TY - JOUR TI - Phosphorus fractions in soil after sucessive pig slurry applications in no-tillage system,Frações de fósforo no solo após sucessivas aplicações de dejetos de suínos em plantio direto AU - Ceretta, C.A. AU - Lorensini, F. AU - Brunetto, G. AU - Girotto, E. AU - Gatiboni, L.C. AU - Lourenzi, C.R. AU - Tiecher, T.L. AU - De Conti, L. AU - Trentin, G. AU - Miotto, A. T2 - Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira AB - O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as frações de acumulação de fósforo em solo submetido a sucessivas aplicações de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) em sistema de plantio direto. Em Santa Maria, RS, doses de 0, 20, 40 e 80 m³ ha-1 de DLS foram distribuídas a lanço por sete anos agrícolas, antes do plantio de cada cultivo de inverno ou verão, em Argissolo Vermelho arenoso, totalizando 0, 584, 1.168 e 2.336 kg ha-1 de P aplicado via dejetos. O solo foi coletado nas camadas 0-2, 4-6, 8-10, 14-16 e 20-25 cm, e submetido ao fracionamento químico de P. A adição do DLS ao solo durante sete anos aumentou o teor de P até 25 cm de profundidade, principalmente nas frações inorgânicas extraídas por resina trocadora de ânions, NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1 e NaOH 0,1 mol L-1. As aplicações não aumentaram os teores de P orgânico extraído por NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1, mas sim as frações orgânicas extraídas por NaOH 0,5 e 0,1 mol L-1. O DLS adicionado ao solo por longo período pouco afeta a partição de P em frações inorgânicas e orgânicas. As sucessivas aplicações de DLS aumentam o acúmulo de P em frações predominantemente lábeis no solo, o que representa um risco potencial para contaminação de águas superficiais e subsuperficiais. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1590/S0100-204X2010000600009 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 593-602 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957225438&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potassium availability in a hapludalf soil under long term fertilization,Disponibilidade de potássio em argissolo com histórico de adubação AU - Kaminski, J. AU - Moterle, D.F. AU - Rheinheimer, D.D.S. AU - Gatiboni, L.C. AU - Brunetto, G. T2 - Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 783-791 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956927476&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - A parallel multi-objective ab initio approach for protein structure prediction AB - Protein structure prediction is one of the most important problems in bioinformatics and structural biology. This work proposes a novel and suitable methodology to model protein structure prediction with atomic-level detail by using a parallel multi-objective ab initio approach. In the proposed model, i) A trigonometric representation is used to compute backbone and side-chain torsion angles of protein atoms; ii) The Chemistry at HARvard Macromolecular Mechanics (CHARMm) function optimizes and evaluates the structures of the protein conformations; iii) The evolution of protein conformations is directed by optimization of protein energy contributions using the multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II; and iv) The computation process is sped up and its effectiveness improved through the implementation of an island model of the evolutionary algorithm. The proposed model was validated on a set of benchmark proteins obtaining very promising results. C2 - 2010/12// C3 - 2010 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) DA - 2010/12// DO - 10.1109/bibm.2010.5706552 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm.2010.5706552 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computational Prediction and Experimental Assessment of Secreted/Surface Proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv T2 - PLoS Computational Biology AB - The mycobacterial cell envelope has been implicated in the pathogenicity of tuberculosis and therefore has been a prime target for the identification and characterization of surface proteins with potential application in drug and vaccine development. In this study, the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was screened using Machine Learning tools that included feature-based predictors, general localizers and transmembrane topology predictors to identify proteins that are potentially secreted to the surface of M. tuberculosis, or to the extracellular milieu through different secretory pathways. The subcellular localization of a set of 8 hypothetically secreted/surface candidate proteins was experimentally assessed by cellular fractionation and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) to determine the reliability of the computational methodology proposed here, using 4 secreted/surface proteins with experimental confirmation as positive controls and 2 cytoplasmic proteins as negative controls. Subcellular fractionation and IEM studies provided evidence that the candidate proteins Rv0403c, Rv3630, Rv1022, Rv0835, Rv0361 and Rv0178 are secreted either to the mycobacterial surface or to the extracellular milieu. Surface localization was also confirmed for the positive controls, whereas negative controls were located on the cytoplasm. Based on statistical learning methods, we obtained computational subcellular localization predictions that were experimentally assessed and allowed us to construct a computational protocol with experimental support that allowed us to identify a new set of secreted/surface proteins as potential vaccine candidates. DA - 2010/6/24/ PY - 2010/6/24/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000824 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000824 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Water Conservation on Golf Courses AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/9/30/ PY - 2010/9/30/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Basics of Sports Field Management (Workshop) AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Turf Council of North Carolina Conference C2 - 2010/1/26/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2010/1/26/ PY - 2010/1/26/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Procedures for Conducting an Irrigation Audit AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/11/4/ PY - 2010/11/4/ M3 - Training workshop ER - TY - SOUND TI - The Importance of Conducting an Irrigation Audit AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/11/4/ PY - 2010/11/4/ M3 - Training workshop ER - TY - SOUND TI - Installation of Warm-Season and Cool-Season Turfgrasses AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/9/4/ PY - 2010/9/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutrition and Turfgrass Fertilizers for Golf Courses AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/2/8/ PY - 2010/2/8/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Smart Irrigation AU - Miller, Grady T2 - In-service C2 - 2010/7/22/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2010/7/22/ PY - 2010/7/22/ ER - TY - CONF TI - How to Find Information to Solve Your Problems AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Sports Turf Managers Association of America meeting C2 - 2010/1/14/ CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2010/1/14/ PY - 2010/1/14/ ER - TY - MGZN TI - How to beat the next big chill AU - McCarty, L.B. AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - Carolina Green DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// SP - 26–29 ER - TY - CONF TI - Herbicide and nutrient effects on the development of gray leaf spot caused by Pyricularia grisea on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) AU - Miller, Grady T2 - European Turfgrass Society Conference C2 - 2010/4/11/ CY - Angers, France DA - 2010/4/11/ PY - 2010/4/11/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Managing Turfgrasses for Homeowners AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/7/20/ PY - 2010/7/20/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Management for Warm-Season Athletic Fields AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Sports Turf Managers Association of America meeting C2 - 2010/1/13/ CY - Orlando, FL DA - 2010/1/13/ PY - 2010/1/13/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Predicting temperature increases for synthetic turfgrasses AU - Miller, Grady T2 - European Turfgrass Society Conference C2 - 2010/4/11/ CY - Angers, France DA - 2010/4/11/ PY - 2010/4/11/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sports Turf Research AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/6/29/ PY - 2010/6/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sports Turf Research at NCSU: Changing the Color of Turf AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/4/29/ PY - 2010/4/29/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of New Turfgrasses for Sod Production AU - Miller, Grady T2 - NC Sod Producers Association Meeting C2 - 2010/12/13/ CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2010/12/13/ PY - 2010/12/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Why Athletic Fields Sometime Fail AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/11/17/ PY - 2010/11/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Turfgrass Evaluation for Sod Production in NC AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/4/27/ PY - 2010/4/27/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of New Turfgrasses for NC AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Turf Council of North Carolina Conference C2 - 2010/12/15/ CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2010/12/15/ PY - 2010/12/15/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Update on Raleigh Turf Unit Expansion and Cultural Practices Research AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/11/16/ PY - 2010/11/16/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Changing Bermudagrasses on Greens in Central NC AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/3/30/ PY - 2010/3/30/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Ultradwarf Bermudagrass Management (workshop) AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Turf Council of North Carolina Conference C2 - 2010/12/14/ CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2010/12/14/ PY - 2010/12/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Granular and Foliar Fertilization AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/11/16/ PY - 2010/11/16/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Pesticide and Fertilizer Application along with Irrigation Technology for Optimum Turf Health AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/3/25/ PY - 2010/3/25/ ER - TY - CONF TI - How to Turn Your Fields Green AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Turf Council of North Carolina Conference C2 - 2010/12/13/ CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2010/12/13/ PY - 2010/12/13/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Two Smart Irrigation Technologies in Cary, North Carolina AU - Nautiyal, M. AU - Grabow, G.L. AU - Miller, G.L. AU - Huffman, R.L. T2 - 2010 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Meeting AB - Decreasing the amount of water applied by residential irrigation systems without causing negative effects on turfgrass quality is a challenge. A variety of technologies are available in the market that seeks to reduce irrigation water use. These technologies include rain sensors, and soil moisture sensor (SMS) based and evapotranspiration (ET) based controllers. A study was conducted in Cary, North Carolina with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of two smart systems, based on the amount of irrigation applied and turf quality in residential settings. The study included 24 residential sites that were divided into six geographical regions, each group within a region receiving four different treatments. The treatments were: SMS) an irrigation controller with a soil moisture sensor, ET) an evapotranspiration based controller, ED) a standard irrigation controller using seasonal runtimes based on historical climate data and Control) irrigation controller with no intervention. Data was collected from May 2009 through September 2009. Maximum water savings were achieved by the SMS treatment followed by ET, ED and Control treatments. According to visual turfgrass rating, only the Control group was found to have turf quality below an acceptable level. C2 - 2010/// CY - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/6/20/ DO - 10.13031/2013.29936 M1 - 1009581 PB - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ER - TY - SOUND TI - NCSU Sports Turf Research AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/10/22/ PY - 2010/10/22/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Cool-Season Grasses: What Works Best? AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Turf Council of North Carolina Conference C2 - 2010/12/13/ CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2010/12/13/ PY - 2010/12/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - NCSU Sports Turf Research AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/9/24/ PY - 2010/9/24/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Managing Foliar Nutrients on Putting Greens AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Turf Council of North Carolina Conference C2 - 2010/12/13/ CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2010/12/13/ PY - 2010/12/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Golf Course Fertilization Programs AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/7/29/ PY - 2010/7/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Athletic to Zoysiagrass: Green Industry in 2010 AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/2/16/ PY - 2010/2/16/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Developing a Year-Round Maintenance Program for Sports Fields AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Turf Council of North Carolina Conference C2 - 2010/12/13/ CY - Greensboro, NC DA - 2010/12/13/ PY - 2010/12/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Golf Course Fertilization Programs AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/5/19/ PY - 2010/5/19/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Evaluating New Turfgrasses AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/2/2/ PY - 2010/2/2/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Irrigation Auditing for Golf Courses AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Texas Turfgrass Association Conference C2 - 2010/12/1/ CY - Fort Worth, TX DA - 2010/12/1/ PY - 2010/12/1/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Implications of Reduced Budgets for Landscape Managers AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Texas Turfgrass Association Conference C2 - 2010/11/30/ CY - Fort Worth, TX DA - 2010/11/30/ PY - 2010/11/30/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Implications of Reduced Budgets for Sports Fields AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Texas Turfgrass Association Conference C2 - 2010/11/30/ CY - Fort Worth, TX DA - 2010/11/30/ PY - 2010/11/30/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Turf Cover to Prevent Soil Erosion AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/11/8/ PY - 2010/11/8/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Maximizing the Durability of Athletic Fields AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M1 - AG-726 M3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Publications - Fact Sheet PB - North Carolina State University SN - AG-726 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Baseball Field Layout and Construction AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M1 - AG-725 M3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Publications - Fact Sheet PB - North Carolina State University SN - AG-725 ER - TY - CONF TI - Irrigation Issues on Golf Courses AU - Miller, Grady T2 - NC Irrigation Association Conference C2 - 2010/11/3/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2010/11/3/ PY - 2010/11/3/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Turfgrass Water Management AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Alabama Turfgrass Association Meeting C2 - 2010/10/21/ CY - Auburn, AL DA - 2010/10/21/ PY - 2010/10/21/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Managing Fields to Deal with Wear AU - Miller, Grady T2 - Middle Tennessee Sports Turf Conference C2 - 2010/10/13/ CY - Bellevue, TN DA - 2010/10/13/ PY - 2010/10/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Establishment of Turfgrasses AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/2/25/ PY - 2010/2/25/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Mowing, Aerification, and Other Cultural Practices AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/2/16/ PY - 2010/2/16/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sports Turf Program at NCSU AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/9/21/ PY - 2010/9/21/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Lawn Painting vs Overseeding AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/1/27/ PY - 2010/1/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Using Smart Irrigation Controllers AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/3/17/ PY - 2010/3/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - How to Get Your Overused Field Ready for Fall 2010 AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/3/17/ PY - 2010/3/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Foliar and Granular Fertilization AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/3/17/ PY - 2010/3/17/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Winter-kill and responding to it now AU - McCarty, B. AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2010/8/23/ PY - 2010/8/23/ PB - North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Fall seeding of tall fescue AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2010/8/23/ PY - 2010/8/23/ PB - North Carolina State University ER - TY - RPRT TI - Comparison of athletic field paint application methods AU - Miller, G.L. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2010/8/11/ PY - 2010/8/11/ PB - North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green with envy AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 26 IS - 11 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is it too late? AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blood on the field AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - 50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fire ants AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overseeding Blues AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - We lost our field, what next? AU - Miller, G.L. T2 - SportsTurf DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 53-54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing Active and Interactive Learning Online - Lessons Learned from an Online Introductory Agroecology Course AU - Schroeder-Moreno, M.S. T2 - NACTA Journal DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 21–30 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Paint Application Techniques for Sports Fields AU - Miller, Grady DA - 2010/8/11/ PY - 2010/8/11/ ER - TY - MGZN TI - Evaluation of green turf colorants on putting greens AU - Briscoe, K. AU - Miller, G. AU - Brinton, S. T2 - North Carolina Turfgrass DA - 2010/7// PY - 2010/7// SP - 20–22 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Managing Equipment Traffic to Limit Soil Compaction AU - Meijer, A. AU - Heitman, J.L. A3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M1 - AG 439 72 M3 - North Carolina State Extension Publication PB - North Carolina Cooperative Extension SN - AG 439 72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton Yield as Affected by Soil Texture and Irrigation AU - Herring, S.L. AU - Koenning, S.R. AU - Heitman, J.L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 319–323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do Wall Street economists believe in Okun’s Law and the Taylor Rule? AU - Mitchell, Karlyn AU - Pearce, Douglas K. T2 - Journal of Economics and Finance DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1007/s12197-009-9085-3 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 196–217 SN - 1055-0925 1938-9744 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12197-009-9085-3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping resistance quantitative trait loci for three foliar diseases in a maize recombinant inbred line population - Evidence for multiple disease resistance? AU - Zwonitzer, J.C. AU - Coles, N.D. AU - Krakowsky, M.D. AU - Arellano, C. AU - Holland, J.B. AU - McMullen, M.D. AU - Pratt, R.C. AU - Balint-Kurti, P.J. T2 - Phytopathology AB - Southern leaf blight (SLB), gray leaf spot (GLS), and northern leaf blight (NLB) are all important foliar diseases impacting maize production. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to these diseases in a maize recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between maize lines Ki14 and B73, and to evaluate the evidence for the presence genes or loci conferring multiple disease resistance (MDR). Each disease was scored in multiple separate trials. Highly significant correlations between the resistances and the three diseases were found. The highest correlation was identified between SLB and GLS resistance (r = 0.62). Correlations between resistance to each of the diseases and time to flowering were also highly significant. Nine, eight, and six QTL were identified for SLB, GLS, and NLB resistance, respectively. QTL for all three diseases colocalized in bin 1.06, while QTL colocalizing for two of the three diseases were identified in bins 1.08 to 1.09, 2.02/2.03, 3.04/3.05, 8.05, and 10.05. QTL for time to flowering were also identified at four of these six loci (bins 1.06, 3.04/3.05, 8.05, and 10.05). No disease resistance QTL was identified at the largest-effect QTL for flowering time in bin 10.03. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-100-1-0072 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 72-79 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75649139868&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Dedication: Major M. Goodman: Maize Geneticist and Breeder AU - Holland, J.B. AU - Nelson, P.T. T2 - Plant Breeding Reviews AB - Chapter 1 Dedication: Major M. Goodman: Maize Geneticist and Breeder James B. Holland, James B. Holland USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Box 7620, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USASearch for more papers by this authorPaul T. Nelson, Paul T. Nelson Department of Crop Science, Box 7620, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USASearch for more papers by this author James B. Holland, James B. Holland USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Box 7620, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USASearch for more papers by this authorPaul T. Nelson, Paul T. Nelson Department of Crop Science, Box 7620, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Jules Janick, Jules Janick Purdue University, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470535486.ch1Citations: 1 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary This chapter contains sections titled: Biographical Sketch Scientific Achievements Service to Humankind Mentor and Colleague Publications of Major Goodman Literature Cited V. PUBLICATIONS OF MAJOR GOODMAN Goodman, M.M. 1965a. Estimates of genetic variance in adapted and exotic populations of maize. Crop Sci., 5: 87–90. 10.2135/cropsci1965.0011183X000500010025x Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1965b. The history and origin of maize. Current theories on the relationships between maize and some of its relatives. North Carolina Agr. Expt. Station Tech. Bul. 170. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1966. Correlation and the structure of introgressive populations. Evolution 20: 191–203. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1966.tb03355.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1967a. The identification of hybrid plants in segregating populations. Evolution 21: 334–340. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1967.tb00161.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1967b. The races of maize: I. The use of Mahalanobis' generalized distances to measure morphological similarity. Fitotecnia Latinoamericana 4: 1–22. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1968a. A measure of “overall variability” in populations. Biometrics 24: 189–192. 10.2307/2528472 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1968b. The races of maize: II. Use of multivariate analysis of variance to measure morphological similarity. Crop Sci. 8: 693–698. 10.2135/cropsci1968.0011183X000800060016x PubMedGoogle Scholar [Reprinted in 1975 as pp. 97–102. In: W. R. Atchley and E. H. Bryant (eds.), Multivariate statistical methods: Among-groups covariation. Benchmark papers in systematic and evolutionary biology 1. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA.] Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1969. Measuring evolutionary divergence. Japanese Journal of Genetics 44 (Suppl. 1): 310–316. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M., and E. Paterniani. 1969. The races of maize: III. Choices of appropriate characters for racial classification. Economic Botany 23: 265–273. 10.1007/BF02860459 Web of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1972. Distance analysis in biology. Systematic Zoology 21: 174–186. 10.2307/2412287 Web of Science®Google Scholar [Reprinted in 1975 as pp. 377–389. W. R. Atchley and E. H. Bryant (eds.), Multivariate statistical methods: Among-groups covariation. Benchmark papers in systematic and evolutionary biology 1. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA.] Google Scholar Stevenson, J.C., and M.M. Goodman. 1972. Ecology of exotic races of maize. I. Leaf number and tillering of 16 races under four temperatures and two photoperiods. Crop Sci. 12: 864–868. 10.2135/cropsci1972.0011183X001200060045x Web of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1973. Genetic distances: Measuring dissimilarity among populations. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 17: 1–38. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1974. Numerical aids in taxonomy. pp. 485–500. In: A.E. Radford, W.C. Dickison, J.R. Massey, and C.R. Bell (eds.), Vascular plant systematics. Harper & Row, New York. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1976. Maize. pp. 128–136. In: N. W. Simmonds (ed.), Evolution of crop plants. Longman, New York. Google Scholar Bird, R.McK., and M.M. Goodman. 1977. The races of maize. V. Grouping maize races on the basis of ear morphology. Econ. Bot. 31: 471–481. 10.1007/BF02912560 Web of Science®Google Scholar Brown, W.L., and M.M. Goodman. 1977. Races of corn. p. 49–88. In: G. F. Sprague (ed.), Corn and corn improvement. Am. Soc. Agron, Madison, WI. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M., and R.McK. Bird. 1977. The races of maize. IV. Tentative grouping of 219 Latin American races. Econ. Bot. 31: 204–221. 10.1007/BF02866591 Web of Science®Google Scholar Hussaini, S.H., M.M. Goodman, and D.H. Timothy. 1977. Multivariate analysis and the geographical distribution of the world collection of finger millet. Crop Sci. 17: 257–263. 10.2135/cropsci1977.0011183X001700020007x Web of Science®Google Scholar Paterniani, E., and M.M. Goodman. 1977. Races of maize in Brazil and adjacent areas. CIMMYT, Mexico City. Web of Science®Google Scholar Stuber, C.W., M.M. Goodman, and F.M. Johnson. 1977. Genetic control and racial variation of β-glucosidase isozymes in maize (Zea mays L.). Biochem. Gen. 15: 383–394. 10.1007/BF00484468 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cervantes Santana, T., M.M. Goodman, and E. Casas Diaz. 1978. Efectos geneticos y de interaccion genotipo-ambiente en la clasificacion de razas Mexicanas de maiz. Agrociencia 31: 25–43. Google Scholar Cervantes Santana, T., M.M. Goodman, E. Casas Diaz, and J.O. Rawlings. 1978. Use of genetic effects and genotype by environmental interactions for the classification of Mexican races of maize. Genetics 90: 339–348. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1978a. A brief survey of the races of maize and current attempts to infer racial relationships. pp. 143–158. In: D.B. Walden (ed.), Maize breeding and genetics. Wiley, New York. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1978b. History and origin of corn. pp. 1–31. In: E. Paterniani (ed.), Melhoramento e produção do milho no Brasil. Fundação Cargill, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M., and J. Stephen C. Smith. 1978. Botany. pp. 32–70. In: Melhoramento e produção do milho no Brasil. Fundação Cargill, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. Google Scholar Castillo-Morales, A., and M.M. Goodman. 1979. The least squares tree for a four points distance matrix. Classification Society Bul. 4: 5–13. Google Scholar Timothy, D.H. and M.M. Goodman. 1979. Germplasm preservation: The basis of future feast or famine. Genetic resources of maize—An example. pp. 171–200. In: I. Rubenstein, R. L. Phillips, C. E. Green and B. G. Gengenbach (eds.), The plant seed: development, preservation, and germination. Academic Press, New York. 10.1016/B978-0-12-602050-2.50014-1 Google Scholar Cardy, B.J., C.W. Stuber, and M.M. Goodman. 1980. Techniques for starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes from maize (Zea mays L.). Institute of Statistics Mimeograph Series No. 1317, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Google Scholar Goodman, M.M., and C.W. Stuber. 1980. Genetic identification of lines and crosses using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Corn and Sorghum Industry Res. Conf. Proc. 35: 10–31. Web of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M., C.W. Stuber, C.N. Lee, and F.M. Johnson. 1980a. 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A comparison of chromosome knob frequencies between sympatric and allopatric populations of teosinte and maize. Am. J. Bot. 68: 947–954. 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1981.tb07811.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Smith, J.S.C., M.M. Goodman, and R.N. Lester. 1981. Variation within teosinte. I. Numerical analysis of morphological data. Econ. Bot. 35: 187–203. 10.1007/BF02858686 Web of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, M.M. 1982. Maize retraced cytogenetically. (Book review). Science 216: 871–872. 10.1126/science.216.4548.871 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Goodman, M.M., C.W. Stuber, and K.J. Newton. 1982. Isozyme loci in maize. pp. 53–60. In: William F. Sheridan (ed.), Maize for biological research. Plant Mol. Biol. Assoc., Charlottesville, VA. Google Scholar Smith, J.S.C., M.M. Goodman, and T.A. Kato Y. 1982. Variation within teosinte. II. Numerical analysis of chromosome knob data. Econ. Bot, 36: 100–112. 10.1007/BF02858705 Web of Science®Google Scholar Stuber, C.W., M.M. Goodman, and R.H. Moll. 1982. 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AU - Brummer, E.C. AU - Buckler, E.S. AU - Cox, C.M. AU - Cox, T.S. AU - Crews, T.E. AU - Culman, S.W. AU - Dehaan, L.R. AU - Eriksson, D. AU - Gill, B.S. AU - Holland, J. AU - Hu, F. AU - Hulke, B.S. AU - Ibrahim, A.M.H. AU - Jackson, W. AU - Jones, S.S. AU - Murray, S.C. AU - Paterson, A.H. AU - Ploschuk, E. AU - Sacks, E.J. AU - Snapp, S. AU - Tao, D. AU - Van Tassel, D.L. AU - Wade, L.J. AU - Wyse, D.L. AU - Xu, Y. T2 - Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 330 IS - 6000 SP - 33-34 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957375418&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Physiological and Anatomical Factors Determining Fiber Structure and Utility AU - Haigler, C.H. T2 - Physiology of Cotton PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1007/978-90-481-3195-2_4 SP - 33-47 OP - PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 9789048131945 9789048131952 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3195-2_4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - 3D volumes constructed from pixel-based images by digitally clearing plant and animal tissue AU - Livingston, D.P. AU - Tuong, T.D. AU - Gadi, S.R.V. AU - Haigler, C.H. AU - Gelman, R.S. AU - Cullen, J.M. T2 - Journal of Microscopy AB - Summary Construction of three‐dimensional volumes from a series of two‐dimensional images has been restricted by the limited capacity to decrease the opacity of tissue. The use of commercial software that allows colour‐keying and manipulation of two‐dimensional images in true three‐dimensional space allowed us to construct three‐dimensional volumes from pixel‐based images of stained plant and animal tissue without generating vector information. We present three‐dimensional volumes of (1) the crown of an oat plant showing internal responses to a freezing treatment, (2) a sample of a hepatocellular carcinoma from a woodchuck liver that had been heat‐treated with computer‐guided radiofrequency ablation to induce necrosis in the central portion of the tumour, and (3) several features of a sample of mouse lung. The technique is well suited to images from large sections (greater than 1 mm) generated from paraffin‐embedded tissues. It is widely applicable, having potential to recover three‐dimensional information at virtually any resolution inherent in images generated by light microscopy, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or electron microscopy. DA - 2010/6/21/ PY - 2010/6/21/ DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03393.x VL - 240 IS - 2 SP - 122-129 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2720 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03393.x DB - Crossref KW - Adobe After Effects KW - biopsy KW - frozen plant KW - in situ hybridization KW - light microscopy KW - liver KW - lung KW - paraffin KW - radiofrequency ablation KW - tumour KW - 3D reconstruction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Rates on Pickling Cucumber Production AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Cahill, Sheri L. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Holmes, Gerald J. AU - Jester, Wilfred R. T2 - International Journal of Vegetable Science AB - Cucumbers require adequate nitrogen (N) for growth and development. This study was undertaken to determine the most effective tillage system and N rate for hand-picked, processing, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production. Three tillage systems and five N fertilizer rates were compared for effects on yield, fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE), and effects on belly rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. In both years conventional tillage had greater yields than no till and was greater than strip tillage one year. Cucumber NUE was not different between tillage systems or N rates; NUE averaged 35%. In one of two years, incidence of belly rot disease was greater under no till and increased with increasing N rate; in the other year, there was no affect of tillage on belly rot. In most years, conventional tillage for cucumbers will outperform strip tillage and no till. DA - 2010/12/30/ PY - 2010/12/30/ DO - 10.1080/19315260.2010.499892 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 13-25 J2 - International Journal of Vegetable Science LA - en OP - SN - 1931-5260 1931-5279 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2010.499892 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Simple Approach for Demonstrating Soil Water Retention and Field Capacity AU - Howard, A. AU - Heitman, J. L. AU - Bowman, D. T2 - Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education AB - It is difficult to demonstrate the soil water retention relationship and related concepts because the specialized equipment required for performing these measurements is unavailable in most classrooms. This article outlines a low‐cost, easily visualized method by which these concepts can be demonstrated in most any classroom. Columns (62.5 cm tall) were constructed using 25, 2.5 cm tall sections of 7.62‐cm (3‐inch) i.d. polyvinyl chloride pipe, which were connected using transparent tape. Three different soil materials were packed to specified bulk densities in the columns, and saturated with water. These vertical columns were then allowed to drain into a simulated water table 2.5 cm above the bottom of the soil volume until drainage ceased. After drainage, columns were sectioned to determine water content distribution with depth along the column. It was assumed that matric potential was inversely related to height above the water table. Therefore, water content measurements and assumed potentials for each section provided data for a water retention curve with minimum potential of approximately –60 cm. During drainage, measurements of soil matric potential were taken at regular intervals using tensiometers installed within the column, validating assumptions about matric potential. Among soil materials tested, those with narrow particle‐size distributions, ∼100% sand, gave the widest distribution of water contents in the observed matric potential ranges. This method, with proper explanation and execution, may be a valuable learning tool by which visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners may be better able to understand the concepts pertaining to soil–water retention relationships. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.4195/jnrlse.2009.0036n VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 120 LA - en OP - SN - 1539-1582 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4195/jnrlse.2009.0036n DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential Cotton leaf crumple virus-VIGS-mediated gene silencing and viral genome localization in different Gossypium hirsutum genetic backgrounds AU - Idris, Ali M. AU - Tuttle, J.R. AU - Robertson, D. AU - Haigler, C.H. AU - Brown, J.K. T2 - Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology AB - A Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV)-based gene silencing vector containing a fragment of the Gossypium hirsutum Magnesium chelatase subunit I was used to establish endogenous gene silencing in cotton of varied genetic backgrounds. Biolistic inoculation resulted in systemic and persistent photo-bleaching of the leaves and bolls of the seven cultivars tested, however, the intensity of silencing was variable. CLCrV-VIGS-mediated expression of green fluorescent protein was used to monitor the in planta distribution of the vector, indicating successful phloem invasion in all cultivars tested. Acala SJ-1, one of the cotton cultivars, was identified as a particularly optimal candidate for CLCrV-VIGS-based cotton reverse-genetics. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.pmpp.2010.07.002 VL - 75 IS - 1-2 SP - 13-22 J2 - Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology LA - en OP - SN - 0885-5765 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2010.07.002 DB - Crossref KW - Begomovirus KW - Cotton breeding KW - Cotton genetics KW - Genetic improvement KW - Geminivirus KW - Magnesium chelatase marker KW - Viral episome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequencing and Utilization of the Gossypium Genomes AU - Paterson, Andrew H. AU - Rong, Jun-kang AU - Gingle, Alan R. AU - Chee, Peng W. AU - Dennis, Elizabeth S. AU - Llewellyn, Danny AU - Dure, Leon S., III AU - Haigler, Candace AU - Myers, Gerald O. AU - Peterson, Daniel G. AU - ur Rahman, Mehboob AU - Zafar, Yusuf AU - Reddy, Umesh AU - Saranga, Yehoshua AU - Stewart, James M. AU - Udall, Joshua A. AU - Waghmare, Vijay N. AU - Wendel, Jonathan F. AU - Wilkins, Thea A. AU - Wright, Robert J. AU - Zaki, Essam AU - Hafez, Elsayed E. AU - Zhu, Jun T2 - Tropical Plant Biology AB - Revealing the genetic underpinnings of cotton productivity will require understanding both the prehistoric evolution of spinnable fibers, and the results of independent domestication processes in both the Old and New Worlds. Progress toward a reference sequence for the smallest Gossypium genome is a logical stepping-stone toward revealing diversity in the remaining seven genomes (A, B, C, E, F, G, K) that permitted Gossypium species to adapt to a wide range of ecosystems in warmer arid regions of the world, and toward identifying the emergent properties that account for the superior productivity and quality of tetraploid cottons. The greatest challenge facing the cotton community is not genome sequencing per se but the conversion of sequence to knowledge. DA - 2010/4/14/ PY - 2010/4/14/ DO - 10.1007/S12042-010-9051-4 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 71-74 J2 - Tropical Plant Biol. LA - en OP - SN - 1935-9756 1935-9764 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S12042-010-9051-4 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Macroscale chemical properties and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of soil phosphorus AU - Hesterberg, D. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 34 SE - 313-356 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955798731&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - RPRT TI - Commercial Production of Staked Tomatoes in the Southeast (including Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina) AU - Ivors, K. AU - Sanders, D. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M1 - AG-405 PB - North Carolina State University SN - AG-405 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Herbicide carryover in hay, manure, compost, and grass clippings: Caution to hay producers, livestock owners, farmers, and home gardeners AU - Davis, J. AU - Johnson, S.E. AU - Jennings, K.M. A3 - North Carolina State University DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// M1 - AG-727W PB - North Carolina State University SN - AG-727W ER - TY - CONF TI - Impact of Smart Technologies on Residential Water Use in North Carolina AU - Grabow, G.L. AU - Nautiyal, M. AU - Vick, R.L. AU - Huffman, R.L. AU - Miller, G.L. C2 - 2010/// C3 - 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference DA - 2010/// PB - ASABE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of green turf colorants as an alternative to overseeding on putting greens AU - Briscoe, K. AU - Miller, G. AU - Brinton, S. T2 - Applied Turfgrass Science DA - 2010/3/26/ PY - 2010/3/26/ SP - 1–8 ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparing Digital Image Analysis and other Turf Quality Measurements in the Evaluation of "SMART" Irrigation Technologies AU - Ghali, Ihab E AU - Grabow, Garry L AU - Huffman, Rodney L AU - Miller, Grady L T2 - 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010 AB - An efficiently managed irrigation system is important in order to achieve the dual goals of water conservation and acceptable turf quality. The main objective of this study was to identify changes and correlations among turf visual rating, canopy reflectance, canopy temperature and digital imagery index in evaluating turfgrass quality under different irrigation treatments. A study of ten irrigation treatments on tall fescue plots combining controller technology (a standard time-based system, two soil-moisture-based systems, and an evapotranspiration based system) and watering frequency (once per week, twice per week and seven days per week) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design was done at the North Carolina State University Lake Wheeler Turf Field Laboratories. Different turf quality measurements were taken on a weekly basis during the summer of 2008 and 2009. An imagery analysis index, dark green color index (DGCI), was strongly and positively correlated with a visual rating index(r = 0.67 and 0.85, for 2008 and 2009 respectively) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (r = 0.83 and 0.87, for 2008 and 2009 respectively), but negatively and weakly correlated with canopy and ambient air temperature differentials (ΔT) (r = -0.06 and -0.24, for 2008 and 2009 respectively). Because of their objective measurements, digital imagery analysis and canopy spectral reflectance techniques can be used effectively to evaluate the variability in turf quality under different irrigation treatments (technology x frequency), thus improving irrigation management finding the treatment has low water-use with acceptable turf quality. C2 - 2010/// C3 - 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010 DA - 2010/// DO - 10.13031/2013.30018 PB - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30018 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Identification of a QTL associated with reduced post-harvest aflatoxin accumulation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) AU - Rowe, C.E. AU - Vontimitta, V.J. AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 85–86 ER - TY - CONF TI - Release of ‘Sugg’ virginia-type peanut cultivar AU - Copeland, S.C. AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Shew, B.B. AU - Hollowell, J.E. AU - Pattee, H.E. AU - Sanders, T.H. AU - Dean, L.L. AU - Hendrix, K.W. AU - Balota, M. AU - Chapin, J.W. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc. DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 81 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Relative interference of eight populations of Palmer amaranth with selected crops AU - Chandi, A. AU - Jordan, D.L. AU - Burton, J.D. AU - York, A.C. AU - Spears, J. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Culpepper, A.S. AU - Vencill, B. AU - Whitaker, J. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Relative interference of eight Palmer amaranth populations with peanut and other crops AU - Chandi, A. AU - Jordan, D.L. AU - Burton, J.D. AU - York, A.C. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Culpepper, A.S. AU - Whitaker, J. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc. DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 36–37 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Molecular mapping of QTL for early maturity in peanut AU - Villegas Chirinos, F. AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Knapp, S.J. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. DA - 2010/10/31/ PY - 2010/10/31/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Molecular and cytological assessment of genetic diversity in Stenotaphrum germplasm AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Van Esbroeck, G.A. AU - Quesenberry, K.H. AU - Kenworthy, K.E. DA - 2010/10/31/ PY - 2010/10/31/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of single sequence repeat (SSR) markers for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing early maturity in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) AU - Villegas Chirinos, F. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Knapp, S.J. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 53–54 ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of AFLP markers for assessment of genetic diversity in St. Augustinegrass germplasm AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. C2 - 2010/2/2/ C3 - Proceedings of Interanational Conference of Green Plant Breeding Technologies DA - 2010/2/2/ SP - 28 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Turfgrass breeding at NCSU: Year One AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. DA - 2010/1/25/ PY - 2010/1/25/ M3 - invited presentation ER - TY - SOUND TI - Turfgrass breeding at NCSU: Year 1.9 AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. DA - 2010/12/15/ PY - 2010/12/15/ M3 - invited presentation ER - TY - SOUND TI - Transferring informative cereal SSRs to warm-season turfgrasses for germplasm characterization and evaluation AU - Kimball, J.A. AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. DA - 2010/10/31/ PY - 2010/10/31/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker variability among Arachis species AU - Jones, E. AU - Stalker, H.T. AU - Tallury, S.P. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Petrik, D. AU - Knapp, S.J. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 53 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Characterization and evaluation of warm-season turfgrass germplasm using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) transferred from cereal crops AU - Kimball, J.A. AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Assessment of genetic diversity in zoysiagrass germplasm using AFLP markers AU - Kimball, J.A. AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Kenworthy, K.E. AU - Lehman, V.G. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. DA - 2010/10/31/ PY - 2010/10/31/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessment of genetic diversity changes in U.S. runner-type peanut cultivars released between 1943 and 2009 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Isleib, T.G. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 21 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Assessing genetic diversity in centipedegrass germplasm with sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Harris, K.R. AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Schwartz, B.M. AU - Hanna, W.W. DA - 2010/1/9/ PY - 2010/1/9/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of ‘Bailey’ peanut AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. AU - Pattee, H.E. AU - Copeland, S.C. AU - Zuleta, M.C. AU - Shew, B.B. AU - Hollowell, J.E. AU - Sanders, T.H. AU - Dean, L.O. AU - Hendrix, K.W. AU - Balota, M. AU - Chapin, J.W. T2 - J. Plant Reg. AB - ‘Bailey’ (Reg. No. CV‐111, PI 659502) is a large‐seeded virginia‐type peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea ) with partial resistance to five diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia‐Carolina production area: early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori), late leaf spot [caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton], Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas], Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger), and tomato spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus ). It also has partial resistance to southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.). Bailey was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple‐disease resistance funded by growers, seedsmen, shellers, and processors. Bailey was tested under the experimental designation N03081T and was released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2008. Bailey was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA‐ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Bailey has an alternate branching pattern, an intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia‐type seeds. It has approximately 34% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, seeds with tan testas and an average weight of 823 mg seed −1 , and an extra large kernel content of approximately 42%. Bailey is named in honor of the late Dr. Jack E. Bailey, formerly the peanut breeding project's collaborating plant pathologist. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.3198/jpr2009.12.0742crc VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 27-39 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic gain for pod yield in the North Carolina State University peanut breeding project AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Copeland, S.C. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 79–80 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic gain for flavor in the North Carolina State University peanut breeding project AU - Pattee, H.E. AU - Isleib, T.G. AU - Copeland, S.C. AU - Milla-Lewis, S.R. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society DA - 2010/// VL - 42 SP - 90–91 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields AU - Reberg-Horton, S.C. AU - Mueller, J.P. AU - Mellage, S.J. AU - Creamer, N.G. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Bell, M. AU - Burton, M.G. T2 - Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems AB - Abstract Natural vegetation occurring on farms in field margins, fallow fields, ditch systems and neighboring forests, provides increased biodiversity, structural diversity, habitat for wildlife and beneficial insects, and can act as a protective buffer against agrochemical drift. Nevertheless, farmers frequently view these areas as non-productive and as potential sources of weeds, insect pests and diseases. Weed species richness and abundance were examined in crop fields in 2002–2003 at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems near Goldsboro, NC to determine if crop field weed infestation was associated with field margin management (managed versus unmanaged). Weed species abundance and richness were measured over two growing seasons on four occasions in crop fields along permanent transects that extended from the field edge toward the center of the field. The presence/absence of data for all plant species in the field margin was also recorded. For both margin types, managed and unmanaged, more weeds were found near the field edge than in the center of the field. Weed species richness was slightly higher in cropland bordering managed margins than in cropland along unmanaged margins. Several significant interactions led to an examination of nine dominant weed species in each field margin type and their distribution in crop fields. When all sampling dates were pooled, only 42 (40%) of 105 species identified in the field margins were observed in the crop field. Managed margins had lower species richness than unmanaged field margins—less than half the mean number of species (15 versus 6 species, respectively). Contingency table analysis did not reveal any association between plant species occurring in the margin and those found in the crop field. Furthermore, margin type and weed presence in the field margin were not effective predictors of weed occurrence in the crop field as determined by logistic regression. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1017/s1742170510000451 VL - 26 IS - 02 SP - 127-136 KW - field margin KW - weed populations KW - crop edges KW - farm natural areas ER - TY - NEWS TI - Field borders and beneficial habitat research T2 - Organic Grain Project Newsletter PY - 2010/// UR - http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/June10.htm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing Bt Silage Corn in Maine AU - Jemison, John AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris T2 - Crop Management AB - Crop ManagementVolume 9, Issue 1 p. 1-8 Crop Management Research Assessing Bt Silage Corn in Maine John Jemison, Corresponding Author John Jemison Extension Professor [email protected] University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine, ME, 04469Corresponding author: John Jemison. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Assistant Professor Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author John Jemison, Corresponding Author John Jemison Extension Professor [email protected] University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine, ME, 04469Corresponding author: John Jemison. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Assistant Professor Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 22 October 2010 https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2010-1022-01-RSCitations: 1 Jemison, J., and Reberg-Horton, C. 2010. Assessing Bt silage corn in Maine. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2010-1022-01-RS. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Over 90 percent of the corn grown in Maine is grown for silage, yet most research has focused on the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn as grain corn. In response to grower interest, a seven site-year-location (SYL) study was conducted across the dairy production region of Maine to evaluate the effect of Bt corn on insect feeding damage, silage corn yield, mycotoxin content in chopped silage, and forage quality. Black cutworm damage over the course of the study was generally less than 1%, and European corn borer (ECB) damage was light to moderate with stalk tunneling between 2% for Bt hybrids and 11% based on non-Bt hybrids. Although Bt significantly reduced ECB feeding in leaves and stalks, this did not lead to yield, silage mycotoxin, or forage quality differences. Based on these results, potential yield increases and reduced mycotoxins in silage would be expected only in years with greater insect pressure than that found in this study. Literature Cited 1Bode W. M., Calvin D. D.. 1990. Yield-loss relationships and economic injury levels for European corn borer lepidoptera pyralidae populations infesting Pennsylvania USA field corn. J. Econ. 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Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: Potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts. Transgenic Res. 15: 277–289.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-005-5237-1 http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=000238328300002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume9, Issue12010Pages 1-8 ReferencesRelatedInformation DA - 2010/10/1/ PY - 2010/10/1/ DO - 10.1094/CM-2010-1022-01-RS VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 00 LA - en SN - 1543-7833 UR - https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cm/abstracts/9/1/2010-1022-01-RS DB - dl.sciencesocieties.org Y2 - 2019/2/8/ ER - TY - NEWS TI - Organic wheat storage and marketing T2 - Organic Grain Project Newsletter PY - 2010/10/3/ UR - http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/March10.htm ER - TY - NEWS TI - Organic spelt and canola: new crops for NC? T2 - Organic Grain Project Newsletter PY - 2010/// UR - http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/December2010.htm ER - TY - NEWS TI - Organic soybean seeding rate T2 - Organic Grain Project Newsletter PY - 2010/// UR - http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/March10.htm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields AU - Reberg-Horton, S.C. AU - Mueller, J.P. AU - Mellage, S.J. AU - Creamer, N.G. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Bell, M. AU - Burton, M.G. T2 - Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1017/S174217051000045 VL - 26 ER - TY - NEWS TI - Rolled rye mulches for weed control in organic no-till soybeans T2 - Organic Grain Project Newsletter PY - 2010/// UR - http://www.organicgrains.ncsu.edu/Newsletters/December2010.htm ER - TY - JOUR TI - White paper report from working groups attending the international conference on research and educational opportunities in bio-fuel crop production AU - Morgan, K.T. AU - Gilbert, R.A. AU - Helsel, Z.A. AU - Baucum, L. AU - Leon, R. AU - Perret, J. T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - A conference on current research and educational programs in production of crops for bio-fuel was sponsored and organized by the EARTH University and the University of Florida in November, 2008. The meeting addressed current research on crops for bio-fuel production with discussions of research alternatives for future crop production systems, land use issues, ethics of food vs. fuel production, and carbon sequestration in environmentally sensitive tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Americas. The need and potential for development of graduate and undergraduate curricula and inter-institutional cooperation among educational institutions in the region were also discussed. Delegations from Belize, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Honduras, Panama, The Dominican Republic, and the United States including ministers of Agriculture and Energy attended this meeting. Over a two-day period, four working groups provided a framework to facilitate networking, motivate task oriented creative thinking, and maintain a timely accomplishment of assigned duties in the context of the conference themes. Participants in the conference were assigned to one of four working groups, each following given topics: Agronomy, Environment, Socio-Economics and Education/Extension. It was the consensus of representatives of industry, academic and regulatory community assembled in Costa Rica that significant research, education and socio-economic information is needed to make production of bio-fuel crops sustainable. Agronomic research should include better crop selection based on local conditions, improved production techniques, pest and disease management, and mechanical cultivation and harvesting. Another conclusion was that tailoring of production systems to local soil characteristics and use of bio-fuel by-products to improve nutrient use efficiency and reduction of environmental impact on water quantity and quality is critical to sustainability of bio-fuel crop production. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.07.004 VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - 1968–1972 KW - Saccharum officinarum L. KW - Jatropha curcas L. KW - Elaeis guineensis Jacq. KW - Environmental impact KW - Economics KW - Education ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection criteria and performance of energycane clones (Saccharum spp. × S. spontaneum) for biomass production under tropical and sub-tropical conditions AU - Leon, R.G. AU - Gilbert, R.A. AU - Korndorfer, P.H. AU - Comstock, J.C. T2 - CEIBA AB - The urgent need to reduce our reliance on oil and at the same time reduce carbon emissions, has triggered the search for alternative energy sources such as biofuels. New technologies have made possible the conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars that can be fermented to produce ethanol. This opened the possibility that any plant species can be used for ethanol production. Species that produce large amounts of biomass in a short time are desirable. For this reason, one of the most critical steps in the development of biofuel production is to identify appropriate species that will provide the necessary biomass for cellulosic ethanol or direct combustion. Energycanes are wide crosses of commercial sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) with S. spontaneum clones which produce high-biomass plants with high fiber content and good cold and disease tolerance as well as excellent ratooning ability. A large scale study has been established to evaluate biomass production, growth characteristics and invasive potential of energycane clones under tropical (Limón, Costa Rica) and subtropical (South Florida) conditions since 2008. In Florida in a low fertility sandy soil, energycane clones and the grass species Pennisetum purpureum var. Merkeron showed the highest yields ranging from 50 to 78 ton ha-1 of fresh weight. These clones were not susceptible to smut (Sporisorium scitaminea) unlike the energycane L79-1002 which is currently the most widely grown clone of energycane. Most clones showed lateral vegetative growth, but no pollen or seed viability. In Costa Rica, the evaluation of 15 energycane clones is still in progress, however preliminary results indicated that the energycane clones had faster and more vigorous growth than the commercial sugarcane varieties, only exceeded by P. purpureum. In comparison with commercial sugarcane varieties, the energycane clones recorded 37% higher leaf area index (LAI) and height, and 65% more stalks per unit area. No evident disease susceptibility was observed in the energycane clones in the tropics, although lateral vegetative growth was observed in all clones. Additionally, all clones flowered and produced viable pollen which suggests that these clones have a higher invasive potential in the tropics. The information available until now suggests that the behavior of energycane germplasm varies importantly between tropical and sub-tropical conditions. Therefore, selection and breeding programs must be carefully developed accounting for the unique responses that this germplasm could show under these two different climatic conditions. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.5377/ceiba.v51i1.641 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 11–16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efecto de la intensidad de la labranza sobre las caracteristicas del suelo y la produccion de maiz AU - Zafra, G. AU - Condori, G. AU - Leon, R. AU - Ulloa, O. T2 - Tierra Tropical DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 6 SP - 79–86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Municipal biosolids as an alternative nutrient source for bioenergy crops: II. Decomposition and organic nitrogen mineralization AU - Castillo, M.S AU - Sollenberger, L.E. AU - Vendramini, J.M.B. AU - Woodard, K.R. AU - Gilmour, J.T. AU - O’Connor, G.A. AU - Newman, Y.C. AU - Silveira, M.L. AU - Sartain, J.B. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - High‐yielding biomass crops remove significant quantities of soil nutrients, and nutrient replacement using inorganic fertilizers may not be sustainable. Municipal biosolids (MBS) are an alternative nutrient source. Organic N is the primary N form in MBS, and patterns of N mineralization can determine the effectiveness of MBS as an N source. The objectives of this experiment were to: (i) determine the effect of season of application on organic N mineralization rate and dry matter (DM) decomposition of Class A MBS measured in the field with litter bags and (ii) compare N mineralization measured using a field‐based technique with that predicted from the DECOMPOSITION model. Treatments were season of MBS application (spring and summer) during 2 yr. Organic N mineralization measured using litter bags followed the same pattern and arrived at a similar endpoint as predicted by the DECOMPOSITION model in three of four seasons. Lower spring temperatures and rainfall were associated with lower rates of N mineralization and DM decomposition during the 50 d following spring vs. summer application of MBS. When MBS were applied in summer, organic N mineralization leveled off approximately 50 d after application compared with 150 to 250 d following spring application. Seasonal weather conditions and N mineralization patterns should be considered when determining whether to apply MBS as the source of N, the timing of MBS application, and if single or split applications are best. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2010.0107 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 1314–1320 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954333018&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Municipal biosolids as an alternative nutrient source for bioenergy crops: I. Elephantgrass biomass production and soil responses AU - Castillo, M.S. AU - Sollenberger, L.E. AU - Vendramini, J.M.B. AU - Woodard, K.R. AU - O’Connor, G.A. AU - Newman, Y.C. AU - Silveira, M.L. AU - Sartain, J.B. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - High‐yielding bioenergy crops remove large quantities of soil nutrients. Nutrients must be replenished in a manner that minimizes production costs and negative environmental impact. Class A municipal biosolids (MBS) were evaluated as an alternative nutrient source to inorganic fertilizer for ‘Merkeron’ and Chinese Cross elephantgrasses ( Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) in a 2‐yr field experiment in Florida. Elephantgrass plots received 0, 33, 67, or 100% of total N applied (350 kg ha −1 yr −1 ) from MBS, with the remainder from NH 4 NO 3 . Dry matter (DM) yield, tissue N and P concentrations and removal, and soil C and P concentrations were assessed. Elephantgrass yield decreased linearly from 24.2 to 20.1 (Merkeron) and 24.3 to 16.9 Mg ha −1 (Chinese Cross) as the percentage of N supplied by MBS increased from 0 to 100. Nitrogen removal decreased from 208 to 127 kg ha −1 yr −1 over the same range of N from MBS. Phosphorus removal ranged from 28 to 43 kg ha −1 yr −1 , but the effect of N source was not consistent. There was no effect of percentage of N from MBS treatment on soil responses including water‐extractable (WEP), Mehlich‐1, or total P, nor was there an effect on total C concentration in the Ap horizon. Replacing 33% of N from inorganic fertilizer with N from MBS reduced elephantgrass biomass production 0 to 11%, so there is potential benefit to including MBS in a fertilization program for bioenergy crops, even in situations where MBS are limited to P‐based application rates. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2010.0106 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 1308–1313 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954338721&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bread, beer, and the seeds of change agriculture's impact on world history AU - Thomas R. Sinclair, Carol Janas Sinclair AB - Abstract This book examines grain production and processing in various early agricultural societies as well as the technological advances in Western societies. The book is organized into three parts. The first part (chapters 2-6) examines background information and discusses the basics of cropping and food production that had to be resolved by all societies. Part II (chapters 7-11) is an examination of food production during the Golden Age of five ancient societies (the Sumerians, Egyptians, Chinese, Mayans, and the Bantu of Africa) that evolved more-or-less independently, each with unique agricultural practices. Topics discussed include the environmental conditions that existed to allow abundant crop production, the technology that was applied in growing the crops, and the methods used in baking and brewing during the Golden Age of each society. Part III (chapters 12-16) examines a succession of western societies which reflected a progression in increasing crop production technology. It considers the Golden Ages of five societies in this sequence: Athenian and Roman Empires, feudal Europeans, British, and Americans. An epilogue discusses the future of grain fermentation. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1079/9781845937058.0000 PB - Cambridge, MA: CAB ER - TY - CONF TI - The path forward - evolving science and engineering education to meet the new challenges AU - Heitmann, J. C2 - 2010/// C3 - Research Progress in Paper Industry and Biorefinery (4th ISETPP), vols 1-3 DA - 2010/// SP - 32-36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse response of six aquatic invasive weeds to imazamox AU - Emerine, S. E. AU - Richardson, R. J. AU - True, S. L. AU - West, A. M. AU - Roten, R. L. T2 - Journal of Aquatic Plant Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 48 SP - 105-111 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of selected aquatic herbicides on common reed AU - True, S. L. AU - Richardson, R. AU - Hipkins, P. L. AU - Gardner, A. P. T2 - Journal of Aquatic Plant Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 48 SP - 121-123 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of leguminous cover crops in management of a mixed population of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) AU - Osei, K. AU - Gowen, S. R. AU - Pembroke, B. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. AU - Jordan, D. L. T2 - Journal of Nematology DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 173-178 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oil content and fatty acid composition variability in wild peanut species AU - Wang, M. L. AU - Barkley, N. A. AU - Chinnan, M. AU - Stalker, H. T. AU - Pittman, R. N. T2 - PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES-CHARACTERIZATION AND UTILIZATION AB - Wild peanut species are useful genetic resources for improving the levels of disease/pest resistance and for enhancing the quality of seed composition by interspecific hybridization. The variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of wild peanut species in the United States Department of Agriculture germplasm collection is unknown. Seeds available from 39 wild species (plus a cultivated peanut) were requested from the U.S. peanut germplasm collection. Oil content was measured using nuclear magnetic resonance, fatty acid composition was analysed using gas chromatography, and the D150N functional mutation of the FAD2A gene was screened by real-time PCR. Significant variability in oil content (41.7–61.3%) was identified among the wild peanut species. Arachis magna contained significantly more oil (61%) than cultivated peanut (56%). There was no functional mutation identified within the FAD2A gene target, and no wild species were identified with a high ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid. The results from gas chromatography and real-time PCR analyses were consistent. However, Arachis sylvestris contained a significantly higher amount (22%) of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) than the cultivated peanut (4%). Thus, A. magna and A. sylvestris may be good breeding materials to use for increasing oil content or LCFA composition of cultivated peanuts in breeding programs. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1017/s1479262110000274 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 232-234 SN - 1479-263X KW - fatty acid composition KW - oil content KW - peanut germplasm KW - real-time PCR genotyping KW - wild species ER - TY - JOUR TI - First Report of Marasmiellus mesosporus Causing Marasmiellus Blight on Seashore Paspalum. AU - Miller, G. L. AU - Desjardin, D. E. AU - Tredway, L. P. T2 - PLANT DISEASE AB - Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) is a newly cultivated C4 turfgrass that has exceptional salinity tolerance and is highly suited for use on golf courses in coastal areas. In October 2008 and June 2009, circular patches of blighted seashore paspalum ranging from 30 cm to >3 m in diameter were observed in fairways, tees, and roughs established with ‘Supreme’ seashore paspalum at Roco Ki Golf Club in Macao, Dominican Republic. Affected patches were initially chlorotic followed by reddish brown necrosis of leaves and leaf sheaths. Reddish brown-to-gray lesions were also observed on leaf sheaths during the early stages of necrosis. During periods of wet or humid weather from June through October, basidiocarps were produced on necrotic plant tissue and identified as Marasmiellus mesosporus Singer (2). Three isolates were obtained by plating symptomatic leaf sheaths that were surface sterilized with a 0.5% NaOCl solution on potato dextrose agar amended with 50 ppm each of streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline (PDA+++). Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, obtained from these three isolates and three stipes of basidiocarps, were identical to each other and 99% similar to a M. mesosporus sequence deposited in the NCBI database (Accession No. AB517375). To confirm pathogenicity, a M. mesosporus isolate obtained from symptomatic plant tissue was inoculated onto 6-week-old P. vaginatum (‘Seaspray’) planted (0.5 mg seed/cm 2 ) in 10-cm-diameter pots containing a mixture of 80% sand and 20% reed sedge peat. Two weeks prior to inoculation, the isolate was grown on a sterilized mixture of 100 cm 3 of rye grain, 4.9 ml of CaCO 3 , and 100 ml of water. Infested grains were placed 0.5 cm below the soil surface for inoculation. Pots were inoculated with five infested grains or five sterilized, uninfested grains with three replications of each treatment. After inoculation, pots were placed in a growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod set to 30°C during the day and 26°C at night. Approximately 20% of plants in inoculated pots were necrotic 7 days postinoculation and this increased to 75% by 21 days postinoculation. Diseased plants in inoculated pots exhibited symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Leaves were initially chlorotic with brown lesions on lower leaf sheaths and eventually turned necrotic, reddish brown, and collapsed. Pots receiving uninfested grains were healthy and showed no symptoms on all rating dates. At 21 days postinoculation, basidiocarps were observed emerging from three colonized plants at the base of the oldest leaf sheath near the crown. Three reisolations were made on PDA+++ from stem lesions surface sterilized with a 0.5% NaOCl solution. All reisolations were confirmed as M. mesosporus by culture morphology and ITS sequence data. M. mesosporus was previously reported causing disease on American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata Fernald) in North Carolina (1) and recently in Japan (3). The pathogen was initially placed in the genus Marasmius and reported as the cause of the disease Marasmius blight (1). Subsequent morphological observation found that the pathogen belonged in the genus Marasmiellus (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. mesosporus causing Marasmiellus blight on seashore paspalum, a high-amenity turfgrass. References: (1) L. Lucas et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 55:582, 1971. (2) R. Singer et al. Mycologia 65:468, 1973. (3) S. Takehashi et al. Mycoscience 48:407, 2007. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1094/pdis-06-10-0424 VL - 94 IS - 11 SP - 1374-1374 SN - 0191-2917 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Species, genomes, and section relationships in the genus Arachis (Fabaceae): a molecular phylogeny AU - Friend, S. A. AU - Quandt, D. AU - Tallury, S. P. AU - Stalker, H. T. AU - Hilu, K. W. T2 - PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1007/s00606-010-0360-8 VL - 290 IS - 1-4 SP - 185-199 SN - 1615-6110 KW - Arachis KW - Peanut KW - Molecular phylogeny KW - Systematics KW - Evolution KW - Concerted evolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection for Reduced Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Content in Advanced Backcross Maize Lines and Their Topeross Hybrids AU - Eller, Magen S. AU - Payne, Gary A. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Backcross breeding is an important method to improve elite cultivars for traits controlled by a small number of loci but has been used less frequently to improve quantitatively controlled traits. Resistances to Fusarium ear rot [caused by Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis Wineland)] and contamination by the associated mycotoxin fumonisin in maize ( Zea mays L.) are quantitatively inherited. We backcrossed the more resistant but unadapted inbred GE440 for four generations to the susceptible but agronomically elite commercial inbred FR1064. A selected set of 19 BC 4 F 1:3 lines had greater resistance to ear rot and fumonisin content than their recurrent parent FR1064. Topcrosses of the selected lines had greater resistance to Fusarium ear rot and similar grain yield compared to the topcross of the recurrent parent FR1064. We also genotyped selected lines at DNA markers linked to ear rot and fumonisin resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified in the BC 1 generation of this cross to determine which QTL demonstrated allele frequency shifts due to selection. Markers linked to QTL on chromosomes 1 and 4 inherited the GE440 allele significantly more often than expected by random chance. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0683 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2249-2260 SN - 1435-0653 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650082599&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene expression in developing fibres of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was massively altered by domestication AU - Rapp, Ryan A AU - Haigler, Candace H AU - Flagel, Lex AU - Hovav, Ran H AU - Udall, Joshua A AU - Wendel, Jonathan F T2 - BMC Biology AB - Understanding the evolutionary genetics of modern crop phenotypes has a dual relevance to evolutionary biology and crop improvement. Modern upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was developed following thousands of years of artificial selection from a wild form, G. hirsutum var. yucatanense, which bears a shorter, sparser, layer of single-celled, ovular trichomes ('fibre'). In order to gain an insight into the nature of the developmental genetic transformations that accompanied domestication and crop improvement, we studied the transcriptomes of cotton fibres from wild and domesticated accessions over a developmental time course.Fibre cells were harvested between 2 and 25 days post-anthesis and encompassed the primary and secondary wall synthesis stages. Using amplified messenger RNA and a custom microarray platform designed to interrogate expression for 40,430 genes, we determined global patterns of expression during fibre development. The fibre transcriptome of domesticated cotton is far more dynamic than that of wild cotton, with over twice as many genes being differentially expressed during development (12,626 versus 5273). Remarkably, a total of 9465 genes were diagnosed as differentially expressed between wild and domesticated fibres when summed across five key developmental time points. Human selection during the initial domestication and subsequent crop improvement has resulted in a biased upregulation of components of the transcriptional network that are important for agronomically advanced fibre, especially in the early stages of development. About 15% of the differentially expressed genes in wild versus domesticated cotton fibre have no homology to the genes in databases.We show that artificial selection during crop domestication can radically alter the transcriptional developmental network of even a single-celled structure, affecting nearly a quarter of the genes in the genome. Gene expression during fibre development within accessions and expression alteration arising from evolutionary change appears to be 'modular' - complex genic networks have been simultaneously and similarly transformed, in a coordinated fashion, as a consequence of human-mediated selection. These results highlight the complex alteration of the global gene expression machinery that resulted from human selection for a longer, stronger and finer fibre, as well as other aspects of fibre physiology that were not consciously selected. We illustrate how the data can be mined for genes that were unwittingly targeted by aboriginal and/or modern domesticators during crop improvement and/or which potentially control the improved qualities of domesticated cotton fibre.See Commentary: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/137. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1186/1741-7007-8-139 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 139 J2 - BMC Biology LA - en OP - SN - 1741-7007 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-8-139 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Digestibility and Intake of Hays from Upland Switchgrass Cultivars AU - Sanderson, Matt A. AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars with improved forage quality would fill a forage gap during summer when hot dry weather reduces production of cool‐season forages on marginal lands of the northeastern United States. ‘Cave‐in‐Rock’, ‘Trailblazer’, ‘Shawnee’, and ‘Pathfinder’ switchgrass hays were harvested and baled from field plots at Rock Springs, PA, on 29 June 2007, 16 June 2008 (Cut 1), and 8 Aug. 2008 (Cut 2) and fed to mature wether sheep. In 2008, Trailblazer was unavailable so Pathfinder was substituted. Morphological development stage and leaf and stem proportions were determined at each harvest. In 2007, cultivars did not differ in digestion of dry matter (DM) or fiber constituents and sheep consumed switchgrass hays similarly. In 2008, sheep consumed hay of switchgrass cultivars similarly but consumed more of Cut 1 than Cut 2 hay. Cut 1 hay also had greater neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose digestibility than Cut 2 hay. Shawnee consistently had lower DM, fiber, and crude protein digestibility (CPD) than Pathfinder in both cuts. Switchgrass cultivars selected for improved DM disappearance in vitro did not have greater DM or fiber digestion compared with Cave‐in‐Rock when fed to sheep. Differences among cultivars in nutritive value and in vivo fiber and DM digestion mostly were due to differences in plant maturity and leaf‐to‐stem ratio. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2010.03.0126 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2641-2648 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of the effects in field tests of soybean cyst nematode resistance genes from different resistance sources AU - Delheimer, J. C. AU - Niblack, T. AU - Schmidt, M. AU - Shannon, G. AU - Diers, B. W. T2 - Crop Science AB - The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) ( Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) continues to be the most damaging soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pathogen in the United States. Many quantitative trait loci (QTL) that confer SCN resistance have been mapped. These QTL include rhg1 , which was mapped in several sources of SCN resistance, and two resistance QTL mapped from Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc. The objective of this study was to test the effects of different QTL on SCN reproduction in the field, as well as their associated effects on agronomic traits. Three populations of near isogenic lines (NILs) that segregated for major SCN resistance QTL were developed and planted in field plots in 2006 and 2007. Plant introduction (PI) 88788, PI 437654, and G. soja PI 468916 were the sources of the SCN resistance QTL. Soybean cyst nematode field population densities were estimated from soil samples taken shortly after emergence [initial population density (Pi)] and again close to maturity [final population density (Pf)]. A lower SCN reproductive factor (Rf = Pi/Pf) was found on NILs with the SCN resistance alleles from PI 88788 and PI 468916 ( p < 0.05) than those with the susceptibility alleles. The rhg1 allele from PI 88788 was also associated with greater yields in multiple environments than those lines with the susceptibility allele. The results indicate that the rhg1 allele from PI 88788 remains as an effective source of resistance to SCN, and with further research, the SCN resistance QTL alleles from G. soja may serve as a novel source of SCN resistance. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2010.01.0013 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2231-2239 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of Genetic Diversity among U.S. Runner-Type Peanut Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers AU - Milla-Lewis, Susana R. AU - Zuleta, M. Carolina AU - Isleib, T. G. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - The scientific community has long assumed that plant breeding activities decrease genetic diversity in crop species. To determine the influence of plant breeding on peanut, this study was designed to assess allelic diversity changes among peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars of the runner market type using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. All runner‐type cultivars released to date were included with the exception of ten cultivars released in the 2000s. Thirty‐four SSR primer pairs amplified a total of 154 alleles. The results indicated that (i) at the gene level, allelic diversity has increased significantly through decades of breeding, (ii) at the population level, genetic diversity was at its lowest during the pre‐1980s time period and gradually increased in each subsequent decade, and (iii) most of the observed SSR variation occurred within, rather than among time periods. A principal coordinate analysis (PCO) clearly demonstrated increases in the variation present in each subsequent breeding decade, reaching its maximum in the 2000s. Therefore, it appears that runner‐type peanut breeders have been successful at developing improved peanut cultivars while increasing levels of diversity in the last three decades of breeding. In addition, genetic relationships among cultivars reported in this study might be of use for peanut breeders when selecting parents for establishment of breeding populations. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2010.04.0223 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2396-2405 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of controlled drainage on water and nitrogen balances in drained lands AU - Skaggs, R. W. AU - Youssef, M. A. AU - Gilliam, J. W. AU - Evans, R. O. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Field studies have shown that subsurface drainage systems can be managed to conserve water and reduce losses of nitrogen (N) to surface waters. The practice, called controlled drainage (CD) or drainage water management (DWM), is a viable alternative for reducing N loads from drained cropland, including millions of acres in the Midwest. This article reviews past studies on the effect of CD on drainage volumes and N losses for a wide range of soils and climatological conditions and uses simulations to examine mechanisms affecting the practice. Results published in the literature show that CD has reduced drainage volumes and N losses in drainage waters by 17% to over 80%, depending on soil properties, crops, drainage intensities, control strategies, and location. This study resulted in the following conclusions. CD reduces subsurface drainage and raises water tables, while increasing ET, seepage, and surface runoff. Seepage, which depends on soil properties and site conditions, is an important factor that often governs the effectiveness of CD. Experiments to determine the effect of CD on drainage volumes and N losses should be conducted on the field or watershed scale so that impacts of seepage are properly represented. Increases in ET in response to CD are important but are rarely greater than 10%. The effect of this increase in water use on drainage water loss is also less than 10% for most locations. CD reduces N losses in drainage water by about the same percentage as its effect on subsurface drainage volume in most cases. The effect of CD on N loss to surface waters depends on denitrification, both in the profile and in reduced zones along seepage paths. For soils that do not develop reduced zones, the effect of CD on N loss may be substantially less than its effect on drainage volume. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.13031/2013.35810 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 1843-1850 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop Response following Tall Fescue Sod and Agronomic Crops AU - Drake, W. L. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Schroeder-Moreno, M. AU - Johnson, P. D. AU - Heitman, J. L. AU - Cardoza, Y. J. AU - Brandenburg, R. L. AU - Shew, B. B. AU - Corbett, T. AU - Bogle, C. R. AU - Ye, W. AU - Hardy, D. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Sod‐based production systems have been successful in the southeastern and mid‐Atlantic regions of the United States as an alternative to conventional tillage systems. However, research comparing these systems in North Carolina is limited. Therefore, research was conducted at four locations in North Carolina to compare corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield when these crops were strip tilled following 4 yr of continuous tall fescue ( Shedonorus phoenix Scop.) vs. 4 yr of either corn or cotton grown in no tillage or strip tillage. Cotton yield was higher following tall fescue compared with yield following agronomic crops. In contrast, yield of corn was lower following tall fescue compared with agronomic crops while peanut and soybean yields were not affected by previous cropping history. Additional treatments in peanut included conventional tillage following both cropping systems, and pod yield was lower when peanut was strip tilled into either tall fescue or residue from corn or cotton compared with conventional tillage systems. No major differences in soil bulk density at depths of 0 to 8 cm or 8 to 16 cm were noted when comparing tall fescue or agronomic crops either in strip tillage or nontilled zones. Populations of soil parasitic nematodes were often lower in peanut following tall fescue than when following agronomic crops. These experiments indicate that sod‐based systems may be an effective alternative to reduced tillage systems, especially for cotton. However, yield benefits were not observed for peanut or soybean and corn was negatively affected by tall fescue. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.2134/agronj2010.0236 VL - 102 IS - 6 SP - 1692-1699 J2 - Agron. J. LA - en OP - SN - 0002-1962 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0236 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contrasting methods for estimating evapotranspiration in soybean AU - Singer, Jeremy W. AU - Heitman, Joshua L. AU - Hernandez-Ramirez, Guillermo AU - Sauer, Thomas J. AU - Prueger, John H. AU - Hatfield, Jerry L. T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - Crop scientists are often interested in canopy rather than leaf water estimates. Comparing canopy fluxes for multiple treatments using micrometeorological approaches presents limitations because of the large fetch required. The goal of this study was to compare leaf-scale to field-scale data by summing soil water evaporation (E) and leaf transpiration (T) versus ET using tower eddy covariance (EC) and scaling leaf transpiration to the canopy level using a two-step scaling approach in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean transpiration represented 89–96% of E + T when combining the soil water evaporation with leaf transpiration on the five measurement days during reproductive growth. Comparing E + T versus ET from the EC system, the E + T method overestimated ET from 0.68 to 1.58 mm. In terms of percent difference, the best agreement between the two methods was 15% on DOY 235 and the worst agreement occurred on DOY 234 (41%). A two-step scaling method predicted average ET within 0.01 mm of the EC ET between 10:00 and 14:15 on an hourly time-step on DOY 227 under uniform sky conditions and average ET within 0.03 mm of the EC ET on DOY 235 under intermittent sky conditions between 10:00 and 15:15. Pooling the scaled-leaf data and comparing them with the measured EC ET data exhibited a strong linear relationship (r = 0.835) after accounting for bias (6%). Findings from this study indicate satisfactory results comparing absolute differences are likely not obtainable by summing leaf transpiration with soil water evaporation to calculate canopy water fluxes. However, scaling leaf transpiration provided a robust measure of canopy transpiration during reproductive growth in soybean under these conditions and merits additional study under different climatic and crop conditions. DA - 2010/12/1/ PY - 2010/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.08.014 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 157-163 SN - 0378-3774 KW - Leaf gas exchange KW - Eddy covariance KW - Scaling KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Microlysimeters KW - Soybean ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in agroecosystems: Correlations with soil enzyme activity and carbon and nitrogen mineralization AU - Tian, Lei AU - Dell, Emily AU - Shi, Wei T2 - APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY AB - Soil enzyme-catalyzed depolymerization of organic matter results in the production of low molecular weight and dissolved organic compounds. This fraction of soil organic matter is the immediate energy, carbon and other nutrient substrates for microbial catabolic pathways and thus likely plays an important role in soil processes. The purpose of this study was to elucidate interrelationships among dissolved organic matter, soil enzyme activity, and soil C and N mineralization from diverse agroecosystems. These systems included a conventional cropping, organic cropping, integrated crop–livestock, plantation forestry, and succession from an abandoned agricultural field. We collected surface soil samples from 0 to 10 cm depth in early spring 2009 and examined the concentrations of soil-derived dissolved organic C and N, soluble phenolics, reducing sugars, and amino acids, the activities of β-glucosidase, exoglucanase, phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and β-glucosaminidase, and the rates of soil C and N mineralization. The integrated crop–livestock system showed the highest concentrations of dissolved soil organic C (78 μg C g−1 soil) as well as phenolic compounds (1.5 μg C g−1 soil), reducing sugars (23 μg C g−1 soil), and amino acids (0.76 μg N g−1 soil), and these components were up to 3-fold greater than soils under the other systems. However, soil β-glucosidase activity in the integrated crop–livestock system was significantly lower than the other systems and appeared to reflect the inhibitory role of soluble phenolics on this enzyme; this enzymatic disparity was also revealed in our preliminary study conducted in 2008. Among the five enzyme activities examined, only peroxidase activity was correlated significantly with the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter as well as soil C and N mineralization. Soil peroxidase activity was negatively related to the relative abundance of reducing sugars (i.e., reducing sugar C as a fraction of dissolved organic C, r = −0.92, P < 0.05) and positively with soil C and N mineralization (r = 0.86, P < 0.1 for C mineralization; r = 0.85, P < 0.1 for N mineralization). Furthermore, relative abundance of reducing sugars was negatively associated with soil C mineralization (r = −0.80, P < 0.1) and so was relative abundance of amino acids with soil N mineralization (r = −0.97, P < 0.01). Our results suggested that diverse agroecosystems differed in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter and the differences could be correlated with soil peroxidase activity and soil C and N mineralization. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.09.007 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 426-435 SN - 1873-0272 KW - Dissolved organic matter KW - Reducing sugars KW - Soil enzyme activity KW - Peroxidase KW - beta-Glucosidase KW - Soil C and N mineralization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability of the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test across Time and Sampling Depth AU - Wall, David P. AU - Weisz, Randy AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - Heiniger, Ronnie W. AU - White, Jeffrey G. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - There is potential for using the Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) to improve N fertilizer recommendations for crops in the southeastern United States. The ISNT has been previously calibrated to predict N rates for corn ( Zea mays L.) in North Carolina. This study evaluated the effects of sampling time, sampling depth, crop rotation, and fertilizer application on soil ISNT‐N during a 2‐yr period in the humid Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina. Ten sites were repeatedly sampled at 0‐ to 10‐, 10‐ to 20‐, and 20‐ to 30‐cm depths in fall, mid‐winter, and spring between October 2006 and May 2007. Illinois soil nitrogen test N, KCl‐extractable soil NO 3 –N and NH 4 –N, and soil organic matter (SOM) derived by loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) were evaluated at each sampling. Temporal changes in these soil parameters were evaluated for various crop rotations and N fertilizer applications. Soil ISNT‐N decreased with depth and showed significant variation with time at all three depths at all sites. Soil ISNT‐N was influenced by crop rotation and tillage but was not significantly affected by N fertilizer applications. Considering all sites together, ISNT‐N was well correlated with LOI; however, ISNT‐N was not correlated with LOI across time within sites. This suggests that the ISNT measured a fraction of SOM that behaved somewhat independently with time. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2009.0253 VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 2089-2100 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synergistic Dissolution of Manganese Oxides as Promoted by Siderophores and Small Organic Acids AU - Saal, Lauren B. AU - Duckworth, Owen W. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Recent studies have revealed that siderophores, biogenic chelating agents that strongly complex Fe(III) and other hard metals, may function in concert with low‐molecular‐mass organic acids (LMMOAs) to facilitate Fe (hydr)oxide dissolution via synergistic reactions. The siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) may also participate in a number of chemical reactions at Mn (hydr)oxide surfaces. The goal of this study was to determine the rates and products of δ‐MnO 2 , a layer type Mn(IV) oxide, dissolution as promoted by LMMOA–DFOB mixtures. As with Fe (hydr)oxides, the rate of DFOB‐promoted dissolution of δ‐MnO 2 is strongly influenced by the presence of the LMMOAs citrate and oxalate. In the presence of DFOB, citrate increases the dissolution rate relative to the sum of dissolution rates from corresponding single‐ligand systems by promoting both Mn(III)HDFOB + complex formation and Mn(II) production in a pH‐dependent mechanism. In contrast, oxalate–DFOB mixtures produce predominantly Mn(II), with rates enhanced up to threefold from the sum of dissolution rates in single‐ligand systems at acidic pH values. We investigated possible mechanisms to describe this synergistic dissolution processes by building on observations of single‐ligand systems. These results suggest that biological exudation of LMMOAs in conjunction with siderophores may allow the selection of dissolution products, including regulation of the formation of potentially reactive aqueous Mn(III) complexes. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2009.0465 VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 2021-2031 SN - 1435-0661 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249245759&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant-Soil-Hydrology Relationships in Three Carolina Bays in Bladen County, North Carolina AU - Dimick, Britta P. AU - Stucky, Jon M. AU - Wall, Wade AU - Vepraskas, Michael J. AU - Wentworth, Thomas R. AU - Arellano, Consuello T2 - CASTANEA AB - This study provides quantitative ecological targets for restoring degraded peat-based Carolina Bays in the Carolina Flatwoods Ecoregion. Cluster analysis of vegetation data from three Carolina Bay reference sites in Bladen County, North Carolina, indicated four plant communities present: pond pine (Pinus serotina) woodland, non-riverine swamp forest dominated by swamp gum (Nyssa biflora), high pocosin dominated by evergreen shrubs with scattered pond pine, and bay forest dominated by loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus). We classified bay soils according to surface organic layer thickness (OLT) into mineral, histic, shallow organic, and deep organic types. We monitored the water table of each soil type in one bay throughout one growing season. The soil types with corresponding water table regimes were: mineral (9.4 cm mean OLT with a rooting zone water table [RZWT] 39% of the monitoring period), histic (27.5 cm OLT and 76% RZWT), shallow organic (63.9 cm OLT and 84% RZWT), and deep organic (102.5 cm OLT and 57% RZWT). Pearson residual analysis and correspondence analysis revealed that pond pine woodland was positively associated with mineral and histic soils, non-riverine swamp forest with shallow organic soil, bay forest with deep organic soil, and high pocosin with deep organic soil. We concluded that peat-based Carolina Bay restoration in the Carolina Flatwoods Ecoregion should be gauged against reference data which suggests: 1) pond pine woodland be established on mineral and histic soils; 2) non-riverine swamp forest be established on shallow organic soils; and 3) high pocosin and bay forest be established on deep organic soils. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.2179/09-063.1 VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - 407-420 SN - 1938-4386 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Soybean with Glyphosate and Conventional Herbicide Systems AU - Whitaker, Jared R. AU - York, Alan C. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Culpepper, Stanley T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Glyphosate typically controls Palmer amaranth very well. However, glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes of this weed are present in several southern states, requiring the development of effective alternatives to glyphosate-only management strategies. Field experiments were conducted in seven North Carolina environments to evaluate control of glyphosate-susceptible (GS) and GR Palmer amaranth in narrow-row soybean by glyphosate and conventional herbicide systems. Conventional systems included either pendimethalin or S -metolachlor applied PRE alone or mixed with flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron followed by fomesafen or no herbicide POST. S -metolachlor was more effective at controlling GR and GS Palmer amaranth than pendimethalin; flumioxazin and fomesafen were generally more effective than metribuzin plus chlorimuron. Fomesafen applied POST following PRE herbicides increased Palmer amaranth control and soybean yield compared with PRE-only herbicide systems. Glyphosate alone applied once POST controlled GS Palmer amaranth 97% late in the season. Glyphosate was more effective than fomesafen plus clethodim applied POST. Control of GS Palmer amaranth when treated with pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST was equivalent to control achieved by glyphosate applied once POST. In fields with GR Palmer amaranth, greater than 80% late-season control was obtained only with systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST. Systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE without fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 30% late in the season. Systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor PRE followed by fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 60% late in the season. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-09-00043.1 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 403-410 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Chlorimuron KW - flumioxazin KW - fomesafen KW - glyphosate-resistant weeds KW - herbicide resistance KW - metribuzin KW - pendimethalin KW - S-metolachlor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction of Cultivar, Planting Pattern, and Weed Management Tactics in Peanut AU - Place, G. T. AU - Reberg-Horton, S. C. AU - Jordan, D. L. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Planting peanut in narrow rows for weed control has not been investigated in recently released Virginia market peanut cultivars. Research was conducted in North Carolina from 2007 to 2009 to determine the effect of cultivar, planting pattern, and level of weed management inputs on weed control, peanut yield, and estimated economic return. Experiments consisted of three levels of weed management (clethodim applied POST, cultivation and hand-removal of weeds, and clethodim and appropriate broadleaf herbicides applied POST), three levels of planting pattern (single rows spaced 91 cm apart, standard twin rows spaced 20 cm apart on 91-cm centers, and narrow twin rows consisting of twin rows spaced 20 cm apart on 46-cm centers), and two Virginia cultivars (‘NC 12C’ and ‘VA 98R’). Weed management affected common lambsquarters, common ragweed, eclipta, nodding spurge, pitted morningglory, Texas millet, and yellow nutsedge control, irrespective of cultivar or planting pattern. Cultivar and planting pattern had only minor effects on weed control and interactions of these treatment factors seldom occurred. Weed control achieved with cultivation plus hand-removal was similar to weed management observed with grass and broadleaf herbicide programs. Pod yield did not differ among treatments when broadleaf weeds were the dominant species but did differ when Texas millet was the most prevalent weed. The highest yield with conventional herbicide weed management was in standard twin and narrow twin row planting patterns, although no differences among planting patterns were noted when cultivation and hand-removal were the primary weed management tactics. Differences in estimated economic return were associated with weed species, and interactions of treatment factors varied by year for that parameter. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/ws-d-10-00012.1 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 442-448 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Cultural weed control KW - integrated weed management KW - low-Input weed management KW - mechanical weed control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Flumioxazin and S-metolachlor Rate and Timing for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Sweetpotato AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Monks, David W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effect of flumioxazin and S -metolachlor on Palmer amaranth control and ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’ sweetpotato. Flumioxazin at 0, 91, or 109 g ai ha −1 was applied pretransplant 2 d before transplanting alone or followed by (fb) S -metolachlor at 0, 0.8, 1.1, or 1.3 kg ai ha −1 PRE applied immediately after transplanting or 2 wk after transplanting (WAP). Flumioxazin fb S -metolachlor immediately after transplanting provided greater than 90% season-long Palmer amaranth control. S -metolachlor applied alone immediately after transplanting provided 80 to 93% and 92 to 96% control in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Flumioxazin fb S -metolachlor 2 WAP provided greater than 90% control in 2007 but variable control (38 to 79%) in 2008. S -metolachlor applied alone 2 WAP did not provide acceptable Palmer amaranth control. Control was similar for all rates of S -metolachlor (0.8, 1.1, and 1.3 kg ha −1 ). In 2008, greater Palmer amaranth control was observed with flumioxazin at 109 g ha −1 than with 91 g ha −1 . Sweetpotato crop injury due to treatment was minimal (< 3%), and sweetpotato storage root length to width ratio was similar for all treatments in 2007 (2.5 for Beauregard) and 2008 (2.4 and 1.9 for Beauregard and Covington, respectively). Sweetpotato yield was directly related to Palmer amaranth control. Results indicate that flumioxazin pretransplant fb S -metolachlor after transplanting provides an effective herbicide program for control of Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-09-00057.1 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 495-503 SN - 0890-037X KW - Crop injury KW - herbicide KW - weed control KW - yield loss ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy and Safening of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides when Tank-Mixed with Triclopyr for Bermudagrass Control in Zoysiagrass Turf AU - Lewis, D. F. AU - McElroy, J. S. AU - Sorochan, J. C. AU - Mueller, T. C. AU - Samples, T. J. AU - Breeden, G. K. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicides are used to control bermudagrass contamination in various turfgrasses. Applying AOPP herbicides alone can cause unacceptable injury to zoysiagrass but injury can be reduced when tank-mixed with triclopyr. There are limited data illustrating the extent of bermudagrass control and zoysiagrass cultivar tolerance when these compounds are combined. Research was conducted to determine the efficacy of multiple AOPP herbicides applied alone and tank-mixed with triclopyr for bermudagrass control in zoysiagrass turf. Treatments include three sequential applications of cyhalofop (0.32 kg ai ha −1 ), fenoxaprop (0.14 kg ha −1 ), fluazifop (0.11 kg ha −1 ), or quizalofop (0.09 kg ha −1 ) applied alone and tank-mixed with triclopyr (1.12 kg ae ha −1 ) applied to ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass, and ‘Diamond’, ‘Palisades’, and ‘Zenith’ zoysiagrass. Tifway bermudagrass control ranged from 41 to 69% and digital image analysis turf coverage data ranged from 18 to 50% for AOPP herbicides applied alone. The addition of triclopyr to AOPP herbicides increased bermudagrass control (64–79%) and reduced turf coverage (8–29%). Palisades and Zenith zoysiagrass exhibited less injury (1–18%) and greater turf coverage (84–86%) when AOPP herbicides were tank-mixed with triclopyr compared to AOPP herbicides applied alone. Diamond zoysiagrass was not tolerant to any AOPP herbicides applied alone or tank-mixed with triclopyr, except for fluazifop alone (18% injury and 93% turf coverage). Visual ratings and digital image analysis turf coverage data had a strong negative correlation over all tested turfgrasses. In general, AOPP herbicides plus triclopyr will control bermudagrass greater and injure zoysiagrass less compared to AOPP herbicides applied alone; however, these mixtures can cause unacceptable injury to Diamond zoysiagrass. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/wt-d-10-00029.1 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 489-494 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Coverage KW - digital image analysis KW - injury KW - tank-mixture KW - weed control ER - TY - JOUR TI - Virulence in Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Field Collections From the Southeastern United States to 21 Resistance Genes in Wheat AU - Cambron, Sue E. AU - Buntin, G. David AU - Weisz, Randy AU - Holland, Jeffery D. AU - Flanders, Kathy L. AU - Schemerhorn, Brandon J. AU - Shukle, Richard H. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Genetic resistance in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is the most efficacious method for control of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). However, because of the appearance of new genotypes (biotypes) in response to deployment of resistance, field collections of Hessian fly need to be evaluated on a regular basis to provide breeders and producers information on the efficacy of resistance (R) genes with respect to the genotype composition of Hessian fly in regional areas. We report here on the efficacy of 21 R genes in wheat to field collections of Hessian fly from the southeastern United States. Results documented that of the 21 R genes evaluated only five would provide effective protection of wheat from Hessian fly in the southeastern United States. These genes were H12, H18, H24, H25, and H26. Although not all of the 33 identified R genes were evaluated in the current study, these results indicate that identified genetic resistance to protect wheat from Hessian attack in the southeastern United States is a limited resource. Historically, R genes for Hessian fly resistance in wheat have been deployed as single gene releases. Although this strategy has been successful in the past, we recommend that in the future deployment of combinations of highly effective previously undeployed genes, such as H24 and H26, be considered. Our study also highlights the need to identify new and effective sources of resistance in wheat to Hessian fly if genetic resistance is to continue as a viable option for protection of wheat in the southeastern United States. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1603/ec10219 VL - 103 IS - 6 SP - 2229-2235 SN - 1938-291X KW - Mayetiola destructor KW - plant resistance KW - wheat breeding KW - Hessian fly genotypes ER - TY - JOUR TI - USDA water quality projects and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture Conservation Effects Assessment Project watershed studies INTRODUCTION AU - Osmond, Deanna L. T2 - JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB - The first major federally-funded effort to relate effects of conservation practices to water quality was the Black Creek Project in northeastern Indiana beginning in 1975 (USEPA 1977). From 1978 to 1982, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) conducted the Model Implementation Program (MIP) to demonstrate and study the effects of addressing agricultural nonpoint source problems through Section 208 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) (NWQEP and Harbridge House 1983). Building on these early efforts, a much larger USDA- and USEPA-sponsored nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control program, The Rural Clean Water Program (RCWP), began in 1980 as an experiment to combine land treatment and water quality monitoring to document NPS control effectiveness across the country (Gale et al. 1993). The objectives of the RCWP were (1) to achieve improved water quality in the project area in the most cost-effective manner possible in keeping with the provision of adequate supplies of food, fiber, and a quality environment; (2) to assist agricultural landowners and operators in reducing agricultural NPS water pollutants and improving water quality in rural areas to meet water quality standards or water quality goals; and (3) to develop and test programs, policies, and procedures… DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2489/jswc.65.6.142a VL - 65 IS - 6 SP - 142A-146A SN - 0022-4561 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transport Behavior of Surrogate Biological Warfare Agents in a Simulated Landfill: Effect of Leachate Recirculation and Water Infiltration AU - Saikaly, Pascal E. AU - Hicks, Kristin AU - Barlaz, Morton A. AU - Reyes, Francis L., III T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - An understanding of the transport behavior of biological warfare (BW) agents in landfills is required to evaluate the suitability of landfills for the disposal of building decontamination residue (BDR) following a bioterrorist attack on a building. Surrogate BW agents, Bacillus atrophaeus spores and Serratia marcescens, were spiked into simulated landfill reactors that were filled with synthetic building debris (SBD) and operated for 4 months with leachate recirculation or water infiltration. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) was used to monitor surrogate transport. In the leachate recirculation reactors, <10% of spiked surrogates were eluted in leachate over 4 months. In contrast, 45% and 31% of spiked S. marcescens and B. atrophaeus spores were eluted in leachate in the water infiltration reactors. At the termination of the experiment, the number of retained cells and spores in SBD was measured over the depth of the reactor. Less than 3% of the total spiked S. marcescens cells and no B. atrophaeus spores were detected in SBD. These results suggest that significant fractions of the spiked surrogates were strongly attached to SBD. DA - 2010/11/15/ PY - 2010/11/15/ DO - 10.1021/es101937a VL - 44 IS - 22 SP - 8622-8628 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance of Fresh-Market Tomato to Postemergence-Directed Imazosulfuron, Halosulfuron, and Trifloxysulfuron AU - Jennings, Katherine M. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of imazosulfuron, halosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron POST-directed on six fresh-market tomato varieties. Injury 7 d after treatment (DAT) was 3% or less from all treatments, and no injury was observed 28 DAT. Imazosulfuron, halosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron did not reduce yield relative to the nontreated check. There was no detectable herbicide effect on fruit shape and earliness. Data suggest that imazosulfuron, halosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron can be applied POST-directed without negatively affecting yield or quality of several fresh-market tomato varieties. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/wt-09-056.1 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 117-120 SN - 0890-037X KW - Crop injury KW - crop tolerance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three nicotine demethylase genes mediate nornicotine biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum L Functional characterization of the CYP82E10 gene AU - Lewis, Ramsey S. AU - Bowen, Steven W. AU - Keogh, Matthew R. AU - Dewey, Ralph E. T2 - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AB - In most tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants, nornicotine is a relatively minor alkaloid, comprising about 2–5% of the total pyridine alkaloid pool in the mature leaf. Changes in gene expression at an unstable locus, however, can give rise to plants that produce high levels of nornicotine, specifically during leaf senescence and curing. Minimizing the nornicotine content in tobacco is highly desirable, because this compound serves as the direct precursor in the synthesis of N′-nitrosonornicotine, a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals. Nornicotine is likely produced almost entirely via the N-demethylation of nicotine, in a process called nicotine conversion that is catalyzed by the enzyme nicotine N-demethylase (NND). Previous studies have identified CYP82E4 as the specific NND gene responsible for the unstable conversion phenomenon, and CYP82E5v2 as a putative minor NND gene. Here, by discovery and characterization of CYP82E10, a tobacco NND gene, is reported. PCR amplification studies showed that CYP82E10 originated from the N. sylvestris ancestral parent of modern tobacco. Using a chemical mutagenesis strategy, knockout mutations were induced and identified in all three tobacco NND genes. By generating a series of mutant NND genotypes, the relative contribution of each NND gene toward the nornicotine content of the plant was assessed. Plants possessing knockout mutations in all three genes displayed nornicotine phenotypes that were much lower (∼0.5% of total alkaloid content) than that found in conventional tobacco cultivars. The introduction of these mutations into commercial breeding lines promises to be a viable strategy for reducing the levels of one of the best characterized animal carcinogens found in tobacco products. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.011 VL - 71 IS - 17-18 SP - 1988-1998 SN - 1873-3700 KW - Nicotiana tabacum KW - Solanaceae KW - Gene function KW - Alkaloids KW - Nornicotine KW - Tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) KW - Cytochrome P450 KW - CYP82E10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The "Dig It!" Smithsonian Soils Exhibition: Lessons Learned and Goals for the Future AU - Drohan, Patrick J. AU - Havlin, John L. AU - Megonigal, J. Patrick AU - Cheng, H. H. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - The opening of “Dig It!: The Secrets of Soil,” a 5000‐ft 2 exhibit on soil at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC, presented an opportunity to reflect on the development process. The project generated important and new ways of thinking about soils education, and taught the SSSA much about itself and how to manage a project of this size and scope. While early struggles in organization and financing of the exhibit presented challenges never before faced by SSSA at this scale, persistence, flexibility, and some unconventional thinking won out in the end, and SSSA achieved its most significant educational success to date. Most importantly, the process taught many soil scientists that achieving greater visibility for soil science meant partnering with professionals outside of soil science, and trusting that they could convey the message delivered by the exhibit with the same enthusiasm they might have in the classroom. The lessons learned from the project, in the scope of its history, can help others further SSSA, soils education, and soil science as a respected, scientific field. We suggest six goals for the future of soil science that, if embraced with whole‐heart dedication and support, can help to embed the importance of soil in world thinking and policy. Our suggested goals are unconventional, like the experiences we faced in creating the exhibit, and thus perhaps will seem beyond the capability of most soil scientists. Hence our reminder: unconventional and bold thinking are what helped create the exhibit and will be what leads SSSA forward as a society best serving the world. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2009.0017 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 697-705 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Specific down-regulation of PAL genes by artificial microRNAs in Populus trichocarpa AU - Shi, Rui AU - Yang, Chenmin AU - Lu, Shanfa AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANTA DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.1007/s00425-010-1253-3 VL - 232 IS - 6 SP - 1281-1288 SN - 0032-0935 KW - Artificial microRNA KW - Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase KW - Populus trichocarpa transformation KW - Down-regulation KW - PolyA tailing-based real time RT-PCR KW - Quantitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of Diploid Watermelon to Imazosulfuron POST AU - Dittmar, Peter J. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Field trials were conducted to evaluate imazosulfuron applied POST at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 kg/ha to watermelon at the two- to four-leaf stage or to vines 30.5 cm long. At 7 d after treatment (DAT), crop injury to watermelon increased linearly for both growth stages as rate increased. The least injury to watermelon observed 7 DAT was 19 and 15%, respectively, for the two- to four-leaf and 30.5-cm growth stages treated with 0.01 kg/ha imazosulfuron. The 0.4 kg/ha imazosulfuron treatment caused the greatest watermelon injury (approximately 30%) at both application timings. Yield of watermelon treated with 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha imazosulfuron applied at the two- to four-leaf and 30.5-cm stages were similar to the nontreated check (all plots were maintained weed-free). For both application timings, yield decreased linearly as imazosulfuron rate increased. The application of imazosulfuron to watermelon at the 30.5-cm stage averaged across rates resulted in less injury at 15 DAT (16%) and greater yield (92,869 kg/ha) than watermelon treated at two- to four-leaf stage averaged across rates (29%, 83,560 kg/ha). Internal fruit quality was not affected by imazosulfuron. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/wt-09-033.1 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 127-129 SN - 1550-2740 KW - Sulfonylurea herbicide KW - application timing KW - growth stage KW - herbicide rate ER - TY - JOUR TI - MlAB10: A triticum turgidum subsp dicoccoides derived powdery mildew resistance gene identified in common wheat AU - Maxwell, J. J. AU - Lyerly, J. H. AU - Srnic, G. AU - Parks, R. AU - Cowger, C. AU - Marshall, D. AU - Brown-Guedira, G. AU - Murphy, J. P. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 2261-2267 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydraulic Conductivity Function from Water Flow Similarity in Idealized- and Natural-Structure Pores AU - Arya, Lalit M. AU - Heitman, J. L. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Our objective was to develop and evaluate a simple, primarily physically based hydraulic conductivity model for natural‐structure soils. The proposed model of the hydraulic conductivity function, K (θ), is based on particle‐size distribution (PSD), flow in idealized capillary tubes of uniform diameter, and measured saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s ). We assume that hydraulic conductivity at a given saturation is actually saturated conductivity of pores that remain filled at that saturation, i.e., insignificant contribution from unfilled pores. The PSD data are used to generate pore‐size distribution using the Arya–Paris model, based on soil water characteristics. Pores are first treated as idealized, and flow for each domain is calculated using the Hagen–Poiseuille flow equation. We further assume that the ratio of flow in any pore domain to total flow at saturation for idealized pores applies equally to natural‐structure pores. Using this equality, the total flow at saturation, obtained from measured K s , is distributed among the natural pore domains. This approach is advantageous in that flow parameters remain constant for all soils. Using the model, we calculated K (θ) for 29 soils with a wide range of physical properties. Agreement between predicted and experimental data was excellent to good for 21 soils ( r 2 > 0.9 for 14 soils, >0.8 for 7 soils). Poorer agreement in the remaining soils was attributed to uncertainty in input and experimental K (θ) data. A 1:1 comparison of log‐transformed predicted and experimental data for the 29 soils (719 data pairs) showed significant scatter( r 2 = 0.735, RMSE = 1.04), which is consistent with similar comparisons in the literature. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2009.0204 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 787-796 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity in wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) accessions from southern islands of Korean peninsula AU - Lee, J. -D. AU - Shannon, J. G. AU - Vuong, T. D. AU - Moon, H. AU - Nguyen, H. T. AU - Tsukamoto, C. AU - Chung, G. T2 - PLANT BREEDING AB - With 2 figures and 3 tables Abstract Korea is a centre of genetic diversity for both cultivated [ Glycine max (L.) Merr] and wild ( Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) soybeans. Wild soybean is native to some of the 3 000 islands surrounding the Korean peninsula. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic diversity of wild soybeans collected from 24 inhabited islands off the southern coast of Korea. Forty simple sequence repeat markers covering the 20 soybean chromosomes were used to estimate genetic diversity among 66 wild accessions collected from 24 islands. Accessions collected from the islands were similar to the Korean mainland accessions for diversity index. Molecular variation between island and mainland populations was about 8% (P = 0.001) and 91.6% within wild soybean populations. Genetic variation (P = 0.001) among and within the island wild soybean populations was 9.8% and 90.2%, respectively. Wild soybeans from the islands may be specifically adapted to the adverse conditions such as wind, flooding, salt and drought and may have useful genes tolerance to various abiotic stresses and resistance to biotic traits. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01757.x VL - 129 IS - 3 SP - 257-263 SN - 0179-9541 KW - genetic diversity KW - Glycine soja KW - soybean KW - soybean germplasm KW - wild soybean ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Mowing on Anthraquinone for Deterrence of Canada Geese AU - Ayers, Christopher R. AU - Moorman, Christopher E. AU - Deperno, Christopher S. AU - Yelverton, Fred H. AU - Wang, Huixia J. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB - ABSTRACT Anthraquinone (AQ)‐based repellents have been shown to reduce Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) use of turfgrass; however, impacts of frequent mowing on efficacy of AQ have not been studied. Our objective was to determine efficacy and longevity of a rain‐fast AQ‐based avian repellent, FlightControl® PLUS (FCP), as a deterrent of free‐ranging resident Canada geese under 2 mowing frequencies. We conducted the study at 8 sites in the Triangle region (Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill) of North Carolina, USA. We arranged our experiment in a randomized complete block design, with each of 8 sites containing 4 0.1‐ha treatment combinations: 1) treated with FCP and mowed every 4 days (T4), 2) treated with FCP and mowed every 8 days (T8), 3) untreated and mowed every 4 days, and 4) untreated and mowed every 8 days. We conducted 4 37‐day field sessions (Jun‐Jul 2007, Sep‐Oct 2007, Jun‐Jul 2008, and Sep‐Oct 2008), representing the summer molting phase and the full‐plumage phase. Resident goose use (measured by daily no. of droppings) was 41–70% lower on treated plots than on untreated plots, but use was similar between T4 and T8. Average FCP coverage on grass blades decreased in coverage from approximately 95% to 10% over the 30‐day posttreatment phase. Results indicate that resident Canada goose use of FCP‐treated turfgrass areas was lower than untreated areas even when chemical coverage on grass was 10%. Further, mowing frequency did not have a clear impact on the efficacy of FCP as a Canada goose repellent. DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010/11// DO - 10.2193/2009-323 VL - 74 IS - 8 SP - 1863-1868 SN - 0022-541X KW - Anthraquinone KW - Branta canadensis KW - Canada geese KW - FlightControl (R) PLUS KW - mowing KW - repellents KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary boron on immune function in growing beef steers* AU - Fry, R. S. AU - Lloyd, K. E. AU - Jacobi, S. K. AU - Siciliano, P. D. AU - Robarge, W. P. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION AB - Thirty-six Angus and Angus x Simmental cross steers (initial BW 269.5 +/- 22.3 kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary boron (B) on performance and immune function. Steers were fed on one of the three dietary treatments: (i) control (no supplemental B; 7.2 mg B/kg DM), (ii) 5 mg supplemental B/kg DM and (iii) 50 mg supplemental B/kg DM, from sodium borate for 78 days. Supplementation of dietary B had no effect on body weight (BW) gain, feed intake or gain:feed during the study. Jugular blood samples were collected prior to feeding on days 28, 63 and 77 for plasma-B analysis. Supplementation of dietary B increased (p < 0.001) plasma B-concentration in a dose-responsive manner. Furthermore, plasma B-concentration was correlated (p < 0.001; R(2) = 0. 