TY - RPRT TI - Preliminary investigations of a porous ceramic soil amendment for golf green use AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - University of Florida DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - University of Florida UR - https://turf.ifas.ufl.edu/research_ceramic.shtml ER - TY - RPRT TI - NIRS: What is it? How can it benefit you! AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - University of Florica DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - University of Florica UR - https://turf.ifas.ufl.edu/research_nirs.shtml ER - TY - RPRT TI - St. Augustinegrass growth responses to various plant growth retardants AU - Weinbrecht, J. AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - University of Florida DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - University of Florida UR - https://turf.ifas.ufl.edu/research_stauggro.shtml ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluation St. Augustinegrass and bahiagrass rooting and drought tolerance AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - University of Florida DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - University of Florida UR - https://turf.ifas.ufl.edu/research_sabroot.shtml ER - TY - CONF TI - Water relations of two bermudagrass turf cultivars as influenced by potassium AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Dickens, R. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Symposium C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of International Turfgrass Society Symposium CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 8 SP - 1298-1306 M1 - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mowing and growing AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Environmental Horticulture Newsletter DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - Fall ER - TY - MGZN TI - Experience in Ag Day 1997 AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Environmental Horticulture Newsletter DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// SP - 6 M1 - Spring ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preliminary investigations of a porous ceramic for golf green use AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 20-21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Florida Turfgrass Association-sponsored facility hits its peak AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 18-19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Floralawn growth responses to various plant growth retardants AU - Weinbrecht, J.S. AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 28-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - NIRS: What is it? How can it benefit you? AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 16-17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Primo influences on overseeded perennial ryegrass and Poa trivialis AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Killingsworth, S. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effluent water influences turfgrass growth compared to potable water AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Florida Turf Digest DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 12-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Self-incompatibility and Clonal Growth in Anemopsis californica AU - Schroeder, Michelle S. AU - Weller, Stephen G. T2 - Plant Species Biology AB - Abstract The occurrence of self‐incompatibility in Anemopsis californica (Saururaceae) was investigated in populations located in Irvine, California. Selfed and outcrossed pollinations (pollinations between two populations) carried out in 1995 in a natural population demonstrated that seed production for selfed inflorescences was significantly lower than for outcrossed inflorescences. Naturally pollinated inflorescences produced more seeds per inflorescence than artificially selfed individuals, but far fewer than the artificially outcrossed plants. Additional pollinations were performed the following year in a controlled greenhouse environment using plants collected from the experimental field population. Pollination treatments included selfed and outcrossed pollinations, plus an additional intra‐population pollination to investigate the effect of clonal growth on seed production. Results from greenhouse crosses indicated that seed production for the outcrossed individuals was significantly higher than for selfed individuals or individuals used in intra‐populational crosses. No electrophoretic variation was detected within any of the populations used in crosses, and most putative loci were identical across populations. Results from these studies indicate that self‐incompatibility is present in Anemopsis californica, and that populations may consist of clonally replicated individuals with the same incompatibility reaction. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1111/j.1442-1984.1997.tb00157.x VL - 12 IS - 2-3 SP - 55-59 J2 - Plant Species Biol LA - en OP - SN - 0913-557X 1442-1984 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1997.tb00157.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - QTLs and epistasis associated with vernalization responses in oat T2 - Crop Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 1306-1316 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030822104&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Turfgrass Envirotron success story AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - University of Florida DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - University of Florida ER - TY - CONF TI - XAFS characterization of copper in model aqueous systems of humic acid and illite AU - Hesterberg, D. AU - Sayers, D.E. AU - Zhou, W. AU - Robarge, W.P. AU - Plummer, G.M. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Journal De Physique. IV : JP DA - 1997/// VL - 7 M1 - 2 Part 2 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750671277&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - XAFS characterization of copper contamination in the unsaturated and saturated zones of a soil profile AU - Sayers, D.E. AU - Hesterberg, D. AU - Zhou, W. AU - Robarge, W.P. AU - Plummer, G.M. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Journal De Physique. IV : JP DA - 1997/// VL - 7 M1 - 2 Part 2 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031126012&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - SOUND TI - Identification of RAPD markers linked to blue mold resistance in tobacco AU - Milla, S.R. AU - Rufty, R.C. DA - 1997/10/26/ PY - 1997/10/26/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil zinc map of the USA using geostatistics and geographic information systems AU - White, J.G. AU - Welch, R.M. AU - Norvell, W.A. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - Abstract The geographic distribution of soil Zn is important to agriculture, nutrition, and health. A map illustrating the total Zn content of soils of the conterminous USA was developed using geostatistics and geographic information systems. Data were combined from a U.S. Geological Survey study targeting nonagricultural soils in 47 states, and a U.S. Department of Agriculture‐U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‐U.S. Food and Drug Administration study targeting agricultural soils in 33 states. Semivariograms indicated spatial correlation at distances up to 470 km. A significant quadratic trend was modeled, but detrending had little effect on the semivariogram or on interpolation via kriging. The data exhibited some anisotropy, but it had little effect on kriging. An exponential semivariogram model was fit using least squares and used to krige a grid covering the conterminous USA. The resultant map depicted soils north of about 37°N latitude or west of about 109°W longitude as generally having more Zn than the average of 55 mg kg −1 . Soils southeast of this boundary tended to contain less Zn than average, with exceptions of soils developed on Mississippi alluvium and in Piedmont valleys and ridges. High estimate standard deviations occurred where data were sparse. The map will be useful in future research to determine the geographic distribution of plant‐available soil Zn, regional patterns of plant, animal, and human Zn deficiencies, the relationship of Zn to soil parent material, genesis, and surficial geology, and in considering the consequences of land disposal of Zn‐laden wastes. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010027x VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 185–194 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Aquic conditions and hydric soils the problem soils : proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Divisions S-10 and S-5 of the Soil Science Society of America and A-2 of the American Society of America [i.e. Agronomy] in Seattle, Washington, 14 November 1994 AU - Vepraskas, Michael AU - Sprecher, S.S. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaspecpub50 PB - Madison, Wis: Soil Science Society of America,|c1997 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Auxin-induced gene expression during rooting of loblolly pine stem cuttings AU - Goldfarb, B. AU - Lian, Z. AU - Lanz-Garcia, C. AU - Whetten, R. K. T2 - Biology of Root Formation and Development A2 - A. Altman, A2 - Waisel, Y. PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4615-5403-5_31 SP - 163-167 PB - New York: Plenum Press SN - 0306457067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alamosa Ranch: creating and sustaining balance, a resource management proposal AU - Steelman, T. A. AU - Kang, S. AU - Luten, K. AU - Wunderlich, K. T2 - Working Report for Colorado Division of Local Affairs and Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Programs DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of imazameth on the growth of Paspalum notatum Fluegge AU - Yelverton, F. H. AU - McCarty, L. B. AU - Murphy, T. R. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 8 SP - 1085 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of the Cynodon cultivar 'Tifgreen' to potassium fertilisation AU - Peacock, C. H. AU - Bruneau, A. H. AU - Dipaola, J. M. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 8 SP - 1308 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of humate and organic fertilizer on establishment and nutrition of creeping bent putting greens AU - Dorer, S. P. AU - Peacock, C. H. T2 - International Turfgrass Society Research Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 8 SP - 437 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing guidelines for replanting grain sorghum .3. Using a plant growth model to determine replanting options AU - Heiniger, RW AU - Vanderlip, RL AU - Williams, , JR AU - Welch, SM T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract The adaptability of grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] complicates decision making regarding the replacement of damaged stands. Our objective was to construct replanting guidelines for a broad range of situations by using a sorghum growth model to project yields for both original and replanted stands. Sorghum yields were simulated for 33 seasons for every combination of seven planting dates, six plant populations, and three hybrid maturity classes at three Kansas sites representative of Midwest sorghum producing areas. The outputs were tabulated to obtain yield distributions for both original and replanted crops. Net returns for replanting were calculated from yield differences, input costs, and harvest prices. Increases in both mean yields and net returns were associated with greater variability. The choices of replant timing, hybrid maturity, and planting density therefore depend on the grower's risk preferences. In western Kansas, an area with soils and climate representative of most of the Great Plains, risk‐neutral producers should replant with an early‐maturity hybrid at 50 000 plants ha −1 if the original population declines to less than 20 000 plants ha −1 . In eastern Kansas, an area representing western Corn Belt sorghum production, replanting with a medium‐maturity hybrid at 200 000 plants ha −1 is a good option when a medium‐ or late‐maturity hybrid falls below 20 000 plants ha −1 or an early hybrid drops beneath 100 000 plants ha −1 . DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900010014x VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 93-100 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing guidelines for replanting grain sorghum .2. Improved methods of simulating caryopsis weight and tiller number AU - Heiniger, RW AU - Vanderlip, RL AU - Welch, SM AU - Muchow, RC T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Enhancing the yield prediction accuracy of SORKAM, a growth model for sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], requires improving the simulation of grain growth and the relationship between tiller number and minimum temperature. A new grain growth equation, developed from 1990 data collected at Manhattan, KS, relates grain‐filling rate to the rate of change of plant dry matter per caryopsis during the effective filling period. Additional functions are specified for the lag and leveling‐off phases of caryopsis growth, resulting in a new submodel, which was tested against data from Kansas and two Australian sites. The tiller number calculation was revised using three years of Manhattan data. After incorporating the new submodels, SORKAM outputs were compared with observed yields and yield components in three Kansas regions. The R 2 values for yield increased from 0.27, 0.46, and 0.79 to 0.76, 0.69, and 0.90 for eastern, central, and western Kansas, respectively. Caryopsis weight comparisons showed that the revised model accounted for 48 to 72% of observed variability, up from 15 to 57% for the original model. Tiller number predictions also improved, although modestly. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900010013x VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 84-92 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing guidelines for replanting grain sorghum .1. Validation and sensitivity analysis of the SORKAM sorghum growth model AU - Heiniger, RW AU - Vanderlip, RL AU - Welch, SM T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] producers often have difficulty determining when plant stands are low enough to merit replanting. Our objective was to use SORKAM, a sorghum growth model, to develop guidelines for replanting grain sorghum. A necessary first step is validation of the model over an extensive range of management and environmental factors. Validation was accomplished using 19 field data sets representing 11 yr and six Kansas locations. Several nonparametric tests were used to compare observed and simulated yields, yield components, and phenological dates. In addition, sensitivities of yield and yield components were determined in response to yearly climate, planting date, plant population, and maturity class changes. Model sensitivities were compared with sensitivities calculated from field data. While phenological predictions were adequate, SORKAM could capture only 27 to 79% of grain yield variability at the locations tested. Yield predictions from different plant populations within a planting date were particularly inaccurate. The validation and sensitivity analyses showed that the poor yield predictions were the result of improper computation of tiller number and faulty partitioning of biomass to caryopsis weight. Partitioning errors translocated enough assimilate from culm to grain to make yields essentially constant across populations within a planting date. To use SORKAM to generate replant guidelines, improvements must be made in modeling the relationships among yield components and the source‐sink relationship that determines caryopsis weight. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900010012x VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 75-83 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coefficients of parentage for 260 cotton cultivars released between 1970 and 1990 AU - Bowman, D. T. AU - May, O. L. AU - Calhoun, D. S. T2 - Technical Bulletin (United States. Dept. of Agriculture) DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - 1852 SP - 80 ER - TY - PAT TI - Method of detecting toxins using host cells expressing an urf13-T gene AU - Levings, C. S. AU - Dewey, R. E. AU - Braun, C. J. C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - A secreted factor induces cell expansion and formation of metaxylem-like tracheary elements in xylogenic suspension cultures of Zinnia AU - Roberts, AW AU - Donovan, SG AU - Haigler, CH T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Conditioned medium from mesophyll cell-suspension cultures of Zinnia elegans L. has striking effects on cell expansion and tracheary element differentiation when applied to cultures of freshly isolated mesophyll cells. These effects include (a) induction of early cell expansion, (b) delay in differentiation by 48 h or more, (c) reduction in the synchrony of differentiation, and (d) early formation of very large, metaxylem-like tracheary elements. Like reduced osmotic potential and buffering at pH 5.5, conditioned medium appears to have its primary effect on cell expansion. Partial characterization of the expansion-inducing factor indicates that it is heat stable, of low molecular mass, and is resistant to protease. It also binds reversibly to concanavalin A but is not adsorbed by charcoal. We suggest that the secreted factor may be an oligosaccharide involved in the coordination of cell expansion and differentiation and the regulation of the protoxylem-like to metaxylem-like transition in xylogenic suspension cultures. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1104/pp.115.2.683 VL - 115 IS - 2 SP - 683-692 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The learning revolution : the challenge of information technology in the academy DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Co. SN - 1882982177 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green fallow for the central Great Plains AU - Schlegel, AJ AU - Havlin, JL T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Use of fallow to store soil water is a common practice in semiarid regions. In the central Great Plains, the most common dryland cropping system is winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐fallow. Stubble mulching involving tillage is the predominant weed‐control practice during the 14‐mo fallow period. As a result of tillage, soil organic matter content has declined 40 to 70% since the early 1900s. This decline has called for development of cropping practices that control soil erosion and increase soil organic matter. Green fallow is the practice of growing a legume during the time period not devoted to crop production. Water is a major limiting factor for crop production in the central Plains, and water use by the legume could reduce grain yields. Field studies were conducted near Tribune, KS, from 1990 to 1994 to evaluate green fallow in the central Great Plains. The objectives were to (i) evaluate the production potential of several dryland forage legumes, (ii) quantify the water use of dryland legumes as a function of growth period, and (iii) measure the effects of legume growth on grain yield of subsequent crops. Of 11 legume species evaluated, hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) and yellow sweetclover ( Melilotus officinalis Lam.) were the most promising in terms of biomass production and weed control. Hairy vetch was planted in a green fallow system and allowed to grow for selected periods of time. In all cases, green fallow depleted soil water and reduced grain yield of subsequent crops. Allowing hairy vetch growth throughout the fallow period reduced soil water by up to 178 mm and reduced grain yield by 42 to 83%. For every millimeter of soil water depletion by vetch, grain yields decreased by 15 kg ha −1 . Although green fallow is too detrimental to subsequent crop yields to be recommended in the central Great Plains, dryland legumes may have potential as forage crops. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900050009x VL - 89 IS - 5 SP - 762-767 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Soil genesis and classification (4th ed.) AU - Buol, S. W. AU - Hole, F. D. AU - McCracken, R. J. AU - Southard, R. J. CN - S591 .B887 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Ames: Iowa State University Press SN - 081381460X ER - TY - BOOK TI - Section 319 National Monitoring Program: An overview AU - Osmond, D. L. AU - Line, D. E. AU - Spooner, J. CN - G46.2 2: S44 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: N.C. Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - BOOK TI - Pedigrees and distinguishing characteristics of upland and pima cotton germplasm lines released between 1972 and 1996 AU - Van Esbroeck, G. A. AU - Bowman, D. T. AU - May, O. L. CN - SB249 .V36 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: N.C. Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - North Carolina measured crop performance: small grains 1997 AU - Bowman, D. T. T2 - Crop Science Research Report (North Carolina State University. Dept. of Crop Science) DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - 167 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of herbicide-tolerant germplasm on production and management of row crops AU - York, A. C. T2 - Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Weed DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 51 IS - 1997 SP - 149-153 ER - TY - BOOK TI - 1997 summary report: Section 319 National Monitoring Program projects AU - Osmond, D. L. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// PB - Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water ER - TY - JOUR TI - The birth, life, and death of the photosynthetic factory or the top ten reasons why: cotton photosynthesizes like it does and why we love it so AU - Wells, R. T2 - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 2 IS - 1997 SP - 1347-1351 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Clifford' soybean AU - Burton, JW AU - Carter, TE AU - Farmer, FS AU - Huie, EB T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 37, Issue 6 cropsci1997.0011183X003700060057x p. 1980-1980 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Clifford’ Soybean J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton [email protected] USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorF. S. Farmer, F. S. Farmer USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Huie, E. B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton [email protected] USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorF. S. Farmer, F. S. Farmer USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorE. B. Huie, E. B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1997 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060057xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume37, Issue6November–December 1997Pages 1980-1980 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060057x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1980-1980 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in soybeans: The cloning and characterization of genes encoding enzymes of the nucleotide pathway AU - Monks, D. E. AU - Goode, J. H. AU - Dinsmore, P. K. AU - Dewey, R. E. T2 - Physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of plant lipids A2 - J. P. Williams, M. U. Khan A2 - Lem, N. W. CN - QK898.L56 P48 1997 PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1007/978-94-017-2662-7_35 SP - 110-112 PB - Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of finish and its mechanism of action AU - Pedersen, M.K. AU - Burton, J.D. AU - Coble, H.D. AU - Collins, J.R. AU - Fritz, D. T2 - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 2 IS - 1997 SP - 1363-1365 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop protection. III. Weeds. New herbicides will help cotton growers remain competitive AU - York, A. C. T2 - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 1 IS - 1997 SP - 15-16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tocqueville and the nature of democracy - Manent,P AU - Kessler, S T2 - AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW AB - An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content. DA - 1997/3// PY - 1997/3// DO - 10.2307/2952277 VL - 91 IS - 1 SP - 173-174 SN - 0003-0554 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of endogenous phenolics in host plant resistance among Malus taxa to Japanese beetles AU - Fulcher, A. F. AU - Ranney, T. G. AU - Burton, J. D. AU - Walgenbach, J. F. AU - Danehower, D. A. T2 - Proceedings of Southern Nurserymen's Association Research Conference Annual Report DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 42 IS - 1997 SP - 68-70 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subsurface drip irrigation lateral spacing and management for cotton in the southeastern Coastal Plain AU - Camp, C. R. AU - Bauer, P. J. AU - Hunt, P. G. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - The cost of drip irrigation can be reduced by using both wider lateral spacings and the same laterals formultiple years, as with subsurface placement. Multiple, low-rate fertilizer and water applications may reduce N fertilizerneeds by improving efficiency and limiting the potential for leaching. The combination of these technologies may makedrip irrigation of cotton profitable. Four years of continuous cotton and two years of cotton rotated with peanut wereevaluated. Two subsurface drip irrigation lateral spacings (every row, 1 m, and alternate furrow, 2 m) and threesidedress-nitrogen methods (STD, single application of 112 kg/ha; INC, 112 kg/ha in five equal applications; and GOS,applications determined by GOSSYM/COMAX) were evaluated for cotton during 1991-1994. Two of the sidedressnitrogenmethods (STD and GOS) were evaluated for a rainfall-only treatment. Lint yields did not differ between thelateral spacings in any year. Yields for irrigated treatments were 16 and 65% greater than rainfall-only yields in 1992 and1993, respectively. The GOSSYM/COMAX-managed nitrogen treatment received 30% less nitrogen fertilizer than othertreatments, but had similar lint yield. Several fiber physical properties were affected by irrigation and nitrogen, but theseeffects were small and inconsistent. For continuous cotton, or cotton rotated with peanut, the wider lateral spacing ispreferred to the every-row spacing because of its lower initial cost (about 30%). The combination of lower system cost,longer system life, and lower N-fertilizer requirements could make subsurface drip irrigation of cotton profitable forsoutheastern Coastal Plain soils, and reduce the potential for ground water contamination. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.13031/2013.21351 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 993-999 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preliminary evaluation of the effects of fluridone in irrigation water on container-grown azalea AU - Kay, S. H. AU - Monk, D. W. AU - Leidy, R. B. T2 - HortTechnology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 60-62 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ground water nitrate-N concentrations on an eastern Coastal Plains watershed AU - Stone, K. C. AU - Hunt, P. G. AU - Johnson, M. H. AU - Matheny, T. A. T2 - Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 97 IS - 2152 SP - 1-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elevated CO2 reduces O-3 flux and O-3-induced yield losses in soybeans: Possible implications for elevated CO2 studies AU - Fiscus, EL AU - Reid, CD AU - Miller, JE AU - Heagle, AS T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Soybeans were grown for three seasons in open-top field chambers to determine (1) whether elevated CO2 (360 versus 700 μmol mol−1) alleviates some of the yield loss due to pollutant O3, (2) whether the partial stomatal closure resulting from chronic O3 exposure (charcoal-filtered air versus 1.5 × ambient concentrations) is a cause or result of decreased photosynthesis, and (3) possible implications of CO2/O3 interactions to climate change studies using elevated CO2. Leaf conductance was reduced by elevated CO2, regardless of O3 level, or by exposure to O3 alone. As.a result of these effects on conductance, high CO2 reduced estimated midday O3 flux into the leaf by an average of 50% in charcoal-filtered air and 35% in the high O3 treatment. However, while exposure to O3 reduced seed yields by 41% at ambient CO2 levels, the yield reduction was completely ameliorated by elevated CO2. The threshold midday O3 flux for yield loss appears to be 20–30 nmol m−2 s−1 in this study. Although elevated CO2 increased total biomass production, it did not increase seed yields. A/Ci curves show a large reduction in the stomatal limitation to photosynthesis due to elevated CO2 but no effect of O3. These data demonstrate that (1) reduced conductance due to O3 is the result, and not the cause, of reduced photosynthesis, (2) 700 μmol mol−1 CO2 can completely ameliorate yield losses due to O3 within the limits of these experiments, and (3) some reports of increased yields under elevated CO2 treatments may, at least in part, reflect the amelioration of unrecognized suppression of yield by O3 or other stresses. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1093/jxb/48.2.307 VL - 48 IS - 307 SP - 307-313 SN - 0022-0957 KW - stomatal limitation KW - elevated CO2 KW - O-3 flux KW - Glycine max KW - yield suppression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop production in a wheat-cotton doublecrop rotation with conservation tillage AU - Hunt, PG AU - Bauer, PJ AU - Matheny, TA T2 - JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE AB - Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production has dramatically increased in the Southeast, but the role of conservation tillage in doublecropped cotton systems has not been clearly defined. Therefore, from 1988 to 1994, we investigated double-cropped wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cotton on plots that had been in continuous conservation vs. conventional tillage since 1979. The experimental site was located near Florence, SC, on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic ‘Ispic Kandiudult). Conventional tillage consisted of multiple diskings and cultivations; surface tillage was eliminated for conservation tillage. Wheat yields were not significantly affected by tillage, but cotton yields were significantly higher for conservation tillage (P ≤ 0.01). Cotton planting dates ranged from 7 to 18 June, and 5 of the 7 yr had more than 145 frost-free days. Two years had crop failure because of early freezes, and a June drought prevented the planting of cotton in 1 yr. In the 4 yr with harvestable yields, seed cotton yields among the eight cultivars ranged from about 500 to 2200 and 300 to 1850 lb/acre for conservation and conventional tillage, respectively. The early maturing cultivar, ‘Deltapine (DP) 20,’ had the highest seed cotton yields with means of 1442 and 1123 lb/acre for conservation and conventional tillage, respectively. Development of earlier maturing cotton and wheat cultivars will be important for this cropping system in the northern Coastal Plain portion of the Cotton Belt. Research Question Conservation tillage can conserve and improve natural resources and increase crop productivity, but it must be adapted and optimized for the cropping systems of a physiographic area. Cotton production has dramatically increased in the Southeast, but the roles of doublecropping systems and continuous conservation tillage have not been clearly defined for cotton. In addition, the performance of cotton cultivars grown under continuous conservation tillage in short seasons has not been determined. In this study, our objectives were (i) to determine the influence of continuous conservation tillage on doublecropped wheat-cotton grown on a Coastal Plain soil and (ii) to determine the performance of specific cultivars to late planting and conservation tillage. Literature Summary Long-term conservation tillage with a corn rotation has been found to increase the organic matter content and crop yield potential of a Norfolk loamy sand in South Carolina. However, in other studies, crop residues alone were not sufficient to maintain the soil C content of southern Piedmont soils once the soil had been converted from conservation to conventional tillage. Higher wheat yields have been reported for Coastal Plain soils with conventional tillage as a result of poor stands in conservation tillage, but improved planting systems for wheat conservation tillage were equal to or better than conventional tillage. In dryland conditions of the Texas southern High Plains, reduced tillage of rotated or continuous cotton was superior to conventional tillage of continuous cotton. In central Arkansas, there was a 35 to 65% yield reduction of doublecropped cotton compared with full-season cotton. At Tifton, GA, yield of doublecropped cotton was 54% of the full-season cotton for stubble planting and 71% for planting after stubble burning and bottom plowing. It was concluded at Tifton that yield of doublecropped cotton could be improved by development of earlier cultivars. The evaluation of the effects of long-term conservation tillage on production of cotton in the Coastal Plain soils has not been evaluated. Study Description From 1988 to 1994, we investigated a 2-yr rotation of corn (data not reported in this manuscript) and doublecropped wheat-cotton on plots that had been in continuous conservation vs. conventional tillage since 1979. The experimental site was located near Florence, SC, on a 6.55-acre plot of Norfolk loamy sand. Conventional tillage consisted of multiple diskings and cultivations; surface tillage was eliminated for conservation tillage. Cotton planting dates ranged from 7 to 18 June, and 5 of the 7 yr had more than 145 frost-free days. Three full-season cultivars ‘PD 1,’ ‘PD 3,’ and ‘Deltapine (DP) 90,’ were compared with two shorter season cultivars, DP 20' and DP 50.' In 1994, the PD cultivars were eliminated from the experiment, and ‘Stoneville (St) 132,’ ‘St 453,’ and ‘St 907’ were compared with the three DP cultivars. Applied Questions Was wheat and cotton production better under conservation tillage than under conventional tillage? In 1991, wheat yields were 31% higher for conservation than conventional, and in 1992, wheat yields were 62% lower for conservation tillage. Otherwise, the wheat yields were not significantly different for tillage. The 5-yr means of 2039 and 2057 lb/acre for conservation and conventional tillage, respectively, were close to the South Carolina average for the study period, 2400 lb/acre. The DP cotton cultivars grown under conservation tillage were consistently higher in yields than those grown under conventional tillage. PD 1 yielded better under conventional tillage. Seed cotton yields ranged from about 500 to 2200 and 300 to 1850 lb/acre for conservation and conventional tillage cotton, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). Did the short season reduce cotton yields? Doublecropped cotton production was affected greatly by growing conditions, particularly at planting and harvest. Delays in planting because of drought or excess rainfall can cause loss of growing days or stand failure, and early frost can reduce or eliminate yield. During the cotton growing seasons, rainfall ranged from 20 to 36 in. Frost-free days ranged from 123 to 163, and heat units ranged from 1846 to 2273°F. Early season freezes (123 to 125 frost-free days) ruined the late-planted cotton crops in 1988 and 1992 because the cotton bolls had not opened prior to the freezes. A June drought caused crop establishment failure in 1993. This underlines the importance of sufficient water to insure stand establishment and reduce risk when short-season cotton is planted immediately after wheat harvest. The best yields were in 1991 when the mean of doublecropped PD 3 was 60 and 48% of the full-season PD 3, respectively, under conservation and conventional tillage. The shorter season DP 20 was about the same with mean yields of 62 and 46%, respectively, under conservation and conventional tillage. Were cultivars different in yield? The ranking of yields for the DP cultivars corresponded to their order of earliness, with DP 20 highest and DP 90 lowest. All three DP cultivars were consistently higher in yield with conservation tillage than with conventional tillage. The PD cultivars were less consistent in their response to conservation tillage, and PD 1 had a higher mean yield for conventional tillage. However, these results consistently indicated that the early DP cultivars (20 and 50) were superior to the PD cultivars for production under conservation tillage at the latitude of this investigation. PD cultivars were similar to the later-maturing cultivar, DP 90. The three DP cultivars produced higher yields than did the St cultivars. Table 1. Seed cotton yield of cultivars grown under conservation and conventional tillage from 1989–1992. Year† Tillage‡ PD 1 PD 3 DP 20 DP 50 DP 90 Mean§ ----------------------- lb/acre --------------------- 1989 Cst 1236 989 1528 1432 921 1221 Cvt 1127 1095 1321 1172 822 1107 1990 Cst 626 928 943 1140* 1303* 988 Cvt 1269* 716 868 558 758 834 1991 Cst 1631 2132* 2190* 1962 1940* 1971 Cvt 1804 1717 1632 1872 1504 1706 LSD 0.05 for a cultivar in a tillage and year = 376 LSD 0.05 for a cultivar in a tillage and year = 379 Mean ‡ Cst 1164 1350 1554* 1511* 1388* 1393 Cvt 1400* 1176 1274 1201 1028 1216 LSD 0.05 for tillage × cultivar = 219 * Tillage comparisons are significantly different at the 0.05 level by the least significant difference test. † Crop failures in 1988 and 1992 were due to early frost, and crop failure in 1993 was due to drought at planting time. ‡ Cst = conservation tillage and Cvt = conventional tillage. § P values for the F-test were tillage, 0.01; tillage × year, 0.38; tillage × cultivar, 0.01; year × cultivar, 0.01; year × tillage × cultivar, 0.01. Table 2. Seed cotton yield of cultivars under conservation and conventional tillage in 1994. Cultivars Tillage† St 132 St 453 St 907 DP 20 DP 50 DP 90 Mean* -------------------------- lb/acre ---------------- Cst 591 625 664 1109 798 867 776 Cvt 419 314 464 667 772 499 523 Mean 505 470 564 888 785 683 LSD 0.05 for cultivar = 200 * Tillage and cultivar were both significantly different at the P ≤ 0.01 level by the F-test. † Cst = conservation tillage and Cvt = conventional tillage. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jpa1997.0462 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 462-465 SN - 0890-8524 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in two cultures of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 differing in their ability to impart drought tolerance to soybean AU - Mathis, JN AU - McMillin, DE AU - Champion, RA AU - Hunt, PG T2 - CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1007/s002849900269 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 363-366 SN - 0343-8651 ER - TY - CONF TI - Extended x-ray absorption fine structure study of mercury speciation in a flood plain soil AU - Wang, Z. AU - Hesterberg, D. AU - Zhou, W. AU - Sayers, D. E. AU - Robarge, W. P. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Contaminated soils: 3rd International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Paris (France), May 15-19, 1995 DA - 1997/// M1 - 1997 PB - Paris: INRA Editions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of clover and small grain cover crops and tillage techniques on seedling emergence of dicotyledonous weed species AU - Blum, U. AU - King, L. D. AU - Gerig, T. M. AU - Lehman, M. E. AU - Worsham, A. D. T2 - American Journal of Alternative Agriculture AB - Abstract We monitored emergence of morning-glory, pigweed, and prickly sida from seeded populations in no-till plots with no debris (reference plots) or with crimson clover, subterranean clover, rye, or wheat debris. Cover crops were either desiccated by glyphosate or mowed and tilled into the soil. Debris levels, soil temperature, moisture, pH, nitrate, total phenolic acid and compaction were monitored during May to August in both 1992 and 1993. Seedling emergence for all three weed species ranged from <1 to 16% of seeds sown. Surface debris treatments delayed weed seedling emergence compared with the reference plots. Rye and wheat debris consistently suppressed weed emergence; in contrast, the effects of clover debris on weed emergence ranged from suppression to stimulation. Gfyphosate application resulted in a longer delay and greater suppression of seedling emergence in May than in April. In 1993, plots in which living biomass was tilled into the soil were also included and monitored. Weed seedling emergence was stimulated when living biomass was incorporated into the soil. Covariate, correlation and principle component analyses did not identify significant relationships between weed seedling emergence and soil physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., total phenolic acid, nitrate, moisture, temperature). We hypothesize that the observed initial delay of the weed seedling emergence for all three species was likely due to low initial soil moisture. The subsequent rapid recovery of seedling emergence of morning-glory and pigweed but notprickfy sida in the clover compared with the small grain debris plots was likely due to variation in soil allelopathic agents or nitrate-N levels. The stimulation of weed seedling emergence when living biomass was incorporated into the soil was likely caused by an increase in “safe” germination sites coupled with the absence of a zone of inhibition resulting from tillage. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0889189300007487 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 146-161 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of adsorbed humic acid on surface charge and flocculation of kaolinite AU - Kretzschmar, R AU - Hesterberg, D AU - Sticher, H T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract The behavior of clays in soils, groundwater aquifers, and aquatic environments is controlled to a large extent by flocculation and dispersion phenomena. Dispersed clay particles can become mobile and facilitate the translocation of strongly sorbed pollutants in the environment. In this study, the adsorption of a soil humic acid to Na‐kaolinite and the resulting effects on surface charge and colloidal stability of kaolinite were investigated in dilute aqueous suspensions. The pH dependence (pH 3–11) of humic acid adsorption to kaolinite in a NaClO 4 background electrolyte was studied with batch experiments at three different ionic strengths (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 M ). Sorption of humic acid increased with decreasing pH or increasing ionic strength, a behavior that is typical for anionic polyelectrolytes with carboxylic functional groups. Electrophoretic mobility measurements showed that pure kaolinite had positive net total particle surface charge at low pH and negative surface charge at high pH, with an isoelectric point at pH 4.8 (in 0.01 M NaClO 4 ). With increasing amounts of humic acid sorbed to the kaolinite surface, the electrophoretic mobility was continuously shifted to more negative values. At low pH, this resulted in charge reversal from positive to negative net total particle surface charge. Additions of small amounts of humic acid to the kaolinite suspensions resulted in large increases in colloidal stability. At low pH, this was probably due to reversal of edge charge from positive to negative preventing edge‐to‐face flocculation. In addition, a general increase in negative surface charge density and steric stabilization effects may contribute to the influence of adsorbed humic acid on the colloidal stability of kaolinite. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010016x VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 101-108 SN - 0361-5995 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030613847&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Constructed wetlands for animal wastewater treatment AU - Hunt, P. G. AU - Vanotti, M. B. AU - Szogi, A. A. AU - Humenik, F. J. AU - Rice, J. M. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Proceedings of the Southeastern Sustainable Animal Waste Management Workshop: February 11-13, 1997, Rural Development Center, Tifton, Georgia DA - 1997/// SP - 161-175 M1 - 1997 PB - Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia ER - TY - CHAP TI - Constructed wetland to treat swine wastewater, Duplin County, North Carolina AU - Humenik, F. AU - Rice, M. AU - Cook, M. AU - Broome, S. AU - Hunt, P. AU - Szogi, A. AU - Stem, G. AU - Sugg, M. AU - Scalf, G. T2 - Constructed wetlands for animal waste treatment: A manual on performance, design, and operation with case histories PY - 1997/// SP - II.1-4 PB - Payne Engineering and CH2M Hill ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient management for sustainable dryland farming systems AU - Halvorson, A. D. AU - Havlin, J. L. AU - Schlegel, A. J. T2 - Annals of Arid Zone DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 233-254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measures of validity in cultivar performance trials AU - Bowman, DT AU - Watson, CE T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract The coefficient of variation (CV) has been used for many years by researchers to determine the validity of performance trials. The premise behind the CV, that the standard deviation is proportional to the mean, compromises one of the assumptions of a normal distribution (i.e., that the sample mean and sample variance are independent). If there is a nonnormal distribution, then the data may need to be transformed, which in turn may invalidate the use of the CV. A constant CV across trials implies a relationship between the error variance and the mean such that the slope = 2.0 in the regression of In error variance on ln mean. The purpose of this paper is to stress the relationship between the error variance and mean in the CV, review this relationship in actual yield data, and examine the effects of various transformations on CVs and coefficient of determination ( R 2 ). The ln error variance regressed on In mean for several agronomic crops ranged from −0.11 for full‐season corn ( Zea mays L.) to 1.31 for oat ( Avena sativa L.). Although some crops had a nonzero regression coefficient for this relationship, none approached 2.0, the level that supports the hypothesis that the CV is a viable tool for comparing the relative variation of different trials. Data transformations (e.g., square root, logarithmic, angular, inverse, reverse, and addition of a constant) tend to lower CV values in most cases, but can cause dramatic increases, depending on the nature of the variance and the specific transformation. On the other hand, R 2 , which is a measure of the amount of variability accounted for in the model, remains relatively unaffected by most transformations. Reasonable R 2 values for determining validity of performance trials may vary by location and crop species. Examination of North Carolina data revealed that discarded trials generally had R 2 values less than 50%. The R 2 may be affected by the size of the dataset, and so adjusted R 2 maybe more useful for comparing trials of varying sizes; however, adjusted R 2 will tend to be larger where there are larger differences among entries. There is no one perfect measure of the validity of trial data, but the R 2 and the adjusted R 2 are reasonable alternatives to the CV and should be examined along with other statistical measures when evaluating crop performance data. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900060003x VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - 860-866 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - PAT TI - Maize cytoplasmic male sterility type T (cms-T) mitochondria DNA C2 - 1997/// DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncertainty and the inflation bias of monetary policy AU - Pearce, DK AU - Sobue, M T2 - ECONOMICS LETTERS AB - The dynamic inconsistency model predicts that monetary policy will produce a positive inflation rate. The introduction of multiplicative uncertainty into the model suggests that this bias towards inflation will be lower the more uncertain the effects of monetary policy. DA - 1997/12/5/ PY - 1997/12/5/ DO - 10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00223-1 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 203-207 SN - 0165-1765 KW - monetary policy KW - dynamic inconsistency KW - uncertainty ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil factors affecting plant concentrations of cadmium, copper, and zinc on sludge-amended soils AU - Miner, GS AU - Gutierrez, R AU - King, LD T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Establishment of maximum cumulative metal loading rates of sludge require metals in soils be related to metal concentrations in plants grown on those soils. The relationship between plant concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn and soil properties on sites of long-term municipal sludge application were evaluated. Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were planted on five fields (Typic Hapludolts) with known sludge disposal history. After harvest, tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L.) following swiss chard and peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) following lettuce were planted in the same plots. Extractable Cd, Cu, and Zn (Mehlich-3, 0.05 M DTPA, 0.05 M EDTA), clay, humic matter, organic C, and pH were determined on a composite 20-cm depth soil sample and Mehlich-3 extractable metals were determined by 15-cm increments on a 60-cm depth sample from each plot. Tissue concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn were measured near harvest maturity (swiss chard and lettuce) or shortly after anthesis (tobacco and peanut). Simple linear regressions were poor between plant metal concentration and soil-extractable metal for all extractants. Inclusion of soil properties in the best-fit multivariate regression models improved the relationship for metal concentration in plants. Values for R2 ranged from 0.30 to 0.96 with the poorest correlations obtained for Cu in lettuce and peanut. Best-fit models for all other crop-extractant-metal combinations had R2 > 0.83. Metals extracted by the three extractants were correlated with each other so their inclusion in models describing plant concentrations of heavy metal in this study gave similar results. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040009x VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 989-994 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance, gene expression, and lignin characterization in a mutant pine deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase AU - MacKay, JJ AU - OMalley, DM AU - Presnell, T AU - Booker, FL AU - Campbell, MM AU - Whetten, RW AU - Sederoff, RR T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - We have discovered a mutant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in which expression of the gene encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) is severely reduced. The products of CAD, cinnamyl alcohols, are the precursors of lignin, a major cell wall polymer of plant vascular tissues. Lignin composition in this mutant shows dramatic modifications, including increased incorporation of the substrate of CAD (coniferaldehyde), indicating that CAD may modulate lignin composition in pine. The recessive cad-n1 allele, which causes this phenotype, was discovered in a tree heterozygous for this mutant allele. It is inherited as a simple Mendelian locus that maps to the same genomic region as the cad locus. In mutant plants, CAD activity and abundance of cad RNA transcript are low, and free CAD substrate accumulates to a high level. The wood of the mutant is brown, whereas the wood in wild types is nearly white. The wood phenotype resembles that of brown midrib (bm) mutants and some transgenic plants in which xylem is red-brown due to a reduction in CAD activity. However, unlike transgenics with reduced CAD, the pine mutant has decreased lignin content. Wood in which the composition of lignin varies beyond previous expectations still provides vascular function and mechanical support. DA - 1997/7/22/ PY - 1997/7/22/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.94.15.8255 VL - 94 IS - 15 SP - 8255-8260 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calcium sulfate as a flocculant to reduce sedimentation basin water turbidity AU - Przepiora, A AU - Hesterberg, D AU - Parsons, JE AU - Gilliam, JW AU - Cassel, DK AU - Faircloth, W T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract A high‐suspended solids load in surface waters is one of the biggest water quality problems in the Piedmont region of the southeastern USA. Sedimentation basins at construction sites are designed to reduce suspended solids in discharged water, but they are not effective in reducing turbidity. A survey of sedimentation basin water at two urban construction sites showed that turbidity levels during a 9‐ to 12‐mo period were always greater than the 50‐NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) standard adopted in North Carolina for surface waters. Furthermore, water chemistry varied over time, with pH ranging from 5.8 to 8.9 and electrical conductivity (EC) ranging from 3.0 to 23.0 mS m −1 . Laboratory experiments demonstrated that temporal variations in the water chemistry were likely caused by contact with concrete and crushed stone. Laboratory flocculation experiments were completed to evaluate the efficiency of calcium sulfate compounds (hemihydrate, agricultural gypsum, and phosphogypsum) as chemical flocculants for reducing the turbidity of sedimentation basin water from two field sites and for different pH conditions. Moulding plaster (hemihydrate) was a more efficient flocculant than agricultural gypsum and has fewer environmental restrictions on its use than phosphogypsum. Moulding plaster application rates of 350 to 700 mg L −1 were needed to reduce the turbidity of unstirred sedimentation basin water to 50 NTU within 3 h after addition of the flocculant. To achieve a given turbidity level, less flocculant was required for longer flocculation and settling times, or when sedimentation basin water had a lower pH. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060021x VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - 1605-1611 SN - 0047-2425 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031278959&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - XAFS characterization of copper contamination in the unsaturated and saturated zones of a soil profile AU - Sayers, DE AU - Hesterberg, D AU - Zhou, W AU - Robarge, WP AU - Plummer, GM T2 - JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV AB - The fate of heavy-metal contaminants in the environment, and the design and success of remediation strategies at hazardous waste sites depend on the chemical speciation of the contaminants. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular-scale chemical form (species) of heavy metals in different zones of a contaminated soil having a shallow ground water table. Copper in the unsaturated surface horizon and the water-saturated and partially-saturated subsurface horizons of a disturbed soil from the lower eastern coastal plain of North Carolina was characterized using XAFS spectroscopy. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) data showed that the dominant form of Cu(II) bonding ranged from Cu-S in the deeper soil zones to Cu-O in the shallowest zone. The results suggest that the surface and subsurface horizons will respond differently to remediation treatments. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1051/jp4:1997252 VL - 7 IS - C2 SP - 831-832 SN - 1155-4339 ER - TY - JOUR TI - XAFS Characterization of Copper in Model Aqueous Systems of Humic Acid and Illite AU - Hesterberg, D. AU - Sayers, D. E. AU - Zhou, W. AU - Robarge, W. P. AU - Plummer, G. M. T2 - Le Journal de Physique IV AB - Adsorption of heavy metals at mineral surfaces and complexation with reactive organic-matter functional groups are important processes regulating the solubility and fate of soil contaminants. To determine the nature of Cu(II) bonding in complex clay-organic systems, XAFS analyses were conducted on aqueous suspensions containing Cu(II) in various forms: (i) complexed with soil humic acid (HA) at various HA:Cu ratios, (ii) bound to illite, or (iii) bound in a mixture of illite and HA. Spectral features for Cu bound to HA did not depend significantly on the HA:Cu ratio, and average first-shell Cu-O bond lengths were consistently shorter than for the Cu-illite systems. In the mixed clay-organic suspension, Cu bonding was more characteristic to that of Cu bound with HA. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1051/jp4:1997253 VL - 7 IS - C2 SP - C2-833-C2-834 J2 - J. Phys. IV France OP - SN - 1155-4339 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1997253 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - X-ray absorption spectroscopy of lead and zinc speciation in a contaminated groundwater aquifer AU - Hesterberg, D AU - Sayers, DE AU - Zhou, WQ AU - Plummer, GM AU - Robarge, WP T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - The formation of insoluble metal sulfides in the environment may reduce the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metal contaminants and potentially eliminate the need for ex situ remediation of certain hazardous waste sites. To assist in assessing remediation strategies for the Bypass 601 Superfund site, groundwater aquifer samples were analyzed using synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to determine whether lead and zinc sulfides were dominant mineral phases. Moist aquifer solids contained between 150 and 1800 mg of Pb/kg and between 100 and 250 mg of Zn/kg. Lead sulfide was not dominant in any of the samples analyzed, including one sample collected from a well in a flood plain that contained 70% of zinc bonded to sulfur, probably as ZnS. This portion of the aquifer had apparently been under reducing conditions. In all other samples, first-shell bonding of Pb and Zn was predominantly to oxygen. Data indicated that PbO, PbCO3, PbSO4, and ZnO were not dominant metal species. The XAS analyses showed that with one exception, metal sulfides were not prevalent. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1021/es970077w VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - 2840-2846 SN - 1520-5851 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031260138&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winter annual grass-legume bicultures for efficient nitrogen management in no-till corn AU - Ranells, NN AU - Wagger, MG T2 - AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB - Winter annual cover crops may be an effective tool for managing inorganic N in the sandy soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain when summer droughts can result in relatively high residual fertilizer N levels. A field experiment was conducted from 1992 to 1994 on a Norfolk loamy sand to determine the effect of (1) previous corn fertilizer N rate (150 or 300 kg ha−1) on dry matter (DM) and N accumulation in rye, crimson clover, and hairy vetch monocultures and respective rye-legume bicultures; (2) the respective cover crops on residual soil inorganic N levels; and (3) cover crops on corn grain yield. Compared to the preplant corn N rate of 150 kg ha−1, the 300 kg N ha−1 rate resulted in greater profile soil inorganic N contents on subsequent sampling dates in both years. Concomitant with these greater residual soil N levels were increases in cover crop DM and N accumulation compared with low residual soil N levels. Averaged over 2 year, cover crop DM accumulation by April was in the order of rye > rye-vetch = rye-crimson clover > hairy vetch > crimson clover. The corresponding cover crop N content ranking was hairy vetch > rye-hairy vetch > crimson clover = rye-crimson clover > rye. Before corn planting in Apr, rye monoculture reduced soil inorganic N content an average of 62% in 1993 and 37% in 1994 compared to legume monocultures. Soil inorganic N content under the rye-legume bicultures was reduced an average of 44% and 15% for the same dates. Inadequate rainfall during both corn growing seasons resulted in poor corn yields (1.18 to 2.50 Mg ha−1) that were generally unaffected by cover crop or prior N rate. The results from this study demonstrated the ability of rye and rye-legume bicultures to scavenge residual soil inorganic N following a summer corn crop, thereby minimizing the leaching of N from the plant rooting zone. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00054-6 VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - 23-32 SN - 0167-8809 KW - grass-legume KW - cover crops KW - nitrogen cycling ER - TY - CONF TI - Summary [Chapter 9] AU - Vepraskas, Michael AU - Sprecher, S. W. A2 - M. J. Vepraskas, A2 - Sprecher, S. W. AB - Aquic conditions and hydric soils are similar in concept in that both require saturation, reduction, and indicators of these conditions. They differ in their requirements for verifying whether saturation and reduction occur in the field. Carbon-based indicators may have to be used to identify saturated and reduced conditions in Entisols that inherited red or gray matrix colors from the parent materials. Characteristics that can be used to identify saturated and reduced Mollisols include redoximorphic features in the mollic epipedon and landscape position. Redoximorphic features were observed in Vertisols. Aquic conditions in Andisols are difficult to identify also because these soils do not form well-expressed redoximorphic features. If the soils are saturated and reduced but contain low amounts of Fe, then features composed of C can be used as a morphological indicator of reduction. Such indicators have been used successfully to identify hydric soils. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Aquic conditions and hydric soils: The problem soils: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Divisions S-10 and S-5 of the Soil Science Society of America and A-2 of the American Society of America [i.e. Agronomy] in Seattle, Washington, 14 November 1994 CN - S592.17.H93 A54 1997 DA - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaspecpub50.c9 SP - 153–156 PB - Madison, Wis.: Soil Science Society of America ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rhythmic movement of leaves in soybean plants grown under Zn toxicity at different doses of Fe and S AU - Fontes, R. L. F. AU - Cox, F. R. T2 - Revista Brasileira De Fisiologia Vegetal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 131-134 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of ICGV 88438, ICGV 89214, and ICGV 91098 peanut germplasm AU - Hadjichristodoulou, A AU - Dwivedi, SL AU - Wynne, JC AU - Nigam, SN AU - Alexandrou, G AU - Theodorides, C AU - Mouzouris, M T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 37, Issue 6 cropsci1997.0011183X003700060064x p. 1985-1985 Registration of Germplasm Registration of ICGV 88438, ICGV 89214, and ICGV 91098 Peanut Germplasm A. Hadjichristodoulou, A. Hadjichristodoulou Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Dwivedi, Corresponding Author S. L. Dwivedi s.dwivedi@cgnet.com Int. Crops Res. Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Asia Center, Patancheru, 502 324 Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCorresponding author (s.dwivedi@cgnet.com).Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Wynne, J. C. Wynne N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7643Search for more papers by this authorS. N. Nigam, S. N. Nigam Int. Crops Res. Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Asia Center, Patancheru, 502 324 Andhra Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorG. Alexandrou, G. Alexandrou Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this authorChr. Theodorides, Chr. Theodorides Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this authorM. Mouzouris, M. Mouzouris Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this author A. Hadjichristodoulou, A. Hadjichristodoulou Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Dwivedi, Corresponding Author S. L. Dwivedi s.dwivedi@cgnet.com Int. Crops Res. Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Asia Center, Patancheru, 502 324 Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCorresponding author (s.dwivedi@cgnet.com).Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Wynne, J. C. Wynne N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7643Search for more papers by this authorS. N. Nigam, S. N. Nigam Int. Crops Res. Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Asia Center, Patancheru, 502 324 Andhra Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorG. Alexandrou, G. Alexandrou Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this authorChr. Theodorides, Chr. Theodorides Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this authorM. Mouzouris, M. Mouzouris Agric. Res. Institute (ARI), P.O. Box 2016, Nicosia, CyprusSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1997 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060064xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume37, Issue6November–December 1997Pages 1985-1985 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060064x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1985-1985 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein phosphorylation as a mechanism for osmotic-stress activation of sucrose-phosphate synthase in spinach leaves AU - Toroser, D AU - Huber, SC T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - Abstract Experiments were performed to investigate the mechanism of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activation by osmotic stress in darkened spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. The activation was stable through immunopurification and was not the result of an increased SPS protein level. The previously described Ca2+, independent peak III kinase, obtained by ion-exchange chromatography, is confirmed to be the predominant enzyme catalyzing phosphorylation and inactivation of dephosphoserine-158-SPS. A new, Ca2+-dependent SPS-protein kinase activity (peak IV kinase) was also resolved and shown to phosphorylate and activate phosphoserine-158-SPS in vitro. The peak IV kinase also phosphorylated a synthetic peptide (SP29) based on the amino acid sequence surrounding serine-424, which also contains the motif described for the serine-158 regulatory phosphorylation site; i.e. basic residues at P-3 and P-6 and a hydrophobic residue at P-5. Peak IV kinase had a native molecular weight of approximately 150,000 as shown by gel filtration. The SP29 peptide was not phosphorylated by the inactivating peak III kinase. Osmotically stressed leaves showed increased peak IV kinase activity with the SP29 peptide as a substrate. Tryptic 32P-phosphopeptide analysis of SPS from excised spinach leaves fed [32P]inorganic P showed increased phosphorylation of the tryptic peptide containing serine-424. Therefore, at least part of the osmotic stress activation of SPS in dark leaves results from phosphorylation of serine-424 catalyzed by a Ca2+-dependent, 150-kD protein kinase. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1104/pp.114.3.947 VL - 114 IS - 3 SP - 947-955 SN - 0032-0889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phosphate availability in combination with nitrate availability affects root yield and chicon yield and quality of Belgian endive (Cichorium intybus) AU - Ameziane, R AU - Cassan, L AU - Dufosse, C AU - Rufty, TW AU - Limami, AM T2 - PLANT AND SOIL DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1023/A:1004230520073 VL - 191 IS - 2 SP - 269-277 SN - 1573-5036 KW - DAS-days after sowing KW - SS-sucrose synthase KW - SST-sucrose sucrose fructosyl transferase ER - TY - CONF TI - Overview of aquic conditions and hydric soils [Chapter 1] AU - Vepraskas, Michael AU - Sprecher, S. W. A2 - M. J. Vepraskas, A2 - Sprecher, S. W. AB - The rules of U.S. soil taxonomy and wetland delineation are the two principal systems used in the USA to classify soils that are saturated and chemically reduced. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the major reactions that occur in soils classified by both types of systems, and to compare and contrast the systems themselves. Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions must occur in saturated soils for the soils to have aquic conditions or for them to be hydric soils. The reactions begin when organic matter is oxidized during bacterial respiration and electrons and protons are produced for the reduction process. Reduction of four elements (O, Mn, Fe, or S) is responsible for the creation of virtually all soil indicators (e.g., redoximorphic features) that show that redox reactions have occurred. In U.S. soil taxonomy, soils that are seasonally saturated and reduced have aquic conditions. The term reduced is defined to mean that Fe(II) must be in solution at some time. Soils with aquic conditions must have redoximorphic features, or one of approximately 10 other types of indicators within 50 cm of the surface. Hydric soils are used to identify jurisdictional wetlands. These are wetlands that may not be filled-in unless a permit is issued by an agency of the U.S. Government. Hydric soils formed under conditions of inundation or saturation that lasted long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part of the soil (within 30 cm of the surface). Major differences between hydric soils and soils with aquic conditions are the depths at which saturation and reduction must occur, the timing of the saturation and reduction, and the principle user groups. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Aquic conditions and hydric soils: The problem soils: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Divisions S-10 and S-5 of the Soil Science Society of America and A-2 of the American Society of America [i.e. Agronomy] in Seattle, Washington, 14 November 1994 CN - S592.17.H93 A54 1997 DA - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaspecpub50.c1 SP - 1–22 PB - Madison, Wis.: Soil Science Society of America ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimizing recoveries of two chlorotriazine herbicide metabolites and 11 pesticides from aqueous samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry AU - McLaughlin, RA AU - Johnson, BS T2 - JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A AB - A method was developed for solid-phase extraction of two chlorotriazine herbicide metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA), from aqueous samples. Two C18 phases in cartridge format were compared and recoveries were found to be highly sensitive to sorbent amount, sample volume and presence of parent compounds. Recoveries were significantly improved using a partially non-endcapped C18 phase compared to the normal C18 phase, particularly for DIA, apparently due to polar interactions. Combinations of sample volume and sorbent amount were tested using deionized water to determine an optimal combination of 200 ml and 1.0 g, respectively. Recoveries from a variety of river, stream, runoff and ground waters averaged 105-116% and 109-117% at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 ng/ml for DIA and DEA, respectively, with minimum detection limits of 0.05 ng/ml. Other pesticides tested also have acceptable recoveries using this method. DA - 1997/11/28/ PY - 1997/11/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00717-6 VL - 790 IS - 1-2 SP - 161-167 SN - 0021-9673 KW - water analysis KW - environmental analysis KW - pesticides KW - triazines ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterosis in soybean and its prediction by genetic similarity measures AU - ManjarrezSandoval, P AU - Carter, TE AU - Webb, DM AU - Burton, JW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Coefficient of parentage (CP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism‐based genetic similarity estimates (RFLP‐GS) have been proposed as measures of genetic distance in crop species. If these measures are to have application in practical breeding, it is important to validate their utility in predicting genetic traits of interest such as heterosis. The objectives of this paper were to (i) estimate heterosis for yield in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] adapted to the southern USA, and (ii) predict heterosis by means of CP and RFLP‐GS as genetic distance measures. Twenty‐four F 2 populations were developed by crossing three testers (‘Young’, ‘Centennial’, and ‘Tracy’) eight contrasting parents, representing a wide range of CP and RFLPGS. The experimental material was divided into three sets representing the testers above, and was evaluated in eight replications at Clayton and Plymouth, NC, in 1994. Midparent heterosis for yield was 7.9, 4.5, and 7.9% for Sets 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Heterosis was 3.5, 1.6, and 3.0% for 100‐seed weight, and 4.1, 5.4, and 13.2% for plant height. The CP and RFLP‐GS were highly correlated (r = 0.80, 0.92 and 0.95 for Sets 1, 2, and 3, respectively, P = 0.01), but neither predicted heterosis well for yield averaged across locations because of a large genotype × environment (G × E) interaction. In contrast, CP and RFLP‐GS predicted heterosis well for 100‐seed weight and plant height in two of the three sets averaged over locations. Our estimates of high parent heterosis for yield (as high as 11% over locations), may justify soybean hybrids as a breeding objective. However, the limited predictive value of CP and RFLP‐GS in our study indicates that the identification of favorable heterotic combinations may require extensive field testing. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050005x VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1443-1452 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotypic variation tor fatty acid content in selected Glycine max x Glycine soja populations AU - Rebetzke, GJ AU - Pantalone, VR AU - Burton, JW AU - Carter, TE AU - Wilson, RF T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Modifications in the fatty acid composition of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil may extend its utility to industrial markets currently serviced by other vegetable‐, mineral‐, or fossil‐based oils. However, extension into new markets depends on the development of soybean oils with increased concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Three wild soybean ( G. soja Siebold & Zucc.) accessions possessing unique fatty acid profiles were intercrossed with the reduced saturate and polyunsaturate fatty acid germplasm, N87‐2122‐4, to produce widely segregating populations. Random F 2 and F 2:3 families from each population were grown, and seed fatty acid contents of individuals within families were analyzed. Genotypic differences for oil quality were significant among populations and families within populations. Individual families produced >140 and 175 g kg −1 palmitic and total saturated fatty acid contents, respectively. No family produced greater oleic acid content than N87‐2122‐4. Some families produced >640 g kg −1 linoleic acid and total polyunsaturates exceeding 720 g kg −1 , while selected individuals produced >750 g kg −1 total polyunsaturates in both the F 2:3 parental and F 2:4 progeny generations. High narrow‐sense heritability estimates for palmitic ( h 2 = 0.67 to 0.98) and linoleic ( h 2 = 0.44 to 0.80) acid contents suggested that individual F 2 plants can be selected for either trait. However, the smaller heritabilities for oleic ( h 2 = 0.36 to 0.66) and linolenic ( h 2 = 0.10 to 0.47) acid contents necessitate selection based on family means. Analyzing these selected wild soybean crosses has demonstrated G. soja may be a useful source of genes to extend genotypic variation for linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. Genes for greater saturate content in PI 424031 may extend variation currently available in mutant soybean germplasm. However, it appears unlikely that G. soja would be useful for increasing oleic acid content above levels in existing soybean mutants. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050038x VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1636-1640 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) functions as a prolactin-releasing factor in a teleost fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) and primary structures for three native GnRH molecules AU - Weber, GM AU - Powell, JFF AU - Park, M AU - Fischer, WH AU - Craig, AG AU - Rivier, JE AU - Nanakorn, U AU - Parhar, IS AU - Ngamvongchon, S AU - Grau, EG AU - Sherwood, NM T2 - JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are isolated and identified here by chemical sequence analysis for one species of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and by HPLC elution position for a second species of tilapia, O. mossambicus. Of the three GnRH forms in O. mossambicus, chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) and sea bream GnRH (sbGnRH) are present in greater abundance in the brain and pituitary than salmon GnRH (sGnRH). These three native forms of GnRH are shown to stimulate the release of prolactin (PRL) from the rostral pars distalis (RPD) of the pituitary of O. mossambicus in vitro with the following order of potency: cGnRH-II > sGnRH > sbGnRH. In addition, a mammalian GnRH analog stimulated the release of PRL from the pituitary RPD incubated in either iso-osmotic (320 mosmol/l) or hyperosmotic (355 mosmol/l) medium, the latter normally inhibiting PRL release. The response of the pituitary RPD to GnRH was augmented by co-incubation with testosterone or 17 beta-estradiol. The effects of GnRH on PRL release appear to be direct effects on PRL cells because the RPD of tilapia contains a nearly homogeneous mass of PRL cells without intermixing of gonadotrophs. Our data suggest that GnRH plays a broad role in fish, depending on the species, by affecting not only gonadotropins and growth hormone, but also PRL. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1677/joe.0.1550121 VL - 155 IS - 1 SP - 121-132 SN - 0022-0795 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Degradation of carbon-14-atrazine and carbon-14-metolachlor in soil from four depths AU - Miller, JL AU - Wollum, AG AU - Weber, JB T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Degradation of 14C-atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] and 14C-metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] was monitored for 6 and 2 mo, respectively, using sterile and nonsterile soil microcosms. Both chemical and biological degradation were observed for atrazine, metolachlor degraded only biologically. The calculated halflife of atrazine was 3.6 wk in nonsterile surface samples (0–5 cm). At the surface, after 22 wk, bound residues accounted for almost 60% of the recovered radioactivity while 36% was recovered as 14CO2, indicating significant cleavage of the triazine ring. For sterilized surface samples, atrazine degraded chemically with bound residues accounting for 63% of the recovered label and had a calculated halflife of 6.2 wk. Degradation and binding were somewhat lower in soil samples from 20 to 25 cm and deeper subsurface samples (45 and 75 cm) showed almost no degradation and very little binding. Metolachlor degraded only in the surface nonsterile samples; no degradation was observed in subsurface samples or in sterile samples from any depth. Bound residues occurred in high amounts in the surface soil (31%) but declined rapidly with depth, indicating that organic matter is the primary binding site for metolachlor. Very little 14CO2 (<1.6%) was produced from metolachlor in any sample. This study showed that both herbicides degraded slower and sorbed less to the soil with increasing soil depth, especially below 25 cm. Quantifying degradation rates of agricultural chemicals in the vadose zone is important for predicting and preventing groundwater contamination as well as for successful implementation of in-situ bioremediation of contaminated subsoils. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030007x VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 633-638 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation between apparent activation state of nitrate reductase (NR), NR hysteresis and degradation of NR protein AU - Kaiser, WM AU - Huber, SC T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was measured in extracts from spinach leaves exposed to light or prolonged darkness, and to various treatments provoking an artificial activation of the enzyme in the dark. NR activity was determined immediately either in the presence of Mg2+, which gives an estimation of the putative (actual) activity in situ (NRact), or in EDTA without preincubation, which gives an intermediate activity (NRint), or after a 30 min preincubation with EDTA plus AMP plus Pi, which gives the maximum NR activity (NRmax). NRmax is thought to reflect total NR protein contents. In the dark, NRact was usually very low. Dark inactivation was prevented or reversed by feeding AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxiamide ribonucleoside), or by anaerobiosis, acid treatment or addition of uncoupler. During prolonged darkness, NRmax decreased, indicating net protein degradation with a half-time of 21 h. Conditions which caused an activation (dephosphorylation) of NR in the dark, slowed down NR protein degradation. This was also confirmed by Western blotting. Blockage of cytosolic protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX) did not accelerate NR protein degradation. In contrast, after 5 h in the dark, NRact increased in CHX-treated leaves. As this increase was sensitive to PP2A-inhibitors, it was probably due to NR dephosphorylation. However, extractable NR kinase and NR phosphatase activities were not changed by CHX treatment. Apparently, CHX interacted with the NR regulatory system indirectly by affecting turnover of another protein. The increase from NRint to NRmax which occurred during preincubation of the leaf extract with EDTA plus AMP plus Pi was insensitive to PP2A inhibitors and was interpreted as a hysteretic conversion of NR from an inactive into an active form. Hysteretic activation was positively correlated to the NR phosphorylation state. A model is presented to explain the hysteretic behaviour of NR in relation to NA phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation. Overall, the data indicate that NR protein phosphorylation not only controls the catalytic activity of NR, but also acts as a signal for NR protein degradation, with phospho-NR probably being a better substrate for protein degradation than the dephospho-form. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1093/jxb/48.7.1367 VL - 48 IS - 312 SP - 1367-1374 SN - 0022-0957 KW - enzyme hysteresis KW - nitrate reductase KW - posttranslational modification KW - protein phosphorylation KW - protein turnover ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical characterization of a shriveled seed trait in peanut AU - Jakkula, LR AU - OKeefe, SF AU - Knauft, DA AU - Boote, KJ T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Seed morphology mutations affecting the major seed components in pea ( Pisum sativum L.) and maize ( Zea mays L.) opened specialty markets for these crops. Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop of the world. Genetic alteration of seed composition may be useful in expanding markets for this crop. Some lines from the University of Florida peanut breeding program showed seed shriveling characteristic even when harvested mature. In the present study, three shriveled lines (529B, 563A, and 647A) were chemically characterized and compared with a normal‐seeded cultivar, Sunrunner. They were found to have only one third to two thirds the amount of storage lipid and double the amount of sucrose as normal peanuts. Differences were also observed for seed protein concentration, when expressed on a defatted meal basis. Higher relative proportions of phospholipid to triacylglycerol may indicate a block in the biochemical pathway for the conversion of sucrose into triacylglycerol in the shriveled seed mutants. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) patterns revealed that there were differences in the levels of various proteins between normal seed and shriveled seed phenotypes. Differences were identified in the level of accumulation of storage lipid and also in the various proteins during the development of the shriveled seed. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050025x VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1560-1567 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of post transcriptionally suppressed transgene expression that confers resistance to tobacco etch virus infection in tobacco AU - Tanzer, M. M. AU - Thompson, W. F. AU - Law, M. D. AU - Wernsman, E. A. AU - Uknes, S. T2 - Plant Cell AB - Tobacco lines expressing transgenes that encode tobacco etch virus (TEV) coat protein (CP) mRNA with or without nonsense codons give rise to TEV-resistant tissues that have reduced levels of TEV CP mRNA while maintaining high levels of transgene transcriptional activity. Two phenotypes for virus resistance in the lines containing the transgene have been described: immune (no virus infection) and recovery (initial systemic symptoms followed by gradual recovery over several weeks). Here, we show that at early times in development, immune lines are susceptible to TEV infection and accumulate full-length CP mRNA. Therefore, immune lines also exhibit meiotic resetting, as is seen in the recovery lines, providing molecular evidence for a common mechanism of gene silencing and virus resistance in both cases. We also investigated the characteristics of two sets of low molecular weight RNAs that appear only in silenced tissue. One set has nearly intact 5[prime] ends, lacks poly(A) tails, and is associated with polyribosomes; the second set contains the 3[prime] end of the mRNA. Treating silenced leaf tissue with cycloheximide resulted in decreased levels of full-length mRNA and an increase in the levels of the low molecular weight RNAs, supporting a cytoplasmic decay mechanism that does not require ongoing translation. Surprisingly, mRNA from the transgene containing nonsense codons was associated with more ribosomes than expected, possibly resulting from translation from a start codon downstream of the introduced translational stop codons. We present a hypothesis for transgene/viral RNA degradation in which RNA degradation occurs in the cytoplasm while in association with polyribosomes. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1105/tpc.9.8.1411 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 1411-1423 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of a yield quantitative trait locus on chromosome five of maize by fine mapping AU - Graham, GI AU - Wolff, DW AU - Stuber, CW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - In an earlier study for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) a maize ( Zea mays L.) population generated from the cross B73 × Mo17, a major effect on grain yield and yield related traits was detected on chromosome 5. This chromosomal region has also shown significant associations with grain yield in several other studies. These findings have, thus, provided the impetus to further characterize this segment. A set of BC 2 S 1 lines was created, each containing an intrugressed segment of Mo17 in a B73 background. A reciprocal set of lines, each with a B73 donor segment in a Mo17 background, also was created. These BC 2 S 1 lines were genotyped by means of 16 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and two isozyme markers that mapped to the targeted region on chromosome 5. From field data based on testcrosses of these lines, this one large region on chromosome 5 was dissected into at least two smaller QTLs. Effects at these two QTLs appear to act in a dominant manner, each showing significance in one testcross but not the other. These genetic factors are in repulsion phase linkage and their effects support the dominance theory of heterosis. One other segment in this region on chromosome 5 showed a significant association with yield, but it was not consistently expressed and may be spurious. The largest of these three segments has been mapped to a 27.5‐centimorgan (cM) interval near Amp3 . if the observed results are indicative of the true complexity associated with QTLs having large effects, marker‐aided breeding involving such regions could be difficult, particularly if the marker‐aided breeding is based on early generation (backcross, F 2 , or F 3 ) data, where the intricate nature of a region cannot be resolved. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050033x VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1601-1610 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biotite alteration to halloysite and kaolinite in soil-saprolite profiles developed from mica schist and granite gneiss AU - Kretzschmar, R AU - Robarge, WP AU - Amoozegar, A AU - Vepraskas, MJ T2 - GEODERMA AB - The chemical weathering of biotite and associated formation of secondary minerals has important implications for the genesis, mineralogy, chemical properties, and physical properties of soils and saprolites developed from biotite-rich parent rocks. In this study, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, micromorphological, and scanning electron microscopy techniques to investigate biotite weathering in two soil-saprolite profiles (Typic Kanhapludults) developed from granite gneiss and mica schist in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, USA. In both profiles, sand-sized biotite grains appeared to be transformed directly into kaolinized pseudomorphs of biotite without going through a detectable vermiculite or interstratified biotite-vermiculite intermediate weathering stage. Minerals with biotite-vermiculite mixed layers were only detected in small amounts in the clay- and silt-sized fractions of the saprolite. Weathering sand-sized biotite grains exhibited expanded edges, exfoliation, and cleavage along (001) planes. In the saprolite developed from granite gneiss, kaolin intergrowths within weathering biotite grains were observed. The edges of weathering biotite grains were densely covered with tubular halloysite, suggesting a complex transformation of biotite to halloysite. Halloysite was the dominant clay mineral in the saprolite, but the halloysite content in the clay fractions diminished towards the soil surface. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00089-4 VL - 75 IS - 3-4 SP - 155-170 SN - 0016-7061 KW - weathering KW - saprolite KW - biotite KW - kaolinite KW - halloysite KW - electron microscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of recurrent selection for low grain moisture content at harvest in tropical maize AU - Hawbaker, MS AU - Hill, WS AU - Goodman, MM T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Late maturity and high grain moisture content at harvest have been major limitations to the use of tropical maize ( Zea mays L.) germplasm in temperate regions. The objective of this study was to determine if selection for reduced grain moisture content at harvest in a tropical maize population indirectly influenced grain yield potential. Two hundred sixteen temperately‐adapted S 4 lines were derived in 1991 at Raleigh, NC, from Cycle 9 of recurrent phenotypic selection for reduced grain moisture at harvest in the tropical maize population TROPHY, and these were testcrossed in 1992 at Raleigh, NC, to the temperate hybrid B73 Ht × Mo17 Ht . Selected subsets of these testcrosses were evaluated for their agronomic potential in seven environments over two years, and their performance was compared with that of Cycle 0 S 0 testcrosses as well as three public and three commercial F 1 hybrids. Selected Cycle 9 S 4 testcrosses had higher mean grain yield (7.14 Mg ha ‒1 ) and lower mean grain moisture at harvest (184 g kg −1 ) than the Cycle 0 So testcrosses (6.77 Mg ha −1 , and 189 g kg −1 respectively). The highest yielding Cycle 9 S 4 testcrosses were comparable to the commercial hybrid LH132 × LH51. This study supported the conclusion that ergonomically competitive inbred lines with acceptable grain moisture content at harvest can be derived from 100% tropical germplasm. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050040x VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 1650-1655 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays L): comparisons with data from RFLPS and pedigree AU - Smith, JSC AU - Chin, ECL AU - Shu, H AU - Smith, OS AU - Wall, SJ AU - Senior, ML AU - Mitchell, SE AU - Kresovich, S AU - Ziegle, J T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1007/s001220050544 VL - 95 IS - 1-2 SP - 163-173 SN - 1432-2242 KW - simple sequence repeat KW - microsatellite KW - SSRs KW - maize KW - variety identification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agronomic and grain quality evaluations of Triticum aestivum x Aegilops tauschii backcross populations AU - Murphy, JP AU - Griffey, CA AU - Finney, PL AU - Leath, S T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Aegilops tauschii Coss., a diploid progenitor of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is a valuable source of pest resistance alleles. However, interspecific populations generated for pest‐resistant germplasm development may contain beneficial alleles for other important traits. The objective of this research was to evaluate eight agronomic and grain quality traits in three soft red winter wheat × Ae. tauschii backcross populations. A total of 385 BC 2 F 2 ‐derived lines were grown at locations in North Carolina and Virginia for two seasons. Grain quality evaluations were conducted at the USDA‐ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory. Fifty‐four percent of lines did not differ significantly from their recurrent parent, averaged over all eight traits. In general, distributions were negatively skewed for grain yield and test weight and positively skewed for heading date, plant height, flour protein concentration, and alkaline water retention capacity. Line distributions for flour yield and softness equivalent were population dependent. Twenty‐three lines were significantly superior to their recurrent parent for one or more grain quality traits and similar to the recurrent parent for all remaining traits. Researchers who generate interspecific T. aestivum × Ae. tauschii populations for pest‐resistant germplasm development can identify lines with beneficial alleles governing other traits in an acceptable cultivated background if the progeny undergo additional screening. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060047x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1960-1965 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new approach to genetic alteration of soybean protein composition and quality AU - Kwanyuen, P AU - Pantalone, VR AU - Burton, JW AU - Wilson, RF T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Although soybeans produce high‐quality meal, modern animal and fish production systems often require synthetic essential amino acid supplements to fortify feed rations. However, biotechnology may enable development of soybeans with naturally adequate levels of certain essential amino acids for advanced feed formulations. One approach involves genetic manipulation of glycinin (11S) and β‐conglycinin (7S) contents, the principal components of soybean storage proteins. Because 11S contains more cysteine and methionine than 7S protein, a higher 11S:7S ratio could lead to beneficial changes in the nutritional quality of soybean meal. Although genotypic variation for 11S:7S may be low among soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, ratios ranging from 1.7–4.9 were observed among accessions of the wild ancestor of cultivated soybean ( Glycine soja Sieb, and Zucc.). Thus, wild soybean germplasm was evaluated as a potential source of genes that govern protein synthesis that may have been lost during the domestication of G. max . Change in the amount of 11S protein accounts for a significant portion of the genotypic variation in protein concentration and composition among wild soybeans. Strong positive correlation exists between the 11S:7S ratio and methionine or cysteine concentration of total protein. Moderate positive associations were found for threonine or tyrosine. A moderate negative correlation was found between lysine and 11S:7S. No association was found for leucine and phenylalanine or for total essential amino acid concentration. Based on these data, G. soja may contain a different complement of genes that influence expression of 11S and 7S proteins than G. max germplasm. Thus, through interspecific hybridization, wild soybeans may be a useful genetic resource for the further improvement of protein quality in cultivated soybeans. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1007/s11746-997-0015-2 VL - 74 IS - 8 SP - 983-987 SN - 0003-021X KW - amino acids KW - composition KW - genetics KW - Glycine soja KW - protein quality KW - storage protein KW - wild soybean KW - 11S KW - 7S ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water quality functions of Riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds AU - Lowrance, R AU - Altier, LS AU - Newbold, JD AU - Schnabel, RR AU - Groffman, PM AU - Denver, JM AU - Correll, DL AU - Gilliam, JW AU - Robinson, JL AU - Brinsfield, RB AU - Staver, KW AU - Lucas, W AU - Todd, AH T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1007/s002679900060 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 687-712 SN - 1432-1009 KW - Riparian forest buffers KW - Chesapeake Bay KW - nonpoint source pollution KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - sediment ER - TY - JOUR TI - The utilization of multidimensional scaling to identify forage characteristics associated with preference in sheep AU - Buntinx, S. E. AU - Pond, K. R. AU - Fisher, D. S. AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Forage preference is difficult to assess but is likely an important factor in determining DM intake. In two experiments, six sheep (wethers, Exp. 1; ewes, Exp. 2) were used to obtain preference ratings on nine hays (Exp. 1) or nine fresh forages (Exp. 2). The statistical procedure of multidimensional scaling was used to develop orthogonal dimensions to account for the observed variation in preference for hays and fresh forages. This analysis produced three dimensions that accounted for 54% of the variation in mean 3-d preference for hays (Exp. 1). The three dimensions were subsequently associated by regression analysis with seven compositional variables. These were IVDMD and concentrations of monosaccharides, short-chain polysaccharides (SCP), and disaccharides in dimension 1(R2 = .99); acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) concentration, monosaccharide and SCP concentrations, and masticate NDF in dimension 2 (R2 = .99); and disaccharide and starch concentrations in dimension 3 (R2 = .65). Three dimensions accounting for 51% of the variation in fresh forage preference were found and related to four variables by regression analysis. These were disaccharide concentration and median particle size in dimension 1 (R2 = .76) and starch and monosaccharide + disaccharide concentrations in dimension 3 (R2 = .97). No physicochemical variables analyzed in this study were found to be significantly associated with the coordinates for the forages in dimension 2. Multidimensional scaling accounted for more than half the observed variation in animal preference and, in all but one case, these dimensions could be associated with physicochemical characteristics of the forages. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7561641x VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - 1641-1650 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature during seed filling and soybean seed germination and vigour AU - Spears, J. F. AU - Tekrony, D. M. AU - Egli, D. B. T2 - Seed Science and Technology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 233-244 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Swine wastewater treatment by media filtration AU - Szogi, AA AU - Humenik, FJ AU - Rice, JM AU - Hunt, PG T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES AB - Abstract A media filter was constructed to treat swine wastewater after anaerobic lagoon treatment. The media filter consisted of a tank (1.5‐m‐diameter x 0.6‐m‐height) filled with marl gravel. The marl gravel had a carbonate content of 300 g kg‐1. Gravel particle size distributions were 85 and 14% in the 4.7‐ to 12.7‐mm and 12.7‐ to 19‐mm size classes, respectively. Pore space of the filtration unit was 57%. Wastewater flow rate was 606 L m‐2 d‐1, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) load was 198 g m‐2 d‐1. The media filter removed 54% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) content after one cycle, but increased cycling did not produce additional COD reduction. Total suspended solids (TSS) removal after one cycle was 50% of initial levels, and additional cycling reduced TSS levels at a much lower rate of 7% per cycle. Removal efficiencies for total phosphorus (TP) ranged from 37% to 52% (one to four cycles), but long‐term phosphorus removal would be limited by the sorption capacity of the gravel. Up to 24% of TKN was converted to nitrate‐plus‐nitrite‐N (NO3+NO2‐N). Effluents with high NO3+NO2‐N levels can be treated further for denitrification with constructed wetlands or anaerobic lagoon. This is important in cases where land is limited for wastewater application. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/03601239709373115 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - 831-843 SN - 1532-4109 KW - aeration KW - anaerobic lagoon KW - nitrification KW - phosphorus KW - solids removal KW - trickling filter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil-water and soil physical properties under contour hedgerow systems on sloping oxisols AU - Agus, F AU - Cassel, DK AU - Garrity, DP T2 - SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH AB - Hedgerows planted along the contour on steep lands in the humid tropics reduce soil erosion and build terraces over time. The objectives of this study in two Hapludoxes in the Philippines were to evaluate changes after 4 years in soil properties and soil water relations on transects perpendicular to the cropped alleys between four grass and tree hedgerow systems and a control. Hedgerow plants included Gliricidia sepium, Paspalum conjugatum, and Penisetum purpureum. Soil properties evaluated as a function of position in the alley (upper, middle, or lower elevation in an alley) included bulk density, mechanical impedance, soil water transmissivity, water retention, soil water pressure, and soil water content. In general, soil properties were not affected by hedgerow system, but were affected by position in the alley. Nearness to the hedgerow, but not hedgerow species, affected soil water distribution (P = 0.05). Plant available water at the 10–15 cm depth was 0.16 m3 m−3, 0.13 m3 m−3, and 0.08 m3 m−3 for the lower, middle, and upper alley position, respectively. Water transmissivity decreased from 0.49 mm s−1 in the lower alley to 0.12 mm s−1 in the upper alley. The lower soil water contents and soil water pressures in and near the hedgerows confirmed competition for water between the hedgerow species and the food crop in the alley, a condition that is expected to suppress food crop production. DA - 1997/1// PY - 1997/1// DO - 10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01069-0 VL - 40 IS - 3-4 SP - 185-199 SN - 1879-3444 KW - alley cropping KW - hedgerows KW - soil physical properties KW - soil water retention KW - soil water transmissivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil phosphorus dynamics during 17 years of continuous cultivation: A method to estimate long-term P availability AU - Schmidt, JP AU - Buol, SW AU - Kamprath, EJ T2 - GEODERMA AB - The ability to predict long-term plant-availability of soil P provides an additional management tool for sustainable agriculture. Our objective is to present a methodology using P fractionation data for predicting long-term plant-availability of soil P. Soil samples were collected (0–30 cm) in 1975, 1985, and 1992 from two continually cropped field trials. Soils were a Norfolk loamy sand and a Davidson clay loam, two Ultisols from North Carolina, USA. Four rates of P were applied from 1975 to 1986, and subsequently discontinued. The relationships between the resin and inorganic NaHCO3 fractions, and between the inorganic NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions, indicated that some level of equilibrium appeared to exist between these three fractions of soil P. Given this equilibrium condition, removal of resin P, as the most plant-available fraction, would subsequently reduce the levels of P in the inorganic NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions. Conversely, adding P as fertilizer would increase P in the resin fraction with a subsequent increase in the inorganic NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions. Although P applied as fertilizer was not completely accounted for in crop removal or net change in soil P, estimated numbers of crops based on our model for predicting available P reflected trends in yields at these two field sites. Sixteen and five crops were estimated for the Norfolk and Davidson soils, respectively. Both corn and soybean yields continued to be high on the Norfolk soil through 1992, while corn yields had declined after 1985 on the Davidson soil. Quantifying the long-term availability of soil P provides some measure of potential return on a capital investment of P fertilization in low-input agriculture. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00011-6 VL - 78 IS - 1-2 SP - 59-70 SN - 0016-7061 KW - phosphorus KW - soil management KW - fertilization KW - agriculture KW - Ultisols KW - land use ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship between seed mass and linolenic acid in progeny of crosses between cultivated and wild soybean AU - Pantalone, VR AU - Rebetzke, GJ AU - Wilson, RF AU - Burton, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil from current commercial cultivars typically contains ca. 8% linolenic acid (18:3). Applications of plant biotechnology have enabled plant breeders to develop germplasm having as low as 2.0% 18:3. Oils that are naturally low in 18:3 exhibited improved flavor characteristics and greater oxidative stability in high‐temperature frying applications compared to hydrogenated soybean oil. As an extension of that research, efforts are underway to characterize genes in soybean that govern expression of higher than normal 18:3 concentration. Such oils may be of interest to the oleochemicals industry for various nonfood applications. Relatively high 18:3 in seed oil is a characteristic trait of the ancestor of modern soybean cultivars, Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.). Accessions of this species have rarely been utilized in soybean improvement, and thus represent a virtually untapped genetic resource for genes governing 18:3 synthesis. We have hybridized cultivated soybean with wild soybean plant introductions. F 3:4 seed from the resultant G. max × G. soja populations exhibited a wide segregation pattern for 18:3 and seed mass. A strong negative association was found between 18:3 concentration and seed mass. Oil concentration was positively correlated with seed mass. Evaluation of glycerolipid composition revealed that high 18:3 was not associated with an altered proportion of phospholipid and triacylglycerol among lines segregating for seed mass. Thus, smaller seed mass may be a convenient trait to distinguish future soybean cultivars with highly polyunsaturated oils from other cultivars in production. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1007/s11746-997-0181-2 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 563-568 SN - 0003-021X KW - breeding KW - fatty acid KW - genetics KW - Glycine max KW - Glycine soja KW - oil ER - TY - JOUR TI - RFLP genetic similarity estimates and coefficient of parentage as genetic variance predictors for soybean yield AU - ManjarrezSandoval, P AU - Carter, TE AU - Webb, DM AU - Burton, JW T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - RFLP genetic‐similarity estimates (RFLP‐GS) and coefficient of parentage (CP) have been used as measures of genetic similarity within crop species. However, practical application of these measures in plant breeding remains uncertain. This study was designed to probe the utility of RFLP‐GS and CP in predicting genetic variance (GV) for seed yield among inbred soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines. achieve this goal, five single seed descent populations were studied, representing a range of RFLP‐GS and CP between the parents from 57 to 75% and 0.06 to 0.5, respectively. The GV for yield was estimated for each population through field evaluation of 30 inbred lines per population, in two North Carolina field locations during 1994. Both RFLP‐GS and CP correctly identified the population with the highest GV; however, CP predicted GV for yield more efficiently ( r CP.RFLP‐GS = 0.91*; r CP.GV = −0.81*; and r RFLP‐GS.GV = −0,58). The GV was near zero when the CP between parents was larger than 0.27 or when RFLP‐GS was larger than 75%. Neither genotype × environment interaction nor low field precision were factors for the lower predictive value of RFLP‐GS. Expected gains from selection agreed partially with RFLP‐GS results but closely matched CP and the actual fate of populations in a USDA breeding program. These results indicated that caution should be taken in an applied soybean breeding program when crossing parents with a relationship larger than half‐sib or when the RFLP‐GS is larger than 75% when yield improvement is the main breeding objective. