illite suspensions were investigated and related to colloidal stability. Using a concentric cylinder viscometer to measure shear stress as a function of shear rate, Bingham yield stresses (τB) and plastic viscosities (ηpl) were determined for homoionic Na- and K-saturated illite suspensions varying in pH, NaCIO4 or KCIO4 concentration, and suspended solids concentration. For a given Na or K concentration, τB typically decreased with increasing pH. At a given pH >5.5, both τB and ηpl increased with increasing electrolyte concentration; but for Na-illite, constant values of τB and ηpl were observed at higher electrolyte concentrations. The Na or K concentration yielding the greatest increase in τB or ηpl per unit increase in concentration was usually less than, but correlated with, published critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) of Na- or K- illite. With increasing solids concentration at pH 7, τB increased curvilinearly for unstable suspensions and linearly for stable suspensions. In light of published models of non-Newtonian flow, data for unstable suspensions at pH 7 suggested that interparticle bonding energy or the number times energy of bonds within flocs was greater for K-illite in 25 mol K m−3 than for Na-illite in 60 mol Na m−3. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030012x VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 697-704 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027595398&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermodynamic modeling of zinc, cadmium, and copper solubilities in a manured, acidic loamy-sand topsoil AU - Hesterberg, D. AU - Bril, J. AU - Del Castilho, P. T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality AB - Abstract Soil solution samples collected during a 14‐mo period from manured, loamy‐sand soil profiles in the Netherlands showed variations in dissolved Zn, Cd, and Cu concentrations of up to two orders of magnitude. To try to account for variations in the dissolved metals, a thermodynamic model was developed for the chemical‐equilibrium computer program CHARON. In addition to solution complexation and solid‐phase precipitation of inorganic components, the model accounted for metal complexation with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ligands and with a solid organic matter (OM) exchanger phase. Both dissolved and solid organic materials were assumed to behave like fulvic acid having a complexing capacity for Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Al 3+ of 2 tool kg −1 of C. To obtain a single (pH‐dependent) stability constant for each metal‐organic ligand complex, stoichiometries of 1:1: n metal/organic‐ligand/OH − complexes were determined from published linear relationships between pH and average equilibrium quotients normalized for complexing capacity of a polyfunctional complexer. Exchange in the exchanger phase included monovalent cations and anions to maintain phase electroneutrality. Model predictions of dissolved Zn, Cd, and Cu were calculated from relevant soil properties and macrochemical concentrations in each of 44 soil‐solution samples collected from three manured field plots. Model‐predicted Zn and Cd concentrations deviated from measured concentrations on the average 1.4‐ and 2‐fold for measured concentration ranges of 120‐ and 34‐fold (respectively). Copper was typically underpredicted by the model. Model‐predicted speciation between the two principal dissolved metal species, free‐ionic and DOC ligand‐complexed, varied depending on soil solution macrochemistry. Soil solution chemical conditions ranged from pH 4.5 to 6.7, 30 to 260 g DOC m −3 , and electrical conductivities (EC) of 15 to 510 mS m −1 . DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040008x VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 681-688 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027686546&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of stopping liming on abandoned agricultural land AU - Hesterberg, D. T2 - Land Degradation & Development AB - Abstract It is suggested that stopping liming on agricultural land could lead to a potential chemical time bomb (CTB). the sequence of interrelated events leading to the CTB include the end of liming, perhaps caused by a change in land use, a progressive decrease in soil pH and increased solubility of potentially toxic contaminants that accumulate in soils as a result of agricultural practices. Data are presented on rates of long‐term soil acidification and modelled changes in the solubility of some trace metals in soil as a result of acidification. Soil acidification rates depend primarily on acid input rates and the soil's acid neutralizing capacity, possibly limited by neutralization kinetics. Experimental data illustrating this point show that the pH decreased rapidly in a field soil receiving ammonium rather than nitrate fertilizer treatment. on a limed agricultural field that was later abandoned and converted to deciduous woodland, The pH of the 0‐23 cm soil layers decreased over 100 years from pH 7 to 4.2. Deeper layers acidified at a slower rate. Thermodynamic model calculations simulating the solubilities of metals in a sandy topsoil showed zinc, cadmium and aluminium solubilities increasing exponentially with decreasing pH, resulting in several‐fold solubility increases between pH 5 and 4. These results suggest how metal solubility increases after liming stops. the model pH‐solubility relationships depended on the type of metal, The solid phase controlling the solubility, and the amount of metal in the soil if adsorption controlled the solubility. Decreasing pH and the resultant increase in metal solubility expected on abandoned farmland might be managed through techniques such as liming or planting forests of selected tree species. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1002/ldr.3400040409 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 257-267 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027843472&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - CHEMICAL TIME BOMBS KW - SOIL ACIDIFICATION KW - METAL SOLUBILITY KW - ABANDONED FARMLAND KW - LONG-TERM LIMING ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forage and Grain Yields of Wheat and Triticale as Affected by Forage Management Practices AU - Miller, G. L. AU - Joost, R. E. AU - Harrison, S. A. T2 - Crop Science AB - Most research on the effects of grazing cereal grains has been conducted on hard red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and little information exists concerning the influence of forage harvest on the subsequent grain yield of other cereal crops. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of forage harvest management on subsequent grain yields of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and wheat to determine the growth stage for cessation of forage harvest to optimize grain and forage production. The effect of defoliation until Feekes Growth Stage (GS) 5.0, 6.5, or 8.0 on forage production and grain yield components of ‘Terral 817’ wheat, ‘Jenkins’ triticale, and ‘Morrison’ triticale was investigated for two growing seasons at Baton Rouge, LA. Plots harvested up to GS 8.0 produced the greatest forage yield both years. There were no significant differences in mean grain yield of the three cultivars between undipped check plots and plots harvested until GS 5.0 either year. A favorable combination of forage and grain yields in 1987–1988 was achieved if the final forage harvest was made at GS 5.0, but the highest yield combination in 1988–1989 was produced by continuing forage harvest until GS 8.0. Clipping significantly reduced lodging and disease incidence during the 1988– 1989 growing season. Defoliation until GS 8.0 resulted in reductions in number of stems m −2 , number of spikelets per head, and weight per seed by 37, 11, and 18%, respectively, resulting in a grain yield reduction of 44% compared with the undefoliated plants. Forage utilization should be terminated by the first node stage to minimize grain yield reductions due to tiller mortality, shortened heads, and poor kernel fill. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300050039x VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 1070 LA - en OP - SN - 0011-183X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300050039x DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Transfert et test d'une méthode de lutte contre la mouche du haricot et les fontes de semis: résultats provisoires (Transfer and test of a method of combatting bean shoot fly and damping off: Provisional results) AU - White, J.G. AU - Nkunzimana, S. AU - Mussche, G. A2 - Godderis, W. C2 - 1993/5// C3 - La production du haricot au Burundi (Bean production in Burundi). Proc. Workshop of the Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU)-International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Bujumbura, Burundi DA - 1993/5// PB - ISABU-CIAT ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of genetic markers to tree breeding AU - Grattapaglia, D. AU - Chaparro, J. AU - Wilcox, P. AU - McCord, S. AU - Crane, B. AU - Amerson, H. AU - Werner, D. AU - Liu, B. H. AU - O'Malley, D. AU - Whetten, R. AU - McKeand, S. AU - Goldfard, B. AU - Greenwood, M. AU - Kuhlman, G. AU - Bridgwater, F. AU - Sederoff, R. C2 - 1993/// C3 - Proceedings of the 22nd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference DA - 1993/// SP - 452-463 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practical biotechnological strategies for improving the quality and value of soybeans AU - Wilson, R. F. T2 - INFORM (Champaign, Ill.) DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SOYBEAN GROWTH AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION - RESPONSE TO DIFFERING LEAF AND STEM MORPHOLOGY AU - WELLS, R AU - BURTON, JW AU - KILEN, TC