TY - JOUR TI - GROWTH-REGULATOR AND SEED STORAGE EFFECTS ON SWITCHGRASS GERMINATION AU - ZARNSTORFF, ME AU - KEYS, RD AU - CHAMBLEE, DS T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm season perennial grass that shows potential as a forage in the southeastern USA. Problems with switchgrass establishment from seed are often due to inherent seed dormancy from seeds harvested in fall and seeded the following spring. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effects of wet prechill (PC) treatment (5°C for 14 d) and scarification (8 M H 2 SO 4 for 5 min) on germination of five switchgrass cultivars and (ii) the effect of plant growth regulators (ethylene, gibberellin, and kinetin), CO 2 , PC, and influence of storage temperature and duration on germination of four selected lots of Blackwell (BW) and Cave‐in‐Rock (CIR) seeds. Storage treatments were initiated 1 February using seeds harvested the previous fall. Early germination percentage (7 d) was increased between 22 and 73 by PC, while final germination percentage (28 d) was increased between 2 and 40. Germination of BW 6086 was increased from 60 to 63% by ethylene, and from 59 to 65% by gibberellin (ɑ = 0.05). Seeds stored at −8°C showed little change in early or final germination with time of storage (90 d to 4 yr). Dormancy of BW 1198, BW 6086, and CIR 6012 was largely broken after 90 d of storage at 23°C. Germination of seeds stored at 23°C generally started to decline after 180 d to 2 yr. Postharvest storage of seeds at 23°C from January to April (90 d) should ensure adequate germination at time of seeding. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600040015x VL - 86 IS - 4 SP - 667-672 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterosis in plant breeding AU - Stuber, C. W. T2 - Plant Breeding Reviews AB - This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Historical Perspective Genetic Theories of Heterosis Physiological and Biochemical Bases of Heterosis Heterosis in Population Crosses Hybrid Predictions Genetics and Enhancement of Heterosis Using Molecular Markers Conclusions Literature Cited DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1002/9780470650493.ch8 VL - 12 SP - 227 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GLOSSY15 CONTROLS THE EPIDERMAL JUVENILE-TO-ADULT PHASE-TRANSITION IN MAIZE AU - MOOSE, SP AU - SISCO, PH T2 - PLANT CELL AB - Loss-of-function mutations at the maize Glossy15 (Gl15) locus alter the normal transition from juvenile-to-adult growth by conditioning the abbreviated expression of juvenile epidermal cell traits and the coordinate precocious expression of adult epidermal cell features. These include epicuticular wax composition, cell wall characteristics, and the presence or absence of differentiated epidermal cell types (e.g., epidermal macrohairs and bulliform cells). A transposon-induced mutable allele of Glossy15 (gl15-m1) was isolated and employed in both phenotypic and genetic analyses to characterize the role of Gl15 in the maize juvenile-to-adult phase transition. Comparisons between Gl15-active and Gl15-inactive somatic sectors in the leaves of variegated plants demonstrated that the Gl15 gene product acts in a cell-autonomous manner to direct juvenile epidermal differentiation but does not affect factors that regulate the overall process of phase change. Examination of the gl15-m1 phenotype in the Corngrass1, Teopod1, and Teopod2 mutant backgrounds showed that the prolonged expression of juvenile epidermal traits associated with these mutations also required Gl15 activity. These results support a model whereby the cell-autonomous Gl15 gene product responds to a juvenility program that operates throughout the vegetative shoot to condition the juvenile differentiation of maize leaf epidermal cells. DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// DO - 10.1105/tpc.6.10.1343 VL - 6 IS - 10 SP - 1343-1355 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GENETIC-CONTROL OF DIAPHORASE AND PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE ISOZYME VARIANTS IN HEXAPLOID OAT AU - SALAS, CA AU - MURPHY, JP T2 - JOURNAL OF HEREDITY AB - Inheritance of diaphorase and phosphoglucomutase isozyme variants was investigated in nine F2 populations of hexaploid oat {Avena spp.) using starch gel electrophoresis. Three independent diaphorase loci-Dia-1, Dia-2, and Dia-3- were hypothesized to determine eight zymogram phenotypes An active (Dia-1) and a null (dia-1) allele were found at the Dia-1 locus, in agreement with a previous study. Allele Dia-2 was assumed to be fixed at the second locus, and codominant alleles (Dia-3a and Dia-3b) and a null allele (dia-3) were found at the Dia-3 locus Three independent phosphoglucomutase loci-Pgm-1, Pgm-2, and Pgm-3-were hypothesized to determine seven zymogram phenotypes. Allele Pgm-1 was assumed to be fixed at the first locus, and codominant (Pgm-2a and Pgm-2b) alleles and a null (pgm-2) allele were found at the Pgm-2 locus. Codominant (Pgm-3a and Pgm-3b) alleles and a null (pgm-3) allele were found at the Pgm-3 locus. Comigration of alleles Pgm-2b and Pgm-3a was observed. Allehc frequencies in cultivated and wild oat were compared, based on an interpretation of zymograph phenotypes of 1,410 hexaploid oat accessions from previous studies. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111463 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 303-306 SN - 0022-1503 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION AND OZONE EFFECTS ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF SOYBEAN AU - MILLER, JE AU - BOOKER, FL AU - FISCUS, EL AU - HEAGLE, AS AU - PURSLEY, WA AU - VOZZO, SF AU - HECK, WW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract The projected increase in solar ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation due to depletion of stratospheric ozone (O 3 ) has caused concern regarding possible UV‐B damage to crops. At the same time, tropospheric O 3 is projected to remain at concentrations that are known to damage crops. Since these two stressors may co‐occur, experiments were performed to determine their separate and joint effects on crop growth, yield, and photosynthesis. Open‐top chambers, equipped with filtered UV‐B lamp systems, were used in 3 yr of field studies to treat soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.; ‘Coker 6955’, ‘Essex’, and ‘S 53‐34’] with supplemental UV‐B radiation and/or O 3 from emergence through physiological maturity. Treatment levels of biologically effective UV‐B radiation (UV‐B BE ) simulated the increase in ground level UV‐B for stratospheric O 3 depletion up to 37% (approximately a doubling of ambient UV‐B BE ). Ozone treatment concentrations ranged from 14 to 83 nL L −1 (seasonal mean 12 h d −1 concentrations). Ultraviolet‐B radiation did not affect soybean seed yield in any of the 3 yr of the study. In 1 yr, UV‐B affected pod and seed number and pod weight, but the treatment means were not consistently related to the UV‐B dose. No O 3 × UV‐B interactions were found for any yield component at final harvest. Biweekly harvests of Essex during the growing season did not reveal any persistent effects of increased UV‐B radiation on growth. Net carbon exchange rate (NCER), stomatal conductance, and transpiration of Essex soybean leaves were not suppressed by supplemental UV‐B radiation. On the other hand, O 3 treatment consistently induced visible injury, suppressed NCER and water use efficiency, accelerated reproductive development, and suppressed growth and yield. It is concluded that tropospheric O 3 poses a greater threat to soybean production than projected levels of UV‐B radiation. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300010012x VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 83-91 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduced chemical input cropping systems in the southeastern United States. II. Effects of moderate rates of N fertilizer and herbicides, tillage, and delayed cover plow-down on crop yields AU - King, L. D. T2 - American Journal of Alternative Agriculture AB - Abstract In a previous study of reduced chemical cropping systems (N from legumes; chisel plow and disk tillage; cultivation for weed control) in the southeastern U.S., corn and wheat yields were less than half those obtained with recommended practices. The following practices were studied as possible ways to improve yields in the reduced chemical systems: 1) conventional tillage (chisel plowing and disking), inorganic Nat 70 or 140 kg/ha, and either cultivation or herbicides; 2) early versus late plow-down of clover green manures; 3) supplemental inorganic N fertilizer on corn and wheat in rotations relying on clover green manures for N; and 4) nicosulfuron herbicide banded on corn. Yield of soybean in the rotations was not affected by any of these practices. With herbicides and fertilizer N at 140 kg/ha, continuous corn yields with no-till and conventional tillage were equal in 1990 and 1992, but no-till yield was 30% higher in 1991. When cultivation was used for weed control in the conventional tillage treatment, corn yield was similar to that of no-till with herbicide in the one year when rain was plentiful (yield 6000 kg/ha). However, in 2 of 4 dry years, yields (<2600 kg/ha) were higher with no-till. Clover biomass consistently increased by between 700 and 3500 kg/ha when plow-down was delayed from mid-April to early or mid-May (13 to 26 days). However, biomass N content increased significantly (by between 35 and 90 kg/ha) in only 2 of 5 years. Corn yields were affected in only 2 of 12 possible comparisons. In these cases, delayed clover plow-down reduced yield by about 50%. Supplementing corn with 45 kg N/ha and banding nicosulfuron increased yields, but only to between 62 and 84% of yields with recommended practices. Supplementing wheat with 45 kg N/ha increased yields by half, but only to between 40 and 60% of the yields with 90 kg N/ha. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1017/s0889189300005920 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IDENTIFICATION OF A MAIZE ROOT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSED IN THE PRIMARY RESPONSE TO NITRATE - CHARACTERIZATION OF A CDNA WITH HOMOLOGY TO FERREDOXIN-NADP(+) OXIDOREDUCTASE AU - RITCHIE, SW AU - REDINBAUGH, MG AU - SHIRAISHI, N AU - VRBA, JM AU - CAMPBELL, WH T2 - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// DO - 10.1007/BF00013753 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 679-690 SN - 0167-4412 KW - PRIMARY RESPONSE KW - FERREDOXIN NADP(+) OXIDOREDUCTASE KW - NITRATE KW - CYCLOHEXIMIDE KW - ZEA MAYS KW - ROOTS ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF ETHYLENEDIUREA ON SNAP BEAN AT A RANGE OF OZONE CONCENTRATIONS AU - MILLER, JE AU - PURSLEY, WA AU - HEAGLE, AS T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Ethylenediurea (EDU) [N-[2-(2-Oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N'-phenylurea] often protects plants from visible foliar injury due to the air pollutant O3 , and it has been used to demonstrate yield losses from O3 under field conditions. A few studies, however, have indicated that EDU can suppress plant growth and yield. Because of the potential value of EDU as a research and assessment tool, controlled field