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700030002x VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 698-703 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Production and purification of an active bovine lysozyme in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): Utilization of value-added crop plants traditionally grown under intensive agriculture AU - Wilcox, CP AU - Weissinger, AK AU - Long, RC AU - Fitzmaurice, LC AU - Mirkov, TE AU - Swaisgood, HE T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - The goals of this study were to express bovine lysozyme in tobacco and to purify the protein with a scaleable process to >90% homogeneity while retaining antimicrobial characteristics. Results showed that the enzyme was expressed at levels equivalent to 1−1.5% of total fraction 2 protein in each of five different transformant groups. The enzyme was subsequently purified to 93% homogeneity using an easily scaleable process while retaining high activity. It was concluded that tobacco was an excellent choice for expression of the recombinant protein and that the purification process developed in this study demonstrates methodology for isolation of high-value enzymes from tobacco and other crop plants. Keywords: Transgenic; lysozyme; recombinant protein; antimicrobial; Nicotiana tabacum DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1021/jf970156r VL - 45 IS - 7 SP - 2793-2797 SN - 0021-8561 KW - transgenic KW - lysozyme KW - recombinant protein KW - antimicrobial KW - Nicotiana tabacum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pod dehiscence of soybean: Identification of quantitative trait loci AU - Bailey, MA AU - Mian, MAR AU - Carter, TE AU - Ashley, DA AU - Boerma, HR T2 - JOURNAL OF HEREDITY AB - The dehiscence of pods (shattering) prior to harvest is an undesirable trait of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Pod dehiscence (PD) is relatively uncommon in modern North American soybean cultivars, but is often observed when unimproved germplasm or the wild species, G. soja Siebold & Zucc., are used as parents to introgress useful genes or to develop genetically diverse breeding populations. In light of the potential for efficient selection using DNA markers, the objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that condition resistance to PD. A map of 140 linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers was constructed using 120 F4-derived lines from a soybean population (Young × PI 416937) that segregated for resistance to PD. These lines were scored for PD on a visual scale of 1 to 10 at both Athens, Georgia, and Windblow, North Carolina, in 1994. Heritability of pod dehiscence was 92%. Associations of marker loci with QTL that condition resistance to PD were tested using homozygous RFLP class means in a single-factor ANOVA. A total of five putatively independent RFLP markers were associated with PD at both locations and in a combined analysis over locations. A single RFLP locus on linkage group J of the USDA/Iowa State University map accounted for 44% of the variation in PD score. Epistasis was observed between one pair of significant marker loci. These results establish the genomic location of one major and a few minor QTL, identify an epistatic interaction, and indicate transgressive segregation which is plausibly the result of susceptibility alleles contributed by the resistant parent. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023075 VL - 88 IS - 2 SP - 152-154 SN - 0022-1503 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic characterization of soybean bradyrhizobia in two soils of North Carolina AU - Ramirez, M. E. AU - Israel, D. W. AU - Wollum, A. G. T2 - Soil Biology & Biochemistry AB - Serotypic composition of nodules (480 per soil type) from five soybean cultivars grown on two (Dothan and Cape Fear) soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina was characterized. Symbiotic N2-fixation efficiency, capacity for induction of foliar chlorosis symptomatic of rhizobitoxine production and antibiotic resistances of isolates purified from these nodules were also determined. While host plant cultivar had no significant effect on the serotype distribution, soil type had a large effect on the distribution and diversity of serotypes. Forty-six serotypes were identified among nodules from the Cape Fear soil, but only serotype 4676 (8%), 76 (11%), 94 (9%) and 122124 (12%) occurred in more than 5% of the nodules. Thirty percent of nodule occupants were not identified with the eleven antisera used. Twenty-four serotypes were identified among nodules from the Dothan soil. Of these serotypes 3194 (32%), 4676 (16%), and 76 (23%) occurred in more than 15% of the nodules. Five percent of the nodule occupants were not identified. Major serotypes did not change, but their frequency changed when fields were sampled at different growth stages in the same season and at the same growth stage in different seasons. Isolates serotyped as 3194, 4676, and most of the isolates serotyped as 76 generally exhibited higher levels of resistance to streptomycin and erythromycin than isolates serotyped as 24, 94 and 122124. Five percent of the isolates from the Cape Fear soil (all serotyped as 3194) and 18% of the isolates from the Dothan soil (serotyped as 3194 or 76) induced foliar chlorosis when cultivar Brim was the host. Only 12–14% of the isolates from the two populations had N2-fixation capacity equal to or greater than that of the efficient reference strain MN110. However, four improved soybean cultivars grown in the same fields and year that isolates were obtained did not exhibit a significant seed yield response to application of 150 kg N ha−1 when yields in the minus N treatment ranged from 3.2 to 3.7 Mg ha−1. A significant seed yield response by a non-nodulated cultivar indicated that these soils were N limited. Therefore, the symbiotic N2-fixation capacity of these bradyrhizobial populations did not limit soybean seed yields despite the low percentage of isolates with high N2-fixation efficiency and the presence of isolates with the capacity to induce leaf chlorosis symptomatic of rhizobitoxine production. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00008-4 VL - 29 IS - 9-10 SP - 1547-1555 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of similar serotypes of soybean bradyrhizobia from two soil populations AU - Ramirez, ME AU - Israel, DW AU - Wollum, AG T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - The physiological and genetic diversity within two major serotypic groups of bradyrhizobial isolates obtained from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants grown on a Dothan and a Cape Fear soil was examined. All isolates serotyped as 3194 had large colonies with smooth borders and high resistances to erythromycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin with minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC) ranging from 200 to 400 μg ml−1. Pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) separation of DNA fragments generated with the rarely cutting restriction endonuclease, Xba I, revealed six genotypes among 28 different 3194 isolates. Four of these genotypes were common to both soils and only 21% of the isolates were classified as having high N2-fixation capacity. Leaf chlorosis was induced by 46% of the 3194 isolates. Among the 122124 isolates, MIC values were lower than for 3194 isolates ranging from < 13 to 200 μg ml−1. These 122124 isolates produced small colonies (50%) and large colonies with rough borders (50%) when plated on YEM. The genetic diversity of serotype 122124 isolates differed with soil type as PFGE patterns revealed nine genotypes among the 16 isolates from the mineral organic (Cape Fear) soil and only three genotypes among the 14 isolates from the sandy mineral (Dothan) soil. Only two of the 12 genotypes were common to both soils. Sixty percent of the 122124 isolates were classified as having high N2-fixation capacity and none induced foliar chlorosis. Pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis pattern was the only trait that generated groups of isolates that were similar with respect to other measured traits. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00009-6 VL - 29 IS - 9-10 SP - 1539-1545 SN - 0038-0717 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen-15 recovery and release by rye and crimson clover cover crops AU - Ranells, NN AU - Wagger, MG T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract A grass‐legume biculture may be preferred over a legume monoculture cover crop due to the scavenging ability of a grass species, especially when high residual soil N levels are present following summer droughts in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Rye ( Secale cereale L.) and crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) were grown in monoculture and as a biculture in a 2‐yr field experiment on a Typic Kandiudult to assess cover crop recovery of fertilizer 15 N and the subsequent corn ( Zea mays L.) uptake of cover crop residue 15 N. Potassium nitrate labeled with 10 atom % 15 N was applied to microplots at 50 kg N ha ‐1 1 wk after seeding the cover crops, which were monitored for recovery of fertilizer 15 N. Labeled residue was placed in a new microplot to monitor release of residue 15 N and its recovery by corn. Averaged across both years, rye monoculture recovered 39% of the labeled 15 N fertilizer compared with 19% in the rye‐crimson clover biculture and 4% in the crimson clover monoculture. Following corn harvest and averaged across both years, total recovery of 15 N fertilizer from the original microplots (cover crop, corn biomass, and soil N) was 29% for crimson clover, 75% for rye, 55% for rye‐crimson clover biculture, and 20% for the native winter weeds. In 1993, corn recovery of residue 15 N was lowest in the rye monoculture (4%) compared with other treatments (20–35%). Results indicated that a rye‐crimson clover biculture was capable of recovering greater residual 15 N than a crimson clover monoculture, but less than rye monoculture. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030033x VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - 943-948 SN - 0361-5995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of a mycorrhizal fungus and/or rhizobium on growth and biomass partitioning of subterranean clover exposed to ozone AU - Miller, JE AU - Shafer, , SR AU - Schoeneberger, MM AU - Pursley, WA AU - Horton, SJ AU - Davey, CB T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1023/A:1026496420809 VL - 96 IS - 1-4 SP - 233-248 SN - 0049-6979 KW - rhizobia KW - VAM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides from tobacco exhibit antibiosis activity in the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F)] AU - Snook, ME AU - Johnson, AW AU - Severson, RF AU - Teng, Q AU - White, RA AU - Sisson, VA AU - Jackson, DM T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Leaves of Tobacco Introduction TI-165 were found to be resistant to tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F.)] attack. HPLC profiles of leaf extracts showed that TI-165 had relatively high levels of two components (A and B) that were absent in susceptible varieties. Compounds A and B were isolated from TI-165 by a combination of preparative C18, silicic acid column, and centrifugal thin-layer chromatography. They were identified as diterpene glycosides: compound A, 16-hydroxygeranyllinalyl-3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside-16-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside; compound B, 16-hydroxygeranyllinalyl-3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside-16-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides). Budworm bioassays with whole tobacco leaves and purified mixtures of A and B showed significant correlation between larval weights and levels of A and B. HPLC analyses of freeze-dried leaves of 68 Nicotiana species indicated that 26 species had high levels of diterpene glycosides identical to or related to A and B. Keywords: Nicotiana; Heliothis virescens (F.); antibiosis; 16-hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides; diterpene glycosides DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1021/jf960748u VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 2299-2308 SN - 0021-8561 KW - Nicotiana KW - Heliothis virescens (F) KW - antibiosis KW - 16-hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides KW - diterpene glycosides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dry matter allocation and fruiting patterns of cotton grown at two divergent plant populations AU - Jones, MA AU - Wells, R T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Reduced plant populations frequently occur in the northern Cotton Belt of the USA because of poor seed germination and early seedling damage. A field study was conducted at Clayton, NC, on a Dothan sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Paleudult) to investigate the response of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) vegetative and reproductive development to two plant populations. Cotton plants, grown at 2 and 12 plants m −2 in 1.0‐m rows had every flower tagged with week‐specific, color‐coded tags. Dry matter partitioning, flower development, flower retention, and boll development patterns were determined. Plants at the low population exhibited large increases in the vegetative dry weight of individual plants at maturity; however, all parameters of vegetative growth were reduced on a land area basis. Reproductive development of the 2 plants m −2 treatment was prolonged because of fewer early fruiting sites per unit land area and there was an average 16‐d delay in flowering maxima. No differences in total flowers per meter or flower retention occurred between treatments at final harvest. Slight differences in total bolls per meter occurred in 1993 (13% fewer bolls at 2 plants m −2 ); however, the low population plants had more bolls on monopodia, more late‐season flowers, and greater retention of these late bolls. Replanting low populations would not be advisable because the delay in maturity would probably be more injurious to boll production than the low population per se. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700030017x VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 797-802 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in forage quality, ingestive mastication, and digesta kinetics resulting from switchgrass maturity AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Pond, K. R. AU - Fisher, D. S. AU - Luginbuhl, J.-M. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Five maturities of switchgrass hay harvested at 14-d intervals (vegetative through 20% heading) were fed to Hereford steers (297 kg) in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Relationships with switchgrass maturity were negative and quadratic (P < .05) for DMI and cubic (P < .05) for digestible DMI. Declines in apparent digestibilities of DM, ADF, and cellulose were cubic (P <.05), whereas these were quadratic (P < .05) for NDF, hemicellulose, and CP. Whole masticates from the least, mid, and most mature hays showed linear (P < .05) declines in DM concentration and IVDMD with increasing maturity, whereas NDF concentrations increased linearly (P < .05). Mean retention time of gastrointestinal DM increased linearly (P < .01) from 64 to 94 h from the least to the most mature hay, and the associated rate of passage declined linearly (P < .01) from 3.3 to 2.1%/h. Sieving of masticate DM showed a reduced proportion of large particles (≥ 2.8 mm) and an increased proportion of small particles (≤ .5 mm) with advancing forage maturity. More than 94% of the sieved fecal DM passed a 1.0-mm sieve, but particle sizes showed the same relationship with forage maturity as noted for masticate DM. This occurred despite the comminution from the rumination and digestive processes. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7551368x VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - 1368-1379 ER - TY - JOUR TI - WATERSHEDSS: A decision support system for watershed-scale nonpoint source water quality problems AU - Osmond, DL AU - Gannon, RW AU - Gale, JA AU - Line, DE AU - Knott, CB AU - Phillips, KA AU - Turner, MH AU - Foster, MA AU - Lehning, DE AU - Coffey, SW AU - Spooner, J T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - ABSTRACT: A significant portion of all pollutants entering surface waters (streams, lakes, estuaries, and wetlands) derives from non‐point source (NPS) pollution and, in particular, agricultural activities. The first step in restoring a water resource is to focus on the primary water quality problem in the watershed. The most appropriate NPS control measures, which include best management practices (BMPs) and landscape features, such as wetlands and riparian areas, can then be selected and positioned to minimize or mitigate the identified pollutant(s). A computer‐based decision sup. port and educational software system, WATERSHEDSS ( WATER , Soil, and Hydro‐Environmental Decision Support System), has been developed to aid managers in defining their water quality problems and selecting appropriate NPS control measures. The three primary objectives of WATERSHEDSS are (1) to transfer water quality and land treatment information to watershed managers in order to assist them with appropriate land management/land treatment decisions; (2) to assess NPS pollution in a watershed based on user‐supplied information and decisions; and (3) to evaluate, through geographical information systems‐assisted modeling, the water quality effects of alternative land treatment scenarios. WATERSHEDSS is available on the World Wide Web (Web) at http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu . DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03513.x VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 327-341 SN - 0043-1370 KW - decision support system KW - best management practices KW - geographical information systems KW - spatially distributed water quality model KW - water resource systems KW - watersheds, water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) tolerance in cotton: Sources and heritability AU - Bowman, DT AU - McCarty, JC T2 - JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB - Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) resistance or tolerance in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., is often associated with extreme pubescence. This is undesirable because hairy (pubescent) plants tend to have more trash in harvested lint which reduces the price received by growers. Two other possible sources of resistance include gossypol and thick lower epidermal cells, the latter has been found in G. barbadense L. Five G. barbadense genotypes were mated in a North Carolina Design II to 4 upland cultivars to evaluate combining ability. In addition, 90 converted racestocks were screened for tolerance to thrips. Experiments were designed to evaluate tolerance or resistance by comparing plots with and without thrips. Two G. barbadense parents had tolerance to thrips while two upland cultivars also exhibited tolerance. In the F1 generation, general combining ability was significant for thrips damage ratings among the G. barbadense parents. In the F2 generation, all characters exhibited specific combining ability. Thus, non-additive genetic variance predominates measures of thrips tolerance. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.18474/0749-8004-32.4.460 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 460-471 SN - 0749-8004 KW - Gossypium hirsutum, L. KW - plant resistance KW - thrips ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sterile and nonsterile degradation of carbon-14-primisulfuron in soil from four depths AU - Miller, JL AU - Wollum, AG AU - Weber, JB T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract The degradation of 14 C‐primisulfuron (2‐[[[[[4,6‐bis(difluoromethoxy)‐2‐pyrimidinyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl] benzoic acid) was monitored for 2 mo using soil microcosms under sterile and nonsterile conditions. Both chemical and biological degradation was detected. The half‐life was 2.1 wk for nonsterile samples from 0 to 5 cm, and 3.4 wk for nonsterile samples from 20 to 25 cm. After 7 wk, bound residues accounted for 48 and 27% of the recovered radioactivity in these samples, respectively. For sterile samples from the same depths, the half‐life was >7 wk and bound residues accounted for 7% of the recovered radiolabel. Disappearance and bound residue formation of primisulfuron were similar for both sterile and nonsterile samples from deeper in the profile (45–75 cm) indicating little biological degradation occurred in these subsurface samples. Chemical and microbial degradation of primisulfuron appeared to differ; the same metabolites were produced but at different times and in different amounts. Very little 14 CO 2 (<3%) was produced from any sample. These results indicate that initial hydrolyzation of the sulfonylurea bridge occurs both chemically and biologically, but does not occur readily in the subsoil. This may have implications for the prevention of groundwater contamination and for the bioremediation of contaminated soils. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020015x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 440-445 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - CONF TI - Soil profile alteration under long-term, high-input agriculture AU - Buol, S. W. AU - Stokes, M. L. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. Proceedings of an international symposium cosponsored by Divisions A-6 (International Agronomy) and S-4 (Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition), and the International Center for Research in Agroforestry, held at the 88th Annual Meetings of the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America, Indianapolis, Indiana, 6 November 1996. Ed. by Roland J. Buresh, Pedro A. Sanchez, and Frank Calhoun. Madison, WI.: Soil Science Society of America, 1997 CN - S599.5.A1 R46 1997 DA - 1997/// SP - 97-109 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) management in an ALS-modified soybean (Glycine max) AU - Culpepper, A. S. AU - York, A. C. AU - Batts, R. B. AU - Jennings, Katherine T2 - Weed Technology AB - Herbicide systems consisting of PRE, early POST, and late POST options arranged factorially were compared for control of sicklepod in narrow-row soybean with modified acetolactate synthase (ALS) (E.C.4.1.3.18). Other weeds present included common cocklebur and mixed infestations of entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglories. PRE options were alachlor or alachlor plus metribuzin plus chlorimuron. Early POST options included chlorimuron, chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron, and no herbicide applied 3 wk after planting. Late POST options were chlorimuron and no herbicide applied 5 wk after planting. POST herbicides were more effective than PRE herbicides on all weeds. Chlorimuron and chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron applied early POST were equally effective on these weeds and usually more effective than chlorimuron applied late POST. There was no advantage of two POST applications compared with a single early POST application. Greatest net returns were obtained in systems using only early POST herbicides. There was no economic advantage from using metribuzin plus chlorimuron PRE in systems that included an early POST herbicide. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x0004152x VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 164–170 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of native eastern North American Trifolium spp to root-knot nematodes AU - Quesenberry, KH AU - Call, NM AU - Moon, DE AU - Dunn, RA T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - The true clovers ( Trifolium spp.) are important pasture plants, but most of the cultivated species have low resistance to root‐knot nematodes (RKN) ( Meloidogyne spp.). Plant introductions of seven Trifolium spp. native to eastern North America ( T. bejariense Moric., T. calcaricum Collins & Weiboidt; T. carolinianum Michx., T. polymorphum Poir. ex Lam. & Poir.; T. reflexum L., T. stoloniferum Muhlenberg, and T. virginicum Small ex Small & Vail.) were evaluated in two greenhouse experiments, conducted in spring 1992 and 1993, for response to four RKN species, Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1, M. hapla Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood race 3, and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Additionally, T. riograndense Burkhart and one accession each of T. ambiguum M.B. and T. repens L. were evaluated. Responses determined were numbers of galls or egg masses 8‐wk after inoculation rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 is no galling or egg masses per plant and 5 is greater than 100. Among the annual species, T. carolinianum and T. bejariense were the most resistant annual species. Among the perennials, T. calcaricum and T. stoloniferum were highly resistant (ratings < 1.0) except that T. stoloniferum had an intermediate response to M. hapla (ratings of 2.5–3.5). Ttifolium polymorphum was variable in response among RKN. The kura and white clover lines and T. riograndense were highly susceptible to RKN (ratings > 4.5). The federally endangereds pecies, T. stoloniferum , rated less than 1.0 in response to M. arenaria , M. incognita , and M. javanica . The recently described rare species, T. calcaricum , had the most resistant response of any species evaluated. These native eastern North American clovers may contain valuable genes for RKN resistance, but due to sexual incompatibility with the cultivated clover species, exploitation of such genes will require molecular methods of gene transfer. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010048x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 270-274 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Graham' soybean AU - Carter, TE AU - Burton, JW AU - BianchiHall, C AU - Farmer, F AU - Huie, EB AU - Pantalone, VR T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 37, Issue 1 cropsci1997.0011183X003700010064x p. 293-294 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Graham’ Soybean Thomas E. Carter Jr., Corresponding Author Thomas E. Carter Jr. tommy_carter@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author (tommy_carter@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorJoseph W. Burton, Joseph W. Burton USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorCecilia Bianchi-Hall, Cecilia Bianchi-Hall USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorFred Farmer, Fred Farmer USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorEarl B. Huie, Earl B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorVincent R. Pantalone, Vincent R. Pantalone USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author Thomas E. Carter Jr., Corresponding Author Thomas E. Carter Jr. tommy_carter@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author (tommy_carter@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorJoseph W. Burton, Joseph W. Burton USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorCecilia Bianchi-Hall, Cecilia Bianchi-Hall USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorFred Farmer, Fred Farmer USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorEarl B. Huie, Earl B. Huie USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorVincent R. Pantalone, Vincent R. Pantalone USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1997 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010064xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume37, Issue1January–February 1997Pages 293-294 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010064x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 293-294 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen cycling in piedmont vegetated filter zones .2. Subsurface nitrate removal AU - Verchot, LV AU - Franklin, EC AU - Gilliam, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract Subsurface flow often constitutes the major pathway for movement of dissolved nutrients such as NO 3 ‐N from agricultural fields. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the changes in shallow groundwater chemistry along a piezometric gradient from agricultural fields, across grass‐vegetated field edges and through adjacent forest on two Piedmont watersheds and (ii) determine the relative importance of dilution, denitrification, and plant uptake in subsurface NO 3 attenuation. We monitored changes in groundwater chemistry at three depths along a piezometric gradient from an agricultural field through a grass field edge and through a forested filter zone (FFZ). We measured marked decrease in nitrate concentrations from 8 to 10 mg L −1 at the field edge to almost 0 at the forest edge; Cl concentrations remained within the range of 8 to 10 mg L −1 , suggesting that dilution was not an important factor in NO 3 concentration reductions. At a third site, we introduced NO 3 ‐N and a conservative tracer, bromide, into the soil profile at both the grass‐vegetated field border and the forested area, to determine mechanisms responsible for the observed decrease in NO 3 ‐N concentrations. Using ion concentration ratios we determined that nitrate attenuation in the grass‐vegetated field edge was low compared to the forest. Nitrate loss in the forest was almost exclusively through denitrification; plant uptake was insignificant in these experiments. Although grass‐vegetated field borders were less effective than riparian forests at NO 3 ‐N removal, considerable reductions were observed in these areas on the experimental watersheds. Similar reductions would be expected over shorter distances in riparian forests. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020003x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 337-347 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen cycling in piedmont vegetated filter zones .1. Surface soil processes AU - Verchot, LV AU - Franklin, EC AU - Gilliam, JW T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract Surface runoff is a major transport mechanism for particulate‐bound and dissolved N species from agricultural fields. One means of reducing nutrient loading in surface waters is the use of vegetative filter zones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two forested filter zones (FFZ) for removing N from runoff in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. We used a spreading device to ensure dispersed flow in the FFZ. In addition to measuring inputs and outputs from each FFZ, we characterized the N cycle in the surface 30 cm of the soil profile to determine the fate of different N species retained in the FFZ. N loading increased as water passed through FFZ1: NO 3 ‐N increased by 1.6 kg ha −1 yr −1 , organic‐N increased by 13.4 kg ha −1 yr −1 and NH 4 ‐N decreased by 0.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 . The second FFZ was more effective with net retention of 0.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 for NO 3 ‐N, 0.5 kg ha −1 yr −1 for organic‐N and 0.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 for NH 4 ‐N. The FFZ were ineffective during the winter and spring when water filled pore space exceeded 35% in FFZ1 and 25% in FFZ2, and infiltration was low. Infiltration was the key factor controlling N pollutant removal from surface runoff. Therefore, the clayey soils of the Piedmont may not be as effective as the sandy coastal plain soils studied by other authors. Results from the analysis of the N cycle suggest that both uptake by the vegetation and leaching to deeper soil layers were the dominant fates of inorganic‐N. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020002x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 327-336 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Membrane association of sucrose synthase: changes during the graviresponse and possible control by protein phosphorylation AU - Winter, H AU - Huber, JL AU - Huber, SC T2 - FEBS LETTERS AB - Sucrose synthase (SuSy) plays an important role in sucrose degradation and occurs both as a soluble and as a membrane-associated enzyme in higher plants. We show that membrane association can vary in vivo in response to gravistimulation, apparently involving SuSy dephosphorylation, and is a reversible process in vitro. Phosphorylation of SuSy has little effect on its activity but decreases its surface hydrophobicity as reported with the fluorescent probe bis-ANS. We postulate that phosphorylation of SuSy (and perhaps other membrane proteins) is involved in the release of the membrane-bound enzyme in part as a result of decreased surface hydrophobicity. DA - 1997/12/29/ PY - 1997/12/29/ DO - 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01506-8 VL - 420 IS - 2-3 SP - 151-155 SN - 1873-3468 KW - protein phosphorylation KW - sucrose synthase KW - surface hydrophobicity KW - membrane association KW - gravity response KW - Zea mays L. pulvinus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meloidogyne javanica development in three clover populations AU - Call, NM AU - Quesenberry, KH AU - Dunn, RA T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Root‐knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., cause damage to red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) which affects water and nutrient uptake and may predispose plants to other soil‐borne pathogens. Penetration and development of M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood three clover populations differing in resistance levels were evaluated in two greenhouse experiments conducted during 1994 and 1995. The RKN susceptible red clover cultivar ‘Kenstar’, a red clover breeding selection designated FLMR6 with moderate RKN resistance, and a highly RKN resistant species T. stoloniferum Mublenburg, running buffalo clover (RBC), were grown in Cone‐tainers and inoculated with 450 second‐stage juveniles (J2) 21 d after germination. Responses measured were numbers of J2, J3/J4 (third‐stage or fourth‐stage juvenile nematodes) and adults at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 80 (Exp. 2), and 120 (Exp. 1) days after inoculation (DAI). Fecundity was evaluated by counting number of egg‐masses and total number of eggs per plant at 80 and 120 DAI. More J2 were found in Kenstar roots than in FLMR6 and RBC roots at 4, 8, 36, 60, 80, and 120 DAI. More third or fourth stage juveniles (J3/J4) were found Kenstar and FLMR6 roots than in RBC at 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 80, and 120 DAI, and Kenstar J3/J4 numbers were higher than FLMR6 at 60 and 120 DAI. Fewer adults were found in FLMR6 roots than in Kenstar at 36, 48, 60, 80, and 120 DAI, but adult numbers in RBC roots were signiftcantly lower than in FLMR6 at these same dates. At 80 and 120 DAI, number of egg masses and total number of eggs were greater on Kenstar roots than on FLMR6a, nd total egg numbers on RBC were lower than on FLMR6. The resistance mechanisms in FLMR6 and RBC hindered normal M. javanica development because of a combination of slower maturation to later growth stages and fewer J3/J4 maturing to adults, which produced fewer J2 for secondary infection. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010047x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 265-269 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Light-regulated changes in abundance and polyribosome association of ferredoxin mRNA are dependent on photosynthesis AU - Petracek, M. E. AU - Dickey, L. F. AU - Huber, S. C. AU - Thompson, W. F. T2 - Plant Cell DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2307/3870586 VL - 9 IS - 12 SP - 2291-2300 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Initial kinetics of N-15-nitrate labelling of root and shoot N fractions of barley cultured at different relative addition rates of nitrate-N AU - Agrell, D. AU - Larsson, C. M. AU - Larsson, M. AU - MacKown, C. T. AU - Rufty, T. W. T2 - Plant Physiology and Biochemistry DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 35 IS - 12 SP - 923-931 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inheritance of resistance to race 0 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae from the flue-cured tobacco cultivar Coker 371-Gold AU - Carlson, S. R. AU - Wolff, M. F. AU - Shew, H. D. AU - Wernsman, E. A. T2 - Plant Disease AB - Black shank, caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, is a widespread and severe disease of tobacco throughout the southeastern United States. Partial resistance derived from the cigar tobacco cultivar Florida 301 has been the primary means of reducing losses to the disease for many years. The recently released tobacco cultivar, Coker 371-Gold (C 371-G), was found to provide an additional source of resistance to P. parasitica var. nicotianae. Although the resistance in C 371-G is being used widely by breeders, the origin and inheritance of this resistance mechanism was unknown. Two populations of doubled haploid lines derived from C 371-G were used to determine that C 371-G possesses a single, dominant gene designated Ph, which confers a very high level of resistance to race 0 of P. parasitica var. nicotianae. A greenhouse inoculation procedure was developed that provided an efficient means of screening for the presence of this resistance gene prior to selection in the field, and confirmed that Ph provides complete resistance to race 0 but no resistance to race 1 of P. parasitica var. nicotianae. Because Florida 301 resistance is effective against both races of the pathogen that occur in the major tobacco growing areas of the United States, combination of these two sources of resistance should provide enhanced protection of new tobacco cultivars to P. parasitica var. nicotianae. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1269 VL - 81 IS - 11 SP - 1269-1274 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of adjuvants on hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) control by chlorimuron AU - Jordan, DL AU - Burns, AB T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Hemp sesbania control by chlorimuron applied with crop oil concentrate at 1.0% v/v, BCH 815 at 1.0% v/v, methylated seed oil at 1.0% v/v, a blend of methylated seed oil and organosilicone surfactant at 0.5% v/v, organosilicone-based surfactant at 0.125% v/v, and nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v was evaluated in field studies in 1994 and 1995. Control by chlorimuron at 4.5 g ae/ha was greater when applied with BCH 815, organosilicone-based surfactant, and nonionic surfactant than with crop oil concentrate, methylated seed oil, and a blend of methylated seed oil and organosilicone surfactant. When chlorimuron was applied at 4.5 g/ha with BCH 815 or nonionic surfactant, hemp sesbania control was similar to that by chlorimuron at 9 g/ha applied with methylated seed oil, the blend of methylated seed oil and organosilicone surfactant, or organosilicone-based surfactant. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00041270 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 19-23 SN - 1550-2740 KW - chlorimuron, 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid KW - hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf) Rydb ex A W Hill #(3) SEBEX KW - spray additive KW - BCH 815 KW - crop oil concentrate KW - methylated seed oil KW - methylated seed oil and organosilicone surfactant blend KW - organosilicone-based surfactant KW - nonionic surfactant KW - SEBEX ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of reduced rates of quinclorac applied with propanil or propanil plus molinate in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) AU - Jordan, D. L. T2 - Weed Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 824-828 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Combining ability analysis of resistance to southern root-knot nematode in red clover AU - Call, NM AU - Quesenberry, KH AU - Wofford, DS AU - Dunn, RA T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Production of red clover, Trifolium pratense L., is reduced in areas infested with root‐knot nematodes (RKN) in the southeastern USA. Although progress has been made in improving RKN resistance in red clover through recurrent selection, little information is available on the mode of inheritance of red clover resistance to any of the RKN species. This study was conducted from 1993 to 1995 in Florida to determine the mode of inheritance and relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects in controlling resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood Race 3 in red clover. By means of a breeding population selected for low root galling and egg mass production when infested with M. incognita , four red clover plants were identified as resistant, three as intermediate, and two additional susceptible individuals were selected from ‘Kenstar’. These individuals were cloned and used as parents in a diallel genetic study. Forty‐eight progeny from each of 36 F 1 crosses, without reciprocals, were evaluated under greenhouse conditions during 1995 for response to inoculation with 1500 M. incognita eggs per plant. Eight weeks after inoculation, the number of galls and egg masses on roots of each plant were counted under low power magnification (10–20 ✕). Resistant genotype 119 produced progeny with the least M. incognita reproduction and galling. Crosses involving the two susceptible genotypes, N1 and K4, resulted in the highest numbers of galls and egg masses. The GCA effects were significant for both traits, whereas SCA effects were not significant. These results indicate that for this set of parents, breeding procedures that utilize GCA effects to maximize exploitation of additive gene action should be most effective in improving resistance to M. incognita galling and reproduction. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010020x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 121-124 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - A soil depth approach to soil quality assessment AU - Rhoton, F. E. AU - Lindbo, D. L. T2 - Journal of Soil & Water Conservation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 66-72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management in no-till cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with thiazopyr AU - Batts, RB AU - York, AC T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Thiazopyr at 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg ai/ha and pendimethalin at 1.1 kg ai/ha applied preemergence (PRE) were compared as components in weed management systems for no-till cotton. Mid- and late-season control of mixtures of large crabgrass, goosegrass, and fall panicum by thiazopyr at 0.28 kg/ha was 89 to 97% and 11 to 50%, respectively, compared with 11 to 38% midseason and 0 to 5% late-season control by pendimethalin. Thiazopyr at 0.42 kg/ha and pendimethalin controlled broadleaf signalgrass 44 and 0%, respectively, late in the season. Adding fluometuron PRE at 1.7 kg ai/ha had little to no effect on large crabgrass, goosegrass, and fall panicum control but increased broadleaf signalgrass control 47 to 79 percentage points compared with thiazopyr or pendimethalin alone. Late-season control of annual grasses by thiazopyr or pendimethalin plus fluometuron PRE followed by methazole plus MSMA early postemergence (POST)-directed and cyanazine plus MSMA late POST-directed was at least 95% at two locations and 80% at the third location. Common lambsquarters was controlled 54 and 95% in systems without and with fluometuron PRE, respectively. Acceptable control of ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglories at all locations and smooth pigweed at two of three locations was achieved only in systems with POST-directed herbicides. Adding POST-directed herbicides to systems with thiazopyr or pendimethalin plus fluometuron PRE increased cotton yield at two of three locations. Treatments had no effect on fiber quality. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00045450 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 580-585 SN - 0890-037X KW - cyanazine, 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile KW - fluometuron, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea KW - methazole, 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione KW - MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid KW - pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine KW - thiazopyr, methyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-5-(4,5-dihydro-2-thiazolyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylate KW - broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #(3) BRAPP KW - common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL KW - fall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. # PANDI KW - goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN KW - ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE KW - large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA KW - pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA KW - smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH KW - tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. 'DP 5690,' 'DP 50,' and 'DES 119' KW - weed control KW - cyanazine KW - fluometuron KW - methazole KW - MSMA KW - pendimethalin KW - Amaranthus hydridus KW - Brachiaria platyphylla KW - Chenopodium album KW - Digitaria sanguinalis KW - Eleusine indica KW - Ipomoea hederacea KW - Ipomoea lacunosa KW - Ipomoea purpurea KW - Panicum dichotomiflorum KW - AMACH KW - BRAPP KW - CHEAL KW - DIGSA KW - ELEIN KW - IPOHE KW - IPOLA KW - PANDI KW - PHBPU ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of HERB for use in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AU - White, AD AU - Coble, HD T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Researchers are currently developing predictive weed management models to aid producers in maintaining or improving economic profitability of peanut production while minimizing herbicide inputs and reducing environmental impact. HERB (Version 2.1.P), a computer decision model, has recently been developed for peanut and is now awaiting validation of weed control decisions before being released to the public. Field validation trials in 1994 and 1995 indicate that the current competitive index parameters in the HERB model are invalid, and statistically estimated competitive indices were generated. Estimating new parameters improved R 2 values from 0.37 to 0.61. New competitive index parameters allow the HERB model to more accurately predict the level of yield loss at a given weed density. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00045449 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 573-579 SN - 0890-037X KW - peanut KW - Arachis hypogaea L. 'NC-10C' KW - computer decision model KW - crop competition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncertainty analysis for knowledge-based decision aids: Application to PDSS (phosphorus decision support system) AU - Chen, G AU - Yost, RS AU - Li, ZC AU - Wang, X AU - Cox, FR T2 - AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AB - The uncertainty associated with predictions generated by computer decision support systems is often not quantified. First order uncertainty analysis was adapted to quantify the uncertainty in the prediction of phosphorus requirements by the phosphorus decision support system (PDSS). Uncertainties were evaluated on the basis of input values of each variable rather than using the population mean and standard deviation as in standard first order uncertainty analysis. The comparison between first order uncertainty analysis and Monte Carlo simulation showed a good agreement when the coefficient of variation of the buffering coefficient was small. Components of overall uncertainty in PDSS were identified and compared. Crop critical level and buffer coefficient contributed the most uncertainty —á more than variation in extractable P or rate of the P slow reaction. The identification and ranking of the source of variation helps prioritize research to improve recommendation precision. DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.1016/S0308-521X(97)00021-8 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 461-471 SN - 0308-521X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) management in corn (Zea mays) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) rotations AU - Webster, TM AU - Coble, HD T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - A field study was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine the effect of MON 12037, linuron, and ametryn on purple nutsedge density in field corn in a 2-yr rotation with cotton. Each corn treatment included cultivation and noncultivation. A standard treatment for purple nutsedge control was applied to all cotton plots in the second season of the corn–cotton rotation. Purple nutsedge shoot densities were reduced in cultivated MON 12037, noncultivated MON 12037, and cultivated ametryn in the corn–corn and corn–cotton rotations. Purple nutsedge tuber population was reduced in the corn–corn rotation by MON 12037 with and without cultivation, cultivated linuron, and cultivated ametryn treatments relative to the noncultivated check. In the corn–cotton rotation, purple nutsedge tuber population was reduced only by the cultivated MON 12037 and cultivated ametryn treatments relative to the noncultivated check. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00045395 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 543-548 SN - 0890-037X KW - ametryn, N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine KW - MON 12037 (proposed, halosulfuron), methyl 5-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonylaminosulfonyl]-3-chloro-1-methyl-1-H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate KW - linuron, N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea KW - purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. #(3) CYPRO KW - corn, Zea mays L. 'Pioneer 3394' KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. 'Delta Pine 50.' KW - crop rotation KW - cultivation KW - nutsedge tuber KW - perennial weed KW - ametryn KW - halosulfuron KW - linuron KW - MON 12037 KW - CYPRO ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological mechanisms for differential responses of three weed species to Prosulfuron AU - Ma, G.-Y. AU - Coble, H. D. AU - Corbin, F. T. AU - Burton, J. D. T2 - Weed Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 642-647 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photosynthesis and photorespiration in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] chronically exposed to elevated carbon dioxide and ozone AU - Booker, FL AU - Reid, CD AU - BrunschonHarti, S AU - Fiscus, EL AU - Miller, JE T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1093/jexbot/48.315.1843 VL - 48 IS - 315 SP - 1843-1852 SN - 0022-0957 KW - photorespiration KW - CO2-enrichment KW - ozone KW - climate change KW - air pollution ER - TY - CONF TI - Overview of Kandi and other taxonomic changes in North Carolina AU - Buol, S. W. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Soil Science Society of North Carolina proceedings, 40th CN - S590 .S674 DA - 1997/// PB - Raleigh, N.C.: Soil Science Society of North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kyllinga, a genus of neglected weeds in the continental United States AU - Bryson, CT AU - Carter, R AU - McCarty, LB AU - Yelverton, FH T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - The sedge genus Kyllinga consists of 40 to 45 species distributed in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions around the world (KUkenthal 1936; Tucker 1987). This genus of low rhizomatous perennials or cespitose annuals is classified in the large cosmopolitan family Cyperaceae. Many Kyllinga species are considered weedy (Holm et al. 1979; Tucker 1987), while Kyllinga nervosa Steudel is considered an important forage plant in Africa (McNaughton 1985). DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00043530 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 838-842 SN - 0890-037X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Initial weed densities affect no-tillage weed management with a rye (Secale cereale) cover crop AU - Zasada, IA AU - Linker, HM AU - Coble, HD T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of different initial weed densities on weed control effectiveness in no-tillage corn at two locations in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995. Different weed densities were established over a 4-year period (1989–1992) by using various weed management strategies. Resultant density levels were estimated and used to establish high and low weed density plots. Treatments applied were PRE, POST, at-planting, and an untreated control. Weed density estimates were made 37 and 57 DAP. Common lambsquarters at low densities (20 to 40 weeds/m 2 ) was controlled with the cover crop alone, but common lambsquarters at high densities (150 to 170 weeds/m 2 ) and redroot pigweed at any density were not controlled. POST herbicides reduced weed densities as well as the PRE herbicides, regardless of initial weed densities. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00045279 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 473-477 SN - 0890-037X KW - common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #(3) CHEAL KW - redroot pigweed, Amaranthus rebroflexus L. #AMARE KW - corn, Zea mays L. 'Pioneer 3634' KW - rye, Secale cereale L. 'Abruzzi' KW - allelopathy KW - conservation tillage KW - no-tillage KW - thresholds ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of fall nitrogen and spring nitrogen-potassium applications on yield and fruit quality of 'Chandler' strawberry AU - Miner, G. S. AU - Poling, E. B. AU - Carroll, D. E. AU - Nelson, L. A. AU - Campbell, C. R. T2 - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 122 IS - 2 SP - 290-295 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of AC 263,222 rate and application method on weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AU - Webster, TM AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Coble, HD T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the weed control effectiveness from several rates of AC 263,222 applied PPI and PRE (36 and 72 g ai/ha), early POST (EPOST) (18, 36, 54, or 72 g/ha), POST (18, 36, 54, or 72 g/ha), and EPOST followed by (fb) POST (27 fb 27 g/ha or 36 fb 36 g/ha). These treatments were compared to the commercial standard of bentazon at 0.28 kg ai/ha plus paraquat at 0.14 kg ai/ha EPOST fb bentazon at 0.56 kg/ha plus paraquat at 0.14 kg/ha plus 2,4-DB at 0.28 kg ae/ha. Application method had little effect on weed control with AC 263,222. In contrast, application rate affected control. Purple nutsedge, yellow nutsedge, prickly sida, smallflower morningglory, bristly starbur, common cocklebur, and coffee senna were controlled at least 82% with AC 263,222 at 36 g/ha (one-half the maximum registered use rate) regardless of application method. AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha (registered use rate) controlled sicklepod 84 to 93%, Florida beggarweed 65 to 100%, and Ipomoea morningglory species 89 to 99%. A single application of AC 263,222 at 36 g/ha or more controlled all weeds (with the exception of Florida beggarweed) as well or greater than sequential applications of bentazon plus paraquat fb bentazon, paraquat, and 2,4-DB. All rates of AC 263,222 applied POST and all application methods of AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha had better yields than the pendimethalin control. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00045358 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 520-526 SN - 0890-037X KW - 2,4-DB, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid KW - AC 263,222, (+/-)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imadazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid KW - bentazon, 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide KW - paraquat, 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium ion KW - peudimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine KW - bristly starbur, Acanthospermum hispidum DC. #(3) ACNHI KW - coffee senna, Cassia occidentalis L. # CASOC KW - common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. # XANST KW - Florida beggarweed, Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. # DEDTO KW - morningglory species, Ipomoea spp. KW - prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP KW - purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. # CYPRO KW - sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB KW - smallflower morningglory, Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. # IAQTA KW - yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES KW - peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. 'Florunner,' 'Southern Runner' KW - bentazon KW - paraquat KW - 2,4-DB KW - Acanthospermum hispidum KW - Cassia occidentalis KW - Cyperus esculentus KW - Cyperus rotundus KW - Desmodium tortuosum KW - Ipomoea hederacea KW - Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula KW - Ipomoea lacunosa KW - Ipomoea purpurea KW - Jaquemontia tamnifolia KW - Senna obtusifolia KW - Sida spinosa KW - Xanthium strumarium KW - ACNHI KW - CASOC KW - XANST KW - DEDTO KW - SIDSP KW - CYPRO KW - CASOB KW - IAQTA KW - CYPES ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic regulation of linolenic acid concentration in wild soybean Glycine soja accessions AU - Pantalone, VR AU - Rebetzke, GJ AU - Burton, JW AU - Wilson, RF T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil from current commercial cultivars typically contains ca. 8% linolenic acid. Inheritance studies have shown that linolenic acid concentration in soybean seed is determined by at least two genes which govern activity of the predominant ω‐6 and ω‐3 desaturases. Selection of germplasm exhibiting homozygous recessive alleles that encode these desaturases has enabled development of soybeans having less than 3.0% linolenic acid. However, accessions of the wild ancestor of modern soybean cultivars, Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.), have oils containing twice the highest linolenic acid concentration found in normal G. max cultivars. Although little is known about inheritance of linolenic acid in wild soybean, it would appear that additional or alternative forms of genes may govern its synthesis. To test this hypothesis, cultivated soybean germplasm was hybridized with wild soybean genotypes having significant differences in linolenic acid concentration. Seed of F 3 progeny from these G. max x G. soja populations exhibited distinct segregation patterns for relative estimates of ω‐6 and ω‐3 desaturase activity. Frequency class distribution analyses of the segregation patterns, and linear relations between median ω‐6 or ω‐3 desaturation estimates and corresponding linolenic acid concentration among allelic classes from these populations suggested the high‐linolenic acid trait in wild soybean genotypes was determined by a set of desaturase alleles that were different from corresponding alleles in G. max. Introgression of these alternative alleles in G. max germplasm opens a new avenue of research on the genitic regulation of linolenic acid, and may lead to the production of highly polyunsaturated soybean oils for various industrial applications. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1007/s11746-997-0162-5 VL - 74 IS - 2 SP - 159-163 SN - 0003-021X KW - composition KW - genetics KW - Glycine max KW - Glycine soja KW - industrial use KW - interspecific mating KW - linolenic acid KW - oil KW - soy-bean KW - wild soybean ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of reduced-rate herbicide combinations in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) on alluvial clay soil AU - Jordan, D. L. T2 - Weed Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 151-157 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of canopy shade on the lipid composition of soybean leaves AU - Burkey, K. O. AU - Wilson, R. F. AU - Wells, R. T2 - Physiologia Plantarum DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010320.x VL - 101 IS - 3 SP - 591-598 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dryland conservation technologies: Enhancing agricultural profitability and sustainability AU - Havlin, J. L. AU - Schlegel, A. J. T2 - Annals of Arid Zone DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 291-303 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contribution of biogenic nitric oxide in urban ozone: Raleigh, NC, as a case study AU - Aneja, VP AU - Roelle, P AU - Robarge, WP T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Anthropogenic emissions from industrial and automotive sources within the confines of the city of Raleigh, NC have been documented by the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Management, but no direct biogenic emissions of nitric oxide (NO) from soils has yet been measured. In this study, emissions of NO were measured in Raleigh, NC, and its surrounding suburbs, in an attempt to determine the portion of the total NOx ( = NO + NO2) budget which can be attributed to biogenic sources. Residential and commercial lawns, and golf courses receiving normal fertilizer applications were chosen as the primary biogenic source of NO. Soil NO fluxes were measured using a dynamic chamber technique from 11 sites and ranged in value (hourly averages calculated from 15 min readings) from 1.24 to 23.7 ng N m−2 s−1. These hour averages were then combined with estimates of lawn acreage within the city proper, and in the surrounding suburbs, in order to develop a budget for giogenic NO emissions in Raleigh. This budget was then compared to the budget used in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) for photochemical modeling. Results from this comparison suggest that less than 1 % of the total NOx budget for Raleigh, NC is emitted by natural processes, and that approximately 1.2% of the nitrogen applied as fertilizer is lost via soil NO emissions. Thus, the effects of biogenic NO may be neglected in the development of a reliable plan for reducing ozone in the urban atmosphere. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00282-8 VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - 1531-1537 SN - 1352-2310 KW - biogenic nitric oxide KW - urban source strength ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of spectrophotometric and radioisotopic methods for the assay of Rubisco in ozone-treated plants AU - Reid, CD AU - Tissue, DT AU - Fiscus, EL AU - Strain, BR T2 - PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010221.x VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 398-404 SN - 0031-9317 KW - field vs greenhouse growth KW - Glycine max KW - metabolite interference KW - ozone KW - Rubisco assay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management in no-tillage bromoxynil-tolerant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) AU - Culpepper, AS AU - York, AC T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - An experiment was conducted at four locations in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed control, cotton yield, fiber quality, and net returns in no-tillage bromoxynil-tolerant cotton. The experiment focused on using bromoxynil or pyrithiobac sodium applied early POST over-the-top as alternatives to fluometuron plus MSMA applied early POST directed. Fluometuron plus MSMA was more effective than bromoxynil or pyrithiobac sodium on tall morningglory, large crabgrass, goosegrass, and broadleaf signalgrass. Bromoxynil and fluometuron plus MSMA were similarly effective on common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and eclipta and more effective than pyrithiobac sodium. Pyrithiobac sodium and fluometuron plus MSMA were similarly effective on smooth pigweed and Palmer amaranth and more effective than bromoxynil. Prickly sida control by bromoxynil and pyrithiobac sodium was equal to or greater than control by fluometuron plus MSMA. All early POST herbicides controlled pitted morningglory similarly. Regardless of the early POST herbicides used, fluometuron applied PRE and cyanazine plus MSMA applied late POST directed increased control of most weeds and increased cotton yield and net returns. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac sodium effectively substituted for fluometuron plus MSMA only in systems that included fluometuron applied PRE and cyanazine plus MSMA applied late POST directed. Effects of herbicide systems on cotton fiber quality were minor. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00043049 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 335-345 SN - 0890-037X KW - bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile KW - cyanazine, 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile KW - fluometuron, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea KW - MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid KW - pyrithiobac sodium, sodium 2-chloro-6-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]benzoate KW - broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb) Nash BRAPP KW - common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L CHEAL KW - common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L AMBEL KW - eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L ECLAL KW - goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L) Gaertn ELEIN KW - large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop DIGSA KW - Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S Wats AMAPA KW - pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L IPOLA KW - prickly sida, Sida spinosa L SIDSP KW - smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L AMACH KW - tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L) Roth PHBPU KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L 'BXN 57' and 'BXN 58' KW - Gossypium hirsutum L 'BXN 57' and 'BXN 58' KW - cotton yield KW - herbicide-tolerant crops KW - net returns KW - cyanazine KW - fluometuron KW - MSMA KW - pyrithiobac sodium KW - Amaranthus hybridus KW - Amaranthus palmeri KW - Ambrosia artemiisifolia KW - Brachiaria platyphylla KW - Chenopodium album KW - Digitaria sanguinalis KW - Eclipta prostrata KW - Eleusine indica KW - Ipomoea lacunosa KW - Ipomoea purpurea KW - Sida spinosa KW - AMACH KW - AMAPA KW - AMBEL KW - BRAPP KW - CHEAL KW - DIGSA KW - ECLAL KW - ELEIN KW - IPOLA KW - PHBPU KW - SIDSP ER - TY - JOUR TI - Weed management in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with soil-applied and post-directed herbicides AU - Wilcut, JW AU - Jordan, DL AU - Vencill, WK AU - Richburg, JS T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Broadleaf weed and yellow nutsedge control with herbicide programs containing pendimethalin and combinations of fomesafen, fluometuron, and norflurazon applied alone or with POST-directed applications of MSMA or fluometuron plus MSMA was evaluated. Soil-applied herbicide combinations containing fomesafen controlled yellow nutsedge better than combinations of norflurazon and fluometuron but did not provide better entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory or sicklepod control. Fluometuron plus MSMA controlled morningglories and sicklepod more effectively than MSMA. Seed cotton yield was greater in one of two years when fomesafen was applied and was associated with better yellow nutsedge control. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00042871 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 221-226 SN - 0890-037X KW - fluometuron KW - N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] urea KW - fomesafen KW - 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide KW - MSMA KW - monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid KW - norflurazon, 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3 (2H)-pyridazinone KW - pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine entireleaf morningglory KW - Ipomoea hederacea var integriuscula Gray IPOHG KW - ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea L IPOHE KW - pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L IPOLA KW - tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L) Roth PHBPU KW - sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia Irwin and Barneby L CASOB KW - yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L CYPES KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L 'Deltapine 90' ER - TY - JOUR TI - WATERSHEDSS grass-AGNPS model tool AU - Line, D. E. AU - Coffey, S. W. AU - Osmond, Deanna T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - A modeling tool that utilizes a raster-based geographic information system to build an input file for thespatially distributed pollutant runoff model, AGNPS, was developed as a component of the WATERSHEDSS decisionsupport system. In addition to automatically computing input data from basic soils, topography, and land use maps, thismodeling tool adds the capability to input point source, channel characteristic, and pesticide application data for userselectedareas in the watershed. The tool was used to simulate runoff and sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads for asmall gaged watershed located in North Carolina. Output from the tool was compared to observed runoff and pollutantloads for 11 storms. Statistical comparisons between observed and model-simulated loads at two monitoring stationsshowed no significant difference between observed and predicted runoff volumes and nitrogen, phosphorus, and sedimentloads, indicating that the modeling tool provides reasonable estimates of pollutant loads from storm events. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.13031/2013.21348 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 971–975 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable solution for dietary iron deficiency through plant biotechnology and breeding to increase seed ferritin control AU - Theil, E. C. AU - Burton, J. W. AU - Beard, J. L. T2 - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 51 IS - Suppl. 4 SP - S28-31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) and entireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula) management in soybean (Glycine max) with flumetsulam AU - Jennings, KM AU - York, AC AU - Batts, RB AU - Culpepper, AS T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Systems consisting of flumetsulam, metribuzin plus chlorimuron, or imazaquin applied PPI with trifluralin or PRE with metolachlor were compared with and without chlorimuron POST for control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory in narrow-row soybean at four locations. Control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory by soil-applied herbicides was generally inadequate. Control of sicklepod by flumetsulam exceeded control by metribuzin plus chlorimuron or imazaquin at one location. Entireleaf morningglory control by flumetsulam was similar to or less than control by metribuzin plus chlorimuron or imazaquin. Chlorimuron POST was a more important component of management systems for these weeds than was flumetsulam, metribuzin plus chlorimuron, or imazaquin PPI or PRE. Pooled over soil-applied herbicides, chlorimuron POST increased late-season control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory 25 to 61% and 22 to 54%, respectively; increased soybean yield 20 to 55%; decreased foreign matter contamination 5 to 13%; and increased net returns $34 to $185/ha. When used in conjunction with chlorimuron POST, flumetsulam, metribuzin plus chlorimuron, and imazaquin applied PPI with trifluralin or PRE with metolachlor increased late-season control of sicklepod and entireleaf morningglory only when control by trifluralin or metolachlor followed by chlorimuron POST was less than 66 and 77%, respectively. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00042883 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 227-234 SN - 1550-2740 KW - chlorimuron, 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid KW - flumetsulam, N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl[1,2,4]triazolo(1,5a)pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide KW - imazaquin, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid KW - metolachlor,2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide KW - metribuzin, 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one KW - trifluralin, 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine KW - entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var integriuscula Gray IPOHG KW - sicklepod, Senna obtusifodia (L) Irwin and Barneby CASOB KW - soybean, Glycine max (L) Merr 'NK 5960' and 'Young' KW - foreign matter KW - net returns KW - weed control KW - chlorimuron KW - imazaquin KW - metolachlor KW - metribuzin KW - trifluralin KW - CASOB KW - IPOHG KW - metribuzin KW - trifluralin KW - CASOB KW - IPOHG ER - TY - JOUR TI - Runoff of two sulfonylurea herbicides in relation to tillage system and rainfall intensity AU - Afyuni, MM AU - Wagger, MG AU - Leidy, RB T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract The use of sulfonylurea herbicides is increasing because they are used at very low rates and offer greater weed management flexibility in pre‐ and postemergence programs. Information is needed on the off‐site movement of these compounds under different tillage systems. Our objective was to evaluate the runoff potential of chlorimuron ethyl {(2‐[[[[(4‐chloro‐6‐methoxy‐pyrimidin‐2‐yl) amino]carbonyl]‐amino]sulfonyl] benzoic acid)}, nicosulfuron {(2[[(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl) aminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl]‐ N, N ‐dimethyl‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide)}, and bromide in conventional (CT) and no‐tillage (NT) production systems under simulated rainfall. The soil types were a Norfolk sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) at a Coastal Plain location and a Pacolet sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) at a Piedmont location. The first simulated rainfall event (30 min) consisted of a low (1.27 cm h −1 ) or high (5.08 cm h −1 ) rate applied 24 h after herbicide and bromide application. One week later, the high rainfall rate was repeated on all plots. Consistently greater runoff occurred with CT compared to NT. Runoff differences between tillage systems were more pronounced for the second rainfall simulation and also with the Piedmont soil. The average herbicide losses from the initial high rainfall simulation were 1.2 and 2.2% of the total application (0.014 kg ha −1 ) for CT and NT, respectively, at the Coastal Plain location. Similar results were obtained at the Piedmont location. Mean herbicide losses during the second rainfall simulation represented <0.2% of the applied rate. There were no detectable concentrations of either herbicide found in the sediment phase of runoff. On the basis of these results, it is not expected that chlorimuron or nicosulfuron pose a significant threat to the environment via transport in runoff. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050018x VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 1318-1326 SN - 0047-2425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonpoint sources AU - Line, DE AU - Osmond, DL AU - Coffey, SW AU - McLaughlin, RA AU - Jennings, GD AU - Gale, JA AU - Spooner, J T2 - WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AB - Water Environment ResearchVolume 69, Issue 4 p. 844-860 Fate and Effect of PollutantFree Access Nonpoint sources Daniel E. Line, Daniel E. LineSearch for more papers by this authorDeanna L. Osmond, Deanna L. OsmondSearch for more papers by this authorSteven W. Coffey, Steven W. CoffeySearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. McLaughlin, Richard A. McLaughlinSearch for more papers by this authorGregory D. Jennings, Gregory D. JenningsSearch for more papers by this authorJudith A. Gale, Judith A. GaleSearch for more papers by this authorJean Spooner, Jean SpoonerSearch for more papers by this author Daniel E. Line, Daniel E. LineSearch for more papers by this authorDeanna L. Osmond, Deanna L. OsmondSearch for more papers by this authorSteven W. Coffey, Steven W. CoffeySearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. McLaughlin, Richard A. McLaughlinSearch for more papers by this authorGregory D. Jennings, Gregory D. JenningsSearch for more papers by this authorJudith A. Gale, Judith A. GaleSearch for more papers by this authorJean Spooner, Jean SpoonerSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 June 1997 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143097X135055Citations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume69, Issue41997 Literature ReviewJune 1997Pages 844-860 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.2175/106143097X135055 VL - 69 IS - 4 SP - 844-860 SN - 1554-7531 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen oxide flux from an agricultural soil during winter fallow in the upper coastal plain of North Carolina, USA AU - Aneja, VP AU - Holbrook, BD AU - Robarge, WP T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Incorporation of the remaining crop residue, including the root system, of grain (soybean and corn) and fiber (cotton) crops into the soil following harvest is a common agricultural practice. The crop residue represents a substantial portion of nitrogen initially applied as fertilizer, and thus is a potential source of nitrogen for NO emissions during the winter fallow period. Fluxes of NO and NO2 were measured from fallow fields from February 7 to March 23, 1994, using a dynamic chamber technique (ambient air as the carrier gas). Average NO flux rates, as a function of previous crop residue, were 9.2 (range –4.2 to 76) ng–N m–2 s–1 for soybean, 6.1 (range –11.7 to 110) ng–N m–2 s–1 for cotton, and 4.7 (range –0.2 to 40) ng–N m–2 s–1 for corn. Maximum NO fluxes were observed in mid–morning when soil temperatures were lowest. Minimum NO flux occurred after mid–afternoon when soil temperature reached a maximum. The decrease in NO flux with increase in soil temperature (5 cm depth) reflected the existence of a NO compensation concentration (i.e., the rate for the NO consumption reactions continued to increase with increase in temperature). NO2 deposition was calculated for 92% of the data points, with no trend in deposition between the three fields and their corresponding crop residue. These results indicate that significant fluxes of NO are generated from fallow agricultural fields following incorporation of the residue from the previous crop. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1080/10473289.1997.10463933 VL - 47 IS - 7 SP - 800-805 SN - 2162-2906 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen nutrition of soybean grown in coastal plain soils of North Carolina AU - Israel, D. W. AU - Burton, J. W. T2 - Technical Bulletin (North Carolina Agricultural Research Service) DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - 310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of application variables on efficacy of glyphosate AU - Jordan, DL AU - York, AC AU - Griffin, JL AU - Clay, PA AU - Vidrine, PR AU - Reynolds, DB T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field experiments were conducted from 1993 to 1995 to compare weed control by the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 0.21, 0.42, 0.63, and 0.84 kg ae/ha applied at three stages of weed growth. Weed control by glyphosate applied at these rates alone or with ammonium sulfate at 2.8 kg/ha was also evaluated. In other experiments, potential interactions between glyphosate and acifluorfen, chlorimuron, and 2,4-DB were evaluated. Velvetleaf, prickly sida, sicklepod, pitted morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, palmleaf morningglory, and hemp sesbania were controlled more easily when weeds had one to three leaves compared with control when weeds had four or more leaves. Glyphosate controlled redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, prickly sida, sicklepod, and barnyardgrass more effectively than pitted morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, palmleaf morningglory, or hemp sesbania. Increasing the rate of glyphosate increased control, especially when glyphosate was applied to larger weeds. Greater variation in control was noted for pitted morningglory, palmleaf morningglory, prickly sida, and velvetleaf than for redroot pigweed, sicklepod, entireleaf morningglory, or hemp sesbania. Ammonium sulfate increased prickly sida and entireleaf morningglory control but did not influence sicklepod, hemp sesbania, or barnyardgrass control. Acifluorfen applied 3 d before glyphosate or in a mixture with glyphosate reduced barnyardgrass control compared with glyphosate applied alone. Chlorimuron did not reduce efficacy. Mixtures of glyphosate and 2,4-DB controlled sicklepod, entireleaf morningglory, and barnyardgrass similar to glyphosate alone. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00043062 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 354-362 SN - 1550-2740 KW - acifluorfen KW - 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid KW - chlorimuron KW - 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid KW - glyphosate KW - N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine KW - 2,4-DB KW - 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid KW - barnyardgrass KW - Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv ECHCG KW - entireleaf morningglory KW - Ipomoea hederacea var intergriuscula Gray IPOHG KW - hemp sesbania KW - Sesbania exaltata (Raf) Rybd ex A W Hill SEBEX KW - palmleaf morningglory KW - Ipomoea wrightii Gray IPOWR KW - pitted morningglory KW - Ipomoea lacunosa L IPOLA KW - prickly sida KW - Sida spinosa L SIDSP KW - redroot pigweed KW - Amaranthus retroflexus L AMARE KW - sicklepod KW - Senna obtusifolia (L) Irwin and Barneby CASOB KW - velvetleaf KW - Abutilon theophrasti Medikus ABUTH KW - ammonium sulfate KW - antagonism KW - application timing KW - herbicide interaction KW - acifluorfen KW - chlorimuron KW - 2,4-DB KW - Abutilon theophrasti KW - Amaranthus hybridus KW - Echinochloa crusgalli KW - Ipomoea hederacea var integriuscula KW - Ipomoen lucunosa KW - Ipomoea wrightii KW - Senna obtusifolia KW - Sesbania exaltata KW - Sida spinosa KW - ABUTH KW - AMARE KW - CASOB KW - ECHCG KW - IPOHG KW - IPOLA KW - IPOWR KW - SEBEX KW - SIDSP ER - TY - JOUR TI - DRAINMOD-N, a nitrogen model for artificially drained soils AU - Breve, M. A. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Parsons, J. E. AU - Gilliam, J. W. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - DRAINMOD-N, a quasi two-dimensional model that simulates the movement and fate of nitrogen in shallowwater table soils with artificial drainage, is described. Results of sensitivity analyses are presented and model predictionsare compared with results from VS2DNT, a more complex, two-dimensional model. The nitrogen transport component isbased on an explicit solution to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation. Nitrate-nitrogen is the main N poolconsidered. Functional relationships are used to quantify rainfall deposition, fertilizer dissolution, net mineralization,denitrification, plant uptake, and surface runoff and subsurface drainage losses.

