TY - JOUR TI - Demonstration of Joint SDR/UAV Experiment Development in AERPAW AU - Gurses, Anil AU - Funderburk, Mark AU - Kesler, John AU - Powell, Keith AU - Rahman, Talha F. AU - Ozdemir, Ozgur AU - Mushi, Magreth AU - Sichitiu, Mihail L. AU - Guvenc, Ismail AU - Dutta, Rudra AU - Marojevic, Vuk T2 - MILCOM 2023 - 2023 IEEE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1109/MILCOM58377.2023.10356351 SP - SN - 2155-7578 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of a Host-Specific Toxic Activity Produced by Bipolaris cookei, Causal Agent of Target Leaf Spot of Sorghum AU - Samira, Rozalynne AU - Lopez, Luis Fernando Samayoa AU - Holland, James AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB - Target leaf spot (TLS) of sorghum, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris cookei, can cause severe yield loss in many parts of the world. We grew B. cookei in liquid culture and observed that the resulting culture filtrate (CF) was differentially toxic when infiltrated into the leaves of a population of 288 diverse sorghum lines. In this population, we found a significant correlation between high CF sensitivity and susceptibility to TLS. This suggests that the toxin produced in culture may play a role in the pathogenicity of B. cookei in the field. We demonstrated that the toxic activity is light sensitive and, surprisingly, insensitive to pronase, suggesting that it is not proteinaceous. We identified the two sorghum genetic loci most associated with the response to CF in this population. Screening seedlings with B. cookei CF could be a useful approach for prescreening germplasm for TLS resistance. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-11-22-0427-R VL - 113 IS - 7 SP - 1301-1306 SN - 1943-7684 KW - fungal pathogens KW - genetics KW - host-parasite interactions KW - pathogen effectors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extension event attendance increases adoption of weed management practices by sports field managers AU - Frisvold, George B. AU - Agme, Chandrakant AU - Ervin, David AU - Allen, Jennifer AU - Askew, Shawn AU - Bowling, Rebecca Grubbs AU - Brosnan, James AU - Elmore, Matthew AU - Gannon, Travis AU - Kaminski, John AU - Mccarty, Lambert AU - Mccurdy, James D. AU - Patton, Aaron J. AU - Taylor, Jacob AU - Unruh, J. Bryan AU - Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Data from a national survey of 348 U.S. sports field managers were used to examine the effects of participation in Cooperative Extension events on the adoption of turfgrass weed management practices. Of the respondents, 94% had attended at least one event in the previous 3 yr. Of this 94%, 97% reported adopting at least one practice as a result of knowledge gained at an Extension turfgrass event. Half of the respondents had adopted four or more practices; a third adopted five or more practices. Nonchemical, cultural practices were the most-adopted practices (65% of respondents). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine factors explaining practice adoption and Extension event attendance. Compared to attending one event, attending three events increased total adoption by an average of one practice. Attending four or more events increased total adoption by two practices. Attending four or more events (compared to one event) increased the odds of adopting six individual practices by 3- to 6-fold, depending on the practice. This suggests that practice adoption could be enhanced by encouraging repeat attendance among past Extension event attendees. Manager experience was a statistically significant predictor of the number of Extension events attended but a poor direct predictor of practice adoption. Experience does not appear to increase adoption directly, but indirectly, via its impact on Extension event attendance. In addition to questions about weed management generally, the survey asked questions specifically about annual bluegrass management. Respondents were asked to rank seven sources of information for their helpfulness in managing annual bluegrass. There was no single dominant information source, but Extension was ranked more than any other source as the most helpful (by 22% of the respondents) and was ranked among the top three by 53%, closely behind field representative/local distributor sources at 54%. DA - 2023/9/20/ PY - 2023/9/20/ DO - 10.1017/wet.2023.66 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1550-2740 KW - Turfgrass KW - integrated weed management KW - information ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Assertions from Educational, Outreach and Engagement Programs in Pasture-Based Livestock Systems AU - Castillo, Miguel S. AU - Wallau, Marcelo T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract Assertions about grazing management and grazing systems should be evaluated based on the scientific literature. Prior assumptions can limit our ability to achieve constructive dialogue regarding the merits of various stocking methods. These include the assumption that rotational stocking is inherently superior to continuous stocking, regardless of the nature of the overall grazing system, and the presumption that continuous stocking implies overgrazing. We revisited assertions about grazing management in general, but more specifically the choice of the stocking method, and considered their merit in the context of evidence from the literature, including a chapter titled Prescribed Grazing on Pasturelands from a National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) literature synthesis published in 2012. We framed those assertions in the form of questions. The questions were: a) Does choice of rotational stocking ensure well-managed pastures?, b) Does rotational stocking result in greater accumulation of soil carbon than continuous stocking?, c) Does rotational stocking increase pasture productivity and optimal stocking rate compared with continuous stocking?, d) Does forage nutritive value and individual animal performance increase in rotational versus continuous stocking?, and e) Do pastures “look better” in rotational versus continuous stocking?. The objectives were to consider whether these often-stated assertions about grazing management were supported, refuted, or simply not adequately assessed by the body of scientific evidence. It is important to recognize that choice of stocking method is only one element of grazing management and grazing management is only one element of a grazing system. Thus, stocking method is “one piece of a very large pie”. Additionally, stocking rate (grazing intensity) is a separate and independent grazing management choice from stocking method, such that both rotationally and continuously stocked pastures can be understocked, overstocked, or optimally stocked. It is unfortunate that choice of stocking method dominates discussions of improving grazing management to the expense of other issues, when in fact intensity of grazing has been shown conclusively to be the most important determinant of a wide array of soil, plant, animal, and ecosystem responses. We have observed that terminology such us regenerative grazing, holistic planned grazing, adaptative multipaddock grazing, management intensive grazing, high intensity low frequency grazing, and others, arise frequently and can dominate discussions in the realm of education, outreach and engagement programs in pasture-based livestock systems. These words/themes lack clear definition, and this lack of specificity may promote misconceptions, thus hindering the opportunity for critical thinking and ultimately the advancement and improvement of grazing systems. Educational efforts in pasture management should strive to remain relevant by focusing on experimental evidence. Local (i.e., state or county level) outreach and engagement programs are challenged with providing timely and specific information with implementable guidelines based on frequent observations at the landscape and farm levels. DA - 2023/5// PY - 2023/5// DO - 10.1093/jas/skad068.058 VL - 101 SP - SN - 1525-3163 KW - grazing management KW - rotational stocking KW - stocking method ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping of a novel major effect Hessian fly field partial-resistance locus in southern soft red winter wheat line LA03136E71 (vol 134, pg 3911, 2021) AU - Winn, Z. J. AU - Acharya, R. AU - Merrill, K. AU - Lyerly, J. AU - Brown-Guedira, G. AU - Cambron, S. AU - Harrison, S. H. AU - Reisig, D. AU - Murphy, J. P. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1007/s00122-023-04304-2 VL - 136 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Updated guidelines for gene nomenclature in wheat AU - Boden, S. A. AU - McIntosh, R. A. AU - Uauy, C. AU - Krattinger, S. G. AU - Dubcovsky, J. AU - Rogers, W. J. AU - Xia, X. C. AU - Badaeva, E. D. AU - Bentley, A. R. AU - Brown-Guedira, G. AU - Caccamo, M. AU - Cattivelli, L. AU - Chhuneja, P. AU - Cockram, J. AU - Contreras-Moreira, B. AU - Dreisigacker, S. AU - Edwards, D. AU - Gonzalez, F. G. AU - Guzman, C. AU - Ikeda, T. M. AU - Karsai, I AU - Nasuda, S. AU - Pozniak, C. AU - Prins, R. AU - Sen, T. Z. AU - Silva, P. AU - Simkova, H. AU - Zhang, Y. T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB - Here, we provide an updated set of guidelines for naming genes in wheat that has been endorsed by the wheat research community. The last decade has seen a proliferation in genomic resources for wheat, including reference- and pan-genome assemblies with gene annotations, which provide new opportunities to detect, characterise, and describe genes that influence traits of interest. The expansion of genetic information has supported growth of the wheat research community and catalysed strong interest in the genes that control agronomically important traits, such as yield, pathogen resistance, grain quality, and abiotic stress tolerance. To accommodate these developments, we present an updated set of guidelines for gene nomenclature in wheat. These guidelines can be used to describe loci identified based on morphological or phenotypic features or to name genes based on sequence information, such as similarity to genes characterised in other species or the biochemical properties of the encoded protein. The updated guidelines provide a flexible system that is not overly prescriptive but provides structure and a common framework for naming genes in wheat, which may be extended to related cereal species. We propose these guidelines be used henceforth by the wheat research community to facilitate integration of data from independent studies and allow broader and more efficient use of text and data mining approaches, which will ultimately help further accelerate wheat research and breeding. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1007/s00122-023-04253-w VL - 136 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring mitigating factors for aflatoxin awareness and incidence among smallholder groundnut farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa AU - Jelliffe, J. AU - Bravo-Ureta, B. AU - Jordan, D. AU - Dankyi, A. AU - Appaw, W. AU - Mochiah, M. T2 - WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL AB - Abstract This study considers the association between agricultural extension, aflatoxin, and good management practices among smallholder groundnut farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The first part examines extension and self-reported knowledge and perceptions of aflatoxin for three countries. This is done using pooled survey data (n = 1388) collected from 2014 to 2016, beginning with Uganda (n = 480) in 2014, Ghana (n = 537) in 2015, and Mozambique (n = 335) in 2016. Results from probit regressions suggest that aflatoxin knowledge and perceptions are related to village extension services, household head education, farm size, groundnut production area, and experience with aflatoxins. To build upon these findings, additional information on aflatoxin levels and good management practices for a sub-sample of the 2015 Ghana survey (n = 134) is analysed. Negative binomial regression estimates indicate significantly lower aflatoxin levels for households that (1) follow good management practices and (2) are in receipt of village extension services, with the lowest average aflatoxin level from the combination of (1) and (2). These findings underscore the role of extension in combating the incidence of aflatoxin in groundnut value chains. In this way, extension is associated with greater knowledge and perceptions, as well as lower levels of aflatoxin, that can be further reduced with good management practices. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1163/18750796-20232833 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 359-371 SN - 1875-0796 KW - extension KW - aflatoxin KW - groundnuts KW - Sub-Saharan Africa KW - good management practices ER - TY - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield prediction through integration of genetic, environment, and management data through deep learning AU - Kick, Daniel R. AU - Wallace, Jason G. AU - Schnable, James C. AU - Kolkman, Judith M. AU - Alaca, Baris AU - Beissinger, Timothy M. AU - Edwards, Jode AU - Ertl, David AU - Flint-Garcia, Sherry AU - Gage, Joseph L. AU - Hirsch, Candice N. AU - Knoll, Joseph E. AU - Leon, Natalia AU - Lima, Dayane C. AU - Moreta, Danilo E. AU - Singh, Maninder P. AU - Thompson, Addie AU - Weldekidan, Teclemariam AU - Washburn, Jacob D. T2 - G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS AB - Accurate prediction of the phenotypic outcomes produced by different combinations of genotypes, environments, and management interventions remains a key goal in biology with direct applications to agriculture, research, and conservation. The past decades have seen an expansion of new methods applied toward this goal. Here we predict maize yield using deep neural networks, compare the efficacy of 2 model development methods, and contextualize model performance using conventional linear and machine learning models. We examine the usefulness of incorporating interactions between disparate data types. We find deep learning and best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) models with interactions had the best overall performance. BLUP models achieved the lowest average error, but deep learning models performed more consistently with similar average error. Optimizing deep neural network submodules for each data type improved model performance relative to optimizing the whole model for all data types at once. Examining the effect of interactions in the best-performing model revealed that including interactions altered the model's sensitivity to weather and management features, including a reduction of the importance scores for timepoints expected to have a limited physiological basis for influencing yield-those at the extreme end of the season, nearly 200 days post planting. Based on these results, deep learning provides a promising avenue for the phenotypic prediction of complex traits in complex environments and a potential mechanism to better understand the influence of environmental and genetic factors. DA - 2023/4/11/ PY - 2023/4/11/ DO - 10.1093/g3journal/jkad006 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - SN - 2160-1836 KW - phenotypic prediction KW - gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) KW - GEM KW - convolutional neural network KW - deep learning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wheat straw hydrochar induced negative priming effect on carbon decomposition in a coastal soil AU - Wang, Xiao AU - Li, Zhen AU - Cheng, Yadong AU - Yao, Hui AU - Li, Hui AU - You, Xiangwei AU - Zhang, Chengsheng AU - Li, Yiqiang T2 - IMETA AB - The mechanisms underlying hydrochar-regulated soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in the coastal salt-affected soils were first investigated. Straw-derived hydrochar (SHC)-induced C-transformation bacterial modulation and soil aggregation enhancement primarily accounted for negative priming effects. Modification of soil properties (e.g., decreased pH and increased C/N ratios) by straw-derived pyrochar (SPC) was responsible for decreased SOC decomposition. Progressive land-use changes, deforestation, and the excessive combustion of fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the widespread intensification of extreme weather events [1]. Global CO2 emissions have reached approximately 31.5 gigatons per year and are projected to triple by 2050 [2]. To address this issue, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) appealed for GHG mitigation strategies [3]. As a typical representative of marginal soils, coastal salt-affected soils, also referred to as blue C ecosystems [4], are beneficial for climate resilience and C sequestration [4]. However, in recent years, coastal soils have suffered from soil deterioration. Salt stress and nutrient deficiency caused the regression and degradation of soil primary productivity and substantial loss of blue C (0.15–1.02 Pg of CO2 released from the soil annually) from the coastal soils [5]. Therefore, reclaiming soil primary productivity is an urgent task to recover the ecological functions of these blue C ecosystems for climate change mitigation. Char amendment (e.g., pyrochar and hydrochar) as a soil C sequestration material has gained considerable attention for CO2 emission mitigation [6, 7]. Char amendment can increase, decrease, or have no effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition, corresponding to positive, negative, and no priming effect [8, 9]. Pyrochars, also known as biochars, are produced from the pyrolysis of dried biomass (e.g., straw wastes, sewage sludge, and animal manure) at 300–700°C [10]. Comparably, hydrochar produced from hydrothermal carbonization of wet biomass at lower temperatures (180–370°C) was an alternative method to pyrolysis for producing carbonaceous materials for soil C sequestration [11]. Given the considerable differences in thermal conversion and biomass conditions, the characteristics of hydrochars differ from those of pyrochars, which consequently affect their performance in CO2 emission mitigation [11, 12]. However, to date, most studies have focused on pyrochar effects on soil CO2 emission [13, 14] and limited attention has been paid to the corresponding effects of hydrochars. Hydrochars have a low C sequestration potential for soils, mainly attributable to their high decomposability, and thus provide high-level, easily degradable C and N sources for soil microbial activity [15]. Conversely, rice straw- and pig manure-derived hydrochars decrease soil CO2 emissions due to the low bioavailability of inherent labile C and high C aromaticity [16]. Moreover, previous hydrochar studies have primarily focused on nonsalt-affected soils, while data on salt-affected soils remain limited. Compared with nonsalt-affected soils, salt-affected soils have low primary productivity and deteriorated physical structure, resulting in little input of exogenous organic matter [17] and weak protection of SOC by soil aggregates [18]. Corn straw-derived pyrochars at 350°C and 550°C, characterized by high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., –COOH and –OH), could decrease SOC decomposition (negative priming effect) mainly through promoting soil aggregation and shifting of bacterial community composition toward low C turnover bacteria in a coastal salt-affected soil [19, 20]. The labile C component of char amendments can stimulate the secretion of functional cementing metabolites (e.g., proteins and organic acids) or residues by soil microorganisms to enhance soil aggregation, thereby decreasing SOC decomposition [21]. Unlike pyrochars, hydrochars with relatively higher amounts of labile C and N fractions could be more favorable for increasing microbial biomass abundance and shifting community composition and C-cycling functions by altering soil organic matter (SOM) composition, substrate availability, and soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pH and enzyme activity), thus affecting SOC cycling [11]. It was reported that hydrochars could increase stable SOC fraction, mainly aromatic compounds, by decreasing the relative abundance of active bacterial decomposers of resistant SOC [22]. Additionally, the abundant O-containing functional groups on hydrochars may enhance the soil aggregate stability to a greater extent than those on pyrochars by promoting the formation of char–organic matter–mineral complexes via hydrogen bonding and ligand exchange, thereby enhancing the physical protection of SOC by soil aggregates [19, 20]. However, the mechanisms of hydrochar-mediated soil aggregation and microbially compositional and functional responses responsible for SOC decomposition in the coastal salt-affected soils were poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, a wheat straw-derived hydrochar (SHC) produced at 220°C was prepared to investigate its effects on SOC decomposition from a coastal salt-affected soil and the underlying microbial regulation and soil aggregation enhancement mechanisms in comparison with corresponding wheat straw-derived pyrochar (SPC) pyrolyzed at 500°C using a 28-day soil microcosm experiment; the objectives of this study are to: (1) compare the effects of SHC and SPC on SOC decomposition in coastal salt-affected soil, (2) elucidate the mechanisms underlying char-mediated soil aggregation and SOM composition associated with SOC decomposition, (3) identify the compositional and C metabolic responses of soil microbial communities to char amendments, and (4) elucidate the dominant factors determining char-affected SOC decomposition. The CO2 fluxes in all soils generally increased with the prolonged incubation period, peaking on day 4, then gradually decreased in the later incubation period (Figure 1A). On day 4, SHC amendment at 1% and 3% markedly increased soil CO2 flux compared with that seen with soil without char amendment (CK) treatment, in the order of SHC at 3% > SHC at 1% (Figure 1A). Comparably, both SPC amendments at 1% and 3% exerted little effect on maximum soil CO2 fluxes relative to CK treatment. SHC amendment at 1% and 3% increased the cumulative soil CO2 emission by the end of the 28-day incubation by 316% (959 mg/kg) and 1176% (2936 mg/kg) compared with CK, respectively (Figure 1B). The physicochemical properties of hydrochar and pyrochar were analyzed and are described in the Text S1. SHC contained a relatively higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content than SPC (104 vs. 2.42 mg/g, Table S1), which can act as labile C or bioavailable C fractions to be mineralized into CO2 by soil microbes, thereby contributing to the total cumulative CO2 emissions from soils amended with chars [14]. Consequently, the difference in DOC content between the SHC and SPC could affect their priming effects on SOC decomposition [14, 19]. Therefore, the net priming effects of SHC and SPC on SOC decomposition were calculated by subtracting the possible maximum C decomposition amount of SHC and SPC from the total detected cumulative CO2 emission [14] according to the DOC content of SHC and SPC (Figure 1B). For the SHC treatments, the increased CO2 emission (959–2936 mg/kg) induced by SHC amendments compared with that of CK treatment was lower than the total labile C amount of SHC (DOC, 1040–3120 mg/kg) (Table S1) added to the 1% and 3% SHC-treated soils. This result suggested that SHC at 1% and 3% (w/w) could decrease SOC decomposition (negative priming effect) correspondingly up to 337 and 440 mg/kg (Figure 1C), respectively, in the coastal salt-affected soils during a 28-day incubation [14, 19]. Comparably, excluding the CO2 emitted from labile C degradation of SPC (DOC, 24.2–72.6 mg/kg) (Table S1) from overall CO2 emissions, SPC amendments at 1% and 3% induced negative priming effect up to 29.2 and 73.7 mg/kg, respectively (Figure 1C). This strongly agrees with our previous studies showing that pyrochar application to coastal salt-affected soil resulted in a decrease in SOC decomposition [14, 19]. These results collectively confirm our hypothesis that SHC induces a greater negative priming effect on SOC decomposition in coastal salt-affected soils than SPC. In the present study, the different effects of SOC decomposition induced by the SPC and SHC amendments could be mainly due to their different effects on soil physicochemical properties, including the distribution pattern and stability of soil aggregates, SOM availability, and microbial community responses. The different char-induced SOC decomposition effects could be attributed to differences in char characteristics (Text S1). Relative to the SPC, the abundant carboxylic (–COOH) and hydroxyl (–OH) groups (Figure S1) in SHC could supply more adsorption sites for the labile C substrate, thereby resulting in a greater reduction in C availability for microbial utilization. However, the DOC contents in the SPC and SHC treatments were similar to that in the CK soil (Figure S2), excluding the direct sorption/immobilization of SOM by char amendments, which was the primary reason for the negative priming effect. However, compared with SPC, SHC with abundant O-containing functional groups, could more efficiently enhance the stability of soil aggregates [19]. This may account for the greater SHC-priming effect of SOC decomposition compared with that of SPC. Additionally, SPC and SHC can affect the diversity and composition of the soil microbial community and related enzymatic activities responsible for regulating soil C biochemical cycles and CO2 emission [22, 23]. Soil microbial metabolic activity is a key factor driving soil C cycling, especially SOC decomposition [24, 25]. As an important active component of soil C resources, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) is a sensitive indicator of soil process changes and contributes to the improved biological health of salt-affected soils [26]. The microbial metabolic quotient is defined as the respiration rate per unit time of soil MBC and is generally used to measure microbial carbon use efficiency in soil [27]. Microbial C use efficiency (CUE) can indirectly affect SOC cycling by posing impacts on microbial biomass and necromass [28]. Accordingly, determining soil C-transformation enzyme activity after char amendment is also necessary to better understand SOM decomposition and SOC decomposition [29]. More detailed results and discussion regarding the effects of SPC and SHC on the soil MBC, microbial metabolic quotient, and C-transforming enzyme activity are presented in Text S2, Figures S3, S4. The distribution pattern and stability of aggregates, a basic unit of soil structure, play critical roles in mediating SOC turnover and decomposition [30]. The char-induced alternations in the proportion of soil macroaggregates, microaggregates, and MWD might have been attributed to the mechanical mixing of soil with the applied char, which passed through a 0.45-μm [19, 31]. Due to the high stability (i.e., resistance to abiotic and biotic degradation) of char particles, the weight loss and size decrease of chars in soil aggregate fractions during incubation can be neglected [32, 33]. Therefore, the contribution of char particles to the aggregate proportion and MWD values was calibrated by subtracting the size proportion and MWD values of the SPC and SHC particles from the original experimental data (Figure S5). More detailed calibration methods are given in Text S3. The calibrated distribution patterns and stabilities of the soil aggregates are shown in Figure 2. For the macroaggregates (250–2000 μm) and microaggregates (53–250 μm), SPC and SHC additions increased their proportion compared with CK, following the order of 3%SHC > 1%SHC ≈ 3%SPC > 1%SPC (Figure S6C). Conversely, the proportion of silt–clay fractions (<53 μm) was substantially decreased after 3%SPC, 1%SHC, and 3%SHC amendments (Figure S6A,B), while SHC generally had a greater reduction effect than SPC (Figure S5C). These results demonstrated that SPC and SHC increase the macroaggregate and microaggregate amounts instead of the silt–clay fractions. As for the stability index of soil aggregates, the 3% SPC, 1% SHC, and 3% SHC additions significantly increased the MWD values by 4.26%, 4.67%, and 7.62%, respectively (Figure 1D). Comparably, the soil MWD values were slightly affected by 1% SPC, supporting our hypothesis that SHC posed greater promotional effects on soil aggregation than SPC. These results confirmed that the char-elevated stability of soil aggregates could be attributed to the interactions between char and soil particles instead of the simple mechanical mixing between them. Sporadic studies reported that pyrochar significantly promotes the formation and stability of aggregates in salt-affected soils [32, 33]. Our previous study also demonstrated that corn pyrochars at 350°C and 550°C could enhance the stability of coastal salt-affected soil aggregates resulting from the intimate physicochemical associations between SOM–mineral complex and pyrochar particles [19]. However, only a few studies have declared that pyrochar has little effect on salt-affected soil aggregates [32, 34]. Char-induced alterations in soil aggregation are largely affected by char attributes (application rate, feedstock type, and charring temperature), experimental conditions (land use and field duration), and soil properties (pH, physical texture, and initial SOC content) [35]. For the biochar attributes, the contents of oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., –COOH and –OH) and polyvalent cations (e.g., Ca2+ and Mg2+), which show high reactivity with soil minerals, mainly determine their effect on salt-affected soil aggregation [8, 31]. Compared with SPC, SHC was enriched in O-containing functional groups (Figure S1) and showed a greater probability of bridging with SOM and minerals to form organic matter–mineral complexes via hydrogen bonding and ligand exchange [31], which consequently showed stronger impacts on soil aggregation. This could explain the greater promotional effect of SHC than that of SPC on the formation of soil macroaggregates and microaggregates (Figure S6A,B). Additionally, char amendments can stimulate the secretion of microbial metabolites such as polysaccharides, amino acids, and organic acids by increasing the availability of soil nutrients and altering rhizosphere soil conditions, thereby increasing the stability of soil aggregates. As a result, the chars produced from mineral-enriched feedstock (e.g., livestock manure and sludge) at a low temperature (<500°C) could have a more favorable influence on improving soil aggregation [32]. However, following char application, the responses of the microbial community and exudated metabolites largely vary, and the roles of char-induced shifts in microbial community structure and metabolic functions and alterations of microbial metabolites in improving the structure and stability of soil aggregates in salt-affected soils are poorly understood [36, 37]. In the present study, SHC contained relatively higher amounts of DOC and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON, 104 vs. 2.42 mg/g, 1.41 vs. 0.13 mg/g, Table S1) could more significantly stimulate the secretion of microbial metabolites through elevating the availability of soil nutrients (e.g., increasing total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in SHC-treated soil than CK) (Figure S3B,C) than SPC, thereby increasing the stability of the soil aggregates [36, 37]. Char amendment can change the microbial community structure and functional response resulting from its impact on substrate availability [20] and soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pH and exchangeable cation capacity) [38], thereby affecting microbially driven SOC decomposition processes. The Chao1, ACE, and Shannon indices were not affected by SPC or SHC amendments, but 3%SHC increased the Simpson index (Table S2), exhibiting the lifted bacterial community diversity following SHC amendments. Keystone ecological clusters of the network for all bacterial taxa at the phylum level were identified (Figure 2A). Four modules and three main network ecological clusters (module #1, 2, and 3) were detected in the bacterial co-occurrence network, Actinobacteria was predominant in module #1, followed by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Proteobacteria was dominant in module #2, followed by Actinobacteria. Actinobacteria was predominant in module #3, followed by Proteobacteria (Figure 2B). The phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the keystone nodes of typical ecological clusters. From the principal component analysis (PCA) analysis, SHC displayed different clustering features of the bacterial community compared with CK (Adonis test, p < 0.01). This suggests that the SHC treatment remarkably altered the composition of the soil bacterial community (Figure 2C). Comparably, SPC occupied a similar clustering feature of the bacterial community to that of the CK, implying little impact on the community composition posed by SPC. The effect of char amendment on the bacterial abundance was further investigated (Figure 2D). SPC and SHC amendments increased the relative abundance of dominant bacterial node Proteobacteria by 20.1% and 119%, compared with CK, respectively (Figure 2D). Additionally, SHC increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, which are considered soil aggregation-promoting and acid-tolerant bacteria with high polysaccharide and enzyme secreion potential for transport and utilization of carbohydrates relative to CK [39, 40]. This implied that the enhanced soil aggregation in the SHC soils relative to CK (Figure 1D) could be driven by the bacterial responses associated with the transformation and secretion of these cementing agents. Similarly, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, copiotrophic bacteria with high turnover rates and activities in the C/N substrate plentiful soils [41], was remarkably increased after SHC amendment relative to CK, possibly resulting from the provision of higher-level labile C substrates and other nutrients (NH4+-N and TN content) in SHC-applied soils than those of SPC (Figure S3). This was consistent with previous studies reporting that the pyrochar-induced shift in microbial communities to copiotrophic taxa was driven by the increased availability of soil organic C substrates [42]. SHC generally increased the abundance of bacterial genera Sphingomona (ligninolysis bacteria) [40, 43], Burkholderia (cellulose hydrolysis bacteria, efficient decomposers of aromatic C) [44], and Bryobacter (active in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation) [45], showing an increasing trend for the degradation potential of polysaccharide-like C substrate after SHC application, consistent with the increased content of humic-like microbially degraded/transformed C products and proteins (C1 and C2) in the SHC-treated soils (Figure S7, S8). The SPC had little influence on the abundance of these bacterial genera (Figure 2E). These differences in bacterial community composition between SPC and SHC were further confirmed by linear discriminant analysis (Figure 2F). At the phylum level, Gemmatimonadota was identified as a discriminating taxon for SPC amendment, while SHC treatment possessed discriminating bacterial phyla Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. At the class level, Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria were the discriminating bacterial taxa in response to SPC, whereas Bacteroidia was the discriminating bacterial class in response to SHC. SOM humification process was closely related to the microbial transformation of lignin-like and condensed aromatic molecules [46]. Thus, the SHC-triggered microbial function potential toward the efficient transformation of polysaccharide-C/N substrates into highly reactive microbially derived carbohydrates and proteins could potentially promote soil humification and aggregation-mediated soil SOC stabilization. The contributions of influential factors, such as char characteristics, bacterial responses, soil properties, aggregate stability, and DOM composition, to char-induced alterations in SOC decomposition were evaluated by structural equation model (SEM) analysis (Figure 3). The physicochemical properties of SPC-modified soil (decreased soil pH, increased C/N ratios, and TC content) were the greatest contributors to the reduction in SOC decomposition (Figure 3A,B). Comparably, SHC-induced soil C-transformation bacterial modulation predominantly contributed to decreased salt-affected SOC decomposition (negative priming effects), followed by promoted soil aggregation and altered DOM composition (Figure 3C,D), clearly demonstrating the significant roles of SHC-triggered bacterial modulation in affecting SOC decomposition, distinct from the SPC-constructed models (Figure 3A,B). However, SHC characteristics (mainly pH and DOC content) were the greatest direct and positive contributors to decreased SOC decomposition, supported by the significant positive correlations between SHC and SOC. These results support our hypothesis that SHC induces the greater negative priming effect of SOC decomposition than SPC by shifting the microbial composition and promoting soil aggregation rather than the direct action of SHC itself as an exogenous C substrate in soils [19, 20]. Moreover, SHC-promoted soil aggregation, one of the most important factors in SOC decomposition, was directly affected by the combined action of SHC and bacterial modulation of C transformation. This explains why the remarkably enhanced soil aggregation in the SHC soils was driven by the C-transformation bacterial responses associated with increased SOM humification and generation of highly reactive metabolites (e.g., polysaccharides and organic acids) for the formation and stabilization of soil aggregates (Figure 1D). In addition, the SHC-modulated C-transformation bacterial response was significantly affected by soil properties (i.e., pH, soil C/N ratio, and TC content), which are conducive to SOC decomposition. This verified that SHC could induce bacterial responses involved in C transformation by altering soil conditions such as substance availability and salt stress, consistent with previous findings [22, 47]. Therefore, the key environmental factors shifting the composition of the soil bacterial community were further identified using RDA (Figure S9). The results showed that soil pH, regarded as a critical environmental factor regulating soil C cycles, microbial community composition, and metabolic potential [22, 47], mainly drove the shift in bacterial community composition. It was reported that hydrochars produced from poplar wood dust and wheat straw decreased the diversity of bacterial communities in paddy soils [15]. The authors attributed this to the fact that acidic soil conditions altered by hydrochars are not best suited for bacterial species that are favored under neutral conditions. However, in the present study, the acidic hydrochar (pH 4.15) (Table S1) lowered the soil pH from alkaline to neutral (Figure S3D). Therefore, the improved habitats for microbes by SHC may account for the shift in soil bacterial responses. SHC characteristics (pH and DOC content) had a nonsignificant direct effect on soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition, implying that the alterations of DOM composition in SHC soils could not be primarily a result of the incorporation of the labile C component from SHC (Figure 3C). This was supported by the small effect of SHC on soil DOC content relative to CK (Figure S3A). Conversely, poplar wood dust and wheat SHC decreased the labile SOC fraction and increased the stable SOC fraction in paddy soil [22]. The authors ascribed the results to the hydrochar-induced changes in the structural composition of bacterial communities, that is, reduced abundance of the condensed aromatic C degrader Sphingobacterium and increased abundance of bacterial decomposers of labile SOC. However, in the present study, the C-transformation bacterial response did not contribute (non-significant correlations) to soil DOM alterations, as revealed by the SEM models (Figure 3C). These differences could be explained by the different SOC stabilization pathways or statuses of the two tested soils. For instance, the short-term promotional effects on microbial-mediated C transformation after the application of hydrochar with high decomposability may not be apparent in clayed salt-affected soils, where most C is chemically associated with minerals [48]. Collectively, the negative priming effects on SOC decomposition in the SHC-amended soil were primarily driven by bacterial modulation and enhanced soil aggregation. Comparably, the modification of soil properties (e.g., decreased pH and increased C/N ratio) mainly accounted for the decrease in SOC decomposition in the SPC-treated soils. The results demonstrated that SHC induced greater negative priming effects of SOC decomposition (35.2%–80.0% vs. 10.5%–31.5%) than those of SPC. SHC-enhanced soil aggregate stability and humification process of SOM and increased abundance of bacterial taxa participated in the efficient transformation of condensed aromatic molecules into humic-like substances were the underlying mechanisms. These findings provide novel insights into the potential roles of hydrochar in affecting the C biogeochemical cycle of salt-affected soils and the basis for the development of robust measures to elevate the soil C sequestration potential of blue C ecosystems. Xiao Wang designed the research. Zhen Li performed the research. Yadong Cheng and Hui Yao conducted data analysis. Xiao Wang wrote and edited the manuscript. Hui Li, Xiangwei You, Chengsheng Zhang, and Yiqiang Li edited the manuscript. All authors have commented on and approved the final manuscript. This work was funded by the Youth innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Y2023QC35), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2021QD083), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China (ASTIP-TRIC06, ASTIP No. CAASZDRW202201), and the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (No.1610232023019). The authors declare no conflict of interest. New sequencing data was used in this article. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon was uploaded to NCBI under the accession number SRR25706658 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA1007573). Detailed information on the analysis process of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification [49] and co-occurrence bacterial network construction [50] are given in Supporting Information. Supporting Information (figures, tables, scripts, graphical abstract, slides, videos, Chinese translated version, and update materials) may be found in the online DOI or iMeta Science http://www.imeta.science/. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1002/imt2.134 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - SN - 2770-596X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Realistic Physiological Options to Increase Grain Legume Yield under Drought AU - Sinclair, Thomas R. AU - Ghanem, Michel E. AU - Abdel Latef, Arafat Abdel Hamed AU - Yadav, Narendra Singh T2 - PLANTS-BASEL AB - Increasing yield resiliency under water deficits remains a high priority for crop improvement. In considering the yield benefit of a plant trait modification, two facts are often overlooked: (1) the total amount of water available to a crop through a growing season ultimately constrains growth and yield cannot exceed what is possible with the limited amount of available water, and (2) soil water content always changes over time, so plant response needs to be considered within a temporally dynamic context of day-to-day variation in soil water status. Many previous evaluations of drought traits have implicitly considered water deficit from a "static" perspective, but while the static approach of stable water deficit treatments is experimentally congruous, the results are not realistic representations of real-world drought conditions, where soil water levels are always changing. No trait always results in a positive response under all drought scenarios. In this paper, we suggest two key traits for improving grain legume yield under water deficit conditions: (1) partial stomata closure at elevated atmospheric vapor pressure deficit that results in soil water conservation, and (2) lessening of the high sensitivity of nitrogen fixation activity to soil drying. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.3390/plants12173137 VL - 12 IS - 17 SP - SN - 2223-7747 KW - grain legumes KW - growth KW - limited transpiration trait KW - nitrogen fixation KW - transpiration KW - vapor pressure deficit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Not so local: the population genetics of convergent adaptation in maize and teosinte AU - Tittes, Silas AU - Lorant, Anne AU - McGinty, Sean AU - Holland, James B. AU - Jesus Sánchez-González, Jose AU - Seetharam, Arun AU - Tenaillon, Maud AU - Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey DA - 2023/11/21/ PY - 2023/11/21/ DO - 10.7554/eLife.92405 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.92405 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Not so local: the population genetics of convergent adaptation in maize and teosinte AU - Tittes, Silas AU - Lorant, Anne AU - McGinty, Sean AU - Holland, James B. AU - Jesus Sánchez-González, Jose AU - Seetharam, Arun AU - Tenaillon, Maud AU - Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey DA - 2023/11/21/ PY - 2023/11/21/ DO - 10.7554/eLife.92405.1 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.92405.1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Slope and pig slurry rate may increase the transfer of chemical elements by surface water runoff AU - Grando, Douglas Luiz AU - Gatiboni, Luciano Colpo AU - Mumbach, Gilmar Luiz AU - Silva, Walquiria Chaves AU - Souza, Abelino Anacleto AU - Pietroski, Marizane AU - Pessotto, Patricia Pretto AU - Iochims, Daniel Alexandre T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract There is a need to evaluate the interference of pig slurry rate and the terrain slope in the chemical elements losses from the soil. This work aimed to quantify water and chemical element losses by surface runoff due to terrain slope and pig slurry rate (PS) in two soils with contrasting textures. Two trials were evaluated in 2018 and 2019 in Cambisol and Nitisol. Rates of 0, 22.5, 45, and 90 m 3 ha −1 yr −1 of PS were applied superficially in sites with slopes ranging from 10% to 35%. Perennial forage grass Tifton 85 ( Cynodon dactylon ) was grown as summer crop and ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) was sown in the cold seasons in a field environment. Were determined the runoff, the volume of water, and chemical elements (Al, Ca, P, Mg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Zn) lost by the surface runoff after natural rainfall. Increasing land slope elevated water losses substantially, on average 23.4 times in Cambisol and 10.8 times in Nitisol. This increase resulted in average increases of 27.6 and 12.4 times in the losses of the chemical elements analyzed for Cambisol and Nitisol, respectively. There was a reduction in water losses by surface runoff due to increased PS rates applied in both sites. The increased PS rate affected the losses of Cr and Cu in Cambisol and P, Mg, Cd, and Cu in Nitisol. The clayey soil potentiated the water and chemical elements losses by surface runoff in relation to the soil with lower clay content. Regardless of the soil, water and chemical element losses are maximized at higher slopes. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1002/tqem.22004 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 281-292 SN - 1520-6483 KW - environmental quality KW - eutrophication KW - swine manure KW - trace elements KW - water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of planting pattern on corn response to sub-surface drip irrigation AU - Tilley, M. Scott AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Vann, Rachel A. AU - Gatiboni, Luke AU - Heiniger, Ronnie W. AU - Stevens, Brian AU - Ambrose, Derek T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Core Ideas Under a moderate to high pricing structure, a subsurface irrigation system can pay for itself when growing corn. A twin‐row planter does not increase yield or increase financial returns regardless of irrigation system. Financial returns will likely be higher under sub‐surface irrigation when compared with dryland corn production. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1002/cft2.20247 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demographics of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in annual and perennial cover crops AU - Weisberger, David A. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Gruner, Chandler E. AU - Levi, Matthew AU - Gaur, Nandita AU - Morgan, Gaylon AU - Basinger, Nicholas T. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) is the most problematic weed of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)-cropping systems in the U.S. Southeast. Heavy reliance on herbicides has selected for resistance to multiple herbicide mechanisms of action. Effective management of this weed may require the integration of cultural practices that limit germination, establishment, and growth. Cover crops have been promoted as a cultural practice that targets these processes. We conducted a 2-yr study in Georgia, USA, to measure the effects of two annual cover crops (cereal rye [ Secale cereale L.] and crimson clover [ Trifolium incarnatum L.]), a perennial living mulch (‘Durana ®’ white clover [ Trifolium repens L.]), and a bare ground control on A. palmeri population dynamics. The study was conducted in the absence of herbicides. Growth stages were integrated into a basic demographic model to evaluate differences in population trajectories. Cereal rye and living mulch treatments suppressed weed seedling recruitment (seedlings seed −1 ) 19.2 and 13 times and 12 and 25 times more than the bare ground control, respectively. Low recruitment was correlated positively with low light transmission (photosynthetic active radiation: above canopy photosynthetically active radiation [PAR]/below cover crop PAR) at the soil surface. Low recruitment rates were also negatively correlated with high survival rates. Greater survival rates and reduced adult plant densities resulted in greater biomass (g plant −1 ) and fecundity (seeds plant −1 ) in cereal rye and living mulch treatments in both years. The annual rate of population change (seeds seed −1 ) was equivalent across all treatments in the first year but was greater in the living mulch treatment in the second year. Our results highlight the potential of annual cover crops and living mulches for suppressing A. palmeri seedling recruitment and would be valuable tools as part of an integrated weed management strategy. DA - 2023/11/17/ PY - 2023/11/17/ DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.66 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1550-2759 KW - Cover crops KW - integrated weed management KW - living mulch KW - seedling recruitment KW - weed density KW - weed biomass KW - weed population dynamics KW - weed seedbank ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breeding allelopathy in cereal rye for weed suppression AU - Rebong, Democrito AU - Henriquez Inoa, Shannon AU - Moore, Virginia M. AU - Reberg-Horton, S. Chris AU - Mirsky, Steven AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Rapid increase in the hectarage and agricultural systems that use cover cropping for soil conservation and improvement, soil moisture retention, and weed management has highlighted the need to develop formal breeding programs for cover crop species. Cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) is preferred by many growers due to high biomass production and weed-suppression potential, which is believed to be partially due to allelopathy. Rye germplasm exhibits large variability in allelopathic activity, which could be used to breed rye with enhanced weed suppression. Here, we provide an overview of rye history and breeding and describe a strategy to develop rye lines with increased allelopathic activity. The discussion focuses on ways to deal with important challenges to achieving this goal, including obligate cross-pollination and its consequent high segregation levels and the need to quantify allelopathic activity under field conditions. This review seeks to encourage weed scientists to collaborate with plant breeders and promote the development of cover crop cultivars better suited to reduce weed populations. DA - 2023/11/17/ PY - 2023/11/17/ DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.64 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1550-2759 KW - Allelochemical KW - benzoxazinoid KW - cover crop KW - DIBOA KW - genetics KW - selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Foliar endophyte diversity in Eastern Asian-Eastern North American disjunct tree species - influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation AU - Zhou, Wenbin AU - Shi, Wei AU - Soltis, Pamela S. AU - Soltis, Douglas E. AU - Xiang, Qiu-Yun T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Introduction The well-known eastern Asian (EA) and eastern North American (ENA) floristic disjunction provides a unique system for biogeographic and evolutionary studies. Despite considerable interest in the disjunction, few studies have investigated the patterns and their underlying drivers of allopatric divergence in sister species or lineages isolated in the two areas. Endophyte diversity and assembly in disjunct sister taxa, as an ecological trait, may have played an important role in the processes of allopatric evolution, but no studies have examined endophytes in these lineages. Here we compared foliar endophytic fungi and bacteria-archaea (FEF and FEB) in 17 EA-ENA disjunct species or clade pairs from genera representing conifers and 10 orders of five major groups of angiosperms and 23 species of Cornus from EA and North America. Methods Metagenomic sequencing of fungal ITS and bacterial-archaeal 16S rDNA was used to capture the foliar endophytic communities. Alpha and beta diversity of fungi and bacteria were compared at multiple scales and dimensions to gain insights into the relative roles of historical geographic isolation, host identity, phylogeny, and environment from samples at different sites in shaping endophytic diversity patterns. Results We found that beta diversity of endophytes varied greatly among plant individuals within species and between species among genera at the same sampling site, and among three sampling sites, but little variation between region-of-origin of all plant species (EA vs ENA) and between EA-ENA disjunct counterparts within genera. Various numbers of indicator fungal species differing in abundance were identified for each plant genus and Cornus species. An overall significant correlation between endophyte community dissimilarity and phylogenetic distance of plants was detected among the disjunct genera but not among species of Cornus . However, significant correlations between beta diversities at different taxonomic scales of endophytes and phylogenetic distances of Cornus species were observed. Discussion Our results suggest important roles of host identity and environment (sampling sites), and a likely minor role of phylogenetic divergence and historical biogeographic isolation in shaping the pattern of foliar endophyte diversity and assembly in the EA-ENA disjunct genera and Cornus . The results lead to a hypothesis that the sister taxa in EA and ENA likely differ in FEF and FEB when growing in native habitats due to differences in local environments, which may potentially drive allopatric divergence of the functional features of species. DA - 2023/12/13/ PY - 2023/12/13/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2023.1274746 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - allopatric divergence KW - Cornus KW - comparative analyses KW - foliar endophytic community KW - fungal ITS KW - bacterial 16S rDNA KW - phylogeny KW - alpha and beta diversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of ready-to-use freezer stocks of a synthetic microbial community for maize root colonization AU - Parnell, J. Jacob AU - Vintila, Simina AU - Tang, Clara AU - Wagner, Maggie R. AU - Kleiner, Manuel T2 - MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM AB - Synthetic communities (SynComs) are an invaluable tool to characterize and model plant-microbe interactions. Multimember SynComs approximate intricate real-world interactions between plants and their microbiome, but the complexity and time required for their construction increase enormously for each additional member added to the SynCom. Therefore, researchers who study a diversity of microbiomes using SynComs are looking for ways to simplify the use of SynComs. In this manuscript, we evaluate the feasibility of creating ready-to-use freezer stocks of a well-studied seven-member SynCom for maize roots. The frozen ready-to-use SynCom stocks work according to the principle of "just add buffer and apply to sterilized seeds or seedlings" and thus can save time applied in multiple days of laborious growing and combining of multiple microorganisms. We show that ready-to-use SynCom stocks provide comparable results to those of freshly constructed SynComs and thus allow for significant time savings when working with SynComs. DA - 2023/12/12/ PY - 2023/12/12/ DO - 10.1128/spectrum.02401-23 SP - SN - 2165-0497 KW - Synthetic communities KW - maize KW - root colonization KW - plant-microbe interactions KW - plant microbiome KW - SynCom ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two haplotype-resolved genomes reveal important flower traits in bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) and insights into Asterid evolution AU - Wu, Xingbo AU - Simpson, Sheron A. AU - Youngblood, Ramey C. AU - Liu, Xiaofen F. AU - Scheffler, Brian E. AU - Rinehart, Timothy A. AU - Alexander, Lisa W. AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. T2 - HORTICULTURE RESEARCH AB - Abstract The Hydrangea genus belongs to the Hydrangeaceae family, in the Cornales order of flowering plants, which early diverged among the Asterids, and includes several species that are commonly used ornamental plants. Of them, Hydrangea macrophylla is one of the most valuable species in the nursery trade, yet few genomic resources are available for this crop or closely related Asterid species. Two high-quality haplotype-resolved reference genomes of hydrangea cultivars ‘Veitchii’ and ‘Endless Summer’ [highest quality at 2.22 gigabase pairs (Gb), 396 contigs, N50 22.8 megabase pairs (Mb)] were assembled and scaffolded into the expected 18 pseudochromosomes. Utilizing the newly developed high-quality reference genomes along with high-quality genomes of other related flowering plants, nuclear data were found to support a single divergence point in the Asterids clade where both the Cornales and Ericales diverged from the euasterids. Genetic mapping with an F1 hybrid population demonstrated the power of linkage mapping combined with the new genomic resources to identify the gene for inflorescence shape, CYP78A5 located on chromosome 4, and a novel gene, BAM3 located on chromosome 17, for causing double flower. Resources developed in this study will not only help to accelerate hydrangea genetic improvement but also contribute to understanding the largest group of flowering plants, the Asterids. DA - 2023/12/5/ PY - 2023/12/5/ DO - 10.1093/hr/uhad217 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - SN - 2052-7276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing unmanned aerial vehicle-based imagery for breeding applications in St. Augustinegrass under drought and non-drought conditions AU - Rockstad, Greta B. G. AU - Austin, Robert E. AU - Gouveia, Beatriz T. AU - Carbajal, Esdras M. AU - Milla-Lewis, Susana R. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract The use of imagery collected from small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in turfgrass breeding has rapidly increased, as has the demand to develop drought‐resistant cultivars. However, prior to adopting UAVs to help guide turfgrass selection under drought stress conditions, a clear understanding of the value and predictive ability of imagery‐based turfgrass characterization is required. In St. Augustinegrass, a major warm‐season turfgrass species grown in the Southeastern United States, limited research has been published about characterizing drought stress using aerial imagery. Specifically, no efforts have compared the various vegetation indices (VIs) commonly used to evaluate vegetative health in other species and sought to identify the most useful index for phenotyping drought stress traits in St. Augustinegrass. In this study, traditional ground‐based approaches for measuring percent green cover (PGC) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were compared against their UAV‐derived counterparts as well as 13 VIs under drought and non‐drought conditions, and broad‐sense heritability (H 2 ) was calculated. A population of 115 genotypes from a ‘‘Raleigh’’ × ‘‘Seville’’ cross were analyzed at two environmentally distinct field sites in North Carolina. At both sites, a significant relationship between ground‐based and UAV‐derived measurements for PGC and NDVI was observed before and during drought ( r = 0.82 to 0.95) and suggests a clear advantage to using UAVs for phenotyping drought traits given the reduced time and labor costs compared to on‐ground efforts. Among all VIs compared, UAV‐derived NDVI (NDVI‐U) showed strong correlation with the PGC taken on the ground ( r > 0.85), a similar trend over time, and a higher H 2 estimate under drought conditions, suggesting that NDVI‐U has the potential to assist in the selection of St. Augustinegrass genotypes with the best phenotypic response to drought. Implementing UAV imagery‐based high‐throughput methods will allow breeders to evaluate germplasm with unbiased quantitative consistency, quickly and thoroughly, and with increased frequency—all without sacrificing the response to selection potential. DA - 2023/12/19/ PY - 2023/12/19/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.21128 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New insights into the correlation between soil thermal conductivity and water retention in unsaturated soils AU - Fu, Yongwei AU - Ghanbarian, Behzad AU - Horton, Robert AU - Heitman, Joshua T2 - VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB - Abstract The heat transfer and water retention in soils, governed by soil thermal conductivity (λ) and soil water retention curve (SWRC), are coupled. Soil water content (θ) significantly affects λ. Several models have been developed to describe λ(θ) relationships for unsaturated soils. Ghanbarian and Daigle presented a percolation‐based effective‐medium approximation (P‐EMA) for λ(θ) with two parameters: scaling exponent ( t s ) and critical water content (θ c ). In this study, we explored the new insights into the correlation between soil thermal conductivity and water retention using the P‐EMA and van Genuchten models. The θ c was strongly correlated to selected soil hydraulic and physical properties, such as water contents at wilting point (θ pwp ), inflection point (θ i ), and hydraulic continuity (θ hc ) determined from measured SWRCs for a 23‐soil calibration dataset. The established relationships were then evaluated on a seven‐soil validation dataset to estimate θ c . Results confirmed their robustness with root mean square error ranging from 0.011 to 0.015 cm 3 cm −3 , MAE ranging from 0.008 to 0.013 cm 3 cm −3 , and R 2 of 0.98. Further discussion investigated the underlying mechanism for the correlation between θ c with θ hc which dominate both heat transfer and water flow. More importantly, this study revealed the possibility to further investigate the general relationship between λ(θ) and SWRC data in the future. DA - 2023/12/25/ PY - 2023/12/25/ DO - 10.1002/vzj2.20297 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1539-1663 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variability structure and heritability of germination timing in Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Shepherd's purse) AU - Dobbs, April M. AU - Sousa-Ortega, Carlos AU - Holland, James B. AU - Snyder, Lori Unruh AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - WEED RESEARCH AB - Abstract Germination variability enables weedy species to colonise disturbed habitats and is expected to evolve in response to changing selection pressures. The paucity of information about germination variability in weeds prompted a detailed study of this topic with two agricultural and two non‐agricultural populations of Capsella bursa‐pastoris (Shepherd's purse). Variance in germination time was partitioned amongst and within populations, and amongst racemes and silicles within individual plant, and broad‐sense heritability ( H 2 ) was estimated. Agricultural populations exhibited a shorter and more uniform germination timing than non‐agricultural populations. However, differences amongst populations explained 7%–12% of the total variance, while differences amongst individuals and racemes accounted for approximately 40–54% and 10% of the total variance for germination time. For germination time, H 2 = 0.4 when averaged across all time points, peaking at H 2 = 0.7 at a time coinciding with the exponential phase of the germination curve. Maintaining predominantly intrapopulation variability in germination timing appears to be important for long‐term fitness in this species. DA - 2023/12/9/ PY - 2023/12/9/ DO - 10.1111/wre.12605 VL - 12 SP - SN - 1365-3180 KW - germination variability KW - interpopulation KW - intrapopulation KW - weed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of Water Volume Required to Reach Steady Flow in the Constant Head Well Permeameter Method AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Heitman, Joshua L. T2 - HYDROLOGY AB - The most common method for in situ measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the vadose zone is the constant head well permeameter method. Our general objective is to provide an empirical method for determining volume of water required for measuring Ksat using this procedure. For one-dimensional infiltration, steady state reaches as time (t) → ∞. For three-dimensional water flow from a cylindrical hole under a constant depth of water, however, steady state reaches rather quickly when a saturated bulb forms around the hole. To reach a quasi-steady state for measuring Ksat, we assume an adequate volume of water is needed to form the saturated bulb around the hole and increase the water content outside of the saturated bulb within a bulb-shaped volume of soil, hereafter, referred to as wetted soil volume. We determined the dimensions of the saturated bulb using the Glover model that is used for calculating Ksat. We then used the values to determine the volume of the saturated and wetted bulbs around the hole. The volume of water needed to reach a quasi-steady state depends on the difference between the soil saturated and antecedent water content (Δθ). Based on our analysis, between 2 and 5 L of water is needed to measure Ksat when Δθ varies between 0.1 and 0.4 m3 m−3, respectively. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.3390/hydrology10110214 VL - 10 IS - 11 SP - SN - 2306-5338 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10110214 KW - constant head well permeameter method KW - Glover model KW - saturated bulb KW - saturated hydraulic conductivity KW - vadose zone KW - water flow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of high-oleic full-fat soybean meal in broilers AU - Ali, Muhammad AU - Joseph, Michael AU - Alfaro-Wisaquillo, Maria Camila AU - Quintana-Ospina, Gustavo Adolfo AU - Patino, Danny AU - Penuela-Sierra, Lina-Maria AU - Vu, Thien AU - Mian, Rouf AU - Taliercio, Earl AU - Toomer, Ondulla AU - Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar Orlando T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - High-oleic (HO) soybean may serve as a value-added feed ingredient to enrich poultry meat due to its fatty acid content. However, the amino acid (AA) nutrient digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) made from these soybeans has yet to be determined. The objective of this study was to determine apparent ileal AA digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal AA digestibility (SID) of high-oleic full-fat (HO-FF) SBM compared to normal oleic full-fat (NO-FF), normal oleic extruded expeller (NO-EE), and solvent-extracted SBM (SE-SBM) in broilers. A nitrogen-free basal diet (NFD) was fed to 1 treatment group with 10 chicks/cage to determine basal endogenous losses (BEL). Titanium dioxide was used as an inert marker. The test diets contained 57.5% of the basal NFD and 42.5% of 1 of the 4 soybean sources. A total of 272 Ross-708 male broilers were placed in 40 battery cages with 5 treatments and 8 replicates per treatment. A common starter diet was provided to all the chickens for 14 d. Experimental diets were provided as a mash for 9 d before sample collection. Chickens were euthanized with CO2 on d 23, and contents of the distal ileum were collected, frozen, and freeze-dried. The BEL were similar to the values found in the literature. At d 23, broilers fed the SE-SBM had the highest body weight gain and best FCR compared to chickens fed the HO-FF and NO-FF treatments (P < 0.001). Broilers fed the SE-SBM and NO-EE experimental diets had (P < 0.001) higher apparent ileal AA digestibility and AA SID than broilers fed the HO-FF and NO-FF treatments. In conclusion, the SID of AA from HO-FF is similar to the digestibilities of other full-fat soybeans found in the literature and is lower than that of NO-EE and SE-SBM. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103152 VL - 102 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1525-3171 KW - amino acid digestibility KW - broiler KW - high-oleic soybean KW - full-fat soybeans KW - soybean meal ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid assessment of elemental concentrations using pXRF and remote sensing on a dried lakebed AU - Gozukara, Gafur AU - Dengiz, Orhan AU - Shahbazi, Farzin AU - Senol, Huseyin AU - Ozlu, Ekrem AU - Silva, Sergio Henrique Godinho AU - Babur, Emre T2 - JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.105087 VL - 219 SP - SN - 1095-922X KW - Concordance KW - Digital soil mapping KW - Landsat-8 OLI KW - Sentinel-2 MSI KW - Proximal soil sensor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Nigrospora sp. isolated from switchgrass leaves and antagonistic toward plant pathogens AU - Dutta, Summi AU - Houdinet, Gabriella AU - NandaKafle, Gitanjali AU - Kafle, Arjun AU - Hawkes, Christine V. AU - Garcia, Kevin T2 - JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS AB - Nigrospora is a diverse genus of fungi colonizing plants through endophytic, pathogenic, or saprobic interactions. Endophytic isolates can improve growth and development of host plants, as well as their resistance to microbial pathogens, but exactly how they do so remains poorly understood. Developing a reliable transformation method is crucial to investigate these mechanisms, in particular to identify pivotal genes for specific functions that correlate with specific traits. In this study, we identified eight isolates of Nigrospora sp. internally colonizing the leaves of switchgrass plants cultivated in North Carolina. Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation approach with control and GFP-expressing vectors, we report the first successful transformation of two Nigrospora isolates. Finally, we demonstrate that wild-type and transgenic isolates both negatively impact the growth of two plant pathogens in co-culture conditions, Bipolaris maydis and Parastagonospora nodorum, responsible for the Southern Leaf Blight and Septoria Nodorum Blotch diseases, respectively. The GFP-transformed strains developed here can therefore serve as accurate reporters of spatial interactions in future studies of Nigrospora and pathogens in the plant. Finally, the transformation method we describe lays the foundation for further genetic research on the Nigrospora genus to expand our mechanistic understanding of plant-endophyte interactions. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106849 VL - 215 SP - SN - 1872-8359 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106849 KW - Agrobacterium tumefaciens KW - Bipolaris maydis KW - Endophytic fungi KW - Fungal transformation KW - Nigrospora sp. KW - Parastagonospora nodorum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Representing true plant genomes: haplotype-resolved hybrid pepper genome with trio-binning AU - Delorean, Emily E. AU - Youngblood, Ramey C. AU - Simpson, Sheron A. AU - Schoonmaker, Ashley N. AU - Scheffler, Brian E. AU - Rutter, William B. AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - As sequencing costs decrease and availability of high fidelity long-read sequencing increases, generating experiment specific de novo genome assemblies becomes feasible. In many crop species, obtaining the genome of a hybrid or heterozygous individual is necessary for systems that do not tolerate inbreeding or for investigating important biological questions, such as hybrid vigor. However, most genome assembly methods that have been used in plants result in a merged single sequence representation that is not a true biologically accurate representation of either haplotype within a diploid individual. The resulting genome assembly is often fragmented and exhibits a mosaic of the two haplotypes, referred to as haplotype-switching. Important haplotype level information, such as causal mutations and structural variation is therefore lost causing difficulties in interpreting downstream analyses. To overcome this challenge, we have applied a method developed for animal genome assembly called trio-binning to an intra-specific hybrid of chili pepper ( Capsicum annuum L. cv. HDA149 x Capsicum annuum L. cv. HDA330). We tested all currently available softwares for performing trio-binning, combined with multiple scaffolding technologies including Bionano to determine the optimal method of producing the best haplotype-resolved assembly. Ultimately, we produced highly contiguous biologically true haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for each parent, with scaffold N50s of 266.0 Mb and 281.3 Mb, with 99.6% and 99.8% positioned into chromosomes respectively. The assemblies captured 3.10 Gb and 3.12 Gb of the estimated 3.5 Gb chili pepper genome size. These assemblies represent the complete genome structure of the intraspecific hybrid, as well as the two parental genomes, and show measurable improvements over the currently available reference genomes. Our manuscript provides a valuable guide on how to apply trio-binning to other plant genomes. DA - 2023/11/16/ PY - 2023/11/16/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184112 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - haplotype KW - pepper KW - genome assembly KW - trio-binning KW - HiFi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid Drought Stress Detection in Plants Using Bioimpedance Measurements and Analysis AU - Reynolds, James AU - Taggart, Matthew AU - Martin, Devon AU - Lobaton, Edgar AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. AU - Daniele, Michael AU - Bozkurt, Alper T2 - IEEE Transactions on AgriFood Electronics AB - Smart farming is the targeted use of phenotyping for the rapid, continuous, and accurate assessment of plant health in the field. Bioimpedance monitoring can play a role in smart farming as a phenotyping method, which is now accessible thanks to recent efforts to commoditize and miniaturize electronics. Here, we demonstrate that bioimpedance measurements reflect the physiological changes in live plant tissue with induced alterations in their environmental conditions. When plants were exposed to $-$ 1.0 MPa polyethylene glycol, to simulate drought conditions, the extracellular resistance was observed to increase prior to the intercellular resistance, where the low frequency bioimpedance measurements increased by 25% within one hour. Similar patterns were observed when drought stress was applied to the plants by water withholding, with a bioimpedance increase within a matter of a few hours. The bioimpedance measurements were also compared with leaf relative water content, imaging, and field transpirable soil water, which reinforced these findings. These preliminary results suggest that bioimpedance can function as a phenotyping tool for continuous and real time monitoring of plant stress to allow the development of strategies to prevent damage from environmental stresses such as drought. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1109/tafe.2023.3330583 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tafe.2023.3330583 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring the effect of region on diversity and composition of weed seedbanks in herbicide-resistant crop systems in the United States AU - Ren, Zhe AU - Gibson, David J. AU - Gage, Karla L. AU - Matthews, Joseph L. AU - Owen, Micheal D. K. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Shaw, David R. AU - Weller, Stephen C. AU - Wilson, Robert G. AU - Young, Bryan G. T2 - PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AB - Abstract BACKGROUND Soil seedbanks have been recognized as one of the crucial components of agricultural ecosystems. However, studies on the shift in structure and biodiversity of soil seedbanks in herbicide‐resistant crop systems are limited, and a functional trait perspective of the soil seedbank is often overlooked. RESULTS A 6 years experiment was conducted to investigate the roles of region, crop system, and weed management strategy on species richness, functional trait diversity, and composition of the weed seedbank. Species richness was different across the interaction of region and crop system, while functional trait diversity only showed difference across regions. Species and functional trait compositions were affected by the interaction of region and crop system. Specifically, the compositional difference among crop systems was mainly determined by the significant heterogeneity of group dispersion. CONCLUSION Growers and practitioners should consider weed functional traits in developing lasting agricultural management strategies. Long‐term weed research should draw attention to the impact of transgenic crop systems and specific management tactics on weed dispersal, functional composition, and resistance evolution of weed species in such agroecosystems. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. DA - 2023/11/20/ PY - 2023/11/20/ DO - 10.1002/ps.7875 SP - SN - 1526-4998 KW - herbicide resistance KW - functional diversity KW - functional trait KW - agroecosystem ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of burial depth on Centaurea diluta emergence and modelling of its growth using a nonlinear regression and artificial neural network AU - Sousa-Ortega, Carlos AU - Alcantara, Cristina AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Barranco-Elena, Diego AU - Saavedra, Milagros T2 - PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AB - Abstract BACKGROUND Centaurea diluta Aiton (North African knapweed) is a major weed concern in Spain as a result of the limited herbicides capable of controlling it, and the limited knowledge of its biology hinders the development of integrated weed management strategies. RESULTS The current study presents results from two experiments that aimed to: (i) determine the effect of seed burial on seedling emergence; and (ii) model its phenology progression using sigmoidal (SRM) and artificial neural network models (ANN) based on different cohort emergence times. In the first experiment, burial at 2 cm and 5 cm decreased C. diluta emergence by 54% and 90%, respectively, compared to the emergence at 0 cm. In the second experiment, without crop–weed competition conditions, the emergence delay led to reductions in leaf number, rosette diameter, plant height and dry biomass by 63%, 50%, 59% and 93%, respectively. Seed production per plant exceeded 21 469. According to the growth model, leaf number was the most consistent morphological trait and critical for timing weed control actions, so it was used to compare SRMs and ANNs. On average, ANNs increased the precision in 5.72% (± 2.4 leaves) compared to SRMs. This slight performance of ANNs may be valuable for controlling C. diluta because control methods must be applied at the 4‐leaf stage to achieve good efficacy. CONCLUSION Seed burial at 5 cm depth is an effective method reducing C. diluta emergence. ANNs accurately predicted the leaf number employing environmental variables can help increase the efficiency of C. diluta control actions and reduce the risk of escapes. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. DA - 2023/11/15/ PY - 2023/11/15/ DO - 10.1002/ps.7848 VL - 11 SP - SN - 1526-4998 KW - North African knapweed KW - seedling emergence KW - growth modelling KW - artificial neural networks KW - non-linear regression ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishing environmental soil phosphorus thresholds to mitigate its transfer to water bodies in Mato Grosso State, Brazil AU - Silva, Walquiria Chaves AU - Cassol, Paulo Cezar AU - Silveira Nicoloso, Rodrigo AU - Mumbach, Gilmar Luiz AU - Dall''Orsoletta, Daniel João AU - Grando, Douglas Luiz AU - Gatiboni, Luciano Colpo T2 - Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo AB - ABSTRACT Excessive phosphorus (P) applications can increase nutrient levels in the soil, facilitating its transference to aquatic environments and causing contamination. Thus, the environmental P threshold (P-threshold) is a tool to establish a sound level of P in the soil, in which P values below the threshold are harmless to the environment. This study aimed to establish a P-threshold equation for the soils of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Twenty samples of representative soils from the main swine production regions of the State were collected. These samples were characterized chemically and in terms of P adsorption capacity, then incubated with P rates for 30 days. After incubation, the water-soluble P content (P-water) and the available P content were determined by Mehlich-1 method (P-Mehlich-1). The relationship between P-water and P-Mehlich-1 allowed the determination of the P-Mehlich-1 content from which the amount of nutrient in water increases abruptly, establishing this point as the limit P (P-limit). Subsequently, the P-limit values were plotted against the clay content of the soils, and the resulting equation was used to calculate the P-threshold by adding a safety margin of 20 % to the P-limit versus clay equation. The model was tested on 120 soil samples from Mato Grosso State, and it was able to separate them into two groups with low and high P-water, classified as below or above P-threshold, respectively. Based on that, the simplified equation “P-threshold (mg dm -3 ) = 13 + 0.5 * % clay” was proposed. DA - 2023/11/28/ PY - 2023/11/28/ DO - 10.36783/18069657rbcs20230049 UR - https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20230049 ER - TY - JOUR TI - HaploCatcher: An R package for prediction of haplotypes AU - Winn, Zachary James AU - Hudson-Arns, Emily AU - Hammers, Mikayla AU - DeWitt, Noah AU - Lyerly, Jeanette AU - Bai, Guihua AU - St. Amand, Paul AU - Nachappa, Punya AU - Haley, Scott AU - Mason, Richard Esten T2 - PLANT GENOME AB - Abstract Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is crucial to global food security but is often threatened by diseases, pests, and environmental stresses. Wheat‐stem sawfly ( Cephus cinctus Norton) poses a major threat to food security in the United States, and solid‐stem varieties, which carry the stem‐solidness locus ( Sst1 ), are the main source of genetic resistance against sawfly. Marker‐assisted selection uses molecular markers to identify lines possessing beneficial haplotypes, like that of the Sst1 locus. In this study, an R package titled “HaploCatcher” was developed to predict specific haplotypes of interest in genome‐wide genotyped lines. A training population of 1056 lines genotyped for the Sst1 locus, known to confer stem solidness, and genome‐wide markers was curated to make predictions of the Sst1 haplotypes for 292 lines from the Colorado State University wheat breeding program. Predicted Sst1 haplotypes were compared to marker‐derived haplotypes. Our results indicated that the training set was substantially predictive, with kappa scores of 0.83 for k ‐nearest neighbors and 0.88 for random forest models. Forward validation on newly developed breeding lines demonstrated that a random forest model, trained on the total available training data, had comparable accuracy between forward and cross‐validation. Estimated group means of lines classified by haplotypes from PCR‐derived markers and predictive modeling did not significantly differ. The HaploCatcher package is freely available and may be utilized by breeding programs, using their own training populations, to predict haplotypes for whole‐genome sequenced early generation material. DA - 2023/11/15/ PY - 2023/11/15/ DO - 10.1002/tpg2.20412 SP - SN - 1940-3372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Excluding quartz content from the estimation of saturated soil thermal conductivity: Combined use of differential effective medium theory and geometric mean method AU - Fu, Yongwei AU - Jones, Scott AU - Horton, Robert AU - Heitman, Joshua T2 - AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB - Saturated soil thermal conductivity (λsat) is the maximum soil thermal conductivity value of a given soil. Although it can be determined accurately with a heat pulse sensor, there are challenges to prepare fully saturated soil samples. Numerous models have been developed to estimate λsat, and among these, the geometric mean method (GMM) generally performs well. The GMM requires soil mineral composition or quartz content information, which is unavailable for most soils. Earlier studies commonly used assumed that quartz content (fquartz) was equal to sand content (fsand) or to 0.5 × fsand, which led to significant λsat estimation errors especially on coarse-textured soils. We derived a novel method to estimate λsat from soil porosity (ϕ) based on a combination of the GMM and differential effective medium theory (DEM). The new DEM-GMM approach has a single parameter, cementation exponent (m). Using a calibration dataset of 43 soils, we determined best fit m values for soils in three groups: 1.66 for Group I (fsand < 0.4), 1.62 for Group II (0.4 <= fsand < 1) and m = -1.34ϕ+1.70 for Group III (fsand = 1). Using best fit m values for different groups, the new model can estimate λsat values from ϕ. Independent validation results on another 46 soils showed that the new model outperformed the GMM method with the assumption that fquartz = fsand or fquartz = 0.5 × fsand. The mean RMSE, Bias and R2 values of the DEM-GMM approach were 0.202 W m−1 K−1, 0.013 W m−1 K−1 and 0.89, respectively, and corresponding values of the GMM with the two assumptions were 0.295 and 0.476 W m−1 K−1, 0.056 and -0.28 W m−1 K−1, 0.80 and 0.82, respectively. The robust performance of the DEM-GMM approach suggests that it can be incorporated into thermal conductivity models to accurately estimate the thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils. DA - 2023/11/15/ PY - 2023/11/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109743 VL - 342 SP - SN - 1873-2240 KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Geometric mean method KW - Differential effective medium theory KW - Saturation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water vapor transport through bioenergy grass residues and its effects on soil water evaporation AU - Carvalho, Henrique D. R. AU - Howard, Adam M. AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - Johnson, Amy M. AU - Heitman, Joshua L. T2 - VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB - Abstract Miscanthus is a productive perennial grass that is suitable as a bioenergy crop in “marginal” lands (e.g., eroded soils) with low water holding capacity. However, little is known about the impact of miscanthus residues on vapor transport and soil water budgets. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the vapor conductance through miscanthus residues and its effect on soil water evaporation. The ranges for the length, width, and thickness of residue elements were 0.5–9.0, 0.1–0.5, and 0.1–0.5 cm, respectively. Average residue areal, bulk, and skeletal densities were 0.88 kg m −2 , 24 kg m −3 , and 1006 kg m −3 , respectively, giving a porosity of 0.98 m 3 m −3 . A power function described the decrease in conductance with increasing residue load. The corresponding conductance for a residue load of 0.88 kg m −2 was 1.6 mm s −1 . During the first days of a 60‐day drying experiment, cumulative evaporation showed logarithmic decay with increasing residue load. Conversely, cumulative evaporation during the last days of the study showed little difference between treatments. Measurements indicated that there is a “critical” residue load (∼1.0 kg m −2 ) beyond which evaporation no longer decreases appreciably when the soil is under the stage 1 evaporation regime. Results suggest that soil water conservation in marginal lands may be accomplished by maintaining moderate amounts of bioenergy grass residue covering the soil. Determining “critical” loads for different residue types is a knowledge gap that merits further research. DA - 2023/10/12/ PY - 2023/10/12/ DO - 10.1002/vzj2.20282 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1539-1663 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20282 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Addressing biases in replacement series: the importance of reference density selection for interpretation of competition outcomes AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Oreja, Fernando H. AU - Mirsky, Steven B. AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Replacement series are used by researchers to understand how competition-related variables influence dynamics from the individual to the population and community levels, but this approach has been criticized because of inherent biases associated with plant size differences and density-dependent responses. The use of functional densities instead of demographic densities was proposed to minimize those biases. This work explored three models to determine reference densities for replacement series experiments based on (1) maximum biomass, (2) biomass at onset of diminishing returns (i.e., inflection point), and (3) nitrogen (N)-uptake equivalency. Replacement series experiments were conducted using redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus hybridus L.):maize ( Zea mays L.) and giant foxtail ( Setaria faberi Herrm.):maize proportions of 1:0, 0.75:0.25, 0.5:0.5, 0.25:0.75, and 0:1. The monoculture density for each species was established according to the three models. Density selection criteria resulted in major differences in competitive interactions between species. The use of functional densities at which the biomass accumulation inflection point for the smaller species allowed both species to exhibit either increases or decreases in biomass production depending on competitive interactions for all interspecific mixtures. Conversely, the maximum biomass model favored the larger species, almost completely inhibiting the growth of the smaller species, which resulted in a poor characterization of competitive responses of the smaller species. The N uptake equivalency model resulted in interactions closer to the predicted neutral competition. The model based on the biomass accumulation inflection point was the most sensitive and informative across all interspecific mixtures for both species. We propose that to reduce bias associated with species size differences when determining reference densities for replacement series experiments, at least two criteria must be met: (1) the experiment sensitivity allows measuring and quantifying the competitive responses for both species in all mixtures, and (2) the balance between density and carrying capacity of the system minimizes intraspecific competition. DA - 2023/10/5/ PY - 2023/10/5/ DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.53 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1550-2759 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.53 KW - Competition KW - crop KW - interference KW - weed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic diversity and population structure analyses and genome-wide association studies of photoperiod sensitivity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) AU - Gowda, S. Anjan AU - Bourland, Fred M. AU - Kaur, Baljinder AU - Jones, Don C. AU - Kuraparthy, Vasu T2 - THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1007/s00122-023-04477-w VL - 136 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1432-2242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reevaluation of the degree day base 60°F concept in US cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production AU - Raper, Tyson B. AU - Ward, Rebecca AU - Rushing, Cheyenne AU - Brown, Steve AU - Sandlin, Tyler AU - Norton, Randy AU - Hutmacher, Bob AU - Snider, John L. AU - Fromme, Dan AU - Dodds, Darrin AU - Jones, Michael AU - Edmisten, Keith AU - Collins, Guy AU - Byrd, Seth AU - Griffin, James AU - Maeda, Murilo AU - Frame, Hunter AU - Pieralisi, Brian AU - Meeks, Calvin AU - Whitaker, Jared AU - Nichols, Robert L. AU - Morgan, Gaylon T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) management decisions to abet early growth, fruit set, boll maturation, and harvest preparation are often facilitated by prediction of the date when critical developmental stages are reached. In the United States, growing degree days calculated with a base 60 ° F (DD60s) are commonly used to predict cotton development. Observations suggest development of modern cultivars differs from previously established guidelines. The objectives were to (1) reevaluate DD60s required for an early, mid‐maturing and late maturing cultivar to reach key growth stages across the US Cotton Belt; and (2) determine if predictions of growth stages are strengthened by optimizing base temperature or including an upper threshold by growth stage. During 2018 and 2019, 22 field trials were established in 10 states. Plant growth stages were monitored weekly and air temperature was computed from interpolated surface observations weighted by a physical, geographic model. Observed DD60s to reach growth stages varied slightly by cultivar and region (≤85 DD60s and ≤130 DD60s, respectively). Required DD60s to reach growth stages exceeded most published ranges. Optimization of base temperature and inclusion of an upper threshold by growth stage did not substantially decrease errors in predicting date of growth stage occurrence. The DD55 and DD55 with an upper threshold of 86 ° F calculations resulted in slightly lower errors in predicting date of growth stage occurrence than the DD60 calculation. Although guidelines should be updated, it is unlikely slight modification in base temperature or upper thresholds will drastically increase the predictive ability over the DD60 calculation. DA - 2023/10/25/ PY - 2023/10/25/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21480 SP - SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil macroporosity modulates the extent of negative microbial associations during organic substance decomposition AU - Xia, Qing AU - Heitman, Joshua L. AU - Shi, Wei T2 - SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Microbial species interactions are expected to influence the community-level properties, such as the production of extracellular enzymes and the degradation of organic substances. This work examined how microbial diversity, composition and the overall sign of microbial associations were altered with soil texture and structure following the amendment of organic substances. Two sets of microcosms (1:100 and 1:1) of a 4 × 3 factorial design were constructed, with four artificial textural classes (a sandy loam, two loams, and a (silty) clay loam) and three organics (TSB, tryptic soy broth; CA, a mixture of cellulose and humic/fulvic acids; BS, barley straw). As the ‘microbial inoculant’, an agricultural soil was added to the 1:100 and 1:1 microcosms at 1% and 50%, respectively. A few of microbial taxa were specifically enriched after soil addition of TSB, CA, or BS, but distributions across textural classes were inconsistent between microcosms or between organic amendments. Regardless, top abundant bacterial and fungal OTUs were overall negatively associated, suggesting that microbial competition for the shared resource dominated the decomposition of both simple and complex organics. Microbial associations were also modified by soil pore size distribution (PSD), being fewer negative (or more positive) in soils of greater macroporosity than in soils of lower macroporosity. The PSD-based differences in microbial associations were coordinated with PSD-based differences in the activities of exoglucanase and β-glucosidase in TSB-amended soils or soil respiration characteristics in CA-amended soils. Our results provide new insight into how soil structure regulates microbial interactions and, accordingly, the degradation of organic matter. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109202 VL - 187 SP - SN - 1879-3428 KW - Microbial interactions KW - Texture -based microbial distribution KW - Pore size distribution KW - Enzyme activities KW - Microbial respiration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preplant Application of Allyl Isothiocyanate Controls Weeds and Pathogens in Eastern North Carolina Strawberry (Fragaria xananassa cv. Camarosa) with and without Addition of Soil-applied Steam AU - Volk, Emma AU - Jennings, Katie AU - Fennimore, Steven F. AU - Hoffmann, Mark T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a colorless aliphatic oil that naturally occurs in many plants of the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). It has antimicrobial activity and is used as pesticide for a variety of applications. However, AITC as a soil disinfectant has exhibited inconsistent weed and pathogen control, mainly because of its higher viscosity and low vapor pressure (5 mmHg at 25 °C). Steam, however, effectively controls soil-borne pathogens if soil temperatures of 65 °C or more are reached for a minimum duration of 30 minutes. We hypothesized that steam applications targeting lower temperatures, when combined with soil-injected AITC, will provide sufficient weed and pathogen control. We further hypothesized that the combination of AITC and steam will lead to higher strawberry yields compared with either of the components on their own. Two strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa cv. Camarosa) trials were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2020–21 and 2021–22). The trials were conducted at the Central Crops Research Station in Clayton, NC, USA, and the Horticulture Research Station in Castle Hayne, NC, USA. Eight treatments and a nontreated control were established in a randomized complete block design (four replicates each). The treatments were Pic-Clor 60, AITC, AITC followed by 60 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 30 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 10 minutes of steam injection, 60 minutes of steam injection, 30 minutes of steam injection, and 10 minutes of steam injection. Soilborne pathogen control efficacy was assessed using wet Pythium sp. plating assays. Weed control was assessed through weed seed/tuber germination assays. Our results showed that combining ATIC with steam did not reduce weed or pathogen levels or improve yield when compared with AITC alone or Pic-Clor 60. Moreover, treatment comprising steam alone did not provide sufficient control. However, AITC alone controlled weeds and pathogens as effectively as Pic-Clor 60 during both years and both locations of the study. These results showed that AITC alone could be a potential alternative soil disinfectant for Eastern North Carolina strawberry production. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI17321-23 VL - 58 IS - 10 SP - 1242-+ SN - 2327-9834 KW - allyl isothiocyanate KW - fumigation KW - steam KW - strawberry ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-density Planting and a Smaller Row Width Increased Yield and Decreased Fruit Size of AU - Heagy, Kimberly AU - Schultheis, Jonathan R. AU - Birdsell, Travis AU - Knuth, Melinda AU - Ward, Jason K. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Pumpkins ( Cucurbita sp.) grown in North Carolina are a nascent specialty crop that has only risen to a national production level in the past 10 years. There are only general cultural management guidelines for this region, resulting in variation in plant density and inefficient production. Production field studies of the cultivar Kratos were conducted to investigate the impact of plant density and row width on marketable yield and individual fruit size for large carving pumpkins. Plant densities of 2691, 3588, 5382, and 10,764 plants per hectare with row widths of 1.5 and 3.0 m were grown in 2020 and 2021 in North Carolina. Data regarding fruit size, fruit size variance, and yield per area were collected. Fruit size in terms of weight, length, and diameter increased as plant density decreased. There was no difference in fruit size variation between plant densities and row widths. The fruit number per hectare and fruit weight per hectare increased as plant density increased, with the highest production at 10,764 plants per hectare. For years combined, reducing the row width from 3.0 to 1.5 m increased the fruit weight and diameter, but not the length. Additionally, the 1.5-m row width produced more fruit weight per hectare than the 3.0-m row width for both years. Growers can optimize fruit weight per area and fruit number per area by using a density of 10,764 plants per hectare. Overall, using a row width distance that is more equidistant to the in-row spacing promotes higher fruit yield and larger fruit size. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI17246-23 VL - 58 IS - 10 SP - 1194-1200 SN - 2327-9834 KW - . Cucurbita pepo KW - fruit number KW - fruit uniformity KW - fruit weight KW - in-row spacing KW - plant spacing ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Novel Method for Stimulating Cannabis sativa L. Male Flowers from Female Plants AU - Owen, Luke AU - Suchoff, David AU - Chen, Hsuan T2 - PLANTS-BASEL AB - Female hemp plants are desired in floral hemp operations due to their higher cannabinoid contents. To produce feminized seeds, a critical step of inducing fertile male flowers on female plants is performed. In feminized seed production, freshly mixed STS (silver thiosulfate + sodium thiosulfate) is applied to female plants as an ethylene inhibitor to induce male flowers. However, the short-shelf stability of the STS buffer can cause difficulty in the application and inconsistent results. Alternative methods with improved accessibility and stable buffers will be beneficial for the hemp industry and hemp breeders. A commercially available floriculture product, Chrysal ALESCO®, contains silver nitrate, the same active ingredient as STS but with increased shelf stability. This study compares Chrysal ALESCO® to the traditional STS standard methods for male flower induction on female plants and their pollen quality. The two treatments were applied to six female hemp accessions with three replicates investigated, and the male flower counts and pollen quality were compared. No statistically significant difference was discovered in their male flower counts; the STS-treated plant produced an average of 478.18 male flowers, and the Chrysal ALESCO®-treated plant produced an average of 498.24 male flowers per plant. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and acetocarmine stains were used to investigate the pollen quality (non-aborted rate) of two chosen genotypes. FDA-stained pollen of Chrysal ALESCO® showed a significantly higher non-aborted rate than the pollen of traditional STS-treated plants (p < 0.001); however, only a marginally higher non-aborted rate was discovered by acetocarmine staining (p = 0.0892). In summary, Chrysal ALESCO® performed equally to traditional STS treatment at male flower counts and better or equally in pollen quality. With better shelf stability and easy application, ALESCO® can be a viable alternative option for stimulating male flowers on female hemp plants. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.3390/plants12193371 VL - 12 IS - 19 SP - SN - 2223-7747 KW - STS KW - feminized seed KW - hemp KW - hemp breeding KW - ethylene inhibitors KW - pollen viability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon gain is coordinated with enhanced stomatal conductance and hydraulic architecture in coffee plants acclimated to elevated [CO2]: The interplay with irradiance supply AU - Oliveira, Ueliton S. AU - Souza, Antonio H. AU - Andrade, Moab T. AU - Oliveira, Leonardo A. AU - Gouvea, Debora G. AU - Martins, Samuel C. V. AU - Ramalho, Jose D. C. AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. AU - DaMatta, Fabio M. T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY AB - We recently demonstrated that, under elevated [CO2] (eCa), coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants grown at high light (HL), but not at low light (LL), display higher stomatal conductance (gs) than at ambient [CO2] (aCa). We then hypothesized that the enhanced gs at eCa/HL, if sustained at the long-term, would lead to adjustments in hydraulic architecture. To test this hypothesis, potted plants of coffee were grown in open-top chambers for 12 months under HL or LL (ca. 9 or 1 mol photons m-2 day-1, respectively); these light treatments were combined with two [CO2] levels (ca. 437 or 705 μmol mol-1, respectively). Under eCa/HL, increased gs was closely accompanied by increases in branch and leaf hydraulic conductances, suggesting a coordinated response between liquid- and vapor-phase water flows throughout the plant. Still under HL, eCa also resulted in increased Huber value (sapwood area-to-total leaf area), sapwood area-to-stem diameter, and root mass-to-total leaf area, thus further improving the water supply to the leaves. Our results demonstrate that Ca is a central player in coffee physiology increasing carbon gain through a close association between stomatal function and an improved hydraulic architecture under HL conditions. DA - 2023/11// PY - 2023/11// DO - 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108145 VL - 204 SP - SN - 1873-2690 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108145 KW - Coffea arabica KW - Climate change KW - Elevated [CO2] KW - Gas exchange KW - Plant hydraulics KW - Shading KW - Stomatal conductance ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of dissolved pyrogenic carbon from biochar in the sorption of As (V) in biogenic iron (oxyhydr)oxides AU - Soares, Matheus B. AU - Duckworth, Owen W. AU - Alleoni, Luis R. F. T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Water contamination by arsenic (As) affects millions of people around the world, making techniques to immobilize or remove this contaminant a pressing societal need. Biochar and iron (oxyhydr)oxides [in particular, biogenic iron (oxyhydr)oxides (BIOS)] offer the possibility of stabilizing As in remediation systems. However, little is known about the potential antagonism in As sorption generated by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from biochar, or whether DOC affects how As(V) interacts with BIOS. For this reason, our objectives were to evaluate the i) As(V) sorption potential in BIOS when there is presence of DOC from pyrolyzed biochars at different temperatures; and ii) identify whether the presence of DOC alters the surface complexes formed by As(V) sorbed in the BIOS. We conducted As(V) sorption experiments with BIOS at circumneutral pH conditions and in the presence of DOC from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) straw biochar at pyrolyzed 350 (BC350) and 750 °C (BC750). The As(V) content was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the BIOS structure and As(V) sorption mechanisms were investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the organic moieties comprising the DOC from biochars were investigated by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The addition of DOC did not change the biomineral structure or As(V) oxidation state. The presence of DOC, however, reduced by 25 % the sorption of As(V), with BC350 being responsible for the greatest reduction in As(V) sorption capacity. Structural modeling revealed As(V) predominantly formed binuclear bidentate surface complexes on BIOS. The presence of DOC did not change the binding mechanism of As(V) in BIOS, suggesting that the reduction of As(V) sorption to BIOS was due to site blocking. Our results bring insights into the fate of As(V) in surface waters and provide a basis for understanding the competitive sorption of As(V) in environments with biochar application. DA - 2023/3/20/ PY - 2023/3/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161286 VL - 865 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - Biogenic oxides KW - Bidentate complexes KW - Biominerals KW - Dissolved organic carbon KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of root symbiomes for plant nutrition: new insights, perspectives and future challenges, volume II AU - Das, Debatosh AU - Kafle, Arjun AU - Ho-Plagaro, Tania AU - Zimmermann, Sabine D. AU - Bucking, Heike AU - Garcia, Kevin T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - EDITORIAL article Front. Plant Sci., 04 October 2023Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions Volume 14 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1296604 DA - 2023/10/4/ PY - 2023/10/4/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2023.1296604 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis KW - ectomycorrhizal symbiosis KW - plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) KW - plant nutrition KW - nitrogen-fixing rhizobia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil sampling depth effect on critical soil test values of phosphorus for conservation agriculture AU - Tiecher, Tales AU - Gatiboni, Luke AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Hardy, David T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract The critical soil test value (CSTV) of phosphorus (P) is the threshold where it is possible to obtain 95–100% of the maximum crop yield. Although the P buildup in the topsoil of conservation tillage may affect this threshold, the effect of soil sampling depth on CSTV value has not been determined for conservation tillage in the southern United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate CSTV of P using different soil layers from two long‐term experiments managed under varying P rates, planted to corn ( Zea mays L.)/soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation under minimum tillage (Tidewater) or no‐tillage (Piedmont) in North Carolina. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0–2, 2–4, 4–8, and 8–12 inches. The CSTV for different soil layers was calculated using a quadratic‐plateau model with Mehlich‐3 P and relative yield of soybean and corn (2021–2022). The CSTV decreased as the soil sampling depth increased. The CSTV of P at the Tidewater site was 128, 111, 86, and 74 lb ac −1 , and at the Piedmont site was 28, 20, 16, and 15 lb ac −1 for the 0–2, 0–4, 0–8, and 0–12 inches soil layers, respectively. Using multiple sampling layers or deeper layers did not improve the quality of CSTV measurement. The current sampling depths used in North Carolina are appropriate for minimum tillage (0–8 inches) and no tillage (0–4 inches), as similar quality models were obtained using either soil layers in both sites. However, it is important to be cautious when changing the sampling depth, as this affects the CSTV value. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1002/cft2.20251 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2374-3832 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20251 ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2020-2021 field seasons of Maize GxE project within the Genomes to Fields Initiative AU - Lima, Dayane Cristina AU - Aviles, Alejandro Castro AU - Alpers, Ryan Timothy AU - Perkins, Alden AU - Schoemaker, Dylan L. AU - Costa, Martin AU - Michel, Kathryn J. AU - Kaeppler, Shawn AU - Ertl, David AU - Romay, Maria Cinta AU - Gage, Joseph L. AU - Holland, James AU - Beissinger, Timothy AU - Bohn, Martin AU - Buckler, Edward AU - Edwards, Jode AU - Flint-Garcia, Sherry AU - Gore, Michael A. AU - Hirsch, Candice N. AU - Knoll, Joseph E. AU - Mckay, John AU - Minyo, Richard AU - Murray, Seth C. AU - Schnable, James AU - Sekhon, Rajandeep S. AU - Singh, Maninder P. AU - Sparks, Erin E. AU - Thomison, Peter AU - Thompson, Addie AU - Tuinstra, Mitchell AU - Wallace, Jason AU - Washburn, Jacob D. AU - Weldekidan, Teclemariam AU - Xu, Wenwei AU - Leon, Natalia T2 - BMC RESEARCH NOTES AB - This release note describes the Maize GxE project datasets within the Genomes to Fields (G2F) Initiative. The Maize GxE project aims to understand genotype by environment (GxE) interactions and use the information collected to improve resource allocation efficiency and increase genotype predictability and stability, particularly in scenarios of variable environmental patterns. Hybrids and inbreds are evaluated across multiple environments and phenotypic, genotypic, environmental, and metadata information are made publicly available.The datasets include phenotypic data of the hybrids and inbreds evaluated in 30 locations across the US and one location in Germany in 2020 and 2021, soil and climatic measurements and metadata information for all environments (combination of year and location), ReadMe, and description files for each data type. A set of common hybrids is present in each environment to connect with previous evaluations. Each environment had a collaborator responsible for collecting and submitting the data, the GxE coordination team combined all the collected information and removed obvious erroneous data. Collaborators received the combined data to use, verify and declare that the data generated in their own environments was accurate. Combined data is released to the public with minimal filtering to maintain fidelity to the original data. DA - 2023/9/14/ PY - 2023/9/14/ DO - 10.1186/s13104-023-06430-y VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1756-0500 KW - Maize KW - Genotype by Environment KW - Grain Yield KW - Stability KW - Prediction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modified physiology of burley tobacco plants genetically engineered to express Yb1, a functional EGY enzyme AU - Shi, Rui AU - Kernodle, Sheri P. AU - Steede, Tyler M. AU - Lewis, Ramsey S. T2 - PLANTA DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.1007/s00425-023-04235-8 VL - 258 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1432-2048 KW - Burley tobacco KW - Gene editing KW - Nicotiana tabacum KW - Nitrogen use efficiency KW - RNA-sequencing ER - TY - JOUR TI - 'Newell' bermudagrass: A public release from the USDA Cynodon collection AU - Rios, E. F. AU - Lopez, Y. AU - Munoz, P. AU - Dubeux, J. C. B. AU - Vendramini, J. M. B. AU - Wallau, M. AU - Grossman, A. J. AU - Anderson, W. AU - Baxter, L. AU - Harris-Shultz, K. AU - Castillo, M. S. AU - Saha, M. C. AU - Quesenberry, K. AU - Blount, A. AU - Reith, P. AU - Kenworthy, K. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - Abstract Warm‐season perennial grasses are the backbone of the pasture‐based livestock industry in the lower southeastern United States, and bermudagrass ( Cynodon spp.) is the most widely planted forage species, covering ∼15 million ha. The genus Cynodon is native to southern Africa, and germplasm collections possess high genetic and phenotypic variability. The USDA National Plant Germplasm System maintains a collection of bermudagrass plant introductions (PIs) in Griffin, GA, and USDA‐ARS, Tifton, GA, maintains additional germplasm. Multi‐location trials were established in four states (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Oklahoma) to screen Cynodon germplasm for herbage accumulation (HA), nutritive value (NV), and bermudagrass stem maggot (BSM) ( Atherigona reversura Villeneuve). Due to the large genotype × environment interaction for HA, we focused on selecting accessions adapted to South Georgia and Florida, and further studies were performed in Florida. Several PIs showed improved HA and NV compared with ‘Tifton 85’. PI 316510, originally introduced from Ingelheim, Germany, produced high HA in Citra, FL, and Tifton, GA, with improved NV traits. In addition, PI 316510 had faster establishment and similar BSM tolerance to Tifton 85. We confirmed PI 316510 as tetraploid (2 n = 4 x = 36) through chromosome counts and flow cytometry, and it is genetically distinct from other commercial cultivars. PI 316510 has been publicly released under the name ‘Newell’, and it is vegetatively propagated. Planting material can be requested from the UF‐IFAS Forage Breeding program. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.1002/plr2.20318 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 605-615 SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PROTAC for agriculture: learning from human medicine to generate new biotechnological weed control solutions AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Bassham, Diane C. T2 - PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AB - Abstract Weed control has relied on the use of organic and inorganic molecules that interfere with druggable targets, especially enzymes, for almost a century. This approach, although effective, has resulted in multiple cases of herbicide resistance. Furthermore, the rate of discovery of new druggable targets that are selective and with favorable environmental profiles has slowed down, highlighting the need for innovative control tools. The arrival of the biotechnology and genomics era gave hope to many that all sorts of new control tools would be developed. However, the reality is that most efforts have been limited to the development of transgenic crops with resistance to a few existing herbicides, which in fact is just another form of selectivity. Proteolysis‐targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a new technology developed to treat human diseases but that has potential for multiple applications in agriculture. This technology uses a small bait molecule linked to an E3 ligand. The 3‐dimensional structure of the bait favors physical interaction with a binding site in the target protein in a manner that allows E3 recruitment, ubiquitination and then proteasome‐mediated degradation. This system makes it possible to circumvent the need to find druggable targets because it can degrade structural proteins, transporters, transcription factors, and enzymes without the need to interact with the active site. PROTAC can help control herbicide‐resistant weeds as well as expand the number of biochemical targets that can be used for weed control. In the present article, we provide an overview of how PROTAC works and describe the possible applications for weed control as well as the challenges that this technology might face during development and implementation for field uses. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. DA - 2023/9/12/ PY - 2023/9/12/ DO - 10.1002/ps.7741 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1526-4998 KW - weeds KW - protac KW - resistance KW - herbicides KW - PEST KW - PESTICIDE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytoplasmic male sterility and abortive seed traits generated through mitochondrial genome editing coupled with allotopic expression of atp1 in tobacco AU - Dewey, Ralph E. AU - Selote, Devarshi AU - Griffin, H. Carol AU - Dickey, Allison N. AU - Jantz, Derek AU - Smith, J. Jeff AU - Matthiadis, Anna AU - Strable, Josh AU - Kestell, Caitlin AU - Smith, William A. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Allotopic expression is the term given for the deliberate relocation of gene function from an organellar genome to the nuclear genome. We hypothesized that the allotopic expression of an essential mitochondrial gene using a promoter that expressed efficiently in all cell types except those responsible for male reproduction would yield a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) phenotype once the endogenous mitochondrial gene was inactivated via genome editing. To test this, we repurposed the mitochondrially encoded atp1 gene of tobacco to function in the nucleus under the transcriptional control of a CaMV 35S promoter (construct 35S:nATP1), a promoter that has been shown to be minimally expressed in early stages of anther development. The endogenous atp1 gene was eliminated (Δatp1) from 35S:nATP1 tobacco plants using custom-designed meganucleases directed to the mitochondria. Vegetative growth of most 35S:nATP1/Δatp1 plants appeared normal, but upon flowering produced malformed anthers that failed to shed pollen. When 35S:nATP1/Δatp1 plants were cross-pollinated, ovary/capsule development appeared normal, but the vast majority of the resultant seeds were small, largely hollow and failed to germinate, a phenotype akin to the seedless trait known as stenospermocarpy. Characterization of the mitochondrial genomes from three independent Δatp1 events suggested that spontaneous recombination over regions of microhomology and substoichiometric shifting were the mechanisms responsible for atp1 elimination and genome rearrangement in response to exposure to the atp1-targeting meganucleases. Should the results reported here in tobacco prove to be translatable to other crop species, then multiple applications of allotopic expression of an essential mitochondrial gene followed by its elimination through genome editing can be envisaged. Depending on the promoter(s) used to drive the allotopic gene, this technology may have potential application in the areas of: (1) CMS trait development for use in hybrid seed production; (2) seedless fruit production; and (3) transgene containment. DA - 2023/9/15/ PY - 2023/9/15/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2023.1253640 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - hybrid seed systems KW - allotopic expression KW - stenospermocarpy KW - atp1 KW - transgene containment KW - substoichiometric shifting KW - mitoarcus KW - custom-designed meganucleases ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using structure-from-motion to estimate cover crop biomass and characterize canopy structure AU - Dobbs, April M. AU - Ginn, Daniel AU - Skovsen, Soren Kelstrup AU - Yadav, Ramawatar AU - Jha, Prashant AU - Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V AU - Mirsky, Steven B. AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris S. AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - FIELD CROPS RESEARCH AB - Variability in biomass production poses a challenge for growers when using cover crops for weed control. However, most methods for assessing cover crop biomass are laborious and impractical on a field scale. The goal of the present study was to determine the feasibility of using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to estimate biomass in cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crops by correlating biomass with 3-D point cloud pixel density and crop height. Point clouds were generated using a SfM algorithm from RGB (red, green, and blue) videos collected by a hand-held GoPro camera over sixteen crop fields in North Carolina, Iowa, and Maryland, USA, throughout two growing seasons (2021–2023). Crop height, leaf area index (LAI), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were also measured. Biomass was positively correlated with crop height for both cereal rye (R2 = 0.621) and wheat (R2 = 0.55). LAI was positively correlated with biomass accumulation and crop height for both species, increasing linearly in rye and exponentially in wheat. Conversely, PAR penetration below the canopy decreased with biomass accumulation and crop height in both species, with a more rapid extinction in wheat than rye. Point cloud pixel density showed a positive linear relationship with biomass in rye but saturated after 2.5 tonnes ha−1 (2500 kg ha−1). In wheat, point cloud pixel density was weakly and negatively correlated with biomass due to a denser canopy causing faster saturation of tissue detection by SfM point clouds. However, considering crop height and point cloud density integrating them both in the model allowed obtaining a positive relationship with biomass through levels of 8 tonnes ha−1 (8000 kg ha−1) in both species. When models were validated with independent data, predicted and measured biomass were positively correlated for both rye (R2 = 0.86) and wheat (R2 = 0.78). Based on the results, using SfM to generate 3-D point clouds can provide a more accurate estimation of biomass than canopy height alone by capturing species-level differences in canopy architecture. The results of this study suggest that SfM can potentially be used as a non-destructive tool for growers to monitor biomass production in cereal cover crops other systems such as energy/forage crops, which can help inform management decisions and conserve resources. DA - 2023/10/15/ PY - 2023/10/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109099 VL - 302 SP - SN - 1872-6852 KW - Cover crop KW - Biomass KW - Structure-from-Motion KW - Point cloud KW - Weed suppression KW - 3-D ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of USDA-N7006 soybean germplasm with increased tolerance to drought stress and 37.5% pedigree from Asian accessions PI 416937 and PI 407859-2 AU - Fallen, Benjamin D. AU - Mian, M. A. Rouf AU - Robertson, Marta H. AU - Powell, Emily AU - Carter Jr, Thomas E. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - Abstract USDA‐N7006 is a conventional (non‐genetically modified) maturity group (MG) VII soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. GP‐525 , PI 702948 ) germplasm released jointly by the USDA‐ARS and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in January of 2023. USDA‐N7006 was released because of its drought tolerance, exotic parentage (37.5%), and high yield potential. USDA‐N7006 traces 12.5% of its parentage to PI 416937 from Japan and 25% to PI 407859‐2 from South Korea. USDA‐N7006 is the first North American soybean release derived from PI 407859‐2. USDA‐N7006 is an F 4 ‐derived germplasm from the hybridization of USDA breeding lines TCPR01‐83 and N01‐11136. From 2015 to 2021, USDA‐N7006 was evaluated in 57 environments across the Southeast in the United Soybean Board (USB) Protein and Diversity MG VII Tests and the USDA Southern Soybean Preliminary and Uniform MG VII Tests. In the MG VII USDA and USB Protein and Diversity Tests, USDA‐N7006 yielded 96% and 98% of the check mean, respectively. Over six droughted environments in North Carolina and South Carolina, USDA‐N7006 exhibited less wilting (greater drought tolerance) than ‘USDA‐N8002’, a previously released cultivar exhibiting drought tolerance. The unique pedigree, delayed canopy wilting under drought stress, and high yield of USDA‐N7006 make it an excellent candidate for parental stock for soybean breeding programs aiming to improve drought tolerance. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.1002/plr2.20323 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 573-579 SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pyrolysis temperature and biochar redox activity on arsenic availability and speciation in a sediment AU - Soares, Matheus B. AU - Duckworth, Owen W. AU - Styblo, Miroslav AU - Cable, Peter H. AU - Alleoni, Luis R. F. T2 - JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AB - Biochar is widely used for water and soil remediation in part because of its local availability and low production cost. However, its effectiveness depends on physicochemical properties related to its feedstock and pyrolysis temperature, as well as the environmental conditions of its use site. Furthermore, biochar is susceptible to natural aging caused by changes in soil or sediment moisture, which can alter its redox properties and interactions with contaminants such as arsenic (As). In this study, we investigated the effect of pyrolysis temperature and biochar application on the release and transformations of As in contaminated sediments subjected to redox fluctuations. Biochar application and pyrolysis temperature played an important role in As species availability, As methylation, and dissolved organic carbon concentration. Furthermore, successive flooding cycles that induced reductive conditions in sediments increased the As content in the solution by up to seven times. In the solid phase, the application of biochar and the flooding cycle altered the spatial distribution and speciation of carbon, iron (Fe) and As. In general, the application of biochar decreased the reduction of Fe(III) and As(V) after the first cycle of flooding. Our results demonstrate that the flooding cycle plays an important role in the reoxidation of biochar to the point of enhancing the immobilization of As. DA - 2023/10/15/ PY - 2023/10/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132308 VL - 460 SP - SN - 1873-3336 KW - Arsenic methylation KW - Spatial variability KW - TOF-SIMS KW - DMA KW - MMA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Robust calibration and evaluation of a percolation-based effective-medium approximation model for thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils AU - Fu, Yongwei AU - Ghanbarian, Behzad AU - Horton, Robert AU - Heitman, Joshua T2 - GEODERMA AB - Thermal conductivity (λ) is a property characterizing heat transfer in porous media, such as soils and rocks, with broad applications to geothermal systems and aquifer characterizations. Numerous empirical and physically-based models have been developed for thermal conductivity in unsaturated soils. Recently, Ghanbarian and Daigle (G&D) proposed a theoretical model using the percolation-based effective-medium approximation. An explicit form of the G&D model relating λ to water content (θ) and equations to estimate the model parameters were also derived. In this study, we calibrated the G&D model and two widely applied empirical λ(θ) models using a robust calibration dataset of 41 soils. All three λ(θ) model performances were evaluated using a validation dataset of 58 soils. After calibration, the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) of the G&D model were 0.092 W−1 m−1 K−1, 0.067 W−1 m−1 K−1 and 0.97, respectively. For the two empirical models, RMSEs ranged from 0.086 to 0.096 W−1 m−1 K−1, MAEs from 0.063 to 0.071 W−1 m−1 K−1, and R2 values were about 0.97. All three metrics indicated that calibration improved the performance of the G&D model, and it had an accuracy similar to that of the two empirical λ(θ) models. Such a robust performance confirmed that the theoretically-based G&D model can be applied to study soil heat transfer and potentially other related fields. DA - 2023/10// PY - 2023/10// DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116631 VL - 438 SP - SN - 1872-6259 KW - Percolation-based effective-medium approxi-mation KW - Saturation KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Water content ER - TY - JOUR TI - Incorporating the benefits of vegetative filter strips into risk assessment and risk management of pesticides AU - Chen, Huajin AU - Carley, Danesha Seth AU - Munoz-Carpena, Rafael AU - Ferruzzi, Giulio AU - Yuan, Yongping AU - Henry, Eric AU - Blankinship, Amy AU - Veith, Tamie L. AU - Breckels, Ross AU - Fox, Garey AU - Luo, Yuzhou AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Preisendanz, Heather E. AU - Tang, Zhenxu AU - Armbrust, Kevin AU - Costello, Kevin AU - Mcconnell, Laura L. AU - Rice, Patricia AU - Westgate, Johnny AU - Whiteside, Melanie T2 - INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT AB - The pesticide registration process in North America, including the USA and Canada, involves conducting a risk assessment based on relatively conservative modeling to predict pesticide concentrations in receiving waterbodies. The modeling framework does not consider some commonly adopted best management practices that can reduce the amount of pesticide that may reach a waterbody, such as vegetative filter strips (VFS). Currently, VFS are being used by growers as an effective way to reduce off-site movement of pesticides, and they are being required or recommended on pesticide labels as a mitigation measure. Given the regulatory need, a pair of multistakeholder workshops were held in Raleigh, North Carolina, to discuss how to incorporate VFS into pesticide risk assessment and risk management procedures within the North American regulatory framework. Because the risk assessment process depends heavily on modeling, one key question was how to quantitatively incorporate VFS into the existing modeling approach. Key outcomes from the workshops include the following: VFS have proven effective in reducing pesticide runoff to surface waterbodies when properly located, designed, implemented, and maintained; Vegetative Filter Strip Modeling System (VFSMOD), a science-based and widely validated mechanistic model, is suitable for further vetting as a quantitative simulation approach to pesticide mitigation with VFS in current regulatory settings; and VFSMOD parametrization rules need to be developed for the North American aquatic exposure assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;00:1-11. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). DA - 2023/9/20/ PY - 2023/9/20/ DO - 10.1002/ieam.4824 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1551-3793 KW - Agricultural runoff KW - Ecological risk assessment KW - Pesticide mitigation KW - Risk management KW - Vegetative filter strip ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochemical composition of cover crop residues determines water retention and rewetting characteristics AU - Meeks, Carley AU - Cabrera, Miguel AU - Thapa, Resham AU - Noor, Nadia AU - Mirsky, Steven AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract When cover crop residues are left on the soil surface, their decomposition is mainly influenced by environmental conditions in residue layers, particularly residue water potential (ψ residue ). Thus, models for surface residue decomposition in conservation tillage systems should include a sub‐module that can simulate hourly changes in ψ residue using available weather variables. The main goal of this study was to collect data to further improve a previously developed sub‐module within the Cover Crop Nitrogen Calculator (CC‐NCALC) that simulates water content and ψ residue in cover crop residues left on the soil surface. Specific objectives were to (1) evaluate the effect of degree of residue decomposition on the characteristic water release curves for cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) and crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) residues, and (2) model the rate of rewetting of cereal rye and crimson clover residues by rainfall. Our results extended the data needed for equations to estimate regression parameters for water release curves of cereal rye and crimson clover residues based on changes in lignin concentration as residue decompose. Our results also indicated that the parameters of an equation describing residue wetting as a function of cumulative rainfall could be estimated from soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the residue. These results will be integrated into the ψ residue sub‐module of CC‐NCALC to further improve the estimation of hourly changes in of cover crop residues remaining on the soil surface. DA - 2023/9/25/ PY - 2023/9/25/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21451 VL - 9 SP - SN - 1435-0645 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21451 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecundity and maternal effects on Palmer amaranth height following season-long interference in corn, cotton, and peanut AU - Mahoney, Denis J. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Leon, Ramon AU - Oreja, Fernando H. AU - Roma-Burgos, Nilda T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri Watson) is one of the most difficult‐to‐control weeds in several economically important crops in the United States. Growth characteristics of Palmer amaranth can be affected by the cropping system. Research was conducted in North Carolina in 2019 to determine height and seed production of Palmer amaranth grown season long in the presence of corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), and peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Research was also conducted to determine transgenerational effects due to interference from these crops. Palmer amaranth produced more seed when grown with cotton (17 times greater) and peanut (12 times greater) compared with corn; no difference was noted between cotton and peanut. Palmer amaranth height in the field at physiological maturity was similar in corn (80 inches) and cotton (77 inches) and taller in height than peanut (63 inches). When progeny from plants in the field were grown in the greenhouse in the absence of crop interference, differences in the height of progeny and height of the mother plant in the presence of crop interference were ranked similarly with respect to crop. Palmer amaranth height in the presence of corn and cotton was similar (57 and 58 inches, respectively) and it exceeded height when the weed was grown with peanut (51 inches). These results demonstrate transgenerational effects due to previous crop (e.g., corn, cotton, and peanut) for Palmer amaranth. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1002/cft2.20233 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2374-3832 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20233 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of a Host-Specific Toxic Activity Produced by Bipolaris cookei, Causal Agent of Target Leaf Spot of Sorghum AU - Samira, Rozalynne AU - Lopez, Luis Fernando Samayoa AU - Holland, James AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter J. T2 - PHYTOPATHOLOGY DA - 2023/1/16/ PY - 2023/1/16/ DO - 10.1094/PHYTO-11-22-0427 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1943-7684 KW - fungal pathogens KW - genetics KW - host-parasite interactions KW - pathogen effectors ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glycome profiling and immunohistochemistry uncover changes in cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana roots during spaceflight AU - Nakashima, Jin AU - Pattathil, Sivakumar AU - Avci, Utku AU - Chin, Sabrina AU - Alan Sparks, J. AU - Hahn, Michael G. AU - Gilroy, Simon AU - Blancaflor, Elison B. T2 - NPJ MICROGRAVITY AB - A large and diverse library of glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to determine if plant cell walls are modified by low-gravity conditions encountered during spaceflight. This method called glycome profiling (glycomics) revealed global differences in non-cellulosic cell wall epitopes in Arabidopsis thaliana root extracts recovered from RNA purification columns between seedlings grown on the International Space Station-based Vegetable Production System and paired ground (1-g) controls. Immunohistochemistry on 11-day-old seedling primary root sections showed that ten of twenty-two mAbs that exhibited spaceflight-induced increases in binding through glycomics, labeled space-grown roots more intensely than those from the ground. The ten mAbs recognized xyloglucan, xylan, and arabinogalactan epitopes. Notably, three xylem-enriched unsubstituted xylan backbone epitopes were more intensely labeled in space-grown roots than in ground-grown roots, suggesting that the spaceflight environment accelerated root secondary cell wall formation. This study highlights the feasibility of glycomics for high-throughput evaluation of cell wall glycans using only root high alkaline extracts from RNA purification columns, and subsequent validation of these results by immunohistochemistry. This approach will benefit plant space biological studies because it extends the analyses possible from the limited amounts of samples returned from spaceflight and help uncover microgravity-induced tissue-specific changes in plant cell walls. DA - 2023/8/22/ PY - 2023/8/22/ DO - 10.1038/s41526-023-00312-0 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2373-8065 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agronomic performance and the effect of genotype-by-environment interaction for Brassica carinata in the southeastern US AU - Campbell, B. Todd AU - Seepaul, Ramdeo AU - Iboyi, Joseph E. AU - Anderson, William F. AU - Baldwin, Brian S. AU - Bennett, Rick AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - George, Sheeja AU - Hagan, Austin K. AU - Lee, Dewey AU - Macoon, Bisoondat AU - Mailhot, Daniel AU - Morrison, Jesse I. AU - Mulvaney, Michael J. AU - Post, Angela AU - Small, Ian M. AU - Wright, David L. T2 - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS AB - Carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is an emerging oilseed crop with potential as a dual use winter cover/cash crop in the southeastern US region. Although carinata is historically cultivated as a spring crop in northern latitudes, incorporating carinata into southeastern US cropping systems can provide winter/cover ecosystem services and a bio-feedstock for a high value, renewable aviation fuel without displacing feed and food crops. In this study, our major objective was to quantify the agronomic performance and stability of selected carinata genotypes across several locations in the southeastern US. Extensive field evaluations of twelve, elite carinata genotypes, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications, were conducted from 2016 to 2019 across Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Data was collected on days to 50% bolting, days to 50% flowering, plant height, grain yield, and test weight. Results demonstrated the ability to produce viable grain yields across the region, but also highlighted the impact of freezing temperatures on winter production. In total 20% of all environments were lost to mortality due to freezing temperatures. Overall, genotype 15 produced the highest grain yield across individual environments, topping the trial in 74% of all environments. However, both crossover and non-crossover genotype × environment interactions were detected for agronomic traits, with problematic crossover interactions more prevalent for days to 50% bolting and days to 50% flowering. Our results also suggest the southeastern US be separated into three mega environments to include 1) northern Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2) southern and central Georgia and Alabama, and 3) northern Florida. Future efforts to identify advanced breeding lines and/or commercial seed products with adaptation to the region should consider field testing in each of these mega environments. DA - 2023/11/1/ PY - 2023/11/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117196 VL - 203 SP - SN - 1872-633X KW - Winter carinata KW - Winter oilseed KW - Jet-fuel KW - Genotype stability KW - Yield KW - Genotype x environment interaction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional annotation of proteins for signaling network inference in non-model species AU - Van den Broeck, Lisa AU - Bhosale, Dinesh Kiran AU - Song, Kuncheng AU - Fonseca de Lima, Cássio Flavio AU - Ashley, Michael AU - Zhu, Tingting AU - Zhu, Shanshuo AU - Van De Cotte, Brigitte AU - Neyt, Pia AU - Ortiz, Anna C. AU - Sikes, Tiffany R. AU - Aper, Jonas AU - Lootens, Peter AU - Locke, Anna M. AU - De Smet, Ive AU - Sozzani, Rosangela T2 - Nature Communications AB - Abstract Molecular biology aims to understand cellular responses and regulatory dynamics in complex biological systems. However, these studies remain challenging in non-model species due to poor functional annotation of regulatory proteins. To overcome this limitation, we develop a multi-layer neural network that determines protein functionality directly from the protein sequence. We annotate kinases and phosphatases in Glycine max . We use the functional annotations from our neural network, Bayesian inference principles, and high resolution phosphoproteomics to infer phosphorylation signaling cascades in soybean exposed to cold, and identify Glyma.10G173000 (TOI5) and Glyma.19G007300 (TOT3) as key temperature regulators. Importantly, the signaling cascade inference does not rely upon known kinase motifs or interaction data, enabling de novo identification of kinase-substrate interactions. Conclusively, our neural network shows generalization and scalability, as such we extend our predictions to Oryza sativa , Zea mays , Sorghum bicolor , and Triticum aestivum . Taken together, we develop a signaling inference approach for non-model species leveraging our predicted kinases and phosphatases. DA - 2023/8/3/ PY - 2023/8/3/ DO - 10.1038/s41467-023-40365-z VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - J2 - Nat Commun LA - en OP - SN - 2041-1723 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40365-z DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil management considerations for water resiliency in a changing climate AU - Heitman, Joshua L. AU - Kool, Dilia AU - Carvalho, Henrique D. R. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Providing adequate water for crops is a key consideration for agricultural resiliency. Climate change is expected to exert substantial pressure on crop water supplies through increased rainfall variability and increased evaporative demand. The temporal and spatial variability of these climate change impacts, in combination with many feedbacks, at times operating at different scales, makes identifying specific, yet broadly applicable “one‐size‐fits‐all” soil management solutions challenging. Adaptations that work well in one location may represent a poor management choice in another. Considering the local combinations of climate, soils, and crop production systems is fundamental for identifying appropriate strategies. Nonetheless, some broadly applicable soil management pathways for increasing soil water availability can be identified: (i) maximizing rainfall capture, (ii) maximizing soil water storage capacity (intensity × volume), and (iii) suppressing unproductive evaporative water losses, particularly during intervals when leaf area of the primary crop is low. Selecting climate, soil, and production‐system‐appropriate tillage and surface cover management practices is among the most relevant considerations for improving soil water availability. Maintaining surface cover favors evaporation suppression and increased capture of precipitation. Tillage choices affect internal soil water storage through impacts on soil properties that influence storage intensity and by altering the volume of soil available for root growth, as well as through effects on surface cover. Promoted management practices aimed at improving soil water availability for increased agricultural resiliency must be practically feasible and cost‐effective in order to support their broad adoption, and such constraints should be an important consideration in their development. DA - 2023/8/23/ PY - 2023/8/23/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21425 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - When roots talk to shoots about flooding AU - Ugalde, Jose Manuel AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY DA - 2023/8/22/ PY - 2023/8/22/ DO - 10.1093/plphys/kiad464 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1532-2548 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad464 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The interaction of O3 and CO2 concentration, exposure timing and duration on stem rust severity on winter wheat variety 'Coker 9553' AU - Mashaheet, Alsayed M. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Marshall, David S. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AB - Wheat rusts, elevated ozone (O3), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are simultaneously impacting wheat production worldwide, but their interactions are not well understood. This study investigated whether near-ambient O3 is suppressive or conducive to stem rust (Sr) of wheat, considering the interactions with ambient and elevated CO2. Winter wheat variety 'Coker 9553' (Sr-susceptible; O3 sensitive) was inoculated with Sr (race QFCSC) following pre-treatment with four different concentrations of O3 (CF, 50, 70, and 90 ppbv) at ambient CO2 levels. Gas treatments were continued during the development of disease symptoms. Disease severity, measured as percent sporulation area (PSA), significantly increased relative to the CF control only under near-ambient O3 conditions (50 ppbv) in the absence of O3-induced foliar injury. Disease symptoms at higher O3 exposures (70 and 90 ppbv) were similar to or less than the CF control. When Coker 9553 was inoculated with Sr while exposed to CO2 (400; 570 ppmv) and O3 (CF; 50 ppbv) in four different combinations, and seven combinations of exposure timing and duration, PSA significantly increased only under continuous treatment with O3 for six weeks or pre-inoculation treatment for three weeks, suggesting that O3-predisposes wheat to the disease rather than enhancing disease post-inoculation. O3 singly and in combination with CO2 increased PSA on flag leaves of adult Coker 9553 plants while elevated CO2 alone had little effect on PSA. These findings show that sub-symptomatic O3 conditions are conducive to stem rust, contradicting the current consensus that biotrophic pathogens are suppressed by elevated O3. This suggests that sub-symptomatic O3 stress may enhance rust diseases in wheat-growing regions. DA - 2023/10/1/ PY - 2023/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122122 VL - 334 SP - SN - 1873-6424 KW - Climate change KW - Elevated CO 2 KW - Ozone KW - Stem rust KW - Wheat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survey of target site resistance alleles conferring resistance in Poa annua AU - Rutland, Claudia Ann AU - Bowling, Rebecca G. AU - Russell, Eli C. AU - Hall, Nathan D. AU - Patel, Jinesh AU - Askew, Shawn D. AU - Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V. AU - Brosnan, James T. AU - Gannon, Travis W. AU - Goncalves, Clebson AU - Hathcoat, Daniel AU - McCarty, Lambert B. AU - McCullough, Patrick E. AU - McCurdy, James D. AU - Patton, Aaron J. AU - Unruh, Joseph Bryan AU - McElroy, Joseph Scott T2 - CROP SCIENCE DA - 2023/8/11/ PY - 2023/8/11/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.21066 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and validation of Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers for bacterial blight resistant locus BB-13 in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) AU - Pettit, Nicole AU - Gowda, Satyanarayna Anjan AU - Shrestha, Navin AU - Harris, Taylor AU - Bart, Rebecca AU - Bourland, Fred AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Jones, Don C. AU - Kuraparthy, Vasu T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Cotton bacterial blight (CBB), caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum ( Xcm ), can inflict significant damage to cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. Previously, we identified and mapped the broad‐spectrum CBB‐resistant locus BB‐13 on the long arm of chromosome D02 using array‐based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the current study, linked SNPs were converted into easily assayable Kompetitive Allele‐Specific PCR (KASP) markers to enable efficient detection and marker‐assisted selection of alleles at the BB‐13 locus. The KASP marker's efficiency in detecting the BB‐13 resistant gene was validated using an Upland cotton diversity panel of 72 accessions phenotyped with Xcm race 18. The KASP marker NCBB‐KASP4, derived from the CottonSNP63K array‐based marker i25755Gh that is closely associated with BB‐13 , predicted the CBB response phenotypes with an error rate of 4.17% in the diversity panel. Additionally, two independent biparental recombinant inbred line populations segregating for resistance to Xcm race 18 were used for KASP marker validation and to test their utility in detecting the presence of the BB‐13 locus in the resistant accession CABD3CABCH‐1‐89. NCBB‐KASP4, validated across breeding populations and broad germplasm, is a reliable KASP marker for detection and testing of BB‐13 locus in cotton. Further, diagnostic array‐based SNP marker i25755Gh's allele pattern and the potential CBB response is described for 875 Gossypium accessions. These SNP‐based phenotypic predictions for 875 accessions along with disease response phenotypes to Xcm race 18 for 253 accessions provide a reference for CBB resistance in diverse cotton germplasm in the United States. DA - 2023/8/16/ PY - 2023/8/16/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.21072 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A first look at the ability to use genomic prediction for improving the ratooning ability of sugarcane AU - Islam, Md. Sariful AU - Corak, Keo AU - McCord, Per AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. AU - Lipka, Alexander E. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - The sugarcane ratooning ability (RA) is the most important target trait for breeders seeking to enhance the profitability of sugarcane production by reducing the planting cost. Understanding the genetics governing the RA could help breeders by identifying molecular markers that could be used for genomics-assisted breeding (GAB). A replicated field trial was conducted for three crop cycles (plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon) using 432 sugarcane clones and used for conducting genome-wide association and genomic prediction of five sugar and yield component traits of the RA. The RA traits for economic index (EI), stalk population (SP), stalk weight (SW), tonns of cane per hectare (TCH), and tonns of sucrose per hectare (TSH) were estimated from the yield and sugar data. A total of six putative quantitative trait loci and eight nonredundant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were associated with all five tested RA traits and appear to be unique. Seven putative candidate genes were colocated with significant SNPs associated with the five RA traits. The genomic prediction accuracies for those tested traits were moderate and ranged from 0.21 to 0.36. However, the models fitting fixed effects for the most significant associated markers for each respective trait did not give any advantages over the standard models without fixed effects. As a result of this study, more robust markers could be used in the future for clone selection in sugarcane, potentially helping resolve the genetic control of the RA in sugarcane. DA - 2023/8/2/ PY - 2023/8/2/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2023.1205999 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - candidate gene KW - GWAS KW - genomic selection KW - marker trait association KW - sugarcane production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phosphorus Fluxes in a Restored Carolina Bay Wetland Following Eight Years of Restoration AU - Moorberg, Colby J. AU - Vepraskas, Michael J. AU - White, Jeffrey G. AU - Richter, Daniel D. T2 - WETLANDS AB - Restoring wetlands on agricultural land can release soil phosphorus (P) to surface waters. Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient in many freshwater systems, thus restricting its release will improve surface water quality by preventing algal blooms. A P balance was used to examine how P was cycling in a Carolina Bay wetland eight years after restoration from prior-drained agricultural land. The change in soil P was evaluated between archived samples taken at restoration (2005), and eight years after restoration (2013). Measured P fluxes included atmospheric deposition, plant uptake, and loss to surface water outflow. The soil total P pool at the time of restoration was 810 kg P ha−1. No significant (α = 0.05) decrease in the soil P pool was observed over the eight years. Atmospheric deposition contributed 1.0 kg P ha−1 yr−1, plants incorporated 3.3 P ha−1 yr−1 into woody biomass and 0.4 kg P ha−1 yr−1 as forest floor litter, and 0.2 kg P ha−1 yr−1 was lost to surface waters draining the wetland. Because the loss of P to surface waters was small, and because runoff water concentrations of P declined through this period of study to concentrations below those likely to cause eutrophication (< 0.1 mg L−1), we concluded that the wetland was not contributing to the degradation of surface water quality of nearby streams following restoration. Further, isolated wetlands such as that studied may be promising sites for future wetland mitigation projects due to limited impacts on surface water quality. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.1007/s13157-023-01725-z VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1943-6246 KW - Wetland restoration KW - Water quality KW - Isolated wetlands KW - Converted wetlands KW - Agricultural land ER - TY - JOUR TI - A critical review of characterization and measurement of textile-grade hemp fiber AU - Kirk, H. AU - Henson, C. AU - Seevers, R. AU - Liu, Y. AU - West, A. AU - Suchoff, D. AU - Yin, R. T2 - CELLULOSE DA - 2023/7/31/ PY - 2023/7/31/ DO - 10.1007/s10570-023-05420-4 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1572-882X KW - Hemp fiber KW - Textile fiber KW - Fiber characterization KW - Testing standards KW - Fiber properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Approaching 25 years of progress towards Fusarium head blight resistance in southern soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) AU - Boyles, Richard E. AU - Ballen-Taborda, Carolina AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Costa, Jose AU - Cowger, Christina AU - DeWitt, Noah AU - Griffey, Carl A. AU - Harrison, Stephen A. AU - Ibrahim, Amir AU - Johnson, Jerry AU - Lyerly, Jeanette AU - Marshall, David S. AU - Mason, R. Esten AU - Mergoum, Mohamed AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Santantonio, Nicholas AU - Saripalli, Gautam AU - Sutton, Russell AU - Tiwari, Vijay AU - Sanford, David AU - Winn, Zachary J. T2 - PLANT BREEDING AB - Abstract Tremendous progress has been made in variety development and host plant resistance to mitigate the impact of Fusarium head blight (FHB) since the disease manifested in the southeastern United States in the early 2000s. Much of this improvement was made possible through the establishment of and recurring support from the US Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative (USWBSI). Since its inception in 1997, the USWBSI has enabled land‐grant institutions to make advances in reducing the annual threat of devastating FHB epidemics. A coordinated field phenotyping effort for annual germplasm screening has become a staple tool for selection in public and private soft red winter wheat (SRWW) breeding programmes. Dedicated efforts of many SRWW breeders to identify and utilize resistance genes from both native and exotic sources provided a strong foundation for improvement. In recent years, implementation of genomics‐enabled breeding has further accelerated genetic gains in FHB resistance. This article reflects on the improvement of FHB resistance in southern SRWW and contextualizes the monumental progress made by collaborative, persistent, and good old‐fashioned cultivar development. DA - 2023/8/10/ PY - 2023/8/10/ DO - 10.1111/pbr.13137 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1439-0523 KW - breeding KW - Fusarium KW - genomics KW - prediction KW - resistance KW - wheat ER - TY - JOUR TI - The master growth regulator DELLA binding to histone H2A is essential for DELLA-mediated global transcription regulation AU - Huang, Xu AU - Tian, Hao AU - Park, Jeongmoo AU - Oh, Dong-Ha AU - Hu, Jianhong AU - Zentella, Rodolfo AU - Qiao, Hong AU - Dassanayake, Maheshi AU - Sun, Tai-Ping T2 - NATURE PLANTS AB - The DELLA genes, also known as 'Green Revolution' genes, encode conserved master growth regulators that control plant development in response to internal and environmental cues. Functioning as nuclear-localized transcription regulators, DELLAs modulate expression of target genes via direct protein-protein interaction of their carboxy-terminal GRAS domain with hundreds of transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic regulators. However, the molecular mechanism of DELLA-mediated transcription reprogramming remains unclear. Here by characterizing new missense alleles of an Arabidopsis DELLA, repressor of ga1-3 (RGA), and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we show that RGA binds histone H2A via the PFYRE subdomain within its GRAS domain to form a TF-RGA-H2A complex at the target chromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing analysis further shows that this activity is essential for RGA association with its target chromatin globally. Our results indicate that, although DELLAs are recruited to target promoters by binding to TFs via the LHR1 subdomain, DELLA-H2A interaction via the PFYRE subdomain is necessary to stabilize the TF-DELLA-H2A complex at the target chromatin. This study provides insights into the two distinct key modular functions in DELLA for its genome-wide transcription regulation in plants. DA - 2023/8/3/ PY - 2023/8/3/ DO - 10.1038/s41477-023-01477-y SP - SN - 2055-0278 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bearded or smooth? Awns improve yield when wheat experiences heat stress during grain fill in the southeastern United States AU - DeWitt, Noah AU - Lyerly, Jeanette AU - Guedira, Mohammed AU - Holland, James B. AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Ward, Brian P. AU - Boyles, Richard E. AU - Mergoum, Mohamed AU - Babar, Md Ali AU - Shakiba, Ehsan AU - Sutton, Russel AU - Ibrahim, Amir AU - Tiwari, Vijay AU - Santantonio, Nicholas AU - Van Sanford, David A. AU - Howell, Kimberly AU - Smith, Jared H. AU - Harrison, Stephen A. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Abstract The presence or absence of awns—whether wheat heads are ‘bearded’ or ‘smooth’ – is the most visible phenotype distinguishing wheat cultivars. Previous studies suggest that awns may improve yields in heat or water-stressed environments, but the exact contribution of awns to yield differences remains unclear. Here we leverage historical phenotypic, genotypic, and climate data for wheat (Triticum aestivum) to estimate the yield effects of awns under different environmental conditions over a 12-year period in the southeastern USA. Lines were classified as awned or awnless based on sequence data, and observed heading dates were used to associate grain fill periods of each line in each environment with climatic data and grain yield. In most environments, awn suppression was associated with higher yields, but awns were associated with better performance in heat-stressed environments more common at southern locations. Wheat breeders in environments where awns are only beneficial in some years may consider selection for awned lines to reduce year-to-year yield variability, and with an eye towards future climates. DA - 2023/11/21/ PY - 2023/11/21/ DO - 10.1093/jxb/erad318 VL - 74 IS - 21 SP - 6749-6759 SN - 1460-2431 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad318 KW - Awns KW - abiotic stress KW - gxe KW - phenology KW - reaction norm KW - wheat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-read, chromosome-scale assembly of Vitis rotundifolia cv. Carlos and its unique resistance to Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa AU - Huff, Matthew AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. AU - Scheffler, Brian E. AU - Youngblood, Ramey C. AU - Simpson, Sheron A. AU - Babiker, Ebrahiem AU - Staton, Margaret T2 - BMC GENOMICS AB - Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) is resistant to many of the pathogens that negatively impact the production of common grape (V. vinifera), including the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa (Xfsf), which causes Pierce's Disease (PD). Previous studies in common grape have indicated Xfsf delays host immune response with a complex O-chain antigen produced by the wzy gene. Muscadine cultivars range from tolerant to completely resistant to Xfsf, but the mechanism is unknown.We assembled and annotated a new, long-read genome assembly for 'Carlos', a cultivar of muscadine that exhibits tolerance, to build upon the existing genetic resources available for muscadine. We used these resources to construct an initial pan-genome for three cultivars of muscadine and one cultivar of common grape. This pan-genome contains a total of 34,970 synteny-constrained entries containing genes of similar structure. Comparison of resistance gene content between the 'Carlos' and common grape genomes indicates an expansion of resistance (R) genes in 'Carlos.' We further identified genes involved in Xfsf response by transcriptome sequencing 'Carlos' plants inoculated with Xfsf. We observed 234 differentially expressed genes with functions related to lipid catabolism, oxidation-reduction signaling, and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling as well as seven R genes. Leveraging public data from previous experiments of common grape inoculated with Xfsf, we determined that most differentially expressed genes in the muscadine response were not found in common grape, and three of the R genes identified as differentially expressed in muscadine do not have an ortholog in the common grape genome.Our results support the utility of a pan-genome approach to identify candidate genes for traits of interest, particularly disease resistance to Xfsf, within and between muscadine and common grape. DA - 2023/7/20/ PY - 2023/7/20/ DO - 10.1186/s12864-023-09514-y VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1471-2164 KW - Muscadine grape KW - Grape KW - Pangenome KW - Transcriptome KW - Pierce's disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct evidence and mechanism for biocrusts-induced improvements in pore structure of dryland soil and the hydrological implications AU - Sun, Fuhai AU - Xiao, Bo AU - Li, Shenglong AU - Yu, Xingxing AU - Kidron, Giora J. AU - Heitman, Joshua T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - As a crucial living skin inhabiting the soil-atmosphere interface, biocrusts play a vital role in various soil properties and processes, especially surface soil pore structure and soil pore-related hydrological processes, such as infiltration and evaporation. However, it remains unclear how biocrusts affect pore structure in the micrometric point of view. In this study, X-ray computed tomography and image analysis were employed to quantify the differences in soil pore structure between bare soil and three types of biocrusts (cyanobacterial, cyanobacterial-moss mixed, and moss crusts) at 0–50 mm depth. Three-dimensional images were segmented and analyzed to assess morphological and geometrical properties, such as porosity, pore volume, degree of anisotropy, Euler number, pore shape, pore connectivity, and pore tortuosity. Our results showed that the porosity of three types of biocrusts was, on average, 100% higher than bare soil, and the porosity ranked in order of moss crusts > mixed crusts > cyanobacterial crusts > bare soil. In comparison to bare soil, pore surface area density, mean pore volume, and node density of biocrusts were increased by 45%, 422%, and 52% on average, respectively. Biocrusts had larger fractal dimensions but lower degrees of anisotropy, mean tortuosity, and Euler number, which indicates the pore structure of biocrust became more complex and stable with higher connectivity compared to bare soil. Additionally, elongated pores had the largest contribution to porosity, and these pore proportions were significantly higher in biocrusts than bare soil. More importantly, the pore network model and network analysis revealed that biocrusts have a higher connected porosity (17% vs. 4%), connected porosity/isolated porosity (11.7 vs. 0.6), average coordination number (8 vs. 5), and number of channels (14,480 vs. 807), but a lower average channel length (2.7 vs. 3.8 mm), which indicates that the physical and topological structures of pore network in biocrusts were reconfigured and exhibited a better pore network connectivity. Moreover, the biocrusts increased soil water holding capacity by 87% on average, but decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity by 55% as compared to bare soil. From the reshaped pore structure, improved soil water holding capacity, and decreased infiltrability of the biocrusts in comparison to bare soil, we conclude that biocrusts play a vital role in surface soil water balance, which subsequently affect surface hydrological processes (e.g., runoff generation and evaporation) in drylands. DA - 2023/8// PY - 2023/8// DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129846 VL - 623 SP - SN - 1879-2707 KW - Biological soil crust KW - Porosity KW - Soil pore characteristics KW - Soil structure KW - Pore network model KW - Chinese Loess Plateau ER - TY - JOUR TI - In Vitro Fungicide Sensitivity and Effect of Organic Matter Concentration on Fungicide Bioavailability in Take-All Root Rot Pathogens Isolated from North Carolina AU - Stephens, Cameron M. AU - Gannon, Travis W. AU - Thiessen, Lindsey D. AU - Cubeta, Marc A. AU - Kerns, James P. T2 - PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS AB - Take-all root rot (TARR) of ultradwarf bermudagrass is caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Gg), Gaeumannomyces graminicola (Ggram), Candidacolonium cynodontis (Cc), and Magnaporthiopsis cynodontis (Mc). Multiple pathogens have recently been associated with this disease, and biological parameters such as fungicide sensitivity have not been explored in ultradwarf bermudagrass. Although fungicides are commonly used to mitigate disease development, high organic matter present in the turfgrass system could limit the bioavailability of fungicides. Fungicide bioavailability can be influenced by organic matter concentration, and the physicochemical properties of fungicides could provide insight into their binding affinity. However, the influence of organic matter content on fungicide bioavailability has not been investigated. Therefore, the in vitro sensitivity of Gg, Ggram, Cc, and Mc to 14 different fungicides across three chemical classes was determined. An in vitro bioavailability assay was developed using three fungicides and three organic matter concentrations. Generally, demethylation inhibitor and quinone outside inhibitor fungicides provided the greatest reduction in mycelial growth, whereas succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors did not reduce mycelial growth. These data can serve as a foundation for TARR pathogen sensitivity to inform in vitro fungicide sensitivity studies and field efficacy trials. Pyraclostrobin and propiconazole have a high affinity to bind to organic matter, which was evident as more fungicide was required to inhibit Gg growth as organic matter concentration increased. This was not observed when evaluating azoxystrobin, which has a lower binding affinity. Understanding how TARR pathogens respond to fungicide in vitro and how organic matter concentration affects in vitro sensitivity will improve fungicide selection for management of TARR. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1094/PHP-08-22-0072-RS VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 162-170 SN - 1535-1025 KW - chemical control KW - fungicides KW - soilborne disease management KW - take-all root rot KW - turfgrass science KW - turfgrass pathology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating soil water retention curves from thermal conductivity measurements: A percolation-based effective-medium approximation AU - Fu, Yongwei AU - Liu, Lin AU - Lu, Yili AU - Horton, Robert AU - Ren, Tusheng AU - Heitman, Joshua T2 - JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY AB - A soil water retention curve (SWRC) describes the relationship between soil water content (θ) and suction (h, also the absolute value of pressure head). Earlier work indicated that correlations existed between the percolation-based effective medium approximation (P-EMA) thermal conductivity (λ) model parameters and soil hydraulic properties. In this study, the critical water content (θc) of the P-EMA model was related to the pore size distribution parameter (m) of the van Genuchten model, water content at the inflection point of a SWRC (θi) and hydraulic continuity water content (θhc). And a pedo-transfer function was established to estimate the van Genuchten model parameter α from soil properties and P-EMA parameters. Based on these relationships, three approaches were developed to estimate the van Genuchten models parameters from λ(θ) measurements, porosity, sand and clay contents. The three approaches were then validated on six independent soils, and results showed that all of the approaches estimated θ well at selected h values, with the average root mean square errors from 0.025 to 0.029 cm3 cm−3, the average mean relative absolute errors ranging from 0.111 to 0.157, and the average Akaike Information Criterion from −18.3 to −16.2. Two new approaches outperformed the original Fu et al approach but with fewer input parameters (no need for organic carbon content), thus also facilitating their broader application. DA - 2023/9// PY - 2023/9// DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129898 VL - 624 SP - SN - 1879-2707 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129898 KW - Critical water content KW - Inflection point KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Soil water retention curve KW - van Genuchten model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gypsum in Improving the Use of Phosphate Fertilization for Soybean Crops AU - Brignoli, Fernando Marcos AU - Gatiboni, Luciano Colpo AU - Mumbach, Gilmar Luiz AU - Dall’Orsoletta, Daniel João AU - Souza, Abelino Anacleto AU - Grando, Douglas Luiz T2 - Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis AB - The improvement of the chemical conditions of the soil in the subsurface is indicated as an alternative to increasing soybean yields because it is related to greater efficiency of water and nutrient use, such as phosphorus (P). The study aimed to evaluate the soil chemical changes and the soybean yield due to the application of P and gypsum. For this, a field experiment was conducted between 2017 and 2020 under a Humic Cambisol in Southern Brazil. The treatments were composed of four corrective rates of P2O5 (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha−1) associated or not with agricultural gypsum (0 and 1400 kg ha−1). In the first year of evaluation, there was an increase in soybean yield with gypsum, and rates of P. In the absence of P correction, root length density was higher in the 20–30 cm layer. There was a linear increase in P available in the topsoil (0–10 cm) as a function of the nutrient rate. With gypsum application, there was an increase in calcium (Ca) and reduction of magnesium (Mg) in the 0–10 cm layer, besides the increase of sulfate (S-SO42-) in all layers. The application of agricultural gypsum promotes chemical changes in the soil at depths of up to 40 cm and gains in soybean yield, even without altering the efficiency of P use by plants. DA - 2023/6/17/ PY - 2023/6/17/ DO - 10.1080/00103624.2022.2159039 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2159039 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uncertainty in phosphorus fluxes and budgets across the US long-term agroecosystem research network AU - Welikhe, Pauline AU - Williams, Mark R. AU - King, Kevin AU - Bos, Janae AU - Akland, Mark AU - Baffaut, Claire AU - Beck, E. Glynn AU - Bierer, Andrew AU - Bosch, David D. AU - Brooks, Erin S. AU - Buda, Anthony R. AU - Cavigelli, Michel AU - Faulkner, Joshua AU - Feyereisen, Gary W. AU - Fortuna, Ann-Marie AU - Gamble, Joshua AU - Hanrahan, Brittany R. AU - Hussain, Mir Zaman AU - Kovar, John L. AU - Lee, Brad AU - Leytem, April B. AU - Liebig, Mark A. AU - Line, Daniel AU - Macrae, Merrin L. AU - Moorman, Thomas B. AU - Moriasi, Daniel AU - Mumbi, Rose AU - Nelson, Nathan AU - Ortega-Pieck, Aline AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Penn, Chad AU - Pisani, Oliva AU - Reba, Michele L. AU - Smith, Douglas R. AU - Unrine, Jason AU - Webb, Pearl AU - White, Kate E. AU - Wilson, Henry AU - Witthaus, Lindsey M. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Abstract Phosphorus (P) budgets can be useful tools for understanding nutrient cycling and quantifying the effectiveness of nutrient management planning and policies; however, uncertainties in agricultural nutrient budgets are not often quantitatively assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate uncertainty in P fluxes (fertilizer/manure application, atmospheric deposition, irrigation, crop removal, surface runoff, and leachate) and the propagation of these uncertainties to annual P budgets. Data from 56 cropping systems in the P‐FLUX database, which spans diverse rotations and landscapes across the United States and Canada, were evaluated. Results showed that across cropping systems, average annual P budget was 22.4 kg P ha −1 (range = −32.7 to 340.6 kg P ha −1 ), with an average uncertainty of 13.1 kg P ha −1 (range = 1.0–87.1 kg P ha −1 ). Fertilizer/manure application and crop removal were the largest P fluxes across cropping systems and, as a result, accounted for the largest fraction of uncertainty in annual budgets (61% and 37%, respectively). Remaining fluxes individually accounted for <2% of the budget uncertainty. Uncertainties were large enough that determining whether P was increasing, decreasing, or not changing was inconclusive in 39% of the budgets evaluated. Findings indicate that more careful and/or direct measurements of inputs, outputs, and stocks are needed. Recommendations for minimizing uncertainty in P budgets based on the results of the study were developed. Quantifying, communicating, and constraining uncertainty in budgets among production systems and multiple geographies is critical for engaging stakeholders, developing local and national strategies for P reduction, and informing policy. DA - 2023/6/8/ PY - 2023/6/8/ DO - 10.1002/jeq2.20485 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limited-transpiration trait in response to high vapor pressure deficit from wild to cultivated species: study of the Lens genus AU - Rouichi, Salma AU - Idrissi, Omar AU - Sohail, Quahir AU - Marrou, Helene AU - Sinclair, Thomas R. AU - Hejjaoui, Kamal AU - Amri, Moez AU - Ghanem, Michel Edmond T2 - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is commonly grown in drought-prone areas where terminal heat and drought are frequent. The limited-transpiration (TRlim) trait under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) could be a way to conserve water and increase yield under water deficit conditions. The TRlim trait was examined in cultivated and wild lentil species together with its evolution throughout the breeding pipeline. Sixty-one accessions representing the six wild lentil species (L. orientalis, L. tomentosus, L. odemensis, L. lamottei, L. ervoides, and L. nigricans) and 13 interspecific advanced lines were evaluated in their transpiration response to high VPD. A large variation in transpiration rate (TR) response to increased VPD was recorded among wild lentil accessions, with 43 accessions exhibiting a breakpoint (BP) in their TR response to increasing VPD, with values ranging from 0.92 kPa to 3.38 kPa under greenhouse conditions. Ten genotypes for the interspecific advanced lines displayed a BP with an average of 1.95 kPa, much lower than previously reported for cultivated lentil. Results from field experiments suggest that the TRlim trait (BP=0.97 kPa) positively affected yield and yield-related parameters during the years with late-season water stress. The selection of TRlim genotypes for high VPD environments could improve lentil productivity in drought-prone areas. DA - 2023/7/9/ PY - 2023/7/9/ DO - 10.1093/jxb/erad264 SP - SN - 1460-2431 KW - Drought KW - interspecific crosses KW - lentil KW - transpiration limitation KW - vapor pressure deficit (VPD) KW - wild relatives ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic versus phenotypic selection to improve corn borer resistance and grain yield in maize AU - Gesteiro, Noemi AU - Ordas, Bernardo AU - Butron, Ana AU - Fuente, Maria AU - Jimenez-Galindo, Jose Cruz AU - Samayoa, Luis Fernando AU - Cao, Ana AU - Malvar, Rosa Ana T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Introduction The study of yield and resistance/tolerance to pest are related traits fundamental for maize breeding programs. Genomic selection (GS), which uses all marker information to calculate genomic breeding values, is presented as an emerging alternative to phenotypic and marker-assisted selections for improving complex traits controlled by many genes with small effects. Therefore, although phenotypic selection (PS) has been effective for increasing resistance and yield under high infestation with maize stem borers, higher genetic gains are expected to be obtained through GS based on the complex architecture of both traits. Our objective was to test whether GS is more effective than PS for improving resistance and/or tolerance to maize stem borers and grain yield. Methods For this, we compared different selection programs based on phenotype and genotypic value for a single trait, resistance or yield, and for both traits together. Results and discussion We obtained that GS achieved the highest genetic gain for yield, meanwhile phenotypic selection for yield was the program that achieved the highest reduction of tunnel length, but was ineffective for increasing yield. However, phenotypic or genomic selection for increased resistance may be more effective in improving both traits together; although the gains per cycle would be small for both traits. DA - 2023/7/7/ PY - 2023/7/7/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2023.1162440 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - maize KW - stem borer KW - resistance KW - yield KW - genomic selection KW - phenotypic selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summary of tillage practices in peanut in the Virginia-Carolina region of the United States AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Shew, Barbara B. AU - Brandenburg, Rick L. AU - Anco, Dan AU - Balota, Maria T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Core Ideas Deep tillage in the form of moldboard plow decreased in peanut in North Carolina from 1998 to 2018. Reduced tillage was adopted by more peanut farmers in South Carolina and Virginia than in North Carolina. More farmers strip‐tilled peanut across all states rather than no till. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1002/cft2.20222 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abscisic acid acts essentially on stomata, not on the xylem, to improve drought resistance in tomato AU - Haverroth, Eduardo J. AU - Oliveira, Leonardo A. AU - Andrade, Moab T. AU - Taggart, Matthew AU - McAdam, Scott A. M. AU - Zsogon, Agustin AU - Thompson, Andrew J. AU - Martins, Samuel C. V. AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. T2 - PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT AB - Drought resistance is essential for plant production under water-limiting environments. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a critical role in stomata but its impact on hydraulic function beyond the stomata is far less studied. We selected genotypes differing in their ability to accumulate ABA to investigate its role in drought-induced dysfunction. All genotypes exhibited similar leaf and stem embolism resistance regardless of differences in ABA levels. Their leaf hydraulic resistance was also similar. Differences were only observed between the two extreme genotypes: sitiens (sit; a strong ABA-deficient mutant) and sp12 (a transgenic line that constitutively overaccumulates ABA), where the water potential inducing 50% embolism was 0.25 MPa lower in sp12 than in sit. Maximum stomatal and minimum leaf conductances were considerably lower in plants with higher ABA (wild type [WT] and sp12) than in ABA-deficient mutants. Variations in gas exchange across genotypes were associated with ABA levels and differences in stomatal density and size. The lower water loss in plants with higher ABA meant that lethal water potentials associated with embolism occurred later during drought in sp12 plants, followed by WT, and then by the ABA-deficient mutants. Therefore, the primary pathway by which ABA enhances drought resistance is via declines in water loss, which delays dehydration and hydraulic dysfunction. DA - 2023/8/1/ PY - 2023/8/1/ DO - 10.1111/pce.14676 VL - 8 SP - SN - 1365-3040 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.14676 KW - embolism resistance KW - hydraulic vulnerability KW - minimum leaf conductance KW - Solanum lycopersicum KW - water deficit KW - water loss ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woody species grown under sun and shade present similar stomatal speed AU - Freitas, Rafael S. AU - Oliveira, Leonardo A. AU - McAdam, Scott A. M. AU - Lawson, Tracy AU - DaMatta, Fabio M. AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. T2 - THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY DA - 2023/7/24/ PY - 2023/7/24/ DO - 10.1007/s40626-023-00283-3 VL - 7 SP - SN - 2197-0025 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40626-023-00283-3 KW - Irradiance KW - Leaf gas exchange KW - Light acclimation KW - Shade leaves KW - Stomatal dimensions KW - Stomatal speed KW - Sun leaves ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemp Morphology and Physiology Standards for Research and Industry Applications AU - Brym, Zachary T. AU - Philpott Jr, Steven C. AU - Rheay, Hanah AU - Monserrate, Luis A. AU - Bernstein, Nirit AU - Chase, Carlene A. AU - Ellison, Shelby L. AU - Shock, Clinton C. AU - Smart, Lawrence B. AU - Stack, George M. AU - Suchoff, David H. T2 - HORTSCIENCE AB - Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) research and commercial production has recently experienced a global revival motivated by passage of laws reversing long-standing prohibitions and by expansion in markets. Collaborative research has been initiated in response to renewed interest in hemp production, such as the American Society for Horticultural Science Hemp Research and Extension Professional Interest Group (ASHS Hemp). Collaborators new to this crop have identified a lack of standard definitions, descriptions, and procedures for cohesive study specific to hemp production. Standards are necessary for synthesis of data gathered across research and industry programs. ASHS Hemp convened a workshop of hemp researchers and industry representatives to establish consensus on a minimum set of standards for research data and industry assessments. The resulting morphology and physiology standards developed at the workshop are presented here with a focus on plant height, flowering time, and crop quality. Plant height was defined as the vertical distance between the root crown at the soil surface and the stem node (or tip) of the apical meristem of the tallest branch. Plant height was importantly distinguished from stem length and canopy height, which may differ based on pruning and management of the plant. Flowering time was defined to indicate date of initiation of inflorescence development as the earliest day terminal flowering clusters appear visually. Flowering time was distinguished from solitary flowering behavior and floral maturity. Crop quality was determined to be a feature that should be established first by industry based on market standards and then subsequently adopted by researchers targeting outcomes in specific areas. A standard moisture content for dry flower, seed, and straw must be established. A moisture content of 10% to 12% was identified as a current standard for floral yield, whereas 8% was identified as a moisture content standard for seed crops. Bast-to-hurd ratio and decortication efficiency were fiber quality metrics identified for minimum standards, and thousand seed weight, protein content, oil content, and oil composition were considered for minimum seed quality standards. The hemp research community is well positioned to standardize genomic references and establish best management practices for production targets. These efforts would be assisted by the adoption of the proposed standard definitions, descriptions, and procedures decided by consensus at the ASHS Hemp 2022 workshop. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.21273/HORTSCI17093-23 VL - 58 IS - 7 SP - 756-760 SN - 2327-9834 KW - Cannabis sativa KW - canopy height KW - data management KW - fiber quality KW - flowering time KW - plant height KW - seed quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical differences in cover crop residue quality are maintained through litter decay AU - Thapa, Resham AU - Cabrera, Miguel AU - Schomberg, Harry H. AU - Reberg-Horton, Chris AU - Poffenbarger, Hanna AU - Mirsky, Steven B. T2 - PLOS ONE AB - As plant litter decomposes, its mass exponentially decreases until it reaches a non-zero asymptote. However, decomposition rates vary considerably among litter types as a function of their overall quality (i.e., carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio and litter chemistry). We investigated the effects of hairy vetch (HV: Vicia villosa Roth):cereal rye (RYE: Secale cereale L.) biomass proportions with or without broadcasted poultry manure on overall litter quality before and during decomposition. As HV biomass proportions increased from 0 to 100%, the relative susceptibility of HV:RYE mixtures to microbial decomposition increased due to: (i) decrease in the initial C:N ratio (87:1 to 10:1 in 2012 and 67:1 to 9:1 in 2013), (ii) increase in the non-structural labile carbohydrates (33 to 61% across years), and (iii) decrease in the structural holo-cellulose (59 to 33% across years) and lignin (8 to 6% across years) fractions. Broadcasted poultry manure decreased the overall initial quality of HV-dominated litters and increased the overall initial quality of RYE-dominated litters. Across all HV:RYE biomass proportions with or without poultry manure, chemical changes during litter decay were related to proportional mass loss. Therefore, the relative decrease in carbohydrates and the concomitant increase in holo-cellulose and lignin fractions were more pronounced for fast decomposing litter types, i.e., litters dominated by HV rather than RYE. While our results suggest possible convergence of litter C:N ratios, initial differences in litter chemistry neither converged nor diverged. Therefore, we conclude that the initial chemistry of litter before decomposition exerts a strong control on its chemical composition throughout the decay continuum. DA - 2023/7/27/ PY - 2023/7/27/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0289352 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289352 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspective: Phosphorus monitoring must be rooted in sustainability frameworks spanning material scale to human scale AU - McLamore, Eric AU - Duckworth, Owen AU - Boyer, Treavor H. AU - Marshall, Anna-Maria AU - Call, Douglas F. AU - Bhadha, Jehangir H. AU - Guzman, Sandra T2 - WATER RESEARCH X AB - Phosphorus (P) is a finite resource, and its environmental fate and transport is complex. With fertilizer prices expected to remain high for years and disruption to supply chains, there is a pressing need to recover and reuse P (primarily as fertilizer). Whether recovery is to occur from urban systems (e.g., human urine), agricultural soil (e.g., legacy P), or from contaminated surface waters, quantification of P in various forms is vital. Monitoring systems with embedded near real time decision support, so called cyber physical systems, are likely to play a major role in the management of P throughout agro-ecosystems. Data on P flow(s) connects the environmental, economic, and social pillars of the triple bottom line (TBL) sustainabilty framework. Emerging monitoring systems must account for complex interactions in the sample, and interface with a dynamic decision support system that considers adaptive dynamics to societal needs. It is known from decades of study that P is ubiquitous, yet without quantitative tools for studying the dynamic nature of P in the environment, the details may remain elusive. If new monitoring systems (including CPS and mobile sensors) are informed by sustainability frameworks, data-informed decision making may foster resource recovery and environmental stewardship from technology users to policymakers. DA - 2023/5/1/ PY - 2023/5/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100168 VL - 19 SP - SN - 2589-9147 KW - Phosphate KW - Cyber-physical systems KW - Sensor KW - Decision support ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overexpression of the HcPT1.1 transporter in Hebeloma cylindrosporum alters the phosphorus accumulation of Pinus pinaster and the distribution of HcPT2 in ectomycorrhizae AU - Amenc, Laurie AU - Becquer, Adeline AU - Trives-Segura, Carlos AU - Zimmermann, Sabine D. AU - Garcia, Kevin AU - Plassard, Claude T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are associated with the roots of woody plants in temperate and boreal forests and help them to acquire water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the transfer of P from the fungus to the plant in ectomycorrhizae are still poorly understood. In the model association between the ECM fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and its host plant Pinus pinaster , we have shown that the fungus, which possesses three H+:Pi symporters (HcPT1.1, HcPT1.2 and HcPT2), expresses mainly HcPT1.1 and HcPT2 in the extraradical and intraradical hyphae of ectomycorrhizae to transport P from the soil to colonized roots. The present study focuses on the role of the HcPT1.1 protein in plant P nutrition, in function of P availability. We artificially overexpressed this P transporter by fungal Agrotransformation and investigated the effect of the different lines, wild-type and transformed ones, on plant P accumulation, the distribution of HcPT1.1 and HcPT2 proteins in ectomycorrhizae by immunolocalization, and 32P efflux in an experimental system mimicking intraradical hyphae. Surprisingly, we showed that plants interacting with transgenic fungal lines overexpressing HcPT1.1 did not accumulate more P in their shoots than plants colonized with the control ones. Although the overexpression of HcPT1.1 did not affect the expression levels of the other two P transporters in pure cultures, it induced a strong reduction in HcPT2 proteins in ectomycorrhizae, particularly in intraradical hyphae, but still improved the P status of host plant shoots compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. Finally, 32P efflux from hyphae was higher in lines overexpressing HcPT1.1 than in the control ones. These results suggest that a tight regulation and/or a functional redundancy between the H+:Pi symporters of H. cylindrosporum might exist to ensure a sustainable P delivery to P. pinaster roots . DA - 2023/6/15/ PY - 2023/6/15/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135483 VL - 14 SP - SN - 1664-462X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1135483 KW - agrotransformation KW - ectomycorrhizal symbiosis KW - Hebeloma cylindrosporum KW - immunolocalization KW - overexpression KW - phosphate transporter KW - phosphorus KW - Pinus pinaster ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of 'DALSA 1618' St. Augustinegrass AU - Chandra, Ambika AU - Genovesi, A. Dennis AU - Meeks, Meghyn AU - Segars, Chrissie A. AU - Eads, Justin AU - Hejl, Reagan AU - Floyd, Weston AU - Wherley, Benjamin AU - Straw, Chase AU - Bowling, Rebecca AU - Kenworthy, Kevin AU - Schwartz, Brian AU - Raymer, Paul AU - Milla-Lewis, Susana AU - Wu, Yanqi T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - Abstract ‘DALSA 1618’ (Reg. no. CV‐291, PI 702594) is a first‐generation intraspecific St. Augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] hybrid developed by Texas A&M AgriLife Research in Dallas, TX, from a cross between a drought‐resistant polyploid female parent, TAES 5384 (PI 300130, GRIN National Plant Germplasm System), and a semi‐dwarf shade‐tolerant diploid pollen donor, ‘Amerishade’. DALSA 1618 was formerly tested as ‘TAES 5896‐09’ and ‘TXSA‐156’. Superior performance and quality from 2010 to 2015 in space‐plant nurseries across multiple environments led to advancing DALSA 1618 to replicated trials in 10 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) locations across the southcentral and southeastern United States. DALSA 1618 was one of the top performers in the 2016 NTEP (2016–2020). It established faster than ‘CitraBlue’ and similarly to other tested commercial cultivars. DALSA 1618 exhibited high turfgrass quality in standard and ancillary trials and earlier spring greenup, which was generally better than ‘Floratam’. Drought resistance of DALSA 1618 was similar to Floratam (a drought‐resistant aneuploid). Tolerance to moderately dense shade was tested in Dallas, TX, from 2017 to 2020, where DALSA 1618 exhibited improved shade tolerance relative to Floratam. This array of environmental testing indicates DALSA 1618 possesses a unique combination of drought and shade tolerance that would allow its use across the southcentral and southeastern United States. DA - 2023/7/10/ PY - 2023/7/10/ DO - 10.1002/plr2.20302 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic basis of resistance against powdery mildew in the wheat cultivar "Tabasco" AU - Wu, Jizhong AU - Jia, Haiyan AU - Qiao, Linyi AU - Fu, Bisheng AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Nagarajan, Ragupathi AU - Yan, Liuling T2 - MOLECULAR BREEDING DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1007/s11032-023-01402-3 VL - 43 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1572-9788 KW - Pm48 KW - Pm2 KW - Powdery mildew KW - NCF-D-1-1 KW - Wheat ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Does the Use of Biochar, Phosphate, Calcite, and Biosolids Affect the Kinetics of Cadmium Release in Contaminated Soil? AU - Gomes, Frederico Prestes AU - Soares, Matheus Bortolanza AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Alleoni, Luis Reynaldo Ferracciu T2 - WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1007/s11270-023-06452-z VL - 234 IS - 7 SP - SN - 1573-2932 KW - Desorption kinetics KW - In situ soil remediation KW - Soil pollution KW - Sequential extraction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Confirmation of a five-way herbicide-resistant Amaranthus tuberculatus population in North Carolina AU - Jones, Eric A. L. AU - Andres, Ryan J. AU - Owen, Micheal D. K. AU - Dunne, Jeffrey C. AU - Contreras, Diego J. AU - Cahoon, Charles W. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Everman, Wesley J. T2 - WEED RESEARCH AB - Abstract Amaranthus tuberculatus (waterhemp) is a pervasive weed of the Mid‐west and ‐south United States and is not native to North Carolina but infestations in crop fields have been reported recently. Amaranthus tuberculatus has evolved resistance to seven herbicide groups and multiple herbicide‐resistant populations are common where the species is native. The reported A. tuberculatus infestations in North Carolina have not been controlled with herbicides but no formal herbicide resistance characterisation has been conducted to date. Glasshouse dose–response experiments were conducted to determine the susceptibility of a population collected from Surry County, North Carolina to commonly applied postemergence herbicides compared to a herbicide‐susceptible population collected from Story County, Iowa. The Surry County population survived labelled rates of imazethapyr, atrazine, glyphosate, fomesafen, and mesotrione; the Story County population was controlled with these herbicides. Further, 2,4‐D, dicamba, and glufosinate effectively controlled the Surry and Story County populations. Molecular sequencing assays were subsequently conducted to determine if altered target sites facilitated resistance in the acetolactate synthase ( ALS ), 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase ( EPSPS ), photosystem II ( psbA ), and protoporphyrinogen oxidase ( PPX2 ) genes. The Surry County population carried a Trp 574 Leu and ∆Gly 210 mutations in the ALS and PPX2 gene, respectively. No mutations that would confer resistance were found in the EPSPS or psbA gene for either population. The results of both experiments provide evidence that a five‐way herbicide‐resistant A. tuberculatus population has encroached North Carolina. More research is needed to determine the mechanisms of resistance to atrazine, glyphosate, and mesotrione. DA - 2023/7/22/ PY - 2023/7/22/ DO - 10.1111/wre.12590 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1365-3180 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12590 KW - herbicide resistance KW - invasive species KW - weed management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil development following glacier retreat shapes metagenomic and metabolomic functioning associated with asynchronous C and N accumulation AU - Huang, Yu AU - Shi, Wei AU - Fu, Qi AU - Qiu, Yingbo AU - Zhao, Jiayi AU - Li, Jiaxin AU - Lyu, Qian AU - Yang, Xian AU - Xiong, Jia AU - Wang, Wenzhi AU - Chang, Ruiying AU - Yao, Zhiyuan AU - Dai, Zhongmin AU - Qiu, Yunpeng AU - Chen, Huaihai T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Glacier retreat caused by global warming may result in the variation of soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Yet, the dynamic change of soil microbial functional profiles, especially C metabolism-related, with soil development following glacier retreat are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the soil microbial communities, metagenomic functioning, and metabolomic profiles along the Hailuogou Glacier forefield representing a 120-year chronosequence. The alpha diversity indices of soil bacteria, protozoa and nifH genes showed an upward trend with increased soil ages, and the beta diversity of soil archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nifH and nirS genes were significantly correlated with soil ages, in which increasing soil C and P while decreased C/N and pH significantly contributed to the differences of soil microbial communities among the analyzed environmental variables. The metagenomic functional genes related to the metabolisms of Glycogen and Cellulosome, Iron Acquisition and Metabolism were significantly decreased with chronosequence, while the utilization of Xylose and Lactate, Potassium Metabolism, Sulfur Metabolism showing an upward trend with soil ages, in which soil C/N ratios and pH were the most influential factors. In addition, soil C and C/N ratios were also significantly correlated to metabolomic compositions, in which the complexity of the metabolite structure increased with soil ages. Our results indicate that glacier retreat may lead to the asynchronous C and N accumulation along the chronosequence, thereby affecting the metagenomic and metabolomic functioning of soil microbial communities related to C metabolisms during soil development following glacier retreat. DA - 2023/9/20/ PY - 2023/9/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164405 VL - 892 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - Hailuogou glacier forefield KW - Soil development KW - Metagenomics KW - Metabolomics KW - Soil C KW - N ratios ER - TY - JOUR TI - Registration of high-yielding maturity group V germplasm USDA-N5001 with high seed and meal protein contents AU - Mian, M. A. Rouf AU - Cunicelli, Mia J. AU - Carter Jr, Thomas E. E. AU - Villagarcia, Margarita AU - Fallen, Benjamin D. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - Abstract USDA‐N5001 (Reg. no. GP‐524, PI 702592) is a conventional early maturity group (MG) V soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm with high yield potential and elevated seed and meal protein contents. USDA‐N5001 was jointly released as a non–genetically modified germplasm by the USDA‐ARS and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in January 2023. USDA‐N5001, experimental name N16‐590, was derived from the hybridization of high‐yielding breeding line N08‐145 and high‐protein breeding line Pro5‐1. Across 22 environments of the 2019 and 2020 USDA Uniform Soybean Trials Southern States, USDA‐N5001 yielded 105%, 98%, and 102% of the three checks ‘Ellis’, ‘AG55X’, and ‘TN11‐5140’, respectively. On a zero‐moisture basis, its protein content (425 g kg −1 ) was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than those of the checks (399–402 g kg −1 ). The meal protein content of USDA‐N5001 (49.4%) was also significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than the checks (46.7%–46.9%). The new release matured 2 days and 1 day later than Ellis and AG55X, respectively, but 5 days earlier than TN11‐5140. USDA‐N5001 is the first high‐yielding, high‐seed‐ and meal‐protein MG V‐Early (relative maturity 5.3) line developed by USDA‐ARS in North Carolina. With the recent increases in production of MG V soybeans in the southeastern United States and the national focus on higher‐meal protein lines, USDA‐N5001 should be highly useful to soybean breeders and growers of conventional soybeans in the southeastern United States. DA - 2023/7/10/ PY - 2023/7/10/ DO - 10.1002/plr2.20306 SP - SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomes to Fields 2022 Maize genotype by Environment Prediction Competition AU - Lima, Dayane Cristina AU - Washburn, Jacob D. AU - Varela, Jose Ignacio AU - Chen, Qiuyue AU - Gage, Joseph L. AU - Romay, Maria Cinta AU - Holland, James AU - Ertl, David AU - Lopez-Cruz, Marco AU - Aguate, Fernando M. AU - Campos, Gustavo AU - Kaeppler, Shawn AU - Beissinger, Timothy AU - Bohn, Martin AU - Buckler, Edward AU - Edwards, Jode AU - Flint-Garcia, Sherry AU - Gore, Michael A. AU - Hirsch, Candice N. AU - Knoll, Joseph E. AU - McKay, John AU - Minyo, Richard AU - Murray, Seth C. AU - Ortez, Osler A. AU - Schnable, James C. AU - Sekhon, Rajandeep S. AU - Singh, Maninder P. AU - Sparks, Erin E. AU - Thompson, Addie AU - Tuinstra, Mitchell AU - Wallace, Jason AU - Weldekidan, Teclemariam AU - Xu, Wenwei AU - Leon, Natalia T2 - BMC RESEARCH NOTES AB - The Genomes to Fields (G2F) 2022 Maize Genotype by Environment (GxE) Prediction Competition aimed to develop models for predicting grain yield for the 2022 Maize GxE project field trials, leveraging the datasets previously generated by this project and other publicly available data.This resource used data from the Maize GxE project within the G2F Initiative [1]. The dataset included phenotypic and genotypic data of the hybrids evaluated in 45 locations from 2014 to 2022. Also, soil, weather, environmental covariates data and metadata information for all environments (combination of year and location). Competitors also had access to ReadMe files which described all the files provided. The Maize GxE is a collaborative project and all the data generated becomes publicly available [2]. The dataset used in the 2022 Prediction Competition was curated and lightly filtered for quality and to ensure naming uniformity across years. DA - 2023/7/17/ PY - 2023/7/17/ DO - 10.1186/s13104-023-06421-z VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - SN - 1756-0500 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-023-06421-z KW - Grain yield KW - Maize KW - Root mean squared error ER - TY - JOUR TI - Previous crop and herbicide timing application effects on weed population growth rate AU - Oreja, Fernando H. AU - Hare, Andrew T. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract A well‐designed crop rotation can create an unstable environment that disrupts weed population growth rates. In combination with effective herbicide programs, growers may maintain weed populations at levels below competitive and economic thresholds. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate how the preceding rotational crop determines the response of weed populations to in‐season postemergence herbicide programs and the weed population density of the following crop season. The first‐year crop treatments were corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.], and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. In the second year, all plots were planted with cotton, and herbicide treatments were single applications 2 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP), two sequential applications 2 and 4 or 4 and 6 WAP, three sequential applications 2, 4, and 6 WAP, and a weedy control without herbicides was included. In the absence of herbicides, corn had the lowest population growth rates for broadleaf weeds (λ = 0.8) while peanut and grain sorghum had the highest (λ = 1.7 and 1.3, respectively). The results indicated that herbicide applications focused exclusively on preventing yield loss may not be sufficient to ensure weed population reductions. Thus, the observed population growth rates (λ = 2 for grassy weeds and λ = 1.26 for broadleaved weeds) indicated that weed issues would continue increasing, despite meeting yield goals. Considering population growth rates when assessing weed management strategies is key to determining the sustainability of the crop production operation. DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023/12// DO - 10.1002/cft2.20232 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2374-3832 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20232 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing cover crop C:N ratio and subsurface-banded poultry litter rate for optimal corn yields AU - Mirsky, Steven B. AU - Davis, Brian W. AU - Poffenbarger, Hanna AU - Cavigelli, Michel A. AU - Maul, Jude E. AU - Schomberg, Harry AU - Spargo, John T. AU - Thapa, Resham T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Cover crops can be used to provide some of the nitrogen (N) needs of a cash crop to complement mineral fertilizers or manure, but there has yet been limited work to describe corn ( Zea mays L.) yield as a function of cover crop quality and N inputs. We investigated the response of corn yield to gradients of both preceding cover crop C:N ratio and poultry litter (PL) application rates in Beltsville, MD during 2012–2014. To achieve different C:N ratios of the cover crops, hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth. "Groff") and cereal rye ( Secale cereale L. "Aroostook") were seeded in a replacement series of six seeding rate proportions, resulting in shoot C:N ratios of 9.2:1 to 152:1 across years. For each hairy vetch/cereal rye sown proportions, PL was side‐dressed at corn V5–V8 stage in subsurface bands (SSB) at four targeted rates: Zero, P‐based (67 kg plant available nitrogen [PAN] ha −1 ), N‐based (135 kg PAN ha −1 ), and excess N and P (269 kg PAN ha −1 ). We found that corn yield followed a linear‐plateau relationship across these two dimensions. Within the linear region, each unit increase in log‐scaled cover crop C:N ratio resulted in a yield decrease of 2.56 ± 0.26 Mg ha −1 at a given rate of SSB PL. To optimize corn yields, we describe a model where each unit increase in log‐scaled cover crop C:N ratio required an additional 45.9 ± 6.22 kg PAN ha −1 from SSB PL. Yields following winter fallow were typically intermediate to the range of yields observed following the gradient of cover crop C:N ratios. We did not find significant differences in corn yield responses when comparing SSB PL to at‐planting incorporated or broadcast PL; we also found no significant differences between SSB PL and surface‐banded urea ammonium nitrate. Taken together, our approach of modeling yield response across two dimensions can be widely used to guide adaptive N management in subsequent cash crops following winter cover crops, thereby balancing both economic and environmental objectives in cover crop‐based cropping systems. DA - 2023/6/23/ PY - 2023/6/23/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21369 SP - SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - No-till imparts yield stability and greater cumulative yield under variable weather conditions in the southeastern USA piedmont AU - Mathers, Cara AU - Heitman, Joshua AU - Huseth, Anders AU - Locke, Anna AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Woodley, Alexander T2 - Field Crops Research AB - With projected increases in global temperatures and changes in regional climate, understanding the impact of soil management choices on yield stability is critical for farmer decision-making and agricultural resiliency. No-till and conservation tillage have had variable yield effects depending on crop and location, requiring long-term system-specific studies to gauge potential benefits. Yield and weather data from a 28-year tillage study in the southeastern U.S. piedmont region were analyzed to determine the effect of various conservation tillage practices on maize and soybean productivity and stability under a variety of growth conditions. Growing seasons were grouped by soil moisture and temperature during crop growth stages, and mean crop yields and yield coefficient of variation for the tillage treatments were calculated within the year clusters. Probability density estimates were also used to predict the likelihood of obtaining yields at low and high percentiles. No-till and conservation tillage increased maize yields 42–93% and no-till decreased coefficient of variation of maize yields when soil moisture was low by 10–32%, but had a less pronounced effect on soybean yields. However, the probability of reaching the 90th yield percentile was greater in no-till than conventional tillage in both maize and soybean, by 15% and 10%, respectively. Yield differentiation occurred early in the study, before there was likely substantial differentiation of soil properties from tillage treatments. Previous reports from the site have likewise indicated little differentiation in soil health between tillage systems over the life of the study. Results suggest that surface residue management may be an important driver of system performance, possibly more so than overall soil health. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108811 VL - 292 SP - 108811 J2 - Field Crops Research LA - en OP - SN - 0378-4290 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108811 DB - Crossref KW - Conservation tillage KW - No -till KW - Climate change KW - Yield stability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Views of RNAi approaches for weed management in turfgrass systems AU - Ethridge, Sandra R. AU - Grieger, Khara AU - Locke, Anna M. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract Public concern regarding the use of herbicides in urban areas (e.g., golf courses, parks, lawns) is increasing. Thus, there is a need for alternative methods for weed control that are safe for the public, effective against weeds, and yet selective to turfgrass and other desirable species. New molecular tools such as ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) have the potential to meet all those requirements, but before these technologies can be implemented, it is critical to understand the perceptions of key stakeholders to facilitate adoption as well as regulatory processes. With this in mind, turfgrass system managers, such as golf course superintendents and lawn care providers, were surveyed to gain insight into the perception and potential adoption of RNAi technology for weed management. Based on survey results, turfgrass managers believe that cost of weed management and time spent managing weeds are the main challenges faced in their fields. When considering new weed management tools, survey respondents were most concerned about cost, efficacy, and efficiency of a new product. Survey respondents were also optimistic toward RNAi for weed management and would either use this technology in their own fields or be willing to conduct research to develop RNAi herbicides. Although respondents believed that the general public would have some concerns about this technology, they did not believe this to be the most important factor for them when choosing new weed management tools. The need for new herbicides to balance weed control challenges and public demands is a central factor for turfgrass managers’ willingness to use RNAi-based weed control in turfgrass systems. They believe their clientele will be accepting of RNAi tools, although further research is needed to investigate how a wider range of stakeholders perceive RNAi tools for turfgrass management more broadly. DA - 2023/7/10/ PY - 2023/7/10/ DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.37 VL - 7 SP - SN - 1550-2759 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.37 KW - Acceptance KW - adoption KW - biotechnology KW - control KW - perception KW - pest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil phosphorus forms and fertilizer use efficiency are affected by tillage and soil acidity management AU - Tiecher, Tales AU - Fontoura, Sandra M. V. AU - Ambrosini, Vitor G. AU - Araujo, Esraelda A. AU - Alves, Lucas A. AU - Bayer, Cimelio AU - Gatiboni, Luciano C. T2 - GEODERMA AB - Liming combined with no-tillage (NT) can increase the efficiency of P use by accumulating soil P in more available forms and improving root exploration due to the absence of toxic Al3+. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effect of different combinations of soil tillage managements and liming in a subtropical Oxisol on the accumulation of P forms, legacy P index, and P use efficiency. A long-term experiment was used, established in 1987 testing (i) conventional tillage with lime (lime-CT) and control (control-CT), (ii) NT with lime (lime-NT) and control (control-NT), and (iii) occasional tillage with lime (lime-OT). The NPK fertilization was the same for all treatments. The accumulated grain yield and P use efficiency of 56 crops between 1987 and 2019 were evaluated. In 2019, soil samples were collected in the 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm layers and submitted to a sequential chemical fractionation of P, P indexes, and soil acidity parameters. The results reveal that is necessary to correct acidity to increase crop yields and P use efficiency, regardless of the soil management used. This increase is enhanced when soil acidity correction by liming is combined with the use of conservation systems such as NT. Furthermore, after liming with incorporation, liming can be done on the soil surface, without the need to repeat the operation of lime incorporation, ensuring high efficiency of P use even after more than four decades. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116495 VL - 435 SP - SN - 1872-6259 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116495 KW - Soil acidity KW - No-tillage system KW - Phosphorus fractionation KW - Soybean KW - Corn KW - Wheat ER - TY - JOUR TI - A rapid approach for ecological assessments in Carolina Bay wetlands that were previously converted to agriculture AU - Moritz, Christopher M. AU - Vepraskas, Michael J. AU - Ricker, Matthew C. T2 - FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE AB - Restoring wetlands is expensive, and methods for evaluating restoration condition are needed. This study developed chronosequences for use in ecological assessments (EAs) of restoration projects for Carolina Bay wetlands (CBWs) in the Southeastern US that were previously used for agriculture. An empirical method was also developed to estimate saturation levels to be used with the chronosequences. Data were collected from nine restored CBWs whose restoration ages ranged from 0 to 23 years. Plots were sorted into four Hydrologic Groups: 0–13 (Group 1), 14–50 (Group 2), 51–100 (Group 3), and 101+ (Group 4) consecutive days of saturation within 30 cm of the soil surface during the growing season. Litter thickness, tree basal area, and potential tree height were measured within a variable radius plot using a 10-factor prism across all Hydrologic Groups. Litter thickness and tree height reached an equilibrium at 15 years since restoration once crown closure occurred at the sites. In Groups 1 and 2, tree basal area reached an equilibrium at 15 years, and in Groups 3 and 4 it increased linearly to 23 and 21 years. Regression equations were developed ( R 2 = 0.57–0.73) to estimate saturation duration based on hydrology indicators, litter thickness, potential tree height, and soil type. These results showed that chronosequences and saturation duration would be useful for proposing performance standards in restored CBWs at time periods ranging from 5 to 23 years. DA - 2023/6/8/ PY - 2023/6/8/ DO - 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1148935 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2624-893X KW - wetland restoration KW - chronosequences KW - litter layer KW - basal area KW - potential tree height ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing adaptation of tropical maize to temperate environments using genomic selection AU - Choquette, Nicole E. AU - Weldekidan, Teclemariam AU - Brewer, Jason AU - Davis, Scott B. AU - Wisser, Randall J. AU - Holland, James B. T2 - G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS AB - Abstract Tropical maize can be used to diversify the genetic base of temperate germplasm and help create climate-adapted cultivars. However, tropical maize is unadapted to temperate environments, in which sensitivities to long photoperiods and cooler temperatures result in severely delayed flowering times, developmental defects, and little to no yield. Overcoming this maladaptive syndrome can require a decade of phenotypic selection in a targeted, temperate environment. To accelerate the incorporation of tropical diversity in temperate breeding pools, we tested if an additional generation of genomic selection can be used in an off-season nursery where phenotypic selection is not very effective. Prediction models were trained using flowering time recorded on random individuals in separate lineages of a heterogenous population grown at two northern U.S. latitudes. Direct phenotypic selection and genomic prediction model training was performed within each target environment and lineage, followed by genomic prediction of random intermated progenies in the off-season nursery. Performance of genomic prediction models was evaluated on self-fertilized progenies of prediction candidates grown in both target locations in the following summer season. Prediction abilities ranged from 0.30 to 0.40 among populations and evaluation environments. Prediction models with varying marker effect distributions or spatial field effects had similar accuracies. Our results suggest that genomic selection in a single off-season generation could increase genetic gains for flowering time by more than 50% compared to direct selection in summer seasons only, reducing the time required to change the population mean to an acceptably adapted flowering time by about one-third to one-half. DA - 2023/6/27/ PY - 2023/6/27/ DO - 10.1093/g3journal/jkad141 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2160-1836 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkad141 KW - exotic germplasm KW - genomic prediction KW - GenPred ‌ KW - quantitative genetics KW - flowering time ER - TY - JOUR TI - Parental choice and seed size impact the uprightness of progeny from interspecific Glycine hybridizations AU - Taliercio, Earl AU - Eickholt, David AU - Read, Quentin D. AU - Carter, Thomas AU - Waldeck, Nathan AU - Fallen, Ben T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract The narrow genetic base of the US soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) crop makes it vulnerable to emerging abiotic and biotic stress challenges, and limits resiliency of the soybean crop to meet changes in consumer demand for improved seed composition and agronomic performance. The United States Department of Agriculture Glycine soja (Siebold & Zucc.) germplasm collection provides a valuable genetic resource to meet these challenges. Glycine soja is more genetically diverse than domesticated soybean. Even though wild soybean hybridizes freely with G. max , breeding efforts with wild soybean have not been widely employed because the interspecific progeny inherits undesirable traits from the wild parent. Particularly, these progenies inherit a vine‐like architecture that prevents machine harvest. We assessed the potential for improving recovery of agronomically valuable progeny from interspecific crosses in three experiments using 11 interspecific populations. We found that optimal choice of either parent could triple the frequency of recovery of desirable progeny. Selection for large F 3 seed size was positively correlated with upright growth habit/plant architecture in five of 11 populations and could triple the recovery of desirable plants. Marker analysis of parents and progeny indicated selection for larger seed size caused minimal selection against the genome of the wild parent. Most genetic markers specific to a wild parent could be recovered in the aggregate of 8–10 upright interspecific progenies, identified via post selection marker analysis. We concluded that choice of parent and selection for larger seed can maximize recovery of the wild genome in machine harvestable progenies. DA - 2023/6/12/ PY - 2023/6/12/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.21015 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Density, not tillage, increases soybean protein concentration in some southeastern US environments AU - Epie, Kenedy Etone AU - Bauer, Philip J. AU - Stone, Kenneth C. AU - Locke, Anna M. T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Abstract Management decisions like planting density and tillage could influence soybean seed composition through their impacts on competition and soil properties. To determine if either of these management decisions could help improve soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed quality in the southeastern United States, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of planting density and tillage on seed composition. Five soybean genotypes were examined in multiple environments across three plant densities from 204,000 to 476,000 plants ha −1 , and in conventional tillage compared to no‐till. In two of the three environments, seed protein concentration was higher at higher plant densities. Tillage did not affect seed protein concentration, but conventional tillage improved yield when compared with no‐till in two of four environments, resulting in higher protein yield under conventional tillage in these environments. Plant density may be an important management decision to consider for improving soybean seed protein in specific environments in the southeastern United States, and further research could help determine the specific environmental attributes that lead to a density benefit for seed protein. DA - 2023/6/12/ PY - 2023/6/12/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21371 VL - 115 IS - 4 SP - 1867-1876 J2 - Agronomy Journal LA - en OP - SN - 0002-1962 1435-0645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21371 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Rapid Alkalinization Factor-like Peptide EaF82 Impairs Tapetum Degeneration during Pollen Development through Induced ATP Deficiency AU - Hung, Chiu-Yueh AU - Kittur, Farooqahmed S. AU - Wharton, Keely N. AU - Umstead, Makendra L. AU - Burwell, D'Shawna B. AU - Thomas, Martinique AU - Qi, Qi AU - Zhang, Jianhui AU - Oldham, Carla E. AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Chen, Jianjun AU - Xie, Jiahua T2 - CELLS AB - In plants, the timely degeneration of tapetal cells is essential for providing nutrients and other substances to support pollen development. Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) are small, cysteine-rich peptides known to be involved in various aspects of plant development and growth, as well as defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of most of them remain unknown, while no RALF has been reported to involve tapetum degeneration. In this study, we demonstrated that a novel cysteine-rich peptide, EaF82, isolated from shy-flowering 'Golden Pothos' (Epipremnum aureum) plants, is a RALF-like peptide and displays alkalinizing activity. Its heterologous expression in Arabidopsis delayed tapetum degeneration and reduced pollen production and seed yields. RNAseq, RT-qPCR, and biochemical analyses showed that overexpression of EaF82 downregulated a group of genes involved in pH changes, cell wall modifications, tapetum degeneration, and pollen maturation, as well as seven endogenous Arabidopsis RALF genes, and decreased proteasome activity and ATP levels. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified AKIN10, a subunit of energy-sensing SnRK1 kinase, as its interacting partner. Our study reveals a possible regulatory role for RALF peptide in tapetum degeneration and suggests that EaF82 action may be mediated through AKIN10 leading to the alteration of transcriptome and energy metabolism, thereby causing ATP deficiency and impairing pollen development. DA - 2023/6/4/ PY - 2023/6/4/ DO - 10.3390/cells12111542 VL - 12 IS - 11 SP - SN - 2073-4409 KW - ATP deficiency KW - cysteine-rich peptide KW - Epipremnum aureum KW - kinase AKIN10 KW - pollen production KW - rapid alkalinization factor KW - tapetum degeneration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing the generation time in winter wheat cultivars using speed breeding AU - Schoen, Adam AU - Wallace, Sydney AU - Holbert, Meghan Fisher AU - Brown-Guidera, Gina AU - Harrison, Stephen AU - Murphy, Paul AU - Sanantonio, Nicholas AU - Van Sanford, David AU - Boyles, Richard AU - Mergoum, Mohamed AU - Rawat, Nidhi AU - Tiwari, Vijay T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Reducing generation time is critical to achieving the goals of genetic gain in important crops like wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Speed breeding (SB) has been shown to considerably reduce generation times in crop plants. Unlike spring wheat cultivars, winter wheat varieties require typically 6–9 weeks of cold treatment, called vernalization, for flowering which extends the generation time for the development of improved winter wheat cultivars. Here, we optimized the SB method using a set of 48 diverse soft red winter wheat (SRWW) cultivars by testing vernalization duration, light and temperature requirements, and the viability of seeds harvested after different durations post‐anthesis under extended daylight conditions. We have found that using a 22‐h setting (22 h day/2 h night, 25°C/22°C) in high‐density 50‐cell trays results in rapid generation advancement. We used genotypic data for a panel of soft red winter wheat varieties from the regional programs to determine the impact of photoperiod and vernalization alleles on the efficiency of the SB approach. Using a set of 48 SRWW cultivars and germplasm from Maryland and four other public breeding programs, we establish that this protocol can allow for the advancement of four generations per year in controlled conditions for winter wheat varieties, experimental lines, or emerging cultivars. Our work shows the potential to reduce generation time by ∼30 days per generation faster than what had been reported in the SB strategies for winter wheat, thus allowing for a quicker turnaround time from original cross to genetically stable experimental genotypes that can be tested in field settings. DA - 2023/6/2/ PY - 2023/6/2/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20989 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comment on ?Soybean photosynthesis and crop yield are improved by accelerating recovery from photoprotection? AU - Sinclair, Thomas AU - Specht, James AU - Cassman, Kenneth AU - Purcell, Larry AU - Rufty, Thomas T2 - SCIENCE AB - De Souza et al. (Research Articles, 19 Aug 2022, adc9831) recently claimed major soybean yield increases resulting from transformation of the nonphotochemical quenching mechanism of photosynthesis. However, there is little basis for the premise that such a transformation would result in yield increase. The field experiment was flawed and does not provide evidence for increases in crop yield. DA - 2023/2/24/ PY - 2023/2/24/ DO - 10.1126/science.ade8506 VL - 379 IS - 6634 SP - SN - 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in the herbicide sensitivity and competitive ability of Abutilon theophrasti over 28 years: Implications for hormesis and weed evolution AU - Ethridge, Sandra R. AU - Chandra, Saket AU - Locke, Anna M. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Owen, Micheal D.K. AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - Pest Management Science AB - Abstract BACKGROUND The potential of weed species to respond to selection forces affecting the evolution of weedy traits such as competitive ability is poorly understood. This research characterized evolutionary growth changes in a single Abutilon theophrasti Medik. population comparing multiple generations collected from 1988 to 2016. A competition study was performed to understand changes in competitive ability, and a herbicide dose–response study was carried out to assess changes in sensitivity to acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides and glyphosate over time. RESULTS When grown in monoculture, A. theophrasti biomass production per plant increased steadily across year‐lines while leaf number decreased. In replacement experiments, A. theophrasti plants from newer year‐lines were more competitive and produced more biomass and leaf area than the oldest year‐line. No clear differences in sensitivity to imazamox were observed among year‐lines. However, starting in 1995, this A. theophrasti population exhibited a progressive increase in growth in response to a sublethal dose of glyphosate (52 g a.e. ha −1 ), with the 2009 and 2016 year‐lines having more than 50% higher biomass than the nontreated control. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that weeds can rapidly evolve increased competitive ability. Furthermore, the results indicate the possibility of changes in glyphosate hormesis over time. These results highlight the importance of the role that rapid (i.e., subdecadal) evolution of growth traits might have on the sustainability of weed management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. DA - 2023/6/29/ PY - 2023/6/29/ DO - 10.1002/ps.7604 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - 4048-4056 J2 - Pest Management Science LA - en OP - SN - 1526-498X 1526-4998 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.7604 DB - Crossref KW - weed evolution KW - hormesis KW - competition KW - herbicide tolerance KW - velvetleaf ER - TY - JOUR TI - A survey of weed research priorities: key findings and future directions AU - Brainard, Daniel C. AU - Haramoto, Erin R. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Kells, James J. AU - Van Wychen, Lee R. AU - Devkota, Pratap AU - Jugulam, Mithila AU - Barney, Jacob N. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract We conducted an online survey of weed scientists in the United States and Canada to (1) identify research topics perceived to be important for advancing weed science in the next 5 to 10 years and (2) gain insight into potential gaps in current expertise and funding sources needed to address those priorities. Respondents were asked to prioritize nine broad research areas, as well as 5 to 10 subcategories within each of the broad areas. We received 475 responses, with the majority affiliated with academic institutions (55%) and working in cash crop (agronomic or horticultural) study systems (69%). Results from this survey provide valuable discussion points for policy makers, funding agencies, and academic institutions when allocating resources for weed science research. Notably, our survey reveals a strong prioritization of Cultural and Preventative Weed Management (CPWM) as well as the emerging area of Precision Weed Management and Robotics (PWMR). Although Herbicides remain a high-priority research area, continuing challenges necessitating integrated, nonchemical tactics (e.g., herbicide resistance) and emerging opportunities (e.g., robotics) are reflected in our survey results. Despite previous calls for greater understanding and application of weed biology and ecology in weed research, as well as recent calls for greater integration of social science perspectives to address weed management challenges, these areas were ranked considerably lower than those focused more directly on weed management. Our survey also identified a potential mismatch between research priorities and expertise in several areas, including CPWM, PWMR, and Weed Genomics, suggesting that these topics should be prime targets for expanded training and collaboration. Finally, our survey suggests an increasing reliance on private sector funding for research, raising concerns about our discipline’s capacity to address important research priority areas that lack clear private sector incentives for investment. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.24 VL - 71 IS - 4 SP - 330-343 SN - 1550-2759 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.24 KW - Education KW - funding KW - investment KW - research ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summer crop rotational effects on carinata nitrogen management in the southeastern USA AU - Bashyal, Mahesh AU - Mulvaney, Michael J. AU - Devkota, Pratap AU - Wilson, Chris AU - Iboyi, Joseph E. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Landry, Gabriel M. AU - Boote, Kenneth J. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Growers in the United States (US) southeast are often recommended to reduce nitrogen (N) fertilization after peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) by cooperative Extension services. However, these guidelines are not supported by the scientific literature. An experiment was conducted to quantify N contributions from peanut residues to a subsequent carinata (Brassica carinata) crop. A 3 (history: cotton [ Gossypium hirsutum L.], peanut, fallow) × 5 (N rates: 0, 34, 67, 101,134 kg N ha −1 ) factorial randomized complete block split‐plot design was conducted over four site‐years during the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 seasons at Jay, FL, USA. Peanut and cotton were planted under strip tillage, whereas carinata was drilled into peanut and cotton residues and weed‐free fallow plots. Although peanut residues accumulated 54–78 kg N ha −1 , inorganic N content behind former peanut plots at the 0–15 cm depths, ranged from 6 to 8 and 8 to 11 kg N ha −1 in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 season, respectively. Cropping history differences for carinata normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were pronounced at lower N rates in one out of four site‐years during which NDVI behind former cotton plots was lower than former peanut and fallow plots. Carinata seed yield behind former peanut plots was similar to unfertilized fallow based on four site‐years of data. Nonlinear regression models predicted that N rates required to optimize carinata seed yield following peanut would exceed 134 kg N ha −1 thereby indicating negligible peanut N credits. These results support a growing body of literature that suggests minimal N credits after peanut under humid southeastern US conditions. DA - 2023/6/12/ PY - 2023/6/12/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21373 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1435-0645 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21373 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Game of Timing: Circadian Rhythms Intersect with Changing Environments AU - Laosuntisuk, Kanjana AU - Elorriaga, Estefania AU - Doherty, Colleen J. T2 - ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY AB - Recurring patterns are an integral part of life on Earth. Through evolution or breeding, plants have acquired systems that coordinate with the cyclic patterns driven by Earth's movement through space. The biosystem responses to these physical rhythms result in biological cycles of daily and seasonal activity that feed back into the physical cycles. Signaling networks to coordinate growth and molecular activities with these persistent cycles have been integrated into plant biochemistry. The plant circadian clock is the coordinator of this complex, multiscale, temporal schedule. However, we have detailed knowledge of the circadian clock components and functions in only a few species under controlled conditions. We are just beginning to understand how the clock functions in real-world conditions. This review examines what we know about the circadian clock in diverse plant species, the challenges with extrapolating data from controlled environments, and the need to anticipate how plants will respond to climate change. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070522-065329 VL - 74 SP - 511-538 SN - 1545-2123 KW - circadian KW - rhythms KW - climate change KW - signaling networks KW - environmental adaptation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Maize leaf rolling and its response to drying soil and evaporative demand AU - Echarte, Laura AU - Sinclair, Thomas. R. R. AU - Jafarikouhini, Nahid T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Leaf rolling is an adaptive mechanism associated with water deficiencies; however, the physiological processes and environmental factors contributing to leaf rolling are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to examine (i) a possible relationship between the degree of leaf rolling and soil water content and (ii) the possible influence of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the degree of leaf rolling. Leaf rolling was measured on maize ( Zea mays L.) plants grown in pots and subjected to various soil drying and atmospheric VPD treatments. The experimental results indicated that (i) high VPD by itself does not readily induce leaf rolling, and (ii) leaf rolling was observed in proportion to the extent of soil drying. The values of the fraction of transpirable soil water thresholds for the decline in normalized transpiration rate and for the initiation of plant leaf rolling were sensitive to environmental conditions (VPD and temperature). With soil drying, leaf rolling was initiated slightly after the initiation of a decrease in the transpiration rate. DA - 2023/5/31/ PY - 2023/5/31/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.21002 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multivariate genomic selection models improve prediction accuracy of agronomic traits in soft red winter wheat AU - Winn, Zachary J. AU - Larkin, Dylan L. AU - Lozada, Dennis N. AU - DeWitt, Noah AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Mason, Richard Esten T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Univariate genomic selection (UVGS) is an important tool for increasing genetic gain and multivariate GS (MVGS), where correlated traits are included in genomic selection, which can improve genomic prediction accuracy. The objectives for this study were to evaluate MVGS approaches to improve prediction accuracy for four agronomic traits using a training population of 351 soft red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, evaluated over six site‐years in Arkansas from 2014 to 2017. Genotypes were phenotyped for grain yield, heading date, plant height, and test weight in both the training and test populations. In cross‐validations, various combinations of traits in MVGS models significantly improved prediction accuracy for test weight in comparison to a UVGS model. Marginal increases in predictive accuracy were also observed for grain yield, plant height, and heading date. Multivariate models which were identified as superior to the univariate case in cross‐validations were forward validated by predicting the advanced breeding nurseries of 2018 and 2020. In forward validation, consistent increases in accuracy were observed for test weight, plant height, and heading date using MVGS instead of UVGS. Overall, MVGS models improved prediction accuracies when correlated traits were included with the predicted response. The methods outlined in this study may be used to achieve higher prediction accuracies in unbalanced datasets over multiple environments. DA - 2023/5/17/ PY - 2023/5/17/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20994 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - TESTING THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN A TRADITIONAL AND UAV-BASED METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING SKIPS IN SUBOPTIMAL COTTON STANDS AU - Martinez, Enrique E. Pena AU - Ward, Jason K. AU - Collins, Guy AU - Nelson, Natalie T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ASABE AB - Highlights Agreement in the mean difference between the traditional and the UAV-based method only occurred in poor stands. Effects of different sampling sizes between methods were evident in mediocre-to-good stand assessments. Abstract. When suboptimal cotton stands occur, growers face the decision to accept or reject the stand. The replanting decision is difficult because the tradeoffs associated with replanting expenditures and reduced yields are difficult to objectively assess. Traditional methods like visual assessments and manual counts of cotton stands are commonly used to support a replanting decision. Typically, manual counts of skip size and frequency will provide more accurate assessments of the stand than visual assessments, but they are cumbersome to conduct and may not provide clear evidence that a replant is needed. Still, manual counts are popular among cotton farmers and the scientific community. Skip counts generated with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are less popular among cotton growers but provide more coverage and a larger sampling size across a given field. Therefore, UAVs have the potential to overcome the limitations associated with traditional methods. The motivation behind this study is to inform readers if manual methods can still be used for accurate decision-making regarding the replanting decision. More specifically, we study the interchangeability, or agreement, between a manual and a UAV-based method using Bland-Altman plots. Each method quantified skips greater than or equal to 0.91 m at different sampling sizes. Treatment plots varied in their stand counts, skip size, and skip frequency. Agreement between both methods was only found in the lowest stand treatment, where skips of large sizes were predominant. Conversely, methods disagreed in the higher stand where skips greater than or equal to 0.91 m were scarce. Keywords: Agriculture, Altman, Bland, Drone, Gaps, Precision, Remote, Sensing, UAS. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.13031/ja.14760 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 149-153 SN - 2769-3287 KW - Agriculture KW - Altman KW - Bland KW - Drone KW - Gaps KW - Precision KW - Remote KW - Sensing KW - UAS ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Model Based on the Capillary Bundle Model, the Brooks-Corey Model and Waxman-Smits Model AU - Fu, Yongwei AU - Horton, Robert AU - Ren, Tusheng AU - Heitman, Joshua T2 - WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AB - Abstract Soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity ( K ), which depends on water content ( θ ) and matric potential ( ψ ), exhibits a high degree of variability at the field scale. Here we first develop a theoretical hydraulic‐electrical conductivity ( σ ) relationship under low and high salinity cases based on the capillary bundle model and Waxman and Smits model which can account for the non‐linear behavior of σ at low salinities. Then the K ‐ σ relationship is converted into a K ( θ , ψ ) model using the Brooks‐Corey model. The model includes two parameters c and γ . Parameter c accounts for the variation of the term ( λ + 2)/( λ + 4) where λ is the pore size distribution parameter in the Brooks‐Corey model, and the term m‐n where m and n are Archie's saturation and cementation exponents, respectively. Parameter γ is the sum of the tortuosity factor accounting for the differences between hydraulic and electrical tortuosity and Archie's saturation exponent. Based on a calibration data set of 150 soils selected from the UNSODA database, the best fitting log( c ) and γ values were determined as −2.53 and 1.92, −4.39 and −0.14, −5.01 and −1.34, and −5.79 and −2.27 for four textural groups. The estimated log 10 ( K ) values with the new K ( θ , ψ ) model compared well to the measured values from an independent data set of 49 soils selected from the UNSODA database, with mean error (ME), relative error (RE), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) values of 0.02, 8.8%, 0.80 and 0.73, respectively. A second test of the new K ( θ , ψ ) model using a data set representing 23 soils reported in the literature also showed good agreement between estimated and measured log 10 ( K ) values with ME of −0.01, RE of 9.5%, RMSE of 0.77 and R 2 of 0.85. The new K ( θ , ψ ) model outperformed the Mualem‐van Genuchten model and two recently published pedo‐transfer functions. The new K ( θ , ψ ) model can be applied for estimating K under field conditions and for hydrologic modeling without need for soil water retention curve data fitting to derive a K function. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1029/2022WR034186 VL - 59 IS - 6 SP - SN - 1944-7973 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022wr034186 KW - hydraulic conductivity model KW - water content KW - matric potential KW - electrical conductivity KW - capillary bundle model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydraulic conductance and xylem vessel diameter of young maize roots subjected to sustained water-deficit AU - Jafarikouhini, Nahid AU - Sinclair, Thomas R. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Water deficit can have large impacts on plants, including likely alteration of root hydraulic conductance and root xylem vessel diameter, which can decrease crop productivity. No results, however, exist to assess possible linkages between these two variables as critical components contributing to plant water status. This linkage was investigated in three maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars. A stable water‐deficit treatment was established and maintained in pots by allowing soil drying to the point where transpiration rate was held constant at about 0.5 of well‐watered pots. Initially, the root hydraulic conductance of the water‐deficit plants was equivalent to that of well‐watered plants. Subsequently, however, hydraulic conductance decreased substantially. The results for xylem vessel diameter at 5 cm from the root tip exhibited a pattern similar to the decrease in root hydraulic conductance. A graph of root hydraulic conductance versus xylem vessel diameter at 5 cm showed a curvilinear response with lessening in the increase in hydraulic conductance with increasing xylem vessel diameter. The results indicate a possible link between root conductance and xylem diameter but the conductance is much less sensitive to vessel diameter than the fourth power of the radius predicted by Poiseuille's law. The association between conductance and xylem vessel diameter may reflect interaction of radial and axial water flux through the root system as indexed by vessel radius in the zone near the root tip. DA - 2023/5/31/ PY - 2023/5/31/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.21023 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infrared thermography of in situ natural freezing and mechanism of winter-thermonasty in Rhododendron maximum AU - Arora, Rajeev AU - Wisniewski, Michael AU - Tuong, Tan AU - Livingston, David T2 - PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM AB - Evergreen leaves of Rhododendron species inhabiting temperate/montane climates are typically exposed to both high radiation and freezing temperatures during winter when photosynthetic biochemistry is severely inhibited. Cold-induced "thermonasty," that is, lamina rolling and petiole curling, can reduce the amount of leaf area exposed to solar radiation and has been associated with photoprotection in overwintering rhododendrons. The present study was conducted on natural, mature plantings of a cold-hardy and large-leaved thermonastic North American species (Rhododendron maximum) during winter freezes. Infrared thermography was used to determine initial sites of ice formation, patterns of ice propagation, and dynamics of the freezing process in leaves to understand the temporal and mechanistic relationship between freezing and thermonasty. Results indicated that ice formation in whole plants is initiated in the stem, predominantly in the upper portions, and propagates in both directions from the original site. Ice formation in leaves initially occurred in the vascular tissue of the midrib and then propagated into other portions of the vascular system/venation. Ice was never observed to initiate or propagate into palisade, spongy mesophyll, or epidermal tissues. These observations, together with the leaf- and petiole-histology, and a simulation of the rolling effect of dehydrated leaves using a cellulose-based, paper-bilayer system, suggest that thermonasty occurs due to anisotropic contraction of cell wall cellulose fibers of adaxial versus abaxial surface as the cells lose water to ice present in vascular tissues. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1111/ppl.13876 VL - 175 IS - 2 SP - SN - 1399-3054 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the Effects of Flooding Stress during Multiple Growth Stages in Soybean AU - Fletcher, Elizabeth AU - Patterson, Robert AU - Dunne, Jeffery AU - Saski, Christopher AU - Fallen, Benjamin T2 - AGRONOMY-BASEL AB - Flooding is becoming an increasing concern for soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production worldwide due to the sensitivity of most cultivars grown today to flood stress. Flooding can stunt plant growth and limit yield, causing significant economic loss. One sustainable approach to improve performance under flood stress is to develop flood-tolerant soybean cultivars. This study was conducted to evaluate soybean genotypes for the response to flood stress at three critical growth stages of production—germination, early vegetative growth (V1 and V4), and early reproductive growth (R1). The results demonstrated that stress imposed by flooding significantly affected soybean yield for each growth stage studied. The average germination rate over the various treatments ranged from 95% to 46%. Despite the poor germination rates after the extended flood treatments, the flood-tolerant genotypes maintained a germination rate of >80% after 8 h of flooding. The germination rate of the susceptible genotypes was significantly lower, ranging 58–63%. Imposing flood stress at the V1 and V4 growth stage also resulted in significant differences between the tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Genotypes with the highest level of flood tolerance continually outperformed the susceptible genotypes with an average 30% decrease in foliar damage based on visual scoring and a 10% increase in biomass. The yield of the tolerant genotypes was also on average 25% higher compared to the susceptible genotypes. These results suggest that breeding for flood tolerance in soybean can increase resiliency during crucial growth stages and increase yield under flood conditions. In addition, the genotypes developed from this research can be used as breeding stock to further make improvements to flood tolerance in soybean. DA - 2023/4/27/ PY - 2023/4/27/ DO - 10.3390/agronomy13051243 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2073-4395 KW - flood tolerance KW - germination KW - reproductive growth KW - vegetative growth KW - yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dose-response of five weed species to indaziflam and oxadiazon AU - Ramanathan, Shwetha S. AU - Gannon, Travis W. AU - Maxwell, Patrick J. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Indaziflam and oxadiazon are efficacious preemergence herbicides used in warm-season turfgrass because of their persistence and residual activity. It is beneficial to quantify effective concentrations for preemergence control of summer annual weeds and determine whether these concentrations are maintained throughout weed emergence periods. Therefore, greenhouse bioassays were conducted with barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, doveweed, large crabgrass, and purple nutsedge. Treatments included indaziflam at 0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, and 37 g ai ha −1 or oxadiazon at 0, 420, 841, 1,260, 1,681, 2,102, 2,354, 2,942, 3,363, and 3,783 g ha −1 . Although preemergence herbicides are not used to control perennial weeds, purple nutsedge was included to investigate the effect of selected herbicides on its growth. Herbicide EC 50 , EC 80 , and EC 90 for seedling emergence inhibition and shoot and root mass reduction were quantified from log-logistic dose–response curves. Herbicide concentration that remains from a preemergence application during the regional species-specific periodicity of emergence was predicted using first-order kinetics equations. Indaziflam and oxadiazon controlled seedling emergence 14 d after treatment (DAT) in the evaluated annual weeds and shoot and root mass in all species 84 DAT. Indaziflam applied in mid-March at 33 g ha −1 may provide up to 90% seedling emergence inhibition in large crabgrass and signalgrass; up to 80% in barnyardgrass; and up to 50% in doveweed. Oxadiazon applied in mid-March at 3,363 g ha −1 may provide up to 80% seedling emergence inhibition in all species. Indaziflam and oxadiazon may control up to 80% shoot mass and up to 50% root mass, respectively, in purple nutsedge and 80% to 90% shoot or root mass in other species. Such information is useful in evaluating adequacy of herbicide management practices for season-long weed control, and it aids turfgrass managers in applying preemergence herbicides at optimal timing based on target weed species. DA - 2023/6/1/ PY - 2023/6/1/ DO - 10.1017/wet.2023.39 VL - 6 SP - SN - 1550-2740 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.39 KW - Turfgrass weed control KW - preemergence herbicides KW - dose-response KW - log-logistic model KW - effective concentration KW - periodicity of emergence ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current status of US soil test phosphorus and potassium recommendations and analytical methods AU - Lyons, Sarah E. AU - Clark, Jason D. AU - Osmond, Deanna L. AU - Parvej, M. D. Rasel AU - Pearce, Austin W. AU - Slaton, Nathan A. AU - Spargo, John T. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Soil testing is the foundation of fertilizer recommendations in the United States. Fertilizer recommendations have primarily been developed by land‐grant universities with limited coordination among programs. The individual state approach to develop fertilizer recommendations has resulted in discrepancies in recommended soil sampling protocols, soil analysis methods, and fertilizer recommendations at similar soil nutrient levels. A national survey was developed to summarize the status of soil testing and fertility work in the United States to inform future collaborative efforts among states and regions and identify opportunities to harmonize recommendation guidelines. Topics included relevant funding, multi‐state collaborations, state soil‐test recommendations and related data, fertilization philosophies, and analytical and soil sampling methods. Responses from 48 states and Puerto Rico showed inconsistencies across state boundaries in every category. The number of faculty full‐time equivalents working in soil fertility now averages 1.3 per state, a 21.5% decrease every 10 years since the 1950s. Land‐grant university soil‐test‐based phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) recommendation philosophies were categorized as Sufficiency (37%), Build and Maintain (19%), hybrid (20%), or multiple philosophies for which recommendations are provided (20%). Respondents in two states did not know the recommendation philosophy (4%). Fertilizer‐P and K recommendations for corn ( Zea mays L.) were based on eight different extractants with differences across and within regions. While there have been some successful regional efforts in the past, additional multi‐state collaborative efforts are needed to identify research gaps and develop comprehensive strategies to update soil‐test correlation and calibration data to address modern agronomic, economic, and environmental concerns. DA - 2023/4/27/ PY - 2023/4/27/ DO - 10.1002/saj2.20536 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1435-0661 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wheat straw pyrochar more efficiently decreased enantioselective uptake of dinotefuran by lettuce and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes than hydrochar in an agricultural soil AU - Cheng, Yadong AU - Wang, Xiao AU - Zhao, Liuwei AU - Zhang, Xin AU - Kong, Qingxian AU - Li, Hui AU - You, Xiangwei AU - Li, Yiqiang T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Remediation of soils pollution caused by dinotefuran, a chiral pesticide, is indispensable for ensuring human food security. In comparison with pyrochar, the effect of hydrochar on enantioselective fate of dinotefuran, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) profiles in the contaminated soils remain poorly understood. Therefore, wheat straw hydrochar (SHC) and pyrochar (SPC) were prepared at 220 and 500 °C, respectively, to investigate their effects and underlying mechanisms on enantioselective fate of dinotefuran enantiomers and metabolites, and soil ARG abundance in soil-plant ecosystems using a 30-day pot experiment planted with lettuce. SPC showed a greater reduction effect on the accumulation of R- and S-dinotefuran and metabolites in lettuce shoots than SHC. This was mainly resulted from the lowered soil bioavailability of R- and S-dinotefuran due to adsorption/immobilization by chars, together with the char-enhanced pesticide-degrading bacteria resulted from increased soil pH and organic matter content. Both SPC and SHC efficiently reduced ARG levels in soils, owing to lowered abundance of ARG-carrying bacteria and declined horizontal gene transfer induced by decreased dinotefuran bioavailability. The above results provide new insights for optimizing char-based sustainable technologies to mitigate pollution of dinotefuran and spread of ARGs in agroecosystems. DA - 2023/7/1/ PY - 2023/7/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163088 VL - 880 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - Pyrochar KW - Chiral pesticide KW - Bioavailability KW - Enantioselectivity KW - Horizontal gene transfer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the financial viability of growing industrial hemp with loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States AU - Barnes, Thomas AU - Parajuli, Rajan AU - Leggett, Zakiya AU - Suchoff, David T2 - FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE AB - Industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L. &lt;0.3% THC), a non-psychoactive chemotype of cannabis, was reclassified and made legal for growing across the United States under the 2018 Farm Bill. Given that resources, knowledge, and interest for this novel crop are expanding rapidly, we explored the possibility of intercropping industrial hemp for fiber with loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) plantations, one of the most commercially widespread tree species in the southern United States. Following a previous greenhouse study confirming hemp’s ability to grow in pine-influenced soils, we examined the financial feasibility of this potential agroforestry system. We simulated the loblolly pine tree growth information using PTAEDA 4.0, a growth and yield model, and collected the enterprise budget data on hemp productivity, operating and fixed costs, and prices from various sources. Based on the capital budgeting analyses, results suggest that pine-hemp intercropping can yield higher economic returns –at least 25% higher net present value—than the conventional monoculture loblolly pine plantation. The early rotation cash flow and the complimentary benefits can result in a more financially viable loblolly pine plantation under the intercropping scenario. While new research continues to advance further with field trials and other analyses, this study provides valuable insights into the current market conditions and productivity level of industrial hemp cultivation that need to be addressed for hemp intercropping to succeed as an economically viable agroforestry investment. DA - 2023/5/2/ PY - 2023/5/2/ DO - 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1148221 VL - 6 SP - SN - 2624-893X KW - agroforestry KW - capital budgeting KW - breakeven analysis KW - hemp for fiber KW - intercropping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Secrets of the fungus-specific potassium channel TOK family AU - Houdinet, Gabriella AU - Guerrero-Galan, Carmen AU - Rose, Benjamin D. AU - Garcia, Kevin AU - Zimmermann, Sabine D. T2 - TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - Several families of potassium (K+) channels are found in membranes of all eukaryotes, underlining the importance of K+ uptake and redistribution within and between cells and organs. Among them, TOK (tandem-pore outward-rectifying K+) channels consist of eight transmembrane domains and two pore domains per subunit organized in dimers. These channels were originally studied in yeast, but recent identifications and characterizations in filamentous fungi shed new light on this fungus-specific K+ channel family. Although their actual function in vivo is often puzzling, recent works indicate a role in cellular K+ homeostasis and even suggest a role in plant-fungus symbioses. This review aims at synthesizing the current knowledge on fungal TOK channels and discussing their potential role in yeasts and filamentous fungi. DA - 2023/5// PY - 2023/5// DO - 10.1016/j.tim.2022.11.007 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 511-520 SN - 1878-4380 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utilization of a publicly available diversity panel in genomic prediction of Fusarium head blight resistance traits in wheat AU - Winn, Zachary J. J. AU - Lyerly, Jeanette H. H. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AU - Murphy, Joseph P. P. AU - Mason, Richard Esten T2 - PLANT GENOME AB - Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically and environmentally concerning disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). A two-pronged approach of marker-assisted selection coupled with genomic selection has been suggested when breeding for FHB resistance. A historical dataset comprised of entries in the Southern Uniform Winter Wheat Scab Nursery (SUWWSN) from 2011 to 2021 was partitioned and used in genomic prediction. Two traits were curated from 2011 to 2021 in the SUWWSN: percent Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON) content. Heritability was estimated for each trait-by-environment combination. A consistent set of check lines was drawn from each year in the SUWWSN, and k-means clustering was performed across environments to assign environments into clusters. Two clusters were identified as FDK and three for DON. Cross-validation on SUWWSN data from 2011 to 2019 indicated no outperforming training population in comparison to the combined dataset. Forward validation for FDK on the SUWWSN 2020 and 2021 data indicated a predictive accuracy r≈0.58$r \approx 0.58$ and r≈0.53$r \approx 0.53$ , respectively. Forward validation for DON indicated a predictive accuracy of r≈0.57$r \approx 0.57$ and r≈0.45$r \approx 0.45$ , respectively. Forward validation using environments in cluster one for FDK indicated a predictive accuracy of r≈0.65$r \approx 0.65$ and r≈0.60$r \approx 0.60$ , respectively. Forward validation using environments in cluster one for DON indicated a predictive accuracy of r≈0.67$r \approx 0.67$ and r≈0.60$r \approx 0.60$ , respectively. These results indicated that selecting environments based on check performance may produce higher forward prediction accuracies. This work may be used as a model for utilizing public resources for genomic prediction of FHB resistance traits across public wheat breeding programs. DA - 2023/5/17/ PY - 2023/5/17/ DO - 10.1002/tpg2.20353 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1940-3372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of burial depth and soil disturbance on the emergence of common weed species in the Iberian Peninsula AU - Sousa-Ortega, Carlos AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Lopez-Martinez, Nuria AU - Castro-Valdecantos, Pedro T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract North African knapweed ( Centaurea diluta Aiton), cornflower ( Centaurea cyanus L.), corn marigold [ Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr.], rigid ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum Gaudin), and corn poppy ( Papaver rhoeas L.) are weeds of economic importance in the Iberian Peninsula, particularly due to limited herbicide options for effective control. For this reason, information about their seedling emergence has become critical to develop effective integrated management strategies and better time control actions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of seed burial depth and soil disturbance on the emergence of these weed species. Two pot experiments were carried out to (1) quantify seedling emergence at three burial depths (2, 5, and 9 cm) and (2) characterize seedling emergence in response to different frequencies and timings of soil disturbance. Burial depth limited the emergence of G. segetum and P. rhoeas at 5 and 9 cm, respectively; while seedling emergence of C. diluta , C. cyanus , and L. rigidum were reduced by 92%, 90%, and 67% at 9 cm compared with 2 cm, respectively. Two or more sequential soil disturbance events increased total seedling emergence of C. diluta , P. rhoeas , and G. segetum compared with single events, while L. rigidum did not respond to repeated soil disturbance. These results suggest that turning the soil to bury weed seeds down to 5 cm or deeper would be a very effective method to control G. segetum and P. rhoeas and moderately effective to control C. cyanus . Also, the use of a stale seedbed would have some efficacy to reduce P. rhoeas and C. diluta weed pressure within the crop. This study illustrates how differences among species in seedling emergence in response to soil depth and disturbance can determine distinct emergence patterns ultimately influencing the selection of weed control tools and timing. DA - 2023/5/29/ PY - 2023/5/29/ DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.30 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1550-2759 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.30 KW - Biological weed management KW - IWM KW - weed emergence ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2018-2019 field seasons of the Maize Genomes to Fields (G2F) G x E project AU - Lima, Dayane Cristina AU - Aviles, Alejandro Castro AU - Alpers, Ryan Timothy AU - McFarland, Bridget A. AU - Kaeppler, Shawn AU - Ertl, David AU - Romay, Maria Cinta AU - Gage, Joseph L. AU - Holland, James AU - Beissinger, Timothy AU - Bohn, Martin AU - Buckler, Edward AU - Edwards, Jode AU - Flint-Garcia, Sherry AU - Hirsch, Candice N. AU - Hood, Elizabeth AU - Hooker, David C. AU - Knoll, Joseph E. AU - Kolkman, Judith M. AU - Liu, Sanzhen AU - McKay, John AU - Minyo, Richard AU - Moreta, Danilo E. AU - Murray, Seth C. AU - Nelson, Rebecca AU - Schnable, James C. AU - Sekhon, Rajandeep S. AU - Singh, Maninder P. AU - Thomison, Peter AU - Thompson, Addie AU - Tuinstra, Mitchell AU - Wallace, Jason AU - Washburn, Jacob D. AU - Weldekidan, Teclemariam AU - Wisser, Randall J. AU - Xu, Wenwei AU - Leon, Natalia T2 - BMC GENOMIC DATA AB - Abstract Objectives This report provides information about the public release of the 2018–2019 Maize G X E project of the Genomes to Fields (G2F) Initiative datasets. G2F is an umbrella initiative that evaluates maize hybrids and inbred lines across multiple environments and makes available phenotypic, genotypic, environmental, and metadata information. The initiative understands the necessity to characterize and deploy public sources of genetic diversity to face the challenges for more sustainable agriculture in the context of variable environmental conditions. Data description Datasets include phenotypic, climatic, and soil measurements, metadata information, and inbred genotypic information for each combination of location and year. Collaborators in the G2F initiative collected data for each location and year; members of the group responsible for coordination and data processing combined all the collected information and removed obvious erroneous data. The collaborators received the data before the DOI release to verify and declare that the data generated in their own locations was accurate. ReadMe and description files are available for each dataset. Previous years of evaluation are already publicly available, with common hybrids present to connect across all locations and years evaluated since this project’s inception. DA - 2023/5/25/ PY - 2023/5/25/ DO - 10.1186/s12863-023-01129-2 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2730-6844 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-023-01129-2 KW - Maize KW - Genotype by environment KW - Phenotype KW - Variable environments KW - Grain yield ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transect-based trapping for area-wide delimitation of insects AU - Caton, Barney P. AU - Fang, Hui AU - Pallipparambil, Godshen R. AU - Manoukis, Nicholas C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - Typical delimitation trapping survey designs for area-wide (nonlocalized) insect populations are regularly spaced grids, and alternative shapes have not been evaluated. We hypothesized that transect-based designs could give similar detection rates with significantly shorter servicing distances. We used the TrapGrid model to investigate novel "trap-sect" designs incorporating crossed, spoked, and parallel lines of traps, comparing them to a regular grid, in single survey and multiple-site scenarios. We calculated minimum servicing distances and simulated mean probabilities of detecting a pest population, judging overall performance of trap network designs using both metrics. For single sites, trap-sect designs reduced service distances by 65-89%, and most had similar detection probabilities as the regular grid. Kernel-smoothed intensity plots indicated that the best performing trap-sect designs distributed traps more fully across the area. With multiple sites (3 side by side), results depended on insect dispersal ability. All designs performed similarly in terms of detection for highly mobile insects, suggesting that designs minimizing service distances would be best for such pests. For less mobile pests the best trap-sect designs had 4-6 parallel lines, or 8 spokes, which reduced servicing distances by 33-50%. Comparisons of hypothetical trap-sect arrays to real program trap locations for 2 pests demonstrated that the novel designs reduced both trap numbers and service distances, with little differences in mean nearest trap distance to random pest locations. Trap-sect designs in delimitation surveys could reduce costs and increase program flexibility without harming the ability to detect populations. DA - 2023/4/29/ PY - 2023/4/29/ DO - 10.1093/jee/toad059 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1938-291X KW - invasive species KW - delimitation survey KW - modeling KW - surveillance KW - trapping ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterizing atrazine, mesosulfuron-methyl, and topramezone bioavailability in North Carolina soils using greenhouse bioassays AU - Ramanathan, Shwetha S. AU - Gannon, Travis W. AU - Locke, Anna M. AU - Everman, Wesley J. T2 - AGROSYSTEMS GEOSCIENCES & ENVIRONMENT AB - Abstract Herbicide carryover injury to rotational crops can vary in severity depending on the influence of soil properties on herbicide bioavailability. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted with soybean, radish, and canola to evaluate differences in the bioavailability of three herbicides with carryover risk, atrazine, mesosulfuron‐methyl, and topramezone. Bioassays were conducted in three varying regional soil types with nine herbicide treatment rates including a control. Plant visual injury was evaluated weekly, and aboveground dry biomass was weighed after harvest of soybean 28 days after emergence (DAE) and radish and canola 21 DAE. A log‐logistic dose–response regression model was used to quantify herbicide‐effective concentrations for 30% (EC 30 ), 50% (EC 50 ), and 80% (EC 80 ) visual injury and aboveground dry biomass reduction in each soil type. Relative herbicide‐soil bioavailability was determined through comparisons of herbicide‐effective concentrations among soil types. Pearson correlation revealed that atrazine, mesosulfuron‐methyl, and topramezone EC 30 for all species were positively correlated to soil organic matter (OM) content ( r = 0.56, 0.48, and 0.40, respectively) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) ( r = 0.43, 0.41, and 0.45). Topramezone EC 80 for soybean and radish was positively correlated to soil clay content ( r = 0.51) and silt content ( r = 0.51) and negatively correlated to sand content ( r = −0.51) and pH ( r = −0.52). Decreased atrazine, mesosulfuron‐methyl, and topramezone bioavailability in soil with high OM and CEC, decreased topramezone bioavailability in coarse‐textured soil and at high soil pH, and differential herbicide sensitivity of crop species can inform grower decisions on herbicide selections and rotational crop plans. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1002/agg2.20371 VL - 6 IS - 2 J2 - Agrosystems Geosci & Env LA - en OP - SN - 2639-6696 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20371 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of unoccupied aerial application systems for aquatic weed management: Two novel case studies AU - Howell, Andrew W. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Mitasova, Helena AU - Nelson, Stacy A. C. AU - Richardson, Robert J. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Unoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS) are gaining popularity for weed management to increase applicator safety and to deliver herbicide treatments where treatment sites limit ground-based spray equipment. Several studies have documented UAAS application strategies and procedures for weed control in terrestrial settings, yet literature describing remote spray technology for use in aquatics remains limited. Currently, applicators seek guidance for UAAS deployment for aquatic weed management to overcome site access restrictions, deal with environmental limitations, and improve ground-based applicator safety in hazardous treatment scenarios. In the present case studies, we evaluate a consumer-available UAAS to deliver the herbicide, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, as both foliar and directed in-water spray applications. The first case study showed that the invasive floating-leaved plant, yellow floating heart, was controlled 80% to 99% by 6 wk after treatment (WAT) following UAAS foliar herbicide treatments. The second case study demonstrated that UAAS directed in-water herbicide application reduced variable-leaf watermilfoil visible plant material by 94% at 5 WAT. Likewise, directed in-water applications from UAAS eliminated the need to deploy watercraft, which improved overall operational efficiency. Data from both case studies indicate that UAAS can provide an effective and efficient treatment strategy for floating-leaved and submersed plant control among common herbicide treatment scenarios. Future integration of UAAS in aquatic weed control programs is encouraged, especially among smaller treatment sites (≤4 ha) or where access limits traditional spray operations. DA - 2023/5/22/ PY - 2023/5/22/ DO - 10.1017/wet.2023.32 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1550-2740 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.32 KW - Aquatic weeds KW - spray technology KW - drone KW - remote sensing KW - pesticide application ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulated herbicide spray retention of commonly managed invasive emergent aquatic macrophytes AU - Haug, Erika J. AU - Howell, Andrew W. AU - Sperry, Benjamin P. AU - Mudge, Christopher R. AU - Richardson, Robert J. AU - Getsinger, Kurt D. T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Invasive emergent and floating macrophytes can have detrimental impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Management of these aquatic weeds frequently relies upon foliar application of aquatic herbicides. However, there is inherent variability of overspray (herbicide loss) for foliar applications into waters within and adjacent to the targeted treatment area. The spray retention (tracer dye captured) of four invasive broadleaf emergent species (water hyacinth, alligatorweed, creeping water primrose, and parrotfeather) and two emergent grass-like weeds (cattail and torpedograss) were evaluated. For all species, spray retention was simulated using foliar applications of rhodamine WT (RWT) dye as a herbicide surrogate under controlled mesocosm conditions. Spray retention of the broadleaf species was first evaluated using a CO 2 -pressurized spray chamber overtop dense vegetation growth or no plants (positive control) at a greenhouse (GH) scale. Broadleaf species and grass-like species were then evaluated in larger outdoor mesocosms (OM). These applications were made using a CO 2 -pressurized backpack sprayer. Evaluation metrics included species-wise canopy cover and height influence on in-water RWT concentration using image analysis and modeling techniques. Results indicated spray retention was greatest for water hyacinth (GH, 64.7 ± 7.4; OM, 76.1 ± 3.8). Spray retention values were similar among the three sprawling marginal species alligatorweed (GH, 37.5 ± 4.5; OM, 42 ± 5.7), creeping water primrose (GH, 54.9 ± 7.2; OM, 52.7 ± 5.7), and parrotfeather (GH, 48.2 ± 2.3; OM, 47.2 ± 3.5). Canopy cover and height were strongly correlated with spray retention for broadleaf species and less strongly correlated for grass-like species. Although torpedograss and cattail were similar in percent foliar coverage, they differed in percent spray retention (OM, 8.5± 2.3 and 28.9 ±4.1, respectively). The upright leaf architecture of the grass-like species likely influenced the lower spray retention values in comparison to the broadleaf species. DA - 2023/5/22/ PY - 2023/5/22/ DO - 10.1017/wet.2023.26 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1550-2740 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.26 KW - Alligatorweed KW - Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart KW - ) Griseb KW - cattail KW - Typha latifolia L KW - creeping water primrose KW - Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx KW - ) Greuter & Burdet KW - parrotfeather KW - Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell KW - ) Verdc KW - torpedograss Panicum repens L KW - water hyacinth KW - Eichhornia crassipes (Mart KW - ) Solms KW - Image analysis KW - canopy cover KW - rhodamine WT dye (RWT) KW - overspray ER - TY - JOUR TI - Confusion and ambiguity concerning the terms "resistance" and "tolerance" in aquatic plant management AU - Thum, Ryan A. AU - Sperry, Benjamin P. AU - Chorak, Gregory M. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Ferrell, Jason T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button. DA - 2023/5/18/ PY - 2023/5/18/ DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.28 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1550-2759 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low carrier volume herbicide trials and UAAS support management efforts of giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta): a case study AU - Howell, Andrew W. AU - Haug, Erika J. AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Richardson, Robert J. T2 - INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract Expanding the current aquatic herbicide portfolio, reducing total spray volumes, or remotely delivering herbicide using novel spray technologies could improve management opportunities targeting invasive aquatic plants, where options are more limited. However, research on giant salvinia ( Salvinia molesta Mitchell) response to foliar herbicide applications at carrier volumes ≤140 L ha −1 is incomplete. Likewise, no data exist documenting S. molesta control with unoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS). Following the recent >100-ha incursion of S. molesta in Gapway Swamp, NC, a case study was developed to provide guidance for ongoing management efforts. In total, three field trials evaluated registered aquatic and experimental herbicides using a 140 L ha −1 carrier volume. Select foliar applications from UAAS were also evaluated. Results at 8 wk after treatment (WAT) indicated the experimental protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, PPO-699-01 (424 g ai ha −1 ), in combination with endothall dipotassium salt (2,370 g ae ha −1 ) provided 78% visual control, whereas control when PPO-699-01 (212 g ai ha −1 ) was applied alone was lower at 35%. Evaluations also showed diquat (3,136 g ai ha −1 ) alone, glyphosate (4,539 g ae ha −1 ) alone, and metsulfuron-methyl (42 g ai ha −1 ) alone achieved 86% to 94% visual plant control at 8 WAT. Sequential foliar applications of diquat, flumioxazin (210 g ai ha −1 ), and carfentrazone (67 g ai ha −1 ) at 6 wk following exposure to in-water fluridone treatments were no longer efficacious by 6 WAT due to plant regrowth. Carfentrazone applications made from a backpack sprayer displayed greater control than applications made with UAAS deploying identical carrier volumes at 2 WAT; however, neither application method provided effective control at 8 WAT. Additional field validation is needed to further guide management direction of S. molesta control using low carrier volume foliar applications. DA - 2023/5/18/ PY - 2023/5/18/ DO - 10.1017/inp.2023.16 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1939-747X UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.16 KW - Aquatic fern KW - drone KW - free-floating plant KW - noxious weed KW - spray methods ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zinc Stable Isotope Fractionation Mechanisms during Adsorption on and Substitution in Iron (Hydr)oxides AU - Yan, Xinran AU - Li, Wei AU - Zhu, Chuanwei AU - Peacock, Caroline L. AU - Liu, Yizhang AU - Li, Hui AU - Zhang, Jing AU - Hong, Mei AU - Liu, Fan AU - Yin, Hui T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - The Zn isotope fingerprint is widely used as a proxy of various environmental geochemical processes, so it is crucial to determine which are the mechanisms responsible for isotopic fractionation. Iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides greatly control the cycling and fate and thus isotope fractionation factors of Zn in terrestrial environments. Here, Zn isotope fractionation and related mechanisms during adsorption on and substitution in three FeOOH polymorphs are explored. Results demonstrate that heavy Zn isotopes are preferentially enriched onto solids, with almost similar isotopic offsets (Δ66/64Znsolid-solution = 0.25–0.36‰) for goethite, lepidocrocite, and feroxyhyte. This is consistent with the same average Zn–O bond lengths for adsorbed Zn on these solids as revealed by Zn K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. In contrast, at an initial Zn/Fe molar ratio of 0.02, incorporation of Zn into goethite and lepidocrocite by substituting for lattice Fe preferentially sequesters light Zn isotopes with Δ66/64Znsubstituted-stock solution of −1.52 ± 0.09‰ and −1.18 ± 0.15‰, while Zn-substituted feroxyhyte (0.06 ± 0.11‰) indicates almost no isotope fractionation. This is closely related to the different crystal nucleation and growth rates during the Zn-doped FeOOH formation processes. These results provide direct experimental evidence of incorporation of isotopically light Zn into Fe (hydr)oxides and improve our understanding of Zn isotope fractionation mechanisms during mineral–solution interface processes. DA - 2023/4/12/ PY - 2023/4/12/ DO - 10.1021/acs.est.2c08028 SP - SN - 1520-5851 KW - metal (hydr)oxides KW - metal isotope fractionation KW - interface reactions KW - isomorphous substitution KW - adsorption KW - X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of exotic Nicotiana tabacum germplasm for confronting an inverse genetic correlation in flue-cured tobacco AU - Lewis, Ramsey S. S. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Inverse genetic correlations between cured leaf yields and alkaloid accumulation in flue‐cured tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) complicate the development of higher yielding cultivars while maintaining alkaloids at commercially acceptable levels. Introgression of genomic regions from exotic source material that positively affect alkaloid levels, but with less of a corresponding negative influence on yielding ability, could enhance long‐term efforts to develop improved cultivars. Germplasm accessions “TI 464” and “TI 959” were previously identified as being potentially useful for this purpose. In this study, the relationships between yield and alkaloid accumulation were investigated in BC 1 F 1 populations derived from crosses with these materials and found to be slightly negative or slightly positive. Derived BC 1 F 2 families were used to calculate heritability estimates for alkaloid accumulation on a single plant basis that were low to intermediate in magnitude. The relationships between alkaloid levels of leaves from individual stalk positions and alkaloid levels averaged over all stalk positions were determined. The third stalk position was found to be the most predictive of average alkaloid levels. Selection for alkaloid levels using a single leaf from this stalk position could increase breeding efficiency. BC 4 F 6 lines carrying low genomic contributions from either TI 464 or TI 959 were generated and evaluated as lines per se and in F 1 hybrid combinations with a very high‐yielding inbred line with increased leaf number. Performance of these materials indicated that TI 464 and, to a lesser extent TI 959, may be useful for developing higher yielding tobacco cultivars with acceptable alkaloid levels. DA - 2023/4/14/ PY - 2023/4/14/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20954 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Discrimination between protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) with spectral reflectance AU - Jones, Eric A. L. AU - Austin, Robert AU - Dunne, Jeffrey C. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Everman, Wesley J. T2 - WEED SCIENCE AB - Abstract The current assays to confirm herbicide resistance can be time- and labor-intensive (dose–response) or require a skill set/technical equipment (genetic sequencing). Stakeholders could benefit from a rapid assay to confirm herbicide-resistant weeds to ensure sustainable crop production. Because protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides rapidly interfere with chlorophyll production/integrity; we propose a new, rapid assay utilizing spectral reflectance to confirm resistance. Leaf disks were excised from two PPO-inhibiting herbicide-resistant (target-site [TSR] and non–target site [NTSR]) and herbicide-susceptible redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) populations and placed into a 24-well plate containing different concentrations (0 to 10 mM) of fomesafen for 48 h. A multispectral sensor captured images from the red (668 nm), green (560 nm), blue (475 nm), and red edge (717 nm) wavebands after a 48-h incubation period. The green leaf index (GLI) was utilized to determine spectral reflectance ratios of the treated leaf disks. Clear differences of spectral reflectance were observed in the red edge waveband for all populations treated with the 10 mM concentration in the dose–response assays. Differences of spectral reflectance were observed for the NTSR population compared with the TSR and susceptible populations treated with the 10 mM concentration in the green waveband and the GLI in the dose–response assay. Leaf disks from the aforementioned A. retroflexus populations and two additional susceptible populations were subjected to a similar assay with the discriminating concentration (10 mM). Spectral reflectance was different between the PPO-inhibiting herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible populations in the red, blue, and green wavebands. Spectral reflectance was not distinctive between the populations in the red edge waveband and the GLI. The results provide a basis for rapidly (∼48 h) detecting PPO-inhibiting herbicide-resistant A. retroflexus via spectral reflectance. Discrimination between TSR and NTSR populations was possible only in the dose–response assay, but the assay still has utility in distinguishing herbicide-resistant plants from herbicide-susceptible plants. DA - 2023/5/2/ PY - 2023/5/2/ DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.25 VL - 5 SP - SN - 1550-2759 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.25 KW - PPO KW - remote sensing KW - resistance management KW - weed management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methylmercury Degradation by Trivalent Manganese AU - Zhang, Shuang AU - Li, Baohui AU - Chen, Yi AU - Zhu, Mengqiang AU - Pedersen, Joel A. AU - Gu, Baohua AU - Wang, Zimeng AU - Li, Hui AU - Liu, Jinling AU - Zhou, Xin-Quan AU - Hao, Yun-Yun AU - Jiang, Hong AU - Liu, Fan AU - Liu, Yu-Rong AU - Yin, Hui T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin and has great adverse health impacts on humans. Organisms and sunlight-mediated demethylation are well-known detoxification pathways of MeHg, yet whether abiotic environmental components contribute to MeHg degradation remains poorly known. Here, we report that MeHg can be degraded by trivalent manganese (Mn(III)), a naturally occurring and widespread oxidant. We found that 28 ± 4% MeHg could be degraded by Mn(III) located on synthesized Mn dioxide (MnO2-x) surfaces during the reaction of 0.91 μg·L-1 MeHg and 5 g·L-1 mineral at an initial pH of 6.0 for 12 h in 10 mM NaNO3 at 25 °C. The presence of low-molecular-weight organic acids (e.g., oxalate and citrate) substantially enhances MeHg degradation by MnO2-x via the formation of soluble Mn(III)-ligand complexes, leading to the cleavage of the carbon-Hg bond. MeHg can also be degraded by reactions with Mn(III)-pyrophosphate complexes, with apparent degradation rate constants comparable to those by biotic and photolytic degradation. Thiol ligands (cysteine and glutathione) show negligible effects on MeHg demethylation by Mn(III). This research demonstrates potential roles of Mn(III) in degrading MeHg in natural environments, which may be further explored for remediating heavily polluted soils and engineered systems containing MeHg. DA - 2023/3/30/ PY - 2023/3/30/ DO - 10.1021/acs.est.3c00532 SP - SN - 1520-5851 KW - manganese oxides KW - manganese KW - methylmercury KW - decomposition KW - adsorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Double-cropping effects of Brassica carinata and summer crops: II. Effects of winter cropping history on subsequent summer crop production AU - Iboyi, Joseph E. AU - Mulvaney, Michael J. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Devkota, Pratap AU - Bashyal, Mahesh AU - Balkcom, Kipling S. AU - Small, Ian M. T2 - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS AB - There is an opportunity for crop farmers in the Southeast United States (SE US) to increase income by producing carinata during the winter following summer crop production. However, a major limitation to the use of carinata as a winter annual in the SE US is the lack of information on double-cropping with summer commodity crops common to the region. Considering that integrating carinata into cropping systems common to the region could impact productivity of those systems, it is critical to quantify the potential effects of carinata on existing cropping systems. To this end, a study was conducted in Jay, Florida for three years to evaluate the effects of winter cropping history (carinata vs. fallow) on the productivity of subsequent summer crops including cotton, peanut, sorghum, and soybean. Treatments (winter carinata vs. winter fallow) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with eight replications. Data were collected on infiltration; plant population; plant canopy height; aboveground biomass; and yield. Infiltration rates, determined within a week of carinata harvest, were affected by winter cropping history, being greater in former carinata plots than former fallow plots. Carinata harvest coincided with the timely planting of cotton and peanut which resulted in these summer crops being sown three to four weeks later than their typical sowing window for the SE US. Winter cropping history (including the winter fallow control) did not influence commodity crop (cotton, peanut, sorghum, and soybean) yields when all summer crops were planted at the same time, as in a double-crop scenario. Regarding the combined productivity of winter (carinata vs. winter fallow) and summer crops, carinata-cotton, carinata-peanut, carinata-sorghum, and carinata-soybean systems were necessarily more productive than their winter fallow counterparts due to no crop production in the fallow during the winter cropping years. Overall, results from this study showed that carinata can successfully replace winter fallow, and can be double-cropped with summer-planted sorghum and soybean with no adverse effect on yield. Double-cropping carinata caused a delay in timely planting of cotton and peanut, and represents a limitation that may hinder its adoption in the SE US until such time a faster-maturing carinata cultivar can be developed. DA - 2023/7// PY - 2023/7// DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116609 VL - 197 SP - SN - 1872-633X KW - Double-cropping KW - Cropping sequence KW - Jet-fuel KW - Fallow replacement KW - Winter oilseed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Double-cropping effects of Brassica carinata and summer crops: I. Effects of summer cropping history on carinata production AU - Iboyi, Joseph E. AU - Mulvaney, Michael J. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Balkcom, Kipling S. AU - Bashyal, Mahesh AU - Devkota, Pratap AU - Small, Ian M. T2 - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS AB - Row croppers in the Southeast United States (SE US) are interested in diversifying their cropping systems and increasing revenue by growing a winter cash crop between summer crops, especially cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Double-cropping carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun) between summer crops has potential to boost grower revenue and increase land use efficiency in the region. Given that this winter crop is fairly new in the SE US, its successful establishment in the region depends on its rotational fit into current cropping systems. Since incorporating carinata into the existing cropping systems in the region could influence the productivity of those systems, it is crucial to determine what changes row croppers should expect. To resolve this, research was conducted to quantify the effects of summer cropping history on the performance of carinata as part of diversified crop rotations in the SE US. A randomized complete block design with eight replications was implemented in Jay, Florida, over three years. Summer cropping history treatments were peanut, cotton, and summer fallow. Data was collected on carinata aboveground biomass and stover [including carbon (C) and nitrogen (N)]; yield (including yield components); and seed chemical composition (glucosinolates concentration, protein and oil contents, and oil composition). Carinata biomass, biomass C and N, stover residue, stover residue C and N, and stover residue C:N ratio were not affected by summer cropping history across years. Likewise, yield and seed chemical composition were not affected by summer cropping history. In terms of combined productivity of summer crops and carinata, cotton-carinata was the most productive system while fallow-carinata was the least productive. Overall, results from this study show that the insensitivity of carinata yield or seed quality to previous summer crops allows for flexibility in integrating carinata into existing rotations in the SE US. This simplifies the agronomic management of carinata as a biofuel crop since growers can concentrate on meeting yield goals without the risk of affecting yield or seed quality with different summer cropping histories. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116364 VL - 194 SP - SN - 1872-633X KW - Oilseed crop KW - Crop rotation KW - Crop sequence KW - Double-cropping KW - Biofuel KW - Fallow replacement KW - Winter crop ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) and its influence on soil microbial community composition, function, and activity: A review AU - Azeem, Muhammad AU - Sun, Tian-Ran AU - Jeyasundar, Parimala Gnana Soundari Arockiam AU - Han, Rui-Xia AU - Li, Hui AU - Abdelrahman, Hamada AU - Shaheen, Sabry M. AU - Zhu, Yong-Guan AU - Li, Gang T2 - CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (BDOM) plays key roles in soil ecosystem by affecting soil physicochemical and biological properties and supplying nutrients to soil microbes. It can either enhance or suppress the growth of certain soil microorganisms, depending on its composition and content of labile organic compounds. This review aims to discuss and summarize the role of BDOM in modifying soil microbial functioning, microbial community structure, and enzymatic activity. We mainly focus on the role of BDOM as a function of its concentration, type of feedstock biomass, and pyrolysis temperature (PT). Results show that saw dust- and manure-based biochars produce higher BDOM concentrations than straw-, bone-, and sludge-based biochars. The types of feedstock biomass and its PT determine BDOM characteristics and its interaction with soil microbial communities. Plant-derived biochar with pyrolysis temperature ≤300 °C often results in a more aliphatic BDOM than that with pyrolysis temperature ≥500 °C, which yields a more aromatic BDOM. BDOM of plant biochar contains higher specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and humification index (HIX) than that of manure biochar. The SUVA and HIX of BDOM positively correlate (R2=0.68–0.96) with the content of total fatty acid methyl esters, but negatively correlate with the abundances of actinomycetes, arbuscular mycorrhizae, and fungal communities. However, the environmental fate of BDOM in biochar amended soil requires long-term experiment, both in laboratory and field scales, to provide a full understating of BDOM interaction with soil organic matter and microorganisms and help to tailor a safe utilization of biochar in agroecosystems. DA - 2023/3/17/ PY - 2023/3/17/ DO - 10.1080/10643389.2023.2190333 SP - SN - 1547-6537 KW - Biochar KW - pyrolysis temperature KW - feedstock type KW - dissolved organic matter KW - soil microbiome KW - soil enzyme activity KW - Dan Tsang ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drainage water recycling reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment losses from a drained agricultural field in eastern North Carolina, USA AU - Moursi, Hossam AU - Youssef, Mohamed A. AU - Poole, Chad A. AU - Castro-Bolinaga, Celso F. AU - Chescheir, George M. AU - Richardson, Robert J. T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drainage water recycling (DWR) on reducing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sediment losses from agricultural fields to downstream surface water bodies. The two-year study (May 2019-April 2021) was conducted at an agricultural field in eastern North Carolina, U.S.A. A reservoir existed at the site was used to store subsurface drainage and surface runoff water during wet periods and provide supplemental irrigation during dry periods of the crop growing season. On average, the reservoir retained 14% of received inflow, with a higher flow reduction in the dry year (2019–2020; 29%) than the wet year (2020–2021; 8%). The hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the reservoir was 33.8 days for the dry year and 12.4 days for the wet year. The reservoir significantly reduced the loadings of N by 47%, P by 30% and sediment by 87%. Nitrogen load reduction was primarily driven by nitrate assimilation, the dominant form of N in the reservoir. Phosphorus load reduction was attributed to Orthophosphate assimilation as the reservoir released more particulate P than received. Reductions in both water flow and species concentration contributed to nutrient load reductions. Results suggested the removal efficiency of the reservoir would be highest during the summer and early fall months when the reservoir has a smaller water volume (due to irrigation), longer HRT, and warmer temperature. This study clearly demonstrated the potential of DWR for significantly reducing N, P, and sediment losses from agricultural land to receiving surface water. Further research is needed to investigate the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in the storage reservoir and affect the fate and transport of nutrients and sediment. The understanding of these processes will enable optimizing the treatment efficiency of DWR, which maximizes the system’s benefits and reduces construction cost. DA - 2023/4/1/ PY - 2023/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108179 VL - 279 SP - SN - 1873-2283 KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Subirrigation KW - On -farm water storage KW - Drainage water reuse KW - Supplemental irrigation KW - Surface water quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tolerance of muscadine grape to 2,4-D choline postemergence-directed AU - Sims, Kira C. AU - Mitchem, Wayne E. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Monks, David W. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Hoffmann, Mark T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Field studies were conducted in commercial muscadine vineyards in western North Carolina in 2018 and eastern North Carolina in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to determine tolerance of younger (< 9 yr) and older (≥ 9 yr) bearing muscadine grapevines to 2,4-D directed beneath the crop postemergence (POST). Treatments included 2,4-D choline at 0, 0.53, 1.06, 1.60, and 2.13 kg ae ha −1 applied as a single treatment in May or June (spring) at immediate pre-bloom, and sequential treatments at 0.53 followed by (fb) 0.53, 1.06 fb 1.06, 1.6 fb 1.6, or 2.13 fb 2.13 kg ha −1 . The first sequential treatment was applied in spring fb another application of the same amount in July (summer) at pre-veraison. No differences in injury on muscadine grapevines were observed from 2,4-D treatments. Differences among treatments were not observed for yield of younger vines. However, for older vines, a difference due to 2,4-D rate was observed in 2018, when yield was higher when 2,4-D was applied at 1.6 kg ha −1 compared with nontreated grapevines, and when 2,4-D was applied at 0.53 and 2.13 kg ha −1 . A rate-by-timing interaction was observed in 2019 when yield was lower from 0.53 kg ha −1 2,4-D summer application compared with all other summer treatments but similar to the nontreated. However, no biological pattern was observed from either of these differences. No differences among treatments were observed for fruit pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solid content of either younger or older vines. DA - 2023/2/27/ PY - 2023/2/27/ DO - 10.1017/wet.2023.8 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1550-2740 KW - 2 KW - 4-D choline KW - muscadine grape KW - Vitis rotundifolia Michx KW - 'Carlos' 'Nesbitt' KW - herbicide tolerance KW - small fruit KW - perennial fruit ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of tropospheric ozone on root proteomes of two soybean genotypes with contrasting sensitivity to ozone AU - Zentella, Rodolfo AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Tisdale, Ripley H. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Tropospheric ozone (O3), a critically harmful greenhouse gas, has steadily increased over the last several decades, leading to significant soybean (Glycine max) yield loses worldwide. However, substantial efforts have focused on the effect of elevated O3 concentration (eOZ) on shoots rather than the roots that support plant fitness and directly interact with soil ecosystems. To better assess the impact of eOZ on roots, this study investigated morphological and proteomic profiles of two soybean genotypes from the same genetic background, but with contrasting O3 resilience, Fiskeby III (O3-tolerant) and Fiskeby 840–7–3 (O3-sensitive). Plants were treated either with sub-ambient O3 or eOZ in a field-based air exclusion system (AES) and harvested at flowering and pod-filling stages. Our results established that the effect of eOZ on decreasing root biomass initiated at the flowering stage, while above-ground biomass was not altered. However, O3-caused biomass reduction was observed in both, roots and shoots, at the pod-filling stage. Season-long eOZ ultimately caused a 29 % seed yield reduction in Fiskeby III, and 50 % in Fiskeby 840–7–3. Root proteome analysis showed that the effect of O3 in roots is complex, and distinct between flowering and pod-filling stages. Changes in the abundance of proteins correspond to glycolysis, TCA cycle, nitrogen metabolism, secondary metabolites, antioxidant, and stress response pathway, and differed between genotypes. Some of these changes may be in response to eOZ as an attempt to mitigate the effects of a challenging environment, and others are likely due to genetic differences that confer an adaptative advantage to the O3 resilient genotype. These findings provide further knowledge of proteins and pathways that may confer O3-tolerance, which can be applied to develop O3-resistant, high-yielding soybean. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105269 VL - 208 SP - SN - 1873-7307 KW - Tropospheric ozone(O3) KW - Soybean KW - Proteome KW - O3-resilient soybean KW - Roots KW - Oxidative stress KW - Carbon source-sink balance ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Absence of Malvidin-3-Glucoside in Petiole Tissue Predicts Rare Red-Type Flower of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope AU - Ma, Guoying AU - Schwickerath, Jack AU - Meyer, Elisabeth AU - Chen, Hsuan T2 - AGRICULTURE-BASEL AB - Eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis L., is a popular ornamental tree in the U.S. and has flower colors of purple-type, red-type, and white-type. Most redbuds cultivars have purple-type flowers. Red-types and white-types are much less common. These unusual flower colors have become an important trait for incorporation into novel redbud cultivars. Eastern redbud seedlings require 3–5 years before blooming, making flower color selection a slow and expensive process. The ability to select seedlings for flower color type would significantly increase the efficiency of the breeding process. Redbud flower color is dominated by anthocyanin content; leaf petioles often show visible pink to purple color, indicating the potential presence of anthocyanin. In this study, anthocyanin profiles of 14 cultivars and 25 progenies of ‘Appalachian Red’ (red-type) × ‘Oklahoma’ (purple-type) were determined using HPLC. The petiole anthocyanin profiles were strongly indicative of plant flower-color types. Both peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside were dominant in petioles from all purple-type plants. In contrast, malvidin-3-glucoside was absent from petioles of red-type plants, and neither peonidin-3-glucoside nor malvidin-3-glucoside was detected among white-type cultivars. These results indicate that the presence or absence of peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside in petioles can be a physiological marker for identifying redbud flower color types. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/agriculture13030598 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2077-0472 KW - anthocyanin KW - ornamental plant breeding KW - tree genetics KW - peonidin-3-glucoside KW - HPLC KW - physiological marker KW - flower color ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of cultivar and nitrogen application rate on lint, seed, oil, and protein yields of field-grown cotton AU - Parkash, Ved AU - Snider, John L. AU - Bruce, Aaron AU - Ermanis, Alessandro AU - Virk, Gurpreet AU - Kaur, Navneet AU - Collins, Guy AU - Chapman, Kent D. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) is not only the dominant fiber crop grown worldwide, but it is also an important source of plant‐based oil and protein. Previous research has documented a significant effect of cotton cultivar and nitrogen application individually on lint yield and seed composition, but very limited studies have evaluated the lint, seed, oil, and protein yield responses of cultivars with different seed mass and composition to a broad range of N application rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lint, seed, oil, and protein yield responses of cultivars with different seed mass and composition to N application rates (0–168 kg N ha −1 ) for field‐grown cotton. A field experiment was conducted in Tifton, GA, USA during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons that included six cultivars and six N application rates. Cultivar significantly affected seedcotton, lint, seed, and seed reserve yields in both growing seasons. Lint yield did not follow identical trends as seed yield mainly due to cultivar variation in lint percent. Similarly, protein and oil yield were influenced by cultivar variation in seed composition. Seedcotton, seed, protein, and oil yields continually increased with increases in N application from 0 to 168 kg N ha −1 , whereas for lint yield, all fertilized treatments produced comparable yields that were significantly higher (68%) than the 0 kg N ha −1 treatment. We conclude that variability in the distribution of photosynthates to fiber and seed as well as seed oil and protein composition can significantly alter trends in fiber, seed, and seed component yields in response to cultivar or N application rates for field‐grown cotton. DA - 2023/3/24/ PY - 2023/3/24/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20938 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield protection afforded by imidacloprid during Hessian fly infestation in six genotypes AU - Winn, Zachary J. J. AU - Reisig, Dominic AU - Murphy, Joseph P. P. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract The Hessian fly ( Mayetiola destructor Say) is a gall midge that infests and feeds upon wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Recently, a new form of tolerance ( QHft.nc‐7D ) was identified in the breeding line LA03136E71 (PI 700336). Partial resistance allows immature Hessian fly to thrive in small numbers and does not function like antibiosis. Little is known about the potential yield drag of using partial resistance. In this study, we evaluated six genotypes: one containing QHft.nc‐7D (LA03136E71), one containing H13 , and four potentially susceptible genotypes. All genotypes were evaluated with two different seed treatment regiments of imidacloprid: no treatment and a two times rate of imidacloprid. All tested genotypes were planted in six‐to‐eight replications of a full factorial design in four environments. Subsamples of yield trial plots were taken to measure percent infested tillers and a number of larvae/pupae per tiller. Plots were harvested and grain yield was recorded. There was a significant ( p [> F ] < 0.05) reduction of percent infested tillers and a number of larvae/pupae per tiller related to the imidacloprid treatment. Imidacloprid treatment significantly ( p [> T ] < 0.05) reduced the number of larvae/pupae per tiller for LA03136E71. There was no significant ( p [> T ] > 0.05) grain yield increase associated with treatment for LA03136E71. This indicates that a two times application of imidacloprid on LA03136E71 ( QHft.nc‐7D ) did not improve yield yet reduced infestation. Therefore, QHft.nc‐7D , while allowing Hessian fly to thrive on the plant, does not significantly compromise yield. DA - 2023/3/24/ PY - 2023/3/24/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21308 SP - SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soybean yield response to nitrogen and sulfur fertilization in the United States: contribution of soil N and N fixation processes AU - Almeida, Luiz Felipe A. AU - Correndo, Adrian AU - Ross, Jeremy AU - Licht, Mark AU - Casteel, Shaun AU - Singh, Maninder AU - Naeve, Seth AU - Vann, Rachel AU - Bais, Jose AU - Kandel, Hans AU - Lindsey, Laura AU - Conley, Shawn AU - Kleinjan, Jonathan AU - Kovacs, Peter AU - Berning, Dan AU - Hefley, Trevor AU - Reiter, Mark AU - Holshouser, David AU - Ciampitti, Ignacio A. T2 - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AB - Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the most important legume grown worldwide. The effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization on seed yield is commonly studied in the United States (US). However, soybean yield response to fertilization remains inconsistent, partly due to the lack of standardized field designs and a better understanding of the plant nutrition processes underpinning yield formation. The aims of this study were to assess the i) seed yield, (ii) plant N status (as N nutrition index, NNI), (iii) the contribution of N fixation, and (iv) the uncertainties on i), ii), and iii) in response to N-S fertilization using a uniform protocol across environments. Twenty-six trials in twelve US states tested five fertilization strategies that combined N and S at varying rates and timings. Using Bayesian statistics, seed yield response to fertilizer, NNI, and contribution of N fixation were analyzed at site and treatment levels providing both magnitude of responses and estimation of their uncertainties. From the significance of responses on seed yield, sites were split into two groups: non-responsive (18 sites) and responsive (8 sites). The NNI, ratio of the actual to the critical plant N concentration, was calculated to diagnose soybean N deficiency, and the N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa, %) as N fixation contribution were investigated to better understand the source of plant N across all sites. Roughly for three-fourths of the sites, fertilization resulted in an unlikely (non-responsive) yield effect, with uncertainties ranging from 0.09 to 2.62 Mg ha−1. The other one-third of the sites were mainly responsive to S or both N + S, with the yield responses ranging from − 0.42–1.1 Mg ha−1 and uncertainties varying from 0.47 to 1.36 Mg ha−1. For the yield responsive sites, NNI presented a high proportion of deficiency (NNI<1) for most of the treatments, except for the “Full” signaling to a potential for yield response. Likewise, only 6% of the changes in Ndfa were not related to the treatment “Full”, and regardless of the seed yield response to fertilization, within the same site, soil and N fixation showed similar contributions to plant N demand. Due to the high uncertainty in treatment response and contribution of N fixation, N fertilization is unlikely to increase yields, leading to non-profitable recommendations. Sulfur deficiency, on the other hand, should be explored under site-specific conditions. A decision support system should include appropriate diagnosis methods for identifying N and S deficiencies, such as NNI in soybean. Attainable maximum Ndfa did not appear to be affected by fertilization but largely varying depending on the site. Future research should assess the role of soil and meteorological variables underpinning N fixation and soil N, along with the impact on seed quality composition, as a critical trait for this crop. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2023.126791 VL - 145 SP - SN - 1873-7331 KW - Soybean KW - Plant nutrition KW - Uncertainties KW - Bayesian KW - Fertilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - 'FLLA09015-U1': A broadly adapted dual-purpose oat cultivar for southern USA AU - Babar, Md Ali AU - Harrison, Stephen A. AU - Blount, Ann AU - Barnett, Ronald D. AU - Johnson, Jerry AU - Mergoum, Mohamed AU - Mailhot, Daniel J. AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Mason, Richard E. AU - Ibrahim, Amir AU - Sutton, Russell AU - Simoneaux, Bryan AU - Boyles, Richard AU - Stancil, Brad AU - Marshall, David AU - Fountain, Myron AU - Klos, Kathy Esvelt AU - Khan, Naeem AU - Wallau, Marcelo AU - Jordan Jr, Henry J. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - Abstract ‘FLLA09015‐U1’ (Reg. no. CV‐387, PI 699117) is a new facultative oat ( Avena sativa L.) cultivar that was co‐developed by the University of Florida and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center and was released in 2019. This line was derived from a single cross of FL0210‐J1/MN06203. FLLA09015‐U1 has considerable potential for grain and forage yield and for conservation tillage purposes in the southern United States. Exclusive marketing rights for FLLA09015‐U1 has been granted to JoMar Seeds and is currently commercialized under the name of Juggernaut . FLLA09015‐U1 was developed using selected bulk breeding method and was selected as an F 5:6 head row. The line was evaluated in advanced, regional, and state grain and forage yield trials from 2015 to 2021. FLLA09015‐U1 was observed to be uniform and stable across environments in the southern United States from 2015 to present. The line possesses a semi‐prostrate growth habit and has large leaves that are dark green in color. It is a mid‐maturing, medium to mid‐tall height with excellent grain yield and good forage yield and test weight. It has excellent crown rust resistance and very good resistance to Barley yellow dwarf virus and stem rust and demonstrated moderate lodging resistance. It has performed very well in both grain and forage trials. FLLA09015‐U1 has broad environmental adaptation and has performed well in Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, Texas, Alabama, and South Carolina. We consider FLLA09015‐U1 to be a good dual‐purpose type of oat because of its high grain yield potential and vigorous growth and high tillering capacity. DA - 2023/3/16/ PY - 2023/3/16/ DO - 10.1002/plr2.20249 SP - SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasmonic nanorod probes' journey inside plant cells for in vivo SERS sensing and multimodal imaging AU - Cupil-Garcia, Vanessa AU - Li, Joy Q. AU - Norton, Stephen J. AU - Odion, Ren A. AU - Strobbia, Pietro AU - Menozzi, Luca AU - Ma, Chenshuo AU - Hu, Jianhong AU - Zentella, Rodolfo AU - Boyanov, Maxim I. AU - Finfrock, Y. Zou AU - Gursoy, Doga AU - Douglas, Deirdre Sholto AU - Yao, Junjie AU - Sun, Tai-Ping AU - Kemner, Kenneth M. AU - Vo-Dinh, Tuan T2 - NANOSCALE AB - Nanoparticle-based platforms are gaining strong interest in plant biology and bioenergy research to monitor and control biological processes in whole plants. However, in vivo monitoring of biomolecules using nanoparticles inside plant cells remains challenging due to the impenetrability of the plant cell wall to nanoparticles beyond the exclusion limits (5-20 nm). To overcome this physical barrier, we have designed unique bimetallic silver-coated gold nanorods (AuNR@Ag) capable of entering plant cells, while conserving key plasmonic properties in the near-infrared (NIR). To demonstrate cellular internalization and tracking of the nanorods inside plant tissue, we used a comprehensive multimodal imaging approach that included transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal fluorescence microscopy, two-photon luminescence (TPL), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRF), and photoacoustics imaging (PAI). We successfully acquired SERS signals of nanorods in vivo inside plant cells of tobacco leaves. On the same leaf samples, we applied orthogonal imaging methods, TPL and PAI techniques for in vivo imaging of the nanorods. This study first demonstrates the intracellular internalization of AuNR@Ag inside whole plant systems for in vivo SERS analysis in tobacco cells. This work demonstrates the potential of this nanoplatform as a new nanotool for intracellular in vivo biosensing for plant biology. DA - 2023/3/13/ PY - 2023/3/13/ DO - 10.1039/d2nr06235f SP - SN - 2040-3372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of quantitative trait loci for fiber quality, yield, and plant height traits in Upland cotton AU - Shrestha, Navin AU - Zhang, Kuang AU - Gowda, S. Anjan AU - Abdelraheem, Abdelraheem AU - Jones, Don C. AU - Kuraparthy, Vasu T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract In cotton, most agronomic traits are controlled by polygenes. In this study, 110 F 6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from Upland cotton cross NC05AZ06 x NC11‐2100, were used to develop a linkage map and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for six fiber quality traits, three yield traits, and plant height. These RILs were genotyped using the CottonSNP63K array and phenotyped for fiber quality, yield traits, and plant height in 2‐year field trials. Analysis of variance revealed significant ( p < 0.05) differences among RILs for all traits studied, and the heritability estimates were moderate (30%–60%) to high (> 60%). Both positive and negative correlations were observed for fiber quality and yield traits. A total of 3,774 polymorphic SNP markers were used to develop a genetic map with an average marker density of 1.54 SNP/cM. Thirty QTL for fiber quality traits, yield traits, and plant height were detected on 15 different chromosomes, explaining 6.80%–20.02% of the phenotypic variance (PVE). Of these, 14 were major QTL (PVE > 10%), and three major QTL were detected in both years. Candidate gene analysis in the major QTL detected in both years and plant height QTL with PVE of 20.02% revealed five putative genes for fiber quality traits and one putative gene for plant height. The linkage map and identified QTL along with the candidate genes in the study could serve as additional breeding resources for Upland cotton genetic improvement. DA - 2023/3/18/ PY - 2023/3/18/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20937 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hemp yield and cannabinoid concentrations under variable nitrogen and potassium fertilizer rates AU - James, Maggie S. AU - Vann, Matthew C. AU - Suchoff, David H. AU - McGinnis, Michelle AU - Whipker, Brian E. AU - Edmisten, Keith L. AU - Gatiboni, Luciano C. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract With the passing of the 2014 US farm bill, there is more interest in industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L. < 0.3% total tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) grown for cannabinoid production. However, production recommendations that outline fertilizer requirements of cannabidiol (CBD) hemp do not exist. Our primary objective was to identify nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer rates for maximizing biomass and CBD yield. A secondary objective was to identify the relationships between N and K rates and total THC and total CBD concentrations. Fertilizer rates from 0 to 224 kg N and 0 to 185 kg K ha −1 were tested separately at four general locations in North Carolina. Two locations were used in 2019 and 2020, while the other two were used only in 2020. Dry weight yield was predicted to increase linearly from 1822 to 3384 kg biomass ha −1 as N rate increased from 0 to 86.8 kg ha −1 . Nitrogen rates above 86.8 kg ha −1 were not predicted to increase biomass. Likewise, as N rate increased from 0 to 84.2 kg N ha −1 , CBD yield was predicted to increase linearly from 204 to 389 kg CBD ha −1 . Additional N was not predicted to increase CBD yield. The CBD and THC concentrations showed a slight bell‐shaped response curve over increasing N rates, ranging from 11.33% to 12.11% and 0.473% to 0.509%, respectively. Potassium application did not affect yield nor CBD and THC concentrations. Results from this work indicate that N is a more limiting factor than K for maximizing CBD hemp biomass production. DA - 2023/4/18/ PY - 2023/4/18/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20966 VL - 4 SP - SN - 1435-0653 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20966 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Throwing shade: Limitations to photosynthesis at high planting densities and how to overcome them AU - Burgess, Alexandra AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. T2 - Plant Physiology DA - 2023/2/12/ PY - 2023/2/12/ DO - 10.1093/plphys/kiac567 VL - 191 IS - 2 SP - 825-827 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and Leaf Gas Exchange Upregulation by Elevated [CO2] Is Light Dependent in Coffee Plants AU - Souza, Antonio H. AU - Oliveira, Ueliton S. AU - Oliveira, Leonardo Araujo AU - Nunes, Pablo AU - Andrade, Moab T. AU - Pereira, Talitha S. AU - Júnior, Carlos César Gomes AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. AU - Ramalho, José C. AU - Martins, Samuel AU - DaMatta, Fabio T2 - Plants AB - Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants have been assorted as highly suitable to growth at elevated [CO2] (eCa), although such suitability is hypothesized to decrease under severe shade. We herein examined how the combination of eCa and contrasting irradiance affects growth and photosynthetic performance. Coffee plants were grown in open-top chambers under relatively high light (HL) or low light (LL) (9 or 1 mol photons m-2 day-1, respectively), and aCa or eCa (437 or 705 μmol mol-1, respectively). Most traits were affected by light and CO2, and by their interaction. Relative to aCa, our main findings were (i) a greater stomatal conductance (gs) (only at HL) with decreased diffusive limitations to photosynthesis, (ii) greater gs during HL-to-LL transitions, whereas gs was unresponsive to the LL-to-HL transitions irrespective of [CO2], (iii) greater leaf nitrogen pools (only at HL) and higher photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency irrespective of light, (iv) lack of photosynthetic acclimation, and (v) greater biomass partitioning to roots and earlier branching. In summary, eCa improved plant growth and photosynthetic performance. Our novel and timely findings suggest that coffee plants are highly suited for a changing climate characterized by a progressive elevation of [CO2], especially if the light is nonlimiting. DA - 2023/3/28/ PY - 2023/3/28/ DO - 10.3390/plants12071479 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 1479 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12071479 ER - TY - JOUR TI - One hundred important questions facing plant science: an international perspective AU - Armstrong, Emily May AU - Larson, Emily R AU - Harper, Helen AU - Webb, Cerian R. AU - Dohleman, Frank AU - Araya, Yoseph AU - Meade, Claire AU - Feng, Xiangyan AU - Mukoye, Benard AU - Levin, Maureece J. AU - Lacombe, Benoit AU - Bakirbas, Ahmet AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. AU - Fleury, Delphine AU - Gessler, Arthur AU - Jaiswal, Deepak AU - Onkokesung, Nawaporn AU - PATHARE, VARSHA AU - Phartyal, Shyam S. AU - Sevanto, Sanna A. AU - Wilson, Ida AU - Grierson, Claire S. T2 - New Phytologist AB - Summary The ‘One Hundred Important Questions Facing Plant Science Research’ project aimed to capture a global snapshot of the current issues and future questions facing plant science. This revisiting builds on the original 2011 paper. Over 600 questions were collected from anyone interested in plants, which were reduced to a final list of 100 by four teams of global panellists. There was remarkable consensus on the most important topics between the global subpanels. We present the top 100 most important questions facing plant science in 2022, ranging from how plants can contribute to tackling climate change, to plant‐defence priming and epigenome plasticity. We also provide explanations of why each question is important. We demonstrate how focussing on climate change, community and protecting plant life has become increasingly important for plant science over the past 11 years. This revisiting illustrates the collaborative and international need for long‐term funding of plant science research, alongside the broad community‐driven efforts to actively ameliorate and halt climate change, while adapting to its consequences. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1111/nph.18771 VL - 238 IS - 2 SP - 470-481 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.18771 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woody plant adaptations to multiple abiotic stressors: where are we? AU - PUGLIELLI, GIACOMO AU - Laanisto, Lauri AU - Gori, Antonella AU - Cardoso, Amanda A. T2 - Flora AB - Interacting abiotic stresses exert a fundamental selective pressure on the adaptive syndromes of long-living organisms such as woody plants. However, general patterns and mechanisms describing woody plant adaptations to tolerate multiple abiotic stressors are yet to emerge. This hampers our ability to build predictive frameworks foreseeing species responses to stochastic changes in abiotic stress regimes due to climate change. With this Virtual Special Issue (VSI), we aimed to summarize what we know, and what we do not know, about woody plant adaptations to achieve tolerance to multiple abiotic limitations. To this end, we brought together studies exploring ecological or ecophysiological perspectives on woody plant adaptations to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses. Ecological studies suggest patterns associating trait trade-offs, climate, and biotic interactions with woody plants’ multi-stress tolerance. Ecophysiological studies point to traits and conceptual frameworks that might explain some processes underpinning woody plant multi-stress tolerance. Here, we first revised the definitions of stress and stress tolerance used in ecological and ecophysiological research, providing a nomenclature of tolerance that could be used to unify definitions across research fields. Then, we summarized the main theories and evidence on woody plant adaptations to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses. Finally, we introduced the ecological and ecophysiological perspectives on this matter and placed the contributions to this VSI within the current state of the art. Altogether, this VSI allowed us to identify the lack of large-scale integration of patterns and processes describing woody plant adaptations to multiple abiotic stresses as a major gap in this field. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1016/j.flora.2023.152221 VL - 1 SP - 152221 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2023.152221 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water deficits shape the microbiome of Bermudagrass roots to be Actinobacteria rich AU - Hu, Jialin AU - Cyle, K. Taylor AU - Miller, Grady AU - Shi, Wei T2 - FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY AB - Abstract There is increasing evidence that microbes can help ameliorate plant growth under environmental stress. Still, it is largely unknown what microbes and potential functions are involved in sustaining turfgrass, the major component of urban/suburban landscapes, under drought. We examined microbial responses to water deficits in bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root endosphere of bermudagrass by applying evapotranspiration (ET)-based dynamic irrigation twice per week during the growing season to create six treatments (0%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% ET) and respective drought-stressed soil conditions. Bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed via marker gene amplicon sequencing and thereafter drought-reshaped potential functions of the bacterial community were projected. Slight yet significant microbial responses to irrigation treatments were observed in all three microhabitats. The root endophytic bacterial community was most responsive to water stress. No-irrigation primarily increased the relative abundance of root endophytic Actinobacteria, especially the genus Streptomyces. Irrigation at ≤40% ET increased the relative abundances of PICRUSt2-predicted functional genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, superoxide dismutase, and chitinase in root endosphere. Our data suggest that the root endophytic Actinobacteria are likely the key players to improve bermudagrass fitness under drought by modulating phytohormone ethylene production, scavenging reactive oxygen species, or ameliorating nutrient acquisition. DA - 2023/4/7/ PY - 2023/4/7/ DO - 10.1093/femsec/fiad036 VL - 99 IS - 5 SP - SN - 1574-6941 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiad036 KW - Actinobacteria KW - drought KW - microbial community KW - plant-microbe interactions KW - Streptomyces KW - turfgrass ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subsurface Lateral Solute Transport in Turfgrass AU - Camacho, Manuel E. AU - Faundez-Urbina, Carlos A. AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Gannon, Travis W. AU - Heitman, Joshua L. AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - AGRONOMY-BASEL AB - Turfgrass managers have suspected that runoff-independent movement of herbicides and fertilizers is partially responsible for uneven turfgrass quality in sloped areas. We hypothesized that subsurface lateral solute transport might explain this phenomenon especially in areas with abrupt textural changes between surface and subsurface horizons. A study was conducted to track solute transport using bromide (Br−), a conservative tracer, as a proxy of turfgrass soil inputs. Field data confirmed the subsurface lateral movement of Br− following the soil slope direction, which advanced along the boundary between soil horizons over time. A model based on field data indicated that subsurface lateral movement is a mechanism that can transport fertilizers and herbicides away from the application area after they have been incorporated within the soil, and those solutes could accumulate and resurface downslope. Our results demonstrate that subsurface lateral transport of solutes, commonly ignored in risk assessment, can be an important process for off-target movement of fertilizers and pesticides within soils and turfgrass systems in sloped urban and recreational landscapes. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/agronomy13030903 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2073-4395 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030903 KW - nonpoint source KW - pollution KW - pesticides KW - runoff KW - turfgrass quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development AU - Larson, James E. AU - Perkins-Veazie, Penelope AU - Ma, Guoying AU - Kon, Thomas M. T2 - HORTICULTURAE AB - Carbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. Carbohydrates are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, and influence fruit maturation and quality. Current methods to quantify fruit carbohydrates are labor intensive and expensive. We quantified carbohydrates throughout a growing season in two cultivars and evaluated the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to predict apple carbohydrate content throughout changes in fruit development. Carbohydrates were quantified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at five timepoints between early fruitlet growth and harvest in ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples. NIR spectra was collected for freeze-dried fruit samples using a benchtop near infrared spectrometer. Sorbitol was the major carbohydrate early in the growing season (~40% of total carbohydrates). However, the relative contribution of sorbitol to total carbohydrates rapidly decreased by 59 days after full bloom (<10%). The proportion of fructose to total carbohydrates increased throughout fruit development (40–50%). Three distinct periods of fruit development, early, mid-season, and late, were found over all sampling dates using principal component analysis. The first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components accounted for 90% of the variation in the data, samples separated among sampling date along PC1. Partial least squares regression was used to build the models by calibrating carbohydrates quantified with HPLC and measured reflectance spectra. The NIR models reliably predicted the content of fructose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, and total soluble sugars for both ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’; r2 ranged from 0.60 to 0.96. These results show that NIR can accurately estimate carbohydrates throughout the growing season and offers an efficient alternative to liquid or gas chromatography. DA - 2023/2// PY - 2023/2// DO - 10.3390/horticulturae9020279 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2311-7524 KW - apple KW - fruit development KW - carbohydrate quantification KW - near infrared spectroscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two pathogen loci determine Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici virulence to wheat resistance gene Pm1a AU - Kloppe, Tim AU - Whetten, Rebecca B. AU - Kim, Saet-Byul AU - Powell, Oliver R. AU - Lueck, Stefanie AU - Douchkov, Dimitar AU - Whetten, Ross W. AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. AU - Balint-Kurti, Peter AU - Cowger, Christina T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Summary Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici ( Bgt ) is a globally important fungal pathogen of wheat that can rapidly evolve to defeat wheat powdery mildew ( Pm ) resistance genes. Despite periodic regional deployment of the Pm1a resistance gene in US wheat production, Bgt strains that overcome Pm1a have been notably nonpersistent in the United States, while on other continents, they are more widely established. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to map sequence variants associated with Pm1a virulence in 216 Bgt isolates from six countries, including the United States. A virulence variant apparently unique to Bgt isolates from the United States was detected in the previously mapped gene AvrPm1a ( BgtE‐5612 ) on Bgt chromosome 6; an in vitro growth assay suggested no fitness reduction associated with this variant. A gene on Bgt chromosome 8, Bgt‐51526 , was shown to function as a second determinant of Pm1a virulence, and despite < 30% amino acid identity, BGT‐51526 and BGTE‐5612 were predicted to share > 85% of their secondary structure. A co‐expression study in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that BGTE‐5612 and BGT‐51526 each produce a PM1A‐dependent hypersensitive response. More than one member of a B. graminis effector family can be recognized by a single wheat immune receptor, and a two‐gene model is necessary to explain virulence to Pm1a . DA - 2023/3/18/ PY - 2023/3/18/ DO - 10.1111/nph.18809 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1469-8137 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18809 KW - Blumeria graminis KW - effector KW - genome-wide association study KW - host resistance KW - powdery mildew KW - Triticum aestivum KW - wheat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of compost amendment rate and level of compaction on the hydraulic functioning of soils AU - Kranz, Christina N. AU - McLaughlin, Richard A. AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Heitman, Joshua L. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract There has been widespread interest in using compost to improve the hydrologic functions of degraded soils at construction sites for reducing runoff and increasing infiltration. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of compost amendment rate on saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s ) and water retention in order to identify target compost rates for enhancing soil hydrologic functions. Samples were prepared with three soil textures (sandy loam, silt loam, and sandy clay loam), amended with compost at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. All soils were tested at a porosity of 0.5 m 3 /m 3 , and the sandy loam was further tested at high (0.55 m 3 /m 3 ) and low (0.4 m 3 /m 3 ) porosities. The K s and water retention data were then used to model infiltration with HYDRUS‐1D. With increasing compost amendment rate, K s and water retention of the mixtures generally increased at the medium porosity level, with more compost needed in heavier soils. As porosity decreased in the sandy loam soil, the amount of compost needed to improve K s rose from 20% to 50%. Water distribution in pore fractions (gravitational, plant‐available, and unavailable water) depended on texture, with only the highest compost rates increasing plant‐available water in one soil. Results suggest soil texture should be taken into consideration when choosing a compost rate in order to achieve soil improvement goals. Hydrologic benefits may be limited even at a high rate of compost amendment if soil is compacted. DA - 2023/3/16/ PY - 2023/3/16/ DO - 10.1111/1752-1688.13119 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1752-1688 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13119 KW - compost amendment KW - HYDRUS-1D simulation KW - plant-available water KW - saturated hydraulic conductivity KW - soil compaction KW - water retention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short-Term Crop Residue Management in No-Tillage Cultivation Effects on Soil Quality Indicators in Virginia AU - Battaglia, Martin L. AU - Thomason, Wade AU - Ozlu, Ekrem AU - Rezaei-Chiyaneh, Esmaeil AU - Fike, John H. AU - Diatta, Andre Amakobo AU - Uslu, Omer Suha AU - Babur, Emre AU - Schillaci, Calogero T2 - AGRONOMY-BASEL AB - The use of crop residues for biofuel production has the potential to provide environmental and economic benefits to modern societies. Because of the profound impacts that crop residues have on agricultural productivity and soil health, a sustainable utilization of these residues is required. Thus, we determined crop yield and quality response for a range of biomass retention rates in grain cropping systems. Combinations of corn (Zea mays L.) stover (0, 3.33, 6.66 and 10 Mgha−1) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Mgha−1) were soil applied in a corn-wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in Virginia’s Coastal Plain. Corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha−1) was applied in a continuous corn cropping system in the Ridge/Valley province. For each system, residues were applied following grain harvest over two production cycles. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two cycles of crop residue management, with retention rates of up to 20 Mg ha−1 of corn stover retention in Blacksburg, and up to 13 Mg ha−1 of corn stover and wheat straw in New Kent, had no effect on total nitrogen (TN) and carbon (TC) concentrations, CN ratios, bulk density (BD), soil pH, field capacity, permanent wilting point, plant available water and water aggregate stability across soil depths and aggregate sizes in Virginia. In one situation when residue management slightly affected BD (0–2.5 cm depth, NK1), differences across the sixteen total retained residues treatments were less than 5%, thus rendering them not biologically or environmentally meaningful. Overall, results of this study did not show any clear short-term impact, resulting from various rates of crop residue retention in Virginia cropping systems. These incipient negative impacts resulting from very low rates of residue return warrant further studies to corroborate whether these results are to be found following long-term scenarios of crop residue management. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/agronomy13030838 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - SN - 2073-4395 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/838 KW - soil quality KW - residue removal KW - corn stover KW - soil organic carbon KW - total nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Initiation of genomics-assisted breeding in Virginia-type peanuts through the generation of a de novo reference genome and informative markers AU - Newman, Cassondra S. S. AU - Andres, Ryan J. J. AU - Youngblood, Ramey C. C. AU - Campbell, Jacqueline D. D. AU - Simpson, Sheron A. A. AU - Cannon, Steven B. B. AU - Scheffler, Brian E. E. AU - Oakley, Andrew T. T. AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. M. AU - Dunne, Jeffrey C. C. T2 - FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB - Virginia-type peanut, Arachis hypogaea subsp. hypogaea, is the second largest market class of peanut cultivated in the United States. It is mainly used for large-seeded, in-shell products. Historically, Virginia-type peanut cultivars were developed through long-term recurrent phenotypic selection and wild species introgression projects. Contemporary genomic technologies represent a unique opportunity to revolutionize the traditional breeding pipeline. While there are genomic tools available for wild and cultivated peanuts, none are tailored specifically to applied Virginia-type cultivar development programs.Here, the first Virginia-type peanut reference genome, "Bailey II", was assembled. It has improved contiguity and reduced instances of manual curation in chromosome arms. Whole-genome sequencing and marker discovery was conducted on 66 peanut lines which resulted in 1.15 million markers. The high marker resolution achieved allowed 34 unique wild species introgression blocks to be cataloged in the A. hypogaea genome, some of which are known to confer resistance to one or more pathogens. To enable marker-assisted selection of the blocks, 111 PCR Allele Competitive Extension assays were designed. Forty thousand high quality markers were selected from the full set that are suitable for mid-density genotyping for genomic selection. Genomic data from representative advanced Virginia-type peanut lines suggests this is an appropriate base population for genomic selection.The findings and tools produced in this research will allow for rapid genetic gain in the Virginia-type peanut population. Genomics-assisted breeding will allow swift response to changing biotic and abiotic threats, and ultimately the development of superior cultivars for public use and consumption. DA - 2023/1/27/ PY - 2023/1/27/ DO - 10.3389/fpls.2022.1073542 VL - 13 SP - SN - 1664-462X KW - genome KW - genotyping KW - introgression KW - legume KW - peanut KW - markers KW - plant breeding KW - cultivar development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current Agronomic Practices, Harvest & Post-Harvest Processing of Soybeans (Glycine max)-A Review AU - Toomer, Ondulla T. AU - Oviedo, Edgar O. AU - Ali, Muhammad AU - Patino, Danny AU - Joseph, Michael AU - Frinsko, Mike AU - Vu, Thien AU - Maharjan, Pramir AU - Fallen, Ben AU - Mian, Rouf T2 - AGRONOMY-BASEL AB - Globally, soybeans are grown to meet the needs for animal and human nutrition, oil extraction, and use in multiple industrial applications. Decades of soybean research, innovative farming methods, and the use of higher yielding resistant seed varieties have led to increased crop yields. Globally, soybean producers have utilized enhanced processing methods to produce nutritious high-quality meal and extracted oil for use in animal feed and within the food industry. Soybeans contain highly digestible proteins and are processed using various mechanical and chemical techniques to produce high quality animal feed ingredients. Defatted soybean meal (DSM) is usually prepared by the solvent extraction process of soybeans, whereby almost all oil content is removed. When oil is not extracted, full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM) is created. This form provides an excellent source of dietary energy by retaining the lipid component and is very useful in animal feeds by reducing the need for adding exogeneous lipids. However, some anti-nutritional factors (ANF) are present in FFSBM if not properly heat treated before inclusion in the finished feed. These ANF adversely affect the internal organ function and overall growth performance of the animal. Among these ANF, protease inhibitors are most important, but can be readily destroyed with optimal thermal processing. However, if the process protocols are not followed precisely, excessive heat treatment may occur, resulting in both reduced protein quality and amino acid bioavailability in the meal. Conversely, insufficient heat treatment may result in the retention of some ANF in the meal. Thermally resistant ANF can be greatly reduced in the bean and meal when dietary enzyme supplementation is included in the finished feed. This approach is cost-effective and most commonly utilized commercially. After processing, the soybean meal quality is often measured using in vitro methods performed at commercial analytical laboratories to assess the nitrogen solubility index (NSI), protein dispersibility index (PDI), urease activity (UA), and protein solubility in potassium hydroxide. Once properly processed, FFSBM or DSM can be utilized optimally in the diets of poultry and aquaculture to enhance the economic viability, animal nutrition, production performance, and the quality and nutritional value of the meat and/or eggs produced. DA - 2023/2// PY - 2023/2// DO - 10.3390/agronomy13020427 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2073-4395 KW - precision farming techniques KW - soybean meal quality KW - extrusion processing KW - high-oleic soybeans ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of full-fat high-oleic soybean meal in layer diets on nutrient digestibility and egg quality parameters of a white laying hen strain AU - Maharjan, Pramir AU - Rahimi, Amin AU - Harding, Kari L. AU - Vu, Thien Chuong AU - Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. AU - Mian, Rouf AU - Joseph, Michael AU - Dean, Lisa AU - Anderson, Kenneth E. AU - Toomer, Ondulla T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - This study was conducted to understand the impact of including full fat high-oleic soybean meal in layer hen diets on nutrient digestibility and added nutritional value in eggs. Forty-eight layers (∼36 wk old) were randomly assigned to one of 4 isonitrogenous (18.5% crude protein) treatment diets with 12 replicate birds per treatment in a 3-wk study. Treatments were 1) solvent extracted defatted soybean meal + corn diet, 2) dry extruded defatted soybean meal + corn, 3) full-fat soybean meal + corn, 4) high-oleic full-fat soybean meal + corn diet. Apparent ileal digestibility of crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) were determined using celite (∼2%) as an indigestible marker. Tibia strength and egg quality parameters (egg weight, shell strength, Haugh unit, shell color, and yolk color) were recorded during the study. Fatty acid profiles, including the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (C18:1, cis), in eggs and adipogenic tissue (liver, muscle, and fat pad) were measured using gas chromatography (GC-FID). Digestibility values of CF ranged from 71 to 84% and CP varied from 67 to 72% for treatment diets, with treatment mean values being no different (P > 0.05) between treatment diets. No differences between treatment diets in tibia strength or egg quality parameters (egg weight, shell strength, and Haugh unit) were observed (P > 0.05) except for yolk color. Similarly, there were no differences in the total lipids in egg yolk (P > 0.05) between treatment diets. However, oleic acid percentage of total lipid in egg and tissue was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in hens given the high-oleic full-fat soybean meal diet than in other treatment groups. No difference was observed in oleic acid percentage of total lipid in egg between the other 3 treatment diets (P > 0.05). Overall, the results exhibited that the eggs and tissue of layer hens fed the full-fat high-oleic acid soybean meal diet were higher in oleic acid while the CF and CP digestibility remained similar to the digestibility of the other diets. DA - 2023/4// PY - 2023/4// DO - 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102486 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1525-3171 KW - high-oleic soybean meal KW - digestibility KW - egg quality parameters KW - oleic acid KW - layer hen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bearded or smooth? Awns improve yield when wheat experiences heat stress during grain fill AU - DeWitt, Noah AU - Lyerly, Jeanette AU - Guedira, Mohammed AU - Holland, James B. AU - Ward, Brian P. AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Boyles, Richard E. AU - Mergoum, Mohamed AU - Babar, Md. Ali AU - Shakiba, Ehsan AU - Sutton, Russel AU - Ibrahim, Amir AU - Tiwari, Vijay AU - Santantonio, Nicholas AU - Sanford, David A. Van AU - Howell, Kimberly AU - Smith, Jared H. AU - Harrison, Stephen A. AU - Brown-Guedira, Gina AB - Abstract The presence or absence of awns – whether wheat heads are ”bearded” or ”smooth”– is the most visible phenotype distinguishing wheat cultivars. Previous studies suggest that awns may improve yields in heat or water-stressed environments, but the exact contribution of awns to yield differences remains unclear. Here we leverage historical phenotypic, genotypic, and climate data to estimate the yield effects of awns under different environmental conditions over a 12-year period in the Southeast US. Lines were classified as awned or awnless based on sequence data, and observed heading dates were used to associate grain fill periods of each line in each environment with climatic data and grain yield. In most environments, awn suppression was associated with higher yields, but awns were associated with better performance in heat-stressed environments more common at southern locations. Wheat breeders in environments where awns are only beneficial in some years may consider selection for awned lines to reduce year-to-year yield variability, and with an eye towards future climates. DA - 2023/3/1/ PY - 2023/3/1/ DO - 10.1101/2023.02.27.530138 UR - https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.27.530138 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detecting Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci in Gossypium hirsutum and iCottonQTL a New R/Shiny App to Streamline Genetic Mapping AU - Schoonmaker, Ashley N. AU - Hulse-Kemp, Amanda M. AU - Youngblood, Ramey C. AU - Rahmat, Zainab AU - Iqbal, Muhammad Atif AU - Rahman, Mehboob-ur AU - Kochan, Kelli J. AU - Scheffler, Brian E. AU - Scheffler, Jodi A. T2 - PLANTS-BASEL AB - Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) causes devastating losses to fiber production in Central Asia. Viral spread across Asia in the last decade is causing concern that the virus will spread further before resistant varieties can be bred. Current development depends on screening each generation under disease pressure in a country where the disease is endemic. We utilized quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in four crosses with different sources of resistance to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with the resistance trait to allow development of varieties without the need for field screening every generation. To assist in the analysis of multiple populations, a new publicly available R/Shiny App was developed to streamline genetic mapping using SNP arrays and to also provide an easy method to convert and deposit genetic data into the CottonGen database. Results identified several QTL from each cross, indicating possible multiple modes of resistance. Multiple sources of resistance would provide several genetic routes to combat the virus as it evolves over time. Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed and validated for a subset of QTL, which can be used in further development of CLCuV-resistant cotton lines. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.3390/plants12051153 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - SN - 2223-7747 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051153 KW - genetic mapping KW - cotton KW - genotyping KW - R KW - Shiny KW - cotton leaf curl virus KW - quantitative trait loci ER - TY - JOUR TI - SPINDLY O-fucosylates nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins involved in diverse cellular processes in plants AU - Zentella, Rodolfo AU - Wang, Yan AU - Zahn, Emily AU - Hu, Jianhong AU - Jiang, Liang AU - Shabanowitz, Jeffrey AU - Hunt, Donald F. AU - Sun, Tai-ping T2 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB - SPINDLY (SPY) is a novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosyltransferase that regulates target protein activity or stability via O-fucosylation of specific Ser/Thr residues. Previous genetic studies indicate that AtSPY regulates plant development during vegetative and reproductive growth by modulating gibberellin and cytokinin responses. AtSPY also regulates the circadian clock and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The pleiotropic phenotypes of spy mutants point to the likely role of AtSPY in regulating key proteins functioning in diverse cellular pathways. However, very few AtSPY targets are known. Here, we identified 88 SPY targets from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Nicotiana benthamiana via the purification of O-fucosylated peptides using Aleuria aurantia lectin followed by electron transfer dissociation-MS/MS analysis. Most AtSPY targets were nuclear proteins that function in DNA repair, transcription, RNA splicing, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Cytoplasmic AtSPY targets were involved in microtubule-mediated cell division/growth and protein folding. A comparison with the published O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) proteome revealed that 30% of AtSPY targets were also O-GlcNAcylated, indicating that these distinct glycosylations could co-regulate many protein functions. This study unveiled the roles of O-fucosylation in modulating many key nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and provided a valuable resource for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms involved. DA - 2023/2/6/ PY - 2023/2/6/ DO - 10.1093/plphys/kiad011 SP - SN - 1532-2548 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environment-specific selection alters flowering-time plasticity and results in pervasive pleiotropic responses in maize AU - Choquette, Nicole E. AU - Holland, James B. AU - Weldekidan, Teclemariam AU - Drouault, Justine AU - Leon, Natalia AU - Flint-Garcia, Sherry AU - Lauter, Nick AU - Murray, Seth C. AU - Xu, Wenwei AU - Wisser, Randall J. T2 - NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB - Crop genetic diversity for climate adaptations is globally partitioned. We performed experimental evolution in maize to understand the response to selection and how plant germplasm can be moved across geographical zones. Initialized with a common population of tropical origin, artificial selection on flowering time was performed for two generations at eight field sites spanning 25° latitude, a 2800 km transect. We then jointly tested all selection lineages across the original sites of selection, for the target trait and 23 other traits. Modeling intergenerational shifts in a physiological reaction norm revealed separate components for flowering-time plasticity. Generalized and local modes of selection altered the plasticity of each lineage, leading to a latitudinal pattern in the responses to selection that were strongly driven by photoperiod. This transformation led to widespread changes in developmental, architectural, and yield traits, expressed collectively in an environment-dependent manner. Furthermore, selection for flowering time alone alleviated a maladaptive syndrome and improved yields for tropical maize in the temperate zone. Our findings show how phenotypic selection can rapidly shift the flowering phenology and plasticity of maize. They also demonstrate that selecting crops to local conditions can accelerate adaptation to climate change. DA - 2023/2/25/ PY - 2023/2/25/ DO - 10.1111/nph.18769 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1469-8137 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18769 KW - adaptation KW - experimental evolution KW - flowering time KW - GxE KW - parallel selection KW - photoperiod KW - plasticity KW - pleiotropy ER - TY - JOUR TI - 'FLLA11019-8': A new dual-purpose facultative oat cultivar for grain and forage production in the southern United States AU - Babar, Md Ali AU - Harrison, Stephen A. AU - Blount, Ann AU - Barnett, Ronald D. AU - Johnson, Jerry AU - Mergoum, Mohamed AU - Mailhot, Daniel J. AU - Murphy, J. Paul AU - Mason, Richard E. AU - Ibrahim, Amir AU - Sutton, Russell AU - Simoneaux, Bryan AU - Boyles, Richard AU - Stancil, Brad AU - Marshall, David AU - Fountain, Myron AU - Klos, Kathy Esvelt AU - Khan, Naeem AU - Wallau, Marcelo AU - Jordan Jr, Henry G. AU - Ma, Xuefeng AU - Arbelaez, Juan T2 - JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS AB - Abstract ‘FLLA11019‐8’ (Reg. no. CV‐386, PI 700040) is new facultative oat ( Avena sativa L.) cultivar for the southern United States for forage, grain, cover, and wildlife food crop uses. It was co‐developed by the University of Florida and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center and was released in 2020 under the SunGrains, a cooperative small grain breeding program among seven Southern Universities. This line was derived from a single cross between two advanced breeding lines, FL0564‐Ab13 and LA06071SBSB‐S1. Exclusive marketing rights were granted to Ragan & Massey, Inc., and the line is currently commercializing under the names of RAM Forage Oats and PlotSpike Forage Oats. The University of Florida is the lead institution in this release. FLLA11019‐8 (originally named FLLA11‐19S‐8) was developed using the selected bulk breeding method and was selected as an F 5:6 head row. The line was evaluated in observation, preliminary, advanced, regional, and state grain and forage yield trials from 2016 to 2021. FLLA11019‐8 was released based on the merits of its broad adaptation, excellent grain yield, volume weight, forage potential, and winter survival. It is resistant to crown rust and stem rust and moderately resistant to Barley yellow dwarf virus . It is a mid‐maturing and mid‐tall height variety. FLLA11019‐8 has semi‐prostrate plant type with vigorous early‐season growth and high tillering capacity. It has performed very well in both grain and forage trials and is broadly adapted to the southern and southeastern United States. DA - 2023/1/11/ PY - 2023/1/11/ DO - 10.1002/plr2.20272 SP - SN - 1940-3496 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Brassica carinata nutrient accumulation and partitioning across maturity types and latitude AU - Bashyal, Mahesh AU - Mulvaney, Michael J. AU - Crozier, Carl R. AU - Iboyi, Joseph E. AU - Perondi, Daniel AU - Post, Angela AU - Iskandar, Keola AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Landry, Gabriel M. AU - Wilson, Chris AU - Boote, Kenneth J. AU - Devkota, Pratap T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract As a recently introduced crop in the United States, there are limited data regarding temporal nutrient accumulation and partitioning dynamics of Brassica carinata (carinata). A four site‐year study was conducted in Jay, FL and Salisbury, NC during the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 growing seasons. Three carinata genotypes (DH‐157.715, M‐01, and Avanza 641) proposed by the industry to represent early‐, mid‐, and full‐season genotypes, respectively, were sampled at multiple growth stages and partitioned into leaves, stems, reproductive parts (flowers plus pods), and seed to determine biomass and nutrient accumulation across three genotypes in Florida and one full season genotype in North Carolina. Averaged over two site‐years and genotypes in Florida, accumulation (per ha) of 169 kg N, 22 kg P, 160 kg K, 58 kg S, 475 g Zn, and 218 g B was required to produce 1635 and 10,872 kg ha −1 of seed yield and biomass, respectively. Nutrients with high harvest index values included P (60%), N (55%), S (32%), and Mg (29%). Averaged over two site‐years in North Carolina, accumulation (per ha) of 178 kg N, 26 kg P, 87 kg K, 24 kg S, 416 g Zn, and 127 g B produced 2428 and 9102 kg ha −1 of seed yield and biomass, respectively. Nutrients with greatest harvest index values were P (57%), N (50%), S (32%), and Mg (26%). Internal efficiency of N, P, and K, measured as slopes of seed yield regressions over nutrient uptake across all genotypes and locations were 16, 83, and 8 kg seed yield per kg N, P, and K uptake, respectively. These results describe temporal nutrient accumulation and partitioning in carinata and are critical to refine nutrient management strategies and guide fertilizer application decisions. DA - 2023/2/15/ PY - 2023/2/15/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20900 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1435-0653 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20900 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Confirmation and detection of novel acetolactate synthase- and protoporphyrinogen oxidase–inhibiting herbicide-resistant redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) populations in North Carolina AU - Jones, Eric A. L. AU - Andres, Ryan J. AU - Dunne, Jeffrey C. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Everman, Wesley J. T2 - Weed Science AB - Abstract Complaints of control failures with acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides on redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were reported in conventional soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields in North Carolina. Greenhouse dose–response assays confirmed that the Camden County and Pasquotank County populations were less sensitive to ALS- and PPO-inhibiting herbicides compared with susceptible A. retroflexus populations, suggesting the evolution of resistance to these herbicides. Sanger sequencing of target genes determined the Camden County population carried a Trp-574-Leu mutation in the ALS gene and an Arg-98-Gly mutation in the PPX2 gene, while the Pasquotank County population carried a His-197-Pro mutation in the ALS gene (first documentation of the mutation in the Amaranthus genus), but no mutation was detected in the PPX2 gene. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays were developed to enable efficient screening of future control failures in order to limit the spread of these herbicide-resistant populations. In addition, preliminary testing of these assays revealed the three mutations were ubiquitous in the respective populations. These two populations represent the first confirmed cases of PPO-inhibiting herbicide-resistant A. retroflexus in the United States, as well as the first confirmed cases of this particular herbicide-resistance profile in A. retroflexus inhabiting North America. While no mutation was found in the PPX2 gene of the Pasquotank County population, we suggest that this population has evolved resistance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides, but the mechanism of resistance is to be determined. DA - 2023/3// PY - 2023/3// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.4 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spectral Discrimination of Macronutrient Deficiencies in Greenhouse Grown Flue-Cured Tobacco AU - Henry, Josh AU - Veazie, Patrick AU - Furman, Marschall AU - Vann, Matthew AU - Whipker, Brian T2 - PLANTS-BASEL AB - Remote sensing of nutrient disorders has become more common in recent years. Most research has considered one or two nutrient disorders and few studies have sought to distinguish among multiple macronutrient deficiencies. This study was conducted to provide a baseline spectral characterization of macronutrient deficiencies in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Reflectance measurements were obtained from greenhouse-grown nutrient-deficient plants at several stages of development. Feature selection methods including information entropy and first and second derivatives were used to identify wavelengths useful for discriminating among these deficiencies. Detected variability was primarily within wavelengths in the visible spectrum, while near-infrared and shortwave-infrared radiation contributed little to the observed variability. Principal component analysis was used to reduce data dimensionality and the selected components were used to develop linear discriminant analysis models to classify the symptoms. Classification models for young, intermediate, and mature plants had overall accuracies of 92%, 82%, and 75%, respectively, when using 10 principal components. Nitrogen, sulfur, and magnesium deficiencies exhibited greater classification accuracies, while phosphorus and potassium deficiencies demonstrated poor or inconsistent results. This study demonstrates that spectral analysis of flue-cured tobacco is a promising methodology to improve current scouting methods. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.3390/plants12020280 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - SN - 2223-7747 KW - macronutrients KW - Hoagland solution KW - spectroscopy KW - principal component analysis KW - information entropy KW - classification modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abundance, diversity, and composition of root-associated microbial communities varied with tall fescue cultivars under water deficit AU - Hu, Jialin AU - Miller, Grady AU - Shi, Wei T2 - FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY AB - The plant breeding program has developed many cultivars of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) with low maintenance and stress tolerance. While the root-associated microbial community helps confer stress tolerance in the host plant, it is still largely unknown how the microbiota varies with plant cultivars under water stress. The study aimed to characterize drought-responsive bacteria and fungi in the roots and rhizosphere of different tall fescue cultivars. Intact grass-soil cores were collected from six cultivars grown in a field trial under no-irrigation for 3 years. Tall fescue under irrigation was also sampled from an adjacent area as the contrast. Bacterial and fungal communities in roots, rhizosphere, and bulk soil were examined for abundance, diversity, and composition using quantitative-PCR and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and ITS regions, respectively. Differences in microbial community composition and structure between non-irrigated and irrigated samples were statistically significant in all three microhabitats. No-irrigation enriched Actinobacteria in all three microhabitats, but mainly enriched Basidiomycota in the root endosphere and only Glomeromycota in bulk soil. Tall fescue cultivars slightly yet significantly modified endophytic microbial communities. Cultivars showing better adaptability to drought encompassed more relatively abundant Actinobacteria, Basidiomycota, or Glomeromycota in roots and the rhizosphere. PICRUSt2-based predictions revealed that the relative abundance of functional genes in roots related to phytohormones, antioxidant enzymes, and nutrient acquisition was enhanced under no-irrigation. Significant associations between Streptomyces and putative drought-ameliorating genes underscore possible mechanics for microbes to confer tall fescue with water stress tolerance. This work sheds important insight into the potential use of endophytic microbes for screening drought-adaptive genotypes and cultivars. DA - 2023/1/12/ PY - 2023/1/12/ DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1078836 VL - 13 SP - SN - 1664-302X KW - drought KW - cultivar KW - Actinobacteria KW - Basidiomycota KW - turfgrass KW - plant-microbe interactions ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of alkaloids and reducing sugars in processed and unprocessed tobacco leaves using a handheld near infrared spectrometer AU - Castillo, Miguel S. AU - Acosta, Juan J. AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Vann, Matthew C. AU - Lewis, Ramsey S. T2 - JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AB - Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy calibration models were developed to predict chemical properties of flue-cured tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf samples using a microPHAZIR TM handheld NIR spectrometer. The sample data set consisted of 348 leaf-bundled samples of upper-stalk flue-cured tobacco leaves collected from an array of cultivars evaluated in multiple locations. Unprocessed leaf samples were intact whole unground leaves collected from curing barns. Processed leaf samples were further dried and ground before scanning. The NIR prediction models for percent reducing sugars, percent total alkaloids, and percent nicotine were very good for processed leaves [r 2 (SEP in %) values = 0.98 (0.82), 0.92 (0.17), and 0.92 (0.14), respectively]. The models for the same three variables for unprocessed leaves were also very good, with only slightly lower fit statistics [r 2 (SEP) = 0.93 (1.58), 0.87 (0.22), and 0.88 (0.18), respectively). Fit statistics for anabasine NIR models were intermediate with r 2 (SEP in %) values ranging from 0.73 (0.003) to 0.76 (0.003), while the lowest fit statistics were observed for anatabine and norticotine with r 2 (SEP in %) ranging from 0.49 (0.005) to 0.55 (0.017), respectively, for both unprocessed and processed leaves. Hence, use of a handheld NIR spectrometer would be of more limited value for these variables. The chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaf samples for some chemical traits can be directly assessed at the point when the leaves exit the curing barns, thus minimizing the need to dry and grind samples for colorimetric and chromatographic analyses. DA - 2023/1/16/ PY - 2023/1/16/ DO - 10.1177/09670335221148594 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1751-6552 KW - Near infrared spectroscopy KW - handheld KW - alkaloids KW - tobacco KW - reducing sugars KW - unprocessed KW - intact ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stocking method and terminology in grazing management: Evaluation of assertions from educational, outreach, and engagement programs AU - Castillo, Miguel S. AU - Wallau, Marcelo T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Abstract We revisited terminology and assertions about grazing management in general, but more specifically the choice of the stocking method, and considered their merit in the context of evidence from the literature, including a chapter entitled Prescribed Grazing on Pasturelands from a National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) literature synthesis published in 2012 (Nelson, 2012). We framed those assertions in the form of questions. Our objectives were to consider whether these often‐stated assertions about grazing management were supported, refuted, or simply not adequately assessed by the body of scientific evidence and to help focus future discussion about the topic. DA - 2023/1/13/ PY - 2023/1/13/ DO - 10.1002/csc2.20877 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating Short Rotation Woody Crops into Conventional Agricultural Practices in the Southeastern United States: A Review AU - Ile, Omoyemeh J. AU - McCormick, Hanna AU - Skrabacz, Sheila AU - Bhattacharya, Shamik AU - Aguilos, Maricar AU - Carvalho, Henrique D. R. AU - Idassi, Joshua AU - Baker, Justin AU - Heitman, Joshua L. AU - King, John S. T2 - LAND AB - One of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal’s (SDGs) aims is to enhance access to clean energy. In addition, other SDGs are directly related to the restoration of degraded soils to improve on-farm productivity and land management. Integrating Short Rotation Woody Crops (SRWC) for bioenergy into conventional agriculture provides opportunities for sustainable domestic energy production, rural economic development/diversification, and restoration of soil health and biodiversity. Extensive research efforts have been carried out on the development of SRWC for bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts. Recently, broader objectives that include multiple ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, and land mine reclamation are being explored. Yet, limited research is available on the benefits of establishing SRWC on degraded agricultural lands in the southeastern U.S. thereby contributing to environmental goals. This paper presents a literature review to (1) synthesize the patterns and trends in SWRC bioenergy production; (2) highlight the benefits of integrating short rotation woody crops into row crop agriculture; and (3) identify emerging technologies for efficiently managing the integrated system, while identifying research gaps. Our findings show that integrating SRWC into agricultural systems can potentially improve the climate of agricultural landscapes and enhance regional and national carbon stocks in terrestrial systems. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.3390/land12010010 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2073-445X KW - land degradation KW - new farming systems KW - bioenergy KW - agroforestry KW - sustainable development goals KW - landscape restoration KW - ecosystem services ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zinc speciation and desorption kinetics in a mining waste impacted tropical soil amended with phosphate AU - Gomes, Frederico Prestes AU - Soares, Matheus Bortolanza AU - Carvalho, Hudson Wallace Pereira AU - Sharma, Aakriti AU - Hesterberg, Dean AU - Alleoni, Luis Reynaldo Ferracciu T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Mining is an important component of the Brazilian economy. However, it may also contribute to environmental problems such as the pollution of soils with zinc and other potentially toxic metals. Our objective was to evaluate changes in the chemical speciation and mobility of Zn in a soil amended with phosphate. Soil samples were collected from a deactivated mining area in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and amended with NH4H2PO4 saturated with deionized water to 70 % of maximum water retention and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C in open containers for 60 days. The soil was chemically and mineralogically characterized, and sequential extraction, desorption kinetics, and speciation were carried out using synchrotron bulk-sample and micro-X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES/μ-XANES) spectroscopy at the Zn K-edge, and X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis (μ-XRF). The combination of μ-XRF and μ-XANES techniques made it possible to identify Zn hotspots in the main species formed after phosphate remediation. The best fit combination for bulk XANES and μ-XANES was observed in Zn-montmorillonite, Zn-kerolite, Zn-ferrihydrite, and gahnite. In the course of phosphate treatment, gahnite, Zn layered double hydroxides (Zn-LDH), Zn3(PO4), and ZnO were identified by bulk XANES, while Zn-ferrihydrite, Zn-montmorillonite, and scholzite were identified by μ-XANES. Zinc in the phosphate-amended soil had the strongest partial correlations (r' > 0.05) with Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn, Si, P, Cd, Pb, and Cd, while the unamended soil showed the strongest correlation with Cu, Pb, Fe, and Si. The application of NH4H2PO4 altered Zn speciation and favored an increase in Zn desorption. The most available Zn contents after phosphate amendment were correlated with the release of exchangeable Zn fractions, associated with carbonate and organic matter. DA - 2023/3/15/ PY - 2023/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161009 VL - 864 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure KW - Soil pollution KW - Remediation KW - Mining ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of split-root assays for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings to study ectomycorrhizal symbioses AU - Rose, Benjamin D. AU - Frank, Hannah E. R. AU - Garcia, Kevin T2 - METHODSX AB - Split-root techniques are valuable to investigate systemic vs. local plant responses to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, including interactions with soil microbes. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is an economically important tree species that associates with many ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, a protocol for the establishment of split-roots experiments with loblolly pine has not been described so far. This method successfully establishes a split-root system in eight weeks following germination of loblolly pine seedlings. Rapid lateral root elongation is promoted by cutting the primary root tip and growing the seedlings in a hydroponic medium. Lateral roots can then be divided into two separated compartments and inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. The method was validated by growth of split roots with or without inoculation. Root dry biomass was not significantly different between separated non-inoculated roots. Ectomycorrhizal colonization was not detected on the non-inoculated side of roots that were inoculated only on one side, demonstrating the success of the technique as a valuable method for split-root experiments in P. taeda. In addition to ectomycorrhizal fungi, researchers can use this method with loblolly pine to study systemic and local responses to a variety of other biotic or abiotic factors in the root environment.•We describe a protocol to produce split-roots in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in eight weeks.•This protocol uses hydroponics to promote the elongation of loblolly pine roots.•We validated this protocol by determining split-root biomass and inoculating the seedlings with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Paxillus ammoniavirescens or Hebeloma cylindrosporum. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102046 VL - 10 SN - 2215-0161 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102046 KW - Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis KW - Hebeloma cylindrosporum KW - Hydroponics KW - Loblolly pine KW - Paxillus ammoniavirescens KW - Split-root ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrochar more effectively mitigated nitrous oxide emissions than pyrochar from a coastal soil of the Yellow River Delta, China AU - You, Xiangwei AU - Wang, Xiao AU - Sun, Ruixue AU - Liu, Qiang AU - Fang, Song AU - Kong, Qingxian AU - Zhang, Xin AU - Xie, Chenghao AU - Zheng, Hao AU - Li, Hui AU - Li, Yiqiang T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Application of char amendments (e.g., pyrochar or biochar, hydrochar) in degraded soils is proposed as a promising solution for mitigating climate change via carbon sequestration and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission reduction. However, the hydrochar-mediated microbial modulation mechanisms underlying N2O emissions from coastal salt-affected soils, one of essential blue C ecosystems, were poorly understood. Therefore, a wheat straw derived hydrochar (SHC) produced at 220 °C was prepared to investigate its effects on N2O emissions from a coastal salt-affected soil in the Yellow River Delta and to distinguish the microbial regulation mechanisms in comparison with corresponding pyrochar pyrolyzed at 500 °C (SPC) using a 28-day soil microcosm experiment. Compared with SPC, the acidic SHC (pH 4.15) enriched in oxygenated functional groups, labile C and N constituents. SHC application more efficiently depressed cumulative soil N2O emissions (48.4-61.1 % vs 5.57-45.2 %) than those of SPC. SHC-induced inhibition of ammonia-oxidizing gene (amoA)-mediated nitrification and promotion of full reduction of N2O to N2 by nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) were the underlying microbial mechanisms. Structural equation models further revealed that SHC-modulated bacterial N-transformation responses, i.e., inhibited nitrification and promoted heterotrophic denitrification, mainly contributed to reduced N2O emissions, whereas modification of soil properties (e.g., decreased pH, increased total C content) by SPC dominantly accounted for decreased N2O emissions. These results address new insights into microbial regulation of N2O emission reduction from the coastal salt-affected soils amended with hydrochar, and provide the promising strategies to enhance C sequestration and mitigate GHG emissions in the blue C ecosystems. DA - 2023/2/1/ PY - 2023/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159628 VL - 858 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - Salt-affected soils KW - Soil amendments KW - Global climate warming KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Nitrogen cycle KW - Denitrification ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial community dynamics responding to nutrient allocation associated with soybean cultivar ?Jake? ozone adaptation AU - Zhang, Kaile AU - Zentella, Rodolfo AU - Burkey, Kent O. AU - Liao, Hui-Ling AU - Tisdale, Ripley H. T2 - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT AB - Tropospheric ozone (O3), a major air pollutant, leads to significant global yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean cultivar ‘Jake’ shows O3 resilient traits in above-ground organs, but the root system remains sensitive to elevated O3 (eO3). Changing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) resource composition during eO3 stress suggests that eO3 presumably alters belowground soil microbial communities and their driven nutrient transformation. Yet, the responses of belowground microbes to eO3 and their feedback on nutrient cycling in ‘Jake’ are unknown. In this study, we holistically investigated soil microbial communities associated with C and N dynamics and bacterial-fungal inter-kingdom networks in the rhizosphere and bulk soil at different developmental stages of ‘Jake’ grown under sub-ambient O3 [charcoal-filtered (CF) air, 12 h mean: 20 ppb] or eO3 (12 h mean: 87 ppb). The results demonstrated eO3 significantly decreased fungal diversity and complexity of microbial networks at different ‘Jake’ developmental stages, whereas bacterial diversity was more tolerant to eO3 in both bulk soil and rhizosphere. In the bulk soil, no O3-responsive microbial biomarkers were found to be associated with C and N content, implying eO3 may stimulate niche-based processes during ‘Jake’ growth. In contrast, this study identified O3-responsive microbial biomarkers that may contribute to the N acquisition (Chloroflexales) and C dynamics (Caldilineales, Thermomicrobiales, and Hypocreales) in the rhizosphere, which may support the O3 resilience of the ‘Jake’ cultivar. However, further investigation is required to confirm their specific contributions by determining changes in microbial gene expression. Overall, these findings conduce to an expanding knowledge base that O3 induces temporal and spatial changes in the effects of microbial and nutrient networks in the O3-tolerant agriculture ecosystems. DA - 2023/3/15/ PY - 2023/3/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161008 VL - 864 SP - SN - 1879-1026 KW - Elevated ozone KW - Climate -resilient soybean KW - Nutrient source -sink balance KW - Soil microbiomes KW - Bacterial -fungal networks ER - TY - JOUR TI - Brassica carinata physiological response to land preparation method and seeding rate AU - Iboyi, Joseph E. AU - Mulvaney, Michael J. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Balkcom, Kipling S. AU - Bashyal, Mahesh AU - Perondi, Daniel AU - Noia, Rogerio de S., Jr. AU - Devkota, Pratap AU - Small, Ian M. T2 - JOURNAL OF CROP IMPROVEMENT AB - Best management practices that optimize agronomic performance and make Brassica carinata production compatible with existing cropping systems are crucial for the establishment of a carinata supply chain in the southeastern United States. To this end, research was carried out to quantify land preparation method (conventional, no-till, broadcast-disc, and ripper-roller) and seeding rate effects on (1.12, 5.60, 10.09, and 14.57 kg seed ha−1) on B. carinata physiology, yield, and seed chemical composition. Data were collected on days to 50% flowering; canopy cover; gaseous exchange parameters (leaf net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, intercellular CO2, and water use efficiency); leaf area index; root weight; shoot weight; aboveground biomass; yield; and seed chemical composition. Leaf net photosynthesis was affected by land preparation treatment, being greater under the ripper-roller treatment, particularly during bolting. On the other hand, a decrease in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency was observed as seeding rate increased, especially during bolting. Carinata seed under the ripper-roller land preparation had the greatest oil content but lowest glucosinolates and protein contents. Yield did not respond to land preparation. Yield was minimized (732 kg seed ha−1) at the 1.12 kg ha−1 seeding rate and maximized (1087 kg seed ha−1) at the 5.6 kg ha−1 seeding rate. No land preparation by seeding rate interaction was observed for gas exchange parameters and LAI during any of the growth stages, nor was any interaction observed for yield. Carinata’s physiological response to seeding rate did not depend on land preparation method employed. DA - 2023/1/12/ PY - 2023/1/12/ DO - 10.1080/15427528.2022.2163950 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1542-7536 KW - Tillage KW - planting density KW - carinata physiology KW - photosynthesis KW - oilseed crop KW - agronomic management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic carbon changes in a Carolina Bay wetland 15 years after restoration AU - Moritz, Christopher M. AU - Vepraskas, Michael J. AU - Ricker, Matthew C. T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Evaluating wetland restoration success is complicated. In this study, soil organic carbon (SOC) pools in a Carolina Bay wetland (CBW) were determined for pre‐ and post‐restoration periods and compared to values in reference wetlands to determine if SOC could be used to evaluate restoration success. The CBW was Juniper Bay in Robeson County, NC, USA, that had been restored for 15 years following its use for agriculture. Previously, we determined both pre‐restoration SOCs and post‐restoration hydrology. Saturation occurrence and anaerobic conditions (15 years following restoration) were confirmed with Indicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) tubes. Soil morphological features, litter thickness, and SOC to 75 cm were also determined. There were significant ( p < 0.05) differences in numbers of hydric soil field indicators in the organic soils and no differences in the mineral soils ( p > 0.10) between pre‐ and post‐restoration periods. Litter thickness post‐restoration increased linearly with saturation duration. SOC decreased following restoration by 49% in mineral soils and 24% in organic soils as compared to pre‐restoration values. SOC concentrations in the restored wetland were not significantly different than those in reference wetlands indicating that the Juniper Bay restoration was successfully sequestering C. Litter thickness may be a good indicator of restoration success. SOC levels may decrease compared to reference wetland values if pre‐restoration soils were in agriculture. DA - 2023/3/30/ PY - 2023/3/30/ DO - 10.1002/saj2.20521 VL - 3 SP - SN - 1435-0661 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20521 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid evolution of competitive ability in giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) over 34 years AU - Ethridge, Sandra R. AU - Chandra, Saket AU - Everman, Wesley J. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Locke, Anna M. AU - Owen, Micheal D. K. AU - Leon, Ramon G. T2 - Weed Science AB - Abstract Competition between genotypes within a plant population can result in the displacement of the least competitive by more competitive genotypes. Although evolutionary processes in plants may occur over thousands and millions of years, it has been suggested that changes in key fitness traits could occur in as little as decades, with herbicide resistance being a common example. However, the rapid evolution of complex traits has not been proven in weeds. We hypothesized that changes in weed growth and competitive ability can occur in just a few years because of selection in agroecosystems. Seed of multiple generations of a single natural population of the grassy weed giant foxtail ( Setaria faberi Herrm.) were collected during 34 yr (i.e., 1983 to 2017). Using a “resurrection” approach, we characterized life-history traits of the different year-lines under noncompetitive and competitive conditions. Replacement-series experiments comparing the growth of the oldest year-line (1983) versus newer year-lines (1991, 1996, 1998, 2009, and 2017) showed that plant competitive ability decreased and then increased progressively in accordance with oscillating selection. The adaptations in competitive ability were reflected in dynamic changes in leaf area and biomass when plants were in competition. The onset of increased competitive ability coincided with the introduction of herbicide-resistant crops in the landscape in 1996. We also conducted a genome-wide association study and identified four loci that were associated with increased competitive ability over time, confirming that this trait changed in response to directional selection. Putative transcription factors and cell wall–associated enzymes were linked to those loci. This is the first study providing direct in situ evidence of rapid directional evolution of competitive ability in a plant species. The results suggest that agricultural systems can exert enough pressure to cause evolutionary adaptations of complex life-history traits, potentially increasing weediness and invasiveness. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2023.1 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 59-68 J2 - Weed Sci LA - en OP - SN - 0043-1745 1550-2759 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.1 DB - Crossref KW - Cell wall KW - competition KW - Darwin KW - directional selection KW - invasiveness KW - natural selection KW - replacement series KW - resurrection KW - weediness KW - transcription factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - The soiltestcorr R package: An accessible framework for reproducible correlation analysis of crop yield and soil test data AU - Correndo, Adrian A. AU - Pearce, Austin AU - Bolster, Carl H. AU - Spargo, John T. AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Ciampitti, Ignacio A. T2 - SOFTWAREX AB - The soiltestcorr R package is an open-source software designed to enable accessible and reproducible computation of correlation analyses between crop yield response to fertilization and soil test values. The package compiles a series of functions for analyzing soil test correlation data: (i) Cate & Nelson data partitioning procedure (graphical and statistical versions), (ii) nonlinear regression analysis (linear-plateau, quadratic-plateau, and Mitscherlich-type exponential models), and (iii) the modified arcsine-log calibration curve. The soiltestcorr enables users to correlate crop response to soil nutrient availability and estimate a critical soil test value and visualize results with ggplot without requiring advanced R programming skills. Finally, a web application that facilitates the use of the package is also offered for users with no background in R programming. DA - 2023/2// PY - 2023/2// DO - 10.1016/j.softx.2022.101275 VL - 21 SP - SN - 2352-7110 KW - Programming KW - Agriculture KW - Soil fertility KW - Crop nutrition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water use of short-rotation coppice American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) for bioenergy during establishment on marginal land in the North Carolina Piedmont AU - Carvalho, Henrique D. R. AU - Aguilos, Maricar M. AU - Ile, Omoyemeh J. AU - Howard, Adam M. AU - King, John S. AU - Heitman, Joshua L. T2 - AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT AB - American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) is a hardwood species that can be integrated into short-rotation coppice (SRC) production systems for bioenergy in the southeastern USA. Due to high growth rates and low input requirements, sycamore is regarded as a promising second-generation bioenergy woody crop suitable for degraded or marginal lands. However, little is known about sycamore water use for the conditions of North Carolina (NC), especially during the establishment year when trees are most sensitive to soil water deficits. We evaluated energy fluxes and actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) rates of sycamore SRC during the establishment year on marginal land in the Piedmont physiographic region of NC. Our overall goal was to better understand the factors controlling the evaporative demand of sycamore and its sensitivity to drought stress during establishment. Total ETc act was 482 mm, which was 95% of the total rainfall at the site. ETc act rates increased with precipitation and with tree development, reaching a maximum of 5.7 mm d−1. Although severe water stress was not observed during the study period, a moderate drought occurred from mid-August to mid-September, during which a 13-day drying cycle caused ETc act rates to decrease by 30%. The sycamore SRC transitioned from an “energy-limited” to a “water-limited” ETc act regime when water content in the upper 5 cm of soil was about 0.10 m3 m−3, indicating that the sycamore field relied on water available within the upper soil layers. Measurements suggested that trees may not yet have developed a root system sufficient to sustain transpiration during dry spells and that water use of the sycamore field was highly coupled to precipitation during the establishment year. DA - 2023/2/1/ PY - 2023/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108071 VL - 276 SP - SN - 1873-2283 KW - Woody crops KW - Degraded land KW - Surface energy balance KW - Bowen ratio KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Episodic drought ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of electrical and mechanical Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) management in cucumber, peanut, and sweetpotato AU - Moore, Levi D. D. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. M. AU - Monks, David W. W. AU - Boyette, Michael D. D. AU - Leon, Ramon G. G. AU - Jordan, David L. L. AU - Ippolito, Stephen J. J. AU - Blankenship, Colton D. D. AU - Chang, Patrick T2 - WEED TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of physical weed management of Palmer amaranth management in cucumber, peanut, and sweetpotato. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial in which the first factor included a treatment method of electrical, mechanical, or hand-roguing Palmer amaranth control and the second factor consisted of treatments applied when Palmer amaranth was approximately 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 m above the crop canopy. Four wk after treatment (WAT), the electrical applications controlled Palmer amaranth at least 27 percentage points more than the mechanical applications when applied at the 0.3- and 0.6-m timings. At the 0.9- and 1.2-m application timings 4 WAT, electrical and mechanical applications controlled Palmer amaranth by at most 87%. Though hand removal generally resulted in the greatest peanut pod count and total sweetpotato yield, mechanical and electrical control resulted in similar yield to the hand-rogued plots, depending on the treatment timing. With additional research to provide insight into the optimal applications, there is potential for electrical control and mechanical control to be used as alternatives to hand removal. Additional studies were conducted to determine the effects of electrical treatments on Palmer amaranth seed production and viability. Treatments consisted of electricity applied to Palmer amaranth at first visible inflorescence, 2 wk after first visible inflorescence (WAI) or 4 WAI. Treatments at varying reproductive maturities did not reduce the seed production immediately after treatment. However, after treatment, plants primarily died and ceased maturation, reducing seed production assessed at 4 WAI by 93% and 70% when treated at 0 and 2 WAI, respectively. Treatments did not have a negative effect on germination or seedling length. DA - 2023/1/22/ PY - 2023/1/22/ DO - 10.1017/wet.2023.1 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1550-2740 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.1 KW - Palmer amaranth KW - Amaranthus palmeri S KW - Watson KW - cucumber KW - Cucumis sativus L KW - 'Maxi pick' KW - peanut KW - Arachis hypogaea L KW - 'Walton' KW - sweetpotato KW - Ipomoea batatas (L KW - ) Lam KW - 'Covington' KW - Electric weed control KW - mechanical weed control KW - weed control KW - alternative weed management KW - organic weed control ER - TY - JOUR TI - The putative transporter MtUMAMIT14 participates in nodule formation in Medicago truncatula AU - Garcia, Kevin AU - Cloghessy, Kaylee AU - Cooney, Danielle R. AU - Shelley, Brett AU - Chakraborty, Sanhita AU - Kafle, Arjun AU - Busidan, Aymeric AU - Sonawala, Unnati AU - Collier, Ray AU - Jayaraman, Dhileepkumar AU - Ane, Jean-Michel AU - Pilot, Guillaume T2 - SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AB - Abstract Transport systems are crucial in many plant processes, including plant–microbe interactions. Nodule formation and function in legumes involve the expression and regulation of multiple transport proteins, and many are still uncharacterized, particularly for nitrogen transport. Amino acids originating from the nitrogen-fixing process are an essential form of nitrogen for legumes. This work evaluates the role of MtN21 (henceforth MtUMAMIT14), a putative transport system from the MtN21/EamA-like/UMAMIT family, in nodule formation and nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula . To dissect this transporter’s role, we assessed the expression of MtUMAMIT14 using GUS staining, localized the corresponding protein in M. truncatula root and tobacco leaf cells, and investigated two independent MtUMAMIT14 mutant lines. Our results indicate that MtUMAMIT14 is localized in endosomal structures and is expressed in both the infection zone and interzone of nodules. Comparison of mutant and wild-type M. truncatula indicates MtUMAMIT14, the expression of which is dependent on the presence of NIN, DNF1, and DNF2 , plays a role in nodule formation and nitrogen-fixation. While the function of the transporter is still unclear, our results connect root nodule nitrogen fixation in legumes with the UMAMIT family. DA - 2023/1/16/ PY - 2023/1/16/ DO - 10.1038/s41598-023-28160-8 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stress coefficients for hybrid bermudagrass in the transition zone AU - Ketchum, Cory AU - Miller, Grady AU - Pinnix, Garland T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract The use of drought tolerant turfgrass cultivars is desirable due to greater water use efficiency and sustained acceptable turfgrass quality during times of drought stress. Crop coefficients (K c ) have traditionally been utilized to assist in reducing irrigation by comparing reference evapotranspiration (ET o ) to actual evapotranspiration (ET a ) of specific crops. However, K c values are most relevant during times of nonlimiting conditions and do not quantify the amount turfgrasses restrict evapotranspiration (ET) under moderate drought stress. Stress coefficients (K s ) estimate water needs while maintaining minimally acceptable turfgrass quality. The objective of this study was to derive K s values for four bermudagrass ( Cynodon spp.) cultivars managed in the transition zone. Direct measurements of actual evapotranspiration were made through weighing lysimetry during a 2‐year field study. Experimental units were allowed to naturally dry down near wilting point and maintained at a steady level of soil moisture to calculate K s for each cultivar. A lower K s value indicates increased turfgrass tolerance to water stress; whereas a K s value ≥1 suggests higher soil moisture levels are required to sustain turfgrass quality. ‘TifTuf’, ‘Latitude 36’ and ‘Tifway’ were the best performing cultivars with mean K s values of 0.747, 0.766, and 0.796, respectively. ‘Celebration’ had the highest K s value of 0.944. The results indicate certain bermudagrass cultivars can maintain quality with less soil water, and the reduced water requirements may be used to schedule efficient irrigation applications. DA - 2023/6// PY - 2023/6// DO - 10.1002/cft2.20212 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2374-3832 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20212 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utilization of image-based spectral reflectance to detect herbicide resistance in glufosinate-resistant and glufosinate-susceptible plants: a proof of concept AU - Jones, Eric A. L. AU - Austin, Robert AU - Dunne, Jeffrey C. AU - Cahoon, Charles W. AU - Jennings, Katherine M. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Everman, Wesley J. T2 - Weed Science AB - Abstract Glufosinate is an effective postemergence herbicide, and overreliance on this herbicide for weed control is likely to increase and select for glufosinate-resistant weeds. Common assays to confirm herbicide resistance are dose–response and molecular sequencing techniques; both can require significant time, labor, unique technical equipment, and a specialized skillset to perform. As an alternative, we propose an image-based approach that uses a relatively inexpensive multispectral sensor designed for unmanned aerial vehicles to measure and quantify surface reflectance from glufosinate-treated leaf disks. Leaf disks were excised from a glufosinate-resistant and glufosinate-susceptible corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties and placed into a 24-well plate containing eight different concentrations (0 to 10 mM) of glufosinate for 48 h. Multispectral images were collected after the 48-h incubation period across five discrete wave bands: blue (475 to 507 nm), green (560 to 587 nm), red (668to 682 nm), red edge (717 to 729 nm), and near infrared (842 to 899 nm). The green leaf index (GLI; a metric to measure chlorophyll content) was utilized to determine relationships between measured reflectance from the tested wave bands from the treated leaf disks and the glufosinate concentration. Clear differences of spectral reflectance were observed between the corn, cotton, and soybean leaf disks of the glufosinate-resistant and glufosinate-susceptible varieties at the 10 mM concentration for select wave bands and GLI. Leaf disks from two additional glufosinate-resistant and glufosinate-susceptible varieties of each crop were subjected to a similar assay with two concentrations: 0 and 10 mM. No differences of spectral reflectance were observed from the corn and soybean varieties in all wave bands and the GLI. The leaf disks of the glufosinate-resistant and glufosinate-susceptible cotton varieties were spectrally distinct in the green, blue, and red-edge wave bands. The results provide a basis for rapidly detecting glufosinate-resistant plants via spectral reflectance. Future research will need to determine the glufosinate concentrations, useful wave bands, and susceptible/resistant thresholds for weeds that evolve resistance. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1017/wsc.2022.68 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2022.68 KW - Herbicide resistance KW - rapid assay KW - remote sensing KW - resistant crop ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flue-cured tobacco and Cl rates: Implications on yield, quality, and nutrient concentration AU - Tiecher, Tales AU - Pace, Cara Ruth AU - Gatiboni, Luke AU - Vann, Matthew AU - Hardy, David AU - Fisher, Loren T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract The increase in flue‐cured tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) yields in recent decades due to genetic improvements of new cultivars and management technologies may increase the plant demand for Cl, and the increased dry mass may dilute Cl concentration, thereby reducing negative effects. This study evaluated the effect of increasing doses of Cl on tobacco production, quality, and chemical composition of leaves, in four growing environments located at research stations where flue‐cured tobacco is produced in North Carolina. The treatments consisted of 11 rates of Cl (0, 11, 22, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78, 90, 101, and 112 kg ha −1 ) in each growing environment, with four replications in a randomized complete block design. The yield and visual quality, total alkaloids, and reducing sugars concentrations of cured leaf were determined. In addition, the concentration of selected nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Cl) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) in tobacco leaves was measured in five different periods. Rates of Cl up to 112 kg ha −1 did not reduce the productivity or quality of flue‐cured tobacco in any environment. The Cl rate required to reach the threshold of 1.0% Cl content in cured leaf was site‐specific, being surpassed even in the control treatment at one location, or with Cl rates higher than 34 and 90 kg ha −1 in two environments. In one environment, the Cl rates increased tobacco yield, probably due the direct effect of Cl as a nutrient. Although the increasing Cl rates increased the reducing sugars concentration, visual quality was not attenuated. DA - 2023/2/13/ PY - 2023/2/13/ DO - 10.1002/agj2.21272 VL - 2 SP - SN - 1435-0645 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21272 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chickpea C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein ZF2 is a Positive Regulator in Drought Response in Arabidopsis AU - Liu, Sushuang AU - Liu, Yanmin AU - Liu, Chundong AU - Yu, Xingwang AU - Ma, Hao T2 - PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB - Drought is a major abiotic stress limiting agricultural crops production worldwide. In our study, we isolated a novel C2H2-type zinc finger protein gene ZF2 from chickpea. ZF2 consisted of 232 amino acids with two QALGGH motifs in Cys2/His2 zinc finger domain. Transient expression analysis of ZF2:GFP fusion protein showed that ZF2 was a nuclear localized protein. In the yeast assay system, the full-length of ZF2 did not show transcriptional activation. Expression of ZF2 gene was enhanced by treatments of several abiotic stresses and phytohormones. The promoter region of ZF2 contained multiple stress- and hormone-related cis-elements. Overexpression of ZF2 in Arabidopsis significantly improved the root length and fresh weight at seedling stage and enhanced the survival rates and proline content under drought treatment. These results indicated that ZF2 functioned as a positive regulator in drought response. DA - 2023/// PY - 2023/// DO - 10.32604/phyton.2022.023738 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 577-590 SN - 1851-5657 KW - ZF2 KW - chickpea KW - drought tolerance KW - transgenic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of utilizing swine lagoon sludge as a composting ingredient AU - Patil, Piyush AU - Sharara, Mahmoud AU - Shah, Sanjay AU - Kulesza, Stephanie AU - Classen, John T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB - Lagoon sludge, a byproduct of swine operations in the Southeast United States, poses a management challenge due to its high mineral and metal content. Composting is a low-cost, scalable technology for manure management. However, limited information is available on composting swine lagoon sludge in terms of recipes, greenhouse gas emissions and end-product quality. Moreover, due to its high Zn and Cu content, high inclusion of sludge in composting recipes can potentially inhibit the process. To address these knowledge gaps, in-vessel aerated composting (0.4 m3each) was carried out to evaluate impacts of sludge inclusion, at 10% (Low Sludge, LS-Recipe) and 20% (High sludge, HS-Recipe) wet mass-basis, on composting process and end-product quality. Comparable maximum temperatures (74 ± 2.7 °C, 74.9 ± 2.9 °C), and organic matter loss were observed in both recipes. Similarly, sludge inclusion ratio had no significant impact on cumulative GHG emissions. The global warming potential (20-year GWP) for swine lagoon sludge composting using LS and HS recipes was observed to be 241.9 (±13.3) and 229.9 (±8.7) kg CO2-e/tDM respectively. Both recipes lost 24–28% of initial carbon (C) and 4–15% of nitrogen (N) respectively. Composting and curing did not change water-extractable (WE) phosphorus (P) concentrations while WE Zn and Cu concentrations decreased by 67–74% and 55–59% respectively in both recipes. End compost was stable (respiration rates <2 mgCO2-C/g OM/day) with germination index >93 for both recipes. DA - 2023/2/1/ PY - 2023/2/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116840 VL - 327 SP - SN - 1095-8630 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116840 KW - GHG Emissions KW - Water extractable KW - Phosphorus KW - Zinc KW - Copper KW - North Carolina ER - TY - JOUR TI - Critical soil test values of phosphorus and potassium for soybean and corn in three long-term trials in North Carolina AU - Morales, Nelida Agramont AU - Gatiboni, Luke AU - Osmond, Deanna AU - Vann, Rachel AU - Kulesza, Stephanie AU - Crozier, Carl AU - Hardy, David T2 - SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB - Abstract Soil test correlation is continuously necessary to affirm critical soil test values (CSTV) for specific nutrients, as changes in crop management and development of new plant varieties may change CSTVs. The objective of this study was to determine the CSTVs of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn ( Zea mays L.) using three long‐term trials in North Carolina. Soybean was cultivated in 2020 and corn in 2021 in three long‐term trials established on research stations located in the Tidewater, Coastal Plain, and Piedmont regions of NC. In each trial, up to five rates of P (0–88.2 kg P ha −1 ) and K (0–186.8 kg K ha −1 ) were applied annually at planting. Soil and tissue samples were analyzed and yield measured. There was yield response to P in all site‐years. The average CSTVs of P for corn and soybean were 51, 66, and 14 mg kg −1 for the sites at Tidewater, Coastal Plain, and Piedmont regions. The CSTV of P for Piedmont (14 mg kg −1 ) differs greatly from the current recommendation for NC (52 mg kg −1 ). The response to K fertilization was observed only in three site‐years and the CSTVs varied from 49 to 93 mg kg −1 , while the current recommendation is setting the CSTV of K at 85 mg kg −1 . These results indicate it is necessary to develop further studies of soil test correlation for P and K in North Carolina to better estimate the CSTVs for the state. DA - 2023/1/26/ PY - 2023/1/26/ DO - 10.1002/saj2.20491 VL - 1 SP - SN - 1435-0661 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Nitrogen Source and Rate on Soybean Yield and Quality AU - Burns, Joseph AU - Kulesza, Stephanie AU - Vann, Rachel AU - Woodley, Alex T2 - Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis AB - The poultry industry in North Carolina (NC) has increased substantially over the past few decades, which has led to widespread availability of poultry litter. While many grain producers in NC utilize litter in their fertilization programs, it is typically applied to the corn or wheat crops that are in the rotation with soybean, instead of directly prior to soybeans. However, there is interest in application to soybean. Therefore, three field sites were established across NC in both 2019 and 2020, with four replicates of 11 treatments: four litter rates (22.4, 44.8, 89.7 and 134.5 Mg/hectare), six inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (16.8, 33.6, 67.3, 134.5, 201.8, and 269.0 kg N/hectare), and a control. The impact of these treatments on biomass production, tissue N, plant population, yield, and grain quality were investigated. There was no significant effect on yield in 2019; however, there was a significant effect on yield in 2020, showing a negative correlation with inorganic N fertilizer in Plymouth and a 22% reduction in yield over the range of inorganic N treatments. It is possible there was an increased salt effect in these plots, as there was a negative response in plant population at five of six site years. While there was a positive correlation between grain protein and increasing inorganic N rate, growers are not paid based on grain quality. The results of this study suggest N application at planting is not beneficial for growers, but litter could be applied to meet soybean phosphorus or potassium demands. DA - 2023/3/9/ PY - 2023/3/9/ DO - 10.1080/00103624.2022.2118299 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2118299 KW - Soybean KW - poultry litter KW - nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of soil particle density determined by a gas pycnometer using helium, nitrogen, and air AU - Amoozegar, Aziz AU - Heitman, Joshua L. AU - Kranz, Christina N. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - Abstract Soil particle density (ρ s ) is often assumed as 2.65 g cm −3 (density of quartz). The objectives of this study were to compare the use of different gases for determining ρ s in a gas pycnometer and relate measured ρ s to soil particle size distributions. The ρ s of 36 natural soil samples representing 12 USDA textural classes, fine glass beads, crushed granite rock, kaolinite, and bentonite were measured by a commercial gas pycnometer using He, N 2 , and dry air. The ρ s of 30 of the soil samples, glass beads, and crushed rock were also determined with a water pycnometer. The ρ s of 36 soil samples determined by He and 30 samples determined by water had narrow ranges with averages of 2.65 and 2.59 g cm −3 , respectively. The ρ s determined by air and N 2 had much wider ranges with averages of 2.93 and 2.97 g cm −3 , respectively. There was a near 1:1 relationship between ρ s of all samples determined by air and N 2 with a highly significant ( p < .001) correlation coefficient ( r = .99). The average ratio of ρ s determined by He and water was 1.03, but the correlation coefficient for their relationship was only .416. Although the relationship between ρ s determined by He and either air or N 2 was relatively strong ( r < .61), the regression coefficient was <.17. There was a strong relationship between soil clay content and ρ s determined by N 2 or air but a weaker, yet statistically significant ( p < .05) relationship when using He. DA - 2023/1// PY - 2023/1// DO - 10.1002/saj2.20476 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20476 ER -