experiments with snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'BBL-290') were performed to test the effectiveness of different EDU application rates across a range of O3 concentrations. Four O3 concentrations were used in open-top chambers in each of two experiments [charcoal-filtered (CF) air, nonfiltered (NF) air, and nominal O3 additions of 0.025 and 0.05 or 0.03 and 0.06 μL L-1 O3 to NF air]. Ethylenediurea was added biweekly to the potting medium (four applications per experiment) as a soil drench. The EDU treatment concentrations were 0, 14, 28, 56, and 120 and 0, 8, 16, and 32 mg EDU (active) L-1 of potting medium in experiments one and two, respectively. Ethylenediurea provided some protection against O3 -induced foliar injury and growth suppression in both experiments. Measurements of net carbon exchange rate (NCER) and carbohydrate status of the tissues reflected the protective effects of EDU. In the first experiment, however, EDU caused visible foliar injury at some growth stages and suppressed growth. In the second experiment, visible foliar injury was not caused by EDU at any concentration, but pod biomass (yield) was suppressed by EDU in CF chambers. The differences in response to EDU between the experiments may have been due to environmental conditions (i.e., hot and dry during the first experiment and cooler during the second). Ethylenediurea also affected biomass partitioning in the plants grown in CF air (relative biomass was increased in leaves and decreased in pods). The results indicate that although EDU does protect or partially protect snap bean against O3 injury, it may also affect physiology and growth. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050033x VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 1082-1089 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - VARIATION OF ISOZYME PATTERNS AMONG ARACHIS SPECIES AU - STALKER, HT AU - PHILLIPS, TD AU - MURPHY, JP AU - JONES, TM T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1994/1// PY - 1994/1// DO - 10.1007/bf00222901 VL - 87 IS - 6 SP - 746-755 SN - 1432-2242 KW - PEANUT KW - SPECIATION KW - ARACHIS HYPOGAEA KW - GROUNDNUT ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECT OF AMINO-ACID SUBSTITUTIONS IN A POTENTIAL METAL-BINDING SITE OF ANFA ON EXPRESSION FROM THE ANFH PROMOTER IN AZOTOBACTER-VINELANDII AU - PREMAKUMAR, R AU - LOVELESS, TM AU - BISHOP, PE T2 - JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB - AnfA, an activator required for transcription of the structural genes encoding nitrogenase 3 (anfHDGK) in Azotobacter vinelandii, has a potential metal-binding site [(S19)H(C21)FTGE(C26)R] in its N terminus. Growth studies and expression of an anfH-lacZ fusion in mutants containing amino acid substitutions in this site indicate that Ser-19 is not required for AnfA activity whereas Cys-21 and Cys-26 are required. Residual expression of the anfH-lacZ fusion in AnfA- mutants was found to be due to activation by VnfA, the activator required for expression of genes encoding nitrogenase 2. DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// DO - 10.1128/jb.176.19.6139-6142.1994 VL - 176 IS - 19 SP - 6139-6142 SN - 1098-5530 ER - TY - JOUR TI - WHOLE-TRACT DIGESTA KINETICS AND COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF FECAL OUTPUT IN STEERS FED COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS HAY AT 4 LEVELS OF INTAKE AU - LUGINBUHL, JM AU - POND, KR AU - BURNS, JC T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers) hay was fed to four ruminally cannulated steers (380 +/- 14 kg BW) of evaluate the effects of intake level on digesta flow kinetics in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Forage intakes represented 50, 70, 88, and 99% of feed voluntarily consumed per animal during a pre-experimental period. Masticated boli and wet-sieved masticated leaves (ML) and stems (MS) retained by a 4.0-mm sieve and feces retained by a .063-mm sieve were mordanted with chromium or marked with erbium, ytterbium, or dysprosium, respectively. Particle markers and a solution of Co-EDTA were pulse-dosed via the ruminal cannula. A continuous infusion of Co-EDTA was later delivered with peristaltic pumps. Intake level had no effect (P > .10) on fluid and particle passage rate (PR; percentage/hour) of any fractions marked. For all particle fractions, increasing intake level caused linear decreases in mean retention time (MRT; P < .03 to P < .07) and linear increases in gastrointestinal tract fill (FILL; P < .003 to P < .02) and fecal output (FO; P < .001). Estimates of FO and DM digestibility from the pulse dose of Cr mordant and continuous infusion of Co-EDTA did not differ. Kinetic estimates differed in magnitude according to the characteristics of the particle fractions marked. Marked feces gave the shortest estimate of MRT and the smallest estimate of FILL and FO. Kinetics of ML and MS also differed (P < .001), the former having faster PR, shorter MRT, and smaller FILL and FO. Use of representative samples of ingested feed should give more realistic estimates of digesta kinetics than estimates derived from ingesta fractions because kinetics of separated leaf and stem fractions differed. DA - 1994/1// PY - 1994/1// DO - 10.2527/1994.721201x VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - 201-211 SN - 1525-3163 KW - DIGESTA KINETICS KW - MARKERS KW - CYNODON DACTYLON KW - INTAKE KW - STEERS ER - TY - JOUR TI - EVALUATION OF THE CAPTEC CONTROLLED-RELEASE CHROMIC OXIDE CAPSULE FOR FECAL OUTPUT DETERMINATION IN SHEEP AU - LUGINBUHL, JM AU - POND, KR AU - BURNS, JC AU - FISHER, DS T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - One pen feeding study was conducted with 24 wether lambs to compared fecal output (FO) determined by total fecal collection with FO estimated by dosing lambs with chromic oxide controlled-release capsules. Lambs (39 +/- 1.5 kg BW) were fed either alfalfa hay (ALF), Coastal bermudagrass hay (CBG), or a commercially available pelleted (PEL) sheep diet (eight lambs/diet). After dosing, rectal grab samples and total collection of feces were taken daily for 31 d. Constant fecal excretion of Cr was achieved approximately on d 8 (range = d 5 to 13) after dosing. Capsule expiration was accompanied by a sharp peak in Cr excretion approximately on d 27 (range = d 24 to 30). Complete excretion of Cr by d 31 occurred in only seven lambs. Agreement between actual and predicted FO was examined by linear regression from d 8 to 22. Best parameter estimates and highest R2 were observed when sampling a) every other day from d 11 to 19 (five samplings), b) daily from d 8 to 17, c) daily during the entire period, and d) daily from d 13 to 22. Sampling for 5 d chosen at random consistently gave poor results. Sampling every 3rd d gave the poorest results. Controlled-release capsules predicted FO very accurately in lambs fed ALF. Reliable estimates were obtained in 67% of cases investigated with CBG, whereas only 25% of estimates were reliable with PEL. The controlled-release capsules always overestimated FO of wethers fed CBG and PEL, implying that in those lambs the actual release rate of Cr was less than that specified by the manufacturer. DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.2527/1994.7251375x VL - 72 IS - 5 SP - 1375-1380 SN - 0021-8812 KW - CHROMIC OXIDE KW - BOLUSES KW - FECES COLLECTION KW - SHEEP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of N88-480, a soybean germplasm line with a high concentration of oil in seeds AU - Burton, J. W. AU - Wilson, R. F. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 34, Issue 1 cropsci1994.0011183X003400010081x p. 313-314 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of N88-480, a Soybean Germplasm Line with a High Concentration of Oil in Seeds J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton n/a@.dne USDA-ARS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. F. Wilson, R. F. Wilson USDA-ARS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton n/a@.dne USDA-ARS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. F. Wilson, R. F. Wilson USDA-ARS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1994 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010081xCitations: 18AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume34, Issue1January–February 1994Pages 313-314 RelatedInformation DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400010081x VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 313 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of N79-2077-12 and N87-2122-4, two soybean germplasm lines with reduced palmitic acid in seed oil AU - Burton, J. W. AU - Wilson, R. F. AU - Brim, C. A. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 34, Issue 1 cropsci1994.0011183X003400010080x p. 313-313 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of N79-2077-12 and N87-2122-4, Two Soybean Germplasm Lines with Reduced Palmitic Acid in Seed Oil J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton n/a@.dne 2 Mine Bluff Court, Durham, NC, 27713Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. F. Wilson, R. F. Wilson USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorC. A. Brim, C. A. Brim 2 Mine Bluff Court, Durham, NC, 27713Search for more papers by this author J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton n/a@.dne 2 Mine Bluff Court, Durham, NC, 27713Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorR. F. Wilson, R. F. Wilson USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorC. A. Brim, C. A. Brim 2 Mine Bluff Court, Durham, NC, 27713Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1994 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010080xCitations: 26AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume34, Issue1January–February 1994Pages 313-313 RelatedInformation DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400010080x VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 313 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING A TDR CABLE TESTER AU - CASSEL, DK AU - KACHANOSKI, RG AU - TOPP, GC T2 - SOIL TECHNOLOGY AB - Time domain reflectometry (TDR) technology can be used to measure soil water content, but due to an incomplete understanding of this technology, some scientists are still reluctant to adopt it. The objectives of this paper are to discuss the basic principles of TDR to measure soil water content, to present the equations to convert TDR screen readings to soil water content values, and to describe a custom built TDR system. Commercial cable testers operate under the assumption the dielectric constant of the medium is known. For soils applications the dielectric constant varies with soil water content and is unknown. The equations which govern the TDR technology presented in logical order allow the user to understand the relationships between wave velocity, dielectric constant, and soil water content. The custom-built TDR system described here uses a commercially available cable tester; a balun transformer; shielded, two-wire transmission cable; and wave guides constructed from stainless steel welding rod. Several of these systems have been successfully used for six years. DA - 1994/6// PY - 1994/6// DO - 10.1016/0933-3630(94)90013-2 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 113-126 SN - 0933-3630 KW - TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY (TDR) KW - TDR CABLE TESTER KW - SOIL WATER CONTENT ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measurement of forage intake AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Pond, K. R. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - National Conference on Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization AB - An assay to determine the potential dry matter intake (DMI) of forage should reflect the animal's physiological status and diet selection without restrictions due to feeding level. Estimates of DMI of forage, other than at unrestricted levels of feeding, provide some integration of diet selectivity and lack of satiety. The maturation process in forage plants is the major contributor to the change in their nutritive value and, consequently, impacts DMI both within and among most forage species. Measuring the voluntary intake of animals is easiest to quantitate if the forage is brought to the animal and directly measured. Estimating the forage intake of free grazing animals is so difficult that all of the commonly used methods have limitations and consist of various compromises that may introduce error. Total fecal collection, along with an estimate of diet DM digestibility, has been used to estimate DMI. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2134/1994.foragequality.c12 SP - 494 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GENETIC-VARIATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON-TRANSPORT IN BARLEY - IDENTIFICATION OF PLASTOCYANIN AS A POTENTIAL LIMITING FACTOR AU - BURKEY, KO T2 - PLANT SCIENCE AB - Cultivated (Hordeum vulgare) and wild (Hordeum spontaneum) genotypes of barley were compared for differences in photosynthetic electron transport activity and chloroplast membrane composition. Plants were grown at 21°C in a controlled environment chamber (500 μmol photons m−2s−1). Thylakoid membranes were isolated from vegetative and flag leaves and analyzed for uncoupled electron transport activity. Significant genetic variability in chloroplast electron transport was found with fourfold differences in activity observed in the genotypes tested. Quantitative measurements were made for each component of the chloroplast electron transport chain, including the development of an immunochemical assay for plastocyanin. The genetic differences in electron transport activity were related to the concentration of plastocyanin in the thylakoid membrane. The fivefold differences in plastocyanin content observed within the genotypes tested corresponded to a plastocyanin pool size of 0.8–3.8 mol of plastocyanin per mol of photosystem I reaction center. Therefore, plastocyanin was a significant limiting factor in barley genotypes expressing low photosynthetic electron transport activity. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1016/0168-9452(94)90055-8 VL - 97 IS - 2 SP - 177-187 SN - 0168-9452 KW - BARLEY KW - CHLOROPLAST KW - ELECTRON TRANSPORT KW - GENETIC VARIATION KW - PHOTOSYNTHESIS KW - PLASTOCYANIN ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE AAPT1 GENE OF SOYBEAN COMPLEMENTS A CHOLINEPHOSPHOTRANSFERASE-DEFICIENT MUTANT OF YEAST AU - DEWEY, RE AU - WILSON, RF AU - NOVITZKY, WP AU - GOODE, JH T2 - PLANT CELL AB - Aminoalcoholphosphotransferases (AAPTases) utilize diacylglycerols and cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-aminoalcohols as substrates in the synthesis of the abundant membrane lipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. A soybean cDNA encoding an AAPTase that demonstrates high levels of CDP-choline:sn-1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity was isolated by complementation of a yeast strain deficient in this function and was designated AAPT1. The deduced amino acid sequence of the soybean cDNA showed nearly equal similarity to each of the two characterized AAPTase sequences from yeast, cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase (CDP-ethanolamine:sn-1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase). Moreover, assays of soybean AAPT1-encoded enzyme activity in yeast microsomal membranes revealed that the addition of CDP-ethanolamine to the reaction inhibited incorporation of 14C-CDP-choline into phosphatidylcholine in a manner very similar to that observed using unlabeled CDP-choline. Although DNA gel blot analysis suggested that AAPT1-like sequences are represented in soybean as a small multigene family, the same AAPT1 isoform isolated from a young leaf cDNA library was also recovered from a developing seed cDNA library. Expression assays in yeast using soybean AAPT1 cDNAs that differed only in length suggested that sequences in the 5'leader of the transcript were responsible for the negative regulation of gene activity in this heterologous system. The inhibition of translation mediated by a short open reading frame located 124 bp upstream of the AAPT1 reading frame is one model proposed for the observed down-regulation of gene activity. DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// DO - 10.1105/tpc.6.10.1495 VL - 6 IS - 10 SP - 1495-1507 SN - 1040-4651 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Racial sampling and identification in maize: Quantitative genetic variation versus environmental effects AU - Goodman, M. M. T2 - Corn and culture in the prehistoric New World A2 - S. Johannessen, A2 - Hastorf, C. A. PY - 1994/// SP - 89 PB - Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, Inc SN - 0813383757 ER - TY - JOUR TI - REGISTRATION OF BRIM SOYBEAN AU - BURTON, JW AU - CARTER, TE AU - HUIE, EB T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 