95) to daily B-intake (mg B/day). Jugular blood was also collected, from an equal number of steers from each treatment, on day 42 or 44 for determination of in vitro production of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha from isolated monocytes and assessment of lymphocyte proliferation. Dietary B did not affect T- or B-lymphocyte proliferation or in vitro cytokine production from monocytes. On day 49 of the study, the humoral immune response was assessed by i.m. injection of a 25% pig red blood cell (PRBC) solution for determination of anti-PRBC IgG and IgM titre responses. Boron-supplemented steers had greater (p = 0.035) anti-PRBC IgG titres than controls on day 7 but not on day 14 or 21 post-injection. Anti-PRBC IgM titres did not differ throughout the sampling period. Results from this study indicate that supplemental B had minimal effects on immune function and did not affect performance of growing steers. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00906.x VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 273-279 SN - 0931-2439 KW - cattle KW - boron KW - immunoglobulins KW - cytokines KW - lymphocytes ER - TY - JOUR TI - "Dig It!": How an Exhibit Breathed Life into Soils Education AU - Megonigal, J. Patrick AU - Stauffer, Barbara AU - Starrs, Siobhan AU - Pekarik, Andrew AU - Drohan, Patrick AU - Havlin, John T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - We propose that the primary goal of public soils education should not be to teach, but to inspire The goal to inspire guided the design of “Dig It! The Secrets of Soil,” a large exhibit in the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, for 18 mo beginning in June 2008. The “Dig It!” exhibit was designed from an ecosystem perspective, in which agriculture—the traditional context for soils education—is considered to be just one of many ecosystem types. For visitors inspired primarily by art and culture, there were objects chosen to surprise and expand the imagination about soils. The exhibit was designed to communicate to wide range of ages, centered on 12–14 yr olds. As such, it was rich in audiovisual media that included a cartoon, a movie, two looping videos, a kiosk for exploring the state soils, a quiz game, and a role‐playing game. It also included scale models and actual soil monoliths. The exhibit addressed the full spectrum of issues that concern contemporary soil scientists—climate change, aquatic eutrophication, soil degradation, sustainable farming, and others—by organizing the content according to scale (global, regional. and local). Interviews with visitors indicated that the exhibit had the potential to effectively alter the preconceived notions of more than 2 million visitors about soils. We fully expect the exhibit to continue inspiring the public about soils through the richness of the exhibit website ( www.forces.si.edu/soils ; verified 6 Mar. 2010), which includes videos, games, and interactive content. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2009.0409 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 706-716 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Steer Performance and Pasture Productivity of Caucasian Bluestem at Three Forage Masses AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - The introduced perennial, warm‐season grass, Caucasian bluestem [ Bothriochloa caucasia (Trin.) C.E. Hubbard ‘Caucasian’], appears to be adapted to the mid‐Atlantic region. This 4‐yr experiment compared animal and pasture productivity of Caucasian bluestem over three canopy heights, or forage masses (FM), designated as Short (14.6 cm), Medium (32.2 cm), and Tall (39.8 cm). The relationship of canopy height to diet and canopy characteristics was also evaluated. The soil was a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult). Pastures were continuously stocked using variable stocking from mid‐May through mid‐September. Forage mass (harvested to a 2.5‐cm stubble), increased linearly ( P = 0.04) averaging 1.42, 2.31 and 2.75 Mg ha −1 for Short, Medium, and Tall canopy heights. Steer average daily gain (ADG) was similar among FM treatments (0.76 kg d −1 ) but weight gain decreased linearly ( P < 0.01) from Short to Tall (from 817 to 518 kg ha −1 ). Increasing FM resulted in a quadratic decrease ( P ≤ 0.04) in stocking rate (from 9.7 to 7.8 steers ha −1 ) and animal days (from 1019 to 700 d ha −1 ) and a linear decrease ( P = 0.02) in effective feed units (from 4025 to 2806 kg ha −1 ). Stand counts of Caucasian bluestem increased linearly ( P = 0.05) from Tall to Short FM (from 22.8–70.0%) with the Tall providing openings for potential weed invasion. Caucasian bluestem can be heavily stocked and may provide acceptable quality forage for summer grazing in the mid‐Atlantic region. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2009.0468 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 834-842 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simple sequence repeat allelic diversity in virginia-type peanut cultivars released from 1943 to 2006 AU - Milla-Lewis, S. R. AU - Zuleta, M. C. AU - Isleib, T. G. T2 - Crop Science AB - Studies on genetic diversity in Arachis spp. using microsatellite markers have included few or no commercial cultivars among the genotypes analyzed. The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the utility of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for detecting molecular polymorphism among elite virginia‐type peanut germplasm. Within that context, we had a secondary objective of assessing the impact of decades of plant breeding on allelic diversity levels among virginia‐type peanut cultivars. All U.S. virginia‐type cultivated varieties (except four) released between 1943 and 2006 were genotyped at 39 microsatellite loci. A total of 171 alleles were amplified. Allelic frequencies ranged from 0.02 to 0.97, with an average of 0.27. Although no significant difference was observed for the number of alleles present between the initial and the most recent time periods, our results indicate that levels of diversity present in virginia‐type peanuts have fluctuated significantly since the 1940s and peaked during the 1970s. Our study demonstrates that microsatellite markers may be useful for detecting molecular variation among peanut cultivars. Moreover, this is the first report of using microsatellite markers to describe genetic diversity in a collection of cultivated varieties of peanut. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0501 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 1348–1356 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient contribution and release kinetics of vermicompost amended pine bark AU - McGinnis, M. S. AU - Wagger, M. G. AU - Warren, S. L. AU - Bilderback, T. E. T2 - Compost Science & Utilization AB - The composting of organic waste materials using earthworms yields the value-added product vermicompost (VC). The use of VC as a growing substrate amendment for containerized horticultural crop production is a sustainable nutrient management approach which can benefit crop production by providing plant nutrients and improving crop growth. In order to provide nutrient management guidelines for users of VC amended container substrates, a study was conducted to quantify nutrients supplied to substrates solution and to develop nutrient release kinetic models to predict plant available nutrient based on total initial loading rates. Experimental treatments and results were expressed on a volume basis (4-L container) for easy interpretation and application by growers of crops in containers. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/1065657x.2010.10736941 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 97-104 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen Release from Coated Urea Fertilizers in Different Soils AU - Cahill, Sheri AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Israel, Daniel T2 - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS AB - The nitrogen (N) release from coated urea fertilizers (Arborite and ESN), traditional N fertilizers [urea, (NH2)2CO], and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) [(NH2)2CO, NH4NO3] in three North Carolina (USA) soils was measured throughout a 12-week laboratory incubation. Treatments were N source and moisture level (60% and 80% of field capacity). In both the Candor and Cecil soils, 40% of the Arborite N had released by day 2 after addition to the soil. Maximum Arborite N release was achieved by week 6 for both soils. The ESN N release began between weeks 1 and 2, and maximum release was attained by week 6 for the Candor and by week 8 for the Cecil soil. The ESN reached 70% release on Portsmouth by week 8 and Arborite had an immediate release. Field studies of these coated ureas would be needed to determine if they are economically viable over more traditional N fertilizers in North Carolina. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/00103621003721437 VL - 41 IS - 10 SP - 1245-1256 SN - 1532-2416 KW - Coated urea fertilizers KW - field capacity KW - incubation KW - nitrogen KW - UAN KW - urea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of NH3 bi-directional flux from managed agricultural soils AU - Cooter, Ellen J. AU - Bash, Jesse O. AU - Walker, John T. AU - Jones, M. R. AU - Robarge, Wayne T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - The Community Multi-Scale Air Quality model (CMAQ) is used to assess regional air quality conditions for a wide range of chemical species throughout the United States (U.S.). CMAQ representation of the regional nitrogen budget is limited by its treatment of ammonia (NH3) soil emission from, and deposition to underlying surfaces as independent rather than tightly coupled processes, and by its reliance on soil emission estimates that do not respond to variable meteorology and ambient chemical conditions. The present study identifies an approach that addresses these limitations, lends itself to regional application, and will better position CMAQ to meet future assessment challenges. These goals were met through the integration of the resistance-based flux model of Nemitz et al. (2001) with elements of the United States Department of Agriculture EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model. Model integration centers on the estimation of ammonium and hydrogen ion concentrations in the soil required to estimate soil NH3 flux. The EPIC model was calibrated using data collected during an intensive 2007 field study in Lillington, North Carolina. A simplified process model based on the nitrification portion of EPIC was developed and evaluated. It was then combined with the Nemitz et al. (2001) model and measurements of near-surface NH3 concentrations to simulate soil NH3 flux at the field site. Finally, the integrated flux (emission) results were scaled upward and compared to recent national ammonia emission inventory estimates. The integrated model results are shown to be more temporally resolved (daily), while maintaining good agreement with established soil emission estimates at longer time-scales (monthly). Although results are presented for a single field study, the process-based nature of this approach and NEI comparison suggest that inclusion of this flux model in a regional application should produce useful assessment results if nationally consistent sources of driving soil and agricultural management information are identified. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.044 VL - 44 IS - 17 SP - 2107-2115 SN - 1352-2310 KW - Bi-directional flux KW - Ammonia emissions KW - Agricultural soils KW - Fertilizer emissions KW - EPIC KW - CMAQ ER - TY - JOUR TI - An investigation of widespread ozone damage to the soybean crop in the upper Midwest determined from ground-based and satellite measurements AU - Fishman, Jack AU - Creilson, John K. AU - Parker, Peter A. AU - Ainsworth, Elizabeth A. AU - Vining, G. Geoffrey AU - Szarka, John AU - Booker, Fitzgerald L. AU - Xu, Xiaojing T2 - ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AB - Elevated concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3) are frequently measured over farmland regions in many parts of the world. While numerous experimental studies show that O3 can significantly decrease crop productivity, independent verifications of yield losses at current ambient O3 concentrations in rural locations are sparse. In this study, soybean crop yield data during a 5-year period over the Midwest of the United States were combined with ground and satellite O3 measurements to provide evidence that yield losses on the order of 10% could be estimated through the use of a multiple linear regression model. Yield loss trends based on both conventional ground-based instrumentation and satellite-derived tropospheric O3 measurements were statistically significant and were consistent with results obtained from open-top chamber experiments and an open-air experimental facility (SoyFACE, Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment) in central Illinois. Our analysis suggests that such losses are a relatively new phenomenon due to the increase in background tropospheric O3 levels over recent decades. Extrapolation of these findings supports previous studies that estimate the global economic loss to the farming community of more than $10 billion annually. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.015 VL - 44 IS - 18 SP - 2248-2256 SN - 1873-2844 KW - Air pollution KW - Crop damage KW - Ozone KW - Remote sensing KW - Soybean KW - Yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agronomic Performance of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Resistant Tobacco Lines and Hybrids Possessing the Resistance Gene N Introgressed on Different Chromosomes AU - Lewis, Ramsey S. AU - Rose, Cara T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is conferred by the single dominant gene, N , in Nicotiana glutinosa L. This gene has been transferred to cultivated tobacco ( N. tabacum L.) via interspecific hybridization and backcrossing. Current TMV‐resistant (TMV R ) cultivars carry N introgressed on chromosome H of the N. tabacum genome. Undesirable linkage drag effects have caused associations with reduced yields and/or quality in flue‐cured tobacco, however. Other germplasm lines possess the gene transferred onto an alternative chromosome. The objective of this research was to compare the agronomic performance of nearly isogenic lines (NILs) and hybrids possessing N on different chromosomes and originating from four N donor lines. Regardless of the source of the gene, Nn heterozygotes were intermediate in value for yield, cash return, and cured leaf chemistry relative to nn and NN homozygotes. Lines and hybrids carrying N transferred from Xanthi nc produced the highest yields, whereas those possessing N introduced from TI 1473 exhibited the lowest yields. Overall, materials possessing N on chromosome H were not found to be significantly different for yield, grade index, value per hundred weight (US$ cwt −1 ), or cash return from those carrying the resistance gene on the alternative chromosome. Breeding strategies designed to reduce the amount of N. glutinosa chromatin linked to N are needed to develop TMV R flue‐cured tobacco cultivars that do not exhibit an accompanying yield penalty. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0615 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 1339-1347 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suitability of Canola Residue for Cellulosic Ethanol Production AU - George, Nicholas AU - Yang, Ying AU - Wang, Ziyu AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna AU - Tungate, Kim T2 - ENERGY & FUELS AB - The acreage of winter canola in the Southeastern United States is presently limited but is expected to increase in the future as demand for biodiesel grows. The residue production of canola is known to be relatively high in comparison to other grain crops. Only the seed of canola is currently harvested and utilized, but if canola is to be grown more widely the crop residue could potentially be used for biofuel production. This proof of concept study investigated the value of canola crop residue as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. The mean dry yield of residue for canola was found to be approximately 9 Mg/ha, which is higher than for other common winter crops produced in the Southeast. Cellulosic ethanol production from the residue was investigated through acid (H2SO4) and alkali (NaOH) pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase and cellobiase and hexose fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ethanol yield from the biomass was relatively low, at around 95 L per dry tonne, suggesting the potential of canola residue for cellulosic ethanol production is poor. However, given the high residue productivity of canola, its use for cellulosic ethanol production clearly needs to be studied further. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1021/ef1002155 VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - 4454-4458 SN - 1520-5029 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Siderophore-promoted dissolution of cobalt from hydroxide minerals AU - Bi, Yuqiang AU - Hesterberg, Dean L. AU - Duckworth, Owen W. T2 - GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA AB - Recent research has revealed that siderophores, a class of biogenic ligands with high affinities for Fe(III), can also strongly complex Co(III), an element essential to the normal metabolic function of microbes and animals. This study was conducted to quantify the rates and identify the products and mechanisms of the siderophore-promoted dissolution of Co from synthetic Co-bearing minerals. The dissolution reactions of heterogenite (CoOOH) and four Co-substituted goethites (Co-FeOOH) containing different Co concentrations were investigated in the presence of a trihydroxamate siderophore, desferrioxamine B (DFOB), using batch and flow-through experiments. Results showed that DFOB-promoted dissolution of Co from Co-bearing minerals may occur via pH-dependent ligand-promoted or reductive dissolution mechanisms. For heterogenite, ligand-promoted dissolution was the dominant pathway at neutral to alkaline pH, while production of dissolved Co(II) for pH <6. It was not possible from our data to decouple the separate contributions of homogenous and heterogeneous reduction reactions to the aqueous Co(II) pool. Cobalt substitution in Co-substituted goethite, possibly caused by distortion of goethite structure and increased lattice strain, resulted in enhanced total dissolution rates of both Co and Fe. The DFOB-promoted dissolution rates of Co-bearing minerals, coupled with the high affinity of Co(III) for DFOB, suggest that siderophores may be effective for increasing Co solubility, and thus possibly Co bioavailability. The results also suggest that siderophores may contribute to the mobilization of radioactive 60Co from Co-bearing mineral phases through mineral weathering and dissolution processes. DA - 2010/5/15/ PY - 2010/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.gca.2010.02.028 VL - 74 IS - 10 SP - 2915-2925 SN - 1872-9533 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77951296385&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance loci affecting distinct stages of fungal pathogenesis: use of introgression lines for QTL mapping and characterization in the maize - Setosphaeria turcica pathosystem AU - Chung, Chia-Lin AU - Longfellow, Joy M. AU - Walsh, Ellie K. AU - Kerdieh, Zura AU - Van Esbroeck, George AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Nelson, Rebecca J. T2 - BMC PLANT BIOLOGY AB - Abstract Background Studies on host-pathogen interactions in a range of pathosystems have revealed an array of mechanisms by which plants reduce the efficiency of pathogenesis. While R-gene mediated resistance confers highly effective defense responses against pathogen invasion, quantitative resistance is associated with intermediate levels of resistance that reduces disease progress. To test the hypothesis that specific loci affect distinct stages of fungal pathogenesis, a set of maize introgression lines was used for mapping and characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTL) conditioning resistance to Setosphaeria turcica , the causal agent of northern leaf blight (NLB). To better understand the nature of quantitative resistance, the identified QTL were further tested for three secondary hypotheses: (1) that disease QTL differ by host developmental stage; (2) that their performance changes across environments; and (3) that they condition broad-spectrum resistance. Results Among a set of 82 introgression lines, seven lines were confirmed as more resistant or susceptible than B73. Two NLB QTL were validated in BC 4 F 2 segregating populations and advanced introgression lines. These loci, designated qNLB1.02 and qNLB1.06 , were investigated in detail by comparing the introgression lines with B73 for a series of macroscopic and microscopic disease components targeting different stages of NLB development. Repeated greenhouse and field trials revealed that qNLB1.06 Tx303 (the Tx303 allele at bin 1.06) reduces the efficiency of fungal penetration, while qNLB1.02 B73 (the B73 allele at bin 1.02) enhances the accumulation of callose and phenolics surrounding infection sites, reduces hyphal growth into the vascular bundle and impairs the subsequent necrotrophic colonization in the leaves. The QTL were equally effective in both juvenile and adult plants; qNLB1.06 Tx303 showed greater effectiveness in the field than in the greenhouse. In addition to NLB resistance, qNLB1.02 B73 was associated with resistance to Stewart's wilt and common rust, while qNLB1.06 Tx303 conferred resistance to Stewart's wilt. The non-specific resistance may be attributed to pleiotropy or linkage. Conclusions Our research has led to successful identification of two reliably-expressed QTL that can potentially be utilized to protect maize from S. turcica in different environments. This approach to identifying and dissecting quantitative resistance in plants will facilitate the application of quantitative resistance in crop protection. DA - 2010/6/8/ PY - 2010/6/8/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2229-10-103 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1471-2229 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of the Soft Red Winter Wheat Germplasm MD01W233-06-1 Resistant to Fusarium Head Blight AU - Costa, Jose M. AU - Bockelman, Harold E. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Cambron, Sue E. AU - Chen, Xianming AU - Cooper, Aaron AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Dong, Yanghong AU - Grybauskas, Arvydas AU - Jin, Yue AU - Kolmer, James AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Sneller, Clay AU - Souza, Edward T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - Fusarium head blight (FHB) [caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe; telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch] is a major disease of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in the US mid‐Atlantic region. The objective of this research was to derive soft red winter wheat (SRWW) germplasm with enhanced FHB resistance for this region. MD01W233–06–1 (Reg. No. GP‐857, PI No. 658682) is a soft red winter wheat (SRWW) ( Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm line developed at the University of Maryland and released by the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station in 2009. MD01W233–06–1 was selected from the cross ‘McCormick’/‘Choptank’ made in 2001. McCormick and Choptank are SRWW cultivars adapted to the US mid‐Atlantic region. MD01W233–06–1 was selected as an F 3:5 line selection in Queenstown, MD in June 2006. MD01W233–06–1 has type II resistance to FHB that is different from that of ‘Sumai 3’. Additionally, it has resistance to the Ug99 race of stem rust. These characteristics make this line a valuable contribution for breeding for enhanced FHB resistance in the US mid‐Atlantic. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.3198/jpr2010.01.0034crg VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 255-260 SN - 1936-5209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Red Amber' Wheat AU - Lewis, Janet M. AU - Siler, Lee AU - Souza, Edward AU - Ng, Perry K. W. AU - Dong, Yanhong AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Jiang, Guo-Liang AU - Ward, Richard W. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - ‘Red Amber’ (Reg. No. CV‐1046, PI 658657) soft red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and released March 2008 via an exclusive licensing agreement through Michigan State University (MSU) Technologies. Red Amber was selected from the cross Pioneer variety ‘2555’/‘Lowell’ made in 1995. The cultivar is an F 10 derived line, and the original experimental number with MSU is D8006R. In addition to standard yield test criteria, milling and baking performances also were considered for selection. Red Amber was released because of its good grain yield, high flour yield, and resistance to powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer]. Red Amber is well adapted to Michigan. The name was given because it is a red wheat released from a breeding program that was previously dedicated to white wheat breeding, and amber is valued for its color quality. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.3198/jpr2009.10.0587crc VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 215-223 SN - 1936-5209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'Colony' Lowland Switchgrass AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Godshalk, E. B. AU - Timothy, D. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - ‘Colony’ (Reg. No. CV‐256, PI 658520) is a lowland cytotype of switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) developed and released by the USDA‐ARS and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Colony was developed from three cycles of selection with random cross‐pollination occurring in cycle 0, index selection for forage dry matter yield and in vitro dry matter disappearance and crude protein concentrations in open‐pollinated isolation in cycles 1 and 2. Replicated yield trials were conducted for 5 yr in Piedmont and 4 yr in Coastal Plain soils of North Carolina. Associated nutritive value estimates were obtained for the last 3 yr from the Coastal Plain site. The quality of Colony hay was evaluated in replicated animal trials. Colony was released because of its greater dry matter concentration of cellulose and greater cellulose yield per hectare with potential for biomass purposes. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.3198/jpr2009.12.0722crc VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 189-194 SN - 1936-5209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Latent heat in soil heat flux measurements AU - Heitman, J. L. AU - Horton, R. AU - Sauer, T. J. AU - Ren, T. S. AU - Xiao, X. T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - The surface energy balance includes a term for soil heat flux. Soil heat flux is difficult to measure because it includes conduction and convection heat transfer processes. Accurate representation of soil heat flux is an important consideration in many modeling and measurement applications. Yet, there remains uncertainty about what comprises soil heat flux and how surface and subsurface heat fluxes are linked in energy balance closure. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the presence of a subsurface latent heat sink, which must be considered in order to accurately link subsurface heat fluxes between depths near and at the soil surface. Measurements were performed under effectively bare surface conditions in a silty clay loam soil near Ames, IA. Soil heat flux was measured with heat-pulse sensors using the gradient heat flux approach at 1-, 3-, and 6-cm soil depths. Independent estimates of the daily latent heat sink were obtained by measuring the change of mass of microlysimeters. Heat flux measurements at the 1-cm depth deviated from heat flux measurements at other depths, even after calorimetric adjustment was made. This deviation was most pronounced shortly after rainfall, where the 1-cm soil heat flux measurement exceeded 400 W m−2. Cumulative soil heat flux measurements at the 1-cm depth exceeded measurements at the 3-cm depth by >75% over a 7-day rain-free period, whereas calorimetric adjustment allowed 3- and 6-cm depth measurements to converge. Latent heat sink estimates from the microlysimeters accounted for nearly all of the differences between the 1- and 3-cm depth heat flux measurements, indicating that the latent heat sink was distributed between the 1- and 3-cm depths shortly after the rainfall event. Results demonstrate the importance of including latent heat when attempts are made to link or extrapolate subsurface soil heat flux measurements to the surface soil heat flux. DA - 2010/7/15/ PY - 2010/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.04.017 VL - 150 IS - 7-8 SP - 1147-1153 SN - 1873-2240 KW - Soil heat flux KW - Latent heat flux KW - Surface energy balance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Alternative Nitrogen Fertilizers for Corn and Winter Wheat Production AU - Cahill, Sheri AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Weisz, Randy AU - Heiniger, Ronnie T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - As natural gas, and thus N fertilizer, prices increase, farmers are looking for ways to decrease N costs in farming operations. To potentially alleviate this cost burden, alternative synthetic N fertilizers are available as potential management tools for increasing crop yields and N use efficiency, and decreasing volatilization. In North Carolina specifically, little data exists on these new, synthetic N fertilizer products being marketed to farmers. Therefore, we undertook a study to compare them with aqueous urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) [(NH 2 ) 2 CO, NH 4 NO 3 ] during a 2‐yr field experiment. Corn ( Zea mays L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in the three physiographic regions of North Carolina with four fertilizer sources (NutriSphere [Specialty Fertilizer Products, Leawood, KS], Environmentally Smart Nitrogen Polymer Coated Urea or ESN [Agrium Inc., Alberta, Canada] UCAN‐23 [Yara, Tampa, FL], and UAN) at up to six fertilizer rates. The use of the alternative products did not regularly produce more corn or wheat grain compared to UAN, while wheat straw yield was greater with NutriSphere, UCAN, and UAN compared to ESN in three of four site years. Also, an aerobic incubation experiment was performed to evaluated N release profiles of the fertilizers at 25°C. The study found that NutriSphere and UCAN release time was similarly to UAN, while ESN showed a slower release profile. However, any difference in release did not affect yields of spring planted corn, NutriSphere and ESN increased corn stover yields in 3 of 6 site‐years. In determining whether to use these alternative N fertilizer products, farmers should consider location, climatic conditions, and fertilizer costs in comparison to UAN. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2010.0095 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 1226-1236 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of Rht Genes in Modern and Historic Winter Wheat Cultivars from the Eastern and Central USA AU - Guedira, M. AU - Brown-Guedira, G. AU - Van Sanford, D. AU - Sneller, C. AU - Souza, E. AU - Marshall, D. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Over 70% of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown worldwide have a semidwarf phenotype controlled by the major genes Rht‐B1, Rht‐D1 , and Rht8c The objective of this study was to determine their frequency in a set of historic and modern soft and hard winter wheat cultivars grown in the central and eastern USA. Three hundred sixty‐two cultivars that were developed from 1808 to 2008 were evaluated with molecular markers for Rht‐B1 , Rht‐D1 , and Rht8c All cultivars released before 1964 (41 soft winter wheat and 6 hard winter wheat) had wild‐type (tall) alleles at all three loci. After introduction of the dwarfing genes, the percentage of tested lines carrying either Rht‐B1b or Rht‐D1b increased rapidly to greater than 90% of modern varieties. Among soft winter wheat cultivars, the Rht‐D1b dwarfing gene was the most frequent being present in 45% of all lines tested and Rht‐B1b was present in 28%, while in the hard winter wheat cultivars the Rht‐B1b allele is the most prevalent in 77% of lines. Only 8% of the hard cultivars tested had the Rht‐D1b allele. The presence of the 192‐base pair (bp) allele of the microsatellite marker Xgwm261 indicated that Rht8c was less frequently used as a source of dwarfing in U.S. winter wheat germplasm, being present in 8 and 3% of the soft winter wheat and the hard winter wheats, respectively. A number of modern cultivars were identified that did not carry any of the dwarfing genes assayed and may possess alternative reduced height genes. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0626 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 1811-1822 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of Wheat Lines Having a Small Introgressed Segment Carrying Stem Rust Resistance Gene Sr22 AU - Olson, Eric L. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Marshall, David AU - Stack, Ellen AU - Bowden, Robert L. AU - Jin, Yue AU - Rouse, Matthew AU - Pumphrey, Michael O. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT The wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr22 confers resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Pers. race TTKSK (also known as Ug99) that developed in Africa and is an immediate threat to world wheat production. The resistance gene is present on a chromosomal translocation derived from Triticum boeoticum Boiss., which has a genome that is partially homologous to the A genome of T. aestivum L. Sr22 has been deployed in a limited number of cultivars due to poor agronomic performance of lines carrying the resistance gene. Linkage analysis of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers on chromosome 7A was performed to identify loci closely linked to Sr22 . The most tightly linked proximal and distal SSR marker loci were Xcfa2123 and Xwmc633 , respectively. A two‐step process was then used to develop resistant lines having smaller chromosome segments derived from the diploid donor. First, individuals in which a single recombination event had occurred between wheat and the Sr22 introgression were identified in the mapping populations. In spite of reduced recombination between T. boeoticum and T. aestivum chromosomes, sufficient recombination events were found among 398 F 3:4 lines derived from recombinant F 2 progeny to recover multiple resistant individuals with smaller alien introgressions. Resistant lines were identified having less than 6% of the chromosome arm derived from T. boeoticum. These lines may provide a more agronomically desirable source of Sr22 that can be readily deployed in cultivars resistant to Ug99. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0652 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 1823-1830 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in Soil Science Education and Employment AU - Havlin, J. AU - Balster, N. AU - Chapman, S. AU - Ferris, D. AU - Thompson, T. AU - Smith, T. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - During the last several decades, members of the SSSA have discussed several trends related to soil science education, including: (i) declining academic programs and course offerings at land grant universities, (ii) decreased enrollments, and (iii) improved employment opportunities for soil science graduates (SSSA, 2006; Ferris et al., 2010). The SSSA Advocacy/Education Task Force met in 2007 and concluded that quantitative survey information was needed to document trends in soil science academic programs, student enrollment, faculty, and job opportunities for graduates. Suggested survey topics included: · Has the recognition of soil science as a distinct discipline increased or decreased? · How has the job market changed during the past decade, and how will job opportunities for soil scientists change in the future? · How have undergraduate and graduate soils curricula changed during the last decade? · Has enrollment in soil science degree programs and courses changed during the past decade? · Has there been a change in the degree programs of students enrolling in soils courses in the past decade? · Have soil science programs been combined with other programs? Therefore, the objective of the survey was to quantify trends in student enrollment, faculty positions, pertinent educational issues in soil and related sciences, and career or job opportunities and trends. Expected outcomes included a better understanding of current educational practices and trends, and identification of specific opportunities for SSSA to enhance the practice and profession of soil science. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2010.0143 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 1429-1432 SN - 0361-5995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of interface organizations in science communication and understanding AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Nadkarni, Nalini M. AU - Driscoll, Charles T. AU - Andrews, Elaine AU - Gold, Arthur J. AU - Allred, Shorna R. Broussard AU - Berkowitz, Alan R. AU - Klemens, Michael W. AU - Loecke, Terry L. AU - McGarry, Mary Ann AU - Schwarz, Kirsten AU - Washington, Mary L. AU - Groffman, Peter M. T2 - FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AB - “Interface” organizations are groups created to foster the use of science in environmental policy, management, and education. Here we compare interface organizations that differ in spatial scale, modes of operation, and intended audience to illustrate their diversity and importance in promoting the application of science to environmental issues. There has been exciting recent growth in the nature and extent of activities by interface organizations and in new methods for science communication and engagement. These developments can help scientists – who face personal and institutional challenges when attempting to convey the results of their research to various audiences – interact with society on specific issues in specific places, and with a wide range of non‐traditional audiences. The ongoing mission for these organizations should be to move beyond simply increasing awareness of environmental problems to the creation of solutions that result in genuine environmental improvements. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1890/090145 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 306-313 SN - 1540-9295 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Perennial Questions of Hydrology and Climate Response AU - Glover, J. D. AU - Reganold, J. P. AU - Bell, L. W. AU - Borevitz, J. AU - Brummer, E. C. AU - Buckler, E. S. AU - Cox, C. M. AU - Cox, T. S. AU - Crews, T. E. AU - Culman, S. W. AU - Dehaan, L. R. AU - Eriksson, D. AU - Gill, B. S. AU - Holland, J. AU - Hu, F. AU - Hulke, B. S. AU - Ibrahim, A. M. H. AU - Jackson, W. AU - Jones, S. S. AU - Murray, S. C. AU - Paterson, A. H. AU - Ploschuk, E. AU - Sacks, E. J. AU - Snapp, S. AU - Tao, D. AU - Van Tassel, D. L. AU - Wade, L. J. AU - Wyse, D. L. AU - Xu, Y. AB - We agree with Georgescu and Lobell that the effects of perennial bioenergy crops on hydrology and climate must be considered. However, our Policy Forum focused on the advantages of developing perennial grain crops ([ 1 ][1]), not bioenergy crops that can displace staple food crops. We did not DA - 2010/10/1/ PY - 2010/10/1/ DO - 10.1126/science.330.6000.33-b SP - 33-34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Liming Effects of Poultry Layer Manures in Coastal Plain and Piedmont Soils AU - Grijalva, D. F. Montalvo AU - Crozier, C. R. AU - Smyth, T. J. AU - Hardy, D. H. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Since soil type and manure processing can affect nutrient release, laboratory and greenhouse experiments determined N and P availability, and liming value under representative layer manure application scenarios. Fresh, composted, and pelleted manures were applied to surface samples of three North Carolina soils (Belhaven, loamy, mixed, dysic, thermic Terric Haplosaprists; Cecil, fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults; and Lynchburg, fine‐loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults). A 90 d N mineralization incubation found greater N mineralization (83, 73, and 61% of total N applied in fresh, composted, and pelleted manures, respectively), in the Lynchburg than in the Cecil soil (41, 33, and 25% for the same manures); while mean N availability of urea was 80% for all soils. All manures exhibited effects on soil pH and Mehlich‐3 extractable soil P during separate 21 d incubations that were consistent with their calcium carbonate equivalence and total P content. In a 30 d greenhouse experiment with millet [ Urochloa ramosa (L.) T. Q. Nguyen] in the same soils, plant available N from the manures followed the decreasing order of fresh > composted > pelleted, similar to the rank order obtained in the N incubation study. Application of either inorganic or manure P sources to the Belhaven muck resulted in more water soluble soil P and greater plant P uptake than when P was applied to the mineral soils. Both soil and manure source influenced manure nutrient availability, but the availability coefficients from these laboratory and greenhouse experiments should be verified under field conditions. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2009.0283 VL - 102 IS - 5 SP - 1329-1339 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interference of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Sweetpotato AU - Meyers, Stephen L. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Monks, David W. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Clinton and Faison, NC, to evaluate the influence of Palmer amaranth density on ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’ sweetpotato yield and quality and to quantify the influence of Palmer amaranth on light interception. Palmer amaranth was established at 0, 0.5, 1.1, 1.6, 3.3, and 6.5 plants m −1 within the sweetpotato row and densities were maintained season-long. Jumbo, number (no.) 1, and marketable sweetpotato yield losses were fit to a rectangular hyperbola model, and predicted yield loss ranged from 56 to 94%, 30 to 85%, and 36 to 81%, respectively for Palmer amaranth densities of 0.5 to 6.5 plants m −1 . Percentage of jumbo, no. 1, and marketable sweetpotato yield loss displayed a positive linear relationship with Palmer amaranth light interception as early as 6 to 7 wk after planting ( R 2 = 0.99, 0.86, and 0.93, respectively). Predicted Palmer amaranth light interception 6 to 7, 10, and 13 to 14 wk after planting ranged from 47 to 68%, 46 to 82%, and 42 to 71%, respectively for Palmer amaranth densities of 0.5 to 6.5 plants m −1 . Palmer amaranth height increased from 177 to 197 cm at densities of 0.5 to 4.1 plants m −1 and decreased from 197 to 188 cm at densities of 4.1 to 6.5 plants m −1 ; plant width (69 to 145 cm) and shoot dry biomass plant −1 (0.2 to 1.1 kg) decreased linearly as density increased. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/ws-d-09-00048.1 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 199-203 SN - 0043-1745 KW - Competition KW - light interception KW - rectangular hyperbola model KW - shoot dry biomass KW - weed density ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variability of transpiration response to vapor pressure deficit among sorghum genotypes AU - Gholipoor, Manoochehr AU - Prasad, P. V. Vara AU - Mutava, Raymond N. AU - Sinclair, Thomas R. T2 - FIELD CROPS RESEARCH AB - Simulation studies have demonstrated that limited maximum transpiration rate (TR) at high air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in water-limited environments could result in significant increases in sorghum yield. However, such a restriction on TR at high VPD has not been documented in sorghum. The objective of this study was to search within sorghum germplasm for the possibility of restricted TR at high VPD. Twenty six genotypes were selected for measurement of VPD response based on field observations including yield, leaf temperature, and the stay-green phenotype. These genotypes were grown in a greenhouse for about 24-d growth, and then placed into individual chambers in which VPD was varied and TR measured. The results of this study showed marked variation among sorghum genotypes in TR response to VPD. Seventeen genotypes were identified as exhibiting a breakpoint in their VPD response in the range from 1.6 to 2.7 kPa, above which there was little or no further increase in TR. Therefore, these genotypes with a breakpoint have the possibility of soil water conservation when VPD during the midday cycle exceeds the breakpoint VPD. This trait would be desirable in less humid environments for increasing yields in water-deficit seasons. The observed range in the value of the BP among genotypes offers the possibility of developing genotypes with BP appropriate for specific environments. DA - 2010/10/9/ PY - 2010/10/9/ DO - 10.1016/j.fcr.2010.06.018 VL - 119 IS - 1 SP - 85-90 SN - 1872-6852 KW - Drought stress KW - Genotypic variation KW - Sorghum KW - Transpiration KW - Vapor pressure deficit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Control of Photoperiod Sensitivity in Maize Revealed by Joint Multiple Population Analysis AU - Coles, Nathan D. AU - McMullen, Michael D. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Pratt, Richard C. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract Variation in maize for response to photoperiod is related to geographical adaptation in the species. Maize possesses homologs of many genes identified as regulators of flowering time in other species, but their relation to the natural variation for photoperiod response in maize is unknown. Candidate gene sequences were mapped in four populations created by crossing two temperate inbred lines to two photoperiod-sensitive tropical inbreds. Whole-genome scans were conducted by high-density genotyping of the populations, which were phenotyped over 3 years in both short- and long-day environments. Joint multiple population analysis identified genomic regions controlling photoperiod responses in flowering time, plant height, and total leaf number. Four key genome regions controlling photoperiod response across populations were identified, referred to as ZmPR1–4. Functional allelic differences within these regions among phenotypically similar founders suggest distinct evolutionary trajectories for photoperiod adaptation in maize. These regions encompass candidate genes CCA/LHY, CONZ1, CRY2, ELF4, GHD7, VGT1, HY1/SE5, TOC1/PRR7/PPD-1, PIF3, ZCN8, and ZCN19. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1534/genetics.109.110304 VL - 184 IS - 3 SP - 799-U301 SN - 1943-2631 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950619493&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bushkiller (Cayratia japonica) Growth in Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition AU - West, Amanda M. AU - Richardson, Robert J. AU - Arellano, Consuelo AU - Burton, Michael G. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Bushkiller was evaluated under inter- and intraspecific competition. In experiment 1, bushkiller, trumpetcreeper, and wild grape were greenhouse-grown alone and in two or three species mixtures in pots. Of the three species, bushkiller grew the tallest and had the greatest final biomass when grown alone. When all three species were grown together, bushkiller grew over twice the height of trumpetcreeper, over three times the height of wild grape, and over four times the biomass of either competing species. Plots of height over time showed that competition did not affect bushkiller or wild grape growth rate, but trumpetcreeper growth was reduced when grown with bushkiller. In experiment 2, bushkiller was grown in cultures of one, two, and three plants per pot to determine intraspecific competition effects on growth. Final height of bushkiller was not affected by intraspecific competition; however, bushkiller biomass decreased with increasing competition. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1614/ws-09-051.1 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 195-198 SN - 1550-2759 KW - Additive design KW - exotic invasive species KW - perennial vine KW - target-neighbor design KW - weed competition ER - TY - JOUR TI - The community composition of soil-denitrifying bacteria from a turfgrass environment AU - Dell, Emily A. AU - Bowman, Daniel AU - Rufty, Thomas AU - Shi, Wei T2 - RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Soil-denitrifying bacteria in highly-managed turfgrass systems were examined to assess their response to land-use change and time under management. Denitrifier community composition and diversity in a turfgrass chronosequence of 1 to 95-years-old were compared with those in an adjacent pine-dominant forest via molecular investigations of nirK and nosZ gene fragments. Both denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequenced clone libraries revealed that the denitrifier community became more diverse after turf establishment, and the diversity was then preserved. Furthermore, the composition of the turfgrass denitrifier community was slightly affected by time under management. Meta-analysis of sequenced nirK and nosZ gene fragments from a variety of ecosystems showed that denitrifier communities in pine and turf were more similar to those in other environments than to each other, suggesting that land-use change substantially modified the composition and increased the diversity of denitrifiers. This study provides a useful baseline of nirK- and nosZ-type soil denitrifier communities to aid in the evaluation of ecological and environmental impacts of turfgrass systems. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.03.010 VL - 161 IS - 5 SP - 315-325 SN - 1769-7123 KW - Denitrifying bacteria KW - nirK KW - nosZ KW - Microbial community composition KW - Turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selection for freezing tolerance in St. Augustinegrass through somaclonal variation and germplasm evaluation AU - Li, R. AU - Qu, R. AU - Bruneau, A. H. AU - Livingston, D. P. T2 - PLANT BREEDING AB - With 4 figures and 1 table St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is the least cold-hardy turfgrass species. Development of freezing-tolerant St. Augustinegrass cultivars would greatly benefit home owners in many southern states of the US. Towards this breeding goal, 7800 plants regenerated through tissue culture and 36 germplasm accessions were screened for improved freezing tolerance. Among the conditions tested, 1 week at 13°C followed by another week at 3°C, then freezing at −3 to −5°C for 3 h, was found to be suitable to distinguish genotypes in freezing tests. The experiments revealed that germplasm accession Elm4 was significantly more freezing-tolerant under a controlled environment than ‘Raleigh’, the current commercially available, most freezing-tolerant cultivar. In addition, out of 7800 regenerated plants from tissue culture, somaclonal variant SVC3 showed significantly more freezing-tolerant than its parent ‘Raleigh’. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01743.x VL - 129 IS - 4 SP - 417-421 SN - 1439-0523 KW - Stenotaphrum secundatum KW - freezing tolerance KW - germplasm KW - tissue culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphological mutants of St. Augustinegrass induced by gamma ray irradiation AU - Li, R. AU - Bruneau, A. H. AU - Qu, R. T2 - PLANT BREEDING AB - With 3 figures and 3 tables St. Augustinegrass is a widely used turf and pasture grass in the southern US. ‘Raleigh’ is a cultivar known for superior cold tolerance than other St. Augustinegrass cultivars. However, its coarse-leaf texture and long internodes are undesirable when planted in home lawns. Mutagenesis by gamma ray irradiation was employed to treat node cuttings and calli for inducing semi-dwarf growth phenotype. Dosages of 48.5 and 72.6 Gy were determined as LD50 and LD20 for the cuttings, respectively. Regeneration ability of callus was greatly reduced when irradiated with higher dosages (over 100 Gy). Thirteen morphological mutants were identified among over 3000 node cuttings and 80 pieces of calli treated. Most mutants were semi-dwarf type with reduced internode length and leaf blade length. One mutant had much less and shorter stolons and displayed an upright and tufty growth pattern. The altered morphological traits were stable as shown by their growth performance in various locations and conditions. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01735.x VL - 129 IS - 4 SP - 412-416 SN - 1439-0523 KW - Gamma ray irradiation KW - mutagenesis KW - semi-dwarf KW - St KW - Augustinegrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increased Food and Ecosystem Security via Perennial Grains AU - Glover, J. D. AU - Reganold, J. P. AU - Bell, L. W. AU - Borevitz, J. AU - Brummer, E. C. AU - Buckler, E. S. AU - Cox, C. M. AU - Cox, T. S. AU - Crews, T. E. AU - Culman, S. W. AU - DeHaan, L. R. AU - Eriksson, D. AU - Gill, B. S. AU - Holland, J. AU - Hu, F. AU - Hulke, B. S. AU - Ibrahim, A. M. H. AU - Jackson, W. AU - Jones, S. S. AU - Murray, S. C. AU - Paterson, A. H. AU - Ploschuk, E. AU - Sacks, E. J. AU - Snapp, S. AU - Tao, D. AU - Van Tassel, D. L. AU - Wade, L. J. AU - Wyse, D. L. AU - Xu, Y. T2 - SCIENCE AB - Perennial grains hold promise, especially for marginal landscapes or with limited resources where annual versions struggle. DA - 2010/6/25/ PY - 2010/6/25/ DO - 10.1126/science.1188761 VL - 328 IS - 5986 SP - 1638-1639 SN - 1095-9203 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954078282&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence of unique and shared responses to major biotic and abiotic stresses in chickpea AU - Mantri, Nitin L. AU - Ford, Rebecca AU - Coram, Tristan E. AU - Pang, Edwin C. K. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Microarrays have been used extensively for transcriptional profiling of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, most studies focused on either biotic or abiotic stresses, making it difficult to construe the genes that that may be common to both biotic and abiotic-stress responses. Such information may help molecular breeders to develop cultivars with broad-spectrum resistances to these stresses. A 768-featured boutique microarray was employed to compare the genes expressed by chickpea in response to drought, cold, high salinity and the fungal pathogen Ascochyta rabiei and 46, 54, 266 and 51 differentially expressed transcripts were identified, respectively. The expression of common genes indicated crosstalk in the genetic pathways involved in responses to these stress conditions. The response of ICC 3996 to A. rabiei was more similar to that of high-salinity stress than to drought or cold stress conditions. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010/12// DO - 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.05.003 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 286-292 SN - 1873-7307 KW - Chickpea KW - Drought KW - Cold KW - High salinity KW - Ascochyta blight KW - cDNA microarray ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy efficiency in small-scale biointensive organic onion production in Pennsylvania, USA AU - Moore, Stephen R. T2 - RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS AB - Abstract Modern agriculture relies heavily on fossil energy for food production. Reducing fossil energy and replacing that energy with renewable energy is critical in attaining a sustainable food system. Hand-scale intensive food production offers a reduction in fossil energy and an increased use of renewable human-based energy. Using biointensive production techniques, onions ( Allium cepa ) were grown in Pennsylvania, USA. A life-cycle analysis was performed to monitor energy utilization. Individual human labor tasks were evaluated using the factor method. This method accounts for the type and duration of physical activity. The average yield of eight onion varieties utilizing biointensive production in standard-sized beds (9.3 m 2 ;100 ft 2 ) was 160.2 kg. The US average for mechanical onion production is 46.1 kg/9.3 m 2 (100 ft 2 ). The energy efficiency ratio, specific energy and energy productivity were 51.5, 0.03 MJ kg −1 and 32.2 kg MJ −1 (MJ=megajoule), respectively. When defined within common boundaries, these three relationships: energy input, energy output and yield productivity allow researchers, farmers and policy-makers to select production systems and/or practices that better manage fossil and renewable energy for food production. Current mechanized agriculture has an energy efficiency ratio of 0.9. With most energy being supplied by fossil fuels. The energy efficiency for biointensive production of onions in our study was over 50 times higher than this value (51.5) and 83% of the total energy required is renewable energy. Biointensive production offers a viable energy use alternative to current production practices and may contribute to a more sustainable food system. DA - 2010/9// PY - 2010/9// DO - 10.1017/s1742170510000098 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 181-188 SN - 1742-1713 KW - biointensive KW - energy efficiency KW - organic KW - onion KW - manual production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of oil content and fatty acid composition variability in different peanut subspecies and botanical varieties AU - Wang, M. L. AU - Chen, C. Y. AU - Davis, J. AU - Guo, B. AU - Stalker, H. T. AU - Pittman, R. N. T2 - PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES-CHARACTERIZATION AND UTILIZATION AB - Within the cultivated peanut species ( Arachis hypogaea L.), there are two subspecies comprising six botanical varieties, and the effect of botanical taxon on oil content and fatty acid composition variability is unclear. To gauge the variability, 83 peanut accessions were analyzed for oil content (expressed at 0% moisture) and fatty acid composition. We found that within the subsp. hypogaea , var. hypogaea contained a much higher amount of oil in seeds than did the var. hirsuta Köhler (520 vs. 473 g/kg, P < 0.05); within the subsp. fastigiata Waldron, the vars. aequatoriana Krapov. & W.C. Gregory and vulgaris Harz contained a similar amount of oil in seeds (491 g/kg), not significantly different from other botanical varieties, but var. fastigiata contained a higher amount of oil (500 g/kg) than the var. peruviana Krapov. & W.C. Gregory (483 g/kg). In terms of the fatty acid composition, oil from seeds of var. hypogaea contained much more oleic acid than did var. hirsuta (491 vs. 377 g/kg, P < 0.05), but much less palmitic acid (97 vs. 138 g/kg, P < 0.05%) and linoleic acid (308 vs. 402 g/kg, P < 0.05). Oil from seeds of var. vulgaris contained much more oleic acid than did var. aequatoriana (437 vs. 402 g/kg, P < 0.05), but much less linoleic acid (346 vs. 380 g/kg, P < 0.05). Significant negative correlations of oleic with palmitic and linoleic acids were detected. The information on the oil content and fatty acid composition variability among botanical varieties would be useful for peanut breeders seeking germplasm containing both high oil content and proper fatty acid composition. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1017/s1479262109990177 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 71-73 SN - 1479-263X KW - botanical variety, fatty acid composition, oil content KW - peanut germplasm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards a Systems Approach for Lignin Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa: Transcript Abundance and Specificity of the Monolignol Biosynthetic Genes AU - Shi, Rui AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Li, Quanzi AU - Heber, Steffen AU - Sederoff, Ronald AU - Chiang, Vincent L. T2 - PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY AB - As a step toward a comprehensive description of lignin biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa, we identified from the genome sequence 95 phenylpropanoid gene models in 10 protein families encoding enzymes for monolignol biosynthesis. Transcript abundance was determined for all 95 genes in xylem, leaf, shoot and phloem using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We identified 23 genes that most probably encode monolignol biosynthesis enzymes during wood formation. Transcripts for 18 of the 23 are abundant and specific to differentiating xylem. We found evidence suggesting functional redundancy at the transcript level for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate shikimate p-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and coniferyl aldehyde 5-hydroxylase (CAld5H). We carried out an enumeration-based motif identification and discriminant analysis on the promoters of all 95 genes. Five core motifs correctly discriminate the 18 xylem-specific genes from the 77 non-xylem genes. These motifs are similar to promoter elements known to regulate phenylpropanoid gene expression. This work suggests that genes in monolignol biosynthesis are regulated by multiple motifs, often related in sequence. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1093/pcp/pcp175 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 144-163 SN - 1471-9053 KW - Lignin systems biology KW - Monolignol biosynthesis KW - Populus trichocarpa KW - Promoter motifs KW - Transcript abundance KW - Xylem-specific expression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sulfentrazone Carryover to Vegetables and Cotton AU - Pekarek, Ryan A. AU - Garvey, Paul V. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Macrae, Andrew W. T2 - Weed Technology AB - Sulfentrazone is commonly used for weed control in soybeans and tobacco, and vegetable crops and cotton are often rotated with soybeans and tobacco. Studies were conducted to evaluate the potential for sulfentrazone to carryover and injure several vegetable crops and cotton. Sulfentrazone was applied PRE to soybean at 0, 210, 420, and 840 g ai/ha before planting bell pepper, cabbage, cotton, cucumber, onion, snap bean, squash, sweet potato, tomato, and watermelon. Cotton, known to be susceptible to sulfentrazone carryover, was included as an indicator species. Cotton injury ranged from 14 to 18% with a 32% loss of yield in 1 of 2 yr when the labeled use rate of sulfentrazone (210 g/ha) was applied to the preceding crop. High use rates of sulfentrazone caused at least 50% injury with yield loss ranging from 36 to 100%. Bell pepper, snap bean, onion, tomato, and watermelon were injured < 18% by sulfentrazone at 840 g/ha. Squash was injured < 3% and < 36% by sulfentrazone at 210 and 840 g/ha, respectively. Yield of these crops was not affected regardless of sulfentrazone rate. Cabbage and cucumber were injured < 13% by sulfentrazone at 210 and 420 g/ha, and yields were not affected. Sulfentrazone at 840 g/ha injured cabbage up to 46% and reduced yield in 1 of 2 yr. Sulfentrazone injured cucumber up to 63% and reduced yield of No. 2 grade fruits. Sulfentrazone at 210 and 420 g/ha injured sweet potato < 6% and did not affect yield. Sulfentrazone at 840 g/ha injured sweet potato 14% and reduced total yield 26%. Our results suggest little to no adverse effect on bell pepper, cabbage, cucumber, onion, snap bean, squash, sweet potato, tomato, or watermelon from sulfentrazone applied at registered use rates during the preceding year. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1614/wt-08-157.1 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 20-24 J2 - Weed technol. LA - en OP - SN - 0890-037X 1550-2740 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-157.1 DB - Crossref KW - Bell pepper KW - cabbage KW - cotton KW - cucumber KW - herbicide KW - persistence KW - onion KW - rotation KW - rotational crop KW - snap bean KW - soybean KW - squash KW - soil residues KW - sweet potato KW - tobacco KW - tomato KW - watermelon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recombination is suppressed in an alien introgression in peanut harboring Rma, a dominant root-knot nematode resistance gene AU - Nagy, Ervin D. AU - Chu, Ye AU - Guo, Yufang AU - Khanal, Sameer AU - Tang, Shunxue AU - Li, Yan AU - Dong, Weibo B. AU - Timper, Patricia AU - Taylor, Christopher AU - Ozias-Akins, Peggy AU - Holbrook, C. Corley AU - Beilinson, Vadim AU - Nielsen, Niels C. AU - Stalker, H. Thomas AU - Knapp, Steven J. T2 - MOLECULAR BREEDING DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1007/s11032-010-9430-4 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 357-370 SN - 1572-9788 KW - Arachis KW - Meloidogyne KW - Marker-assisted selection KW - Fabaceae KW - Nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat KW - Receptor-like kinase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Golf Course Sands from Particle-Size Distribution AU - Arya, Lalit M. AU - Heitman, J. L. AU - Thapa, B. B. AU - Bowman, D. C. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - This research developed a model of saturated hydraulic conductivity for golf course and athletic field media. The model was developed from saturated flow data in packed sand cores, for which a pore‐size distribution was derived from particle‐size distribution, bulk density, and measured soil water characteristic data. The pores were first assumed to form an idealized structure, consisting of non‐tortuous capillary tubes of uniform shape and size, and the Hagen–Poiseuille flow equation was applied to compute idealized saturated flow. The idealized saturated flows were compared with saturated flows derived from the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity data. Subsequently, an empirical relationship was established between the two in the form: Q t(m) = c + dQ t(h–p) , where Q t(m) is the saturated flow through the natural‐structure sand cores and Q t(–p) is the saturated flow through the idealized pore structure for the same core. In our study, parameters c and d had values of −1.675 and 0.308, respectively, and the r 2 of the regression had a value of 0.871. The model was applied to 14 golf course sands and produced excellent results with minor anomalies. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2009.0022 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 33-37 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen Transformations and Microbial Communities in Soil Aggregates from Three Tillage Systems AU - Muruganandam, Subathra AU - Israel, Daniel W. AU - Robarge, Wayne P. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Quantifying N transformation processes in soil aggregates is relevant since microbial communities central to the N cycle may differ among aggregate size fractions. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that variations in microbial community composition of aggregate size fractions influence N transformation rates of soil from three long‐term (22‐yr) tillage systems (no‐till, chisel plow, and moldboard plow). Aggregate size fractions (2–4, 0.5–1, and <0.25 mm) were obtained by dry sieving. Nitrogen transformation rates were estimated by analysis of 15 N pool dilution data with the FLUAZ model, and microbial community composition by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. Aggregate size fraction and tillage system had significant ( P < 0.01) effects on total and microbial biomass C and N, gross N mineralization rate (GNMR), gross nitrification rate (GNR), and gross N immobilization rate (GIR). No‐till soils and the 0.5‐ to 1.0‐mm aggregate size fraction had the highest N transformation rates. Net N mineralization rates were greater for no‐till than for tilled soils. Multiple response permutation analysis of PLFA data revealed that microbial community composition did not differ with aggregate size fraction. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that microbial community composition (nonmetric multidimensional scaling Axis 1) accounted for 89% of the variation in GIR, soil C and N concentrations accounted for 88% of the variation in GNMR, and microbial biomass C concentration accounted for 81% of the variation in GNR. These results indicate that greater N transformation rates in no‐till than tilled soil were due primarily to increased microbial biomass (i.e., microbial population size) rather than altered microbial community composition. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2136/sssaj2009.0006 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 120-129 SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mixed Anion (Phosphate/Oxalate) Bonding to Iron(III) Materials AU - Kizewski, Fiona R. AU - Boyle, Paul AU - Hesterberg, Dean AU - Martin, James D. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY AB - A novel phosphate/oxalate inorganic-organic hybrid material has been prepared to elucidate synthesis and bonding characteristics of iron(III) with both phosphate and organic matter (OM). Such mixed anion bonding of inorganic oxyanions and OM to iron(III) and aluminum(III) in environmental systems has been proposed but not proven, mainly because of the complexity of natural geochemical matrices. The compound reported here with the molecular formula of [C(3)H(12)N(2)](2)[Fe(5)(C(2)O(4))(2)(H(x)PO(4))(8)] (I) was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). In this new structure, Fe-O octahedra and P-O tetrahedra are connected by corner-sharing to form a 2-D network in the a-b plane. Oxalate anions cross-link these Fe-P layers constructing a 3-D anionic framework. A diprotonated structure-directing template, DAP (1,3-diaminopropane), resides in the oxalate layer of the structure and offsets the negative charge of the anionic framework. Iron K-edge XANES spectra confirmed that the iron in I is Fe(III). The crystal structure of I is used to successfully fit its Fe K-edge EXAFS spectrum, which exhibits spectral signatures that unambiguously identify iron-phosphate and iron-OM bonding. Such molecular spectroscopic features will be invaluable for the evaluation of complex environmental systems. Furthermore, syntheses demonstrated the critical role of the templating amine to mediate whether or not the iron(III) is reduced by the organic acid. DA - 2010/2/24/ PY - 2010/2/24/ DO - 10.1021/ja908807b VL - 132 IS - 7 SP - 2301-2308 SN - 1520-5126 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77749237327&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intake, Digestibility, and Nitrogen Balance of Steers Fed Gamagrass Baleage Topdressed at Two Rates of Nitrogen and Harvested at Sunset and Sunrise AU - Sauve, A. K. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Whisnant, C. S. AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Maximum diurnal accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in warm‐season grasses is an economic way of increasing hay quality; however, in the humid East, haymaking is difficult. This study evaluated gamagrass ( Tripsacum dactyloides L.), topdressed with either 56 (LO) or 168 (HI) kg N ha −1 , direct baled after mowing in the afternoon (PM/LO and PM/HI) or morning (AM/LO and AM/HI), wrapped with plastic film, and conserved as baleage. The four baleage treatments were evaluated by steers for dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, and N retention. Neither harvest time nor N rate altered DMI (mean = 1.87 kg 100 −1 kg body weight). Digestion was similar between PM and AM baleage but greater ( P = 0.05) for HI vs. LO N rate (536 vs. 506 g kg −1 ) as was cellulose digestion ( P = 0.02; 656 vs. 617 g kg −1 ). The digestion of crude protein was greater ( P = 0.01) in the AM vs. PM baleage (519 vs. 443 g kg −1 ) and greater ( P = 0.02) in HI vs. LO N rate (520 vs. 441 g kg −1 ). Fermentations differed ( P < 0.01) between PM and AM baleage, as pH averaged 5.4 and 4.5, respectively. Greatest ( P < 0.01) amounts of alcohols and least fatty acids occurred in PM baleage and N rate reduced ( P < 0.01) alcohols but increased fatty acids. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) prebaling was 120 g kg −1 in the PM and 97 g kg −1 in the AM, but baleage averaged <38 g kg −1 and explains the lack of steer response to the PM harvest. Gamagrass preserved well as baleage and was readily consumed, but the TNC fraction was not preserved. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0105 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 427-437 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intake and Digestibility of Improved Selections of Tall Fescue and Orchardgrass Hays AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Improved cool‐season grass cultivars may add production potential to ruminant enterprises across the North–South transition zone. Quality among hays of ‘MaxQ’ (‘Jesup’ with novel endophyte), HM4 (‘HiMag’ with novel endophyte No. 4) and ‘Cajun’ (without endophyte) tall fescues [ Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] and ‘Persist’ orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) was evaluated. Forage was harvested in the flag‐leaf stage in three of 4 yr and a regrowth (late flag‐leaf to heads‐emerging stage) in 1 yr. Goats (four trials) consumed MaxQ, HM4, and Persist similarly ( P = 0.12; mean = 2.49 kg 100 −1 kg body weight [BW]) and Cajun least ( P < 0.01; mean = 1.62 kg × 100 −1 kg BW). Apparent digestibility was similar among tall fescues ( P ≥ 0.07; mean = 609 g kg −1 ), but MaxQ and Cajun were greater than Persist ( P ≤ 0.05; mean = 610 and 623 vs. 582 g kg −1 ). Digestible dry matter intake (DMI) was similar among MaxQ, HM4, and Persist ( P ≥ 0.09; mean 1.49 kg 100 −1 kg BW). Steers (three trials and Cajun not evaluated) consumed more Persist than MaxQ ( P = 0.01; 2.40 vs. 2.14 kg 100 −1 kg BW) or HM4 ( P = 0.01; 1.98 kg 100 −1 kg BW). MaxQ had greater apparent digestibility than HM4 ( P = 0.01) or Persist ( P = 0.04; 626 vs. 585 vs. 597 g kg −1 , respectively) but digestible DMI of MaxQ and Persist was similar ( P = 0.12; mean = 1.39 kg 100 −1 kg BW). Improved tall fescue cultivars, with novel endophyte, offer the ruminant producer a cool‐season forage of similar quality as orchardgrass for their enterprise. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.03.0157 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 419-426 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene Expression Profiles of Soybeans with Mid-Oleic Acid Seed Phenotype AU - Upchurch, Robert G. AU - Ramirez, Martha E. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Seeds of the mid‐oleic acid soybean mutant M23 accumulate higher levels of oleic acid (50–60% oleate) by virtue of a deletion of GmFAD2 ‐ 1A , an allele of the microsomal omega‐6 oleate desaturase gene. In other less well characterized soybean varieties that are phenotypically mid‐oleic, little is known about the expression levels of omega‐6 desaturase GmFAD2 genes and other candidate genes that determine seed oleic acid content. We compared the steady‐state transcript abundance during seed development of the oleate‐ACP thioesterase ( GmFATB1a ), delta‐9 stearoyl acyl carrier protein desaturase ( GmSACPD ) and the omega‐6 fatty acid desaturase ( GmFAD2 ) genes in five natural mid‐oleic varieties and mutant M23 to gene expression data for the conventional non mid‐oleic cultivar Dare. We found that, relative to Dare, there were instances where lower expression of GmFATB1a , GmFAD2 ‐ 1A , GmFAD2 ‐ 1B , GmFAD2 ‐ 2 , and GmFAD2 ‐ 3 and higher expression of the GmSACPD ‐ C might be associated with the mid‐oleic seed phenotype. This finding suggests that of the several soybean genomic loci known or suspected to be involved in oleic acid phenotype, some are likely to encode genes involved in regulation of transcription of the oleate biosynthetic genes. DA - 2010/8// PY - 2010/8// DO - 10.1007/s11746-010-1576-z VL - 87 IS - 8 SP - 857-864 SN - 0003-021X KW - GmFATB1a KW - GmSACPD-A, -B, -C KW - GmFAD2-1A,-1B KW - GmFAD2-2 KW - GmFAD2-3 KW - Allele KW - Oleic acid KW - qRT-PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating cover crop mulches for no-till organic production of onions AU - Vollmer, E. R. AU - Creamer, N. AU - Reberg-Horton, C. AU - Hoyt, G. T2 - HortScience DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 61-70 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eastern Gamagrass Management for Pasture in the Mid-Atlantic Region: II. Diet and Canopy Characteristics, and Stand Persistence AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Eastern gamagrass [ Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] (EG), a native warm‐season perennial grass, lacks evaluation for use in grazing systems. Our objective was to test EG in a 4‐yr experiment to estimate forage mass (FM) that maximizes steer ( Bos taurus ) performance and pasture productivity. Pasture canopy characteristics, diet selection by grazing steers, and stand persistence from EG continuously grazed at Short, Medium, and Tall heights and two rotationally stocked treatments were compared with continuously stocked ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] (BG). The EG had proportionally more green leaf (78.2 vs. 24.5%), less stem (4.4 vs. 45.2%), less heads (0.4 vs. 5.6%), and similar dead tissue (17.0 vs. 24.8%). Plant fractions were similar in proportion among EG treatments. Digestible leaf mass was greater in EG than in BG ( P < 0.01; 713 vs. 292 kg ha −1 ) and dominated the EG canopies with a linear ( P < 0.01) increase in leaf mass with increasing FM (194–922 kg ha −1 ). Diets were similar in IVTOD (738 g kg −1 ), CP (151 g kg −1 ), and NDF (654 g kg −1 ) when continuously stocked but greater ( P < 0.01) in IVTOD (791 g kg −1 ), and least in NDF (624 g kg −1 ) from the rotation. Stand declined linearly ( P = 0.09) with decreasing FM (Tall = 34.5 and Short = 11.7% basal cover) but was similar between the two rotational systems (35.5%). Continuously stocking EG at about 38 cm gave greatest steer daily gain but rotations may prevent declines in stands with some sacrifice in gains. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2009.0339 VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 179-186 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eastern Gamagrass Management for Pasture in the Mid-Atlantic Region: I. Animal Performance and Pasture Productivity AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Eastern gamagrass [ Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] (EG) is a native, warm‐season perennial grass with potential as pasture for the eastern United States, but its value has not been well studied. The objective of this 4‐yr experiment was to estimate forage mass (FM) for EG that maximizes steer ( Bos taurus ) performance and pasture productivity. Five treatments (three continuously and two rotationally stocked) were compared with a continuously stocked ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] control. The three continuously stocked treatments had mean FM (10‐cm stubble) levels of 559 kg ha −1 (Short), 1103 kg ha −1 (Medium), and 1932 kg ha −1 (Tall). Rotational treatments consisted of two subdivisions with steers moved on a 10 to 14 d interval (FM = 1348 kg ha −1 ) and10 subdivisions with steers moved every 3 to 4 d with a 27 to 36 d regrowth interval (FM = 2061 kg ha −1 ). The average daily gain (ADG) from the Medium continuously stocked treatment was greatest at 0.90 kg ( P = 0.02) and produced similar annual gain per hectare (735 vs. 749 kg ha −1 ; P = 0.08) as Short. Rotational pastures had greater FM than continuously stocked (1705 vs. 1198 kg ha −1 ; P = 0.03), but the least ADG (0.67 vs. 0.79 kg; P = < 0.01). Bermudagrass produced less ADG than EG (0.57 vs. 0.79 kg; P < 0.01), but gain per hectare was similar (662 kg ha −1 ) and stocking rate was greater (10.0 vs. 6.7 head ha −1 ; P < 0.01). Eastern gamagrass has potential as a special purpose pasture for the region when greater ADG is the goal. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2009.0265 VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 171-178 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - EFFICACY OF SOYBEAN-BASE LIQUID FERTILIZER FOR GREENHOUSE CROPS AU - Nelson, Paul V. AU - Pitchay, Dharmalingam S. AU - Niedziela, Carl E., Jr. AU - Mingis, Nancy C. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - A soybean-base liquid fertilizer [Daniels Plant Food, Sherman TX, USA; 10 nitrogen (N):1.8 phophorus (P):2.5 potassium (K)] for petunia was compared for efficacy to two formulations of 20N:4.4P:16.6K with 40 and 70% of the nitrogen in the reduced form. Petunias treated with the soybean-base fertilizer were taller, flowered in 4.5% less time, had the highest plant rating for foliar color and plant form, and did not differ in plant dry weight from the control (40% reduced nitrogen). Foliar nitrogen concentration was not affected by fertilizer source. Also, cyclamen grown with the soybean-base fertilizer had similar plant and corm growth and formed 47% more flowers than the control. Foliar levels of potassium although lower were adequate in the soybean-base fertilized plants. Ammonium toxicity and potassium deficiency symptoms did not occur with either species. While the substrate pH in the high reduced nitrogen soybean-base treatment was expected to be lower, it was higher or similar to the control in each species. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/01904160903470406 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 351-361 SN - 1532-4087 KW - petunia KW - cyclamen KW - floriculture KW - ammonium toxicity KW - substrate pH KW - electrical conductivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct mapping of density response in a population of B73 x Mo17 recombinant inbred lines of maize (Zea Mays L.) AU - Gonzalo, M. AU - Holland, J. B. AU - Vyn, T. J. AU - McIntyre, L. M. T2 - HEREDITY AB - Maize yield per unit area has dramatically increased over time as have plant population densities, but the genetic basis for plant response to density is unknown as is its stability over environments. To elucidate the genetic basis of plant response to density in maize, we mapped QTL for plant density-related traits in a population of 186 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of inbred lines B73 and Mo17. All RILs were evaluated for growth, development, and yield traits at moderate (50 000 plants per hectare) and high (100 000 plants per hectare) plant densities. The results show that genetic control of the traits evaluated is multigenic in their response to density. Five of the seven loci significant for final height showed statistical evidence for epistatic interactions. Other traits such as days to anthesis, anthesis-to-silking interval, barrenness, ears per plant, and yield per plant all showed statistical evidence for an epistatic interaction. Locus by density interactions are of critical importance for anthesis-to-silking interval, barrenness, and ears per plant. A second independent experiment to examine the stability of QTL for barrenness in a new environment clearly showed that the multilocus QTL were stable across environments in their differential response to density. In this verification experiment, the four-locus QTL was used to choose lines with the four unfavorable alleles and compare them with the lines with four favorable alleles and the effect was confirmed. DA - 2010/6// PY - 2010/6// DO - 10.1038/hdy.2009.140 VL - 104 IS - 6 SP - 583-599 SN - 1365-2540 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77952673698&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - epistasis KW - density response KW - yield KW - QTL mapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic matter stabilization in turfgrass ecosystems: Importance of microbial processing AU - Yao, Huaiying AU - Shi, Wei T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Biochemical modification of plant materials may contribute considerably to the formation and stabilization of soil organic matter, but its significance remains elusive in turfgrass systems. This study aimed to close this knowledge gap by examining the dynamics of soil organic matter in turfgrass systems as well as its stability using δ13C and δ15N records. Two geographic locations, each containing 3 or 4 turfgrass systems of different ages were used as the study sites because site-associated differences, in particular soil pH (alkaline versus acidic) might cause divergence in microbial processing during organic matter decomposition and resynthesis. We observed that soil C storage was ∼12% greater in the alkaline site than the acidic one. In addition, accumulation rates of soil organic C and N were about 3-fold higher in the alkaline site. Soil organic matter was physically fractionated into light and heavy fractions. Heavy fraction from the alkaline site mineralized more slowly than the acidic one, indicating that soil organic matter was more stable in the alkaline site. Furthermore, the stability of soil organic matter based upon δ15N records and C-to-N ratio of organic matter was again found to be more stable in the alkaline site than the acidic one. While both soil δ13C and δ15N increased as turfgrass systems aged, rates were greater in the alkaline site than the acidic one. Temporal shifts in soil δ13C and δ15N were attributed mainly to isotope fractionation associated with microbial processes rather than selective preservation of 13C- or 15N-enriched chemical compounds of plant materials. Our results suggested that microbial decomposition and resynthesis played an important role in organic matter stabilization in turfgrass systems and this microbial processing could be managed via microbial activity-regulating factors, such as soil pH. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.01.003 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 642-648 SN - 0038-0717 KW - Carbon and N isotope KW - Natural abundance KW - Soil C sequestration KW - Soil C stabilization KW - Turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment of Switchgrass for Ethanol Production AU - Xu, Jiele AU - Cheng, Jay J. AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna R. AU - Burns, Joseph C. T2 - ENERGY & FUELS AB - Lignocellulose-to-ethanol conversion is a promising technology to supplement corn-based ethanol production. However, the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic material is a major obstacle to the efficient conversion. To improve the enzymatic digestibility of switchgrass for the fermentable sugar production in hydrolysis, sodium hydroxide pretreatment of the biomass feedstock was investigated. At 121, 50, and 21 °C, raw switchgrass biomass at a solid/liquid ratio of 0.1 g/mL was pretreated, respectively, for 0.25−1, 1−48, and 1−96 h at different NaOH concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%, w/v). Pretreatments were evaluated based on the yields of lignocellulose-derived sugars in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. At the best pretreatment conditions (50 °C, 12 h, and 1.0% NaOH), the yield of total reducing sugars was 453.4 mg/g raw biomass, which was 3.78 times that of untreated biomass, and the glucan and xylan conversions reached 74.4 and 62.8%, respectively. Lignin reduction was closely related to the degree of pretreatment. The maximum lignin reductions were 85.8% at 121 °C, 77.8% at 50 °C, and 62.9% at 21 °C, all of which were obtained at the combinations of the longest residence times and the greatest NaOH concentration. Cellulase and cellobiase loadings of 15 FPU/g dry biomass and 20 CBU/g dry biomass were sufficient to maximize sugar production. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1021/ef9014718 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 2113-2119 SN - 1520-5029 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phylogenetically Distinct Cellulose Synthase Genes Support Secondary Wall Thickening in Arabidopsis Shoot Trichomes and Cotton Fiber AU - Betancur, Lissete AU - Singh, Bir AU - Rapp, Ryan A. AU - Wendel, Jonathan F. AU - Marks, M. David AU - Roberts, Alison W. AU - Haigler, Candace H. T2 - Journal of Integrative Plant Biology AB - Abstract Through exploring potential analogies between cotton seed trichomes (or cotton fiber) and arabidopsis shoot trichomes we discovered that CesAs from either the primary or secondary wall phylogenetic clades can support secondary wall thickening. CesA genes that typically support primary wall synthesis, AtCesA1,2,3,5, and 6, underpin expansion and secondary wall thickening of arabidopsis shoot trichomes. In contrast, apparent orthologs of CesA genes that support secondary wall synthesis in arabidopsis xylem, AtCesA4,7, and 8, are up-regulated for cotton fiber secondary wall deposition. These conclusions arose from: (a) analyzing the expression of CesA genes in arabidopsis shoot trichomes; (b) observing birefringent secondary walls in arabidopsis shoot trichomes with mutations in AtCesA4, 7, or 8; (c) assaying up-regulated genes during different stages of cotton fiber development; and (d) comparing genes that were co-expressed with primary or secondary wall CesAs in arabidopsis with genes up-regulated in arabidopsis trichomes, arabidopsis secondary xylem, or cotton fiber during primary or secondary wall deposition. Cumulatively, the data show that: (a) the xylem of arabidopsis provides the best model for secondary wall cellulose synthesis in cotton fiber; and (b) CesA genes within a "cell wall toolbox" are used in diverse ways for the construction of particular specialized cell walls. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00934.x VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 205-220 LA - en OP - SN - 1672-9072 1744-7909 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00934.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimation of In-Canopy Ammonia Sources and Sinks in a Fertilized Zea mays Field AU - Bash, Jesse O. AU - Walker, John T. AU - Katul, Gabriel G. AU - Jones, Matthew R. AU - Nemitz, Eiko AU - Robarg, Wayne P. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - An analytical model was developed to describe in-canopy vertical distribution of ammonia (NH(3)) sources and sinks and vertical fluxes in a fertilized agricultural setting using measured in-canopy mean NH(3) concentration and wind speed profiles. This model was applied to quantify in-canopy air-surface exchange rates and above-canopy NH(3) fluxes in a fertilized corn (Zea mays) field. Modeled air-canopy NH(3) fluxes agreed well with independent above-canopy flux estimates. Based on the model results, the urea fertilized soil surface was a consistent source of NH(3) one month following the fertilizer application, whereas the vegetation canopy was typically a net NH(3) sink with the lower portion of the canopy being a constant sink. The model results suggested that the canopy was a sink for some 70% of the estimated soil NH(3) emissions. A logical conclusion is that parametrization of within-canopy processes in air quality models are necessary to explore the impact of agricultural field level management practices on regional air quality. Moreover, there are agronomic and environmental benefits to timing liquid fertilizer applications as close to canopy closure as possible. Finally, given the large within-canopy mean NH(3) concentration gradients in such agricultural settings, a discussion about the suitability of the proposed model is also presented. DA - 2010/3/1/ PY - 2010/3/1/ DO - 10.1021/es9037269 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 1683-1689 SN - 0013-936X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variable Responses of Zoysiagrass Genotypes to the Sting Nematode AU - Schwartz, Brian M. AU - Kenworthy, Kevin E. AU - Crow, William T. AU - Ferrell, Jason A. AU - Miller, Grady L. AU - Quesenberry, Kenneth H. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Sting nematodes ( Belonolaimus longicaudatus ) can injure roots of many warm‐season turfgrasses in sandy, well‐drained soils and on artificial, sand‐based putting greens. Resistant or tolerant grasses could reduce the need for chemical control. This research was initiated to assess the host status and relative tolerance of six warm‐season genotypes—four zoysiagrasses ( Zoysia Willd.), one St. Augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and one bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy]—to the sting nematode by two screening methodologies in sequential glasshouse trials in 2007. All entries were hosts with final sting populations 1.7 to 11.0 times greater than initial inoculation levels. Results indicate that evaluating root lengths of unestablished sprigs under sting nematode pressure may improve the identification of genotypes with greater genetic tolerance than in methods using established plants. Total root lengths were not reduced by sting nematodes in UFZ‐10, indicating greater tolerance than found in other entries. Treatments of ‘Empire’, ‘Cavalier’, ‘Emerald’, ‘TifEagle’, and ‘Floratam’ inoculated 45 d after planting exhibited total root length reductions of 24, 29, 29, 32, and 37%, respectively, when compared with uninoculated controls. The observed variability suggests that gains from selecting for sting nematode resistance or tolerance are possible in zoysiagrass. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2008.11.0672 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 723-729 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a Maize Advanced Intercross Line for Mapping of QTL for Northern Leaf Blight Resistance and Multiple Disease Resistance AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. AU - Yang, Junyun AU - Van Esbroeck, George AU - Jung, Janelle AU - Smith, Margaret E. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Northern leaf blight [NLB; caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass) K.J. Leonard and E.G. Suggs] is an important fungal disease of maize ( Zea mays L.) in the United States and worldwide. The IBM population, an advanced intercross recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the lines Mo17 and B73, was evaluated in three environments (Aurora, NY, in 2006 and 2007 and Clayton, NC in 2007) for two traits related to NLB resistance, weighted mean disease (WMD) and incubation period (IP), and for days to anthesis (DTA). Two WMD quantitative trait loci (QTL) in bins 2.00/2.01 and 4.08 were detected from the overall analysis; of these, only the QTL in bin 4.08 was detected in all three environments analyzed separately. Likewise, only one IP QTL, in bin 2.02, was detected in all three environments and from the overall analysis. Several environment‐specific QTL for each trait were also detected. Several DTA QTL were detected with the strongest effect detected in bin 8.05. Correlations between disease resistance traits and days to anthesis were uniformly low. The results from this study were compared to those of previous studies that used the IBM population to identify QTL for two other maize foliar diseases, southern leaf blight {causal agent Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.) Drechs. [anamorph = Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado and Miyake) Shoemaker; synonym = Helminthosporium maydis (Nisikado and Miyake)]} and gray leaf spot [causal agent Cercospora zeae‐maydis (Tehon and E.Y. Daniels)]. Although we did not find QTL conferring resistance to all three diseases, significant correlations between resistances to these diseases in the IBM population were identified, implying the existence of loci (and possibly genes) affecting resistance to all three diseases. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0066 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 458-466 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sensor-Based Automation of Irrigation on Bermudagrass during Dry Weather Conditions AU - Cardenas-Lailhacar, Bernard AU - Dukes, Michael D. AU - Miller, Grady L. T2 - JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING AB - Overirrigation of lawns with limited resources of potable water has increasingly become an issue for the state of Florida. A previous study showed that soil moisture sensors systems (SMSs) could lead to irrigation water savings during relatively wet/normal weather conditions. This research, as a follow-up comparison, was conducted under dry weather conditions. The first objective was to statistically evaluate the water savings potential of different commercially available SMSs during the first half of 2006. In the second half, the objectives were to quantify irrigation water use and to evaluate turfgrass quality differences among: (1) a time-based irrigation schedule system with and without a rain sensor; (2) time-based schedules compared to SMS-based systems; and (3) SMS-based systems under different irrigation frequencies. The experimental area was located in Gainesville, Fla. and consisted of common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] plots. Four commercially available SMSs (brands Acclima, Rain Bird, Irrometer, and Water Watcher) were used to bypass scheduled irrigation cycles when the soil water content at the 7- to 10-cm depth was above field capacity. Time-based treatments with and without rain sensor feedback were set up as comparisons for irrigation depth applied, and a nonirrigated treatment for turf quality comparison purposes was implemented. Due to the dry weather conditions and/or infrequent rain events during the experiment, the nonirrigated plots (as well as a broken SMS treatment) resulted in turfgrass quality below the minimum acceptable level. The rest of the treatments had at least minimum acceptable turf quality. The treatment with rain sensor resulted in 13 to 24% less water applied than without the rain sensor treatment. Most SMS-based treatments resulted in significant irrigation water savings compared to the treatment without rain sensor, which ranged from 16 to 54% in the first half, and from 28 to 83% in the second half of 2006, for three of four SMS brands tested. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000153 VL - 136 IS - 3 SP - 184-193 SN - 1943-4774 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resistance to corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch) in tropical corn (Zea mays L.) AU - So, Yoon-Sup AU - Ji, Hee Chung AU - Brewbaker, James L. T2 - EUPHYTICA DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1007/s10681-009-0044-z VL - 172 IS - 3 SP - 373-381 SN - 1573-5060 KW - Corn leaf aphid KW - Supersweet corn KW - Generation mean analysis KW - Additive-dominance model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactions of aqueous iron-DFOB (desferrioxamine B) complexes with flavin mononucleotide in the absence of strong iron(II) chelators AU - Kim, Dongwook AU - Duckworth, Owen W. AU - Strathmann, Timothy J. T2 - GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA AB - The mechanisms controlling microbial uptake of FeIII–siderophore complexes and subsequent release of the metal for cellular use have been extensively studied in recent years. Reduction of the FeIII center is believed to be necessary to labilize the coordinated Fe and facilitate exchange with cellular ligands. Previous studies report reduction of FeIII–DFOB by various reducing agents in solutions containing FeII-chelating colorimetric agents for monitoring reaction progress, but the importance of these findings is unclear because the colorimetric agents themselves stabilize and enhance the reactions being monitored. This study examines the reduction of FeIII complexes with DFOB (desferrioxamine B), a trihydroxamate siderophore, by the fully reduced hydroquinone form of flavin mononucleotide (FMNHQ) in the absence of strong FeII-chelating agents, and Fe redox cycling in solutions containing DFOB and oxidized and reduced FMN species. Experimental results demonstrate that the rate and extent of FeIII–DFOB reduction is strongly dependent on pH and FMNHQ concentration. At pH ⩾ 5, incomplete FeIII reduction is observed due to two processes that re-oxidize FeII, namely, the autodecomposition of FeII–DFOB complexes (FeII oxidation is coupled with reduction of a protonated hydroxamate moiety) and reaction of FeII–DFOB complexes with the fully oxidized flavin mononucleotide product (FMNOX). Chemical speciation-dependent kinetic models for the forward reduction process and both reverse FeII oxidation processes are developed, and coupling kinetic models for all three Fe redox processes leads to successful predictions of steady-state FeII concentrations observed over a range of pH conditions in the presence of excess FMNHQ and FMNOX. The observed redox reactions are also in agreement with thermodynamic constraints imposed by the combination of FeIII/FeII and FMNOX/FMNHQ redox couples. Quantitative comparison between kinetic trends and changing Fe speciation reveals that FMN species react predominantly with diprotonated FeIII–DFOB and FeII–DFOB complexes, where protonation of one hydroxamate group opens up two Fe coordination positions. This finding suggests that ternary complex formation (FMN–Fe–DFOB) facilitates inner-sphere electron transfer reactions between the flavin and Fe center. DA - 2010/3/1/ PY - 2010/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.020 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 1513-1529 SN - 1872-9533 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-75149144851&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY IN PELARGONIUM: EFFECTS ON NITRATE AND AMMONIUM UPTAKE AND ACIDITY GENERATION AU - Taylor, Matthew D. AU - Nelson, Paul V. AU - Frantz, Jonathan M. AU - Rufty, Thomas W. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - A sudden pH decline (SPD) of the substrate is an increasing problem in geranium growth systems, and the cause is unknown. In this study, we investigate whether a phosphorus (P) deficiency can cause SPD, and whether the effect is related to inhibition of ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3 −) uptake and a corresponding shift in the cation to anion uptake balance. Geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey ‘Designer Dark Red’) were grown in hydroponic solutions with or without P, and the hydroponics systems were located in a growth chamber programmed for light/dark temperatures of 22/18 or 26/22°C. Acidification potential was measured by the amount of base required to maintain pH at 5.8. The results indicated that much greater amounts of base were required to maintain a stable pH with P-limited plants. Using periodic exposures to 15NH4 + or 15NO3 −, it was found that NO3 − uptake was strongly inhibited as plants became P stressed. Tissue nutrient profiles showed that the NO3 − uptake inhibition was accompanied by an increase in the cation to anion uptake ratio. Rhizosphere acidification was greater at higher temperature even though the cation and anion responses were unchanged in control plants, suggesting the involvement of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated by root respiration. The results indicate that changes in cation and anion uptake and the associated increase in net H+ extrusion that occur under P-stress conditions can contribute to SPD in geranium culture systems. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/01904160903575923 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 701-712 SN - 1532-4087 KW - acidification KW - cation-anion balance KW - pH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase homologue, EaZIP, differentially expressed in variegated Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos' is achieved through a unique method of comparative study using tissue regenerated plants AU - Hung, Chiu-Yueh AU - Sun, Ying-Hsuan AU - Chen, Jianjun AU - Darlington, Diane E. AU - Williams, Alfred L. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Xie, Jiahua T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Variegated plants provide a valuable tool for studying chloroplast biogenesis by allowing direct comparison between green and white/yellow sectors within the same leaf. While variegated plants are abundant in nature, the mechanism of leaf variegation remains largely unknown. Current studies are limited to a few mutants in model plant species, and are complicated by the potential for cross-contamination during dissection of leaf tissue into contrasting sectors. To overcome these obstacles, an alternative approach was explored using tissue-culture techniques to regenerate plantlets from unique sectors. Stable green and pale yellow plants were developed from a naturally variegated Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos'. By comparing the gene expression between green and pale yellow plants using suppression subtractive hybridization in conjunction with homologous sequence search, nine down-regulated and 18 up-regulated genes were identified in pale yellow plants. Transcript abundance for EaZIP (Epipremnum aureum leucine zipper), a nuclear gene homologue of tobacco NTZIP and Arabidopsis CHL27, was reduced more than 4000-fold in qRT-PCR analysis. EaZIP encodes the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase, one of the key enzymes in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Examination of EaZIP expression in naturally variegated 'Golden Pothos' confirmed that EaZIP transcript levels were correlated with leaf chlorophyll contents, suggesting that this gene plays a major role in the loss of chlorophyll in the pale yellow sectors of E. aureum 'Golden Pothos'. This study further suggests that tissue-culture regeneration of plantlets from different coloured sectors of variegated leaves can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of variegation. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1093/jxb/erq020 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 1483-1493 SN - 1460-2431 KW - Golden Pothos KW - Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase KW - tissue culture KW - transcript abundance KW - variegation formation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genotyping of US Wheat Germplasm for Presence of Stem Rust Resistance Genes Sr24, Sr36 and Sr1RS(Amigo) AU - Olson, Eric L. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Marshall, David S. AU - Jin, Yue AU - Mergoum, Mohamed AU - Lowe, Lago AU - Dubcovsky, Jorge T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - The stem rust resistance genes Sr24, Sr26, Sr36 , and Sr1RS Amigo confer resistance to race TTKSK (= Ug99) of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Pers. ( Pgt ). A collection of 776 cultivars and breeding lines of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) from all growing regions of the United States were screened with simple sequence repeat and sequence tagged site markers linked to Sr24, Sr26, Sr36 , and Sr1RS Amigo to determine frequencies of these genes in U.S. wheat germplasm. Marker efficacy in predicting the presence of these genes was evaluated via comparison with assayed seedling infection type. Among the lines evaluated, the most predominant gene is Sr24 , present in hard winter, hard spring, and soft winter wheat lines. Resistance in soft winter wheat is primarily due to Sr36 The 1RS·1AL rye translocation carrying Sr1RS Amigo is present at equal frequencies in hard winter and soft winter wheat. Utilization of marker‐assisted selection for stem rust resistance genes can hasten the development of wheat cultivars resistant to TTKSK and its variants and allow for the development of resistance gene pyramids for more durable stem rust resistance. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.04.0218 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 668-675 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Mapping of an Aegilops tauschii-derived Hessian Fly Resistance Gene in Common Wheat AU - Miranda, L. M. AU - Bland, D. E. AU - Cambron, S. E. AU - Lyerly, J. H. AU - Johnson, J. AU - Buntin, G. D. AU - Murphy, J. P. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Hessian fly [ Mayetiola destructor (Say)] is a major threat to wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in the eastern United States. Cultivar releases containing major Hessian fly resistance genes have proven effective in minimizing losses caused by this pest. Nevertheless, the ephemeral nature of major gene resistance necessitates the identification of novel sources of resistance. Hessian fly resistance from Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2 n = 2 x = 14; genome DD ) was introgressed into the genetic background of the soft red winter wheat cultivar Saluda during the development of the germplasm line NC09MDD14. Our genetic characterization and linkage mapping studies showed that resistance to Hessian Fly biotype L in NC09MDD14 was monogenic and the most likely order of the linked microsatellite markers was: Xcfd13 ‐ 4.2 cM‐ Xcfd42 ‐ 1.8 cM‐ Xgdm141 ‐ 4.9 cM‐ Xgdm36 ‐ 1.5 cM‐ NC09MDD14 Hf gene/ Xcfd132 ‐ 13.4 cM‐ Xcfd19 This linkage map situated the NCD09MDD14 Hf gene on the short arm of chromosome 6D, within the same deletion bin as the named gene H13 No recombinants between H13 and the NCD09MDD14 Hf gene were found in an allelism study that included 170 F 2 individuals from the cross between NCD09MDD14 and Molly ( H13 ). The Hessian fly resistance gene present in the germplasm line NC09MDD14 could be an allele of H13 , but unlike H13 , the gene in NC09MDD14 provides resistance against biotype vrH13 DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2009.05.0278 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 612-616 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Depositional seals in polyacrylamide-amended soils of varying clay mineralogy and texture AU - Bhardwaj, Ajay K. AU - McLaughlin, Richard A. AU - Levy, Guy J. T2 - JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1007/s11368-010-0198-2 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 494-504 SN - 1439-0108 KW - Anionic PAM KW - Clay mineral KW - Depositional seals KW - Flocculation KW - Kaolinite KW - Runoff KW - Smectite KW - Suspended sediment KW - Turbidity KW - Vermiculite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of enterococci populations collected from a subsurface flow constructed wetland AU - Graves, A. K. AU - Weaver, R. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AB - The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the population of Enterococcus sp. in domestic wastewater as it flows through a constructed wetland.Four hundred and eighty-four Enterococcus isolates were collected from the inlet, various sites within and from the outlet of a plastic lined constructed wetland in College Station, TX. The wetland treated septic tank effluent that passed sequentially through two 1.89 m(3) septic tanks and a 1.89 m(3) pump tank allowing 48 l doses at a 24 l min(-1) rate. The Enterococcus isolates were identified to species using the commercial Biolog system. The 484 Enterococcus isolates were comprised of ten different species, including Enterococcus faecalis (30.6%), Enterococcus pseudoavium (24.0%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (12.8%), Enterococcus faecium (11.2%), Enterococcus mundtii (7.9%), Enterococcus gallinarum (6.2%), Enterococcus dispar (3.7%), Enterococcus hirae (2.1%), Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus flavescens both 0.8%. Of the 88 isolates collected from the inlet, only 9.1% of the isolates were identified as Ent. faecalis and Ent. pseudoavium (36.4%) was identified as the predominant species. Whereas of the 74 isolates collected from the outlet, the predominant species were identified as Ent. faecalis (29.7%). Species identification varied among sites within the wetland, but often Ent. faecalis was the predominant species.Our data suggest that while Ent. faecalis is the predominant species of Enterococcus found in domestic wastewater, the populations may shift during treatment as the wastewater flows through the constructed wetland.We found that shifts in Enterococcus species composition occurred during domestic wastewater treatment. This has implications for the identification of faecal pollution based on the presence of specific bacterial types associated with domestic wastewater. DA - 2010/4// PY - 2010/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04516.x VL - 108 IS - 4 SP - 1226-1234 SN - 1365-2672 KW - Biolog KW - constructed wetlands KW - domestic wastewater KW - enterococci KW - wastewater treatment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue culture-induced morphological somaclonal variation in St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] AU - Li, R. AU - Bruneau, A. H. AU - Qu, R. T2 - PLANT BREEDING AB - With 2 figures and 1 table Abstract Somaclonal variation has been observed in many plant species and is an alternative way to create variants and expand the germplasm pool. A large scale tissue culture experiment was conducted with St. Augustinegrass, an important turfgrass species for the southern USA, to induce somaclonal variation to enlarge the germplasm pool for breeding efforts. Using an improved protocol, approximately 7900 St. Augustinegrass plants were regenerated from cv. ‘Raleigh’, and 119 morphological variants were identified. Among the variants, 115 had a semi-dwarf growth habit with shorter and narrower leaves, and shortened internodes and stolons. However, 100 of them showed little vigour, which either grew very slowly or did not survive. The remaining 15 showed reasonable growth vigour and were further investigated in the field. Among them, 13 were semi-dwarf and 2 had longer leaves. In addition, 2 other variants, with variegated (yellow striping) leaves, or significantly thicker stems were also observed and characterized. The altered traits in the variant lines were stable during vegetative propagation and when grown in different environments. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01647.x VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 96-99 SN - 1439-0523 KW - semi-dwarf KW - somaclonal variation KW - St. Augustinegrass KW - tissue culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize Debris Increases Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Severity in North Carolina Winter Wheat AU - Cowger, Christina AU - Weisz, Randy AU - Anderson, Joseph M. AU - Horton, J. Ray T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - In the eastern United States, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is often planted with minimal or no tillage into maize (Zea mays L.) residues. We conducted a field experiment in the North Carolina Piedmont to compare the effects of three maize residue treatments (unchopped, chopped, and removed) on Fusarium head blight (FHB) in two winter wheat cultivars. While FHB levels were too low for meaningful comparisons, severe epidemics of barley/cereal yellow dwarf virus (YDV) did develop in 2 yr out of 3. In those 2 yr, YDV symptoms of discoloration and stunting were greater ( P ≤ 0.001), and yield was lower ( P ≤ 0.01), in plots with maize residue than in plots without maize residue. In the third year, when planting was late because of a severe fall drought, no YDV epidemic developed, and there were no differences in wheat yield due to maize residue treatment ( P = 0.25). In the first 2 yr, leaf samples from all plots were assayed for viruses using a multiplexed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) method. The most common YDV serotypes were MAV, PAV, and RPV, which were each detected in at least 46 and 74% of samples in the 2 yr, respectively. Our finding of greater YDV severity in association with surface residue is consistent with the reported aphid preference for high‐intensity yellow colors, which we hypothesize attracted aphids preferentially to residue‐covered plots in the fall. Our results support a recommendation of seed or seedling insecticide treatment when planting wheat into heavy unincorporated maize residue in the U.S. Piedmont. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2009.0357 VL - 102 IS - 2 SP - 688-695 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - LACK OF SOYBEAN ROOT ELONGATION RESPONSES TO MICROMOLAR MAGNESIUM ADDITIONS AND FATE OF ROOT-EXUDED CITRATE IN ACID SUBSOILS AU - Hashimoto, Yohey AU - Smyth, T. Jot AU - Israel, Daniel W. AU - Hesterberg, Dean T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AB - Additions of micromolar concentrations of magnesium (Mg) to hydroponics enhance aluminum (Al) tolerance of soybean by increasing citrate secretion from roots and external complexation of toxic Al species. The objective of this study was to assess the ameliorative effect of Mg additions on soybean root elongation into mineralogically different acid soils. Roots of soybean seedlings grew for 28 days into acid soils treated with three Mg levels in their soil solution (Control, 150 and 300 μM) and lime. Root growth in the acid soils and aboveground dry matter responses to the Mg treatments were less than for the lime treatments. Citrate fate in the acid soils revealed that 66–99% of added citrate was either adsorbed or biodegraded, suggesting that root secreting citrate in the soil abundant with Al and iron (Fe) hydroxides potentially reduces the availability to complex rhizotoxic Al. A calcium (Ca) deficiency may have constrained root growth response to the Mg-treated soils. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010/// DO - 10.1080/01904160903434279 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 219-239 SN - 1532-4087 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73149088156&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - aluminum KW - acid soils KW - magnesium KW - soil fertility ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hypoallergenic Legume Crops and Food Allergy: Factors Affecting Feasibility and Risk AU - Riascos, John J. AU - Weissinger, Arthur K. AU - Weissinger, Sandra M. AU - Burks, A. Wesley T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - Currently, the sole strategy for managing food hypersensitivity involves strict avoidance of the trigger. Several alternate strategies for the treatment of food allergies are currently under study. Also being explored is the process of eliminating allergenic proteins from crop plants. Legumes are a rich source of protein and are an essential component of the human diet. Unfortunately, legumes, including soybean and peanut, are also common sources of food allergens. Four protein families and superfamilies account for the majority of legume allergens, which include storage proteins of seeds (cupins and prolamins), profilins, and the larger group of pathogenesis-related proteins. Two strategies have been used to produce hypoallergenic legume crops: (1) germplasm lines are screened for the absence or reduced content of specific allergenic proteins and (2) genetic transformation is used to silence native genes encoding allergenic proteins. Both approaches have been successful in producing cultivars of soybeans and peanuts with reduced allergenic proteins. However, it is unknown whether the cultivars are actually hypoallergenic to those with sensitivity. This review describes efforts to produce hypoallergenic cultivars of soybean and peanut and discusses the challenges that need to be overcome before such products could be available in the marketplace. DA - 2010/1/13/ PY - 2010/1/13/ DO - 10.1021/jf902526y VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 20-27 SN - 1520-5118 KW - Legume allergens KW - food allergies KW - hypoallergenic crops KW - soybean KW - peanut ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of a Nicotiana tabacum L. Genomic Region Controlling Two Leaf Surface Chemistry Traits AU - Vontimitta, Vijay AU - Danehower, David A. AU - Steede, Tyler AU - Moon, Hyunsook S. AU - Lewis, Ramsey S. T2 - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB - cis-Abienol and sucrose esters are Nicotiana tabacum leaf surface components that likely influence plant resistance to pests. Their breakdown products also contribute to flavor and aroma characteristics of certain tobacco types. Mapping of genes involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds could permit development of molecular-based tools for generating tobacco types with novel cured leaf chemistry profiles. A doubled haploid mapping population segregating for major genes (Abl and BMVSE) affecting the ability to accumulate cis-abienol and sucrose esters was generated and genotyped with a large set of microsatellite markers. The two genes were found to reside on chromosome A of the N. tabacum genome with a distance of 8.2 cM (centimorgans) between them. Seventeen microsatellite markers were also placed on this linkage group, several of which exhibited complete cosegregation with Abl and BMVSE. Results should aid breeding efforts focused on modification of this aspect of tobacco cured leaf chemistry. DA - 2010/1/13/ PY - 2010/1/13/ DO - 10.1021/jf903256h VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 294-300 SN - 1520-5118 KW - Tobacco KW - leaf surface chemistry KW - cis-abienol KW - sucrose esters KW - gene mapping KW - molecular markers ER - TY - JOUR TI - A heritability-adjusted GGE biplot for test environment evaluation AU - Yan, Weikai AU - Holland, James B. T2 - EUPHYTICA AB - Test environment evaluation has become an increasingly important issue in plant breeding. In the context of indirect selection, a test environment can be characterized by two parameters: the heritability in the test environment and its genetic correlation with the target environment. In the context of GGE biplot analysis, a test environment is similarly characterized by two parameters: its discrimination power and its similarity with other environments. This paper investigates the relationships between GGE biplots based on different data scaling methods and the theory of indirect selection, and introduces a heritability-adjusted (HA) GGE biplot. We demonstrate that the vector length of an environment in the HA-GGE biplot approximates the square root heritability ( $$ \sqrt H $$ ) within the environment and that the cosine of the angle between the vectors of two environments approximates the genetic correlation (r) between them. Moreover, projections of vectors of test environments onto that of a target environment approximate values of $$ r\sqrt H $$ , which are proportional to the predicted genetic gain expected in the target environment from indirect selection in the test environments at a constant selection intensity. Thus, the HA-GGE biplot graphically displays the relative utility of environments in terms of selection response. Therefore, the HA-GGE biplot is the preferred GGE biplot for test environment evaluation. It is also the appropriate GGE biplot for genotype evaluation because it weights information from the different environments proportional to their within-environment square root heritability. Approximation of the HA-GGE biplot by other types of GGE biplots was discussed. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1007/s10681-009-0030-5 VL - 171 IS - 3 SP - 355-369 SN - 0014-2336 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-76149125761&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Biplot KW - Genotype-by-environment interaction KW - Heritability KW - Test environment evaluation ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Modified Amino Acid Analysis Using PITC Derivatization for Soybeans with Accurate Determination of Cysteine and Half-Cystine AU - Kwanyuen, Prachuab AU - Burton, Joseph W. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB - Abstract Breeding efforts to change the amino acid profile of seed protein and the assessment of genetic variation for amino acid composition among soybean germplasm resources have been hampered by lack of a rapid and inexpensive method for amino acid determination. A modified procedure presented here is partly based on a gas‐phase hydrolysis and precolumn derivatization for HPLC analysis. The procedure accurately measured cysteine and half‐cystine in samples. The method was also proven to be accurate using a reference protein with known amino acid composition. It is reliable and can be automated for daily analysis with a large number of samples. The method was also tested with soybean seeds harvested from a two‐replicate multi‐location soybean field experiment. It was found that no soybean cultivar by location interaction was significant for any of the amino acids which demonstrate that amino acid compositions were generally stable across a range of environments, and that the repeatability of the measurement itself was high. The error associated with the determination was also low as demonstrated by the analysis of variance. DA - 2010/2// PY - 2010/2// DO - 10.1007/s11746-009-1484-2 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 127-132 SN - 1558-9331 KW - Amino acid analysis KW - Soybean KW - Glycine max L. Merr KW - Cysteine KW - Half-cystine ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of co-contaminants and septic system effluent quality on the transport of estrogens and nonylphenols through soil AU - Stanford, Benjamin D. AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Weinberg, Howard S. T2 - WATER RESEARCH AB - The impact that varying qualities of wastewater may have on the movement of steroid estrogens through soils into groundwater is little understood. In this study, the steroid estrogens 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) were followed through batch and column studies to examine the impact that organic wastewater constituents from on-site wastewater treatment systems (i.e., septic systems or decentralized systems) may have on influencing the rate of transport of estrogens through soils. Total organic carbon (TOC) content (as a surrogate indicator of overall wastewater quality) and the presence of nonyl-phenol polyethoxylate surfactants (NPEO) at concentrations well below the critical micelle concentration were independently shown to be indicative of earlier breakthrough and less partitioning to soil in batch and column experiments. Both NPEO and wastewater with increasing TOC concentrations led to shifts in the equilibrium of E1 and E2 towards the aqueous phase and caused the analytes to have an earlier breakthrough than in control experiments. The presence of nonylphenols, on the other hand, did not appreciably impact partitioning of E1 or E2. Biodegradation of the steroids in soil was also lower in the presence of septic tank effluents than in an organic-free control water. Furthermore, the data indicate that the rate of movement of E1 and E2 present in septic tank effluent through soils and into groundwater can be decreased by removing the NPEOs and TOC through wastewater treatment prior to sub-surface disposal. This study offers some insights into mechanisms which impact degradation, transformation, and retardation, and shows that TOC and NPEO surfactants play a role in estrogen transport. DA - 2010/3// PY - 2010/3// DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.011 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 1598-1606 SN - 0043-1354 KW - Estrogenic activity KW - Nonylphenol KW - Estradiol KW - Septic systems KW - Soil transport KW - Wastewater ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of N6202 Soybean Germplasm with High Protein, Favorable Yield Potential, Large Seed, and Diverse Pedigree AU - Carter, T. E., Jr. AU - Rzewnicki, P. E. AU - Burton, J. W. AU - Villagarcia, M. R. AU - Bowman, D. T. AU - Taliercio, Earl AU - Kwanyuen, P. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - ‘N6202’ soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. No. GP‐366, PI 658498) was cooperatively developed and released by the USDA–ARS and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in October 2009 as a mid–Maturity Group VI germplasm with high‐protein seed, favorable yield potential, large seed size, and diverse pedigree. The unusual combination of high protein and favorable yield in this germplasm, plus its diverse genetic background, makes it a potentially desirable breeding stock for both specialty and commodity breeding programs. N6202 was developed through conventional breeding and is adapted to the southern United States. Average seed protein level was 457 g kg −1 (zero moisture basis), which was 33 g kg −1 greater ( p < 0.05) than that of the control cultivar NC‐Roy. Average yield of N6202 was more than 90% of NC‐Roy over 65 environments. The 100‐seed weight of N6202 (21.4 g) was significantly greater ( p < 0.05) than that of the largest‐seeded control cultivar Dillon (15.2 g).Twenty‐five percent of N6202's pedigree is derived from Japanese cultivar Fukuyataka. Fukuyataka is not known to be related to the genetic base of U.S. soybean. An additional 25% of N6202's pedigree traces to the Japanese cultivar Nakasennari, which appears in the pedigree of only one cultivar (its parent ‘N6201’). Thus, the release of N6202 broadens the genetic range of materials adapted for soybean breeding in the United States. N6202 exhibits a moderate level of the bleeding hilum trait in some environments. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.3198/jpr2009.08.0462.crg VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 73-79 SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize grain yield responses to plant height variability resulting from crop rotation and tillage system in a long-term experiment AU - Boomsma, Christopher R. AU - Santini, Judith B. AU - West, Terry D. AU - Brewer, Jason C. AU - McIntyre, Lauren M. AU - Vyn, Tony J. T2 - SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH AB - Research emphasizing slower plant growth and delayed maturity in continuous maize (Zea mays L.), no-till (MM–NT) systems has often led to the conclusion that lower grain yields in this environment are associated with reduced plant heights. Yet prior research has shown that early-season and mature plants are not always shorter in MM–NT systems, suggesting that overall plant height may not be an accurate morphometric indicator of decreased yield in MM–NT environments. Given that plant-to-plant morpho-physiological uniformity is strongly associated with higher yield in maize, we hypothesized that greater plant height variability would provide a better agronomic explanation for yield loss in MM–NT environments than overall plant height reductions. This 14-year study primarily examined the effects of crop rotation {maize–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and continuous maize} and tillage system (no-till and moldboard plow) on the yield, 4-week plant population, and 4- and 8-week plant height and plant height variability of a single maize cultivar. Due to sizeable year-to-year variation, actual crop response means for the MM–NT; maize–soybean, no-till (MB–NT); and continuous maize, moldboard plow (MM–PL) treatment combinations were expressed relative to the accompanying means for the maize–soybean, moldboard plow (MB–PL) treatment. In numerous years, the MM–NT system exhibited reduced actual and relative yields and lower 4- and 8-week plant heights compared to the other treatment combinations. Both actual and relative 4- and 8-week plant height variability were rarely greatest for the MM–NT treatment, and in only a few years were actual and/or relative plant density lowest for this system. However, single-factor regression analyses between relative yield and the aforementioned relative agronomic measures revealed that a decline in relative MM–NT yield was most strongly associated with an increase in relative 4-week plant height variability. Multi-factor regression analyses between relative yield, relative 4-week plant height variability, and various weather parameters suggested that this strong inverse relationship was potentially a manifestation of (i) non-uniform germination, emergence, and early seedling growth and (ii) later-season intra-specific competition. Regression analyses between relative 4-week plant height variability and various weather parameters suggested that phenomenon (i) was potentially promoted by cool and moist or warm and dry pre-plant weather conditions while phenomenon (ii) was possibly encouraged by low precipitation and/or high temperatures during rapid stem elongation. While MM–NT systems should be managed to limit plant density reductions and minimize growth and developmental delays, increased focus should be placed on minimizing the occurrence of plant-to-plant variability in these environments. DA - 2010/1// PY - 2010/1// DO - 10.1016/j.still.2009.12.006 VL - 106 IS - 2 SP - 227-240 SN - 1879-3444 KW - Maize KW - Plant height variability KW - Continuous maize rotation KW - Maize-soybean rotation KW - No-till KW - Moldboard plow ER -