T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Altered canopy light environments created by plant architectural changes may increase plant productivity. Two morphological traits in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], brachytic stems (shortened internodes) and lanceolate leaflets, could be used for genetic manipulation of canopy structure. These traits were examined in various combinations in ‘Tracy‐M’ (maturity group VI) and ‘Wright’ (maturity group VII) backgrounds in 1990 (two environments) and 1991 (one environment with two row width‐plant population combinations). Throughout the season, plant height and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception were monitored. At maturity, stem dry weight, seed yield, and yield components were determined. Brachytic stem genotypes were ≈40% shorter at harvest than the normal genotypes. Plant height was significantly associated with PAR interception during vegetative grown in both years R 2 ≥ 0.58), and during reproductive growth in wide rows at Clayton irrespective of year ( R 2 ≥ 0.66). In 1991, seed yield was positively related to PAR interception during reproductive growth in the wide row‐low population combination ( r 2 = 0.49), when all genotypes were included in the analysis. For the Tracy‐M background, the same relationship was significant in all widerow environments. The data indicate that brachytic genotypes do not fully intercept available PAR in wide rows and low populations, especially when combined with lanceolate leaflets. Significant seed yield differences, despite 95% PAR interception by all genotypes in some environments, indicate the presence of yield limiting factors other than PAR interception. The present data fail to indicate significant improvements in performance due to the brachytic stem or lanceolate leaflet. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300030020x VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 520-524 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - MODELING THE UNCERTAINTY OF WEED DENSITY ESTIMATES TO IMPROVE POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE CONTROL DECISIONS AU - WILES, LJ AU - GOLD, HJ AU - WILKERSON, GG T2 - WEED RESEARCH AB - Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung A field is sampled or scouted to estimate the average densities of weed species present in order to make a post‐emergence control decision. The patchy distribution of broadleaf weeds within fields hinders quick, accurate estimation of average densities, yet these estimates are used for decision making without consideration of the possible error. We investigated the potential for improving decision making by modifying a post‐emergence soybean herbicide decision model to account explicitly for uncertainty about the average densities as part of the decision process. Uncertainty was modelled from general characteristics of weed distribution and information obtained from scouting. Scouting, decision making, and the profit expected with the decision were simulated for 14 fields to measure the improvement in decision making. Decision making was improved somewhat by including uncertainty into the evaluation of alternative actions. Variability of weed distribution between fields and species may be an obstacle to improving post‐emergence weed control decision making with this decision analytic approach. Modelisation de l'incertitude des estimations de la densite d'adventices pour ameliorer les decisions de traitements herbicides post‐levee Un champ a étééchantillonné ou sélectionné pour estimer les densités des espèces d'adventices présentes en vue de décider un desherbage de post‐levée. La distribution des plaques d'ad‐ventices dicotylédones à l'intérieur des champs gêne rapidement, une estimation précise des densités moyennes; ces estimations sont actuellement utilisées pour une prise de décision sans considérer l'erreur possible. Nous avons étudié le potentiel d'amélioration de la prise de décision en modifiant un modèle de décision de traitement herbicide du soja en post levée en tenant compte explicitement de l'incertitude des den‐sités moyennes comme une partie du schéma décisionnel. L'incertitude a été modélisée à partir des caractéristiques générales de la distribution des adventices et l'information obtenue de l'échantillonnage. L'échantillonnage, la prise de décision et le profit attendu de la décision ont été simulés pour 14 champs afin de mesurer l'amélioration de la prise de décision. La prise de décision a été améliorée quelque peu en incluant l'incertitude dans l'évaluation des actions alternatives. La variabilité de la distribution des adventices entre les champs et les espèces peut être un obstacle pour améliorer la décision pour un desherbage de post levée avec une approche décisionnelle analytique. Die Modellierung der Unschärfe bei der Erfassung des Deckungsgrades von Unkräutern zur Verbesserung der Bekämpfungsentscheidung bei Nachauflaufherbiziden Für die Bekämpfungsentscheidung bei Nachau‐flaufherbiziden wurde der durchschnittliche Deckungsgrad der auf einem Feld vorhandenen Unkrautarten erfaβt. Die nesterweise Verteilung dikotyler Arten erschwert eine schnelle, akkurate Bestimmung der Dichte, dennoch werden Entscheidungen ohne Berücksichtigung dieses Fehlers getroffen. Wir haben Möglichkeiten für eine verbesserte Entscheidung erarbeitet, indem wir ein Entscheidungsmodel] für Nachauflaufbe‐handlungen in Sojabohnen modifizierten. Die o.a. Unschärfe wurde auf der Grundlage der charakteristischen Verteilung der Unkräuter und der Beobachtungswerte modelliert. Die Boniturwerte, die Entscheidungsfindung und der daraus zu erwartende Nutzen wurden für 14 Schlägen simuliert, um den Vorteil dieses Verfahrens zu überprüfen. Dabei zeigte sich, daβ die Entscheidungsfindung bei der Bewertung alternativer Vorgehensweisen (nur) geringfügig verbessert wurde. Die Variabilität der Unkrautverteilung zum einen je nach Art und zum anderen von Feld zu Feld stellt ein weiteres Problem für eine Verbesserung eines derartigen Entscheidungsmodells dar. DA - 1993/6// PY - 1993/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1993.tb01938.x VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 241-252 SN - 0043-1737 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DYNAMICS OF SOYBEAN GROWTH IN VARIABLE PLANTING PATTERNS AU - WELLS, R T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Reported soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield responses to variable plant populations have been inconsistent. The varied responses are tied to the capacity of the plant stand to attain a minimal level of dry matter prior to reproductive growth. This study examined soybean growth expressed as functions of both plant and ground area to identify associations with yielding ability. Treatments consisted of high, medium, and low populations (approximately 21, 13, and 3 plants per square meter) at 0.96‐m row widths and a medium population (approximately 13 plants m −2 ) at 0.43‐m row widths for 2 yr. The values of total dry matter (TDM), stem DM, leaf DM, leaf area, height, and main stem node number were determined on both a whole plant and ground area basis. In addition, relative growth rate (RGR), relative leaf area growth rate (RLAGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were examined. Treatments with the greatest interplant space had the largest RGR, RLAGR, and NAR early in growth, thus resulting in compensation for reduced plant population. Decreases in plant DM at 91 DAP in response to increasing plant population were greater in 1988 than in 1989, and were related to poorer growing conditions in the latter year. The related TDM values were larger in 1988, with all treatments exhibiting a TDM above 500 g m −2 by early podfill (R5). In contrast, the TDM at 91 DAP of the wide row, low and medium population treatments was 300 and 426 g m −2 , respectively in 1989. Seed yield differences were found in 1989 but not 1988. Differences among years and treatments concerning growth rates, plant DM, TDM, and seed yield emphasize the impact of limiting environmental factors on plant compensation in response to increased space. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500010009x VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 44-48 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE CORN AS ALTERED BY JOHNSONGRASS INFESTATION AU - MUELLER, JP AU - LEWIS, WM AU - GREEN, JT AU - BURNS, JC T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Dairy and beef producers in the southern piedmont region of the USA with limited land often grow corn ( Zea mays L.), after corn, for silage even though stands gradually become infested with johnsongrass [ Sorghum halepense (L.) Per.]. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of johnsongrass infestation on the yield and quality of corn grown for silage. Seven field trials were conducted over a 6‐yr period in the piedmont region of North Carolina on clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Hapludult soils. Corn was planted each year into johnsongrass‐infested sites. Herbicides were used to produce johnsongrass‐free plots and plots where johnsongrass was the only weed present. Additionally, to assess the influence of johnsongrass infestation level on the subsequent silage quality, physical mixtures of corn and johnsongrass forage were made which represented an infestation range from 0 to 100% by weight. In five of seven trials, corn forage yield was significantly increased with johnsongrass control. Where johnsongrass was not controlled, corn plant population was reduced by 13% and silage quality, estimated by in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), was reduced by 8 to 21%. Silage IVDMD decreased linearly 2.37 g kg −1 ( r 2 = 0.95, P < 0.001) for each percentage unit increase in johnsongrass infestation by weight. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500010010x VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 49-52 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research on biochemistry of herbicides: An historical overview AU - Moreland, D. E. T2 - Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Biosciences AB - Abstract Otto Warburg, the father of cellular bioenergetics, seems to have been the first investigator to report on inhibition of a plant biochemical reaction by a progenitor of a selective herbicide. The year was 1920 and the compound was phenylurethane (ethyl N-phenylcarbam ate or EPC). Warburg found that it strongly inhibited photosynthesis in Chlorella. EPC did not develop into a commercial herbicide, but the isopropyl derivatives (propham and chlorpropham) which were introduced in the late 1940s became selective herbicides. The phenylureas (monuron and diuron) were introduced in the early 1950s and shortly thereafter, interference with the Hill reaction by both phenylureas and phenylcarbamates was reported. During the latter part of the 1950s, into the 1960s, and even now, additional herbicidal chemistry was and is being announced that interferes with the Hill reaction. Duysens, in 1963, identified the site of action of diuron, i.e., on the acceptor side of PS II. Corwin Hansch, in 1966 introduced the SAR or QSAR concept in which inhibitory action of Hill inhibitors was related to various chemical and physical parameters. Because of differential responses to partial, thylakoid-associated reactions, the Hill inhibitors were subsequently divided into two groups: pure electron transport inhibitors (phenylureas, s-triazines, triazinones, and uracils) and inhibitory uncouplers (acylanilides, dinitrophenols, benzimidazoles, dinitroanilines, and benzonitriles). The inhibitory uncouplers (dinoseb-types), unlike the diuron-types, uncoupled photophosphorylation by interacting with the coupling factor complexes in both chloroplasts and intact mitochondria. Additionally, the bi-pyridyliums were shown to be reduced by PS I, hence, diverted electrons from the native acceptor. Field observations of triazine resistance were reported in 1970 and resistance was subse­ quently demonstrated at the thylakoid level. Application of the techniques of genetic engineering and biotechnology resulted in identification of the 32 kD a herbicide-binding protein and determination of its amino acid sequence. Crystallization and X-ray examination of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas by Michel et al. in the mid-1980s provided new models to account for interactions of herbicides with the D -1 protein. During the 1980s, herbicides were identified that interfered with biochemical machinery in chloroplasts that is not involved in electron transport and light harvesting: inhibition of lipid biosynthesis by aryloxyphenoxypropionates and cyclohexanediones, aromatic amino acid bio­ synthesis by glyphosate, branched chain amino acid biosynthesis by sulfonylureas and imidazolinones, carotenoid biosynthesis by pyridazinones, and porphyrin biosynthesis by diphenylethers and oxadiazoles. The current status of research in most, if not all, of the above areas was reported through oral and poster presentations at this Omiya Symposium. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1515/znc-1993-3-402 VL - 48 IS - 3-4 SP - 121 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Mulligan' barley AU - Murphy, J. P. AU - Navarro, R. A. AU - Leath, S. AU - Murphy, C. F. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 33, Issue 6 cropsci1993.0011183X003300060055x p. 1402-1402 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Mulligan’ Barley J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy n/a@.dne Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. NavarroSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. LeathSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. MurphySearch for more papers by this author J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy n/a@.dne Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. NavarroSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. LeathSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. MurphySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1993 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060055xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue6November–December 1993Pages 1402-1402 RelatedInformation DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300060055x VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 1402 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Mollybloom' barley AU - Murphy, J. P. AU - Navarro, R. A. AU - Leath, S. AU - Murphy, C. F. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 33, Issue 6 cropsci1993.0011183X003300060056x p. 1402-1403 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Mollybloom’ Barley J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy n/a@.dne Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. NavarroSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. LeathSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. MurphySearch for more papers by this author J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy n/a@.dne Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. NavarroSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. LeathSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. MurphySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1993 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060056xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue6November–December 1993Pages 1402-1403 RelatedInformation DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300060056x VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 1402 ER - TY - JOUR TI - REGISTRATION OF YEATS OAT AU - MURPHY, JP AU - NAVARRO, RA AU - LEATH, S AU - MURPHY, CF T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 33, Issue 6 cropsci1993.0011183X003300060064x p. 1408-1408 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Yeats’ Oat J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy n/[email protected] Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. NavarroSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. LeathSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. MurphySearch for more papers by this author J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy n/[email protected] Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. NavarroSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. LeathSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. MurphySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1993 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060064xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue6November–December 1993Pages 1408-1408 RelatedInformation DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060064x VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 1408-1408 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF THE CAPSID PROTEIN CISTRONS FROM 6 POTATO VIRUS-Y (PVY) ISOLATES INFECTING TOBACCO AU - SUDARSONO AU - WOLOSHUK, SL AU - XIONG, Z AU - HELLMANN, GM AU - WERNSMAN, EA AU - WEISSINGER, AK AU - LOMMEL, SA T2 - ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1007/BF01309850 VL - 132 IS - 1-2 SP - 161-170 SN - 0304-8608 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Isozyme analyses of Arachis species and interspecific hybrids AU - Lacks, G. D. AU - Stalker, H. T. T2 - Peanut Science AB - Abstract To better estimate diversity within the cultivated peanut, germplasm representing 33 South American peanut accessions from six countries was evaluated for isozyme polymorphisms. Only three of 18 isozymes—glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) — were consistently variant, each displaying two banding patterns. The variant banding patterns were observed in 18, 9, and 9% of the genotypes for GOT, IDH, and PHI, respectively. Isozyme variation in A. hypogaea could not be associated with subspecies or botanical variety. Thirty interspecific hybrids and their parents were also evaluated for isozyme polymorphisms. Flower tissues showed variations for the following isozymes: alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), arginine aminopeptidase (AMP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI). A specific PHI band pattern was observed in all three hybrid lines with early leafspot resistance, as well as three of the four lines associated with high yield. For seed tissue, the absence of a fast-moving leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) band was associated with three of the four high-yielding lines. A comparison of flower and seed isozyme banding patterns revealed that the banding pattern was different for GOT, IDH, LAP, MDH, and PHI. IDH and MDH were variant in seeds but not flowers, and GOT was more polymorphic in flowers than seeds. The investigation indicates that isozymes may serve as molecular markers for interspecific hybrid identification and gene introgression to the A. hypogaea genome, and possibly for identifying lines with useful resistances. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.3146/i0095-3679-20-2-3 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 76 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ISOZYME VARIATION IN CULTIVATED OAT AND ITS PROGENITOR SPECIES, AVENA-STERILIS L AU - MURPHY, JP AU - PHILLIPS, TD T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Effective identification of wild accessions with potential to enhance variation for complex, Iow‐heritability traits is a prerequisite to broader utilization of conserved genetic resources. In two previous studies, 23 enzyme systems were assayed in 405 oat cultivars ( Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina C. Koch) and in 1005 accessions of the progenitor species. A. sterilis L. The objectives of the present report were to (i) compare isozymic variation in cultivated oat with a broad geographical sample of accessions of the progenitor species and (ii) propose strategy to assist in the efficient sampling of progenitor germplasm by North American oat breeders. Avena sterilis displayed a greater level of isozymic diversity compared to cultivated germplasm based upon number and frequencies of variants. Three sampling strategies are discussed whereby a representative core of A. sterilis accessions could be selected from the progenitor germplasm pool. A combined strategy is outlined that incorporates elements of all three, with selection of accessions from (i) the center of isozymic diversity (Turkey), (ii) six clusters of A. sterilis accessions identified by multivariate analysis of genetic distances between accessions without regard to provenance data, and (iii) those accessions with variants present at intermediate to high frequencies in A. sterilis from individual countries or clusters yet absent in cultivated germplasm. Selected A. sterilis accessions could be used in combining ability analyses with cultivated germplasm. Subsequent, more extensive, exploitation of the germplasm collection might be based on results from these exploratory evaluations of breeding potential. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060048x VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 1366-1372 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - INFLUENCE OF POLYMERS ON THE MOBILITY, LOSS, AND BIOACTIVITY OF C-14 FROM C-14-LABELED ATRAZINE, METOLACHLOR, AND PRIMISULFURON AU - LEE, RF AU - WEBER, JB T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfluence of polymers on the mobility, loss, and bioactivity of carbon-14 from carbon-14-labeled atrazine, metolachlor, and primisulfuronRobert F. Lee and Jerome B. WeberCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 6, 988–995Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00030a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1024 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts DA - 1993/6// PY - 1993/6// DO - 10.1021/jf00030a031 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 988-995 SN - 0021-8561 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF SAFENERS ON THE OXIDATION OF MULTIPLE SUBSTRATES BY GRAIN-SORGHUM MICROSOMES AU - MORELAND, DE AU - CORBIN, FT AU - MCFARLAND, JE T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - Microsomes isolated from excised shoots of 3-day-old, dark-grown, grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Funk G522DR, and DK 41Y] seedlings metabolized cinnamic acid, lauric acid, metolachlor, bentazon, and diazinon. but did not metabolize triasulfuron or primisulfuron. Pretreatment of G522DR seed with safeners (naphthalic anhydride, dichlormid, flurazole, BAS 145138, oxabetrinil, fluxofenim, and benoxacor) resulted in enhanced metabolism of lauric acid, bentazon, and diazinon. However, metabolism of cinnamic acid was not affected and that of metolachlor was depressed by safener treatments. Microsomes isolated from DK 41Y seedlings had higher endogenous levels of oxidative activity for lauric acid and bentazon than microsomes isolated from G522DR seedlings. Metabolism required NADPH and was affected by CO and other cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitors (tetcyclacis, piperonyl butoxide, 1-aminobenzotriazole, SKF-525A, and tridiphane). The inhibitors differentially affected metabolism of the substrates. Only tetcyclacis strongly inhibited the metabolism of all substrates except cinnamic acid. Microsomal oxidations from both unsafened and safener-treated tissue responded similarly to the inhibitors. The differential inhibitory responses suggest that each substrate was probably metabolized by a different monooxygenase isoform. DA - 1993/1// PY - 1993/1// DO - 10.1006/pest.1993.1006 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 43-53 SN - 0048-3575 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TALL FESCUE SWARD DYNAMICS .2. INFLUENCE OF 4 PLANT-GROWTH REGULATORS AU - SPAK, DR AU - DIPAOLA, JM AU - LEWIS, WM AU - ANDERSON, CE T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Very little is known about the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on turfgrass sward dynamics (including shoot development and mortality) and reproductive development. PGR‐induced growth suppression might increase assimilate supply to axillary buds, resulting in their release. A 2‐yr study was conducted to determine the impact of four PGRs applied in late March on the sward dynamics of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Maleic hydrazide [1,2‐dihydro‐3,6‐pyridazinedione] and mefluidide N ‐(2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐[([trifluoromethyl]‐sulfonyl)amino]phenyl)acetamide], two PGRs that suppress vegetative and reproductive growth, were applied at 4.48 and 0.56 kg ha −1 , respectively. Flurprimidol [α‐(1‐methylethyl)‐α‐[4‐(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]‐5‐pyrimidinemethanol] and paclobutrazol [( R *, R *)‐(±)‐β‐[(4‐chlorophenyl)methyl]‐α‐,(1,1dimethylethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐ethanol], two PGRs that suppress vegetative growth only, were each applied at 1.12 kg ha −1 . Twenty shoots were labeled at random in each plot and observed 3, 6, 10, 14, 19, and 31 weeks after treatment (WAT). Maleic hydrazide and mefluidide treatments caused 75% shoot mortality (55% greater than the control) by 10 WAT; however, stand density was unaffected by maleic hydrazide and mefluidide, due to the release of axillary buds beginning 2 WAT. Maleic hydrazide and mefluidide induced a postinhibition growth response, with proliferation of new shoots and rapid growth of shoots surviving chemical treatment. Leaf and crown total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) declined during the postinhibition response from 4 to 6 WAT. Flurprimidol and paclobutrazol, despite effective foliar growth suppression, failed to influence shoot mortality, axillary bud release, or TNC levels. Patterns of TNC partitioning in response to PGRs, though different, did not appear to be the result of the effectiveness of seedhead suppression. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300020018x VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 304-310 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TALL FESCUE SWARD DYNAMICS .1. SEASONAL PATTERNS OF TURF SHOOT DEVELOPMENT AU - SPAK, DR AU - DIPAOLA, JM AU - ANDERSON, CE T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Knowledge of turfgrass sward dynamics, including shoot development and mortality, as affected by inflorescence removal during mowing may provide the insight necessary to maximize stand density through management practices. A 2‐yr field study was conducted on a mature stand of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) turf to determine shoot longevity and patterns of shoot development in relation to reproductive development. Mowing regimes consisted of mowing to 9.5 cm when foliar height reached 15.2 cm, and an unmowed regime that remained unclipped from April through October, when it was mowed to 9.5 cm. Twenty shoots were labeled with coded tags prior to initiation of mowing. Shoots were observed periodically and the following characteristics determined: living or dead, vegetative or reproductive, total and fully expanded green leaves, and secondary shoot development. Thirty.six percent of the shoots survived for 2 yr in mowed turf, whereas only 4% survived this period in unmowed turf. Regardless of the mowing regime, most of the shoots died in the vegetative state; only 2% of the spring shoot population became reproductive. Stand density declined from April through September by 31% for mowed turf and 63% for unmowed turf. Stand density decline was a result of continuous mortality of vegetative shoots and minimal new shoot development; only 1 to 3% of the existing shoot population developed secondary shoots. Partial, periodic removal of inflorescences and associated tissues had no effect on secondary shoot development within the sward. In this study, shoot mortality and new shoot initiation were not associated with reproductive development. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300020017x VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 300-304 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduced chemical input cropping systems in the southeastern United States. I. Effect of rotations, green manure crops and nitrogen fertilizer on crop yields AU - King, L. D. AU - Buchanan, M. T2 - American Journal of Alternative Agriculture AB - Abstract Interest in reducing purchased chemical inputs to reduce production costs and avoid possible environmental damage prompted this 7-year study. Two management systems, current management practices (CMP) and reduced chemical inputs (RCI), were evaluated for four crop sequences from 1985 through 1992: continuous grain sorghum; continuous corn; a 2-year rotation of corn and double-cropped winter wheat and soybean; and a 4-year rotation of corn, winter wheat/soybean, corn, and red clover hay (changed in 1989 to a 3-year rotation of corn, red clover hay, and wheat/soybean). No-till planting and recommended rates of fertilizer and pesticides were used in the CMP system. In the RCI system, N was supplied by a crimson clover green manure crop or the red clover in the rotation. Weed control was by chisel plowing, disking, and cultivation. Crimson clover top growth accumulated from 70 to 180 kgN/ha, red clover from 77 to 130 kg N/ha. Rotating crops increased corn yield with CMP but not with RCI. lndry years, corn yields were low (less than 3000 kg/ha), corn did not respond to fertilizer N, and yields generally were higher with CMP than with RCI. With adequate rain, yield of all RCI treatments were the same as yield in CMP continuous corn receiving no fertilizer N. Johnsongrass competition was the main reason for low yields in the RCI treatments. Soybean yields were higher with CMP in 4 years and higher with RCI one year. Wheat and grain sorghum yields were higher with CMP than with RCI. A dramatic decline in johnsongrass in sorghum was noted in 1989, and several plots remained relatively free of johnsongrass through 1992. Management decisions made during the experiment included the degree of input reduction in RCI; whether to either end or modify unproductive treatments; whether to use newly available varieties and pesticides; whether to suspend the experiment to eliminate johnsongrass; and how to add new treatments while retaining the original treatments. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1017/s0889189300004999 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CRIMSON CLOVER RESEEDING POTENTIAL AS AFFECTED BY S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES AU - RANELLS, NN AU - WAGGER, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE AB - Economic savings can result from allowing a crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) cover crop in no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) systems to self-reseed and thereby eliminate the need for annual seeding operations. Research has indicated, however, that self-reseeding of crimson clover is variably sensitive to certain residual corn herbicides, depending on growth stage at time of herbicide application. Accordingly, a 2-yr experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine applied to crimson clover at four growth stages (late vegetative, early bloom, late bloom, and early seed set) on subsequent clover reseeding potential. All successfully reseeded crimson clover plots were sampled in 1990 and 1991 for dry matter (DM) and total N concentration, In 1990, atrazine and cyanazine applied at the late vegetative stage and cyanazine applied at early bloom the previous spring prevented crimson clover seed development for fall self-reseeding. Regardless of herbicide, DM production in the spring of 1990 tended to be greater for reseeded clover plots when the respective herbicide was applied at the early seed set stage (3929 to 4912 lb/acre) than when applied earlier (447 to 4286 lb/acre). In 1991, the atrazine/late vegetative, atrazine/early bloom, cyanazine/early bloom, and cyanazine/late bloom treatment combinations did not reseed. Atrazine applied at late bloom resulted in lower DM production than did any other treatment which reseeded. Results indicate that strip application may be necessary in reseeding crimson clover systems where cyanazine and atrazine are used during late vegetative to late bloom growth stages; whereas simazine may be broadcast applied at any growth stage without diminishing reseeding success. Research Question Preplant and/or postplant preemergent herbicides that provide residual control of annual broadleaf and grass weeds are commonly used in notillage corn (Zea mays L.) production systems. Previous research has shown that self-reseeding of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) is variably sensitive to certain residual herbicides, depending on the clover growth stage at the time of herbicide application. Identification of crimson clover growth stages that are sensitive to a particular herbicide may allow more efficient cover crop management and appropriate herbicide use in no-tillage cropping systems. Our study examined the reseeding potential and N contribution of crimson clover when the herbicides atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine were applied at four different clover growth stages (late vegetative, early bloom, late bloom, and early seed set). Literature Summary Winter annual legume cover crops have been used in no-tillage cropping systems to provide N to the following corn crop. The potential economic benefit of using legume cover crops is significant because commercial fertilizer N can account for approximately 30% of variable production costs. Using a legume cover crop capable of self-reseeding, such as crimson clover, can also eliminate costs associated with annual seeding. In the southeastern USA, crimson clover has been chemically desiccated in strips to facilitate corn planting while allowing the remaining clover to mature and self-reseed. Certain residual preemergent corn herbicides, however, broadcast sprayed at the corresponding clover growth stage, may adversely affect seed development and subsequent reseeding potential. Study Description Our study was conducted twice from 1988 to 1991 in the North Carolina Piedmont at North Carolina State University Research Unit 9 in Raleigh on a Cecil fine sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) having a 2 to 6% slope. ‘Tibbee’ crimson clover was planted at 15 lb/acre in the fall of 1988 and 1989 at Site I and 11, respectively. Herbicide (atrazine, cyanazine, or simazine) was broadcast sprayed with alachlor the following spring to each of four crimson clover growth stages (late vegetative, early bloom, late bloom, and early seed set). This resulted in 12 treatments. ‘Dekalb-Pfizer 689’ corn was planted after the last herbicide application date using a no-tillage planter. The subsequent fall (1989 and 1990) crimson clover was allowed to naturally reestablish from seed produced the previous spring. Just prior to corn planting the next spring in 1990 and 1991, crimson clover biomass production was determined on all naturally reseeded treatments. Applied Question Does crimson clover sensitivity to certain residual herbicides, and its subsequent reseeding capability, change as the cover crop matures? Biomass production from reseeded crimson clover at Site I was substantially greater in plots treated the previous year with atrazine or cyanazine applied at seed set than at earlier growth stages (Table 1). Application of simazine to late vegetative crimson clover resulted in lower biomass production (2590 lb/acre) than early bloom, late bloom, and seed set stages (3751 to 4554 lb/acre). Paralleling biomass production, considerable differences in clover N content occurred between atrazine applied to the early and late bloom growth stages vs. herbicide application at the early seed set stage (Table 1). Likewise, late bloom crimson clover treated with cyanazine resulted in significantly lower total N content than cyanazine application at the early seed set growth stage (10 vs. 120 lb N/acre). Nitrogen content from the simazine/late vegetative treatment was lower than all subsequent growth stage treatments. At Site II, atrazine applied at the late vegetative and early bloom stages and cyanazine applied at early and late bloom stages, prevented crimson clover from reseeding (Table 2). Plant density measurements also indicated significant reductions in the atrazine/late bloom and cyanazinel late vegetative treatments. All simazine treatments reseeded in 1991 with biomass yields ranging from 3661 to 4286 lb/acre. In general, biomass production from reseeded crimson clover plots at Site II was similar to that obtained at Site I. The exception to this pattern was the successful reseeding in the cyanazine late vegetative treatment. In this case, late vegetative crimson clover may have showed greater sensitivity to cyanazine in 1990 when plants were growing rapidly under favorable moisture conditions. In contrast, the drier conditions in 1989 minimized herbicide plant damage and allowed for seed production. Clover N content at Site II was slightly lower than at Site I, due to generally lower biomass production and plant N concentrations. Only the atrazine/ late bloom treatment combination resulted in significantly lower N content (10 lb N/acre) than all other treatments (72 to 89 lb N/acre). Recommendations These results show that crimson clover treated with atrazine at the early and late bloom growth stage can self-reseed. Biomass production was much greater, however, when this herbicide was applied to clover at the seed set stage. Cyanazine appeared to have a variable effect on clover reseeding ability. Nonetheless, in order to use atrazine or cyanazine in a reseeding clover system for no-tillage corn production, a strip application of these herbicides should be recommended until crimson clover attains the seed set stage. In contrast, biomass yields in reseeded clover plots treated with simazine at all growth stages were within the range of reseeded crimson clover biomass production for the southeastern USA. Simazine, therefore, offers greater flexibility as a residual herbicide in reseeding crimson clover systems. Table 1. Site I dry matter production and N content of naturally reseeded crimson clover in 1990 as affected by herbicide application at different growth stages in 1989. Herbicide applied/growth stage Dry matter† N content -------- lb/acre -------- Atrazine Late vegetative‡ 0 0 Early bloom 982 21 Late bloom 1518 36 Seed set 3929 90 Cyanazine Late vegetative‡ 0 0 Early bloom‡ 0 0 Late bloom 447 10 Seed set 4912 120 Simazine Late vegetative 2590 60 Early bloom 4286 107 Late bloom 3751 95 Seed set 4554 115 † Dry matter yield and N content of untreated control at mid-bloom was 3483 lb/acre and 86 lb N/acre. respectively. ‡ Reseeding was unsuccessful. Table 2. Site II dry matter production and N content of naturally reseeded crimson clover in 1991 as affected by herbicide application at different growth stages in 1990. Herbicide applied/growth stage Dry matter† N content -------- lb/acre -------- Atrazine Late vegetative‡ 0 0 Early bloom 0 0 Late bloom 536 10 Seed set 4197 89 Cyanazine Late vegetative‡ 3304 59 Early bloom‡ 0 0 Late bloom 0 0 Seed set 4019 74 Simazine Late vegetative 3929 73 Early bloom 4019 72 Late bloom 4286 83 Seed set 3661 77 † Dry matter yield and N content of untreated control at mid-bloom was 4197 lb/acre and 88 lb N/acre, respectively. ‡ Reseeding was unsuccessful. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2134/jpa1993.0090 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 90-93 SN - 0890-8524 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CRIMSON CLOVER MANAGEMENT TO ENHANCE RESEEDING AND NO-TILL CORN GRAIN PRODUCTION AU - RANELLS, NN AU - WAGGER, MG T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Economic savings and increased legume‐N use efficiency may result from natural reseeding of winter annual legume cover crops. A 3‐yr experiment was conducted on a Cecil fine sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) to examine the effects of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) strip desiccation width (25, 50, and 75% of row area) and orientation (parallel or perpendicular to plant row) on soil water depletion, corn ( Zea mays L.) growth and grain yield, and clover reseeding. Additional treatments included early desiccation (25% parallel strip 2 wk before corn planting), annual seeding (complete desiccation at corn planting), and mechanical disruption of clover growth by the no‐tillage planter. Early‐season soil water was lower in annual seeded plots compared to the 25% strip treatments each year, however, soil water was limiting in only one of 3 yr. Crimson clover successfully reseeded in all strip treatments each year, with dry matter production ranging from 3.0 to 5.2 Mg ha −1 in 1990 and from 3.9 to 5.2 Mg ha −1 in 1991. Nitrogen content of reseeded crimson clover biomass ranged from 86 to 134 kg ha −1 in 1990 and 93 to 111 kg ha −1 in 1991. Corn grain yield was only marginally affected by clover strip management in two out of 3 yr. Results suggest that under adequate moisture conditions a 50% desiccated strip has the potential to maximize clover N contribution. However, a 75% strip‐width can minimize potential competition with corn for water and reduce physical impedance of the clover cover crop on corn growth. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500010014x VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 62-67 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CORN YIELD AND WATER-USE EFFICIENCY AS AFFECTED BY TILLAGE AND IRRIGATION AU - WAGGER, MG AU - CASSEL, DK T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Water is the main factor limiting row crop production in the southeastern USA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three irrigation regimes and two tillage systems on corn (Zea mays L.) production and water-use efficiency in the North Carolina Piedmont. An experiment was conducted on a Hiwassee clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludult) from 1986 through 1989. Tillage treatments were conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) in factorial combination with the following irrigation treatments: (i) full, where plots received 2.5 cm of water beginning 5 wk after planting when soil water pressure decreased to −60 kPa at 30 cm; (ii) limited, where 2.5-cm of water was applied according to the criterion above, but only from 2 wk before tasseling to 2 wk after silking; and (iii) dryland, no irrigation. The first 3 yr were drier, and 1989 was slightly wetter, than normal. Grain and silage yields were significantly different for irrigation and tillage each year, except for grain in 1986. Mean 4-yr grain yields were 4.45 Mg ha−1 for dryland, 8.00 Mg ha−1 for limited, and 10.77 Mg ha−1 for full irrigation. The mean 4-yr grain yield for CT was 7.47 Mg ha−1, compared with 8.01 Mg ha−1 for NT. Water-use efficiency for corn grain was similar for both tillage treatments, being 217 kg ha−1 cm−1 of applied irrigation water; for silage, water-use efficiency was 277 kg ha−1 cm−1 for CT compared with 381 kg ha−1 cm−1 for NT. These results indicate the potential for irrigation in Piedmont areas with limited water supplies when used in conjunction with the soil-water-conserving aspect of a NT system. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010040x VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 229-234 SN - 0361-5995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SORPTION OF DINICONAZOLE AND METOLACHLOR BY 4 SOILS, CALCIUM-ORGANIC MATTER AND CALCIUM-MONTMORILLONITE AU - WEBER, JB AU - SWAIN, LR T2 - SOIL SCIENCE AB - Diniconazole was sorbed by four soils in amounts 7 to 20 times that for metolachlor, by Ca-organic matter (Ca-OM) in amounts twice that for metolachlor, and by Camontmorillonite (Ca-Mont.) in amounts similar to metolachlor. Sorption of diniconazole greatly increased and desorption decreased from Ca-OM and Ca-Mont as solution pH decreased. Sorption by the soils, as indicated by Freundlich K values, were highly correlated with the organic carbon content of the soils for diniconazole and with organic carbon and clay contents of soils for metolachlor. Sorption of diniconazole was through physical sorption forces at neutral pH levels and was by way of cation exchange forces at low pH levels. DA - 1993/9// PY - 1993/9// DO - 10.1097/00010694-199309000-00006 VL - 156 IS - 3 SP - 171-177 SN - 0038-075X ER - TY - JOUR TI - MOBILITY OF FOMESAFEN AND ATRAZINE IN SOIL COLUMNS UNDER SATURATED-FLOW AND UNSATURATED-FLOW CONDITIONS AU - WEBER, JB AU - STREK, HJ AU - SARTORI, JL T2 - PESTICIDE SCIENCE AB - Abstract The relative mobilities of 14 C‐labeled fomesafen and atrazine in Norfolk sandy loam ( Typic Paleudult ), Drummer silt loam ( Typic Haplaquoll ). Cape Fear sandy loam, ( Typic Umbraquult ), and a Brazilian Oxisol clay ( Typic Acrustox ) were studied using 50 cm of water applied to 30–5‐cm soil columns under unsaturated‐ and saturated‐flow conditions. Both herbicides were more mobile in Norfolk sandy loam than in Oxisol clay, Drummer silt loam, or Cape Fear sandy loam. Herbicide mobility was inversely related to organic and humic contents of the soils. Mobility of fomesafen was highly correlated with that of atrazine in the soils. Fomesafen was generally less mobile that atrazine under unsaturated‐flow conditions and more mobile under saturated‐flow conditions. Liming a Norfolk sandy loam increased, and oven drying decreased, fomesafen mobility. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1002/ps.2780390106 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 39-46 SN - 0031-613X ER - TY - JOUR TI - ISOZYME VARIATION IN GERMPLASM ACCESSIONS OF THE WILD OAT AVENA-STERILIS L AU - PHILLIPS, TD AU - MURPHY, JP AU - GOODMAN, MM T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1993/3// PY - 1993/3// DO - 10.1007/bf00223808 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 54-64 SN - 0040-5752 KW - GENETIC DIVERSITY KW - GENETIC DISTANCE KW - INTROGRESSION KW - CORE COLLECTION ER - TY - JOUR TI - IONIZATION AND SORPTION OF FOMESAFEN AND ATRAZINE BY SOILS AND SOIL CONSTITUENTS AU - WEBER, JB T2 - PESTICIDE SCIENCE AB - Abstract Fomesafen exhibited weakly acidic properties and was titrated spectrophotometrically and determined to have a pK A of 3.0. [ 14 C]fomesafen and [ 14 C]atrazine, as references, were used in slurry‐type sorption studies with H + ‐ and Ca 2+ ‐saturated soil organic matter, Ca 2+ ‐saturated montmorillonite clay, Norfolk sandy loan ( Typic Paleudult ) and Drummer silt loam ( Typic Haplaquoll ) at suspension pH values of 2.0 to 6.3. Sorption of atrazine was greater than that of fomesafen for the organic matter sorbents but similar for montmorillonite clay and the two soils. Sorption of both herbicides on the Drummer soil was much greater than on the Norfolk soil, due to the higher organic matter content of the former. Decreasing the suspension pH greatly increased sorption of both herbicides by all sorbents. Atrazine sorption was attributed to ionic bonding at low pH and physical bonding at neutral pH. Fomesafen sorption occurred by way of physical forces at near neutral pH and by way of hydrophobic bonding and/or precipitation at low pH. Mobility and bioavailability of the herbicides in soils is expected to be lower at low pH than at high or neutral pH. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1002/ps.2780390105 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 31-38 SN - 0031-613X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and mineral content of St. Augustinegrass cultivars in response to salinity AU - Peacock, C. H. AU - Dudeck, A. E. AU - Wildmon, J. C. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// VL - 118 IS - 4 SP - 464 ER - TY - JOUR TI - BIOCHEMICAL AND MODEL CHEMICAL-REACTIONS FOR THE BASIS OF RED PIGMENT IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO AU - WEEKS, WW AU - CAMPOS, MP AU - MOLDOVEANU, S T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiochemical and model chemical reactions for the basis of red pigment in flue-cured tobaccoWillard W. Weeks, Marcos P. Campos, and Serban. MoldoveanuCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 8, 1321–1328Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00032a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views123Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (704 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts DA - 1993/8// PY - 1993/8// DO - 10.1021/jf00032a030 VL - 41 IS - 8 SP - 1321-1328 SN - 0021-8561 ER - TY - JOUR TI - REGISTRATION OF 4 LEAFSPOT-RESISTANT PEANUT GERMPLASM LINES AU - STALKER, HT AU - BEUTE, MK T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 33, Issue 5 cropsci1993.0011183X003300050064x p. 1117-1117 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Four Leafspot-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H. T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H. T. Stalker n/a@.dne Dep. of Crop ScienceCorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorM. K. Beute, M. K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author H. T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H. T. Stalker n/a@.dne Dep. of Crop ScienceCorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorM. K. Beute, M. K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1993 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300050064xCitations: 26AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume33, Issue5September–October 1993Pages 1117-1117 RelatedInformation DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300050064x VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 1117-1117 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - POSTEMERGENCE CONTROL OF JOHNSONGRASS AND ITS EFFECT ON MAIZE-DWARF MOSAIC-VIRUS INCIDENCE AND VECTORS IN CORN AU - VANGESSEL, MJ AU - COBLE, HD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The number of alighting aphids and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV, johnsongrass-strain) incidence were determined when johnsongrass was controlled with nicosulfuron or primisulfuron applied at different growth stages of corn. In 1990, more alighting aphids were found in alighting traps in weed-free plots than in weedy plots. Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM) incidence, calculated as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), was more prevalent when either nicosulfuron or primisulfuron was applied at the eighth compared to the fifth leaf collar stage. In 1991, more corn plants were infected with MDMV when johnsongrass remained throughout the season than when it was removed with a postemergence herbicide (.) DA - 1993/6// PY - 1993/6// DO - 10.1094/PD-77-0613 VL - 77 IS - 6 SP - 613-618 SN - 0191-2917 KW - CORN LEAF APHID KW - SENESCENCE KW - SORGHUM-HALEPENSE (L) PERS KW - AND ZEA-MAYS L ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND MOISTURE STRESS ON SEVERITY OF MAIZE-DWARF MOSAIC-VIRUS INFECTION IN CORN SEEDLINGS AU - VANGESSEL, MJ AU - COBLE, HD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The impact of nitrogen and moisture stress on maize dwarf mosaic virus strain A (MDMV-A) in corn (Zea mays) was examined in greenhouse experiment. The factors were MDMV-A, moisture, and nitrogen arranged in a factorial design, with each stress either present or absent. Moisture × nitrogen interaction was significant for number of leaves, plant height, and dry weight. MDMV × moisture was significant for dry weight (.) DA - 1993/5// PY - 1993/5// DO - 10.1094/PD-77-0489 VL - 77 IS - 5 SP - 489-491 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Culturing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) zygotic embryos for transformation via microprojectile bombardment AU - Schnall, J. A. AU - Weissinger, A. K. T2 - Plant Cell Reports DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1007/bf00237426 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 316 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GENETIC-VARIATION FOR QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN SOYBEAN LINES DERIVED FROM TISSUE-CULTURE AU - HAWBAKER, MS AU - FEHR, WR AU - MANSUR, LM AU - SHOEMAKER, RC AU - PALMER, RG T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1993/10// PY - 1993/10// DO - 10.1007/bf00223743 VL - 87 IS - 1-2 SP - 49-53 SN - 0040-5752 KW - TISSUE CULTURE KW - SOMACLONAL VARIATION KW - EMBRYOGENESIS KW - GLYCINE-MAX (L) MERR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ensiling characteristics and utilization of switchgrass preserved as silage AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. AU - Pond, K. R. T2 - Postharvest Biology and Technology AB - Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) harvested at several maturities was readily ensiled when either directly cut and stored at a dry matter (DM) concentration of about 250 g kg−1 or wilted and stored at a DM concentration of about 350 g kg−1. Silage pH ranged from 4.6 to 5.1 for all treatments with acetic and lactic acids predominating. Acetic acid concentrations in the direct cut silage was double the concentrations in the wilted silage while lactic acid concentrations were similar. Forage at ensiling was high in cell walls (694 to 743 g kg−1) and low in crude protein (53 to 63 g kg−1). Silage was stable when either direct cut or wilted and well preserved when air was excluded. Forage artificially-dried (hay) or when ensiled (direct cut or wilted) did not alter DM intake (kg 100−1 kg body weight) which averaged 1.48 for the late boot stage and 1.41 when fully mature. Apparent digestion coefficients for DM and cell wall constituents of fully headed switchgrass showed no difference when preserved as hay or silage. Digestion coefficients from wilted silage were lower, however, than from direct cut silage for DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. These results indicate that switchgrass can be preserved through fermentation with best results from immediate ensiling and subsequently utilized as silage in animal production systems. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1016/0925-5214(93)90015-u VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 349 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF GROWTH IRRADIANCE ON PLASTOCYANIN LEVELS IN BARLEY AU - BURKEY, KO T2 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH DA - 1993/5// PY - 1993/5// DO - 10.1007/BF00016275 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 103-110 SN - 0166-8595 KW - CHLOROPLAST KW - LIGHT ENVIRONMENT KW - PHOTOSYNTHESIS KW - PLASTOCYANIN KW - P700 ER - TY - JOUR TI - DIVERSITY OF SEED STORAGE PROTEIN-PATTERNS IN WILD PEANUT (ARACHIS, FABACEAE) SPECIES AU - BIANCHIHALL, CM AU - KEYS, RD AU - STALKER, HT AU - MURPHY, JP T2 - PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1007/BF00937710 VL - 186 IS - 1-2 SP - 1-15 SN - 0378-2697 KW - FABACEAE, ARACHIS, ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA KW - SEED STORAGE PROTEINS, SYSTEMATICS ER - TY - JOUR TI - SELECTION AMONG S(1) FAMILIES VS SELFED HALF-SIB OR FULL-SIB FAMILIES IN AUTOGAMOUS CROPS AU - BURTON, JW AU - CARVER, BF T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - In autogamous craps, half‐ and full‐sib families are rautinely generated in various systems of intermating. Usually, these families have not been used as units of selection, due to low expected gains relative to other selection units (e.g., S 1 families). The use of selfed half‐ (SHS) or full‐sib (SFS) families, and differences in phenotypic variance between these and S 1 families, might reduce the difference in expected gains between the selection methods. Our primary objective was to predict the expected gain fram selection on each family unit, based on a genetic model with additive and homozygous dominance effects. A second objective was to empirically estimate phenotypic variances among SHS, SFS, and S 1 families derived fram random‐mating populations of wheat ( Triticum aestirum L.) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and use those estimates to compare expected gains. Estimates of phenotypic variance for yield of SFS wheat families (O 2 S FS ) were small compared with estimates for S 1 families (O 2 S 1 ) due to smaller error variances. Phenotypic variances of SHS soybean families (O 2 S HS ) tended to be smaller than those of S 1 families for seed yield and size but not for seed pratein and oil concentrations. As with the wheat populations, error variances tended to be smaller for SHS families. The expected relative efficiencies of S 1 family selection vs. SFS or SHS family selection are 1.14 (σ SFS /σ S1 ) in wheat and 2.29 (σ SHS /σ S1 ) soybean. Substituting phenotypic standard deviations into each formula resulted in no consistent advantage to using S 1 family selection with the exception of seed pratein and oil in soybean. In conclusion, election among SHS or SFS families should be of greatest benefit for productivity traits that require larger seed quantifies for testing. These selection units allow larger plot sizes and/or increased replications, thereby impraving the precision of entry‐mcan estimates and reducing phenotypic variance. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300010002x VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 21-28 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining ability for large pod and seed traits in peanut AU - Anderson, W. F. AU - Fitzner, M. S. AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Wynne, J. C. AU - Phillips, T. D. T2 - Peanut Science AB - Abstract Recently, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) industry has expressed a greater need for higher percentages of fancy pods and extra large kernels (ELK), especially for use in large-seeded in-shell products. Genetic control of these traits has been reported to range in complexity from simple inheritance to the inclusion of multiple modifier genes. This study was conducted to determine the general combining ability (GCA) effects of 50 peanut genotypes on pod and seed size. Each genotype was used five times as a female parent and five times as a male parent in a partial diallel crossing program. F1 hybrids were grown and their pods were harvested for measurements of pod and seed size. The F2 generation was planted the following year and similar measurements were recorded using the single pod descent procedure. Individual F2 plants were harvested and pod and seed characteristics measured for segregation information within four crosses. General combining ability effects were not well correlated between generations (r=0.53-0.56) or with the same traits measured on pure-line parents (r=0.32-0.42). PI 298845, PI 314897, PI 325079, Jenkins Jumbo, and Fla 393-8-1-1-1-1-1-2 had consistently large positive GCA effects on pod and seed weight. F2 segregation patterns indicated that some crosses exhibit predominantly additive gene action while one cross (PI 270818 / PI 269111) showed dominance toward smaller pods. Transgressive segregation occurred for pod and seed size traits in four crosses. Substantial genetic variability for pod and seed size remains in the peanut germplasm collection. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.3146/i0095-3679-20-1-13 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CORN ROOT DRY-MATTER AND NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY SAMPLING MULTIPLE SOIL CORES AROUND INDIVIDUAL PLANTS AU - CROZIER, CR AU - KING, LD T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Abstract Although models of nitrogen (N) flow in agroecosystems describe total plant N uptake, only limited data on roots exists. Underground dry matter and N distribution patterns in corn (Zea mays L.) were determined by isolating root segments from soil cores collected around plants at anthesis from a Typic Kanhapludult. Samples were collected from two treatments: no‐till with 70 kg N/ha and conventional tillage and planting with crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) as a N source. Seven soil cores (4.2 cm diameter) per plant were taken to recover roots in the 0‐ to 15‐cm and 15‐ to 30‐cm depth intervals. Sampling positions were at the base of the plant and at distances (perpendicular to the row) of 6, 16, and 27 cm into the trafficked interrow, and 11, 22, and 32 cm into the untrafficked interrow. Underground shoot and root segments were isolated from soil cores by hydropneumatic elutriation. Root distribution patterns in the no‐till treatment were similar in trafficked and untrafficked interrows, but more roots were detected in the untrafficked interrows than in the trafficked interrows in the tillage treatment. Averaged over treatments, 85 % of the root weight and 81% of the root N were in the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth interval. The root: shoot dry matter ratio was 0.27:1 and the root: shoot N content ratio was 0.20:1. Carbon: nitrogen (C:N) ratios were higher in underground shoot (118:1) and coarse root fragments (78:1) than in aboveground shoot (42:1) or fine root fragments (33:1). DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1080/00103629309368865 VL - 24 IS - 11-12 SP - 1127-1138 SN - 0010-3624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CROP PERFORMANCE TRIALS UNDER IRRIGATED AND DRYLAND CONDITIONS AU - BOWMAN, D AU - RAYMER, P AU - DOMBEK, D T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] performance trials are sometimes conducted under both irrigated and dryland conditions in the southeastern USA. It is not known whether irrigated trials are better trials statistically or if irrigation causes relative rank changes in hybrid or cultivar performance. To answer these questions, corn data were examined from four different environments and three maturity groups, and soybean data were examined from five different environments and three maturity groups between 1987 and 1990. Water management × hybrid/cultivar interactions were evident in 8 of 12 corn data sets and 7 of 16 soybean data sets. Combining data across years eliminated the water management × hybrid/cultivar interactions in all soybean data sets and five of nine corn data sets. Irrigated corn trials produced year × hybrid interactions in seven of nine data sets while dryland trials produced year × hybrid interactions in four of nine data sets. Irrigated trials were only slightly better than dryland trials in accounting for variation; i.e., larger r 2 values but produced smaller error variances in four of 12 data sets of corn. Irrigated trials separated entries better in nearly half of the soybean data sets. The data suggested that irrigated trials were not statistically better trials than dryland trials in all situations. Water management × hybrid/ cultivar interactions suggest that data for irrigated and dryland trials should be reported separately, and the year × hybrid/cultivar interactions indicated that multi‐year data should be examined during hybrid/ cultivar selection. Error variances, F probability values, and r 2 values should be examined to determine level of precision when comparing trials of equal composition. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030017x VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 610-614 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Symbiotic dinitrogen fixation and host-plant growth during development of and recovery from phosphorus deficiency AU - Israel, D. W. T2 - Physiologia Plantarum DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1993.880213.x VL - 88 IS - 2 SP - 294 ER - TY - JOUR TI - INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO SEED DETERIORATION IN COTTON AU - FURBECK, SM AU - BOURLAND, FM AU - WATSON, CE T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1007/BF00022366 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 203-209 SN - 1573-5060 KW - COTTON KW - SEED GERMINATION KW - GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM KW - INHERITANCE KW - SEED DETERIORATION KW - IMBIBITION KW - VIGOR ER - TY - JOUR TI - INHERITANCE OF PARTIAL RESISTANCE TO TOBACCO ETCH VIRUS AND TOBACCO VEIN MOTTLING VIRUS IN BURLEY TOBACCO CULTIVAR SOTA-6505 AU - FISCHER, DB AU - RUFTY, RC T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Tobacco etch virus (TEV) and tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) are serious diseases of burley tobacco and are controlled most effectively by use of resistant cultivars. The inheritance of resistance to TEV and TVMV in the burley tobacco cultivar Sota 6505 and allelism with other sources of potyvirus resistance were evaluated. Crosses were made between Sota 6505 and two susceptible burley tobacco cultivars, Ky 14 and Va 528 DA - 1993/7// PY - 1993/7// DO - 10.1094/PD-77-0662 VL - 77 IS - 7 SP - 662-666 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - PAT TI - Automated apparatus for removing transplant size seedlings AU - Long, R. C. C2 - 1993/// DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterned secondary wall assembly in tracheary elements occurs in a self-perpetuating cascade AU - Taylor, J. G. AU - Haigler, Candace H. T2 - Acta Botanica Neerlandica AB - The behaviours are presented of newly-synthesized xylan and putative glycine-rich protein during patterned secondary cell-wall biogenesis in drug-treated tracheary elements (TEs) differentiating in culture from isolated mesophyll cells of Zinnia elegans. The normal secondary wall thickenings contain cellulose, xylan, and lignin, and the results reported here suggest that they also contain glycine-rich protein (GRP). However, qualifications to this definitive interpretation are discussed. The specific cellulose synthesis inhibitors, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and isoxaben, were applied near the onset of differentiation. When they were fully effective in inhibiting deposition of detectable cellulose in the thickenings, no labelling of the thickenings was observed with probes for xylan (xylanase and an antibody to xylose) or GRP (an antibody). When the drugs were partially effective, a small amount of detectable cellulose was still deposited in the thickenings. In such TEs, patches of xylan and GRP were observed between thickenings, suggesting that these components were exocytosed but not able to localize at the altered thickenings. A model for cell-wall assembly is presented in which some molecules themselves are able to mediate the patterning of others, so that patterned secondary cell-wall assembly partly occurs by a self-perpetuating cascade. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00692.x VL - 42 SP - 153–163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cool temperature effects on cotton fiber initiation and elongation clarified using in vitro cultures AU - Xie, W. AU - Trolinder, N. L. AU - Haigler, Candace H. T2 - Crop Science AB - An understanding of the mechanistic basis of adverse environmental effects on cotton fiber development is a prerequisite to future improvement through genetic engineering and aids in field management to minimize such adverse effects. In order to clarify previous results from field studies on the effects of cool temperatures on initiation, early elongation, and later elongation of cotton fibers, cotton ovules ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultured in vitro were used as a manipulable and reproducible experimental system based on previous evidence that they provide a valid model. Culture temperature varied from a control of 34 °C constant to 34/15 °C cycling (12/12 h) to mimic a typical diurnal temperature cycle. Fiber initiation and early elongation were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and the progress of later elongation was determined by ruler measurements. The results demonstrated that fiber initiation and early elongation (up to about 0.5‐mm length) were independently delayed by cycling cool temperatures, but that later elongation preceded in a temperature‐independent manner. The early delay in fiber development caused by cycling cool temperatures was associated with a longer elongation period during which fibers could attain the control length. Therefore, the results suggest that there are three stages of fiber elongation as distinguished by different temperature responses: initiation, early elongation, and later elongation to attain the genetically determined potential. Consequently, the field temperature during fiber initiation and early elongation may have a profound effect on the final fiber length attained in a limited growing season. DA - 1993/// PY - 1993/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300060029x VL - 33 SP - 1258–1264 ER -