34, Issue 1 cropsci1994.0011183X003400010058x p. 301-301 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Brim’ Soybean J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton n/[email protected] USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Huie, E. B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton n/[email protected] USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Huie, E. B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1994 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010058xCitations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume34, Issue1January–February 1994Pages 301-301 RelatedInformation DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010058x VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 301-301 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFECTS OF EARLY-SEASON FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON COTTON GROWTH, YIELD, AND NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AU - EDMISTEN, KL AU - WOOD, CW AU - BURMESTER, CH T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - Abstract Many producers are using foliar fertilizers on seedling cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with the intent of promoting early vigor and increasing yields. However, the hypothesis that foliar feeding young cotton increases seedling vigor and yield has not been rigorously tested. We conducted 5 studies during 1990 to 1992 to investigate the value of one, two or three foliar applications of 12–48–8 fertilizer to seedling cotton. Two studies also included foliar‐applied urea. Plant height and whole‐plant phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) were determined two weeks after each application in two studies. Yield and P and N concentrations were not influenced by foliar fertilizers in any study. Seedling height was not influenced by applications of 12–48–8. A slight early‐season height advantage was observed with foliar‐applied urea at one location. Our results suggest that application of foliar N and P fertilizers to seedling cotton has little agronomic value. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1080/01904169409364758 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 683-692 SN - 0190-4167 ER - TY - JOUR TI - SCREENING COTTON FOR TOLERANCE TO HOPLOLAIMUS-COLUMBUS AU - BOWMAN, DT AU - SCHMITT, DP T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - In order to adequately plan experiments to measure tolerance of cotton to Hoplolaimus columbus, coefficients of variation (CVs) and error variances of yield were examined to determine the minimum number of replicates and environments needed to measure specified differences for tolerance index (TI) and field tolerance. In two greenhouse trials with 84 genotypes, the error variance was 1,423 and would have required 231 replicates to ensure detecting a 10% genotypic difference in TI. In the 3-yr, one-location field study reported, CVs ranged from 10.0 to 25.4%, while error variances for TI ranged from 68 to 512. The pooled error variance (243) was used in calculating the minimum number of replicates and environments [...] DA - 1994/7// PY - 1994/7// DO - 10.1094/PD-78-0695 VL - 78 IS - 7 SP - 695-697 SN - 0191-2917 KW - GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM KW - LANCE NEMATODE ER - TY - JOUR TI - RIPARIAN WETLANDS AND WATER-QUALITY AU - GILLIAM, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Because of wet soils adjacent to the streams, riparian buffers are frequently present between farming and urban activities on the uplands and small streams. These riparian areas have been shown to be very valuable for the removal of nonpoint-source pollution from drainage water. Several researchers have measured >90% reductions in sediment and nitrate concentrations in water flowing through the riparian areas. The riparian buffers are less effective for P removal but may retain 50% of the surface-water P entering them. I consider riparian buffers to be the most important factor influencing nonpoint-source pollutants entering surface water in many areas of the USA and the most important wetlands for surface water quality protection. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050007x VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 896-900 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic base for North American public soybean cultivars released between 1947 and 1988 AU - Gizlice, Z. AU - Carter, T. E. AU - Burton, J. W. T2 - Crop Science AB - A negative consequence of four decades of modern soybean breeding is the evolution of cultivars with complex pedigrees that tend to obscure the genetic base of applied breeding. A result is that the genetic base of North American soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has never been described fully. We attempt here to define the genetic base as sets of genotypes that contain 99% of the genes found in modern cultivars. For clarity, the base is defined both in terms of the original plant introductions (ancestors) used for hybridization and in terms of the progeny derived from them. In a first analysis of pedigree data, 80 ancestors were identified and their fractional genetic contributions to 258 cultivars were computed using coefficient of parentage (r) estimates. In a second analysis, six breeding lines and 133 cultivars were identified as first progeny of the 80 ancestors, and their contributions as parents to modern cultivars were computed using r. This analysis revealed that 91 first progeny constituted 99% of the genes found in modern cultivars. Lincoln and Harosoy in the North and Lee and its full sib (D49‐2491) in the South contributed nearly 40% of the genes to North American cultivars. Nearly 75% of the genes in modern cultivars trace to 17 first progeny released before 1960, indicating that breeders have remained dependent upon this early genetic core of breeding material. For practical study of the genetic base of North American soybean, we propose using a combination of the results from the two analyses described here. Twenty‐eight ancestors and seven first progeny were identified which contribute 95% of the genes found in modern soybean cultivars. This group of 35 genotypes would be a useful core collection for evaluating the presence, absence, or distribution of a trait in North American soybean cultivars. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400050001x VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 1143 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CHEMICAL VERSUS MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION OF CYANAZINE AND ATRAZINE IN SOILS AU - BLUMHORST, MR AU - WEBER, JB T2 - PESTICIDE SCIENCE AB - Abstract A laboratory study was performed to investigate the relationship between chemical (non‐biological) and microbial degradation of cyanazine and atrazine in soils ranging in pH from 5.3 to 8.1. Atrazine degradation was dominated by chemical processes in both a moderately acidic and a neutral pH soil, but showed a significant microbial involvement in the neutral pH soil. The primary cyanazine degradative mechanism was dependent on soil properties. Cyanazine was short‐lived in neutral to slightly basic soils, due to rapid microbial degradation. Cyanazine amide and cyanazine acid were the major metabolites formed. In a moderately acidic soil, microbial degradation was slowed and chemical processes were the primary means of cyanazine degradation. DA - 1994/10// PY - 1994/10// DO - 10.1002/ps.2780420203 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 79-84 SN - 0031-613X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Felix' soybean AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Sneller, C. H. AU - Diers, B. W. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 34, Issue 1 cropsci1994.0011183X003400010078x p. 311-312 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Felix’ Soybean T. G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T. G. Isleib n/a@.dne Dep. of Crop Sci., N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorC. H. Sneller, C. H. Sneller Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville, AR, 72701Search for more papers by this authorB W. Diers, B W. Diers Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 48824Search for more papers by this author T. G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T. G. Isleib n/a@.dne Dep. of Crop Sci., N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorC. H. Sneller, C. H. Sneller Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville, AR, 72701Search for more papers by this authorB W. Diers, B W. Diers Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 48824Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1994 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010078xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue1January–February 1994Pages 311-312 RelatedInformation DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400010078x VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 311 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Dimon' soybean AU - Isleib, T. G. AU - Sneller, C. H. AU - Diers, B. W. T2 - Crop Science AB - Crop ScienceVolume 34, Issue 1 cropsci1994.0011183X003400010077x p. 311-311 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Dimon’ Soybean T. G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T. G. Isleib n/a@.dne Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorC. H. Sneller, C. H. Sneller Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701Search for more papers by this authorB W. Diers, B W. Diers Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 48824Search for more papers by this author T. G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T. G. Isleib n/a@.dne Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorC. H. Sneller, C. H. Sneller Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701Search for more papers by this authorB W. Diers, B W. Diers Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 48824Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1994 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010077xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue1January–February 1994Pages 311-311 RelatedInformation DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400010077x VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 311 ER - TY - JOUR TI - MODELING THE RATE AND QUANTITY OF FORAGE INTAKE BY RUMINANTS DURING MEALS AU - FISHER, DS AU - BAUMONT, R T2 - AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1016/S0308-521X(94)90279-8 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 43-53 SN - 1873-2267 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GENETIC-IMPROVEMENT FOR YIELD AND FERTILITY OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS REPRESENTING DIFFERENT ERAS OF BREEDING AU - HOLLAND, JB AU - BINGHAM, ET T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) exhibits inbreeding depression for forage yield and also tends to set fewer seeds following self‐pollination than following cross‐pollination. The objectives of this study were to estimate changes in yield potential, inbreeding depression for yield, and self‐ and cross‐fertilities of alfalfa cultivars adapted to Wisconsin and