TY - RPRT TI - Light intensity and duration influences growth parameters of dwarf-type bermudagrasses AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Edenfield, J.T. A3 - Australian Sports Turf Managers Association DA - 2002/12/27/ PY - 2002/12/27/ PB - Australian Sports Turf Managers Association ER - TY - RPRT TI - Climate-Based Management of Landscape Turf AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Park-Brown, S. AU - Stiles, C. AU - Dukes, M. AU - Royce, F. AU - Jones, J.W. AU - Zaueta, F.S. AU - Zierden, D. A3 - EDIS DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 7 M1 - AE 201 M3 - University of Florida Extension Service PB - EDIS SN - AE 201 ER - TY - BLOG TI - Fertigation offers ease and efficiency AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Grounds Maintenance DA - 2002/12/27/ PY - 2002/12/27/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20040304011959/http://grounds-mag.com/ar/grounds_maintenance_fertigation_offers_ease/index.htm ER - TY - RPRT TI - Florida Department of Transportation Specifications for Composted Materials AU - Kidder, G. AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Horhota, D.J. A3 - EDIS DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// M1 - SL 139 PB - EDIS SN - SL 139 ER - TY - CONF TI - Renovation and Rebuilding Athletic Fields AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - State Association Meeting – FTGA C2 - 2002/8/17/ CY - Tampa, FL DA - 2002/8/17/ PY - 2002/8/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Why Athletic Fields Sometimes Fail AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - State Association Meeting – FTGA C2 - 2002/8/17/ CY - Tampa, FL DA - 2002/8/17/ PY - 2002/8/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Soils: The Base for Successful Sports Fields AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - National Recreation and Parks Association C2 - 2002/10/17/ CY - Tampa, FL DA - 2002/10/17/ PY - 2002/10/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Soils: The Base for Successful Sports Fields AU - Miller, Grady L. DA - 2002/10/17/ PY - 2002/10/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Turf Field Design AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - State Sports Turf Association Meeting C2 - 2002/6/25/ CY - Knoxville, TN. DA - 2002/6/25/ PY - 2002/6/25/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Research Facilities for SERA-IEG-25 schools. AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - Annual Southern Region Extension and Research Association C2 - 2002/6/3/ CY - Auburn, AL. DA - 2002/6/3/ PY - 2002/6/3/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Problems with Athletic Fields. AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - State Sports Turf Association Meeting C2 - 2002/6/25/ CY - Knoxville, TN DA - 2002/6/25/ PY - 2002/6/25/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Soil and Nutrient Management of Sports Fields. AU - Miller, Grady L. DA - 2002/8/27/ PY - 2002/8/27/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Herbicide Evaluations for Golf Course Renovation AU - Teuton, T. AU - Weinbrecht, J.S. AU - Unruh, J.B. AU - Brecke, B. AU - Miller, G.L. AU - McDonald, G. T2 - 25th Annual Florida Weed Science Society C2 - 2002/// CY - Apopka, FL DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Maintaining Urban Turf AU - Miller, Grady L. DA - 2002/2/12/ PY - 2002/2/12/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Turf Research Update AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - North Florida Superintendent's Meeting C2 - 2002/7/29/ CY - Jacksonville, FL. DA - 2002/7/29/ PY - 2002/7/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer: Part 2. AU - Miller, Grady L. AU - Rieke, Paul DA - 2002/2/5/ PY - 2002/2/5/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Managing Baseball Turf AU - Miller, Grady L. DA - 2002/12/3/ PY - 2002/12/3/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers: Part 1 AU - Miller, Grady L. AU - Rieke, Paul DA - 2002/2/4/ PY - 2002/2/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers: Part 1 AU - Miller, Grady L. AU - Rieke, Paul T2 - Golf Course Superintendent's Association Meeting C2 - 2002/2/4/ CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2002/2/4/ PY - 2002/2/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Baseball and Softball Field Management AU - Miller, Grady L. DA - 2002/5/23/ PY - 2002/5/23/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Managing Baseball Turf AU - Miller, Grady L. DA - 2002/1/29/ PY - 2002/1/29/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Residential Irrigation Uniformity and Efficiency in Florida AU - Dukes, M.D. AU - Baum, M.C. AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - ASAE annual meeting C2 - 2002/7/28/ CY - Chicago, IL DA - 2002/7/28/ PY - 2002/7/28/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer: Part 2 AU - Miller, Grady L. AU - Rieke, P.E. T2 - Golf Course Superintendent's Association Meeting C2 - 2002/2/14/ CY - Atlanta, GA DA - 2002/2/14/ PY - 2002/2/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sports and Turf AU - Miller, Grady L. DA - 2002/2/13/ PY - 2002/2/13/ M3 - Survey Course ER - TY - RPRT TI - Residential irrigation uniformity and efficiency in Florida AU - Baum, M.C. AU - Dukes, M.D. AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - American Society of Agricultural Engineers DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - 02-2246 M3 - ASAE paper PB - American Society of Agricultural Engineers SN - 02-2246 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Dwarf-Type Bermudagrass in the Shade AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Tee to Green DA - 2002/6/16/ PY - 2002/6/16/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - The proof is in the plant food AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Brown, E.A. T2 - TurfNotes DA - 2002/12/27/ PY - 2002/12/27/ UR - https://web.archive.org/web/20030721012127/http://www.turfnotes.com/articles/1101plantfood.shtml ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crumb rubber, porous ceramic, and sand topdressing on turf subjected to golf car traffic AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Weinbrecht, J.S. AU - Morgan, M. T2 - Golf Course Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 66 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Managing Bermudagrass Turf: Selection, Construction, Cultural Practices, and Pest Management AU - McCarty, L.B. AU - Miller, G.L. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 221 PB - Ann Arbor Press SN - 9781575041636 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Light intensity and duration influence growth of ultradwarf bermudagrasses AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Edenfield, J.T. T2 - Golf Course Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 70 IS - 9 SP - 111–113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Do You Do...? AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Sports Turf Manager DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Light intensity and duration influences growth parameters of dwarf-type bermudagrass AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Edenfield, J.T. T2 - Australian Turfgrass Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 34–37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Designing a field over a landfill AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media DA - 2002/12/27/ PY - 2002/12/27/ PB - Green Media ER - TY - RPRT TI - Cutting heights AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media DA - 2002/11/27/ PY - 2002/11/27/ PB - Green Media ER - TY - RPRT TI - Scheduling irrigation AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media DA - 2002/11/27/ PY - 2002/11/27/ PB - Green Media ER - TY - RPRT TI - Chemical removal of ryegrass AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media DA - 2002/12/27/ PY - 2002/12/27/ PB - Green Media ER - TY - RPRT TI - Field slopes AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media DA - 2002/11/27/ PY - 2002/11/27/ PB - Green Media ER - TY - RPRT TI - Physics and soccer field evaluation AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - Green Media DA - 2002/12/27/ PY - 2002/12/27/ PB - Green Media ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meet the next generation of UF turf researchers AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 38–39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How to get the most out of fertigation AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Brown, E.A. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 36-38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating P, K, Ca, and Mg using NIRS AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Weinbrecht, J.S. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 34-35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnosis and control of Pythium diseases of turf in Florida AU - Stiles, C.M. AU - Datnoff, L.E. AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 19–20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Getting ready to build an athletic field AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 41-42 ER - TY - JOUR TI - UF Turf Club attends GCSAA show, works TPC AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can you kill the overseed by cooking it? AU - Harrell, M.S. AU - Edenfield, J.T. AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 21-23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Study examines influence of light on dwarf bermudagrass AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Nagata, R.T. AU - Edenfield, J.T. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 53 ER - TY - CONF TI - Why Athletic Fields Fail AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - Annual State Turfgrass Conference C2 - 2002/10/14/ CY - Columbus, MS DA - 2002/10/14/ PY - 2002/10/14/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Soil Amendments in Golf Green Construction AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - Annual State Turfgrass Conference C2 - 2002/10/14/ CY - Columbus, MS DA - 2002/10/14/ PY - 2002/10/14/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Managing Southern Athletic Turf AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - Annual Sports Turf Conference C2 - 2002/1/16/ CY - Las Vegas, NV DA - 2002/1/16/ PY - 2002/1/16/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Sports Turf Issues AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - Southeastern Conference Meeting C2 - 2002/6/28/ CY - Lexington, KY DA - 2002/6/28/ PY - 2002/6/28/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physics and soccer field evaluation AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 18 IS - 9 SP - 54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical removal of ryegrass AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cutting heights AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Designing a field over a landfill AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scheduling irrigation AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 58 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field Slopes AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 66 UR - http://www.greenmediaonline.com/st/2002/0203/0203qa.asp ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding perennial grain crops AU - Cox, T.S. AU - Bender, M. AU - Picone, C. AU - Van Tassel, D.L. AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Brummer, E.C. AU - Zoeller, B.E. AU - Paterson, A.H. AU - Jackson, W. T2 - Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 59-91 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036216289&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Effect of forced convection on soil water content measurement with the dual-probe heat-pulse method AU - Kluitenberg, Gerard J. AU - Heitman, Joshua L. T2 - Environmental Mechanics: Water, Mass and Energy Transfer in the Biosphere AB - This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse Method Heat Transfer Models Error Analysis Methodology Error Analysis Results Summary and Conclusions PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1029/129gm23 SP - 275-283 OP - PB - American Geophysical Union SN - 0875909884 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/129gm23 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sulfate reduction in Louisiana marsh soils of varying salinities AU - DeLaune, Ronald D. AU - Devai, Istvan AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - Kelle, Peter T2 - Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis AB - Potential sulfate reduction and in situ hydrogen sulfide emission rates for three Louisiana marsh soils of varying salinities (salt, brackish, and freshwater) were used to evaluate the influence of soil physicochemical parameters on sulfur transformations in different seasons (summer, winter, and spring). Solid adsorbent preconcentration and emission flux chambers were used in field experiments to measure hydrogen sulfide emissions. Soil redox potential (Eh) was measured at depths between 5 and 50 cm. Duplicate soil cores were obtained and sectioned for laboratory analysis. The fresh and brackish marsh soils were composed predominantly of organic matter, while the salt marsh soils were composed of predominantly minerals. Fresh marsh soils were generally the most oxidized and salt marsh soils the most reduced. In situ hydrogen sulfide emissions, but not potential sulfate reduction rates, were highest for the brackish marsh. Potential sulfate reduction assays may have overestimated in-situ rates, particularly for the more oxidized fresh marsh. Sulfate turnover times were longer in the salt marsh (approximately 40 days) than in either the fresh or the brackish marshes (3–8 days). Tidal action replenishes sulfate less frequently in the fresh and brackish marshes, thus sulfate depletions are more likely. The lowest potential sulfate reduction rates for all marshes occurred in winter. This was attributed to lower temperature and decreased soil sulfate content. DA - 2002/1/30/ PY - 2002/1/30/ DO - 10.1081/CSS-120002379 VL - 33 IS - 1-2 SP - 79-94 J2 - Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis LA - en OP - SN - 0010-3624 1532-2416 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120002379 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bermudagrass Establishment on High Sand-content Soils Using Various N-P-K Ratios AU - Rodriguez, Ian R. AU - Miller, Grady L. AU - McCarty, L.B. T2 - HortScience AB - For drainage, turfgrass is often established on sand-based soils, which are typically nutrient-deficient and require supplemental fertilization. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum N-P-K fertilizer ratio for establishing bermudagrass from sprigs in sand. `FloraDwarf' and `Tifdwarf' bermudagrasses [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burt-Davy] were sprigged on a United States Golf Association (USGA) green [85 sand: 15 peat (v/v)] in Aug. 1996 at the Univ. of Florida's Envirogreen in Gainesville, Fla. `TifEagle' bermudagrass was sprigged on a USGA green [85 sand: 15 peat (v/v)] and `Tifway' bermudagrass [ C. dactylon (L.) Pers.] was sprigged on native soil at Clemson Univ. in Clemson, S.C. in May 1999. Treatments consisted of fertilizer ratios of 1N-0P-0.8K, 1N-0P-1.7K, 1N-0.4P-0.8K, 1N-0.9P-0.8K, and 1N-1.3P-0.8K applied based on a N rate of 49 kg·ha -1 /week for 7 weeks. Growth differences were apparent among cultivars. A 1N-0P-0.8K or 1N-0P-1.7K ratio is insufficient for optimum growth of bermudagrass during establishment, even when planted on a soil high in P. Increased coverage rate with additional P was optimized at a ratio of 1N-0.4P at all four sites. Increased coverage with P was greatest on the sand-based greens, probably due to the very low initial P levels of the soils. On two of the sand-based greens, P in excess of a 1N-0.4P ratio decreased coverage rate. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.21273/hortsci.37.1.208 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 208-209 OP - SN - 0018-5345 2327-9834 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.1.208 DB - Crossref KW - Cynodon dactylon KW - Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis KW - 'FloraDwarf' KW - 'Tifdwarf' KW - 'Tifway' KW - 'TifEagle' KW - gold greens KW - golf courses KW - sports fields KW - athletic fields KW - grow-in ER - TY - SOUND TI - Taxonomic relationships among peanut wild species as revealed by AFLP markers AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Tallury, S.P. AU - Stalker, H.T. AU - Isleib, T.G. DA - 2002/11/10/ PY - 2002/11/10/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding value for tomato spotted wilt virus incidence in virginia-type peanuts AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Isleib, T.G. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2002/// VL - 34 SP - 37 ER - TY - CONF TI - Spatial associations of soil chemical properties with soil map units in a coastal plain field AU - Li, H. AU - White, J.G. AU - Crozier, C.R. AU - R.Weisz, R.Heiniger AU - Crouse, D.A. A2 - Robert, P.C. C3 - Proc. Int. Conf. on Precision Agric. and other Precision Natural Resource Management, 6th, Bloomington, MN SP - 14 PB - ASA/SSSA/CSSA ER - TY - CONF TI - Aerial color infrared photography for determining in-season nitrogen requirements for corn AU - Sripada, R.P. AU - Heiniger, R.W. AU - White, J.G. AU - Burleson, J.M. AU - Crozier, C.R. AU - Weisz, R. A2 - Robert, P.C. C3 - Proc. Int. Conf. on Precision Agric. and other Precision Natural Resource Management, 6th, Bloomington, MN PB - ASA/SSSA/CSSA ER - TY - CHAP TI - Golden rice AU - Hessler, K. AU - Whetten, R. AU - Loopstra, C. AU - Penner, K. P. AU - Shriver, S. AU - Zeigler, R. AU - Fletcher, J. AU - Torrie, M. AU - Comstock, G. L. T2 - Life science ethics PY - 2002/// SP - 307-368 PB - Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press SN - 081382835X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolutionary genomics of maize AU - Buckler, E. AU - Doebley, J. AU - Gaut, B. AU - Goodman, M. AU - Kresovich, S. AU - Muse, S. AU - Weir, B. T2 - Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// IS - 76 SP - 86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracking nitrogen loading reductions from agricultural sources: NLEW AU - Osmond, D. L. AU - Ranells, N. N. AU - Hodges, S. C. AU - Hansard, R. AU - Xu, L. AU - Jones, T. E. AU - Pratt, S. H. T2 - Climate variability and change : hydrological impacts DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seeing is believing: The role of field days and tours in precision agriculture education AU - Heiniger, R. W. AU - Havlin, J. L. AU - Crouse, D. A. AU - Kvien, C. AU - T., Knowles. T2 - Precision Agriculture DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 309 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Farm economics to support the design of cost-effective Best Management Practice (BMP) programs to improve water quality: Nitrogen control in the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina AU - Wossink, G. A. A. AU - Osmond, D. L. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 213 ER - TY - PAT TI - Transgenic cotton plants with altered fiber characteristics transformed with a sucrose phosphate synthase nucleic acid AU - Haigler, C. H. AU - Holaday, A. S. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The regulation of metabolic flux to cellulose, a major sink for carbon in plants AU - Delmer, DP AU - Haigler, CH T2 - METABOLIC ENGINEERING AB - Cellulose is an important component of the cell walls of higher plants and the world's most abundant organic compound. As a major sink for carbon on earth, it is of interest to examine possible means by which the quality or quantity of cellulose deposited in various plant parts might be manipulated by metabolic engineering techniques. This review outlines basic knowledge about the genes and proteins that are involved in cellulose biosynthesis and presents a model that summarizes our current thinking on the overall cellulose biosynthesis pathway. Strategies that might be used for altering the flux of carbon into this pathway are discussed. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1006/mben.2001.0206 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 22-28 SN - 1096-7176 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determining critical pre- and post-anthesis periods and physiological processes in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. exposed to moderately elevated temperatures AU - Sato, S AU - Peet, MM AU - Thomas, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - To determine the thermosensitive periods and physiological processes in tomato flowers exposed to moderately elevated temperatures, tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. NC 8288) were grown at 28/22 degrees C or 32/26 degrees C day/night temperature regimes and then transferred to the opposite regime for 0-15 d before or 0-24 h after anthesis. For plants initially grown at 28/22 degrees C, moderate temperature stress before anthesis decreased the percentage of fruit set per plant, but did not clarify the thermosensitive period. The same level of stress did not significantly reduce fruit set when applied immediately after anthesis. For plants initially grown at 32/26 degrees C, fruit set was completely prevented unless a relief period of more than 5 d was provided before anthesis. The same level of stress relief for 3-24 h after anthesis also increased fruit set. Plants were most sensitive to 32/26 degrees C temperatures 7-15 d before anthesis. Microscopic investigation of anthers in plants grown continuously at high temperature indicated disruption of development in the pollen, endothecium, epidermis, and stomium. This disruption was reduced, but still observable in plants relieved from high temperature for 10 d before anthesis. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1093/jexbot/53.371.1187 VL - 53 IS - 371 SP - 1187-1195 SN - 0022-0957 KW - anther KW - fruit set KW - global warming KW - heat tolerance KW - male reproductive structures KW - microsporogenesis KW - pollen temperature-sensitive period KW - thermotolerance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Commelina benghalensis (Commelinaceae) new to North Carolina and an updated key to Carolina congeners AU - Krings, A. AU - Burton, M. G. AU - York, A. C. T2 - SIDA, Contributions To Botany DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 419-422 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metabolic enzymes as targets for 14-3-3 proteins AU - Huber, SC AU - MacKintosh, C AU - Kaiser, WM T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1023/A:1021284002779 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 1053-1063 SN - 1573-5028 KW - 14-3-3-affinity chromatography KW - divalent cations KW - glutamine synthetase KW - NADH : nitrate reductase KW - polyamines KW - proteolytic degradation KW - sucrose-phosphate synthase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and yield responses of snap bean to mixtures of carbon dioxide and ozone AU - Heagle, AS AU - Miller, JE AU - Burkey, KO AU - Eason, G AU - Pursley, WA T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Elevated CO2 concentrations expected in the 21st century can stimulate plant growth and yield, whereas tropospheric O3 suppresses plant growth and yield in many areas of the world. Recent experiments showed that elevated CO2 often protects plants from O3 stress, but this has not been tested for many important crop species including snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objective of this study was to determine if elevated CO2 protects snap bean from O3 stress. An O3-tolerant cultivar (Tenderette) and an O3-sensitive selection (S156) were exposed from shortly after emergence to maturity to mixtures of CO2 and O3 in open-top field chambers. The two CO2 treatments were ambient and ambient with CO2 added for 24 h d(-1) resulting in seasonal 12 h d(-1) (0800-2000 h EST) mean concentrations of 366 and 697 microL L(-1), respectively. The two O3 treatments were charcoal-filtered air and nonfiltered air with O3 added for 12 h d(-1) to achieve seasonal 12 h d(-1) (0800-2000 h EST) mean concentrations of 23 and 72 nL L(-1), respectively. Elevated CO2 significantly stimulated growth and pod weight of Tenderette and S156, whereas elevated O3 significantly suppressed growth and pod weight of S156 but not of Tenderette. The suppressive effect of elevated O3 on pod dry weight of S156 was approximately 75% at ambient CO2 and approximately 60% at elevated CO2 (harvests combined). This amount of protection from O3 stress afforded by elevated CO2 was much less than reported for other crop species. Extreme sensitivity to O3 may be the reason elevated CO2 failed to significantly protect S156 from O3 stress. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2002.2008 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 2008-2014 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield and economic return of ten peanut-based cropping systems AU - Jordan, DL AU - Bailey, JE AU - Barnes, JS AU - Bogle, CR AU - Bullen, SG AU - Brown, AB AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Dunphy, EJ AU - Johnson, PD T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Research was conducted in North Carolina at two locations from 1997 through 2000 to determine net returns of 10 cropping systems during a 4‐yr cropping cycle that included peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and corn ( Zea mays L.). Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum ] (CBR) increased when soybean was included in the rotation sequence or when peanut was grown continuously. The CBR‐resistant cultivar NC 12C increased yield compared with the susceptible cultivar NC 7 when this disease was present. Cotton was a better rotation crop than corn at one of two locations with respect to peanut yield and gross economic value in the final year of the study. Net returns were substantially lower when peanut was marketed for export in the current federal program rather than at the quota price. However, the profitability ranking among cropping systems changed little regardless of marketing system. Crop yield and net return were influenced by crop selection, weather conditions, and commodity prices during the 4 yr. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2002.1289 VL - 94 IS - 6 SP - 1289-1294 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recurrent selection for broad adaptation affects stability of oat AU - Holland, JB AU - Bjornstad, A AU - Frey, KJ AU - Gullord, M AU - Wesenberg, DM T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1016394208780 VL - 126 IS - 2 SP - 265-274 SN - 0014-2336 KW - Avena KW - correlated response to selection KW - genotype-by-environment interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological and morphological response of glyphosate-resistant and non-glyphosate-resistant cotton seedlings to root-absorbed glyphosate AU - Pline, WA AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Wells, R T2 - PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB - The level of tolerance in herbicide-resistant plants may vary among different tissues or growth stages. Studies were conducted to determine relative tissue sensitivity in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR cotton seedlings to the herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate is often applied as a pre-plant treatment (burndown) in minimal tillage cotton production systems to remove any unwanted, emerged vegetation. Timing of these glyphosate applications may be in close proximity to the time of planting and seedling emergence. As glyphosate leaches from roots of nearby senescing weeds, it may be absorbed into the roots of cotton seedlings. Therefore, cotton seedlings were grown in hydroponic solutions containing technical grade glyphosate to ensure constant exposure to glyphosate. In all tissues, GR cotton required a greater concentration of glyphosate to reach 50% fresh weight reduction than non-GR cotton. Glyphosate inhibited the growth of non-GR cotton cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots 50% at concentrations of 23, 69, and 27μM glyphosate, respectively. In contrast, growth of GR cotton cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots was inhibited by 50% at 3.5-, 8-, and 5-fold greater glyphosate concentrations, respectively, than non-GR cotton tissues. Correspondingly, shikimic acid, an intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway, which accumulates upon 5-enolpyruvyl 3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase) inhibition, reached levels of 17.3, 21.6, and 8.8μMg−1 fresh weight at 1 mM glyphosate in non-GR cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots, respectively. In contrast, shikimic acid levels in GR cotton were 4.2, 14.0, and 8.2μMg−1 fresh weight at 1 mM glyphosate for cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots, respectively. Thus, roots of GR and non-GR cotton accumulate similar amounts of shikimic acid, whereas GR cotyledons and hypocotyls accumulated less shikimic acid than the corresponding non-GR tissues in response to glyphosate treatments. Additionally, glyphosate inhibited the development of lateral roots at concentrations of 0.01 or 0.1μM glyphosate greater, in GR and non-GR cotton, respectively. Lateral roots of GR and non-GR cotton inhibited by glyphosate appeared shorter and were surrounded by a thick layer of necrotic cells or root exudate which was not present in roots from plants grown in media not containing glyphosate. The quantity of GR CP4-EPSP synthase was 4.7 and 6.6 times greater in cotyledons than in hypocotyls and roots, respectively. Tissues from dark-grown GR cotton seedlings contained 1.2–2.1 times less CP4-EPSP synthase than their light-grown counterparts. Because lateral root development was inhibited, fresh weight was reduced, and shikimic acid accumulated following treatment with glyphosate in both GR and non-GR cotton, the potential exists for glyphosate to negatively affect cotton seedling establishment. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1016/S0048-3575(02)00014-7 VL - 73 IS - 1 SP - 48-58 SN - 1095-9939 KW - transgenic cotton KW - shikimic acid KW - seedling KW - EPSPS KW - CP4-EPSPS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dinitroaniline resistant annual bluegrass in North Carolina AU - Isgrigg, J AU - Yelverton, FH AU - Brownie, C AU - Warren, LS T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Annual bluegrass control was reduced following 7 yr of continuous fall application of dinitroaniline (DNA) herbicides. Annual bluegrass control was < 40% on two fairways in year eight following prodiamine applied at 1.1 kg ai ha−1. In dose–response studies conducted in growth chambers, this annual bluegrass population exhibited 105-fold resistance in shoot growth to prodiamine compared with a known susceptible population. A 6.4-fold resistance to prodiamine was found when comparing annual bluegrass root growth to the known susceptible biotype. Spring-applied oxadiazon did not affect shoot or root growth between annual bluegrass biotypes. Equivalent levels of control were attained with pronamide. The presence of DNA-resistant annual bluegrass, in addition to previously confirmed triazine-resistant biotypes on North Carolina golf courses, indicates a need for resistance management strategies to be integrated into golf turf management practices. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0086:DRABIN]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 86-90 SN - 1550-2759 KW - herbicide resistance KW - dinitroaniline resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management with CGA-362622, fluometuron, and prometryn in cotton AU - Porterfield, D AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Askew, SD T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - An experiment conducted at five locations in North Carolina during 1998 and 1999 evaluated weed management systems in cotton with CGA-362622 and pyrithiobac. Weed management systems evaluated different combinations with or without fluometuron preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) CGA-362622 early postemergence (EPOST), postemergence (POST), or EPOST + POST; or pyrithiobac EPOST fb prometryn plus MSMA late postemergence directed (LAYBY) or no LAYBY treatment. The weed species evaluated include common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, tall morningglory, and yellow nutsedge. Fluometuron PRE improved the control of all weed species by at least 17 percentage points and increased cotton lint yield compared with the systems that did not use fluometuron PRE. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved the control of all weed species and increased lint yield compared with the systems that did not use prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY when PRE or POST herbicides were used. Control with CGA-362622 at all application timings was greater than 70% for all weed species evaluated (common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, sicklepod, tall morningglory, and yellow nutsedge), except prickly sida. Control of all three morningglory species and prickly sida was at least 70% with pyrithiobac, whereas control of common ragweed, sicklepod, and yellow nutsedge was lower. The only cotton that yielded over 800 kg ha−1 was treated with fluometuron PRE fb CGA-362622 EPOST, POST, or EPOST + POST fb prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY. Cotton treated with pyrithiobac EPOST gave yields that were similar to those given by cotton treated with CGA-362622 EPOST in systems with fluometuron PRE and less than those given by cotton treated with CGA-362622 EPOST in systems without fluometuron PRE. Early-season injury with CGA-362622 was greater than 60% at Clayton and Rocky Mount in 1998, whereas 12% or less injury was observed at the other locations. Pyrithiobac resulted in 25 to 45% injury at these two locations. No injury was observed 45 d after treatment. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0642:WMWCFA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 642-647 SN - 0043-1745 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postemergence weed control in soybean (Glycine max) with cloransulam-methyl and diphenyl ether tank-mixtures AU - Pline, WA AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Edmisten, KL T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted in 1995 and 1996 at three locations in North Carolina to evaluate weed control and soybean injury with postemergence (POST) treatments of cloransulam-methyl alone or in tank-mixture with acifluorfen, fomesafen, or lactofen compared with a commercial standard of acifluorfen plus bentazon. Soybean injury was 2 to 3% 7 d after treatment with cloransulam-methyl applied alone and 11 to 46% when applied with fomesafen, lactofen, acifluorfen, or acifluorfen plus bentazon. Cloransulam-methyl applied alone controlled 95% of entireleaf morningglory and ivyleaf morningglory. Control was not increased by the addition of acifluorfen, fomesafen, or lactofen. Cloransulam-methyl improved the control of common lambsquarters to at least 81% compared with dimethenamid applied preemergence alone (69% control). All diphenyl ether herbicide treatments controlled common lambsquarters at least 91%. Prickly sida control by cloransulam-methyl ranged from 14 to 73% 8 wk after treatment. Control of prickly sida was varied by diphenyl ether herbicides (73 to 100% control). Tank-mixtures of cloransulam-methyl fomesafen and cloransulam-methyl acifluorfen increased the control of prickly sida over either herbicide applied alone. Soybean yield was greater for all tank-mixtures than for any diphenyl ether herbicide or for cloransulam-methyl treatment applied alone. But only the acifluorfen cloransulam-methyl treatment had higher economic returns than the cloransulam-methyl treatment alone. All other POST systems, with the exception of lactofen applied alone, had similar economic returns. Tank-mixtures of cloransulam-methyl and diphenyl ether herbicides increased the spectrum of control and soybean yield compared with these herbicides applied alone.Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; cloransulam-methyl; dimethenamid; fomesafen; lactofen; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.Additional index words: Economic analysis, tank-mixtures.Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18); fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; WAT, wk after POST treatment. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0737:PWCISG]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 737-742 SN - 0890-037X KW - economic analysis KW - tank-mixtures ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marker-assisted selection for resistance to black shank disease in tobacco AU - Johnson, ES AU - Wolff, MF AU - Wernsman, EA AU - Rufty, RC T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Bulked segregant (BSA) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to identify markers linked to the dominant black shank resistance gene, Ph, from flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cv. Coker 371-Gold. Sixty RAPD markers, 54 in coupling and 6 in repulsion phase linkage to Ph, were identified in a K 326-derived BC1F1 (K 326-BC1F1) doubled haploid (DH) population. Thirty RAPD markers, 26 in coupling and 4 in repulsion phase linkage to Ph, were used to screen 149 K 326-BC2F1 haploid plants. Complete linkage between the 26 coupling phase markers and Ph was confirmed by screening 149 K 326-BC2F1 DH lines produced from the haploid plants in black shank nurseries. RAPD markers OPZ-5770 in coupling and OPZ-7370 in repulsion phase linkage were used to select plants homozygous for the Ph gene for further backcrossing to the widely grown flue-cured cultivar K 326. Black shank disease nursery evaluation of 11 K 326-BC4S1 lines and their testcross hybrids to a susceptible tester confirmed linkage between Ph and OPZ-5770. The results demonstrated the efficiency of marker-assisted selection for Ph using a RAPD marker linked in coupling and repulsion. Complete linkage between 26 RAPD markers and the Ph gene was confirmed in the K 326-BC5 generation, and RAPD phenotypes were stable across generations and ploidy levels. These RAPD markers are useful in marker-assisted selection for Ph, an important black shank resistance gene in tobacco. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.12.1303 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 1303-1309 SN - 1943-7692 KW - bulked segregant and RAPD analyses KW - disease resistance genes KW - Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flumioxazin systems for weed management in North Carolina peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AU - Burke, IC AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - A study was conducted to evaluate flumioxazin preemergence (PRE) at 71 and 105 g ai/ha, when used with dimethenamid PRE, dimethenamid preplant incorporated (PPI), or ethalfluralin PPI, for crop injury, weed control, and yield. Peanut injury from treatments including flumioxazin 2 wk after soil-applied treatment (WAST) was less than 2% at two locations and 50 to 67% at a third location. Peanut injury increased with flumioxazin rate. Soil-applied treatments that included flumioxazin at either rate controlled common lambsquarters and prickly sida at least 96 and 89%, respectively. Addition of postemergence (POST) herbicides to any soil-applied program controlled prickly sida and ivyleaf morningglory at least 94 and 98%, respectively. Treatments that included ethafluralin or dimethenamid controlled goosegrass at least 82%. With a few exceptions, peanut yields were not improved by use of POST herbicides. Where peanut injury occurred, increased flumioxazin rate resulted in lower peanut yield when averaged over PPI and POST herbicide treatments.Nomenclature: Dimethenamid; ethalfluralin; flumioxazin; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 7’, ‘NC 10C’.Additional index words: Acifluorfen, bentazon, 2,4-DB, imazapic.Abbreviations: fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; WAPT, weeks after POST treatment; WAST, weeks after soil-applied treatment. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0743:FSFWMI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 743-748 SN - 0890-037X KW - acifluorfen KW - bentazon KW - 2,4-DB KW - imazapic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flumioxazin preplant burndown weed management in strip-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) planted into wheat (Triticum aestivum) AU - Price, AJ AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Cranmer, , JR T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted at two locations in North Carolina from 1999 to 2000 to evaluate flumioxazin preplant (PP) for weed management in strip-tillage cotton planted in winter-wheat cover. Flumioxazin PP was evaluated at two rates alone and in mixture with two commonly used PP herbicides and one experimental PP herbicide. Flumioxazin PP at 71 or 105 g ai/ha tank mixed with the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.12 kg ai/ha, paraquat at 1.05 kg ai/ha, or the trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate at 1.12 kg ai/ha controlled common chickweed, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, and smooth pigweed ≥ 96% 29 to 43 d after treatment (DAT). Both glyphosate formulations and paraquat alone provided ≥ 91% control of common chickweed and henbit 29 to 43 DAT, but control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, and smooth pigweed was ≤50%. Treatments including flumioxazin injured cotton (≤ 5%) at one location. In all comparisons within a location, cotton treated with flumioxazin PP at 71 or 105 g/ha in mixture with either glyphosate formulation or with paraquat provided equivalent or higher yields than did cotton not treated with flumioxazin PP.Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; glyphosate; paraquat; common chickweed, Stellaria media L. Vill. #3 STEME; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; henbit, Lamium amplexicaule L. # LAMAM; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri L. # AMAPA; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Paymaster 1218 RRBG’, ‘Paymaster 1220 RRBG’; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.Additional index words: Burndown treatment, cover crops.Abbreviations: COC, crop-oil concentrate; DAT, days after treatment; glyphosate-IP, isopropylamine salt of glyphosate; glyphosate-TM, trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate; PDS, postemergence-directed spray; POST, postemergence; PP, preplant; PRE, preemergence; WAP, weeks after planting. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0762:FPBWMI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 762-767 SN - 1550-2740 KW - burndown treatment KW - cover crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of the high-oleic trait on roasted peanut flavor in backcross-derived breeding lines AU - Pattee, HE AU - Isleib, TG AU - Gorbet, DW AU - Moore, KM AU - Lopez, Y AU - Baring, MR AU - Simpson, CE T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - The high-oleic trait of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been suggested to have a positive impact on the roasted peanut sensory attribute. A series of lines derived by backcrossing the high-oleic trait into several existing cultivars were compared with their parent cultivars at locations in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas. Breeders grew their high-oleic lines and parents in three-replicate tests at one or two locations. The Florida high-oleic line F435-2-3-B-2-1-b4-B-B-3-b3-b3-1-B was grown at each location. The test included normal- and high-oleic variants of F435, GK 7, NC 7, NC 9, Sunrunner, Tamrun 96, and Tamspan 90. Sound-mature kernel samples were roasted, ground into paste, and evaluated by a sensory panel using a 14-point flavor intensity unit (fiu) scale. Background genotype had an effect (P < 0.01) on the heritable sensory attributes roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter. Oleate level had a positive effect on roasted peanut intensity, increasing it by 0.3 fiu averaged across all seven background genotypes. However, the magnitude of improvement varied across background genotypes. The high-oleic trait had no effect or increased the intensity of the roasted peanut attribute in each background genotype. The increase was greatest in Tamrun 96 (+0.6 fiu, P < 0.05) and Spanish genotypes Tamspan 90 (+0.4 fiu, P < 0.05) and F435 (+0.4 fiu, P < 0.10). A change of 0.5 fiu or more should be perceptible to consumers. Interaction between oleate level and background genotype was detected for sweet (P < 0.10) and bitter (P < 0.01) attributes. The trait had an increasing effect on the bitter attribute only in the background genotype of Tamspan 90 (+0.7 fiu, P < 0.01). There was a nonsignificant increase in bitterness in the other Spanish background genotype, F435. Changes in bitterness in runner- and Virginia-type backgrounds were close to zero. Incorporation of the high-oleic trait into peanut cultivars is likely to improve the intensity of the roasted peanut attribute, but it may also increase the bitter attribute in Spanish genotypes. DA - 2002/12/4/ PY - 2002/12/4/ DO - 10.1021/jf025854c VL - 50 IS - 25 SP - 7362-7365 SN - 0021-8561 KW - parentage KW - roasted peanut attribute KW - sweet attribute KW - bitter attribute KW - Arachis hypogaea L KW - genotypes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of high-oleic trait and paste storage variables on sensory attribute stability of roasted peanuts AU - Pattee, HE AU - Isleib, TG AU - Moore, KM AU - Gorbet, DW AU - Giesbrecht, FG T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - There has been much interest in the effect of the high-oleic acid trait of peanuts on various quality factors since discovery of high levels of oleic acid in a peanut mutant genotype. The trait provides greater oxidative stability for the high-oleic oil and seed. Several research groups have investigated high-oleic peanut oil and roasted peanut flavor characteristics, which were similar within high-oleic lines compared to Florunner. It was observed that some high-oleic lines derived from the Sunrunner cultivar have consistently higher predicted breeding values for roasted peanut attribute than Sunrunner itself. This study investigated if this apparent effect of the trait was an artifact arising from the handling procedures during processing and storage or from flavor fade. High-oleic lines used were derived by backcrossing the trait into existing cultivars, and the comparison of sensory attribute intensity was with the recurrent parent used in backcrossing. Previous comparisons have been between lines differing in more than just oleate content, that is, with widely different background genotypes that could contribute to the differences observed. Differential rates of change in sensory attributes were found in different background genotypes, suggesting that the comparison of high- and normal-oleic lines should be made in common background genotypes as well as in common production and postharvest environments. There was no measurable change in roasted peanut attribute in samples stored at −20 °C over the 63 day duration of this experiment. There were changes in roasted peanut in samples stored at 22 °C, confirming that storage at −20 °C is sufficient for large studies that require multiple sensory panel sessions over a period of weeks. Keywords: Parentage; roasted peanut attribute; sweet attribute; bitter attribute; Arachis hypogaea; genotypes DA - 2002/12/4/ PY - 2002/12/4/ DO - 10.1021/jf025853k VL - 50 IS - 25 SP - 7366-7370 SN - 0021-8561 KW - parentage KW - roasted peanut attribute KW - sweet attribute KW - bitter attribute KW - Arachis hypogaea KW - genotypes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clomazone, fomesafen, and bromoxynil systems for bromoxynil-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) AU - Troxler, SC AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Smith, WD AU - Paulsgrove, MD T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide systems in bromoxynil-resistant Stoneville BXN 47 cotton. Herbicide systems that included clomazone preemergence (PRE) controlled broadleaf signalgrass, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and prickly sida greater than 88%. Inconsistent Palmer amaranth control was observed with the addition of fomesafen PRE to clomazone PRE and pendimethalin preplant-incorporated (PPI) herbicide systems. Addition of bromoxynil early postemergence (EPOST) to clomazone and pendimethalin systems increased ivyleaf morningglory control to greater than 84% and provided higher yields than did the same systems without bromoxynil. Bromoxynil EPOST followed by (fb) cyanazine MSMA late postemergence directed (LAYBY) improved weed control in clomazone and pendimethalin systems. Clomazone PRE and pendimethalin PPI with or without fomesafen PRE fb bromoxynil EPOST fb LAYBY herbicides controlled weeds and yielded equivalent to the standard herbicide system of pendimethalin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb bromoxynil EPOST fb LAYBY.Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; clomazone; cyanazine; fluometuron; fomesafen; MSMA; pendimethalin; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb) Nash. #3 BRAPP; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. # AMAPA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’.Additional index words: Herbicide-tolerant crops.Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; PD, postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0838:CFABSF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 838-844 SN - 1550-2740 KW - herbicide-tolerant crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of soil microbial population dynamics in newly constructed sand-based rootzones AU - Bigelow, C. A. AU - Bowman, D. C. AU - Wollum, A. G. T2 - Crop Science AB - Modern sand-based golf course putting greens are constructed for optimum soil physical properties. However, since they are sand based and synthetically prepared, it is often perceived that they support a less numerous and diverse microbial population than comparable native soils. This field study was conducted to monitor the microbial properties of five newly constructed sand-based rootzone mixtures planted to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Huds. Farw.) during the first 2 yr of turfgrass establishment. Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and aerobic spore forming (Bacillus spp.) populations were determined on selective media. Nitrifiers and denitrifiers were estimated by a most probable number (MPN) technique. Within the first 6 mo after seeding, bacteria exceeded 108 cfu g−1 dry soil, similar to levels recorded in a mature sand-based putting green. Bacteria were most numerous followed by actinomycetes, fungi, and Bacillus spp., respectively. Temporal changes in microbial populations were observed only in year one. The nitrogen transforming populations were numerically smaller (<104 cfu g−1 dry soil) than total bacteria but followed a similar temporal trend. Rootzone amendments had minimal effects on microbial properties but environmental factors and an actively growing turfgrass root system may have a greater influence on microbial activity. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1611 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - 1611-1614 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CGA-362622 antagonizes annual grass control with clethodim AU - Burke, IC AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Porterfield, D T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate clethodim, CGA-362622, mixtures thereof, and sequential treatments for control of broadleaf signalgrass, fall panicum, goosegrass, and large crabgrass. In greenhouse experiments, clethodim alone provided 93 and 100% control of three- to four-leaf goosegrass at the low (105 g ai/ha) and high (140 g/ha) rates, respectively, whereas CGA-362622 did not control grasses in greenhouse or field experiments. Control of six- to eight-leaf goosegrass in the greenhouse with clethodim was 75% for the low rate and 89% for the high rate. Control of goosegrass in greenhouse studies was reduced at least 43 percentage points with CGA-362622 and clethodim at the high rate in mixture compared with control provided by clethodim at the high rate alone. When CGA-362622 and clethodim were applied in mixture in field studies, the effectiveness of the graminicide was decreased from > 97 to < 57% control for all annual grasses. Antagonism of clethodim activity was greater than that of the tank mixture when clethodim was applied 1 d after CGA-362622 on large crabgrass, goosegrass, and fall panicum. Clethodim applied 7 d before or after CGA-362622 controlled the four grass species as well as did clethodim applied alone. When CGA-362622 was applied to goosegrass alone, fresh weight accumulation stopped for a period of 4 d compared with untreated plants. Normal growth resumed after 4 d.Nomenclature: CGA-362622, N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; clethodim; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #3 BRAPP; fall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum (L.) # PANDI; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA.Additional index words: Antagonism, growth analysis, orthogonal contrasts.Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactase synthase (EC 4.1.3.18); DAT, days after treatment; POST, postemergence. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0749:CAAGCW]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 749-754 SN - 0890-037X KW - antagonism KW - growth analysis KW - orthogonal contrasts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bromoxynil, prometryn, pyrithiobac, and MSMA weed management systems for bromoxynil-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) AU - Corbett, JL AU - Askew, SD AU - Porterfield, D AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted at two locations in North Carolina in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate weed and bromoxynil-resistant cotton response to bromoxynil, pyrithiobac, and MSMA applied early postemergence (EPOST), alone or mixtures in all combinations (two way and three way), and to prometryn plus MSMA applied late postemergence directed (LAYBY). Trifluralin preplant incorporated followed by fluometuron preemergence controlled common lambsquarters, eclipta, and smooth pigweed at least 90%. These herbicides also provided greater than 90% common ragweed control at two locations but only 65% control at a third location. Pyrithiobac and pyrithiobac plus MSMA EPOST increased sicklepod control more than did bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MSMA EPOST. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac were more effective for sicklepod control when applied in mixture with MSMA. Bromoxynil plus pyrithiobac EPOST or with MSMA controlled (≥ 90%) common lambsquarters, common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed early season. But the LAYBY treatment of prometryn plus MSMA frequently improved late-season control of entireleaf morningglory, large crabgrass, prickly sida, and sicklepod. A tank mixture of MSMA plus bromoxynil or pyrithiobac and the three-component tank mixture (bromoyxnil, MSMA, plus pyrithiobac) provided a broader weed control spectrum than did either bromoxynil or pyrithiobac alone. Cotton lint yields were increased with all postemergence systems, and the LAYBY treatment of prometryn plus MSMA increased cotton yields in 13 out of 16 comparisons. High cotton yields were indicative of high levels of weed control.Nomenclature: Bromoxynil, fluometuron, MSMA, prometryn, pyrithiobac, trifluralin, common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. # ECLAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’.Additional index words: Crop injury, herbicide-resistant cotton, Brachiaria platyphylla, BRAPP.Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; PDS, postemergence directed; PRE, preemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0712:BPPAMW]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 712-718 SN - 1550-2740 KW - crop injury KW - herbicide-resistant cotton KW - Brachiaria platyphylla KW - BRAPP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) establishment after preemergence herbicide applications AU - Fagerness, MJ AU - Yelverton, FH AU - Cooper, RJ T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Preemergence (PRE) herbicides may affect the ability to reestablish warm-season turfgrasses in winter-injured areas. Experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the effects of fall or spring applications of six PRE herbicides on the vegetative establishment of Tifway bermudagrass, and Meyer and El Toro zoysiagrass. PRE herbicides were applied at the recommended rates during the fall of 1995 and 1996 and at recommended or reduced rates during the spring of 1996 and 1997. Oxadiazon, benefin plus trifluralin, or oryzalin did not inhibit Tifway bermudagrass or zoysiagrass sprig establishment. Fall applications of prodiamine and dithiopyr at full rates suppressed Tifway bermudagrass establishment as much as 25%, but recovery was evident by the end of the growing season. Reduced spring rates of prodiamine diminished its suppressive effects on Tifway establishment. Zoysiagrass establishment was suppressed as much as 20% by full or reduced rates of prodiamine but was less affected by dithiopyr. Pendimethalin had lesser and briefer suppressive effects than prodiamine and dithiopyr had on either species. Results suggested that avoidance of or reduced rates of prodiamine or dithiopyr may be warranted in areas prone to winter injury.Nomenclature: Benefin; dithiopyr; oryzalin; oxadiazon; pendimethalin; prodiamine; trifluralin; bermudagrass, Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davey × C. dactylon (L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’; zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica L. ‘Meyer’, ‘El Toro’.Additional index words: Application timing, vegetative turfgrass establishment.Abbreviations: POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence; WAE, weeks after establishment. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0597:BCDLPA]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 597-602 SN - 0890-037X KW - application timing KW - vegetative turfgrass establishment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apoplastic carbohydrates do not account for differences in freezing tolerance of two winter-oat cultivars that have been second phase cold-hardened AU - Livingston, D. P. AU - Premakumar, R. T2 - Cereal Research Communications DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 30 IS - 3-4 SP - 375-381 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management decision models: pitfalls, perceptions, and possibilities of the economic threshold approach AU - Wilkerson, GG AU - Wiles, LJ AU - Bennett, AC T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - The use of scouting and economic thresholds has not been accepted as readily for managing weeds as it has been for insects, but the economic threshold concept is the basis of most weed management decision models available to growers. A World Wide Web survey was conducted to investigate perceptions of weed science professionals regarding the value of these models. Over half of the 56 respondents were involved in model development or support, and 82% thought that decision models could be beneficial for managing weeds, although more as educational rather than as decision-making tools. Some respondents indicated that models are too simple because they do not include all factors that influence weed competition or all issues a grower considers when deciding how to manage weeds. Others stated that models are too complex because many users do not have time to obtain and enter the required information or are not necessary because growers use a zero threshold or because skilled decision makers can make better and quicker recommendations. Our view is that economic threshold–based models are, and will continue to be, valuable as a means of providing growers with the knowledge and experience of many experts for field-specific decisions. Weed management decision models must be evaluated from three perspectives: biological accuracy, quality of recommendations, and ease of use. Scientists developing and supporting decision models may have hindered wide-scale acceptance by overemphasizing the capacity to determine economic thresholds, and they need to explain more clearly to potential users the tasks for which models are and are not suitable. Future use depends on finding cost-effective methods to assess weed populations, demonstrating that models use results in better decision making, and finding stable, long-term funding for maintenance and support. New technologies, including herbicide-resistant crops, will likely increase rather than decrease the need for decision support. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0411:WMDMPP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 411-424 SN - 1550-2759 KW - bioeconomic models KW - decision support systems KW - computer decision aids ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in aggressiveness among isolates of Cercospora from maize as a potential cause of genotype-environment interaction in gray leaf spot trials AU - Carson, ML AU - Goodman, MM AU - Williamson, SM T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - The use of genetically resistant maize hybrids is the preferred means of control of gray leaf spot, caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis. One problem faced by maize breeders attempting to breed for resistance to gray leaf spot is the high degree of genotype-environment interactions observed in disease trials. In North Carolina gray leaf spot trials conducted at four locations in the western part of the state, we found consistent hybrid-location interactions over the 1995 and 1996 growing seasons. Isolates of C. zeae-maydis from those test locations were evaluated on the same hybrids used in the multilocation testing at a location in central North Carolina that does not have a history of gray leaf spot. The hybrid-isolate interactions observed in the isolate trial mirrored the hybrid-location effects seen in the multilocation testing. Most of the interactions arose from changes in the magnitude of differences between hybrids when inoculated with the isolates rather than from any change in hybrid ranking. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and mitochondrial rDNA RFLPs of those isolates and others revealed that both type I and type II sibling species of C. zeae-maydis, as well as C. sorghi var. maydis, are isolated from typical gray leaf spot lesions. Breeders should use the most aggressive isolates of C. zeae-maydis to maximize discrimination between genotypes in gray leaf spot trials. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1089 VL - 86 IS - 10 SP - 1089-1093 SN - 1943-7692 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Origin of the black shank resistance gene, Ph, in tobacco cultivar Coker 371-gold AU - Johnson, ES AU - Wolff, MF AU - Wernsman, EA AU - Atchely, WR AU - Shew, HD T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivar Coker 371-Gold (C 371-G) possesses a dominant gene, Ph, that confers high resistance to black shank disease, caused by race 0 of the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. The origin of this gene is unknown. Breeding lines homozygous for the Ph gene were hybridized with NC 1071 and L8, flue-cured and burley genotypes known to possess qualitative resistance genes from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and N. longiflora, respectively. The F1 hybrids were out-crossed to susceptible testers and the progenies evaluated in field black shank nurseries and in greenhouse disease tests with P. parasitica var. nicotianae race 0. Results showed that Ph was allelic to Php from N. plumbaginifolia in NC 1071. Testcross populations of hybrids between burley lines homozygous for Ph and L8, possessing Phl from N. longiflora, showed that Ph and Phl integrated into the same tobacco chromosome during interspecific transfer. Nevertheless, the two loci were estimated to be 3 cM apart. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of the testcross progenies confirmed that recombination between the two loci was occurring. Forty-eight RAPD markers linked to Ph in doubled haploid lines were used in cluster analyses with multiple accessions of N. longiflora and N. plumbaginifolia, breeding lines L8, NC 1071, and DH92-2770-40, and cultivars K 326, Hicks, and C 371-G. A cladogram or region tree confirmed the data obtained from field and greenhouse trials, that Ph, transferred from C 371-G to DH92-2770-40, and Php in NC 1071 were allelic and originated from N. plumbaginifolia. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1080 VL - 86 IS - 10 SP - 1080-1084 SN - 0191-2917 KW - disease resistance genes KW - gene phylogeny ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of Arabidopsis flavonoid mutant is challenged by radiation longer than the UV-B band AU - Fiscus, EL AU - Booker, FL T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Growth, seed yield and accumulation of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds were studied in chalcone isomerase-defective tt-5 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana and its Landsberg erecta (Ler) progenitor under full-spectrum solar radiation and a series of filters which attenuated progressively larger portions of the UV-B and UV-A radiation bands. The purpose was to determine: (1) whether or not the tt-5 mutant could be induced to grow more or less normally, given adequate protection from damaging UV in the presence of high levels of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) so that it could be used as a surrogate for mechanistic high UV studies; (2) whether the generalized plant action spectrum or the alfalfa DNA damage action spectrum would best describe the observed responses; and (3) if the traditional Mylar (polyester) filter provides an adequate control for UV damage studies. Maximum rosette diameter (MRD), plant height and fresh weight at harvest and seed yield were measured, along with absorbance of leaf extracts at 300 nm and accumulation of total phenolics before and after exposure to UV. Three types of UV filters were used: cellulose diacetate (CD), which non-selectively transmits all the UV reaching the earth's surface; Mylar, which cuts off UV below about 320 nm; and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which cuts off UV below about 340 nm. Generally, Ler showed no significant growth effects under any of the treatments except for plant height which was reduced in Mylar and CD when compared to PVC. Conversely, tt-5 generally exhibited progressive decreases in all the measures of plant growth with PVC resulting in the best growth, Mylar treatments showing significant reductions and CD treatments even greater reductions. It was clear that even under these circumstances: the disruption to secondary metabolism in tt-5 makes it unsuitable for mechanistic studies of high UV-B damage; the alfalfa DNA action spectrum seemed the best correlated with observed responses and suggests a significant damaging radiation band which is not affected by stratospheric ozone; and since the damaging radiation extends beyond the Mylar cut-in, this material will not provide an adequate control for UV damage studies. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00038-2 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 213-224 SN - 0098-8472 KW - Arabidopsis KW - flavonoid mutants KW - UV-B KW - damage spectrum ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new form of crystalline rubisco and the conversion to its common dodecahedral form AU - Kwanyuen, P AU - Allina, SM AU - Weissinger, AK AU - Wilson, RF T2 - JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH AB - In this paper, we present a new purification procedure that yields a new crystalline form of rubisco and has enabled us to completely remove this most abundant protein from tobacco leaf extract. The crystals formed within 48 h after refrigeration at 4 degrees C at pH 5.6. However, these crystals were not well-ordered crystals and lacked well-defined facets or edges. The remaining leaf extract (fraction 2 protein) was void of rubisco. Conversion of this new crystalline form of rubisco to its common dodecahedral form was achieved by dialysing the protein solution in Tris buffer at pH 8.0 or purified water. Since the molecular size of its large subunit of rubisco (55 kD) is similar to that of the papillomavirus capsid protein, L1 (57 kD), its complete removal from fraction 2-protein may facilitate the detection, purification, and recovery of the Li protein. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1021/pr025548e VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - 471-473 SN - 1535-3893 KW - rubisco KW - purification KW - crystallization KW - recrystallization KW - dodecahedron KW - fraction 2-protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed-free yield response of seven cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars to CGA-362622 postemergence AU - Porterfield, D AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Clewis, SB AU - Edmisten, KL T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate the response of seven cotton cultivars to CGA-362622 applied postemergence at 7.5 and 15 g ai/ha to three- to five-leaf cotton. The cultivars evaluated included Deltapine 51, Deltapine NuCotn 33B, Paymaster 1220 RR, Paymaster 1220 BG/RR, Stoneville bromoxynil-resistant 47, Stoneville 474, and Sure-Grow 125. At 1 to 2 wk after treatment (WAT), CGA-362622 at 7.5 and 15 g/ha injured all cotton cultivars 7 to 9% and 13 to 15%, respectively. Cotton injury symptoms included chlorosis and minor stunting. At 3 to 4 WAT, injury from CGA-362622 at 7.5 and 15 g/ha was 2 to 6% and 7 to 9%, respectively. Except for Paymaster 1220 RR, Deltapine NuCotn 33B, and Stoneville 474, all cotton cultivars were injured more by the higher rate than by the lower rate of CGA-362622. Injury was not visibly apparent 6 to 8 WAT. CGA-362622 at either rate had no effect on cotton lint yield.Nomenclature: CGA-362622 (proposed common name trifloxysulfuron), N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’, ‘Deltapine NuCotn 33B’, ‘Paymaster 1220 RR’, ‘Paymaster 1220 BG/RR’, ‘Stoneville BXN 47’, ‘Stoneville 474’, ‘Sure-Grow 125’.Additional index words: Crop injury, crop yield.Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; BXN, bromoxynil-resistant; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; WAT, weeks after treatment. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0180:WFYROS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 180-183 SN - 0890-037X KW - crop injury KW - crop yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stem and root carbohydrate dynamics of two cotton cultivars bred fifty years apart AU - Wells, R. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Little is known concerning carbohydrate pools within the nonleaf and nonreproductive portions of the cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant. A 2‐yr field study was conducted to ascertain both the concentration and total content of soluble carbohydrate and starch in upper stems, lower stems, vegetative branches, and roots of two cultivars released approximately 50 yr apart [Deltapine (DPL) 14 and 5690] from the same breeding program. In addition, yield, canopy photosynthesis, nodes above white flower, and white flowers per square meter were measured in the second year. Cultivar main effect was significant for soluble carbohydrate, total carbohydrate (soluble carbohydrate + starch), root dry weight, and total stem and root dry weight per plant. These differences are reflected by the generally greater dry weight and larger soluble carbohydrate concentration of DPL 5690 at 143 d after planting in 1994. Deltapine 5690 also exhibited larger late‐season, integrated canopy photosynthesis in 1994, attributing to its larger soluble carbohydrate content. There was an initial increase in total stem and root carbohydrate per plant in each year followed by a decrease. Timing of the maxima and minima differed between years and between cultivars in 1994. Both the upper/lower stem carbohydrate ratios and the upper/lower stem starch ratios indicate declining upper‐stem carbohydrate as flowering approached a hiatus and a shift in carbohydrate content towards the lower half of the stem. The data indicate that carbohydrate concentration and content per plant vary throughout the season; however, the cultivars exhibited little alteration in carbohydrate trends due to breeding efforts. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2002.8760 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 876-882 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproductive abnormalities in glyphosate-resistant cotton caused by lower CP4-EPSPS levels in the male reproductive tissue AU - Pline, WA AU - Viator, R AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Thomas, J AU - Wells, R T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton have been associated with poor pollination and increased boll abortion. Anatomical studies were conducted to characterize the effect of glyphosate treatments on the development of male and female reproductive organs of cotton flowers at anthesis. In comparison with nontreated plants, glyphosate applied at both the four-leaf stage postemergence (POST) and at the eight-leaf stage POST directed inhibited the elongation of the staminal column and filament, which increased the distance from the anthers to the receptive stigma tip by 4.9 to 5.7 mm during the first week of flowering. The increased distance from the anthers to the stigma resulted in 42% less pollen deposited on stigmas of glyphosate-treated plants than in nontreated plants. Moreover, pollen from glyphosate-treated plants showed numerous morphological abnormalities. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of large vacuoles, numerous starch grains, and less organized pockets of the endoplasmic reticulum containing fewer ribosomes in pollen from glyphosate-treated plants than from nontreated plants. Pollen development in glyphosate-treated plants is likely inhibited or aborted at the vacuolate microspore and vacuolate microgamete stages of microgametogenesis, resulting in immature pollen at anthesis. Although stigmas from glyphosate-treated plants were 1.2 to 1.4 mm longer than those from nontreated plants, no other anatomical differences in stigmas were visibly evident. The presence of the GR 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSPS) enzyme from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 was quantified in reproductive and vegetative tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The content of CP4-EPSPS in the stigma, anther, preanthesis floral bud (square), and flower petals was significantly less than that in the vegetative leaf tissue. Glyphosate effects on the male reproductive development resulting in poor pollen deposition on the stigma, as well as production of aborted pollen with reduced viability, provide a likely explanation for reports of increased boll abortion and pollination problems in glyphosate-treated GR cotton. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0438:RAIGRC]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 438-447 SN - 0043-1745 KW - herbicide-resistant crops KW - transgenic crops KW - gametogenesis KW - male sterile KW - ELISA KW - pollen KW - anther ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glyphosate systems for weed control in glyphosate-tolerant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) AU - Scott, GH AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted at three locations in North Carolina to evaluate clomazone preemergence (PRE) in glyphosate-tolerant cotton. Cotton was injured by fluometuron PRE at one location. Clomazone PRE controlled common ragweed, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and prickly sida better than trifluralin preplant incorporated (PPI). Trifluralin controlled Palmer amaranth better than clomazone. The addition of a late post-directed (LAYBY) treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA improved the control of goosegrass. Glyphosate at 0.8 kg ai/ha, used postemergence as needed, controlled tall morningglory and entireleaf morningglory at least 84%. Common ragweed was controlled with all herbicides, except trifluralin PPI. Prickly sida was controlled 94% or greater in glyphosate-containing systems. Cotton yields and net returns were similar for all glyphosate systems, regardless of soil-applied herbicides and LAYBY treatment options.Nomenclature: Clomazone; cyanazine; fluometuron; glyphosate; MSMA; trifluralin; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. #3 AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S.Wats # AMAPA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Paymaster 1330RR’, ‘DP5415RR’.Additional index words: Economic analysis, herbicide-resistant crops.Abbreviations: ANS, as needed spray; DAP, days after planting; EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LAYBY, late post directed; POST, postemergence; POT, postemergence over-the-top; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0191:GSFWCI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 191-198 SN - 1550-2740 KW - economic analysis KW - herbicide-resistant crops ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic assessment of weed management for transgenic and nontransgenic cotton in tilled and nontilled systems AU - Askew, SD AU - Bailey, WA AU - Scott, GH AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Studies were conducted to evaluate weed management programs in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton in nontilled and tilled environments. Tillage did not affect weed control provided by herbicides. Early-season stunting in nontilled cotton was 3% regardless of the herbicide system and was no longer evident at midseason. Cotton yield was 10 to 15% greater, on an average, under tilled conditions than that under nontilled conditions. Excellent (> 90%) common lambsquarters, entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, tall morningglory, and velvetleaf control was achieved with treatments containing pyrithiobac, bromoxynil, and glyphosate. Preemergence (PRE) or postemergence-directed (PD) herbicide inputs were necessary for adequate large crabgrass and goosegrass control. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac postemergence did not control sicklepod unless supplemented with MSMA and followed by a late-postdirected treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA. Treatments that included glyphosate controlled sicklepod regardless of the late-PD treatment. Economic returns were at least $930 ha−1 and not different from the higher yielding programs in nontransgenic cotton when fluometuron applied PRE was included in the bromoxynil programs. Late-season weed control was usually greater than 90% from glyphosate programs, and net returns from glyphosate programs were as high or higher than the net returns from programs that used midseason treatments of bromoxynil, pyrithiobac, or fluometuron plus MSMA. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0512:EAOWMF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 512-520 SN - 0043-1745 KW - economic analysis KW - herbicide-resistant crops KW - tillage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and weed response to flumioxazin applied preplant and postemergence directed AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Cranmer, , JR T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Separate field experiments were conducted to evaluate weed control and cotton response to flumioxazin in North Carolina. Flumioxazin postemergence directed (PD) at 70 g ai/ha applied alone or mixed with glyphosate or MSMA completely controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and tall morningglory 4 wk after treatment. Glyphosate at 1,120 g ai/ha controlled sicklepod and entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory less than flumioxazin. Weed-free experiments were conducted to evaluate cotton injury, fresh biomass reduction, and yield response to flumioxazin at 70 g ai/ha preplant (PP) and two rates PD. Nine PP applications were made at various timings between 0 and 10 wk prior to planting. Cotton was stunted 12% initially, and midseason cotton biomass was reduced when flumioxazin was applied at planting in 1 yr. Flumioxazin did not injure 15- or 30-cm–tall cotton when applied PD at 36 or 70 g/ha. Cotton yield differed between years, but was not affected by various flumioxazin treatments compared with commercial standards and nontreated controls.Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; glyphosate; MSMA; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S.Wats. # AMAPA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia Irwin and Banaby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’, ‘Suregrow 125’.Additional index words: Burn-down application, fresh biomass, injury, LAYBY, stale seedbed.Abbreviations: LAYBY, the last postemergence-directed herbicide application; PD, postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; PP, preplant; PRE, preemergence; WAP, weeks after planting. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0184:CGHAWR]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 184-190 SN - 0890-037X KW - burn-down application KW - fresh biomass KW - injury KW - LAYBY KW - stale seedbed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correcting measurements of pasture forage mass by vacuuming the stubble AU - Unruh, L. J. AU - Fick, G. W. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Estimates of forage mass in pasture obtained by harvesting small plots may be too low because fragments of the harvested herbage are dropped into the stubble and not recovered. Our objective was to evaluate stubble vacuuming as a means of retrieving such material, thereby improving the accuracy of forage mass estimation. Our study was conducted on intensively managed dairy pastures dominated by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). The stubble was vacuumed following conventional harvesting of small quadrats to a stubble height of 2 cm. Harvested herbage and vacuumed stubble were oven-dried separately and then ashed to correct for soil contamination. The slope of the regression of total organic matter (OM), which included vacuumed material, on the mass of harvested herbage without vacuuming showed that clippings lost into the stubble in this study amounted to 0.045 Mg/ha OM for each Mg/ha unvacuumed herbage dry weight or 0.286 Mg/ha OM for each Mg/ha unvacuumed herbage OM. Because of the extra cost of the procedure, it is not recommended, except for ecological studies where very accurate estimations of OM distribution are required. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2002.0860 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 860–863 ER - TY - JOUR TI - By-product feeds for meat goats: Effects on digestibility, ruminal environment, and carcass characteristics AU - Moore, J. A. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Luginbuhl, J. M. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Crossbred wether goats (n = 24; 50% Boer, 6 per diet) initially averaging 27.4 ± 0.4 kg were fed either wheat middlings (wheat midds), soybean hulls (soyhulls), or corn gluten feed at 1% BW (as-fed) along with orchardgrass hay (10.7% CP) offered to ad-libitum consumption for 72 d followed by 5 d total fecal collection. The Control (hay) diet was supplemented with 5.7% soybean meal to bring total dietary protein to 12.5%, by-products were brought to a higher Ca:P ratio with limestone or dicalcium phosphate to make total dietary Ca:P 1.5:1, and soybean meal was added to soyhulls to bring them up to 17% CP (wheat midds = 17% and corn gluten feed = 21% CP). Total DMI (916 g/d ± 57 or 3.2% ± 0.2 BW) did not differ (P > 0.92) among treatments. Initial BW (P = 0.25), final BW (P = 0.48), and ADG (P = 0.56) did not differ for the four treatments. Carcass weight was greater (P = 0.05) for goats fed soyhulls (16.0 kg) or wheat midds (15.6 kg) as compared with goats fed the hay diet (14.5 kg), with carcass weight from goats fed corn gluten feed being intermediate (15.3 kg, SEM = 0.3 kg). Carcass grade did not differ (P = 0.80) and averaged 5.42 ± 0.4. Dressing percentage tended (P = 0.12) to be lower for goats fed the hay diet (46.4%) compared with soyhull (48.3%), corn gluten feed (48.3%), or wheat midd (48.8%) diets (SEM = 0.7). Ruminal pH was highest (P < 0.01) for goats fed the hay diet (6.52) and lowest for goats fed wheat midds (6.23) with soyhull (6.41) and corn gluten feed diets (6.35) being intermediate (SEM = 0.05). Digestibility of DM (70.1 ± 2.5%), OM (70.3 ± 2.6%,), CP (75.5 ± 2.0%), GE (68.5 ± 2.7%), NDF (68.1 ± 3.0%), ADF (65.4 ± 3.4%), cellulose (70.1 ± 2.9%), and lignin (31.1 ± 8.2%) did not differ (P > 0.15). Total ruminal VFA did not differ (86.0 ± 6.1 mM, P = 0.59), but acetate:propionate ratio was higher (P < 0.01) for hay (3.1) and soyhull diets (3.3) than for corn gluten feed (2.4) and wheat midd diets (2.4, SEM = 0.11). Ruminal ammonia (mg/100 mL) was lower (P < 0.01) for goats fed hay (15.4) and soyhull diets (11.6) than those fed corn gluten feed (25.2) and wheat midd diets (23.0, SEM = 1.35). Ruminal pH was lower for goats fed the by-products, but remained above 6. Serum urea nitrogen (mg/100 mL) averaged 21.0 ± 1.0 (P = 0.11) with soyhulls tending to be lowest (19.3) and corn gluten feed tending to be highest (22.8). Soyhulls, corn gluten feed, and wheat midds appear to be viable feed ingredients for meat goat diets. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.8071752x VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - 1752-1758 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Allometric relationships in Bactris gasipaes for heart-of-palm production agroecosystems in Costa Rica AU - Ares, A AU - Quesada, JP AU - Boniche, J AU - Yost, RS AU - Molina, E AU - Smyth, J T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AB - Peach palm ( Bactris gasipaes Kunth) agroecosystems for hearts-of-palm constitute a productive and sustainable land use for the humid tropics. Allometric models allow to predict biomass non-destructively at any time, and subsequently, to determine the span of growth phases, biomass and nutrient pools, and economic yields. The overall goals of this study were to obtain and validate predictive functions of above-ground dry biomass of peach palm shoots, and to relate standing biomass with heart-of-palm yields as well. Towards this purpose, peach palm shoots were harvested and separated into components (foliage, petiole and stem) in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica. Basal diameter (BD) was a more effective predictor of biomass than height to the fork between the spear leaf and the first fully expanded leaf, total height and number of leaves. Regression models explained 70–89% of the variance in component (foliage, petiole and stem) or total shoot biomass. Nonlinear regression, which independently calculates equation coefficients for biomass components and total shoot biomass, was compared with a nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression (NSUR) procedure, which simultaneously fits the component equations that predict leaf, petiole and stem in order to assure biomass additivity. Equation coefficients for NSUR fitted-regressions that also model unequal variances, were substantially different from those for individual regressions; e.g. Biomass leaf = 11·4739 BD 1·8042 , Residual mean square (RMS) = 69·9 for the individual equation, versus Biomass leaf = 6·841 BD 2·086 , RMS = 72·4 for the NSUR fitted-equation. NSUR equations had slightly less precision in estimating biomass than individual equations but consistently less bias. In separate harvests of peach palm plants within four stands ranging in age from 1·9 to 21 years, estimates of component and total above-ground shoot biomass were similar to observed values except for the youngest stand in which biomass was overestimated. In another harvest, yield of heart-of-palm per plant was linearly related to total above-ground biomass in two peach palm stands of age 5 and 9 years. The non-destructive estimation of above-ground biomass from easily measured plant dimensions will permit any-time, less expensive and reasonable precise biomass estimates in peach palm. Biomass data can be incorporated to decision support aids for nutrient management in heart-of-palm agroecosystems and serve other purposes such as for carbon sequestration calculations. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1017/S0021859602002009 VL - 138 SP - 285-292 SN - 0021-8596 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproduction and offspring competitiveness of Senna obtusifolia are influenced by nutrient availability AU - Tungate, KD AU - Susko, DJ AU - Rufty, TW T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Summary • Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod) is a troublesome weed in many agronomic cropping systems in the southeastern USA with varying fertility regimes. This series of experiments was initiated to determine the impact of nutrient availability on reproductive output and maternal effects. • Experiments were conducted with plants growing in soil in growth chambers for 120 d. Offspring growth was evaluated in hydroponics. • Plants grown under higher nutrient conditions had greater reproductive biomass, number of seeds and total seed biomass. Individual seed mass distributions were slightly affected, with negative skewness decreased at higher nutrition. Seed germination rates were influenced primarily by seed size, as small seeds germinated faster than large seeds. The nitrogen content of seeds increased with increasing seed size and was higher in the high nutrition treatment. Seedlings arising from maternal plants grown under high nutrition grew more rapidly than did seedlings arising from maternal plants grown in a low nutrient regime. • The results suggest that S. obtusifolia reproduction and offspring competitiveness can be strongly influenced by the fertilization regimes used in different agronomic crops and rotations. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00407.x VL - 154 IS - 3 SP - 661-669 SN - 0028-646X KW - Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod) KW - weed reproduction KW - nutritional effects KW - maternal effects KW - seed size KW - seed nitrogen KW - seedling performance KW - biomass allocation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative trait loci controlling leaf and tassel traits in a B73 x MO17 population of maize AU - Mickelson, SM AU - Stuber, CS AU - Senior, L AU - Kaeppler, SM T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Light penetration into the canopy of maize ( Zea mays L.) production fields is an important determinant of grain yield. Factors affecting light penetration include agricultural practices such as planting density and plant morphological factors such as leaf angle, leaf size, and tassel size. The objectives of this experiment were to identify genomic regions controlling the inheritance of leaf angle and tassel morphology in a B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred population. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tassel branch angle were detected which explained 35.6% of the phenotypic variation. Six QTL were detected for tassel branch number with three of these QTL on chromosome 2. Nine QTL were detected for leaf angle in one or more environments. Significant phenotypic correlations were detected between tassel branch angle and tassel branch number and between tassel branch number and leaf angle. Overlapping support intervals were identified between QTL detected for leaf angle and for tassel branch number on chromosome 2 near marker umc53a . Additionally, a QTL near marker bnl6.10 on chromosome 5 identified for tassel branch angle was in the same region as a QTL identified for leaf angle. The results of this study indicate that common genetic relationships exist between tassel traits and leaf angle. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1902 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 1902-1909 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Principal component analysis approach for modeling sulfur K- XANES spectra of humic acids AU - Beauchemin, S. AU - Hesterberg, Dean AU - Beauchemin, M. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - Quantitative application of x‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to soils and other geochemical systems requires a determination of the proportions of multiple chemical species that contribute to the measured spectrum. Two common approaches to fitting XANES spectra are spectral deconvolution and least‐squares linear combination fitting (LCF). The objective of this research was to evaluate principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with target transformation to model S K‐XANES spectra of humic acid samples, and to compare the results with least‐squares LCF. Principal component analysis provided a statistical basis for choosing the number of standard species to include in the fitting model. Target transformation identified which standards were statistically more likely to explain the spectra of the humic acid samples. The selected standards and the scaling coefficients obtained by the PCA approach deviated by ≤6 mol% from results obtained by performing LCF using a large number of binary, ternary, and quaternary combinations of seven S standards. Because no energy shift is allowed in the PCA approach, fitting may be refined, when appropriate, by using afterwards a least‐squares method that includes energy offset parameters. Statistical ranking of the most likely standard spectra contributing to the unknown spectra enhanced LCF by reducing the analysis to a smaller set of standard spectra. The PCA approach is a valuable complement to other spectral fitting techniques as it provides statistical criteria that improve insight to the data, and lead to a more objective approach to fitting. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2002.8300 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 83–91 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036154663&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of parental genetic compatibility to enhance flavor attributes of peanuts AU - Pattee, H. E. AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Giesbrecht, F. G. AU - Cui, Z. T2 - Crop biotechnology (ACS symposium series ; 829) AB - As future advances in transformation technology allow insertion of useful genes into a broader array of target genotypes, the choice of targets will become more important. Targets should be genotypes that will pass to their progeny other useful characteristics, such as sensory quality characteristics, while improving agronomic performance or pest resistance. This is particularly important if flavor quality is to be maintained or improved as the transgene is moved into breeding populations via sexual transfer. Selection of genotypes with superior breeding values through the use of Best Linear Unbiased Prediction procedures (BLUPs) is discussed and using a database of sensory attributes on 250 peanut cultivars and breeding lines, the application of BLUP procedures to the selection of parents for improvement of roasted peanut and sweet attributes in breeding of peanut cultivars is illustrated. CN - SB106.B56 C76 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1021/bk-2002-0829.ch017 VL - 829 SP - 217-230 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peanut, corn, and cotton critical levels for phosphorus and potassium on Goldsboro soil AU - Cox, FR AU - Barnes, JS T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Fertilizer applications of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are most economic if based upon local soil test information. The objective of this study was to determine the soil test (Mehlich 3-extractable) and plant tissue critical levels of P and K for corn (Zea mays L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown on a Goldsboro (fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Aquic Paleudult) sandy loam for 17 years. Four soil test levels of P were created and maintained by applying triple superphosphate at about 6-year intervals in a factorial design, with three rates of K applied annually prior to planting crops other than peanut. Soil and tissue samples were taken in midseason, and yield and grade determined at harvest. Yields from the first two years and one drought year were not included. Critical levels were determined by a linear response and plateau method on data restricted to that portion of the crop being grown at a sufficient level of the other nutrient. The Mehlich 3 P critical levels (mg dm−3) were 22 for corn, 21 for peanut, and 16 for cotton, whereas the plant tissue critical levels for these three crops were 0.23, 0.26, and 0.21%, respectively. It was calculated that an annual application of 37 kg P2O5 ha−1 (33 lb acre−1) would maintain the Mehlich 3 P level at 33 mg dm−3, a practical maximum for the recommendation of P fertilizer, on this soil. The Mehlich 3 K critical levels (cmol dm−3) were 0.08 for corn, 0.10 for peanut, and 0.10 for cotton on this soil which has a low cation exchange capacity, whereas the plant tissue critical levels for these crops were 1.0, 1.6, and 0.9%, respectively. Cotton required a greater application of K than corn. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1081/CSS-120003880 VL - 33 IS - 7-8 SP - 1173-1186 SN - 0010-3624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management practices for sediment reduction from forest roads in the coastal plains AU - Appelboom, T. W. AU - Chescheir, G. M. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Hesterberg, Dean T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Sediment has been identified as one of the most important nonpoint source pollutants of surface waters. Inforested areas, the predominant source of sediment is from the construction and maintenance of access roads, which contributeas much as 90% of the total eroded sediments. Seven different road management practices were studied to determine theireffectiveness in reducing sediment production from forest roads on nearly flat lands in the lower coastal plains of NorthCarolina. One practice utilized a continuous berm along the roadside, while the other six practices had a noncontinuousberm with different combinations of road surface gravel and roadside vegetative strips. Runoff samples collected duringeleven different rainfall events of varying intensity and duration were analyzed for sediment content. The rainfall amount,intensity, infiltration, and antecedent rainfall conditions were combined into a single energy rating to assist in the overallanalysis. The results of the study showed that a continuous berm maintained along the edge of a forest road can reduce totalsediment loss by an average of 99% compared to the same type road without the presence of a continuous berm. When acontinuous berm is not present, graveling the road surface can reduce the total loss of sediment from roads by an averageof 61% compared to a nongraveled road surface. A 90 cm wide grass strip on the edge of the driving surface can reduce totalsediment loss by an average of 56% compared to a road without a grass strip. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.13031/2013.8529 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 337–344 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346034829&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of riparian buffer width and vegetation type on shallow groundwater quality in the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina AU - Dukes, M. D. AU - Evans, R. O. AU - Gilliam, J. W. AU - Kunickis, S. H. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - The effect of riparian buffer width and vegetation type on shallow groundwater quality has not been evaluatedin the Middle Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Four riparian buffer vegetation types and nobuffer (notill corn and ryerotation or pasture) were established at 8 and 15 m widths as follows: cool season grass (fescue), deeprooted grass (switchgrass), forest (pine and mixed hardwood), and native vegetation. Nested groundwater monitoring wells were installed at thefield/buffer edge and the stream edge in the middle of each riparian buffer plot at three depths. Most deep, middepth, andshallow wells were 3.0 m, 1.8 m, and 0.6 m deep from the ground surface to the top of the 0.6 m perforated section, respectively.Wells were sampled for 23 months beginning July 1998. Although the ditch well nitratenitrogen concentrations at the middlewell depth were significantly lower in the 15 m wide plots compared to the 8 m plots over half the monitoring period, extremeflooding as a result of a hurricane in the middle of the study confounded the results. The effect of vegetation was not significantat any time, including the nobuffer cropped and fertilized plots. The effect of vegetation was minimized because at the earlystage in the buffer vegetation establishment, vegetative cover and root mass were not fully developed, the hurricaneinducedflooding forced the reestablishment of several vegetation types (forest and fescue), and there was likely some mixing ofgroundwater flowing toward the vegetation plots. Establishment of buffers along streams where groundwater flowed awayfrom the stream did not result in lower groundwater nitrate levels. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.13031/2013.8528 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 327-336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and ammonium at an agricultural site in the southeast United States AU - Robarge, WP AU - Walker, JT AU - McCulloch, RB AU - Murray, G T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - In this study, we present ∼1 yr (October 1998–September 1999) of 12-hour mean ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HONO), sulfate (SO42−), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations measured at an agricultural site in North Carolina's Coastal Plain region. Mean gas concentrations were 0.46, 1.21, 0.54, 5.55, and 4.15 μg m−3 for HCl, HNO3, HONO, NH3, and SO2, respectively. Mean aerosol concentrations were 1.44, 1.23, 0.08, and 3.37 μg m−3 for NH4+, NO3−, Cl−, and SO42−, respectively. Ammonia, NH4+, HNO3, and SO42− exhibit higher concentrations during the summer, while higher SO2 concentrations occur during winter. A meteorology-based multivariate regression model using temperature, wind speed, and wind direction explains 76% of the variation in 12-hour mean NH3 concentrations (n=601). Ammonia concentration increases exponentially with temperature, which explains the majority of variation (54%) in 12-hour mean NH3 concentrations. Dependence of NH3 concentration on wind direction suggests a local source influence. Ammonia accounts for >70% of NHx (NHx=NH3+NH4+) during all seasons. Ammonium nitrate and sulfate aerosol formation does not appear to be NH3 limited. Sulfate is primarily associated ammonium sulfate, rather than bisulfate, except during the winter when the ratio of NO3−–NH4+ is ∼0.66. The annual average NO3−–NH4+ ratio is ∼0.25. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00171-1 VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - 1661-1674 SN - 1873-2844 KW - atmospheric nitrogen KW - acid gases KW - PM2.5 KW - denuders KW - multivariate regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sorption of organic phosphorus compounds in Atlantic coastal plain soils AU - Leytem, A. B. AU - Mikkelsen, R. L. AU - Gilliam, J. W. T2 - Soil Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1097/01.ss0000034854.98442.39 VL - 167 IS - 10 SP - 652-658 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Repeatability of model genetic coefficients derived from soybean performance trials across different states AU - Mavromatis, T AU - Boote, KJ AU - Jones, JW AU - Wilkerson, GG AU - Hoogenboom, G T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop model testing in diverse environments is essential if modelers wish to make applications or extrapolations to those environments. A recent study demonstrated the effectiveness of optimization techniques for deriving cultivar coefficients for the CROPGRO-Soybean model from typical information provided by soybean performance tests. The objectives of this study were (i) to explore the extent to which cultivar coefficients developed by these approaches from crop performance tests are stable across different regions, (ii) to test the CROPGRO-Soybean model's ability to predict phenology and seed yield using cultivar coefficients that were developed in different regions, and (iii) to investigate whether 3 yr of crop performance data are adequate for developing stable genetic coefficients. A stepwise procedure was applied to derive cultivar coefficients for 10 common cultivars grown in different environments in Georgia and North Carolina. Regarding the transportability of cultivar coefficients across states, we found that the critical daylength coefficients were the most reliable cultivar traits. We found less stability of the cultivar traits that control genetic differences in seed yield potential. The estimated cultivar coefficients developed in Georgia enabled CROPGRO to predict yield and harvest maturity in North Carolina within 3.8% and 3.5 d, respectively, from the observed averages. Using the cultivar coefficients developed from North Carolina environments allowed us to simulate the actual mean yield and harvest maturity in Georgia to within 2.5% and 2.0 d. Furthermore, the model's ability to predict seed yield and maturity with cultivar coefficients developed from 3 yr of data was nearly as good as that derived from much larger data sets. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0076 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 76-89 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of two root-knot nematode-resistant peanut germplasm lines AU - Stalker, H. T. AU - Beute, M. K. AU - Shew, B. B. AU - Barker, K. R. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 312-313 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Two Root-Knot Nematode-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Barker, K.R. Barker Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Barker, K.R. Barker Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.312aCitations: 19 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 312-313 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.312a VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 312-313 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of four insect-resistant peanut germplasm lines AU - Stalker, HT AU - Lynch, RE T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 313-314 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Four Insect-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorR.E. Lynch, R.E. Lynch Insect Biol. and Population Mgmt. Lab., USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA, 31793-0748Search for more papers by this author H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorR.E. Lynch, R.E. Lynch Insect Biol. and Population Mgmt. Lab., USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA, 31793-0748Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.3130Citations: 12 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Lynch, R.E., and T.P. Mack. 1995. Biological and biotechnical advances for insect management in peanut. p. 95– 159. In H.E. Pattee and H.T. Stalker (ed.) Advances in Peanut Science. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Stillwater, OK. Stalker, H.T., Utilizing Arachis cardenasii as a source of Cercospora leafspot resistance for peanut improvement. Euphytica (1984) 33, 529– 538 http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00021154, Stalker, H.T., Resistance of wild species of peanuts to an insect complex. Peanut Sci. (1983) 10, 30– 33 http://doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-10-1-9 Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 313-314 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0313 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 313-314 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of five leaf spot-resistant peanut germplasm lines AU - Stalker, HT AU - Beute, MK AU - Shew, BB AU - Isleib, TG T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 314-316 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Five Leaf Spot-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorT.G. Isleib, T.G. Isleib Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorT.G. Isleib, T.G. Isleib Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.3140Citations: 27 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 314-316 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0314 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 314-316 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'NC Hulless' oat AU - Murphy, JP AU - Navarro, RA AU - Leath, S AU - Bowman, DT T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 311-311 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘NC Hulless’ Oat J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.3110 Research supported in part by grants from the North Carolina Small Grains Growers Association, Inc. and the USDA-ARS. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 311-311 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0311 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 311-311 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ozone tolerance in snap bean is associated with elevated ascorbic acid in the leaf apoplast AU - Burkey, KO AU - Eason, G T2 - PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM AB - Ascorbic acid (AA) in the leaf apoplast has the potential to limit ozone injury by participating in reactions that detoxify ozone and reactive oxygen intermediates and thus prevent plasma membrane damage. Genotypes of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) were compared in controlled environments and in open-top field chambers to assess the relationship between extracellular AA content and ozone tolerance. Vacuum infiltration methods were employed to separate leaf AA into extracellular and intracellular fractions. For plants grown in controlled environments at low ozone concentration (4 nmol mol-1 ozone), leaf apoplast AA was significantly higher in tolerant genotypes (300-400 nmol g-1 FW) compared with sensitive genotypes (approximately 50 nmol g-1 FW), evidence that ozone tolerance is associated with elevated extracellular AA. For the open top chamber study, plants were grown in pots under charcoal-filtered air (CF) conditions and then either maintained under CF conditions (29 nmol mol-1 ozone) or exposed to elevated ozone (67 nmol mol-1 ozone). Following an 8-day treatment period, leaf apoplast AA was in the range of 100-190 nmol g-1 FW for all genotypes, but no relationship was observed between apoplast AA content and ozone tolerance. The contrasting results in the two studies demonstrated a potential limitation in the interpretation of extracellular AA data. Apoplast AA levels presumably reflect the steady-state condition between supply from the cytoplasm and utilization within the cell wall. The capacity to detoxify ozone in the extracellular space may be underestimated under elevated ozone conditions where the dynamics of AA supply and utilization are not adequately represented by a steady-state measurement. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140308.x VL - 114 IS - 3 SP - 387-394 SN - 1399-3054 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microsatellites in Zea - variability, patterns of mutations, and use for evolutionary studies AU - Matsuoka, Y AU - Mitchell, SE AU - Kresovich, S AU - Goodman, M AU - Doebley, J T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1007/s001220100694 VL - 104 IS - 2-3 SP - 436-450 SN - 1432-2242 KW - teosinte KW - SSR KW - indel KW - genetic diversity KW - evolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Highly conserved modified nucleosides influence Mg2+-dependent tRNA folding AU - Nobles, KN AU - Yarian, CS AU - Liu, G AU - Guenther, RH AU - Agris, PF T2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH AB - Transfer RNA structure involves complex folding interactions of the TΨC domain with the D domain. However, the role of the highly conserved nucleoside modifications in the TΨC domain, rT54, Ψ55 and m5C49, in tertiary folding is not understood. To determine whether these modified nucleosides have a role in tRNA folding, the association of variously modified yeast tRNAPhe T‐half molecules (nucleosides 40–72) with the corresponding unmodified D‐half molecule (nucleosides 1–30) was detected and quantified using a native polyacrylamide gel mobility shift assay. Mg2+ was required for formation and maintenance of all complexes. The modified T‐half folding interactions with the D‐half resulted in Kds (rT54 = 6 ± 2, m5C49 = 11 ± 2, Ψ55 = 14 ± 5, and rT54,Ψ55 = 11 ± 3 µM) significantly lower than that of the unmodified T‐half (40 ± 10 µM). However, the global folds of the unmodified and modified complexes were comparable to each other and to that of an unmodified yeast tRNAPhe and native yeast tRNAPhe, as determined by lead cleavage patterns at U17 and nucleoside substitutions disrupting the Levitt base pair. Thus, conserved modifications of tRNA’s TΨC domain enhanced the affinity between the two half‐molecules without altering the global conformation indicating an enhanced stability to the complex and/or an altered folding pathway. DA - 2002/11/1/ PY - 2002/11/1/ DO - 10.1093/nar/gkf595 VL - 30 IS - 21 SP - 4751-4760 SN - 0305-1048 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating soybean model genetic coefficients from private- sector variety performance trial data AU - Welch, S. M. AU - Wilkerson, G. AU - Whiting, K. AU - Sun, N. AU - Vagts, T. AU - Buol, G. AU - Mavromatis, T. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Genetic coefficients are constants that enable crop simulation models to mimic the phenological and physiologicalidiosyncrasies of individual varieties. Methods have been developed for estimating genetic coefficients from research dataor from public variety trials. However, the degree of experimental design regularity present in public trials is largely absentfrom their private counterparts. The question therefore arises as to whether estimation techniques developed with public datawill work in the privatesector environment. This was evaluated using a set of 1155 yield observations representing221 varieties grown in 1997, 1998, and 1999 at 105 siteyear combinations as part of the ongoing testing program of theDelta and Pine Land Company.

The data were divided into three groups: varieties with 15 or more observations, those with 5 to 14 observations, and thosewith four observations or less. The first group (24 varieties) had sufficient data to support genetic coefficient estimation. Fourof the 24 had 10 or more observations in each of the three years. These four were quarantined to ensure their independenceand formed an Evaluation Set. The remaining variety groups were used to characterize locations. Corresponding weather datawere obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. Soil features were first estimated by an automated procedure basedon reported texture and then adjusted manually within published limits to reproduce maturity group average yields at eachsite. The Evaluation Set was not used in this latter process. Optimal variety and site parameters were then estimated bysearching a prediction database precalculated by parallel processing. The variety parameters were critical short day lengthand an index interrelating a set of phenological attributes. The site parameters were rooting profiles that finetuned wateravailability. Crossvalidation was used to estimate root mean square errors of yield prediction.

Results indicate that it is possible to extract coefficient estimates from commercial data, and that these estimates can beused to predict outcomes in independent situations. However, those situations must be from the same statistical populationas the original calibration data. The stability of the estimates obtained was strongly dependent on the manner in whichvarieties with 5 to 14 observations were utilized. Although more than one mechanism seemed to be at work, decreasingimportance of rooting profile estimation and easing restrictions on free genetic coefficients were associated with improvedparameter stability as new data were added. It was also apparent that actual management use of the resulting estimates wouldrequire better characterization of soils than is currently present in performance trial data. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.13031/2013.9925 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 1163-1175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on leaf chemistry and reproduction by twospotted spider mites (Acari : Tetranychidae) on white clover AU - Heagle, AS AU - Burns, JC AU - Fisher, DS AU - Miller, JE T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Plant growth and yield responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment are well established. Much less is known of the response of arthropod pests to CO2 enrichment. Reproductive response of twospotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to a range of CO2 concentrations was measured. The CO2 treatments were applied for 24 h d−1 at ≈395, 484, 570, 657, and 748 &mgr;LL−1 on the 14 d before and 26–27 d after infestation with mites. Eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adult mites were removed from leaves and counted 27–29 d after infestation. Leaf area and weight were measured, and leaves were analyzed to measure structural and nonstructural carbohydrates, N, amino acids and digestibility. Carbon dioxide enrichment caused linear increases in plant growth and foliar nonstructural carbohydrates, but caused linear decreases in foliar N. Carbon dioxide enrichment significantly increased the rate of mite reproduction on both clover clones. Correlations between mite population increase were significantly positive for foliar nonstructural carbohydrates and significantly negative for foliar N. Concentrations of ambient CO2 expected in the 21st century may increase the risk of mite population damage on some plant species. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-31.4.594 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 594-601 SN - 0046-225X KW - Trifolium repens KW - Tetranychus urticae KW - white clover KW - carbon dioxide enrichment KW - twospotted spider mite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins of white perch, Morone americana: Purification, characterization, and vitellogenin-receptor binding AU - Hiramatsu, N AU - Hara, A AU - Hiramatsu, K AU - Fukada, H AU - Weber, GM AU - Denslow, ND AU - Sullivan, CV T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objectives of this study were to 1) purify and characterize vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins of white perch (Morone americana), 2) develop a nonisotopic receptor binding assay for vitellogenin, and 3) identify the yolk protein domains of vitellogenin recognized by the ovarian vitellogenin receptor. Four yolk proteins derived from vitellogenin (YP1, YP2 monomer [YP2m] and dimer [YP2d], and YP3) were isolated from ovaries of vitellogenic perch by selective precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The apparent molecular masses of purified YP1, YP2m, and YP2d after gel filtration were 310 kDa, 17 kDa, and 27 kDa, respectively. YP3 appeared in SDS-PAGE as a approximately 20-kDa band plus some diffuse smaller bands that could be visualized by staining for phosphoprotein with Coomassie Brilliant Blue complexed with aluminum nitrate. Immunological and biochemical characteristics of YP1, YP2s, and YP3 identified them as white perch lipovitellin, beta'-components, and phosvitin, respectively. A novel receptor-binding assay for vitellogenin was developed based on digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled vitellogenin tracer binding to ovarian membrane proteins immobilized in 96-well plates. Lipovitellin from white perch and vitellogenin from perch and other teleosts effectively displaced specifically bound DIG-vitellogenin in the assay, but phosvitin and the beta'-component could not, demonstrating for the first time that the lipovitellin domain of teleost vitellogenin mediates its binding to the oocyte receptor. Lipovitellin was less effective than vitellogenin in this regard, suggesting that the remaining yolk protein domains of vitellogenin may interact with its lipovitellin domain to facilitate binding of vitellogenin to its receptor. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod67.2.655 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 655-667 SN - 1529-7268 KW - estradiol KW - female reproductive tract KW - gamete biology KW - oocyte development KW - ovary ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selecton of alternative genetic sources of large-seed size in Virginia-type peanut: Evaluation of sensory, composition, and agronomic characteristics AU - Pattee, HE AU - Isleib, TG AU - Gorbet, DW AU - Giesbrecht, FG T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Jenkins Jumbo, the ancestral source of large-seed size in the Virginia market type (Arachis hypogaea L.), has been shown to have a deleterious effect on flavor of peanut. The pervasiveness of Jenkins Jumbo in the ancestry of large-seeded germplasm contributes to the generally less intense roasted peanut flavor of U.S. cultivars of the Virginia market type. As a remedy to this problem, alternative sources of large-seed size were sought. Nine large-seeded selections, with NC 7 and Florunner as checks, were tested in replicated trials in North Carolina and Florida from 1996 to 1998. Pod yield, grade, weight of 100 seeds, and oil, sugar, and starch contents were measured. A descriptive sensory panel evaluated flavor attributes of a roasted sound mature kernel (SMK) sample from each plot. NC 7 scored low for sweet sensory attribute, high for bitter, and median for roasted peanut. UF714021, a multiline incorporating the Altika cultivar with several sister lines, had the best flavor profile of the large-seeded selections, but it did not have particularly large seeds relative to NC 7. The largest seeded selections were X90037 and X90053, both derived from Japan Jumbo. Flavor scores for X90037 were similar to those for NC 7 for roasted peanut (3.0 vs 2.9 flavor intensity units, fiu) and sweet (2.7 vs 2.6 fiu) but worse than NC 7 for bitter (3.3 vs 3.7 fiu) and astringent (3.5 vs 3.7 fiu). X90053 had intermediate values for roasted peanut and astringent, high value for sweet, and low for bitter. Other lines that had or were likely to have Jenkins Jumbo as a recent ancestor were generally poor in roasted flavor, supporting the hypothesis that ancestry from Jenkins Jumbo imparts poor flavor characteristics. With the exception of the unexpected relationship between astringent attribute and extra large kernel (ELK) content (r = 0.82, P < 0.01), there were no significant correlations between sensory attributes and the important agronomic traits: yield, meat, and ELK content. Among the nine large-seeded lines tested in this study, three appear to have greater potential for use as parents: 86x45B-10-1-2-2-b2-B, UF714021, and X90053. DA - 2002/8/14/ PY - 2002/8/14/ DO - 10.1021/jf025601j VL - 50 IS - 17 SP - 4885-4889 SN - 0021-8561 KW - Arachis hypogaea L. KW - roasted peanut KW - sweet KW - bitter KW - astrinderit KW - yield KW - grade KW - meat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manganese distribution and patterns of soil wetting and depletion in a Piedmont hillslope AU - Cassel, D. K. AU - Afyuni, M. M. AU - Robarge, W. P. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - The distribution of Mn in soils across the landscape is a function of mineralogy, topography, vegetation, and soil properties that control soil water movement and solute transport. We hypothesized (i) that current landscape properties and processes would explain the observed distribution of acid‐extractable soil Mn in a cropped hillslope in the Carolina Slate Belt of the southern Piedmont, and (ii) that the current spatial patterns of soil water movement would be related to the observed Mn distribution. Soil samples were collected in 10‐cm increments to the 1‐m depth at 5‐m intervals along 110‐m‐long Transect AB and at 10‐m intervals along 80‐m‐long Transect CD. The air‐dried samples were analyzed for acid‐extractable (1 M HCl) Mn. Soil water content (θ) along the transects was periodically monitored by neutron attenuation to the 120‐cm depth. Duplicate banks of tensiometers were installed at depths of 30, 45, and 60 cm at these locations. The concentration of acid‐extractable soil Mn was greatest in the footslope (FS), exceeding values >500 and 600 mg kg −1 soil for Transects AB and CD, respectively. For a wet period in July 1989, θ along Transect AB varied from 0.40 m 3 m −3 for the FS to 0.50 m 3 m −3 at the summit and was significantly correlated with clay content. Increases in water content of a dry soil after rainfall of 80 mm in July 1989 were similar at all landscape positions, but further increases following additional rainfall were less for the FS, indicating that soil at the FS was already near saturation. The slightly coarser‐textured FS consistently had the lowest water contents. Tensiometric and lateral Br transport data for this site, coupled with the water content measurements, indicate that subsurface flow of water and dissolved Mn from higher to lower elevations on the hillslopes is occurring. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2002.9390 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 939-947 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro somatic embryogenesis in turf-type bermudagrass: roles of abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, and occurrence of secondary somatic embryogenesis AU - Li, L AU - Qu, R T2 - PLANT BREEDING AB - Abstract Bermudagrass is an important warm‐season turfgrass species that is recalcitrant in regeneration in tissue culture. In a previous report, we observed that somatic embryogenesis of immature inflorescence culture was substantially improved when low levels of 2,4‐dichloro‐phenoxy acetic acid (1 mg/l) and 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP, 0.01 mg/l) were included in the callus induction medium. The object of this study was to further improve the culture conditions to enhance somatic embryo formation and plantlet regeneration. It was shown that the abscisic acid supplement (2 or 5 mg/l) to the above callus induction medium further enhanced somatic embryogenesis in hybrid bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis ) cv. ‘Tifgreen’. The addition of gibberellic acid (0. 2 mg/l) to the BAP (1 mg/l)‐containing regeneration medium accelerated germination/regeneration of the somatic embryos. Secondary and repetitive somatic embryogenesis, which is rarely reported in monocots, was observed in common bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon , cv. ‘Savannah’), and a full course of such a development was captured by a periodical microphotography. Scanning electron microscopy further confirmed the observation. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.00684.x VL - 121 IS - 2 SP - 155-158 SN - 0179-9541 KW - Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalensis KW - hybrid turfgrass KW - somatic embryo genesis KW - BAP supplement ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aphid resistance and leaf surface chemistry of sugar ester producing tobaccos AU - Johnson, A. W. AU - Sisson, V. A. AU - Snook, M. E. AU - Fortnum, B. A. AU - Jackson, D. M. T2 - Journal of Entomological Science AB - Sugar ester producing tobacco lines were evaluated for aphid resistance and other surface chemicals. The cembrenoid and labdenoid diterpenes, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols, (12Z)-labda-12,14-diene-8α-ol (cis-abienol), (13E)-labda-13-ene-8α,15-diol (labdenediol), docosanol, and sugar esters were quantified using high pressure liquid chromatography and compared with aphid infestation ratings. Regression analysis of aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] infestation rating and leaf surface chemistry was statistically significant and showed that surface chemicals were important in explaining the observed variation in the aphid infestation ratings. A significant negative correlation was found between aphid ratings and sugar ester levels among the 62 entries evaluated (r = −0.2758, P = 0.0301). α and β monols (α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols) were also significantly correlated with aphid infestations in this study (r = −0.2743, P = 0.0310 and r = −0.2797, P= 0.0109, respectively). None of the other surface chemicals were statistically correlated with aphid resistance. Although high sugar ester levels were correlated with aphid resistance, not all tobacco entries with high levels of sugar esters, such as Tl 1568 were resistant. This would suggest that there may be different types of sugar esters present in these tobaccos, and total sugar ester levels alone could not be used to predict aphid resistance. Also, some tobacco lines, like Tl 1674 and Tl 59 with lower sugar ester levels, were resistant in this study because of high monol levels. The ten tobacco entries with the highest levels of sugar esters in this study were Tl 698, Tl 675, Tl 704, Tl 998, Tl 193, JA 389, Tl 722R, Tl 1092, Tl 711, and Tl 1007. All of these lines exhibited high levels of aphid resistance, but some also had low-to-moderate levels of monols that may have elevated the aphid resistance level. A number of these tobaccos could be used for production of natural sugar ester biorationals or used in a breeding program for development of aphid resistant cultivars. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-37.2.154 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 154-165 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping AU - Matsuoka, Y AU - Vigouroux, Y AU - Goodman, MM AU - Sanchez, GJ AU - Buckler, E AU - Doebley, J T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - There exists extraordinary morphological and genetic diversity among the maize landraces that have been developed by pre-Columbian cultivators. To explain this high level of diversity in maize, several authors have proposed that maize landraces were the products of multiple independent domestications from their wild relative (teosinte). We present phylogenetic analyses based on 264 individual plants, each genotyped at 99 microsatellites, that challenge the multiple-origins hypothesis. Instead, our results indicate that all maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. Our analyses also indicate that the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands with maize spreading from this region over the Americas along two major paths. Our phylogenetic work is consistent with a model based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of Mexico before spreading to the lowlands. We also found only modest evidence for postdomestication gene flow from teosinte into maize. DA - 2002/4/30/ PY - 2002/4/30/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.052125199 VL - 99 IS - 9 SP - 6080-6084 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of digital image analysis, viability stains, and germination assays to estimate conventional and glyphosate-resistant cotton pollen viability AU - Pline, WA AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Oliver, T AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Wells, R AU - Allen, NS T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Because the success of labor‐intensive hand crosses by breeders is dependent upon pollen viability, quick, simple, and inexpensive methods for viability assessment are of interest. Four such cotton pollen viability assays were compared to determine differences in viability estimates, and relative accuracy by correlation to seed set. The methods compared were Brewbaker & Kwack (B & K) medium, B & K medium plus aniline blue, a fluorochromatic reaction method (FCR), and Alexander's stain. Additionally, digital images of germinated pollen grains were analyzed by means of morphometry software to quantify pollen tube area per pollen grain, as a proposed additional method of assessing viability. Pollen from conventional, nontreated glyphosate‐resistant (GR) and glyphosate‐treated GR cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants was tested by each method. Glyphosate treatments to GR cotton reduced pollen viability and corresponding seed set in all methods tested. Pollen germination measured by the B & K method was most closely related to seed set per boll, while Alexander's stain gave the highest estimates of viability. The FCR method indicated that many pollen grains from glyphosate‐treated GR cotton were irregularly shaped and only partially flourescein diacetate (FD) stained. All methods tested showed similar high correlation (0.7–0.8) of pollen viability to seed set. Morphometric analysis of digital images of germinated pollen found the greatest pollen tube area to pollen grain ratio with B & K medium + 30 m M sucrose. Because the B & K method most closely predicted the linear magnitude of seed set reduction to reduced pollen viability, allowed the use of morphometry software analysis, and was one of the simplest and least equipment‐demanding methods, it may provide broad utility for those assessing cotton pollen viability. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.2193 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 2193-2200 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selecting increased seed density to increase indirectly soybean seed protein concentration AU - Li, HX AU - Burton, JW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Because soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the world's most important source of high quality vegetable protein, development of high yielding genotypes with increased seed protein concentration is a major soybean breeding objective. A major impediment to this objective is the often observed negative correlation between yield and protein. Seed density is a component of grain yield that is correlated positively with seed protein concentration. If genotypic correlations between seed density and yield are low, selection for increased density could provide an efficient way to improve protein concentration without affecting seed yield. The objective of this study was to investigate direct and correlated responses to selection on density of seeds sampled from male-sterile plants in three different random-mating populations. Seed density was determined for 192 male-sterile plants in each population. In each population, 15 plants with the highest and 15 plants with lowest seed density were selected. Seeds of each selection were increased in the winter and tested the following summer at three locations in North Carolina with two replications per location. In those tests, the previously selected high and low density groups were not significantly different in seed density, seed weight, yield, or concentrations of protein and oil. Thus, single plant selection for seed density was ineffective for increasing seed density or seed protein concentration. An alternative selection method is proposed in which the selection unit is a selfed half-sib or S1 family. Desired gains selection indices for increased density and seed weight may increase both protein and yield in all three populations. This selection system has appeal because measurement of seed density and seed weight is relatively inexpensive, requiring less economic and land resources than actual measurement of yield and protein. It is recommended as a low-cost way to improve initially unadapted populations. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0393 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 393-398 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Properties of iron oxides in streams draining the Loess Uplands of Mississippi AU - Rhoton, FE AU - Bigham, JM AU - Lindbo, DL T2 - APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY AB - Iron oxide precipitates are abundant in small stream systems of NW Mississippi, USA especially during the wet winter months. The properties of these specific materials are unknown even though they have the potential to influence soil physical properties and adsorb chemical pollutants in sediment environments. Streamwater and associated precipitates were collected from 4 representative streams at Cedar Creek (CC), Lee's Creek (LC), Spring Creek (SC), and Toby Creek (TC) during winter flow periods. Precipitate specimens were characterized for mineralogy, color, and solubility in oxalate (o), dithionite (d), and HNO3. Chemical composition of the water was dominated by Ca, Na, Mg, and K, in that order, at an average pH of 7.0. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) data indicated that the precipitates were primarily poorly ordered ferrihydrite (CC, TC) and lepidocrocite (LC, SC). The Feo/Fed ratios were 0.40 (CC), 0.68 (LC), 0.66 (SC), and 0.67 (TC). Organic C contents were 80.6, 38.0, 63.0, and 51.3 g kg−1 for the same samples. Precipitate color was uniform among sites, averaging 6.7 YR 4.8/6.2. After oxalate extraction, redness increased slightly in the CC and SC specimens, and decreased in the others. Extraction with dithionite depleted the red color in all specimens, but had less effect on the CC and SC samples which retained hues at 7.9 and 7.3 YR, respectively. Dithionite extractable P equaled 1.02 (CC), 0.72 (LC), 0.56 (SC), and 0.99 (TC) g kg−1. The results from this study indicated that: (1) the precipitates are either primarily poorly ordered ferrihydrite or lepidocrocite; (2) the solubility of ferrihydrite in both oxalate and dithionite is influenced by C contents; and (3) the redder, ferrihydrite specimens contain the greatest P concentrations. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00112-3 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 409-419 SN - 1872-9134 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic regions controlling vernalization and photoperiod responses in oat AU - Holland, JB AU - Portyanko, VA AU - Hoffman, DL AU - Lee, M T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1007/s00122-001-0845-5 VL - 105 IS - 1 SP - 113-126 SN - 0040-5752 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036923983&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Avena KW - flowering KW - mapping KW - QTLs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fifteen years of vegetation and soil development after brackish-water marsh creation AU - Craft, C AU - Broome, S AU - Campbell, C T2 - RESTORATION ECOLOGY AB - Abstract Aboveground biomass, macro‐organic matter (MOM), and wetland soil characteristics were measured periodically between 1983 and 1998 in a created brackish‐water marsh and a nearby natural marsh along the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina to evaluate the development of wetland vegetation and soil dependent functions after marsh creation. Development of aboveground biomass and MOM was dependent on elevation and frequency of tidal inundation. Aboveground biomass of Spartina alterniflora , which occupied low elevations along tidal creeks and was inundated frequently, developed to levels similar to the natural marsh (750 to 1,300 g/m 2 ) within three years after creation. Spartina cynosuroides , which dominated interior areas of the marsh and was flooded less frequently, required 9 years to consistently achieve aboveground biomass equivalent to the natural marsh (600 to 1,560 g/m 2 ). Aboveground biomass of Spartina patens , which was planted at the highest elevations along the terrestrial margin and seldom flooded, never consistently developed aboveground biomass comparable with the natural marsh during the 15 years after marsh creation. MOM (0 to 10 cm) generally developed at the same rate as aboveground biomass. Between 1988 and 1998, soil bulk density decreased and porosity and organic C and N pools increased in the created marsh. Like vegetation, wetland soil development proceeded faster in response to increased inundation, especially in the streamside zone dominated by S. alterniflora. We estimated that in the streamside and interior zones, an additional 30 years (nitrogen) to 90 years (organic C, porosity) are needed for the upper 30 cm of created marsh soil to become equivalent to the natural marsh. Wetland soil characteristics of the S. patens community along upland fringe will take longer to develop, more than 200 years. Development of the benthic invertebrate‐based food web, which depends on organic matter enrichment of the upper 5 to 10 cm of soil, is expected to take less time. Wetland soil characteristics and functions of created irregularly flooded brackish marshes require longer to develop compared with regularly flooded salt marshes because reduced tidal inundation slows wetland vegetation and soil development. The hydrologic regime (regularly vs. irregularly flooded) of the “target” wetland should be considered when setting realistic expectations for success criteria of created and restored wetlands. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01020.x VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 248-258 SN - 1526-100X KW - Juncus roemerianus KW - nitrogen KW - organic carbon KW - restoration KW - Spartina KW - wetland creation KW - wetland pedogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contributions of shoot and root nitrogen-15 labeled legume nitrogen sources to a sequence of three cereal crops AU - Glasener, KM AU - Wagger, MG AU - MacKown, CT AU - Volk, RJ T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Legume mulches are important sources of N for cereal crop production, particularly for organic and resource-poor producers. A field study was conducted using a direct method to determine if the amount of N in cereal crops derived from either the shoots or roots of preceding tropical legume cover crops was affected by their chemical composition and mineralization potential. Desmodium ovalifolium Guill. & Perr. [= D adscendens (Sw.) DC. and Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.], were grown in 6.0-m2 microplots and foliar-labeled with 99 atom % 15N urea. A cereal sequence of maize (Zea mays L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.)–maize followed the legumes. Cereal accumulation of legume N from either the shoot (shoot + leaf litter) or the root-soil sources was evaluated by spatially separating the legume N sources. This was achieved by interchanging surface applications of nonlabeled and 15N-labeled legume shoots with in situ 15N-labeled and nonlabeled legume roots. Initially the Desmodium shoot N source contained 316 kg N ha−1 and roots contained 12.5 kg N ha−1 Pueraria shoots and root N sources initially contained 262 and 14.8 kg N ha−1, respectively. About 90 g kg−1 of the initial N of each legume shoot was recovered in the total aboveground tissues from the three cereal crops, while 490 g kg−1 of Desmodium and 280 g kg−1 of Pueraria root-soil N sources were recovered. Of the 181 kg N ha−1 accumulated aboveground by the cereal sequence, the contribution of shoot plus root-soil N sources was 200 g kg−1 from Desmodium and 150 g kg−1 from Pueraria Cereal N was derived primarily from mineralization of soil organic matter present before the legumes and possibly from N deposition (precipitation and dry) occurring during the cereal crop sequence. After harvest of the last cereal crop, 13 and 180 g kg−1 of the initial legume N was present as inorganic and organic N fractions, respectively, in the top 75 cm of soil. Even though Pueraria shoots had a lower C:N ratio and concentration of polyphenols than Desmodium shoots, the relative contributions of the shoot N source were similar for both legumes. Decomposition of legume residues, particularly legume shoots, make a meaningful contribution to the N economy of cereal crops grown in the tropics. The legume cover crops (root + shoot) contributed nearly 280 g kg−1 of the aboveground N in the first cereal crop and as much as 110 g kg−1 of the N in the third crop during the 15-mo sequence of cereals. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2002.0523 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - 523-530 SN - 0361-5995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and implementation of a long-term agricultural systems study: Challenges and opportunities AU - Mueller, J. P. AU - Barbercheck, M. E. AU - Bell, M. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Creamer, N. G. AU - Hitt, A. AU - Hu, S. AU - King, L. AU - Linker, H. M. AU - Louws, F. J. AU - Marlow, S. AU - Marra, M. AU - Raczkowski, C. W. AU - Susko, D. J. AU - Wagger, M. G. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 362-368 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water, heat and freshwater flux out of the northern Indian Ocean in September-October 1995 AU - Shi, W AU - Morrison, JM AU - Bryden, HL T2 - DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY AB - World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Transindian Hydrographic Section I1 (I1) is the northernmost of the zonal sections carried out during the WOCE Indian Ocean Expedition of 1994–1995. It crosses the southern boundaries of both the Bay of Bengal (I1e) in the east and the Arabian Sea (I1w) in the west. From I1, heat, freshwater and water-mass budgets are computed for the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Unfortunately, unlike the flow in the Atlantic and Pacific, the flow through I1 experiences considerable seasonal variability due to the annual reversal of the monsoonal winds. Therefore, at best we can expect to compute a “snapshot” of the heat and freshwater flux at the end of the SW Monsoon. But at least the timing of this section was chosen to coincide in the period where the mean circulation is most like the “normal” subtropical gyres found at mid-latitudes in the other oceans. During WOCE I1 both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal acted as heat sources. The mechanisms of the heat exportation in these two basins differed slightly from each other with the deep-ocean flow playing an important role in exporting heat from the Arabian Sea. The total heat transport out of the Arabian Sea was 0.60±0.27 PW. Of the 0.60 PW heat transport, a total of 0.28 PW was exported below 2000 m. The monsoonally driven southward surface flow accounted for the remaining 50% of the total heat export. Meanwhile, the Bay of Bengal was exporting heat at a rate of 0.63±0.16 PW, with half of the heat export due to surface flow and the other half due to meridional overturning at mid-depths. Meanwhile, the Arabian Sea was importing freshwater at a rate of 0.38±0.09×106 m3 s−1 while the Bay of Bengal was exporting freshwater at a rate of 0.38±0.08×106 m3 s−1. The mechanisms for the freshwater transport from the two basins were fundamentally different. In the Arabian Sea, vertical recirculation cells in the upper and deep ocean contributed to the freshwater import across I1w with the deep cell accounting for ∼25% of the total freshwater transport. In the Bay of Bengal, most of the freshwater export occurred in the surface layer because of strong southward Ekman surface flow and fresh surface waters from river runoff and monsoon rainfall. The role the horizontal circulation plays in the heat and freshwater transport across I1 was different in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The horizontal circulation contributed 0.06 PW of the total heat transport in contrast to −0.60 PW of the total heat transport crossing I1w and ∼30% of the freshwater transport across I1w in the Arabian Sea. In the Bay of Bengal, the horizontal circulation contributed ∼20% heat transport and ∼45% of the freshwater transport across I1e. The difference in horizontal circulation between the two basins is predominately due to the role of the Somali Current in the Arabian Sea. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00154-0 VL - 49 IS - 7-8 SP - 1231-1252 SN - 1879-0100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Viscoelastic behavior of commercially processed soy isolate pastes during heating and cooling AU - Luck, PJ AU - Lanier, TC AU - Daubert, CR AU - Kwanyuen, P T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT The viscoelastic properties of soy isolate dispersions of Prolina and Brim cultivars, commercially processed, were compared during heating and cooling utilizing small deformation rheology. All isolates formed gels upon hydration. Heating to 90 °C yielded less rigid gels, as evidenced by a decreasing G'. Holding at 90 °C induced an increase in G' for Brim isolate, possibly as a result of increased hydrophobic and/or covalent bonding. Cooling to 25 °C generated a G' increase above initial levels for both cultivars, likely due to enhanced intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Mechanical spectra at 25 °C before and after heating, and at 90 °C before and after holding, confirmed these observations. A lower G' was consistently exhibited by Prolina gels throughout testing. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10293.x VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 1379-1382 SN - 0022-1147 KW - soy isolate KW - small deformation rheology KW - Rousse theory KW - Prolina KW - frequency sweep ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature and trinexapac-ethyl effects on bermudagrass growth, dormancy, and freezing tolerance AU - Fagerness, MJ AU - Yelverton, FH AU - Livingston, DP AU - Rufty, TW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Applications of the plant growth regulator (PGR) trinexapac-ethyl [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexane carboxylic acid ethylester] (TE) can delay winter dormancy in ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon), which suggests a response to TE when temperatures are suboptimum for bermudagrass growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive role of temperature and TE in bermudagrass growth responses, dormancy, and freezing tolerance. Trinexapac-ethyl (0.11 kg a.i. ha−1) was applied in two growth chamber experiments, and across a 2-yr period in the field. Results indicated that TE reduced vertical shoot growth and increased stolon production, turf density, and quality when applied at high temperatures (35–36°C). While TE effectively reduced vertical shoot growth at low (20–22°C) temperatures, little impact on stolon development was observed under these conditions. Autumn applications of TE when temperatures were cool (≈25°C) at the time of application led to decreased turfgrass density and quality. These responses may explain the effectiveness of using TE to aid in bermudagrass transition to overseeded cool-season grasses and were probably due to the limited ability of bermudagrass to recover from initial post-application growth reduction and observed leaf chlorosis. Observed delayed autumn dormancy due to summer applications of TE and accelerated dormancy due to late-season applications did not conclusively relate to the freezing tolerance of bermudagrass. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0853 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 853-858 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Runoff and soil loss from midwestern and southeastern US silt loam soils as affected by tillage practice and soil organic matter content AU - Rhoton, FE AU - Shipitalo, MJ AU - Lindbo, DL T2 - SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH AB - No-till practices generally reduce runoff (RO) and soil loss (SL) by contributing to accumulations of soil organic matter (SOM) in the near-surface zone. This research was conducted to determine the effects of SOM contents on RO and SL from two highly erodible soils using crops that produce a wide range of residue, in the context of long-term tillage studies in widely separated climatic regions. Rainfall simulator plots, measuring 6.1m×0.9m, were imposed on a 9-year-old corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) conservation tillage study at Senatobia, Mississippi, and on a similar 34-year-old corn study at Coshocton, Ohio. All RO was collected from two replications of conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) treatments following application of simulated rainfall at an intensity of 50 mm h−1 for 1 h. Soil samples collected in depth increments of 0–1, 1–3, 3–7.6 and 7.6–15.2 cm were characterized for SOM content, aggregate stability (AS), water dispersible clay (WDC) and particle size distribution. Bulk density (BD) samples were collected in increments of 0–3.8, 3.8–7.6, 7.6–15.2 and 15.2–30.5 cm. Overall, RO from the CT and NT treatments averaged 27.8 and 16.5 mm, respectively. SL loss from the CT treatments averaged 3.9 Mg ha−1 and 0 for the NT. BDs in the surface 3.8 cm averaged 1.34 Mg m−3 for CT and 1.26 Mg m−3 for NT. Correlation coefficients (r) for SOM content versus AS, WDC and BD were 0.92, −0.90 and −0.64, respectively. Regression models indicated that BD, as a single-variable, explained 87% of the variability in RO from the NT treatments. BD alone was less effective in accounting for the variability in RO from CT treatments, but contributed to a three-variable model with AS and WDC to produce an R2 of 0.97. These results indicate that as SOM contents gradually increase in NT treatments, RO decreases due to the development of greater porosity in the near-surface zone attributable to enhanced AS at the soil surface. Thus, surface sealing tendencies are diminished which promotes an increase in infiltration rates. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00005-3 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 1-11 SN - 0167-1987 KW - no-tillage KW - conventional tillage KW - aggregate stability KW - water dispersible clay KW - bulk density KW - erosion KW - infiltration KW - soil organic matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pennsylvania smartweed interference and achene production in cotton AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Studies were conducted to determine the effect of interference between Pennsylvania smartweed and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Pennsylvania smartweed remained shorter than cotton until at least 80 d after cotton planting. However, Pennsylvania smartweed produced considerable dry biomass by cotton harvest. Pennsylvania smartweed biomass per plant was not affected by weed density when grown with cotton. When grown alone, Pennsylvania smartweed produced 1,640 and 2,060 g dry biomass plant−1 depending on the year. This biomass was over four times greater than the biomass produced by plants grown with cotton. Cotton lint yield decreased between 1.3 and 1.1 kg ha−1 with each gram increase in weed dry biomass per meter of row. The relationship between Pennsylvania smartweed density and cotton percent yield loss was described by the hyperbolic function. The estimated coefficients a (maximum yield loss as density approaches infinity) and i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) were 102 ± 23 and 51 ± 12, respectively, in 1998 and 53 ± 1 and 98 ± 5, respectively, in 2000. Pennsylvania smartweed achene production was also described by the hyperbolic function. Estimated achene production at 1 plant m−1 cotton row was 18,000 and 26,000 achenes m−2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0350:PSIAAP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 350-356 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Pennsylvania smartweed, Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigatum Fern. POLPY KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. 'Stoneville BXN 47' KW - competition KW - crop height KW - economic thresholds KW - models KW - seed rain KW - weed biomass KW - weed density KW - weed height ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pale smartweed interference and achene production in cotton AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Field studies were conducted at two North Carolina locations to determine the effect of interference between pale smartweed and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Pale smartweed remained shorter than cotton until at least 70 d after cotton planting. However, pale smartweed grew over twice as tall as cotton and produced considerable dry biomass by cotton harvest. Pale smartweed biomass per plant was not affected by weed density up to 3.5 plants m−1 of row when grown with cotton. Cotton competition reduced pale smartweed dry biomass per plant at least 400%. The relationship between pale smartweed and cotton percent yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (coefficient a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 29 ± 4 and 23 ± 4 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Pale smartweed achene production was also described by the hyperbolic function. Estimated achene production of smartweed at 1 plant m−1 cotton row was 63,000 and 25,000 achenes m−2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0357:PSIAAP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 357-363 SN - 1550-2759 KW - pale smartweed, Polygonum lapathifolium var. lapathifolium L. POLPE KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. 'Stoneville BXN 47' KW - competition KW - crop height KW - economic thresholds KW - models KW - seed rain KW - weed biomass KW - weed density KW - weed height ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen metabolism of beef steers fed endophyte-free tall fescue hay: Effects of ruminally protected methionine supplementation AU - Archibeque, S. L. AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Huntington, G. B. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Level of nitrogen (N) intake and ruminally protected methionine supplementation were evaluated in eight Angus growing steers (initial BW 253+/-21 kg, final BW 296+/-21 kg) in a replicated 4+/-4 Latin square design. The steers were fed two endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) hays that contained 2.2 (LO) or 2.8% (HI) of DM as N and were either supplemented or not with ruminally protected methionine (10 g metabolizable methionine/d). Diets were fed to provide adequate energy for 0.5 kg ADG and sufficient protein for maintenance (LO), or protein to support 0.5 kg ADG (HI). Following at least 14 d of adjustment, N balance was measured for 6 d. Isotopic urea was infused (15N15N-urea, 0.164 mmol urea N/h) via a jugular catheter for 56 h and urine was collected from 48 to 56 h to measure urea kinetics. Jugular blood was collected during the balance trial, and serum was analyzed for serum urea N (SUN). By design, daily N intake was greater (P < 0.05) for HI (112 g) than for LO (89 g). Compared with LO, steers when fed HI had greater (P < 0.05) daily DMI (4,217 vs 4,151 g), fecal N (34.4 vs 31.2 g), N digested (77.1 vs 57.7 g), urine N (48.3 vs 37.5 g), urine urea N excretion (34.6 vs 24.8 g), and N retained (29.8 vs 21.1 g). When fed HI steers also had higher (P < 0.05) urine urea N concentration (276 vs 219 mM), SUN (8.7 vs 6.7 mM), N digestibility (69.1 vs 64.9%), percentage of urinary N present as urea (71.5 vs 66.7%, P < 0.053), and rate of urea N production (59.6 vs 49.2 g/d) but lower (P < 0.05) percentage of urea N produced that was returned to the ornithine cycle (15.03 vs 19.2 1%) than when fed LO. Methionine supplementation decreased daily urine N (41.2 vs 44.6 g, P = 0.10) and increased both the amount of N retained daily (27.9 vs 23.7 g, P < 0.089) and the percentage of N digested that was retained (40.4 vs 34.6%, P < 0.094). In summary, supplemental methionine met a specific dietary limitation by increasing the amount of digested N that was retained by the steers. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.8051344x VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 1344-1351 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring phosphorus mineralization from poultry manure using phosphatase assays and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy AU - Crouse, DA AU - Sierzputowska-Gracz, H AU - Mikkelsen, RL AU - Wollum, AG T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - Phosphatase enzymes are responsible for mineralization of organic-phosphorus (P) compounds in soil where they hydrolyze the organic phosphate esters to inorganic phosphate. One way to monitor the mineralization process in soils receiving poultry manure is by assessing the activity of phosphatase in a soil amended with poultry manure relative to a soil that is not amended. In a laboratory incubation, soil phosphomonoesterase activity and soil phosphodiesterase activity were measured 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after soil incorporation of poultry litter. Two soils, both Fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults, were used in the study. Both soils differed in their previous management. The first soil was from a conventionally tilled field that received annual poultry litter applications for 18 consecutive years. The second soil was from an adjacent recently cleared woodland that had no history of manure application. In the previously non-manured soil, soil phosphodiesterase activity following poultry litter addition increased from 4 to 66 μg p-nitrophenol g soil−1 hour−1 by the second week. However, in the same soil, after 8 weeks, phosphodiesterase activity resulting from poultry litter applications was not evident. There was a net increase in phosphomonoesterase activity from week 0 to 20 in the previously manured and previously non-manured soils that were amended with poultry litter. A simultaneous study was conducted to measure the relative concentration of organic P forms during the mineralization process using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Subsamples from the poultry manure-amended soil were extracted with 0.25 M NaOH+0.05 M EDTA following 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after manure addition and incorporation. The concentration of organic P compounds decreased from the time of poultry litter incorporation until week 20 whereas orthophosphate concentration increased during this period. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1081/CSS-120003882 VL - 33 IS - 7-8 SP - 1205-1217 SN - 0010-3624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ladysthumb interference and seed production in cotton AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Studies were conducted to determine the effect of interference between ladysthumb and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Ladysthumb remained shorter than cotton until at least 70 d after cotton planting. However, ladysthumb grew over twice as tall as cotton and, depending on plant density, produced between 179 and 681 g dry biomass per plant by cotton harvest. Ladysthumb biomass per plant was not affected by weed density when grown with cotton. When grown alone, ladysthumb produced over 2,000 g dry biomass per plant, which was over four times greater than biomass produced by plants grown with cotton. Cotton lint yield decreased between 0.7 and 0.9 kg ha−1 with each gram increase in weed dry biomass per meter of the row. The relationship between ladysthumb density and cotton percent yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (coefficient a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 35 ± 5 and 14 ± 2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Ladysthumb seed production was also described by the hyperbolic function. Estimated seed production at 1 plant m−1 of cotton row was 33,000 and 47,000 seed m−2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0326:LIASPI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 326-332 SN - 0043-1745 KW - ladysthumb, Polygonum persicaria var. persicaria L. POLPE KW - cotton KW - Gossypium hirsutum L. 'BXN 47' KW - competition KW - crop height KW - economic thresholds KW - models KW - seed rain KW - weed biomass KW - weed density KW - weed height ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grazing Behavior of ruminants and daily performance from warm-season grasses AU - Burns, JC AU - Sollenberger, LE T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - An estimate of the animal-production potential of pastures can be assessed by knowing the daily dry matter (DM) intake of the grazing animal and the digestibility of the DM consumed. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationships between pasture canopy characteristics, ingestive behavior, and daily animal response from warm-season pastures. Of daily DM intake and digestibility of the DM consumed, the former is the most variable and the most difficult to determine. One approach to estimating daily DM intake has been to use the components of ingestive behavior to determine a short-term intake rate (g min−1), which can be scaled using grazing time (min d−1) to give a 24-h DM intake (kg d−1). This approach has been used experimentally with some success, but has not found application in production settings. While aspects of ingestive behavior, including ingestive mastication, are common to all grazing ruminants, literature indicates that differences occur among ruminant species and that animals ingest different pasture species differently. This results in plant-animal interactions. Frequently these dynamics are not clearly addressed for cool-season and warm-season pastures in literature reviews, which adds undue confusion to the general area. Ingestive behavior is discussed relative to animal- and pasture-generated bounds which operate within paddocks and can greatly alter ingestive behavior estimates. Also presented are relationships between diet particle size, associated with ingestive mastication, and steer daily gains. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0873 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 873-881 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fate and transport of nitrogen applied to six warm-season turfgrasses AU - Bowman, DC AU - Cherney, CT AU - Rufty, TW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - A greenhouse study compared six warm season turfgrasses {common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass (C. dactylon × transvaalensis), centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.), ‘Raleigh’ St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze], ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and ‘Emerald’ zoysiagrass (Z. japonica × tenuifolia)] for NO3-N leaching and N use efficiency. Sod was established in sand-filled columns and managed under worst-case conditions to promote nitrate leaching. Ammonium nitrate was applied at 50 kg N ha−1 on seven dates, with the final application labeled with 15N. Leachate samples were collected and analyzed for NO3-N and NH4-N and clippings were analyzed for total N. Leaching losses were high following the first N application, ranging from 48 to 100% of the NO3-N and 4 to 16% of the NH4-N applied. Nitrate loss from subsequent applications was reduced substantially, while NH4 leaching was essentially eliminated. There were significant differences among species for leachate NO3-N concentration and cumulative N leached, with St. Augustinegrass being the most effective and Meyer zoysiagrass the least effective at minimizing NO3 leaching. Nitrogen recovery by the turf ranged from 63% for Meyer zoysiagrass to 84% for hybrid bermudagrass. Root length density (RLD) varied significantly among species at depths >30 cm, and was negatively correlated with NO3 leaching loss. These results document differences between the warm season turfgrasses for NO3 leaching potential, possibly related to root distribution, and emphasize that species selection is an important factor in minimizing environmental impacts from turfgrass management. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0833 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 833-841 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic assessment of diclosulam and flumioxazin in strip- and conventional-tillage peanut AU - Clewis, SB AU - Shawn, A AU - Wilcut, J T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Experiments were conducted in Lewiston, NC, in 1999 and 2000 and Rocky Mount, NC, in 1999 to evaluate weed management systems in strip- and conventional-tillage peanut. The peanut cultivars grown were ‘NC 10C’, ‘NC 12C’, and ‘NC 7’, respectively. Weed management systems consisted of different combinations of preemergence (PRE) herbicides including diclosulam and flumioxazin plus commercial postemergence (POST) herbicide systems. Dimethenamid plus diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE controlled common lambsquarters, eclipta, and prickly sida at least 91%. Diclosulam and flumioxazin provided variable control of three Ipomoea species (59 to 91%) and bentazon plus acifluorfen POST provided > 90% control. Only diclosulam systems controlled yellow nutsedge 90% late season. Annual grass control required clethodim late POST, regardless of tillage system. Dimethenamid plus diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE produced equivalent yields and net returns with no significant differences between the two PRE options. Both systems produced higher yields and net returns than dimethenamid regardless of the POST herbicide option. The tillage production system did not influence weed control of eight weeds, peanut yields, or net returns. The addition of diclosulam or flumioxazin to dimethenamid PRE improved weed control compared with dimethenamid PRE alone. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0378:EAODAF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 378-385 SN - 1550-2759 KW - acifluorfen KW - bentazon KW - clethodim KW - diclosulam KW - dimethenamid KW - flumioxazin KW - common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL KW - eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. ECLAL KW - prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. SIDSP KW - yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES KW - peanut, 'NC-7', 'NC-10', 'NC-12', Arachis hypogaea L. KW - weed management KW - peanut yield KW - net return ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlated responses to selection for greater beta-glucan content in two oat populations AU - Cervantes-Martinez, CT AU - Frey, KJ AU - White, PJ AU - Wesenberg, DM AU - Holland, JB T2 - CROP SCIENCE DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0730 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 730-738 SN - 0011-183X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036235335&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance and accumulation of shikimic acid in response to glyphosate applications in glyphosate-resistant and nonglyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) AU - Pline, WA AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Duke, SO AU - Edmisten, KL AU - Wells, R T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Measurement of shikimic acid accumulation in response to glyphosate inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase is a rapid and accurate assay to quantify glyphosate-induced damage in sensitive plants. Two methods of assaying shikimic acid, a spectrophotometric and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, were compared for their accuracy of recovering known amounts of shikimic acid spiked into plant samples. The HPLC method recovered essentially 100% of shikimic acid as compared with only 73% using the spectrophotometric method. Relative sensitivity to glyphosate was measured in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR cotton leaves, fruiting branches, and squares (floral buds) by assaying shikimic acid. Accumulation of shikimic acid was not observed in any tissue, either GR or non-GR, at rates of 5 mM glyphosate or less applied to leaves. All tissues of non-GR plants accumulated shikimic acid in response to glyphosate treatment; however, only fruiting branches and squares of GR plants accumulated a slight amount of shikimic acid. In non-GR cotton, fruiting branches and squares accumulated 18 and 11 times, respectively, more shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than leaf tissue, suggesting increased sensitivity to glyphosate of reproductive tissue over vegetative tissue. GR cotton leaves treated with 80 mM of glyphosate accumulated 57 times less shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than non-GR cotton but only 12.4- and 4-fold less in fruiting branches and squares, respectively. The increased sensitivity of reproductive structures to glyphosate inhibition may be due to a higher demand for shikimate pathway products and may provide an explanation for reports of fruit abortion from glyphosate-treated GR cotton. DA - 2002/1/30/ PY - 2002/1/30/ DO - 10.1021/jf0110699 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 506-512 SN - 0021-8561 KW - glyphosate KW - shikimic acid KW - herbicide resistance KW - transgenic crops KW - cotton KW - reproductive tolerance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition of seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows in confinement or pasture systems AU - Washburn, SP AU - White, SL AU - Green, JT AU - Benson, GA T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Dairy cows in confinement and pasture-based feeding systems were compared across four spring-calving and three fall-calving replicates for differences in reproduction, mastitis, body weights, and body condition scores. Feeding systems and replicates included both Jersey and Holstein cows. Cows in confinement were fed a total mixed ration, and cows on pasture were supplemented with concentrates and provided baled hay or haylage when pasture supply was limiting. Breeding periods were for 75 d in spring or fall. Reproductive performance did not differ significantly due to feeding system or season. Jerseys had higher conception rates (59.6 vs. 49.5 +/- 3.3%) and higher percentages of cows pregnant in 75 d (78.1 vs. 57.9 +/- 3.9%) than Holsteins. Cows in confinement had 1.8 times more clinical mastitis and eight times the rate of culling for mastitis than did cows on pasture. Jerseys had half as many clinical cases of mastitis per cow as Holsteins. Only 41 +/- 5% of confinement Holsteins remained for a subsequent lactation, starting within the defined calving season compared with 51 +/- 5% of pastured Holsteins and 71 and 72 +/- 5% of Jerseys, respectively. Body weights and condition scores were generally higher for confinement cows than pastured cows, and Jerseys had higher condition scores and lower body weights than Holsteins. In summary, pastured cows had fewer clinical cases of mastitis, lower body condition scores, and lower body weights than confinement cows. Holsteins were less likely to rebreed, had more mastitis, higher culling rates, and lower body condition scores than Jerseys. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74058-7 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 105-111 SN - 0022-0302 KW - reproduction KW - mastitis KW - confinement KW - pasture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of NC99BGTAG11 wheat germplasm resistant to powdery mildew AU - Murphy, JP AU - Navarro, RA AU - Leath, S T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 4 p. 1382-1382 Registration of Germplasm Registration of NC99BGTAG11 Wheat Germplasm Resistant to Powdery Mildew J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author J.P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J.P. Murphy njpm@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (njpm@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Navarro, R.A. Navarro Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS, Dep. Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.1382Citations: 7 Research supported in part by the North Carolina Small Grains Growers Association, Inc. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue4July–August 2002Pages 1382-1382 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1382 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 1382-1382 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pollutant export from various land uses in the upper Neuse River Basin AU - Line, DE AU - White, NM AU - Osmond, DL AU - Jennings, GD AU - Mojonnier, CB T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AB - Because of the relatively high variability of pollutant export from urban land uses, a significant number of monitoring studies, including data from many storms, are needed to adequately characterize export from urban land uses. Pollutant runoff from six small drainage areas with different land uses was monitored for at least 20 storm events over the course of more than 1 year. The land uses included single-family residential, golf course, industrial, dairy cow pasture, construction site, and wooded site. Average event mean concentrations and total annual load were computed for nitrogen forms, total phosphorus, and sediment from the land uses. Annual total nitrogen export was greatest for the construction land use during the house-building phase, followed closely by the residential and golf course land uses. Total phosphorus export was greatest for the golf course site followed by the pasture and residential land uses. Sediment export was greatest for the construction site during the rough grading phase, which averaged more than 10 times more sediment export than any of the other sites. To estimate export from a multiuse urban watershed, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the residential, golf course, and construction sites were averaged. The average total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the three land uses was, respectively, 269, 302, and 256% greater than the corresponding exports from the wooded site, which was considered similar to the predevelopment land use. Additionally, analyses of rainfall samples indicated that a considerable portion of the nitrogen export from these sites likely comes from nitrogen in rainfall. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2175/106143002X139794 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 100-108 SN - 1061-4303 KW - urban runoff KW - land use KW - pollutant export KW - rainfall ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular mapping genes conditioning reduced palmitic acid content in N87-2122-4 soybean AU - Li, ZL AU - Wilson, RF AU - Rayford, WE AU - Boerma, HR T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Palmitic acid is one of the two major saturated fatty acids of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil that is closely related to nutritional quality of soybean oil. Reduction of palmitic acid content would lower the total saturated fatty acid content of soybean oil and improve the oil quality for human consumption. Several mutant lines with reduced palmitic acid content have been developed in which the genes conditioning palmitic acid content are located at different loci. The objective of this research was to map the genes conferring reduced palmitic acid from N87-2122-4 on the public soybean genetic linkage map with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Four near-isogenic lines with normal and reduced palmitic acid content and the F2 and F2:3 generations of a population derived from the cross of ‘Cook’ × N87-2122-4 were used to perform the SSR mapping of the genes conditioning reduced palmitic acid. The results indicated that a major gene with an allele for reduced palmitic acid contributed by N87-2122-4 is located near the top of Linkage Group (LG) A1. A SSR marker, Satt684 in that region accounted for 38% of variation in palmitic acid content in the F2 generation and 31% of variation in the F2:3 generation. On LG-M, Satt175 accounted for 8% of the variation in the F2 and 9% of the variation in the F2:3 generation. This minor gene on LG-M had a significant interaction with the gene on LG-A1 in the F2 generation. When combined in a multiple regression equation, these markers explained 51% of total phenotypic variation for palmitic acid content in the F2 and 43% of the variation in the F2:3 generations. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0373 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 373-378 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Milk production and economic measures in confinement or pasture systems using seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows AU - White, SL AU - Benson, GA AU - Washburn, SP AU - Green, JT T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - This 4-yr study examined total lactation performance of dairy cows in two feeding systems: pasture-based and confinement.Spring and fall calving herds were used and each seasonal herd had 36 cows on pasture and 36 cows in confinement with 282 Holstein and 222 Jersey cows included over seven seasonal replicates.Pasture-fed cows received variable amounts of grain and baled haylage depending upon pasture availability.Confinement cows received a total mixed ration with corn silage as the primary forage.Data were collected on milk production, feed costs, and other costs.Pasturefed cows produced 11.1% less milk than confinement cows.Across treatments, Jerseys produced 23.3% less milk than Holsteins, but calving season and various interactions were not significant.Feed costs averaged $0.95/cow per day lower for pastured cows than confinement cows.Feed costs were lower for Jerseys than Holsteins and for cows calving in spring.Income over feed costs averaged $7.05 ± 0.34 for confinement Holsteins, $6.89 ± 0.34 for pastured Holsteins, $5.68 ± 0.34 for confinement Jerseys, and $5.36 ± 0.34 for pastured Jerseys; effects of breed were significant but treatment, season, and interactions were not.Economic factors such as labor for animal care, manure handling, forage management, and cow culling rates favored pastured cows.Higher fertility and lower mastitis among Jerseys partially offsets lower income over feed cost compared with Holsteins.Milk production was lower in this study for pasture-based systems but lower feed costs, lower culling costs, and other economic factors indicate that pasture-based systems can be competitive with confinement systems. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74057-5 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 95-104 SN - 0022-0302 KW - pasture KW - total mixed ration KW - production KW - economics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Humic acid application does not improve salt tolerance of hydroponically grown creeping bentgrass AU - Liu, C. H. AU - Cooper, R. J. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 127 IS - 2 SP - 219-223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishment of two indigenous timber species in dairy pastures in Costa Rica AU - Moulaert, A AU - Mueller, JP AU - Villarreal, M AU - Piedra, R AU - Villalobos, L T2 - AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1023/A:1014222001639 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 31-40 SN - 1572-9680 KW - Arachis pintoi KW - dairy cattle KW - Hyeronima alchorneoides KW - tropical pastures KW - Vochysia guatemalensis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of wheat residues on dicotyledonous weed emergence in a simulated no-till system AU - Blum, U. AU - King, L. D. AU - Brownie, C. T2 - Allelopathy Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 159-176 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Divalent cations and polyamines bind to loop 8 of 14-3-3 proteins, modulating their interaction with phosphorylated nitrate reductase AU - Athwal, GS AU - Huber, SC T2 - PLANT JOURNAL AB - Summary Binding of 14‐3‐3 proteins to nitrate reductase phosphorylated on Ser 543 (phospho‐NR) inhibits activity and is responsible for the inactivation of nitrate reduction that occurs in darkened leaves. The 14‐3‐3‐dependent inactivation of phospho‐NR is known to require millimolar concentrations of a divalent cation such as Mg 2+ at pH 7.5. We now report that micromolar concentrations of the polyamines, spermidine 4+ and spermine 3+ , can substitute for divalent cations in modulating 14‐3‐3 action. Effectiveness of the polyamines decreased with a decrease of polycation charge: spermine 4+ > spermidine 3+ >>> cadavarine 2+ ≈ putrescine 2+ ≈ agmatine 2+ ≈ N 1 ‐acetylspermidine 2+ , indicating that two primary and at least one secondary amine group were required. C‐terminal truncations of GF14ω, which encodes the Arabidopsis 14‐3‐3 isoform ω, indicated that loop 8 (residues 208–219) is the likely cation‐binding site. Directed mutagenesis of loop 8, which contains the EF hand‐like region identified in earlier studies, was performed to test the role of specific amino acid residues in cation binding. The E208A mutant resulted in a largely divalent cation‐independent inhibition of phospho‐NR activity, whereas the D219A mutant was fully Mg 2+ ‐dependent but had decreased affinity for the cation. Mutations and C‐terminal truncations that affected the Mg 2+ dependence of phospho‐NR inactivation had similar effects on polyamine dependence. The results implicate loop 8 as the site of divalent cation and polyamine binding, and suggest that activation of 14‐3‐3s occurs, at least in part, by neutralization of negative charges associated with acidic residues in the loop. We propose that binding of polyamines to 14‐3‐3s could be involved in their regulation of plant growth and development. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1046/j.0960-7412.2001.01200.x VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 119-129 SN - 1365-313X KW - 14-3-3 proteins KW - nitrate reductase KW - polyamines KW - cation-binding site KW - site-directed mutagenesis KW - truncated proteins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defoliation intensity effects on season-long dry matter distribution and nutritive value of tall fescue AU - Burns, JC AU - Chamblee, DS AU - Giesbrecht, FG T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Implementation of intensive grazing management requires knowledge about pasture growth rates and nutritive value throughout the grazing season. Such information is lacking because results from small-plot defoliation experiments generally focus on annual dry matter yields (DMYs) and season mean nutritive value. In this experiment, the influences of defoliation treatments on daily growth rate (DGR) and associated nutritive value of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) throughout the growing season were evaluated. A 3-yr study was conducted on a Typic Kanhapludult soil near Raleigh, NC. Eight defoliation treatments (31-, 15-, 10- and 8-cm canopy heights cut to a 5-cm stubble; 31-, 15-, and 11-cm canopy heights cut to a 9-cm stubble, and an 8-cm canopy height cut to a 4-cm stubble) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Daily growth rates (kg ha−1) were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) altered by defoliation treatments and by years within treatments. When rainfall was near normal in both spring and late summer, tall fescue growth rates, depending on defoliation treatment, ranged from 34 to 55 kg ha−1 d−1 in May, from 7 to 18 kg ha−1 d−1 in late July, to 22 to 35 kg ha−1 d−1 in late September. In less favorable years, DGRs seldom exceeded 30 kg ha−1 d−1 in the spring or 15 to 30 kg ha−1 d−1 in the autumn. Depending on defoliation treatments, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) ranged between 650 and 733 g kg−1 in the spring, 479 and 687 g kg−1 in midsummer, and 549 and 807 g kg−1 by late summer. Crude protein (CP) and detergent fiber fraction concentrations were also examined. The approach used to estimate DGR and associated nutritive value changes throughout the growing season resulted in useful data that can be applied in developing intensive grazing management practices. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1274 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 1274-1284 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance to quinclorac by seedling creeping bentgrass AU - Reicher, Z. J. AU - Hardebeck, G. A. AU - Yelverton, F. F. AU - Christians, N. E. AU - Bingaman, B. AU - Turner, J. T2 - HortScience DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 210-213 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leaf initiation and development in soybean under phosphorus stress AU - Chiera, J AU - Thomas, J AU - Rufty, T T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Experiments investigated changes in leaf development in young soybean plants progressing into P stress. The apical meristem and leaf structure were examined anatomically to evaluate the involvement of cell division and cell expansion in the restriction of leaf number and individual leaf size. Seedlings were deprived of P for 32 d following germination. Leaf initiation rates declined noticeably after about 2 weeks, even though the apical dome was of similar size and had a similar number of cells as controls. Primordia appeared morphologically similar also. Expansion of primary and the first three trifoliolate leaves of -P plants was severely reduced, and expansion of each leaf ceased, uniformly, when an area of about 40 cm(2) was obtained. Leaf epidermal cell size in the lateral plane was unaffected. The results indicate that expansion of leaves under P stress was limited by the number of cell divisions, which would imply control of cell division by a common regulatory factor within the leaf canopy. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1093/jexbot/53.368.473 VL - 53 IS - 368 SP - 473-481 SN - 0022-0957 KW - cell division KW - cell expansion KW - growth KW - leaf development KW - phosphorus KW - shoot apex ER - TY - JOUR TI - Religious freedom in Thomas More's Utopia AU - Kessler, S. T2 - Review of Politics AB - Thomas More advocated religious freedom in Utopia to promote civic peace in Christendom and to help unify his fractious Catholic Church. In doing so, he set forth a plan for managing church-state relations that is a precursor to liberal approaches in this area. Most scholars locate the origins of modern religious freedom in Protestant theology and its first mature articulation in Locke's A Letter on Toleration . This reading of Utopia shows that modern religious freedom has Catholic, Renaissance roots. The essay discusses how scholars have treated Utopian religious freedom and considers the much vexed question of whether More actually favored this principle. It also presents the historical context for More's analysis, his rationale for religious freedom, its effects on Utopian religion and politics, and More's strategy for promoting religious reform in Europe. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1017/s0034670500038079 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 207-229 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management with diclosulam in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AU - Price, AJ AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Swann, CW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field experiments were conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 and one location in Virginia in 1998 to evaluate weed management systems in peanut. Treatments consisted of diclosulam alone preemergence (PRE), or diclosulam plus metolachlor PRE alone or followed by (fb) bentazon plus acifluorfen postemergence (POST). These systems were also compared with commercial standards of metolachlor PRE fb bentazon plus acifluorfen POST or imazapic POST. Our data indicate that diclosulam PRE plus metolachlor PRE in conventional tillage peanut production usually controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, prickly sida, and entireleaf morningglory. But control of spurred anoda, goosegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, large crabgrass, and pitted morningglory by this system was inconsistent and may require additional POST herbicide treatments. Systems that included diclosulam plus metolachlor PRE consistently provided high yields and net returns.Nomenclature: Acifluorfen, bentazon, diclosulam, imazapic, metolachlor; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integruiscula Grey # IPOHG; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop. # DIGSA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; spurred anoda, Anoda cristata L. # ANVCR; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 10C’, ‘NC 12C’.Additional index words: Economic analysis.Abbreviations: fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0724:WMWDIP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 724-730 SN - 0890-037X KW - economic analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic regulation of elevated stearic acid concentration in soybean oil AU - Pantalone, VR AU - Wilson, RF AU - Novitzky, WP AU - Burton, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil from commercial cultivars typically contains ca. 3% stearic acid (18∶0). However, germplasm carrying different mutations at the locus governing stearic acid ( Fas ) may contain 3% to about 35% 18∶0. Among these germplasm, a newly developed line, FAM94‐41 (9% 18∶0), carries a serendipitous natural mutation that is temporarily designated as the recessive fas nc allele, and the germplasm A6 (26% 18∶0) carries the recessive fas a allele. Mendelian genetic analysis of progeny from FAM94‐41×A6 revealed that fas nc and fas a are allelic to each other and represent different mutations in the same structural gene. However, the gene products (enzymes) produced by these alleles are unknown. The observation that 18∶0 concentrations among progeny from FAM94‐41×A6 increased primarily at the expense of unsaturated C 18 FA suggests that fas alleles may reduce either 18∶0‐acyl carrier protein (AcP) desaturase or 18∶1‐ACP thioesterase activity. However, it also is conceivable that elevated 18∶0 concentrations may result from increased 3‐keto‐acyl‐ACP synthetase (KAS) II activity. To test the latter possibility, a population was created that segregated for the fas nc and the fap 2 alleles (the latter of which is associated with reduced KAS‐II activity). Mendelian genetic analysis showed that these alleles represent independent genes at different gene loci and interact in an additive genetic manner to increase the total saturate concentration in this population. Based on this finding, we speculate that fas alleles probably encode 18∶0‐ACP desaturase or 18∶1‐ACP thioesterase in soybeans. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1007/s11746-002-0520-8 VL - 79 IS - 6 SP - 549-553 SN - 1558-9331 KW - developing seed KW - fas alleles KW - genetics KW - glycerolipid composition KW - Glycine max KW - inheritance KW - oil KW - palmitic acid KW - saturated fat KW - stearic acid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity patterns in Japanese soybean cultivars based on coefficient of parentage AU - Zhou, XG AU - Carter, TE AU - Cui, ZL AU - Miyazaki, S AU - Burton, JW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Japan is a historical center of genetic diversity for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but diversity of modern Japanese cultivars is not well characterized. The objectives of this study were to quantify genetic diversity of Japanese cultivars via coefficient of parentage (CP), determine the relative importance of breeding factors in explaining that diversity, and incorporate results into a practical guide for management of diversity. All 86 public Japanese cultivars released and registered during 1950 to 1988 were subjected to CP and multivariate analysis. The mean CP for the 86 cultivars was low (0.04), indicating a potentially high degree of diversity in Japanese breeding. Eighty percent of all pairs of cultivars were completely unrelated by pedigree. The low mean CP for the cultivars was attributed to a continual incorporation of unique Japanese land races into the genetic base over time, to the introduction of foreign germplasm from China and the United States and Canada (US-CAN) as breeding stock, and to limited exchange of germplasm among Japanese breeding programs. Cluster analysis was an effective discriminator of diversity. Six clusters were identified which had a mean CP value equivalent to that of half-sibs or greater. These clusters encompassed a total of 54 cultivars, explained 57% of the variation in the CP relations, and had few ancestors in common. Each cluster was derived primarily from only a few programs. Backcrossing and full-sib matings were absent in Japanese pedigrees and, thus, clusters were formed primarily from parent-offspring, full-sib, and half-sib relations. Cultivar attributes such as growing region, release era, maturity designation, and developing institution did not elucidate strong patterns of pedigree diversity. In practical breeding, one may maximize the chances of finding good specific Japanese × Japanese or Japanese × US-CAN crosses by choosing Japanese cultivars from a wide array of Japanese clusters rather than sampling extensively within a cluster. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1331 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 1331-1342 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - E-coli chromosomal DNA in a transgene locus created by microprojectile bombardment in tobacco AU - Ulker, B AU - Weissinger, AK AU - Spiker, S T2 - TRANSGENIC RESEARCH DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1023/A:1015614220200 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 311-313 SN - 0962-8819 KW - DNA purity KW - E. coli chromosomal DNA KW - microprojectile bombardment KW - transformation KW - transgene locus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diclosulam systems for weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) AU - Bailey, WA AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field studies were conducted at Lewiston and Rocky Mount, NC, in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate weed control and peanut response to preplant incorporated (PPI) treatments of diclosulam alone and in systems with postemergence (POST) commercial standard herbicides. All plots received ethalfluralin PPI at 840 g ai/ha. In both years, ethalfluralin plus diclosulam PPI at 17 or 26 g ai/ha followed by (fb) acifluorfen plus bentazon POST, paraquat plus bentazon POST, or imazapic POST controlled common lambsquarters, ivyleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, smooth pigweed, spurred anoda, and yellow nutsedge in a manner similar to or better than did the commercial standards of ethalfluralin PPI fb metolachlor preemergence (PRE) fb acifluorfen plus bentazon or ethalfluralin PPI fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. Yield from peanut treated with diclosulam systems that included POST herbicides was equivalent to or higher than that from peanut treated with ethalfluralin PPI fb metolachlor PRE fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST or ethalfluralin PPI fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. Peanut exhibited excellent tolerance to diclosulam PPI at all rates.Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; diclosulam; ethalfluralin; imazapic; metolachlor; paraquat; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; spurred anoda, Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. # ANVCR; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 7’, ‘NC 10C’.Additional index words: Herbicide injury.Abbreviations: fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0807:DSFWMI]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 807-814 SN - 1550-2740 KW - herbicide injury ER - TY - JOUR TI - Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied CGA 362622 in cotton, peanut, and selected weeds AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Studies were conducted to evaluate absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-CGA 362622 when foliar applied to cotton, peanut, jimsonweed, and sicklepod. Differential metabolism is the basis for tolerance in cotton and jimsonweed. In addition, cotton absorbs less herbicide compared with the other three species, thus aiding in tolerance. Only jimsonweed translocated appreciable herbicide (25%) out of treated leaves and acropetally to the meristematic tissue where the herbicide was quickly metabolized. No plant species translocated over 2% of applied radioactivity below the treated leaves. Most of the metabolites formed by the four species were more polar than CGA 362622 and averaged 51, 48, 30, and 25% of the radioactivity detected in the treated leaves of cotton, jimsonweed, peanut, and sicklepod, respectively. The half-life of CGA 362622 was estimated to be 0.8, 1.9, 4, and 6 d in treated leaves of cotton, jimsonweed, sicklepod, and peanut, respectively. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0293:ATAMOF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 293-298 SN - 0043-1745 KW - CGA 362622, N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-30(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt KW - jimsonweed, Datura stratmonium L. DATST KW - sicklepod, Senna obtsusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barnaby CASOB KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. 'Stoneville 474' KW - peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. 'NC 10C' KW - half-life KW - sulfonylurea KW - thin-layer chromatography ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management with diclosulam in strip-tillage peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AU - Price, AJ AU - Wilcut, JW T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate weed management systems in strip-tillage peanut. Diclosulam was evaluated with standard preemergence (PRE), early postemergence, and postemergence (POST) herbicide systems in a factorial treatment arrangement. Preemergence treatments that contained diclosulam controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and eclipta by 100%. Diclosulam PRE controlled entireleaf morningglory by 88%, ivyleaf morningglory by ≥ 90%, pitted morningglory by ≥ 81%, and prickly sida by ≥ 94%. Yellow nutsedge control with diclosulam ranged from 65 to 100% depending on location, whereas POST systems containing imazapic controlled yellow nutsedge by at least 89%, regardless of PRE herbicides. Peanut yields and net returns were reflective of levels of weed management. Systems that included diclosulam PRE plus POST herbicides consistently provided high yields and net returns. Clethodim late POST was required for full-season control of annual grasses, including broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and Texas panicum.Nomenclature: Clethodim; diclosulam; imazapic; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #3 BRAPP; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. # ECLAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; Texas panicum, Panicum texanum Buckl. # PANTE; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 10C’ and ‘NC 12C’.Additional index words: Economic analysis.Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0029:WMWDIS]2.0.CO;2 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 29-36 SN - 1550-2740 KW - economic analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in ruminant preference for alfalfa hays cut at sunup and sundown AU - Fisher, DS AU - Mayland, HF AU - Burns, JC T2 - CROP SCIENCE DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0231 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 231-237 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of prohexadione calcium on pod yield and pod loss of peanut AU - Beam, J. B. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - York, A. C. AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Bailey, J. E. AU - McKemie, T. E. AU - Spears, J. F. AU - Johnson, P. D. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - We wish to report an error that occurred on page 333 of the above paper, which appeared in the March–April 2002 issue. In Table 1, data in the “0 g ha−1” row were incorrectly transposed with data in the “140 + 140 g ha−1” row for pod loss and percent pod loss. Combined yield and maximum yield are correct as presented. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2002.9550 VL - 94 IS - 2 SP - 331-336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gravity-stimulated changes in auxin and invertase gene expression in maize pulvinal cells AU - Long, JC AU - Zhao, W AU - Rashotte, AM AU - Muday, GK AU - Huber, SC T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Maize (Zea mays) stem gravitropism involves differential elongation of cells within a highly specialized region, the stem internodal pulvinus. In the present study, we investigated factors that control gravitropic responses in this system. In the graviresponding pulvinus, hexose sugars (D-Glc and D-Fru) accumulated asymmetrically across the pulvinus. This correlated well with an asymmetric increase in acid invertase activity across the pulvinus. Northern analyses revealed asymmetric induction of one maize acid invertase gene, Ivr2, consistent with transcriptional regulation by gravistimulation. Several lines of evidence indicated that auxin redistribution, as a result of polar auxin transport, is necessary for gravity-stimulated Ivr2 transcript accumulation and differential cell elongation across the maize pulvinus. First, the auxin transport inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, inhibited gravistimulated curvature and Ivr2 transcript accumulation. Second, a transient gradient of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) across the pulvinus was apparent shortly after initiation of gravistimulation. This temporarily free IAA gradient appears to be important for differential cell elongation and Ivr2 transcript accumulation. This is based on the observation that N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid will not inhibit gravitropic responses when applied to pulvinus tissue after the free IAA gradient peak has occurred. Third, IAA alone can stimulate Ivr2 transcript accumulation in non-gravistimulated pulvini. The gravity- and IAA-stimulated increase in Ivr2 transcripts was sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Based on these results, a two-phase model describing possible relationships between gravitropic curvature, IAA redistribution, and Ivr2 expression is presented. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1104/pp.010579 VL - 128 IS - 2 SP - 591-602 SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic evaluation of HADSS (TM) computer program in North Carolina peanut AU - Scott, GH AU - Askew, SD AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Bennett, AC T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Field studies were conducted at four locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate a computer program, Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS™), for weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Weed management systems included metolachlor or ethalfluralin preplant-incorporated (PPI) used alone or in combination with diclosulam preemergence (PRE) or flumioxazin PRE. These herbicide combinations were used alone, followed by (fb) postemergence (POST) herbicides recommended by HADSS™ or fb a standard POST program of paraquat plus bentazon early postemergence (EPOST) fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. The standard POST herbicide system and HADSS™ POST recommendations were also used without soil-applied herbicides. Ethalfluralin PPI alone controlled large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) better than metolachlor PPI. Combinations of metolachlor or ethalfluralin PPI with either diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE provided equivalent control of all weeds evaluated except yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). The addition of diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE to systems containing metolachlor or ethalfluralin PPI always improved control of ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) and yellow nutsedge and improved yield and net returns in 15 of 16 comparisons where no POST herbicides were used. For systems that used diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE, the HADSS™ POST and standard POST herbicide systems improved yield in 4 of 12 and 2 of 12 comparisons, respectively, compared with similar systems that did not use diclosulam or flumioxazin. However, in systems using either HADSS™ POST or the standard POST system, yield was always improved when compared with metolachlor or ethalfluralin PPI alone. HADSS™ POST provided equal or higher weed control, peanut yield, and net returns when compared with the standard POST herbicide system. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0091:EEOHCP]2.0.CO;2 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 91-100 SN - 1550-2759 KW - computer decision aids KW - HERB ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corn yield response to nitrogen at multiple in-field locations AU - Schmidt, J. P. AU - Dejoia, A. J. AU - Ferguson, R. B. AU - Taylor, R. K. AU - Young, R. K. AU - Havlin, J. L. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Improving N management for corn (Zea mays L.) production with precision agriculture technologies requires that spatial N recommendations adequately represent in-field variability in N availability. Our objective was to evaluate corn response to increasing N rates in several in-field locations that represented the range of soil organic matter (OM) content in the field. In a 2-yr study, three center pivot–irrigated fields were selected in south-central Kansas and south-central Nebraska. Four or five locations were selected within each field. At each location, five or six N treatments (0–336 kg N ha−1) were surface-applied early in the growing season. The minimum N rate to achieve maximum yield varied by as much as 130 kg N ha−1 among in-field locations at three site-years. The least amount of N to achieve maximum yield did not coincide with locations representing greater soil OM. Yield response at two site-years was the same among in-field locations; however, mean yield among in-field locations varied by as much as 4.2 Mg ha−1, representing potential for improvement in N use efficiency. Leaf tissue N was below the critical threshold for 60 to 100% of observations at three different in-field locations but below the critical threshold for <35% of the observations at all other in-field locations. The reason for the discrepancy in N availability among in-field locations was not conclusively identified but was not only related to soil OM content. Variable N recommendations based only on soil OM is too simplistic to reflect variability in N availability within a field. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2002.0798 VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 798-806 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adapting a drainage model to simulate water table levels in coastal plain soils AU - He, X AU - Vepraskas, MJ AU - Skaggs, RW AU - Lindbo, DL T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Seasonal saturation in soils is expensive and time consuming to document, but the information is needed for land use assessments. Hydrologic models can be used to assess saturation occurrence quickly if the models are calibrated for individual sites. This study determined whether a drainage model (DRAINMOD) could predict water table levels in soils with and without a perimeter ditch. Water table levels were monitored for up to 3 yr at two toposequences that contained a total of 21 soil plots (3 m by 3 m). Soils included Typic Paleudults, Aquic Paleudults, and Umbric Paleaquults. Each plot was instrumented with a recording well to monitor daily water table levels. DRAINMOD was calibrated for each soil plot using measurements of in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water characteristic, depth to impermeable layer, depth of rooting, and rainfall. A plot's water table fluctuation was simulated by a system of virtual drains whose distance and depth were adjusted to produce simulated water table fluctuations in line with those actually measured. Further calibration adjusted drainable porosity in the upper 20 cm of the soil, depressional storage, evapotranspiration rate, and depth to impermeable layer. Adjustments were made by iteration to minimize the absolute average deviation between simulated and measured water table levels. Calibration had to be done by plot. Average absolute deviations were generally <20 cm for periods ranging from 1 to 3 yr. The results showed that DRAINMOD could be adapted to simulate water table levels in landscapes that do not contain a network of parallel drains. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2002.1722 VL - 66 IS - 5 SP - 1722-1731 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding perennial grain crops AU - Cox, TS AU - Bender, M AU - Picone, C AU - Van Tassel, DL AU - Holland, JB AU - Brummer, EC AU - Zoeller, BE AU - Paterson, AH AU - Jackson, W T2 - CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES AB - Referee: Ms. Peggy Wagoner, Rodale Institute, 611 Siegfriedale Road, Kutztown, PA 19530-9749 One-third of the planet's arable land has been lost to soil erosion in recent decades, and the pace of this degradation will increase as the limits of our food production capacity are stretched. The persistent problem of worldwide soil erosion has rekindled interest in perennial grain crops. All of our current grain crops are annuals; therefore, developing an array of new perennial grains - grasses, legumes, and others – will require a long-term commitment. Fortunately, many perennial species can be hybridized with related annual crops, allowing us to incorporate genes of domestication much more quickly than did our ancestors who first selected the genes. Some grain crops — including rye, rice, and sorghum — can be hybridized with close perennial relatives to establish new gene pools. Others, such as wheat, oat, maize, soybean, and sunflower, must be hybridized with more distantly related perennial species and genera. Finally, some perennial species with relatively high grain yields — intermediate wheatgrass, wildrye, lymegrass, eastern gamagrass, Indian ricegrass, Illinois bundleflower, Maximilian sunflower, and probably others — are candidates for direct domestication without interspecific hybridization. To ensure diversity in the field and foster further genetic improvement, breeders will need to develop deep gene pools for each crop. Discussions of breeding strategies for perennial grains have concentrated on allocation of photosyn-thetic resources between seeds and vegetative structures. However, perennials will likely be grown in more diverse agro-ecosystems and require arrays of traits very different from those usually addressed by breeders of annuals. The only way to address concerns about the feasibility of perennial grains is to carry out breeding programs with adequate resources on a sufficient time scale. A massive program for breeding perennial grains could be funded by diversion of a relatively small fraction of the world's agricultural research budget. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1080/0735-260291044188 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 59-91 SN - 1549-7836 KW - natural systems agriculture KW - interspecific hybridization KW - crop domestication KW - cereal KW - legume ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Arachis species for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus AU - Lyerly, J. H. AU - Stalker, H. T. AU - Moyer, J. W. AU - Hoffman, K. T2 - Peanut Science AB - Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an important plant pathogen with a wide host range, including the domesticated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). After initial outbreaks on peanut during the 1980s, the virus has spread to all peanut-producing states in the U.S. TSWV is transmitted by several species of thrips which are difficult to control with insecticides; therefore, control of TSWV most likely will come from selecting resistant genotypes in breeding programs. Although moderate levels of resistance have been discovered in A. hypogaea, complete virus resistance has not been found. Several Arachis species have desirable genes for plant resistances and tolerate many disease and insect pests better than the cultivated species. The objectives of this study were to (a) evaluate TSWV disease incidence and severity in accessions of Arachis species, and (b) compare levels of TSWV resistance in diploid species to selected A. hypogaea genotypes. In this study, 46 diploid Arachis spp. accessions were evaluated in the greenhouse by artificial inoculation tests for resistance to TSWV. Nine Arachis accessions were observed with no disease symptoms when TSWV isolate 10 was used as opposed to A. hypogaea lines that ranged from moderately to highly susceptible. Additional testing with more virulent isolates identified A. diogoi accession GKP 10602 and A. correntina accession GKP 9530 as highly resistant to the virus. These two accessions are being used as parents in crossing programs to incorporate TSWV resistance genes into A. hypogaea. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.3146/pnut.29.2.0001 VL - 29 SP - 79-84 ER -