A sensitivity analysis showed DRAINMOD-N predictions are most sensitive to the standard rate coefficients fordenitrification and mineralization and nitrogen content in rainfall. Simulated daily water table depths were within0.121 m, cumulative subsurface drainage rates were within 0.016 m, and cumulative surface runoff rates were within0.003 m, of those predicted by VS2DNT for a 250-day period. DRAINMOD-N predictions for NO3-N losses in subsurfacedrainage water only differed from VS2DNT predictions by less than 2.6 kg ha1. DRAINMOD-N predictions fordenitrification were within 8%, for plant uptake were within 15%, and for net mineralization were within 26%, of thosesimulated by VS2DNT. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.13031/2013.21359 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 1067-1075 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in the weed species composition of the southern United States: 1974 to 1995 AU - Webster, TM AU - Coble, HD T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - The Southern Weed Science Society has conducted an annual survey of the most troublesome weeds in several major crops since 1971. The objective of this summary was to characterize shifts in weed populations over a 22-yr period in four major agronomic crops. For corn, soybean, cotton, and peanut, the largest increases in rank as the most troublesome weeds were found with sicklepod and bermudagrass. The largest decreases were found with johnsongrass, crab-grasses, and common cocklebur. Morningglories and nutsedges remained relatively constant weed problems over the 22-yr period. Sicklepod, nutsedges, and morningglories were the three most troublesome weeds averaged over all crops because they are so well established and relatively difficult to control. Pigweeds (Palmer amaranth, sandhills amaranth, tumble pigweed, and water-hemps) have become increasingly important in soybean, peanut, and cotton in a limited number of states. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00043001 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 308-317 SN - 0890-037X KW - bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers CYNDA KW - common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L XANST KW - crabgrass, Digitaria spp KW - Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense (L) Pers SORHA KW - morningglory, Ipomoea spp KW - nutsedge, Cyperus spp KW - palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S Wats AMAPA KW - sandhills amaranth, Amaranthus arenicola IM Johnst AMAAR KW - sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L) Irwin and Barneby CASOB KW - tumble pigweed, Amaranthus albus L AMAAL KW - waterhemp, Amaranthus spp KW - corn, Zea mays L KW - cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L KW - peanut, Arachis hypogaea L KW - soybean, Glycine max (L) Merr KW - economically important weeds KW - herbicide resistant weeds KW - Southern Weed Science Society weed survey KW - weed distributions KW - weed population shifts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Field testing of DRAINMOD-N AU - Breve, M. A. AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Gilliam, J. W. AU - Parsons, J E. AU - Mohammad, A. T. AU - Chescheir, G. M. AU - Evans, R. O. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of DRAINMOD-N, a nitrogen fate and transport modelfor artificially drained soils, based on a comparison between predicted and observed hydrologic and nitrogen variablesfor an experimental site in eastern North Carolina. The site consisted of six plots drained by subsurface drain tubes1.25 m deep and 23 m apart. Each plot was instrumented to measure water table depth, subsurface drainage, surfacerunoff and subirrigation rates. There were two replications of three water management treatments: conventionaldrainage, controlled drainage and subirrigation. Crops were winter wheat followed by soybean. Results showed themodel did a good job in describing the hydrology of the site. On average the predicted daily water table depths werewithin 0.13 m of observed during the 14-month study period. Differences between predicted and observed cumulativesubsurface drainage and surface runoff volumes were less than 0.10 and 0.09 m, respectively, for all treatments.Predictions for the movement and fate of nitrogen were also in good agreement with measured results. Simulated nitratenitrogen(NO3-N) losses in subsurface drainage water were within 1.5 kg/ha of the observed values for the 14-monthperiod. Differences between simulated and observed total NO3-N losses (subsurface drainage plus surface runoff) werewithin 3.0 kg/ha.

Results of this study indicated DRAINMOD-N could be used to simulate nitrogen losses in poorly drained soils withartificial drainage. The model, however, needs to be tested for longer periods of time and under different climaticconditions and soil types, before it can be recommended for general use. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.13031/2013.21360 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 1077-1085 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cotton variety testing recommendations AU - Bowman, D. T. T2 - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 1 IS - 1997 SP - 490-491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-season evaluation of subsurface drip and nitrogen-application method for supplying nitrogen and water to cotton AU - Bauer, P. J. AU - Hunt, P. G. AU - Camp, C. R. T2 - Journal of Cotton Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 29-37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soybean (Glycine max) influences metolachlor mobility in soil AU - Keller, K. E. AU - Weber, J. B. T2 - Weed Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 833-841 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'NC 12C' peanut AU - Isleib, TG AU - Rice, PW AU - Bailey, JE AU - Mozingo, RW AU - Pattee, HE T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 37, Issue 6 cropsci1997.0011183X003700060051x p. 1976-1976 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘NC 12C’ Peanut T. G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T. G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorP. W. Rice, P. W. Rice Dep. of Plant Pathology, N.C. State Univ., Box 7616, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorJ. E. Bailey, J. E. Bailey Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Ctr., 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorR. W. Mozingo, R. W. Mozingo USDA-ARS, Box 7625, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorH. E. Pattee, H. E. Pattee USDA-ARS, Box 7625, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this author T. G. Isleib, Corresponding Author T. G. Isleib [email protected] Dep. of Crop Science, Box 7629, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorP. W. Rice, P. W. Rice Dep. of Plant Pathology, N.C. State Univ., Box 7616, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorJ. E. Bailey, J. E. Bailey Dep. of Soil and Environ. Sciences Tidewater Agric. Res. Ext. Ctr., 6321 Holland Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23437Search for more papers by this authorR. W. Mozingo, R. W. Mozingo USDA-ARS, Box 7625, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this authorH. E. Pattee, H. E. Pattee USDA-ARS, Box 7625, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7625Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1997 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060051xCitations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume37, Issue6November–December 1997Pages 1976-1976 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060051x VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1976-1976 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manejo sustentado da fertilidade de um latossolo da Amazonia central sob cultivos sucessivos AU - Cravo, M. S. AU - Smyth, T. J. T2 - Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo AB - Estimativas da área desmatada na Amazônia brasileira, principalmente para a pecuária e agricultura itinerante, já ultrapassam o equivalente à superfície do Estado de Rondônia. Com objetivo de estabelecer o modelo de exaustão de nutrientes do solo e determinar as necessidades de fertilizantes e de calcário para o cultivo sucessivo, após desmatamento e queima da vegetação, foi instalado um experimento em um latossolo amarelo próximo de Manaus (AM). Foram avaliadas respostas às aplicações de N, P, K, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn, Zn e calcário, durante oito anos de cultivo. No período de 1981 a 1990, foram feitos 17 cultivos, observando-se respostas ao P, K, calcário e Mg, a partir do primeiro, segundo, terceiro e décimo primeiro cultivos, respectivamente. Para N, só houve resposta nos cultivos de milho, sendo necessário aumentar as aplicações a cada cultivo. Na ausência de adubação e de calagem, houve redução dos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, C e do pH e aumento da saturação de Al, com o tempo de cultivo. O uso de fertilizantes e de calcário, com base na análise do solo, permitiu o cultivo contínuo da mesma área, com uma produtividade média de 4,1 t ha-1 ano-1 de grãos, contra 0,2 t ha-1 ano-1 na testemunha. Seria necessário cultivar, aproximadamente, 24 ha no sistema itinerante, para se conseguir o total de grãos produzidos em 1 ha, durante oito anos, com manejo adequado de fertilizantes e de calcário. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1590/s0100-06831997000400011 VL - 21 IS - 1997 SP - 607-616 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water movement and solute transport through saprolite AU - Li, K AU - Amoozegar, A AU - Robarge, WP AU - Buol, SW T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Many soils are underlain by saprolite. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for preferential movement of pollutants through one soil and two saprolites in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. At one site (Site 1), two 100 by 100 by 100 cm intact blocks were isolated in situ in the Bt horizon and underlying saprolite, and a solution containing KBr, NH 4 NO 3 , a blue dye, and a red dye was applied to the top of each block. At a second location (Site 2), a 120 by 120 by 100 cm intact block of saprolite was similarly prepared. Acid red dye powder (5 g) was placed in four small holes (3 cm deep) bored into the surface of the block, and the block was leached with a solution containing only KBr and NH 4 NO 3 . After drainage, each block was dissected layer by layer (5 or 10 cm thick), and the middle 80 by 80 by 100 cm volume was divided into 768 samples and analyzed for K + , Br ‐ , NH + 4 , and NO ‐ 3 , as well as dye content. The visible patterns of the dyes, and extracted solute concentrations, at Site 1 indicated that preferential movement was more pronounced in the Bt horizon than in the saprolite. At Site 2, the red dye and solutes moved vertically with little lateral deviation. Our results suggest that vertical water movement in the two saprolites occurs mainly through matrix pores with little preferential movement via the visible features inherited from respective parent rocks. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100060027x VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 1738-1745 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soyabean (Glycine max (L) Merr) AU - Burton, JW T2 - FIELD CROPS RESEARCH AB - Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important dual-purpose crops in the world having a variety of uses as an oil and high-protein crop. Soy oil, as well as its oil-extracted meal, finds a number of uses for domestic, animal, and industrial purposes. Soybean finds a principal place in the agricultural production systems of many countries including the United States, China, Brazil, and Argentina besides finding an important place in the predominant cropping systems of several other countries of the world including India. Realizing the importance of soybean, extensive efforts have been undertaken globally to make genetic improvements to it through conventional breeding, which has been complemented by genomics and molecular marker technology in recent years. This has resulted in the development of a number of improved varieties for different agroecological zones, including high yield, high input use efficiency, photoperiod insensitivity, improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation ability, as well as resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This has led to an impressive improvement in production and productivity of soybean over the last 30 years. Despite its relatively large and complex genome, significant progress has been made toward development of molecular and cytogenetic tools. Simultaneously, remarkable progress has also been made in alien gene introgressions, marker-assisted breeding, and genetic transformation. Improvement in protein content and nutritional quality of soy grains and modification of the fatty acid profile of soy oil have established soybean as one of the most viable commercial crops. We discuss in this chapter, various aspects of soybean development covering its history and origin, crop biology, genetics, breeding, and crop improvements, as well as its industrial and domestics uses. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00030-0 VL - 53 IS - 1-3 SP - 171-186 SN - 0378-4290 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rice (Oryza sativa) response to soil residues of selected herbicides AU - Jordan, DL AU - Reynolds, DB AU - Crawford, SH T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - The potential of alachlor, SAN 582H (Proposed name, dimethenamid), chlorimuron plus metribuzin, clomazone, imazaquin, imazethapyr, metolachlor, sulfentrazone, and trifluralin plus flumetsulam to injure rice the year following application to soybean was evaluated on silty clay and silt loam soils in Louisiana. These herbicides did not cause rice injury or yield reduction. Rice tolerance of the amine salt of 2,4-D or thifensulfuron plus tribenuron applied 0, 7, 14, and 28 d prior to planting was also evaluated on these soils. The amine salt of 2,4-D at 1.1 kg ai/ha injured rice 43 and 52% on silty clay and silt loam soils, respectively, in 1994 when applied the day of planting. In 1995, injury was 78 and 88% on these respective soils at this timing. When applied 7 d or more before planting, 2,4-D amine injured rice in one of four trials. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron (17 + 9 g ai/ha) injured rice in one of four trials when applied the day of planting, but did not injure rice when applied 7 d before planting. No visual rice injury was observed when 2,4-D amine or thifensulfuron plus tribenuron was applied 14 or 28 d before planting. Rice grain yield was not affected by thifensulfuron plus tribenuron regardless of the interval between application and rice planting. In contrast, rice grain yield was reduced in all trials when 2,4-D amine was applied on the day of planting, and in one of four trials when applied 7 or 14 d before planting. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1017/s0890037x00043104 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 379-383 SN - 0890-037X KW - alachlor KW - 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide KW - SAN 582H KW - 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide KW - chlorimuron KW - 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid KW - clomazone KW - 2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone KW - flumetsulam KW - N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide KW - imazaquin KW - 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid KW - imazethapyr KW - 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid KW - metolachlor KW - 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide KW - metribuzin KW - 4-amino-6(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one KW - sulfentrazone KW - N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide KW - thifensulfuron KW - 3-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid KW - 2,4-D KW - (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid KW - tribenuron KW - 2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)methylamino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid KW - trifluralin KW - 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine KW - rice KW - Oryza sativa L 'Cypress' KW - soybean KW - Glycine max (L) Merr 'Deltapine 3627' KW - herbicide carryover KW - herbicide persistence KW - reduced-tillage production KW - alachlor KW - dimethenamid (SAN 582H) KW - chlorimuron KW - clomazone KW - flumetsulam KW - imazaquin KW - imazethapyr KW - metolachlor KW - metribuzin KW - sulfentrazone KW - thifensulfuron KW - 2,4-D amine KW - tribenuron KW - trifluralin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'SunOleic 95R' peanut AU - Gorbet, DW AU - Knauft, DA T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 37, Issue 4 cropsci1997.0011183X003700040081x p. 1392-1392 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘SunOleic 95R’ Peanut D. W. Gorbet, Corresponding Author D. W. Gorbet [email protected] Univ. of Florida, NFREC, 3925 Hwy. 71, Marianna, FL, 32446Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorD. A. Knauft, D. A. Knauft Crop Sci. Dep., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620Search for more papers by this author D. W. Gorbet, Corresponding Author D. W. Gorbet [email protected] Univ. of Florida, NFREC, 3925 Hwy. 71, Marianna, FL, 32446Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorD. A. Knauft, D. A. Knauft Crop Sci. Dep., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1997 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700040081xCitations: 71AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume37, Issue4July–August 1997Pages 1392-1392 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700040081x VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 1392-1392 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Rodgers' oat AU - Murphy, JP AU - Navarro, RA AU - Leath, S AU - Murphy, CF AU - Bowman, DT T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Crop ScienceVolume 37, Issue 3 cropsci1997.0011183X003700030073x p. 1017-1017 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Rodgers’ Oat J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy [email protected] Dep. of Crop ScienceCorresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. Navarro Dep. of Crop ScienceSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS and Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. Murphy USDA-ARS, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorD. T. Bowman, D. T. Bowman Dep. of Crop ScienceSearch for more papers by this author J. P. Murphy, Corresponding Author J. P. Murphy [email protected] Dep. of Crop ScienceCorresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Navarro, R. A. Navarro Dep. of Crop ScienceSearch for more papers by this authorS. Leath, S. Leath USDA-ARS and Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorC. F. Murphy, C. F. Murphy USDA-ARS, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorD. T. Bowman, D. T. Bowman Dep. of Crop ScienceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1997 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700030073xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume37, Issue3May–June 1997Pages 1017-1017 RelatedInformation DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700030073x VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 1017-1017 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) AU - Stalker, HT T2 - FIELD CROPS RESEARCH DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00032-4 VL - 53 IS - 1-3 SP - 205-217 SN - 1872-6852 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Marker-assisted selection in maize AU - Stuber, CW T2 - ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/10495399709525871 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 91-97 SN - 1049-5398 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grass-legume bicultures as winter annual cover crops AU - Ranells, NN AU - Wagger, MG T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Grass‐legume bicultures as winter annual cover crops may combine the N scavenging ability of grasses and the biological N 2 fixation capacity of legumes to improve N management in crop production systems of the southeastern USA. A 3‐yr field experiment was conducted on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults). The focus of this research was to examine the differences among legume monocultures and grass‐legume bicultures with regard to early spring dry matter (DM) and N accumulation, and related effects on soil inorganic N levels and subsequent corn ( Zea mays L.) yield. Austrian winter pea [ Pisum sativum L. subsp, sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.], crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), commonve tch ( Vicla saava L.), and hairy vetch ( Vicla villosa Roth ) were grown in monoculture and in bicultures with rye ( Secale cereale L.), oat ( Arena satira L.), and wheat ( Triacum aestivum L.). Aboveground plant material was harvested in early March, late March, and mid‐April. Biomass was separated into component species and analyzed for total N and C concentrations. Averaged over 3 yr, legume component DM accumulation in monoculture and biculture ranged from 0.87 to 2.53 Mg ha −1 , with a ranking of Austrian winter pea < hairy vetch < commonv etch < crimson clover. For the same period, the grass component DM accumulation ranged from 1.31 to 2.28 Mg ha −1 , in the order rye = oat < wheat. Three‐year mean N accumulation values for the legume component followed the same relative ranking and ranged from 24 to 93 kg N ha −1 . Grass factor N content ranged from 18 to 39 kg N ha −1 in the order rye < oat < wheat. For all bicultures, the average C:N ratio over the 3‐yr experiment was >30, suggesting that net N mineralization would occur from the decomposing cover crop residues. Profile soil inorganic N (0 to 90 cm) was greater in legume monoculture than in grass‐legume biculture treatments, indicating the ability of grasses to capture soil N. Corn yield was affected by the treatments in 1 of 3 yr, with greater yields following a legume monoculture than a grass‐legume biculture. Collectively, these results suggest that grass‐legume bicultures as winter annual cover crops have the potential to utilize residual soil NO 3 and thereby minimize leaching while adding fixed N to cropping systems in the southeastern USA. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040019x VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 659-665 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of planting date, starter fertilizer, and fungicide interaction on cotton AU - Stewart, AM AU - Edmisten, KL T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - Abstract It is widely believed that starter fertilizer applications and fungicide treatments, either separate or in combination, can lead to increased plant stands and yields in cool, wet growing seasons. Over a three year period, tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Two methods of starter application and two fungicide treatments were evaluated over two planting dates. Seedling stand counts and lint yield were measured. Our results show that on a North Carolina coastal plain soil there were no interactions between the treatments. A placement of starter fertilizer 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed showed to have more consistent results in increasing plant stand and yield over a banded application. Fungicide treatments were not effective in increasing plant stands and increased yield in only one year over the untreated check. Yield was positively influenced by earlier planting dates and stand was found to increase in one year with an earlier planting date. Our results suggest that starter fertilizer applications can increase yield and plant stand in good years, but there is no interaction between starter fertilizers, fungicide treatments, and planting date on well‐drained coastal plain soils. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1080/01904169709365329 VL - 20 IS - 9 SP - 1225-1230 SN - 0190-4167 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cost-effective transfer of recessive traits via the backcross procedure AU - Isleib, TG T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - The backcross breeding method is often used to transfer recessive traits controlled by one or a few genes from one pure line to another. Guidelines are needed to help plant breeders to use backcrossing cost‐effectively. In a backcrossing program, a plant breeder may choose between methods with two or three stages per cycle. The two‐stage method utilizes alternate backcrossing and selfing to identify BC i S j plants with the recessive trait while the three‐stage method uses two sequential crosses followed by selfing. In the three‐stage method, n min , the minimum number of plants required to recover at least one or two BC i S j plants in the i th cycle with a given probability (1 — α), is obtained by growing only one BC i S j plant for each of n min BC i S o . Alternative values for the number of BC i S o plants (rib) and BC i S j plants per BC i S o ( n s are present for α = 0.05 and α = 0.01 for traits controlled by one, two, three, or four recessive genetic loci. A method to compare the cost‐effectiveness of alternative values is presented for cases where the relative costs of crossing, selfing, and evaluation of S j progeny are known. Unless time is the paramount concern, it is only in cases where the ressive trait is controlled by a single locus that it can be more cost‐effective to make two sequential crosses to the recurrent parent before selflng than to cross and self and then only if the cost of evaluating BC i S j plants is high relative to the cost of producing BC i S o plants. When using the three‐stage backcross method, the breeder can reduce the n b and increase n s if the cost of evaluating BC i S j plants is low relative to the cost of producing BC i S o plants. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010024x VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 139-144 SN - 0011-183X ER -