representing different eras of breeding from 1898 to 1985. In addition, two University of Wisconsin‐Madison experimental cultivars with well‐known breeding histories were included in the study. The S 0 and S 1 populations derived from each cultivar were evaluated for 3 yr for forage yield. Self‐ and cross‐fertilities of some S 0 populations were measured in a greenhouse study. Both S 0 and S 1 populations of modern (Era 3) cultivars yielded greater than those of the oldest (Era 1) cultivars. Era 3 S 0 populations generally yielded more than those of cultivars released in the 1940s and 1950s (Era 2) but this was not true for S 1 populations. These results suggest that favorable alleles have accumulated in modern alfalfa cultivars but that this mostly occurred between Eras 1 and 2. Inbreeding depression decreased between Eras 1 and 2 and increased between Eras 2 and 3. Increased heterozygosity or exploitation of nonadditive genetic effects may account for much of the improvement in cultivar yield potential that occurred between Eras 2 and 3. Era 3 cultivars had a significantly lower ratio of self‐fertility to cross‐fertility than Era 1 cultivars. Therefore, modern cultivars appear to have improved capacity to produce high proportions of cross‐pollinated seed when nonself pollen is available, compared with older cultivars. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400040022x VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 953-957 SN - 0011-183X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027995637&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential response of nitrate reductase and sucrose-phosphate synthase-activation to inorganic and organic salts, in vitro and in situ AU - Huber, S. C. AU - Huber, J. L. AU - Kaiser, W. M. T2 - Physiologia Plantarum DA - 1994/// PY - 1994/// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1994.920216.x VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FROM SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION TO BIOPHYSICS - TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION AS A MODEL SYSTEM AU - HAIGLER, CH T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB - Previous articleNext article No AccessCommentariesFrom Signal Transduction to Biophysics: Tracheary Element Differentiation as a Model SystemCandace H. HaiglerCandace H. HaiglerPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of Plant Sciences Volume 155, Number 3May, 1994 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/297164 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1994 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:John Ralph, Sabine Guillaumie, John H Grabber, Catherine Lapierre, Yves Barrière Genetic and molecular basis of grass cell-wall biosynthesis and degradability. III. Towards a forage grass ideotype, Comptes Rendus Biologies 327, no.55 (May 2004): 467–479.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2004.03.004 DA - 1994/5// PY - 1994/5// DO - 10.1086/297164 VL - 155 IS - 3 SP - 248-250 SN - 1058-5893 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CELL EXPANSION AND TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION ARE REGULATED BY EXTRACELLULAR PH IN MESOPHYLL CULTURES OF ZINNIA-ELEGANS L AU - ROBERTS, AW AU - HAIGLER, CH T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - The effects of medium pH on cell expansion and tracheary element (TE) differentiation were investigated in differentiating mesophyll suspension cultures of Zinnia elegans L. In unbuffered cultures initially adjusted to pH 5.5, the medium pH fluctuated reproducibly, decreasing about 1 unit prior to the onset of TE differentiation and then increasing when the initiation of new Tes was complete. Elimination of large pH fluctuations by buffering the culture medium with 20 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid altered both cell expansion and TE differentiation, whereas altering the starting pH of unbuffered culture medium had no effect on either process. Cell expansion in buffered cultures was pH dependent with an optimum of 5.5 to 6.0. The direction of cell expansion was also pH dependent in buffered cultures. Cells elongated at pH 5.5 to 6.0, whereas isodiametric cell expansion was predominant at pH 6.5 to 7.0. The onset of TE differentiation was delayed when the pH was buffered higher or lower than 5.0. However, TEs eventually appeared in cultures buffered at pH 6.5 to 7.0, indicating that a decrease in pH to 5.0 is not necessary for differentiation. Very large TEs with secondary cell wall thickenings resembling metaxylem differentiated in cultures buffered at pH 5.5 to 6.0, which also showed the greatest cell expansion. The correlation between cell expansion and delayed differentiation of large, metaxylem-like TEs may indicate a link between the regulatory mechanisms controlling cell expansion and TE differentiation. DA - 1994/6// PY - 1994/6// DO - 10.1104/pp.105.2.699 VL - 105 IS - 2 SP - 699-706 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - CONF TI - Temperature dependence of fiber cellulose biosynthesis: Impact on fiber maturity and strength AU - Haigler, C. H. AU - Taylor, J. G. AU - Martin, L. K. C2 - 1994/// C3 - Proceedings of the Biochemistry of Cotton Workshop, Galveston, TX, Sept. 28-30 DA - 1994/// SP - 95-100 PB - Raleigh, NC: Cotton Incorporated ER - TY - JOUR TI - TOCQUEVILLE CIVIL RELIGION - AMERICAN CHRISTIANITY AND THE PROSPECTS FOR FREEDOM - KESSLER,S AU - CAPLOW, T T2 - JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION DA - 1994/12// PY - 1994/12// DO - 10.2307/1386504 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 394-395 SN - 0021-8294 ER -