TY - CONF TI - Performance of Recent Color Difference Equations around a CIE Blue Color Center AU - Shamey, R. AU - Lee, S.G. AU - Hinks, D. AU - Jasper, W. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Conference on Colour in Graphics, Imaging, and Vision DA - 2008/// VL - 2008 SP - 7–11 M1 - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat transfer through protective clothing under symmetric and asymmetric long wave thermal radiation AU - Bröde, Peter AU - Kuklane, Kalev AU - Candas, Victor AU - DenHartog, Emiel A. AU - Griefahn, Barbara AU - Holmér, Ingvar AU - Meinander, Harriet AU - Nocker, Wolfgang AU - Richards, Mark AU - Havenit, George T2 - Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - 267–276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing: attenuation and “heat pipe” effects AU - Havenith, George AU - Richards, Mark G. AU - Wang, Xiaoxin AU - Bröde, Peter AU - Candas, Victor AU - DenHartog, Emiel AU - Holmér, Ingvar AU - Kuklane, Kalev AU - Meinander, Harriet AU - Nocker, Wolfgang T2 - Journal of Applied Physiology AB - Investigating claims that a clothed person's mass loss does not always represent their evaporative heat loss (EVAP), a thermal manikin study was performed measuring heat balance components in more detail than human studies would permit. Using clothing with different levels of vapor permeability and measuring heat losses from skin controlled at 34 degrees C in ambient temperatures of 10, 20, and 34 degrees C with constant vapor pressure (1 kPa), additional heat losses from wet skin compared with dry skin were analyzed. EVAP based on mass loss (E(mass)) measurement and direct measurement of the extra heat loss by the manikin due to wet skin (E(app)) were compared. A clear discrepancy was observed. E(mass) overestimated E(app) in warm environments, and both under and overestimations were observed in cool environments, depending on the clothing vapor permeability. At 34 degrees C, apparent latent heat (lambda(app)) of pure evaporative cooling was lower than the physical value (lambda; 2,430 J/g) and reduced with increasing vapor resistance up to 45%. At lower temperatures, lambda(app) increases due to additional skin heat loss via evaporation of moisture that condenses inside the clothing, analogous to a heat pipe. For impermeable clothing, lambda(app) even exceeds lambda by four times that value at 10 degrees C. These findings demonstrate that the traditional way of calculating evaporative heat loss of a clothed person can lead to substantial errors, especially for clothing with low permeability, which can be positive or negative, depending on the climate and clothing type. The model presented explains human subject data on EVAP that previously seemed contradictive. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1152/japplphysiol.00612.2007 VL - 104 IS - 1 SP - 142–149 SN - 8750-7587 1522-1601 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00612.2007 KW - heat balance KW - sweat evaporation KW - condensation KW - protective clothing KW - evaporative cooling efficiency ER - TY - CONF TI - Spatial structural variation in nonwovens and its implications for filtration AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Das, D. T2 - International Nonwovens Technical Conference (INTC) 2008 C2 - 2008/// CY - Houston, Texas DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/9// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Non-woven textile microwave antennas and components AU - Deaett, MA AU - Weedon, W.H., III AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. DA - 2008/12/9/ PY - 2008/12/9/ M1 - US7463198B2 M3 - Patent SN - US7463198B2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactivity of the 3,4,5-Tridehydropyridinium Cation-An Aromatic σ,σ,σ-Triradical AU - Jankiewicz, Bartłomiej J. AU - Reece, Jennifer N. AU - Vinueza, Nelson R. AU - Nash, John J. AU - Kenttämaa, Hilkka I. T2 - Angewandte Chemie International Edition AB - Seeing the sites: Reactivity studies on the σ,σ,σ-triradical 3,4,5-tridehydropyridinium cation by using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer show that bond formation first occurs at C3 for radical reactions, and at either C3 or C4 for nonradical reactions (see scheme). The isomeric 2,4,6-tridehydropyridinium cation shows different chemical properties because of the lower reactivity of its meta-benzyne group(s) and its greater Brønsted acidity. DA - 2008/12/8/ PY - 2008/12/8/ DO - 10.1002/anie.200802714 VL - 47 IS - 51 SP - 9860-9865 J2 - Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. LA - en OP - SN - 1433-7851 1521-3773 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802714 DB - Crossref KW - ion-molecule reactions KW - mass spectrometry KW - reaction mechanisms KW - reactivity KW - triradicals ER - TY - CONF TI - Nonwoven Structures with Interconnected Pore Configuration for Bone Tissue Engineering AU - Haslauer, C.H. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Loboa, E.G. T2 - 10th Annual North Carolina Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (NCTERM) Conference C2 - 2008/11// C3 - Proceedings of the 10th Annual North Carolina Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (NCTERM) Conference CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// ER - TY - CONF TI - 3-Dimensional Analysis of Segmented Pie Bicomponent Nonwovens AU - Shim, C. AU - Latifi, M. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - International Nonwovens Technical Conference (INTC) 2008 C2 - 2008/9// CY - Houston, Texas DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// ER - TY - CONF TI - Emerging Nonwovens AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - International Nonwovens Technical Conference (INTC) 2008 C2 - 2008/9// CY - Houston, Texas DA - 2008/9// PY - 2006/9// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlled nanocutting of graphene AU - Ci, Lijie AU - Xu, Zhiping AU - Wang, Lili AU - Gao, Wei AU - Ding, Feng AU - Kelly, Kevin F. AU - Yakobson, Boris I. AU - Ajayan, Pulickel M. T2 - Nano Research AB - Rapid progress in graphene-based applications is calling for new processing techniques for creating graphene components with different shapes, sizes, and edge structures. Here we report a controlled cutting process for graphene sheets, using nickel nanoparticles as a knife that cuts with nanoscale precision. The cutting proceeds via catalytic hydrogenation of the graphene lattice, and can generate graphene pieces with specific zigzag or armchair edges. The size of the nanoparticle dictates the edge structure that is produced during the cutting. The cutting occurs along straight lines and along symmetry lines, defined by angles of 60° or 120°, and is deflected at free edges or defects, allowing practical control of graphene nano-engineering. DA - 2008/7/31/ PY - 2008/7/31/ DO - 10.1007/S12274-008-8020-9 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 116-122 J2 - Nano Res. LA - en OP - SN - 1998-0124 1998-0000 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S12274-008-8020-9 DB - Crossref KW - Graphene KW - nano-engineering KW - electronics KW - catalytic hydrogenation ER - TY - CHAP TI - Structure and mechanics of nonwovens AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Maze, B. T2 - Structure and Mechanics of Textile Fibre Assemblies AB - Nonwovens are complex fiber assemblies whose mechanical properties depend on numerous and often random factors. This chapter first discusses nonwoven production processes and how they relate to key properties like ODF and mass uniformity. The second part focuses on the different approaches used to model the mechanical behavior of nonwovens. PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1533/9781845695231.116 SP - 116-140 OP - PB - Elsevier SN - 9781845691356 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845695231.116 DB - Crossref KW - nonwovens KW - fiber orientation distribution function (ODF) KW - mass uniformity KW - mechanical modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Non-evaporative effects of a wet mid layer on heat transfer through protective clothing AU - Bröde, Peter AU - Havenith, George AU - Wang, Xiaoxin AU - Candas, Victor AU - den Hartog, Emiel A. AU - Griefahn, Barbara AU - Holmér, Ingvar AU - Kuklane, Kalev AU - Meinander, Harriet AU - Nocker, Wolfgang AU - Richards, Mark T2 - European Journal of Applied Physiology AB - In order to assess the non-evaporative components of the reduced thermal insulation of wet clothing, experiments were performed with a manikin and with human subjects in which two layers of underwear separated by an impermeable barrier were worn under an impermeable overgarment at 20°C, 80% RH and 0.5 ms−1 air velocity. By comparing manikin measurements with dry and wetted mid underwear layer, the increase in heat loss caused by a wet layer kept away from the skin was determined, which turned out to be small (5–6 W m−2), irrespective of the inner underwear layer being dry or wetted, and was only one third of the evaporative heat loss calculated from weight change, i.e. evaporative cooling efficiency was far below unity. In the experiments with eight males, each subject participated in two sessions with the mid underwear layer either dry or wetted, where they stood still for the first 30 min and then performed treadmill work for 60 min. Reduced heat strain due to lower insulation with the wetted mid layer was observed with decreased microclimate and skin temperatures, lowered sweat loss and cardiac strain. Accordingly, total clothing insulation calculated over the walking period from heat balance equations was reduced by 0.02 m2 °C W−1 (16%), while for the standing period the same decrease in insulation, representing 9% reduction only showed up after allowing for the lower evaporative cooling efficiency in the calculations. As evaporation to the environment and inside the clothing was restricted, the observed small alterations may be attributed to the wet mid layer’s increased conductivity, which, however, appears to be of minor importance compared to the evaporative effects in the assessment of the thermal properties of wet clothing. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1007/S00421-007-0629-Y VL - 104 IS - 2 SP - 341–349 SN - 1439-6319 1439-6327 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00421-007-0629-Y KW - moisture KW - clothing insulation KW - conduction KW - skin temperature KW - sweating ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dry and Wet Heat Transfer Through Clothing Dependent on the Clothing Properties Under Cold Conditions AU - Richards, Mark G.M. AU - Rossi, René AU - Meinander, Harriet AU - Broede, Peter AU - Candas, Victor AU - den Hartog, Emiel AU - Holmér, Ingvar AU - Nocker, Wolfgang AU - Havenith, George T2 - International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture on the heat transfer through clothing in relation to the water vapour resistance, type of underwear, location of the moisture and climate. This forms part of the work performed for work package 2 of the European Union THERMPROTECT project. Thermal manikin results of dry and wet heat loss are presented from different laboratories for a range of 2-layer clothing with similar dry insulations but different water vapour permeabilities and absorptive properties. The results obtained from the different manikins are generally consistent with each other. For each climate, total wet heat loss is predominately dependent on the permeability of the outer layer. At 10 degrees C, the apparent evaporative heat loss is markedly higher than expected from evaporation alone (measured at 34 degrees C), which is attributed to condensation within the clothing and to increased conductivity of the wet clothing layers. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1080/10803548.2008.11076750 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 69-76 J2 - International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics LA - en OP - SN - 1080-3548 2376-9130 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2008.11076750 DB - Crossref KW - heat transfer KW - moisture KW - condensation KW - wet conduction KW - clothing systems ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of recent color difference equations around a cie blue color center AU - Shamey, R. AU - Lee, S.G. AU - Hlnks, D. AU - Jasper, W. T2 - Society for Imaging Science and Technology - 4th European Conference on Colour in Graphics, Imaging, and Vision and 10th International Symposium on Multispectral Colour Science, CGIV 2008/MCS'08 DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// SP - 7-11 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349970572&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Artificial intelligence in the colour and textile industry AU - Shamey, Renzo AU - Hussain, T T2 - Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics AB - Review of Progress in Coloration and Related TopicsVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 33-45 Artificial intelligence in the colour and textile industry R Shamey, R Shamey Dr R Shamey is currently an associate professor at North Carolina State University. He was the leader of the Automation and Novel Colomtion Research Group at the School of Textiles of Heriot-Uhtt UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorT Hussain Ph.D, T Hussain Ph.D Mr T Hussain is a PhD student in that group.Search for more papers by this author R Shamey, R Shamey Dr R Shamey is currently an associate professor at North Carolina State University. He was the leader of the Automation and Novel Colomtion Research Group at the School of Textiles of Heriot-Uhtt UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorT Hussain Ph.D, T Hussain Ph.D Mr T Hussain is a PhD student in that group.Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2003.tb00142.xCitations: 13 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume33, Issue1June 2003Pages 33-45 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2003.tb00142.x VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 33-45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal Stability of Hf-Based Gate Dielectric Stacks with Rare-Earth Oxide Capping Layers AU - LeBeau, JM AU - Jur, JS AU - Lichtenwalner, DJ AU - Kingon, AI AU - Klenov, DO AU - Stemmer, S T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis AB - Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2008 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 3 – August 7, 2008 DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1017/S1431927608084109 VL - 14 IS - S2 SP - 418-419 J2 - Microsc Microanal LA - en OP - SN - 1431-9276 1435-8115 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1431927608084109 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential Applications of Oxidoreductases for the Re‐oxidation of Leuco Vat or Sulfur Dyes in Textile Dyeing AU - Xu, F. AU - Salmon, S. T2 - Engineering in Life Sciences AB - Abstract Conventional textile dyeing by vat and sulfur dyes includes reduction and re‐oxidation steps (with chemical reductants and oxidants), so that the insoluble dyes can be solubilized in the dyeing solution, adsorbed by the fabric, and fixed onto the dyed fabric. The treatments often involve hazardous chemicals, expensive catalysts, or conditions that are suboptimally effective, energy‐intensive, caustic, or polluting. Improving these steps with enzyme technology could be of significant interest in terms of better dyeing, handling of hazardous chemicals, disposal of waste, or production economy. The idea of an enzymatic re‐oxidation step for vat and sulfur dyeings was tested under simplified laboratory conditions. Selected vat and sulfur dyes, including Vat Blue 43, Vat Orange 7, Vat Green 3, Vat Orange 2, Vat Red 13, Vat Yellow 2, and Sulfur Black 1, were first chemically reduced. The reduced (leuco) dyes were then re‐oxidized by aerated buffer solutions or H 2 O 2 , in the presence or absence of an oxidoreductase, selected from seven laccases from Myceliophthora thermophila, Scytalidium thermophilum, Coprinus cinereus, Trametes villosa, Rhizoctonia solani, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Botrytis cinerea , a bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria, and a heme peroxidase from Coprinus cineresu . It was shown that the enzymes were able to catalyze and accelerate the re‐oxidation of the reduced dyes, even when they were adsorbed on cotton fabric, by dissolved air (O 2 ) or H 2 O 2 . Small redox‐active mediators could facilitate the enzymatic re‐oxidation. For Sulfur Black 1, a higher conversion of the leuco dye was achieved with laccase‐catalyzed re‐oxidation. The further development of this potential enzyme application is discussed. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1002/elsc.200700070 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 331-337 J2 - Eng. Life Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 1618-0240 1618-2863 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200700070 DB - Crossref KW - biocatalysis KW - dyeing KW - oxidoreductases KW - peroxidase ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Case Study of Realistic Two-Scale Modeling of Water Permeability in Fibrous Media AU - Jaganathan, Sudhakar AU - Tafreshi, Hooman Vahedi AU - Pourdeyhimi, Behnam T2 - Separation Science and Technology AB - Abstract There are several 3-D analytical models available for predicting the permeability of fibrous media. These models are developed based on the assumption that the medium is homogeneous with fibers oriented either in one specific direction, randomly oriented in the plane of the material, or isotropically oriented in a 3-D space. Unlike the homogeneous geometries normally considered for modeling, real media have a rather inhomogeneous Solid Volume Fraction (SVF), fiber orientations, and/or diameters. The presence of such non-uniformities in a real medium renders the models' predictions inaccurate. Sectioning-imaging, MRI imaging, or tomographic methods are often used to obtain a 3-D image of the real media for the purpose of calculating the permeability. These techniques, however, require extensive computational resources making the simulations limited to very small sub-domains. To circumvent this problem (required computational memory), a two-scale modeling approach is proposed that allowed modeling the entire thickness of a typical hydroentangled fabric on a personal computer. In particular, the micro-scale water permeability of a carded, hydroentangled nonwoven is computed via a finite difference CFD code, GeoDict, by using 3-D reconstructed microstructures obtained from Digital Volumetric Imaging (DVI). The resulting permeability tensors are then used in a lumped porous media model developed by Fluent Inc. for simulating water flow through the entire thickness of the material and the calculation of effective permeability. The modeling strategy presented in this study, is not limited to the case considered here and can be applied to different porous materials. DA - 2008/5/26/ PY - 2008/5/26/ DO - 10.1080/01496390802063960 VL - 43 IS - 8 SP - 1901-1916 J2 - Separation Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0149-6395 1520-5754 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496390802063960 DB - Crossref KW - CFD simulation KW - 3-D imaging KW - permeability KW - fibrous materials KW - fiber nonwovens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling liquid porosimetry in modeled and imaged 3-D fibrous microstructures AU - Jaganathan, S. AU - Vahedi Tafreshi, H. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Journal of Colloid and Interface Science AB - In this paper, an analysis to distinguish the geometric and porosimetric pore size distributions of a fibrous material is presented. The work is based on simulating the intrusion of nonwetting fluid in a series of 3-D fibrous microstructures obtained from 3-D image reconstruction or virtual geometries mathematically generated according to the properties of the media. We start our study by computing the pore size distribution of two typical hydroentangled nonwoven materials and present a theoretical model for their geometric pore size distributions based on Poisson line network model of the fibrous media. It is shown that the probability density function of the geometric pore size distribution can be approximated by a two-parametric Gamma distribution. We also study connectivity of the pore space in fibrous media by computing and comparing the accessible and allowed pore volumes in the form access function graphs. It is shown that the so-called ink-bottle effect can significantly influence the fluid intrusion in a porous material. The pore space connectivity of a homogeneous fibrous media is observed to be a function of thickness, solid volume fraction (SVF), and fiber diameter. It is shown that increasing the materials' thickness or SVF, while other properties are kept constant, reduces the pore space connectivity. On the other hand, increasing the fiber diameter enhances the connectivity of the pores if all other parameters are fixed. Moreover, modeling layered fibrous microstructures; it is shown that the access function graphs can be used to detect the location of the bottle neck pores in a layered/composite porous material. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.07.011 VL - 326 IS - 1 SP - 166-175 J2 - Journal of Colloid and Interface Science LA - en OP - SN - 0021-9797 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.07.011 DB - Crossref KW - pore size distribution KW - 3-D imaging KW - access function KW - gamma distribution KW - fibrous media KW - filtration KW - ink-boule effect KW - hydroentangling KW - porosimetry ER - TY - JOUR TI - A realistic approach for modeling permeability of fibrous media: 3-D imaging coupled with CFD simulation AU - Jaganathan, S. AU - Vahedi Tafreshi, H. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Chemical Engineering Science AB - Determining permeability of fibrous media is of great importance to many industries. While there are several 2-D and 3-D analytical models developed for predicting the permeability of fibrous disordered media, there are not many numerical works that compare the predictions of these models with that of real media. In this work, we present a series of numerical simulations performed on the microstructure of a real fibrous media. An efficient procedure is presented for reconstructing 3-D images from the 2-D images of the real fibrous media and processing them for the purpose of performing fluid flow simulation. Digital volumetric imaging (DVI) of a typical hydroentangled fibrous fabric is obtained, as an example, and its permeability is computed. These results are compared with those obtained from the analytical equations given in the literature. In particular, it was found that permeability of a typical hydroentangled material can be closely predicted by the layered anisotropic models. DA - 2008/1// PY - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.ces.2007.09.020 VL - 63 IS - 1 SP - 244-252 J2 - Chemical Engineering Science LA - en OP - SN - 0009-2509 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.09.020 DB - Crossref KW - permeability KW - fibrous porous media KW - CFD KW - digital volumetric imaging ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface and bulk properties of glycidyl methacrylate modified polypropylene: Experimental and molecular modeling studies AU - Verenich, S. AU - Paul, S. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Journal of Applied Polymer Science AB - Abstract Modifications of polypropylene (PP) are often carried out to either functionalize them or meet specific property demands. This study considered the process of PP grafting with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as an intermediate step to achieve improvements in surface properties of this polymer. Abundant literature is available on this grafting process but little is known about the surface properties of the grafted PP. Present work considered both experimental and computational approaches to attain this goal. Experimentally, it was established that the melting temperature of modified PP changed with the addition of GMA, and at higher concentrations of GMA in the PP matrix, heterogeneous nucleation took place. Experimental results revealed a decrease in the surface energy (SE) as well. To discern the underlying reasons behind these changes, molecular dynamics simulations were undertaken. The computational results revealed that the changes in SE could be associated with the location of the functional group. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/app.27780 VL - 108 IS - 5 SP - 2983-2987 J2 - J. Appl. Polym. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8995 1097-4628 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.27780 DB - Crossref KW - GMA-grafting KW - polypropylene KW - molecular dynamics ER - TY - JOUR TI - novel polymer composite with double positive-temperature-coefficient transitions: effect of filler-matrix interface on the resistivity-temperature behavior AU - Zhang, X. W. AU - Pan, Y. T2 - Polymer International DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regioselective ion–molecule reactions for the mass spectrometric differentiation of protonated isomeric aromatic diamines AU - Fu, Mingkun AU - Duan, Penggao AU - Li, Sen AU - Habicht, Steven C. AU - Pinkston, David S. AU - Vinueza, Nelson R. AU - Kenttämaa, Hilkka I. T2 - The Analyst AB - A mass spectrometric method utilizing regioselective ion–molecule reactions has been developed for the differentiation of protonatedisomericaromatic diamines in FT-ICR, linear quadrupole ion trap and triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1039/b801961d VL - 133 IS - 4 SP - 452 J2 - Analyst LA - en OP - SN - 0003-2654 1364-5528 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b801961d DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gas-Phase Reactivity of Aromatic σ,σ-Biradicals toward Dinucleoside Phosphates AU - Yang, Linan AU - Nash, John J. AU - Yurkovich, Michael J. AU - Jin, Zhicheng AU - Vinueza, Nelson R. AU - Kenttämaa, Hilkka I. T2 - Organic Letters AB - In order to improve the understanding of the interactions of aromatic sigma,sigma-biradicals with DNA, the reactivity of three isomeric sigma,sigma-biradicals toward four dinucleoside phosphates was studied in a mass spectrometer. The dinucleoside phosphates were evaporated into the mass spectrometer by using laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD). The results demonstrate that the structure of the sigma,sigma-biradical and the base sequence of the dinucleoside phosphate can have a major influence on these reactions. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1021/ol800312g VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 1889-1892 J2 - Org. Lett. LA - en OP - SN - 1523-7060 1523-7052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol800312g DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of the Carboxylic Acid Functionality by Using Electrospray Ionization and Ion−Molecule Reactions in a Modified Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer AU - Habicht, Steven C. AU - Vinueza, Nelson R. AU - Archibold, Enada F. AU - Duan, Penggao AU - Kenttämaa, Hilkka I. T2 - Analytical Chemistry AB - A mass spectrometric method has been developed for the identification of the carboxylic acid functional group in analytes evaporated and ionized by electrospray ionization (ESI). This method is based on gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of ammoniated ([M + NH4]+) and sodiated ([M + Na]+) analyte molecules with trimethyl borate (TMB) in a modified linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The diagnostic reaction involves addition of the deprotonated analyte to TMB followed by the elimination of methanol. A variety of analytes with different func-tionalities were examined, and this reaction was only observed for molecules containing the carboxylic acid functionality. The selectivity of the reaction is attributed to the acidic hydrogen present in the carboxylic acid group, which provides the proton necessary for the elimination of methanol. The diagnostic products are easily identified based on the m/z value of the product ion, which is 72 Th (thomson) greater than the m/z value of the charged analyte, and also by the character-istic isotope pattern of boron. The applicability of this method for pharmaceutical analysis was demonstrated for three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1021/ac800002h VL - 80 IS - 9 SP - 3416-3421 J2 - Anal. Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 0003-2700 1520-6882 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac800002h DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactivity of the 3,4,5-Tridehydropyridinium Cation-An Aromatic σ,σ,σ-Triradical AU - Jankiewicz, Bartłomiej J. AU - Reece, Jennifer N. AU - Vinueza, Nelson R. AU - Nash, John J. AU - Kenttämaa, Hilkka I. T2 - Angewandte Chemie AB - Unterschiedliche Angriffspunkte: Studien zur Reaktivität des 3,4,5-Tridehydropyridiniumkations mithilfe eines Fourier-Transformations-Ionencyclotronresonanz-Massenspektrometers belegen, dass bei radikalischen Reaktionen zuerst über C3 Bindungen gebildet werden, bei nichtradikalischen Reaktionen über C3 oder C4 (siehe Schema). Das stärker Brønsted-saure isomere Kation 2,4,6-Tridehydropyridinium verhält sich anders, weil die meta-Benz-in-Positionen weniger reaktiv sind. DA - 2008/12/8/ PY - 2008/12/8/ DO - 10.1002/ange.200802714 VL - 120 IS - 51 SP - 10008-10013 J2 - Angew. Chem. LA - en OP - SN - 0044-8249 1521-3757 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200802714 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Safety Evaluation in the Development of Medical Devices and Combination Products AU - Gad, Shayne AU - McCord, Marian DA - 2008/10/20/ PY - 2008/10/20/ DO - 10.1201/9781439809488 ET - 3 PB - Taylor and Francis: CRC Press SN - 9781420071641 9781439809488 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439809488 ER - TY - CONF TI - Using student owned computing and tablet PCs to teach engineering problem solving using Excel and VBA to Textile Students AU - Joines, J.A. AU - Pasquinelli, M.A. C2 - 2008/8// C3 - Proceedings of the Textiles Futures Conference DA - 2008/8// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review: Structure Control of Electrospun Nanofibers and Their Assemblies AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - International Journal of Electrospun Nanofibers and Applications DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 2 SP - 75-102 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preparation and characterization of silica nanoparticulate-polyacrylonitrile composite and porous nanofibers AU - Ji, Liwen AU - Saquing, Carl AU - Khan, Saad A. AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - Nanotechnology DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 085605 10.1088/0957-4484/19/8/085605 VL - 19 IS - 8 ER - TY - CONF TI - Preparation of Porous Carbon Nanofibers and Their Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries C2 - 2008/3// C3 - Third Annual NC State University Graduate Student Research Symposium DA - 2008/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Porous Carbon Nanofibers: Preparation and Application as Anode Materials in Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries C2 - 2008/3// C3 - ACS Polymer Discussion Group Richard D. Gilbert Award Student Symposium DA - 2008/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Nonwovens Containing Novel Polymer Fillers C2 - 2008/3// C3 - NSF Site Visit Meeting DA - 2008/3// ER - TY - CONF TI - Fabrication of Porous Carbon Nanofibers through Electrospinning C2 - 2008/2// C3 - Emerging Issues Forum DA - 2008/2// ER - TY - CONF TI - Fabrication of Porous Carbon Nano-Fibers from Electrospun PAN/PLA Blends C2 - 2008/4// C3 - 17th Annual Undergraduate Research Symposium DA - 2008/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Electrospun Composite Nanofibers for Lithium Ion Battery Applications C2 - 2008/3// C3 - NSF Site Visit Meeting DA - 2008/3// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant floor scheduling systems in A lean environment AU - Wagoner, April Gail AU - others DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Computing Across Curricula AU - Rouskas, George N AU - Boullard, Lisa AU - Craig, Amy E AU - Joines, Jeff AU - Miller, Carol AU - Miller, Tom K AU - Raubenheimer, Dianne AU - Silverberg, Larry AU - Wiebe, Eric T2 - Citeseer C2 - 2008/// C3 - ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition DA - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of data mining tools for exploring data: Yarn quality case study AU - Daley, Caitlin Marie DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - CONF TI - AC 2008-740: COMPUTING ACROSS CURRICULA AU - Craig, Amy C2 - 2008/// C3 - age DA - 2008/// VL - 13 SP - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - AC 2008-1062: INTEGRATION OF COMPUTER BASED PROBLEM SOLVING INTO ENGINEERING CURRICULA AU - Raubenheimer, Dianne C2 - 2008/// C3 - age DA - 2008/// VL - 13 SP - 1 ER - TY - THES TI - A design and analysis approach for drag reduction on aircraft with adaptive lifting surfaces AU - Cusher, Aaron Anthony AU - others DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - BLOG TI - Simulation and Lean Six Sigma: Part 2 Defining the Role of Simulation, Success in Simulation AU - Joines, J.A. T2 - simio.biz DA - 2008/12/5/ PY - 2008/12/5/ UR - http://simio.biz/blog/2008/12/ ER - TY - BLOG TI - Simulation and Lean Six Sigma: Part 1 Defining Six Sigma, Success in Simulation AU - Joines, J.A. T2 - simio.biz DA - 2008/11/30/ PY - 2008/11/30/ UR - http://www.simio.biz/blog/2008/11/30/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Color ordered a survey of color order systems from antiquity to the present AU - Kuehni, Rolf G. AU - Schwarz, Andreas DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// PB - Oxford ;|aNew York: Oxford University Press ER - TY - PAT TI - System and method for reducing jet streaks in hydroentangled fibers AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Tafreshi, H. V. AU - Anantharamaiah, N. C2 - 2008/// DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - PAT TI - Lightweight high-tensile, high-tear strength bicomponent nonwoven fabrics AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Fedorova, N. V. AU - Sharp, S. R. C2 - 2008/// DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification in dynamic SIMS: Current status and future needs AU - Stevie, F. A. AU - Griffis, D. P. T2 - APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE AB - Dynamic SIMS has made great strides in quantification. The use of ion-implanted standards has made quantification routine for any element in a wide range of matrices. Both contaminant and matrix measurements can be reliably quantified in the same depth profile for selected multi-element substrates, such as SiGe and AlGaN. Dose measurements with less than 1% reproducibility have been demonstrated for magnetic sector, quadrupole, and time-of-flight instruments. Progress has been made in quantification at the surface, at interfaces, in thin layers, in insulators, within small areas, and for two and three dimensions. Current challenges include quantification in a proliferation of layers, interfaces, and elements, and obtaining quantitative information from the smallest possible area. Analyses using complementary techniques will be useful for these difficult SIMS measurements. Focused ion beam specimen preparation has shown promise for small area and three-dimensional analyses. Developments in ion sources show potential for small area analysis using focused ion beam SIMS. DA - 2008/12/15/ PY - 2008/12/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.05.041 VL - 255 IS - 4 SP - 1364-1367 SN - 0169-4332 KW - Quantification KW - Ion implantation KW - Complementary methods KW - Focused ion beam (FIB) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Durable nonwoven fabrics via fracturing bicomponent islands-in-the-sea filaments AU - Anantharamaiah, N. AU - Verenich, S. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 1-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of radiative thermal conductivity in needlepunched nonwovens AU - Vallabh, R. AU - Banks-Lee, P. AU - Mohammadi, M. T2 - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 46-52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Case studies of air filtration at microscales: Micro- and nanofiber media AU - Maze, B. AU - Tafreshi, H. V. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 3 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Book reviews: Books on Colour, 1500-2000 AU - Shamey, Renzo T2 - Color Research & Application AB - Color Research & ApplicationVolume 33, Issue 6 p. 513-514 Book Review Book reviews: Books on Colour, 1500–2000 Renzo Shamey, Renzo ShameySearch for more papers by this author Renzo Shamey, Renzo ShameySearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20454AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume33, Issue6December 2008Pages 513-514 RelatedInformation DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1002/col.20454 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 513-514 ER - TY - CONF TI - Supply chain multi-objective simulation optimization AU - Joines, J. A. AU - Gupta, D. AU - Gocke, A. AU - King, R. E. AU - Kay, M. G. AB - A critical decision companies are faced with on a regular basis is the ordering of products and/or raw materials. Poor decisions can lead to excess inventories that are costly or to insufficient inventory that cannot meet its customer demands. These decisions may be as simple as "how much to order" or "how often to order" to more complex decision forecasting models. This paper addresses optimizing these sourcing decisions within a supply chain to determine robust solutions. Utilizing an existing supply chain simulator, an optimization methodology that employs genetic algorithms is developed to optimize system parameters. The performance measure that is optimized plays a very important role in the quality of the results. The deficiencies in using traditionally used performance measures in optimization are discussed and a new multi-objective GA methodology is developed to overcome these limitations. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference: Manchester Grand Hyatt San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A., December 8-11, 2002 DA - 2008/// DO - 10.1109/wsc.2002.1166395 SP - 1306–1314 PB - Association for Computing Machinery SN - 9780780376144 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Properties of Lewis acid-base complex of nylon 6,6: Route to high performance fibers AU - Afshari, M. AU - Gupta, A. AU - Wook, D. J. AU - Kotek, R. AU - Tonelli, A. AU - Vasanthan, N. T2 - Polymer DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 49 SP - 1297-1304 ER - TY - CONF TI - Performance evaluation of a wavelet-based spectral method for steady-state simulation analysis AU - Lada, E. K. AU - Wilson, J.R. AU - Steiger, N. M. AU - A., Joines J. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference: Washington Hilton and Towers, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., December 5-8, 20043 DA - 2008/// SP - 694-702 PB - New York, N.Y.: Association for Computing Machinery SN - 9780780387867 ER - TY - CONF TI - Integration of Computer Based Problem Solving Into Engineering Curricula AU - Brent, R. AU - Craig, A. AU - Joines, J.A. AU - Raubenheimer, D. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Proceedings of the ASEE International Conference DA - 2008/// PB - Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education UR - http://papers.asee.org/conferences/paper-view.cfm?id=7743 ER - TY - CONF TI - Computing across curricula AU - Craig, A. AU - Joines, J. A. AU - Miller, C. AU - Rouskas, R. C2 - 2008/// C3 - 2008 ASEE annual conference & exposition: June 22-25, 2008 DA - 2008/// PB - Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education ER - TY - CONF TI - Computer-based modeling for engineers using Excel and VBA AU - Joines, J.A. AU - Roberts, S. AU - Raubenheimer, D. C2 - 2008/// C3 - 2008 ASEE annual conference & exposition: June 22-25, 2008 DA - 2008/// PB - Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education ER - TY - JOUR TI - Competitive analysis of niche product supply chains AU - Allen, R. M. AU - Parrish, E. AU - Cassill, N. L. AU - Oxenham, W. AU - Jones, M. R. T2 - Research Journal of Textile & Apparel AB - Companies are pursuing niche markets to combat competitive pressures from low-cost producers of textiles and apparel. These small, customer-need centered markets provide economic competitiveness opportunities through increased market share and profitability (Parrish, 2003). To further understand niche marketing strategies and expand the Parrish Niche Strategy Model (2003), competitive analyses are conducted using secondary data. The analyses covered companies in each sector (fiber/yarn, textile, apparel, and retail) of the supply chain. The purpose of the analyses is to understand competitive positions and strategies of companies competing with niche products in the bottomweight market. This market is chosen because it represents a significant consumption market in the United States where domestic textile manufacturers still have a presence. The results indicate that growth rates are higher for downstream companies, although a larger number of upstream companies are privately held. Companies in all sectors of the supply chain are found to be utilizing supply chain and brand management strategies. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1108/rjta-12-03-2008-b002 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 18-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chitosan phosphate: A new way for production of eco-friendly flame-retardant cotton textiles AU - El-Tahlawy, Khaled T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - Abstract An increase in the health and environment legislation awareness pushed the textile manufacturers to develop their strategies to produce eco-friendly flame-retardant textiles with competitive cost. Chitosan is added during the phosphorylation process as a nitrogen source that has synergistic effect with phosphorus. Increasing the chitosan concentration from 0% to 2% enhances the flame retardancy of the treated cotton fabric against successive washing. Further increase in amount of chitosan, above 2%, has a limited effect on the thermal degradation of the treated cotton. Increasing diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) concentration from 0% to 10% is responsible for making the flame-retardant finish durable against successive washing. Thermal degradation analysis of treated fabrics at different DAHP concentrations shows a decrease in the maximum degradation rate point and thermal degradation onset point. The amount of residue at 500°C increases till reaches 32% with the increase in the DAHP concentration. The effect of curing temperature and time has been discussed in detail. The performance properties of the treated cotton fabrics show better physical and chemical properties than that in the absence of chitosan. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701584311 VL - 99 IS - 3 SP - 185-191 SN - 1754-2340 KW - flame retardant KW - chitosan phosphate KW - diammonium hydrogen phosphate KW - durability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of supply chain strategies used by the United States textile and apparel industries AU - Berdine M., Parrish E. AU - Cassill N. L., Oxenham W. AU - R., Jones M. T2 - Research Journal of Textile & Apparel AB - Due to the highly competitive nature of an increasingly global market, textile and apparel firms are being challenged to leverage and enhance their core competencies in order to maintain and potentially increase market share. A strategy being explored is increasing supply chain efficiencies with the goal of reducing costs and improving customer service levels. This research seeks to explore such supply chain strategies which are currently being used into addition to the product costing and outsourcing decision analysis. Executives within the fiber and yarn, textile, apparel and retail industries are quantitatively and qualitatively interviewed in order to examine these issues. Results show that firms are using a blended sourcing strategy in order to minimize risk and leverage manufacturing capabilities. Quality, cost and reliability of delivery are all indicated as important in terms of sourcing criteria. The results provide insight into the decision process and a framework for increasing efficiency resulting in increased international competitiveness. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1108/rjta-12-03-2008-b001 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 1-17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of the bending rigidity of warp knitted fabrics using a mechanical model AU - Ajeli, S. AU - Jeddi, A. A. AU - Rastgo, A. AU - Gorga, R. E. T2 - Journal of the Textile Institute DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 99 ER - TY - CONF TI - On the use of vector antennas embedded on fabric as frequency selective surfaces AU - Gupta, G. AU - Rajagopalan, A. AU - POURDEYHIMI, BEHNAM AU - Lazzi, G. AB - In this paper a three element vector antenna (two orthogonal dipoles and a square loop) was proposed for use in FSSs. A prototype design working at 8 GHz was tested. Measurement results show that vector antennas provide a higher mean signal energy (MSE) as compared to conventional dipole antennas. The multiple signatures are obtained when using loop and dipole antennas at the transceiver. These multiple signatures can be combined to provide even higher MSE ( ap4 dB) as compared to the system with two dimensional dipole array and dipole transceiver. The vector antenna system is also more resistant to misalignment with the transceiver. C2 - 2008/// C3 - 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting DA - 2008/// DO - 10.1109/aps.2008.4619220 SP - 1208–1211 PB - [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE SN - 978-1-4244-2041-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis and Evaluation of Properties of Novel Poly(benzimidazole-amide)s AU - Ferreiro, Juan J. AU - De La Campa, Jose G. AU - Lozano, Angel E. AU - De Abajo, J. AU - Preston, Jack T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract Novel aromatic polyamides have been prepared by a combination of diacids containing preformed benzimidazole rings and aromatic diamines. By the phosphorylation method of polycondensation, polymers of high molecular weight (inherent viscosities between 0.81 and 2.13 dL/g) were obtained, which showed good solubility in polar aprotic solvents. The combination of aromatic amide linkages and benzimidazole rings along the polymer chain endowed the polymers with high thermal resistance and excellent mechanical properties. Glass transition temperatures fell in the range of 290–330 °C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, and initial decomposition temperatures under nitrogen were over 480 °C as measured by thermogravimetric analysis. Some polymer films showed outstanding tensile strength (over 150 MPa) and moduli (up to 5 GPa). The presence of benzimidazole rings in the current polyamides greatly enhanced their hydrophilicity in comparison with classical wholly aromatic polyamides; thus, although aromatic polyamide films normally show water sorption values of only 4–8%, some of the current poly(benzimidazole amide)s show water sorption up to 19% in a 65% relative humidity atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7566–7577, 2008 DA - 2008/11/15/ PY - 2008/11/15/ DO - 10.1002/pola.23049 VL - 46 IS - 22 SP - 7566-7577 SN - 1099-0518 KW - benzimidazole KW - heteroatom-containing polymers KW - high temperature materials KW - hydrophilic polymers KW - mechanical properties KW - monomer synthesis KW - monomers KW - polyamides KW - properties KW - water sorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potentials and challenges in jetting microdroplets onto nonwoven fabrics AU - Karaguzel, B. AU - Tafreshi, H. Vahedi AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - Abstract Nonwoven fabrics are very diverse in their structural properties. This paper discusses potential opportunities and challenges involved in jetting and depositing microdroplets on such materials. This study reports on the interaction of controlled droplets with the nonwoven substrates. Droplets used had velocities of about 1.8 m/s and diameters of about 90 μm and were produced by using a drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printhead. Nonwovens used consisted of two groups of high and low solid volume fraction (SVF) substrates. The results indicate that in the case of low-SVF nonwovens, the local spacing and orientation of the fibres plays a significant role in determining the outcomes of the jetting process. Drops were seen to penetrate deep into a low-SVF nonwoven and deposit on a single fibre or bundle of fibres. Low-SVF nonwovens, therefore, can hold the fluid within their structures—a case of interest in printing electric circuits. The case of jetting on high-SVF nonwovens was found to be primarily dependent on the fibres' surface properties. The drops were found to stay above the surface in the case of hydrophobic fibres and below the surface in the case hydrophilic ones. Key words: Inkjetnonwovensdropletdrop-on-demand ACKNOWLEDGMENT B. K. acknowledges National Textile Center for financial support. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701609282 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - 581-589 SN - 1754-2340 KW - Inkjet KW - nonwovens KW - droplet KW - drop-on-demand ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydroentangling: A Novel Approach to High-Speed Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube Membranes AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - ADVANCED MATERIALS AB - A tangled web: Hydroentangling, a simple, high-speed, low-cost, environmentally benign textile technology, is used to assemble individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into strong, electrical-conducting, multifunctional CNT nonwoven membranes. Hydroentangled CNT membranes with thicknesses ranging from 80 nm to 1.5 mm can be fabricated in as quick as 5 s per batch or up to 400 m min−1. DA - 2008/11/3/ PY - 2008/11/3/ DO - 10.1002/adma.200801919 VL - 20 IS - 21 SP - 4140-+ SN - 0935-9648 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178335/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Object Color Unique Hue Data for the Mean Observer for Color Appearance Modeling AU - Kuehni, Rolf AU - Hinks, David AU - Shamey, Renzo T2 - COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION AB - Abstract Color appearance models, among other things, predict the hue of a stimulus when compared with defined stimuli that represent the four unique hues. Recent studies have indicated that the stimuli representing with high reliability unique hue (UH) percepts vary widely for different color‐normal observers. The average yellow and blue UH stimuli for 102 observers, as determined in a recent experiment at medium chroma, differ considerably from the CIECAM02 defined unique hues, based on the Swedish NCS. Wide inter‐observer variability precludes color appearance models from accurately predicting, for individual observers, all four unique hue stimuli. However, models should predict accurately those of a well‐defined average observer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 505–506, 2008 DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1002/col.20449 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 505-506 SN - 0361-2317 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-63349089809&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the surface characteristics of fibres by compression method AU - Yuksekkaya, M. E. AU - Oxenham, W. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - During the recent years, there have been significant developments in methods and philosophies of fibre testing. While it is possible to measure the most of the properties of fibres, there are no standard test techniques for assessing the surface properties of fibres. This research aimed at establishing a technique, which can be routinely used to determine the frictional characteristics of textile fibres. The intention was to assess the frictional characteristics from measurements carried out on fibre ‘bundles’ rather than individual fibres since this should lead to information that is more meaningful in the prediction of processing performance and quality. The technique adapted is based on a sensitive compression test. Developing a technique for assessing the stick-slip characteristics of fibres can be used by cotton suppliers and spinners to provide data that can be used to optimise bale selection and to indicate fibres that may present processing difficulties. This will result in possible improvements in yarn and fabric quality at relatively low cost of fibre testing. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701776156 VL - 99 IS - 6 SP - 545-549 SN - 1754-2340 KW - performance of fibres KW - surface quality of fibre KW - fibre friction KW - stick-slip KW - fibre testing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of Mechanical and Electrical Noise Interfacing the Instrument During Data Acquisition for Measurement of Surface Properties of Textile Fibers AU - Yueksekkaya, Mehmet Emin AU - Oxenham, William AU - Tercan, Mevlut T2 - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT AB - A new compression testing instrument was developed for the assessment of the surface properties of fibers. To measure the variation in compression force during a test, a full-bridge load cell was developed. It was seen that the signal coming from the strain gauges was superimposed with noise. The source of the noise was both electrical and mechanical. An extensive mathematical analysis of mechanical noise and the application of a mechanical noise-reduction technique minimized the mechanical noise component. An analysis of electrical noise showed that the motion control card was interfacing with the data acquisition (DAQ) card via both the RS232 and the ac power line. It was necessary to separate the motion control unit and the DAQ unit to eliminate the electrical noise problem present in the system. After eliminating the noise from the unit, the calibration of the strain gauges has been performed. The coefficient of correlation was found to be 1.00 with a cubic model. It was possible to differentiate the differences between the surface characteristics of different fibers. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1109/TIM.2008.926402 VL - 57 IS - 12 SP - 2885-2890 SN - 1557-9662 KW - Compression test KW - data acquisition (DAQ) KW - electrical and mechanical noise KW - fiber friction KW - stick slip KW - strain gauges KW - surface characteristics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forced coating of polypropylene fibers with non-wetting fluids: The scaling of the film thickness AU - Shim, E. AU - Park, Jung Ok AU - Srinivasarao, Mohan T2 - MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS B AB - The film thickness of free-meniscus coating of a polymeric fiber with a non-wetting fluid was investigated. A polypropylene monofilament fiber was coated with various glycerol/water mixtures. With a small capillary number (Ca), a detectable liquid film did not form on the fiber due to the non-wettability of the fiber-liquid system. Above a certain threshold velocity, liquid was forced to wet the fiber by hydrodynamic forces, thus forming a film. However, the film thickness in this region is lower than Landau–Levich–Derjaguin (LLD) theoretical value for the wetting system. At a moderate velocity range, the film thickness increases to a value predicted either by the LLD law or White–Tallmadge (WT) model, depending on the velocity, mimicking that of the wetting system. At a higher Ca, the film thickness increases much more rapidly, deviating from any predictions, due to the inertial effect. DA - 2008/8/30/ PY - 2008/8/30/ DO - 10.1142/s0217984908016649 VL - 22 IS - 22 SP - 2043-2053 SN - 0217-9849 KW - forced wetting KW - polypropylene fibers KW - film thickness KW - coating flows ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extended chemical crosslinking of a thermoplastic polyimide: Macroscopic and microscopic property development AU - Aberg, Christopher M. AU - Ozcam, Ali E. AU - Majikes, Jacob M. AU - Seyam, Mohamed A. AU - Spontak, Richard J. T2 - MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS AB - Abstract Polyimides are well established as gas separation membranes due to their intrinsically low free volume and correspondingly high H 2 selectivity relative to other gases such as CO 2 . Prior studies have established that H 2 /CO 2 selectivity can be improved by crosslinking polyimides with diamines differing in spacer length. In this work, we follow the evolution of macroscopic and microscopic properties of a commercial polyimide over long crosslinking times ( t x ) with 1,3‐diaminopropane. According to spectroscopic analysis, the crosslinking reaction saturates after ≈24 h, whereas tensile, nanoindentation and stress relaxation tests reveal that the material stiffens, and possesses a long relaxation time that increases with increasing t x . Although differential scanning calorimetry shows that the glass transition temperature decreases systematically with increasing t x , permeation studies indicate that the permeabilities of H 2 and CO 2 decrease, while the H 2 /CO 2 selectivity increases markedly, with increasing t x . At long t x , the polyimide becomes impermeable to CO 2 , suggesting that it could be used as a barrier material. magnified image DA - 2008/9/1/ PY - 2008/9/1/ DO - 10.1002/marc.200800230 VL - 29 IS - 17 SP - 1461-1466 SN - 1022-1336 KW - barrier KW - calorimetry KW - crosslinking KW - networks KW - polyimides ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of alkaline treatments on physical and dyeing properties of cotton woven fabrics AU - Hauser, P. J. AU - Gudac, A. C. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 8 IS - 9 SP - 45-48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating Liquid Flow through Virtual Glass Fiber Mats AU - Jaganathan, S. AU - Maze, B. AU - Tafreshi, H. Vahedi AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - The focus of this paper is on simulating the in-plane and through-plane penetration of liquid water in virtual non-wovens. We consider a series of unsteady state two-phase (air—water) simulations performed in two-dimensional geometries obtained from a simulated three-dimensional glass fiber mat. The simulation planes are the cross-sectional planes in the horizontal and vertical directions. Simulations revealed that liquid penetration and spread depend strongly on the fiber orientation distribution as well as on the hydrophilic properties of the fibers. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with the available experimental data. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1177/0040517507085195 VL - 78 IS - 10 SP - 903-910 SN - 1746-7748 KW - unsaturated flow KW - virtual fibrous media KW - in-plane spreading ER - TY - JOUR TI - Release characteristics of the non-toxic insect repellant 2-undecanone from its crystalline inclusion compound with alpha-cyclodextrin AU - Whang, Hyun Suk AU - Tonelli, Alan T2 - JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1007/s10847-008-9447-z VL - 62 IS - 1-2 SP - 127-134 SN - 1573-1111 KW - cyclodextrins KW - inclusion complexes KW - insect repellant KW - 2-undecanone KW - controlled release characterisitcs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fabrication and characterization of electrospun chitosan nanofibers formed via templating with polyethylene oxide AU - Ojha, Satyajeet S. AU - Stevens, Derrick R. AU - Hoffman, Torissa J. AU - Stano, Kelly AU - Klossner, Rebecca AU - Scott, Mary C. AU - Krause, Wendy AU - Clarke, Laura I. AU - Gorga, Russell E. T2 - BIOMACROMOLECULES AB - Chitosan is an abundantly common, naturally occurring, polysaccharide biopolymer. Its biocompatible, biodegradable, and antimicrobial properties have led to significant research toward biological applications such as drug delivery, artificial tissue scaffolds for functional tissue engineering, and wound-healing dressings. For applications such as tissue scaffolding, formation of highly porous mats of nanometer-sized fibers, such as those fabricated via electrospinning, may be quite important. Previously, strong acidic solvents and blending with synthetic polymers have been used to achieve electrospun nanofibers containing chitosan. As an alternative approach, in this work, polyethylene oxide (PEO) has been used as a template to fabricate chitosan nanofibers by electrospinning in a core-sheath geometry, with the PEO sheath serving as a template for the chitosan core. Solutions of 3 wt % chitosan (in acetic acid) and 4 wt % PEO (in water) were found to have matching rheological properties that enabled efficient core-sheath fiber formation. After removing the PEO sheath by washing with deionized water, chitosan nanofibers were obtained. Electron microscopy confirmed nanofibers of ∼250 nm diameter with a clear core-sheath geometry before sheath removal, and chitosan nanofibers of ∼100 nm diameter after washing. The resultant fibers were characterized with IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the mechanical and electrical properties were evaluated. DA - 2008/9// PY - 2008/9// DO - 10.1021/bm800551q VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 2523-2529 SN - 1526-4602 ER - TY - CONF TI - Epitaxial growth of high-kappa dielectrics for GaN MOSFETs AU - Jur, J. S. AU - Wheeler, G. D. AU - Veety, M. T. AU - Lichtenwalner, D. J. AU - Barlage, D. W. AU - Johnson, M. A. L. C2 - 2008/// C3 - Advances in gan, gaas, sic and related alloys on silicon substrates DA - 2008/// DO - 10.1557/proc-1068-c08-02 VL - 1068 SP - 63-68 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlation of Chitosan's Rheological Properties and Its Ability to Electrospin AU - Klossner, Rebecca R. AU - Queen, Hailey A. AU - Coughlin, Andrew J. AU - Krause, Wendy E. T2 - BIOMACROMOLECULES AB - Chitosan-based, defect-free nanofibers with average diameters ranging from 62 ± 9 nm to 129 ± 16 nm were fabricated via electrospinning blended solutions of chitosan and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Several solution parameters such as acetic acid concentration, polymer concentration, and polymer molecular weight were investigated to optimize fiber consistency and diameter. These parameters were evaluated using the rheological properties of the solutions as well as images produced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the electrospun nanofibers. Generally, SEM imaging demonstrated that as total polymer concentration (chitosan + PEO) increased, the number of beads decreased, and as chitosan concentration increased, fiber diameter decreased. Chitosan-PEO solutions phase separate over time; as a result, blended solutions were able to be electrospun with the weakest electric field and the least amount of complications when solutions were electrospun within 24 h of initially being blended. The addition of NaCl stabilized these solutions and increased the time the blended solutions could be stored before electrospinning. Pure chitosan nanofibers with high degrees of deacetylation (about 80%) were unable to be produced. When attempting to electrospin highly deacetylated chitosan from aqueous acetic acid at concentrations above the entanglement concentration, the electric field was insufficient to overcome the combined effect of the surface tension and viscosity of the solution. Therefore, the degree of deacetylation is an extremely important parameter to consider when attempting to electrospin chitosan. DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008/10// DO - 10.1021/bm800738u VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - 2947-2953 SN - 1525-7797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Warp breaks detection in Jacquard weaving using MEMS: Effect of weave on break signals AU - Lee, J. H. AU - Seyam, A. M. AU - Hodge, G. AU - Oxenham, W. AU - Grant, E. T2 - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 25-31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comments on the paper entitled "Splitting of Islands-in-the-Sea Fibers (PA6/COPET) during hydroentangling of nonwovens" AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 32-35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of forming surface on the vacuum pressure in hydroentangling process AU - Jaganathan, S. AU - Tafreshi, H. Vahedi AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - Hydroentangling is a process that uses waterjet curtains issued from a series of parallel jet-heads (manifolds) for entangling and interloping fibres in a loose fibre web carried on a belt or perforated surface. The efficient removal of the stagnant water remaining from each waterjet curtain is crucial for the success of fibre entanglement when the web reaches the next jet-head. In this article, we discuss different methodologies that can be used to calculate the minimum vacuum pressure required for extracting the hydroentangling water from non-woven fabrics. A distinction has been made between hydroentangling on tightly and openly woven screens and different modelling strategies are recommended for each. In particular, it is demonstrated that a one-dimensional flow pattern coupled with available analytical permeability expressions can be used to predict the required vacuum pressure in the case of tightly woven screens. In the case of open woven screens where the flow pattern becomes three-dimensional, numerical simulation is needed for calculating the vacuum pressure required for complete removal of hydroentangling water. We also demonstrated that the vacuum pressure increases by decreasing the fibre diameter or increasing the fabrics' solid volume fractions. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701692338 VL - 99 IS - 5 SP - 407-414 SN - 1754-2340 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Small-diameter blood vessels by weaving: Prototyping and modelling AU - Moghe, A. K. AU - Gupta, B. S. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - Abstract For success in vascular surgery involving small-diameter (< 6 mm) vessels, a graft must closely match the internal diameter of the host artery and have desired high elasticity, porosity and transverse compliance. Thus although arterial grafts have gained acceptance in larger-calibre (> 6 mm) applications, where the requirements are flexible, a vein from the body continues to be preferred for small-vessel repair. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the material and the construction factors that affect the values of a woven tube's diameter, pore size, elastic recovery and transverse compliance. This information is largely absent in literature. By varying yarn size and fabric structure, seamless tubes (1.5–7 mm diameter) were constructed. These were heat set for circular shapes and characterised for size, geometry and radial elasticity. Property–structure correlation models are presented. Grafts of desired size can be engineered and their properties predicted. Keywords: arterial graftssmall diametermodellingwoven tubular graftscompliancemechanical properties Notes *The specimens were unsuitable for testing due to smaller diameters; WY, no. of warp yarns; PD, pick density; DO, denting order. *Actual value of compliance = 0.01 × value in table; actual value of standard deviation = 0.01 × value in table. †The specimens were unsuitable for testing due to smaller diameters. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701679582 VL - 99 IS - 5 SP - 467-477 SN - 1754-2340 KW - arterial grafts KW - small diameter KW - modelling KW - woven tubular grafts KW - compliance KW - mechanical properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in HPLC analysis of reactive dyes AU - Beck, K. R. AU - Salley, C. T. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - 44-48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Triblock copolymer organogels as high-performance dielectric elastomers AU - Shankar, Ravi AU - Krishnan, Arjun K. AU - Ghosh, Tushar K. AU - Spontak, Richard J. T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - Block copolymers and nanostructured materials derived therefrom are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in a wide variety of (nano)technologies. Recently, we have demonstrated that triblock copolymer organogels composed of physically cross-linked copolymer networks swollen with a midblock-selective solvent exhibit excellent electromechanical behavior as dielectric elastomers. In-plane actuation of such organogels, collectively referred to as electroactive nanostructured polymers (ENPs) to reflect the existence of a self-organized copolymer morphology, is attributed to the development of an electric-field-induced surface-normal Maxwell stress. In this study, we examine the composition and molecular weight dependence of the electromechanical properties afforded by organogels prepared from poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] (SEBS) triblock copolymers selectively swollen with EB-compatible aliphatic oligomers. These materials undergo ultrahigh actuation displacement at significantly reduced electric fields relative to previously reported dielectric elastomers and possess electromechanical coupling efficiencies, which relate the conversion from electrical input to mechanical output, greater than 90%. The design of ENPs with broadly tunable electromechanical properties represents an attractive route to responsive materials for advanced engineering, biomimetic and biomedical applications. DA - 2008/8/26/ PY - 2008/8/26/ DO - 10.1021/ma071903g VL - 41 IS - 16 SP - 6100-6109 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Finite element modeling of 3D human mesenchymal stem cell-seeded collagen matrices exposed to tensile strain AU - Pfeiler, T. Wayne AU - Sumanasinghe, Ruwan D. AU - Loboa, Elizabeth G. T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS AB - The use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in tissue engineering is attractive due to their ability to extensively self-replicate and differentiate into a multitude of cell lineages. It has been experimentally established that hMSCs are influenced by chemical and mechanical signals. However, the combined chemical and mechanical in vitro culture conditions that lead to functional tissue require greater understanding. In this study, finite element models were created to evaluate the local loading conditions on bone marrow-derived hMSCs seeded in three-dimensional collagen matrices exposed to cyclic tensile strain. Mechanical property and geometry data used in the models were obtained experimentally from a previous study in our laboratory and from mechanical testing. Eight finite element models were created to simulate three-dimensional hMSC-seeded collagen matrices exposed to different levels of cyclic tensile strain (10% and 12%), culture media (complete growth and osteogenic differentiating), and durations of culture (7 and 14 days). Through finite element analysis, it was determined that globally applied uniaxial tensile strains of 10% and 12% resulted in local strains up to 18.3% and 21.8%, respectively. Model results were also compared to experimental studies in an attempt to explain observed differences between hMSC response to 10% and 12% cyclic tensile strain. DA - 2008/7/19/ PY - 2008/7/19/ DO - 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.04.007 VL - 41 IS - 10 SP - 2289-2296 SN - 1873-2380 KW - uniaxial tensile strain KW - HMSCs KW - collagen KW - bioreactor KW - finite element modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soluble PEG-alpha-CD-rotaxanes: Where on the PEG chains are the permanently threaded alpha-CDs located and are they mobile? AU - Tonelli, Alan E. T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteSoluble PEG-α-CD-Rotaxanes: Where on the PEG Chains Are the Permanently Threaded α-CDs Located and Are They Mobile?Alan E. TonelliView Author Information Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8301, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301Cite this: Macromolecules 2008, 41, 11, 4058–4060Publication Date (Web):May 15, 2008Publication History Received28 February 2008Revised26 March 2008Published online15 May 2008Published inissue 1 June 2008https://doi.org/10.1021/ma800447yCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views594Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (143 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Alcohols,Conformation,Luminescence,Mathematical methods,Rotaxanes Get e-Alerts DA - 2008/6/10/ PY - 2008/6/10/ DO - 10.1021/ma800447y VL - 41 IS - 11 SP - 4058-4060 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diameter control of electrospun polyacrylonitrile/iron acetylacetonate ultrafine nanofibers AU - Du, Jinmei AU - Shintay, Samantha AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract Electrospinning is the process of producing ultrafine fibers by overcoming the surface tension of a polymer solution using high voltage. In this work, the effects of both solution properties (viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension) and operational conditions (voltage, feed rate, and spinneret‐collector distance), on the structure of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers, were systematically investigated. Iron acetylacetonate was added to the electrospinning solution to control fiber diameter by selectively adjusting solution properties. It was found that, with increased salt concentration, the fiber diameter increases and then passes through a maximum due to changes in solution viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension. In addition, the fiber diameter increases with increase in voltage, feed rate, and spinneret‐collector distance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1611–1618, 2008 DA - 2008/8/1/ PY - 2008/8/1/ DO - 10.1002/polb.21500 VL - 46 IS - 15 SP - 1611-1618 SN - 0887-6266 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178321/ KW - electrospinning KW - fibers KW - iron acetylacetonate KW - nanofibers KW - nanotechnology KW - polyacrylonitrile KW - structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - An investigation of the structure-property relationships in melt-processable high-acrylonitrile copolymer filaments AU - Hutchinson, Shawn R. AU - Tonelli, Alan E. AU - Gupta, Buphender S. AU - Buchanan, David R. T2 - JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1007/s10853-008-2727-6 VL - 43 IS - 15 SP - 5143-5156 SN - 0022-2461 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent advances in polymer fibers AU - Kotek, Richard T2 - POLYMER REVIEWS AB - In recent years, there has been steady progress in developing new polymers and functional polymer fibers. The objectives of this issue are to provide readers an overview of significant advances for the production of high performance fibers such as Kevlar, PBO, Spectra and Dyneema fibers and to describe new super strong M5 fibers, highly elastic XLA™ fibers and self‐crimping T‐400, T‐800, and other fibers. Additional goals are to present futuristic technologies such as shape memory fibers and compare them with innovative spandex fibers as well as to describe unique nanofibers from biopolymers by using novel electrospinning methods. Finally new, high performance poly(ethylene naphthalate) fibers will be reviewed. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/15583720802020038 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 221-229 SN - 1558-3716 KW - polymer fibers KW - high performance fibers KW - shape memory fibers KW - eletrospinning KW - biopolymers KW - polyester fibers ER - TY - JOUR TI - High performance fibers based on rigid and flexible polymers AU - Afshari, Mehdi AU - Sikkema, Doetze J. AU - Lee, Katelyn AU - Bogle, Mary T2 - POLYMER REVIEWS AB - This chapter covers recent developments in the production of well established high performance fibers such as Kevlar, PBO, Spectra and Dyneema fibers and depicts a new super strong M5. The latter fibers have the modulus of 330GPa and tenacity of 5GPa. DuPont de Nemours is currently developing commercial M5 fibers and yarns. A very interesting monomer namely, 2,5‐dihydroxyterephthalic is used for making poly{2,6‐diimidazo[4,5‐b:4′,5′‐e]pyridinylene‐1,4‐(2,5‐dihydroxy)phenylene} (PIPD). The unique feature of the polymer is that the two hydroxyl groups (on terephthalic acid) can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds and therefore fibrillation, that is often a problem for aramid fibers, is practically eliminated. As a result, M5 fibers have the highest compressive strength among synthetic fibers. Exploratory evaluation of the UV stability of M5 indicated excellent performance in that field. The mechanical properties of the new fiber make it competitive with carbon fiber in most applications ‐ in light, slender, load bearing stiff advanced composite components and structures. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/15583720802020129 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 230-274 SN - 1558-3716 KW - high performance fibers KW - M5 KW - zylon KW - kevlar KW - dyneema KW - spectra ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enzymatic hydrolysis of PTT polymers and oligomers AU - Eberl, A. AU - Heumann, S. AU - Kotek, R. AU - Kaufmann, F. AU - Mitsche, S. AU - Cavaco-Paulo, A. AU - Guebitz, G. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Oligomers and polymers (film, fabrics) of the linear aromatic polyester poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) were treated with polyesterases from Thermomyces lanuginosus, Penicillium citrinum, Thermobifida fusca and Fusarium solani pisi. The cutinase from T. fusca was found to release the highest amounts of hydrolysis products from PTT materials and was able to open and hydrolyse a cyclic PTT dimer according to RP-HPLC-UV detection. In contrast, the lipase from T. lanuginosus also showed activity on the PTT fibres and on bis(3-hydroxypropyl) terephthalate (BHPT) but was not able to hydrolyse the polymer film, mono(3-hydroxypropyl) terephthalate (MHPT) nor the cyclic dimer of PTT. As control enzymes inhibited with mercury chloride were used. Surface hydrophilicity changes were investigated with contact angle measurements and the degree of crystallinity changes were determined with DSC. DA - 2008/5/20/ PY - 2008/5/20/ DO - 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.02.015 VL - 135 IS - 1 SP - 45-51 SN - 1873-4863 KW - poly(trimethylene terephthalate) KW - polyester KW - polyesterase KW - cutinase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Color difference formulas: An unsatisfactory state of affairs AU - Kuehni, Rolf G. T2 - COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION AB - Abstract Color difference formulas are of considerable importance in production control of colored materials, as they offer a kind of quantitative numerical method to predict perceived differences. Current formulas are based on various sets of empirical difference perception data established with different kinds of materials, under different evaluation conditions, and with different observer panels. The best current formulas predict the average of these perceptual data only with an accuracy of about 65%, a PF/3 value of about 35 (zero being optimal). This article argues that this is an unsatisfactory state of affairs and proposes the development of new uniformly established perceptual data and a new formula/system that predicts the visual results, statistically verified to represent the world‐average observer, with an accuracy of 95%, a PF/3 value (or appropriate improved measure) of 5 or lower. Such a multiyear effort requires a solid experimental plan and a consortium supported by Government and industry to achieve its goal. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 324–329, 2008. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1002/col.20419 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 324-326 SN - 0361-2317 KW - color difference ER - TY - JOUR TI - Co-axial electrospinning for nanofiber structures: Preparation and applications AU - Moghe, A. K. AU - Gupta, B. S. T2 - POLYMER REVIEWS AB - Preparation of nanofibers in a core‐sheath configuration, using two dissimilar materials, via a novel technique of co‐axial electrospinning has presented unusual potential for use in many novel applications. The studies have addressed issues related to the technology involved and examined the suitability of the technique for producing unique nanoscale morphologies involving variety of materials. In this first major review of co‐axial electrospinning, we provide details of the manufacturing and material factors affecting the process, the conditions needed for preparing desired uniform morphologies, and the different types of structures that have been successfully produced. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/15583720802022257 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 353-377 SN - 1558-3724 KW - co-axial electrospinning KW - nanofibers KW - core-sheath bicomponent KW - microencapsulation KW - nanotechnology KW - technology review ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in the production of poly(ethylene naphthalate) fibers AU - Chen, Peng AU - Kotek, Richard T2 - POLYMER REVIEWS AB - Recently with the availability of monomers for poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) at a large scale and low cost, much attention has been paid to develop PEN fibers, based on their superior mechanical and thermal properties, to compete with the most commercially important poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers, especially in some performance‐driven markets. In this review, technical papers, product reports, and patents are reviewed to summarize the developments in the production of PEN fibers via melt‐spinning. Mechanical properties of PEN fibers are presented as a function of spinning and drawing parameters. Morphology of PEN fibers are also discussed to understand factors controlling the fiber properties. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/15583720802022331 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 392-421 SN - 1558-3724 KW - poly(ethylene naphthalate) KW - high performance fibers KW - spin-draw KW - high-speed spinning KW - mechanical properties KW - morphology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Treatment of raw cotton fibers with cellulases for nonwoven fabrics AU - Verenich, Svetlana AU - Arumugam, Karthik AU - Shim, Eunkyoung AU - Pourdeyhimi, Behnam T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - Enzymatic treatment of fabrics is known to have a negative impact on the fabrics' tensile characteristics. The strength loss problems would be more severe in the case of nonwovens, since cellulase could attack bonded areas of the fabric. To prevent the fabric strength loss, a study was undertaken to treat cotton fibers as opposed to the final fabric. Raw cotton fibers were hydrolyzed with Cellusoft L and endoglucanase without a cellulose— binding domain. Factors such as the reducing end group, fiber length and tenacity were followed throughout the enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that if the concentration of Cellusoft L cellulase mixture was minimized to 0.25 % owf, extensive weakening of cotton fibers could be prevented. Endoglucanase demonstrated a moderate reduction in fiber strength; most of the reduction occurred at the beginning of hydrolysis. The concentration of reducing ends was observed to have a maximum for both enzyme solutions. The location of enzymatic attack and changes in surface morphology were monitored by Congo red staining and scanning electron microscope, respectively. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1177/0040517507083308 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 540-548 SN - 1746-7748 KW - cotton KW - fibers KW - cellulase KW - tenacity KW - enzymolysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrolyzed reactive dyes. Part 1: Analyses via fast atom bombardment and electrospray mass spectrometry AU - Nayar, Sachin B. AU - Freeman, Harold S. T2 - DYES AND PIGMENTS AB - This paper provides a summary of results from the use of negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) and negative ion electrospray (ES) mass spectrometry to characterize dye structures remaining following the dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes. It was found that the ES method gave peaks of higher relative abundance in the molecular weight region and better signal to noise ratios than the FAB ionization process. DA - 2008/11// PY - 2008/11// DO - 10.1016/j.dyepig.2007.07.002 VL - 79 IS - 2 SP - 89-100 SN - 0143-7208 KW - mass spectrometry KW - reactive dyes KW - hydrolyzed dyes KW - electrospray spectra KW - fast atom bombardment ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene on a Pd/C catalyst doped with metal oxide nanoparticles AU - Zhang, Gang AU - Wang, Legang AU - Shen, Kaihua AU - Zhao, Defeng AU - Freeman, Harold S. T2 - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL AB - Pd/C catalysts doped with cerium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by thermal decarboxylation in the presence of cetylsulfonyl acetate, and used in the hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene to give high yields of 2,2′-dichlorohydrazobenzene. It was found that the stability and activity of the Pd/C catalysts were significantly affected by doping with the nanosized metal oxides. The chemical structure of 2,2′-dichlorohydrazobenzene was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. DA - 2008/7/15/ PY - 2008/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.cej.2008.04.006 VL - 141 IS - 1-3 SP - 368-374 SN - 1385-8947 KW - Pd/C catalyst KW - nanoparticles KW - 2,2 '-dichlorohydrazobenzene KW - hydrogenation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Associative polymer facilitated electrospinning of nanofibers AU - Talwar, Sachin AU - Hinestroza, Juan AU - Pourdeyhimi, Benham AU - Khan, Saad A. T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - Electrospun nanofibers present an exciting avenue for development of novel materials with well-defined functionalities; however, broadening the scope of electrospinning to a diverse range of polymers remains a major challenge. In particular, a recurring issue in this field is the inability to spin polymers at lower concentrations in order to achieve smaller fiber diameters. This work explores the use of associative polymers as a means to overcome this limiting factor that prevents the electrospinnning of nanofibers from low-concentration polymer solutions. Hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion (HASE) polymers are comblike associative polymers with pendant hydrophobes that form a network in aqueous media consisting of both intra- and intermolecular hydrophobic junctions. Rheological measurements reveal that addition of HASE polymers in small amounts to poly(ethylene oxide) solutions leads to considerable increase in viscosity as well as dynamic moduli of the system. More importantly, these rheological changes are translated into significant changes in fiber morphology, from beaded to uniform nanofibers, as well as reduction in fiber diameter. The concept of using rheology modifiers is further extended to another associative polymer, guar galactomannan, which associates through a different mechanism. Similar improvements in fiber formation are observed, thereby lending credence to the universality of this approach. DA - 2008/6/24/ PY - 2008/6/24/ DO - 10.1021/ma8004795 VL - 41 IS - 12 SP - 4275-4283 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A note on an optical method to evaluate fiber dispersion in wet-laid nonwoven process AU - Latifi, M. AU - Tafreshi, H. Vahedi AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - A laboratory set-up using an online vision system was designed to observe the dispersion behavior of glass and polyester fibers. The effect of different blend ratios, agitation speed, and dispersion time in dispersing “logs” and formation of “ropes”, was studied. Our results indicate that there is a specific dispersion time period in which optimum fiber dispersion can be achieved. This time was found to be shorter for glass fibers. It was observed that the dispersion behavior of each fiber type has a profound influence on the dispersion of fiber blends. It was also noted that there is an optimum agitation energy which allows the logs to be dispersed while minimizing the rope formation. DA - 2008/6// PY - 2008/6// DO - 10.1177/0040517507081910 VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 518-523 SN - 1746-7748 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Warp break detection in Jacquard weaving using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems: Effect of yarn type AU - Seyam, Abdel-Fattah M. AU - Lee, Jin Ho AU - Hodge, George AU - Oxenham, William AU - Grant, Eddie T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This paper reports a study aimed at detecting warp breaks in terms of yarn type using a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometer based detection system, which has been described in earlier publications. The MEMS accelerometers were mounted on harness cords of a Jacquard tie. MEMS output acceleration signals were analyzed. The signals were acquired while warp ends were up and at the moment of intentional break with a pair of sharp scissors simulating missing warp ends. The results indicated that MEMS acceleration signals at intentional breaks for continuous filament from standard and high strength fibers could be detected. The break signals of cotton and cotton/polyester spun yarns were undetectable. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1177/0040517508090480 VL - 78 IS - 8 SP - 664-670 SN - 0040-5175 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51649106873&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Jacquard weaving KW - MEMS accelerometers KW - warp break detection KW - yarn type ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of polymer-salt-solvent interactions in the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile/iron acetylacetonate AU - Du, Jinmei AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract Electrospinning is a process of producing ultrafine fibers by overcoming the surface tension of a polymer solution with electrostatic force. In this study, iron acetylacetonate was added to a polyacrylonitrile solution, and the role of polymer–salt–solvent interactions in the electrospinning of the ultrafine fibers was investigated. The polymer–salt–solvent interactions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; and the solution viscosity, conductivity and surface tension were measured in solutions with different salt concentrations. The formation of polymer–salt–solvent interactions increased the solution viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension values at low salt concentrations. At high concentrations, the solution viscosity and surface tension decreased, but the conductivity remained relatively constant. The polymer–salt–solvent interactions influenced the structures of the electrospun fibers by changing the balance among the solution viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 DA - 2008/9/5/ PY - 2008/9/5/ DO - 10.1002/app.28396 VL - 109 IS - 5 SP - 2935-2941 SN - 1097-4628 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178336/ KW - association KW - composites KW - fibers KW - nanocomposites KW - nanotechnology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electrical conductivity study of carbon nanotube yarns, 3-D hybrid braids and their composites AU - Bradford, Philip D. AU - Bogdanovich, Alexander E. T2 - JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AB - Long continuous yarns consisting solely of carbon nanotubes may be the future of specialty composites requiring unique multi-functional properties. Many of such yarns were incorporated in a hybrid composite here, to demonstrate for the first time, their effect on increasing the electrical conductivity of an otherwise insulating composite. Six-ply nanotube yarns produced by University of Texas at Dallas were used as a raw material in this study. Thirty-six ends of such yarn were utilized in a 3-D braiding process along with nine axial bundles of glass fibers. The experimental study of the electrical conductivity of the produced nanotube yarns, 3-D braids and composites made thereof is described; the results for different tested materials are mutually compared and discussed. Some non-trivial effects attributed to the complex multi-level hierarchy and nano-scale building blocks of the studied materials are revealed. Special attention is paid to a proper interpretation of the obtained experimental results, because the tested materials represent complex discrete networks of numerous electrically conductive elements. DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1177/0021998308092206 VL - 42 IS - 15 SP - 1533-1545 SN - 1530-793X KW - carbon nanotube yarns KW - multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) KW - 3-D braid KW - hybrid composite KW - electrical conductivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Direct coloration of textiles with photochromic dyes. Part 1: Application of spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyester, nylon and acrylic fabrics AU - Billah, Shah M. Reduwan AU - Christie, Robert M. AU - Shamey, Renzo T2 - COLORATION TECHNOLOGY AB - 1,3,3‐Trimethylspiroindoline‐2,3′‐3 H ‐naphth[2,1‐ b ][1,4]oxazine ( 1a ) and 6′‐piperidino‐1,3,3‐trimethylspiroindoline‐2,3′‐3 H ‐naphth[2,1‐ b ][1,4]oxazine ( 1b ) were applied as disperse dyes to polyester, nylon and acrylic fabrics. Under optimised dyeing conditions, photochromic fabrics were produced which, on irradiation with ultraviolet or exposure to sunlight, turned blue ( 1a) or blueish‐purple ( 1b ). Dye 1a showed enhanced photochromic colour change performance compared with dye 1b . The photochromic colour build was highest on nylon and lowest on acrylic fabric. The colour change properties and the technical performance (wash fastness and photostability) of the photochromic fabrics were evaluated using specifically adapted colour measurement methods. The data were analysed in terms of variation of lightness, a *, b *, chroma, hue angle and Δ E , colour difference before and after exposure, and K / S curves as a function of irradiation time. The fabrics generally showed good wash fastness. Although the colour build‐up decreased with exposure to the Xenotest fadeometer, some residual photochromism remained after prolonged exposure. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2008.00145.x VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - 223-228 SN - 1478-4408 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57249088708&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blending polypropylene with glycidyl methacrylate-containing polymer to improve adhesion to elastomers AU - Paul, Shreya AU - Verenich, Svetlana AU - Pourdeyhimi, Behnam T2 - POLYMER INTERNATIONAL AB - Abstract BACKGROUND: Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used polyolefins but gets restricted in surface applications due to its non‐polar nature. Surface properties of films made of PP were modified to improve their adhesion to elastomeric polymers such as thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), especially to Pebax ® [poly(ether‐ block ‐amide)]. RESULTS: Surface modification of PP was brought about by blending it with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)‐containing polymer to increase its surface energy. Films of modified PP were analyzed to determine the blending efficiency and characterized using contact angle measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations were done to determine surface and bulk properties of PP blended with GMA. The computational results correlated very well with the experimental data and revealed that the changes in the surface energy can be linked to the position of the functional group within the sample. T‐Peel tests indicated a 2.4 times increase in adhesion to Pebax ® and only 1.7 times increase in adhesion to TPU compared to unmodified PP. CONCLUSION: The surface energy and enhanced adhesion proved that PP was successfully modified and its surface made more polar. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2008/8// PY - 2008/8// DO - 10.1002/pi.2434 VL - 57 IS - 8 SP - 975-981 SN - 0959-8103 KW - blending KW - glycidyl methacrylate KW - elastomers KW - phase separation KW - molecular modeling ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of water and guest hydrophobicity on the complexation of oligomers with solid alpha-cyclodextrin AU - Hunt, Marcus A. AU - Tonelli, Alan E. AU - Balik, C. Maurice T2 - POLYMER AB - α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD), a cyclic oligosaccharide, can form inclusion complexes (ICs) with polymer molecules in which α-CD molecules stack in the columnar crystal to form a molecular tube. Physical mixtures of α-CD powder and oligomeric liquids such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) have been shown to spontaneously form an IC, which is accompanied by a solid-state α-CD phase transformation from the cage to the columnar crystal structure. In this paper, the phase transformation is tracked with wide-angle X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature, atmospheric water vapor content and the type of guest molecule. A first-order kinetic model is used to describe the kinetics of complexation. The time required to completely complex PEG200 (200 g/mol) at low water activities is greater than 300 h, whereas only a few hours are necessary at high water activities. Solid-state complexation of α-CD with a hydrophobic guest molecule (hexatriacontane, HTC), is also reported here for the first time. Slower complexation kinetics are observed for α-CD with HTC compared to PEG600 (600 g/mol). DA - 2008/2/18/ PY - 2008/2/18/ DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.007 VL - 49 IS - 4 SP - 985-991 SN - 0032-3861 KW - alpha-cyclodextrin KW - inclusion complex KW - phase transformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Single-ion conductors for lithium batteries via silica surface modification AU - Zhang, Hanjun AU - Zhang, Xiangwu AU - Shiue, Eric AU - Fedkiw, Peter S. T2 - JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES AB - Single-ion conductors (SICs) have been prepared by free-radical polymerization of sulfonic acid-containing monomer on high-purity silica surface that was first tailored with unsaturated functionality using a silanation reaction. It was found that steric effects limited polyelectrolyte surface loading even when large amount of silane molecules were grafted by forming a cross-linked structure. The results indicate that large surface area is an important factor to achieve high-surface loading of ionic moieties. Composite electrolytes were prepared by dispersing these SICs in aprotic solvents. The effects of filler content and solvent on ionic conductivity were investigated. DA - 2008/3/1/ PY - 2008/3/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.064 VL - 177 IS - 2 SP - 561-565 SN - 0378-7753 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178337/ KW - single-ion conductors KW - silanation KW - free-radical polymerization KW - electrolytes KW - conductivity KW - lithium batteries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dipole model explaining high-k/metal gate field effect transistor threshold voltage tuning AU - Kirsch, P. D. AU - Sivasubramani, P. AU - Huang, J. AU - Young, C. D. AU - Quevedo-Lopez, M. A. AU - Wen, H. C. AU - Alshareef, H. AU - Choi, K. AU - Park, C. S. AU - Freeman, K. AU - Hussain, M. M. AU - Bersuker, G. AU - Harris, H. R. AU - Majhi, P. AU - Choi, R. AU - Lysaght, P. AU - Lee, B. H. AU - Tseng, H. -H. AU - Jammy, R. AU - Boescke, T. S. AU - Lichtenwalner, D. J. AU - Jur, J. S. AU - Kingon, A. I. T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - An interface dipole model explaining threshold voltage (Vt) tuning in HfSiON gated n-channel field effect transistors (nFETs) is proposed. Vt tuning depends on rare earth (RE) type and diffusion in Si∕SiOx∕HfSiON∕REOx/metal gated nFETs as follows: Sr&lt;Er&lt;Sc+Er&lt;La&lt;Sc&lt;none. This Vt ordering is very similar to the trends in dopant electronegativity (EN) (dipole charge transfer) and ionic radius (r) (dipole separation) expected for a interfacial dipole mechanism. The resulting Vt dependence on RE dopant allows distinction between a dipole model (dependent on EN and r) and an oxygen vacancy model (dependent on valence). DA - 2008/3/3/ PY - 2008/3/3/ DO - 10.1063/1.2890056 VL - 92 IS - 9 SP - SN - 1077-3118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of electrical and mechanical properties for coaxial nanofibers with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) core and multiwalled carbon nanotube/PEO sheath AU - Ojha, Satyajeet S. AU - Stevens, Derrick R. AU - Stano, Kelly AU - Hoffman, Torissa AU - Clarke, Laura I. AU - Gorga, Russell E. T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - The present work focuses on the electrical and mechanical characterization of nanocomposite fibers having core−sheath (or bicomponent) morphologies. Owing to their unique mechanical and electrical properties, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been utilized in the nanocomposite construction. Submicron diameter nanofibers (200–300 nm) with core−sheath morphology were fabricated from a polymer/MWNT solution and collected in random mats. By constraining the MWNTs to the sheath, significant increases in the mechanical properties were observed at lower MWNT concentrations when compared to mats made from single-layer fibers. The electrical properties of the core−sheath mats showed similar gains, having a critical weight percent more than 10 times lower than that of the single-layer mats. DA - 2008/4/8/ PY - 2008/4/8/ DO - 10.1021/ma702634a VL - 41 IS - 7 SP - 2509-2513 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards automation of colour/weave selection in Jacquard designs: model verification through visual assessment AU - Mathur, Kavita AU - Seyam, Abdel-Fattah M. AU - Hinks, David AU - Donaldson, R. Alan T2 - COLORATION TECHNOLOGY AB - A geometric model combined with a colour model to predict the colour contribution of each pre‐coloured yarn in terms of colour attributes of each area of a Jacquard pattern was developed. To validate the predicted calculations (colorimetric data), a visual assessment experiment was conducted to evaluate the difference between predicted and the actual colour appearance of the woven pattern. The results from the psychophysical evaluation of the woven samples and their predicted colour values showed high correlation between the predicted and experimental data. Therefore, the model has potential to eliminate subjective evaluations and reduce prototype sample production by automating the process of weave/colour simulation. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2007.00121.x VL - 124 IS - 1 SP - 48-55 SN - 1472-3581 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Model study of electron beam charge compensation for positive secondary ion mass spectrometry using a positive primary ion beam AU - Zhu, Z. M. AU - Stevie, F. A. AU - Griffis, D. P. T2 - Applied Surface Science AB - A new modeling approach has been developed to assist in the SIMS analysis of insulating samples. This approach provides information on the charging phenomena occurring when electron and positive primary ion beams impact a low conductivity material held at a high positive potential. The concept of effective leakage resistance aids in the understanding of the dynamic electrical properties of an insulating sample under dynamic analysis conditions. Modeling of steady state electron beam charge compensation involves investigation of electron injection and charge drift. Using a Monte Carlo program to simulate electron injection and dc conduction calculations to predict charge drift, detailed information regarding charging phenomena can be determined. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.10.008 VL - 254 IS - 9 SP - 2708-2711 ER - TY - PAT TI - Methods and systems for selectively connecting and disconnecting conductors in a fabric AU - Dhawan, A. AU - Ghosh, T. K. AU - Muth, J. AU - Seyam, A. C2 - 2008/// DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - PAT TI - Fabric and yarn structures for improving signal integrity in fabric-based electrical circuits AU - Dhawan, A. AU - Ghosh, T. K. AU - Seyam, A. M. AU - Muth, J. C2 - 2008/// DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the dyeability of the new eco-friendly regenerated cellulose AU - Shim, Woo Sub AU - Koh, Joonseok AU - Lee, Jung Jin AU - Kim, Ik Soo AU - Kim, Jae Pil T2 - FIBERS AND POLYMERS AB - Three commercial dyes-direct, reactive, and vat dye-were applied to the new regenerated cellulose fiber which was prepared from cellulose acetate fiber through the hydrolysis of acetyl groups with an environmentally friendly manufacturing process. The effect of salt, alkali, liquor ratio, temperature, and leveling agent on the dyeing behavior and fastness were evaluated and compared with regular viscose rayon. From the results, we found that new regenerated cellulose fiber exhibited better dyeability and fastness than regular viscose rayon. DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1007/s12221-008-0025-1 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 152-159 SN - 1875-0052 KW - regenerated cellulose fiber KW - dye KW - dyeability KW - fastness KW - viscose rayon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of alkyl ketene dimer reacted starch on the properties of starch microcellular foam using a solvent exchange technique AU - El-Tahlawy, Khaled AU - Venditti, Richard AU - Pawlak, Joel T2 - CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS AB - The production of a hydrophobic starch microcellular foam (SMCF) through the addition of an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) would be a bio-based material with valuable properties for many applications in which high specific surface area, low density and water resistance is important. Pigments for paper and coatings are a potential application. An emulsion of AKD and cooked corn starch was made by mixing AKD with cooked starch at 50 °C under a high rate of shear. The effects of reaction temperature, starch concentration and pH on the reaction of AKD with starch and the resulting microcellular foam structure were studied. The starch/AKD foam particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis to determine extent of reaction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), brightness, particle size and water swellability. The apparent viscosity of the starch solution was shown to have a linear relationship with the particle size and the brightness of the particles. The particles under all conditions had a very high brightness. The AKD was able to impart a significant hydrophobicity to the particles relative to starch alone but the water resistance was not great enough to preserve the porous structure when wetted. DA - 2008/7/4/ PY - 2008/7/4/ DO - 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.11.013 VL - 73 IS - 1 SP - 133-142 SN - 0144-8617 KW - starch KW - alkyl ketene dimer KW - microcellular foam KW - Hydrophobicity KW - brightness KW - viscosity KW - scanning electron microscopy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computational molecular modeling for evaluating the toxicity of environmental chemicals: Prioritizing bioassay requirements AU - Rabinowitz, James R. AU - Goldsmith, Michael-Rock AU - Little, Stephen B. AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa A. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES AB - The human health risk from exposure to environmental chemicals often must be evaluated when relevant elements of the preferred data are unavailable. Therefore, strategies are needed that can predict this information and prioritize the outstanding data requirements for the risk evaluation. Many modes of molecular toxicity require the chemical or one of its biotransformation products to interact with specific biologic macromolecules (i.e., proteins and DNA). Molecular modeling approaches may be adapted to study the interactions of environmental chemicals with biomolecular targets.In this commentary we provide an overview of the challenges that arise from applying molecular modeling tools developed and commonly used for pharmaceutical discovery to the problem of predicting the potential toxicities of environmental chemicals.The use of molecular modeling tools to predict the unintended health and environmental consequences of environmental chemicals differs strategically from the use of the same tools in the pharmaceutical discovery process in terms of the goals and potential applications. It also requires consideration of the greater diversity of chemical space and binding affinity domains than is covered by pharmaceuticals.Molecular modeling methods offer one of several complementary approaches to evaluate the risk to human health and the environment as a result of exposure to environmental chemicals. These tools can streamline the hazard assessment process by simulating possible modes of action and providing virtual screening tools that can help prioritize bioassay requirements. Tailoring these strategies to the particular challenges presented by environmental chemical interactions make them even more effective. DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1289/ehp.11077 VL - 116 IS - 5 SP - 573-577 SN - 0091-6765 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-45749105529&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - computational toxicology KW - docking KW - enrichment KW - false negatives KW - high-throughput screening KW - molecular modeling KW - prioritizing bioassays KW - virtual screening ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultrafine polyacrylonitrile/silica composite fibers via electrospinning AU - Ji, Liwen AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - MATERIALS LETTERS AB - Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/silica composite nanofibers, in the diameter of 200–300 nm, were prepared by a one-step electrospinning method. The PAN/silica nanofibers were characterized by SEM, TEM, ATR–FTIR and DSC. SEM and TEM images show that beads are formed and silica nanoparticles start to aggregate when the silica content is higher than 2 wt.% in nanofibers. ATR–FTIR spectra and DSC results indicate that there may exist interactions between silica nanoparticles and PAN. The addition of silica nanoparticles also changes the thermal properties of PAN/silica nanofibers. DA - 2008/5/15/ PY - 2008/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.051 VL - 62 IS - 14 SP - 2161-2164 SN - 0167-577X UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178340/ KW - electrospinning KW - nanoparticles KW - PAN/silica composite nanofibers KW - DMF ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanostructuring and functionalizing polymers with cyclodextrins AU - Tonelli, Alan E. T2 - POLYMER AB - We summarize our recent studies employing the cyclic starches called cyclodextrins (CDs) to both nanostructure and functionalize polymers. Two important structural characteristics of CDs are taken as advantages to achieve these goals. First the ability of CDs to form non-covalent inclusion complexes (ICs) with a variety of guest molecules, including many polymers, by threading and inclusion into their relatively hydrophobic interior cavities, which are roughly cylindrical with diameters of ∼0.5 to 1.0 nm for α-, β-, and γ-CD containing 6, 7, and 8 α-1,4-linked glucose units, respectively. When guest polymers are coalesced from the CD-ICs by removing their host CDs, they are observed to solidify with structures, morphologies, and even conformations that are distinct from bulk samples made from their solutions and melts. Molecularly mixed, intimate blends of two or more polymers that are normally immiscible can be obtained from their common CD-ICs, and the phase segregation of incompatible blocks can be controlled (suppressed or increased) in CD-IC coalesced block copolymers. In addition, additives may be more effectively delivered to polymers in the form of their soluble or crystalline CD-ICs or rotaxanes. Secondly, many –OH groups attached to the exterior rims of CDs, in addition to conferring water solubility, provide an opportunity to covalently bond them to polymers either during their syntheses or via post-polymerization reactions. Polymers containing CDs in their backbones or attached to their side chains are observed to more readily accept and retain additives, such as dyes, fragrances, etc. They may also be further reacted or treated through their CDs to cross-link and form networks or to form blends with other polymers having a propensity to thread through their attached CD cavities. DA - 2008/4/1/ PY - 2008/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.12.003 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 1725-1736 SN - 1873-2291 KW - polymers KW - cyclodextrins KW - processing ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel polymer composite with double positive-temperature-coefficient transitions: effect of filler-matrix interface on the resistivity-temperature behavior AU - Zhang, Xiangwu AU - Pan, Yi T2 - POLYMER INTERNATIONAL AB - Abstract BACKGROUND: Sn–Pb alloy‐filled high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites exhibit double positive‐temperature‐coefficient (PTC) behavior, with the first transition at the melting point of HDPE and the second at that of Sn–Pb alloy. The objective of this study is to improve the reversibility and reproducibility of double‐PTC transitions of these composite materials by enhancing the filler–matrix interface. RESULTS: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface wettability and dynamic mechanical and rheological measurements confirm that surface‐treating Sn–Pb with titanate concentration ≤1 wt% enhances the interface adhesion between Sn–Pb alloy and HDPE matrix. Surface‐treating Sn–Pb with titanate concentration ≤1 wt% increases the PTC transition temperature, reduces the PTC intensity and improves the reversibility and reproducibility of the double‐PTC behavior of Sn–Pb/HDPE composites. CONCLUSION: It is demonstrated that adjusting the filler–matrix interface is an effective means to modify the double‐PTC behavior of Sn–Pb alloy‐filled HDPE composites. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1002/pi.2408 VL - 57 IS - 5 SP - 770-777 SN - 0959-8103 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178348/ KW - positive temperature coefficient KW - alloy KW - polyethylene KW - composite KW - surface treatment KW - interface ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photostability of isotactic polypropylene containing monoazo pigment AU - Ahmadi, Zahra AU - Kish, Mohammad Haghighat AU - Freeman, Harold AU - Kotek, Richard AU - Katbab, Ali Asghar T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract The photodegradation of isotactic polypropylene (PP) films containing a monoazo pigment and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) has been undertaken. PP films were exposed to medium pressure mercury lamp radiation in the laboratory for periods of up to 8 weeks and the degree of degradation (oxidation/deterioration) was examined using FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as by measuring changes in the mechanical properties, contact angle, and density. The results of these measurements indicate that unstabilized PP films degraded after only 240‐h irradiation. By adding an organic pigment to PP films along with antioxidant and HALS, the photostability of PP films increased to the 1500‐h level. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 DA - 2008/6/5/ PY - 2008/6/5/ DO - 10.1002/app.27951 VL - 108 IS - 5 SP - 2950-2957 SN - 1097-4628 KW - photodegradation KW - polypropylene KW - organic pigment KW - photostabilizer KW - antioxidant ER - TY - JOUR TI - NMR studies of the inclusion complex of cloprostenol sodium salt with beta-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution AU - Whang, Hyun Suk AU - Vendeix, Franck A. P. AU - Gracz, Hanna S. AU - Gadsby, John AU - Tonelli, Alan T2 - PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH DA - 2008/5// PY - 2008/5// DO - 10.1007/s11095-007-9493-z VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 1142-1149 SN - 1573-904X KW - cloprostenol sodium salt KW - cyclodextrins KW - inclusion complexes KW - molecular modeling KW - nuclear magnetic resonance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclodextrins as a means to nanostructure and functionalize polymers AU - Tonelli, Alan E. T2 - JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY DA - 2008/4// PY - 2008/4// DO - 10.1007/s10847-007-9372-6 VL - 60 IS - 3-4 SP - 197-202 SN - 1573-1111 KW - cyclodextrins KW - polymers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Properties of films and fibers obtained from Lewis acid-base complexed nylon 6,6 AU - Afshari, M. AU - Gupta, A. AU - Jung, D. AU - Kotek, R. AU - Tonelli, A. E. AU - Vasanthan, N. T2 - POLYMER AB - A nylon 6,6 complex with GaCl3 in nitromethane (4–5 wt% nylon 6,6) was prepared at 50–70 °C over 24 h for the purpose of disrupting the interchain hydrogen bonding between nylon 6,6 chains, resulting in amorphous nylon 6,6, and increasing the draw ratio for improving the performance of nylon 6,6 fibers. After drawing, complexed films and fibers were soaked in water to remove GaCl3 and regenerate pure nylon 6,6 films and fibers. FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and mechanical properties were used for characterization of the regenerated nylon 6,6 films and fibers. The amorphous complexed nylon 6,6 can be stretched to high draw ratios at low strain rates, due to the absence of hydrogen bonding and crystallinity in these complexed samples. Draw ratios of 7–13 can be achieved for complexed fibers, under low strain rate stretching. This study indicates that nylon 6,6 fibers made from the GaCl3 complexed state, using a high molecular weight polymer, can reach initial moduli up to 13 GPa, compared to initial moduli of 6 GPa for commercial nylon 6,6 fibers. Lewis acid–base complexation of polyamides provides a way to temporarily suppress hydrogen bonding, potentially increasing orientation while drawing, and following regeneration of hydrogen bonding in the drawn state, to impart higher performance to their fibers. DA - 2008/3/3/ PY - 2008/3/3/ DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.038 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 1297-1304 SN - 0032-3861 KW - nylon KW - complexation KW - GaCl3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphology of electrospun nylon-6 nanofibers as a function of molecular weight and processing parameters AU - Ojha, Satyajeet S. AU - Afshari, Mehdi AU - Kotek, Richard AU - Gorga, Russell E. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract In the present study, the morphology and mechanical properties of nylon‐6 nanofibers were investigated as a function of molecular weight (30,000, 50,000, and 63,000 g/mol) and electrospinning process conditions (solution concentration, voltage, tip‐to‐collector distance, and flow rate). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of nylon‐6 nanofibers showed that the diameter of the electrospun fiber increased with increasing molecular weight and solution concentration. An increase in molecular weight increases the density of chain entanglements (in solution) at the same polymer concentration; hence, the minimum concentration to produce nanofibers was lower for the highest molecular weight nylon‐6. The morphology of electrospun fibers also depended on tip‐to‐collector distance and applied voltage concentration of polymer solution as observed from the SEM images. Trends in fiber diameter and diameter distribution are discussed for each processing variable. Mechanical properties of electrospun nonwoven mats showed an increase in tensile strength and modulus as a function of increasing molecular weight. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 DA - 2008/4/5/ PY - 2008/4/5/ DO - 10.1002/app.27655 VL - 108 IS - 1 SP - 308-319 SN - 1097-4628 KW - electrospinning KW - molecular weight KW - nanofibers KW - morphology KW - mechanical properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - High temperature stability of Hf-based gate dielectric stacks with rare-earth oxide layers for threshold voltage control AU - LeBeau, James M. AU - Jur, Jesse S. AU - Lichtenwalner, Daniel J. AU - Craft, H. Spalding AU - Maria, Jon-Paul AU - Kingon, Angus I. AU - Klenov, Dmitri O. AU - Cagnon, Joel AU - Stemmer, Susanne T2 - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS AB - The thermal stability of DyOx∕HfSiON and HoOx∕HfSiON gate dielectric stacks on silicon was studied by scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques and correlated with their electrical characteristics. Intermixing of the rare-earth elements with the HfSiON was observed, but there was no diffusion into the interfacial SiO2. Rapid thermal annealing (1000°C) produced little detectable change in the concentration profile of the rare-earth elements but caused thinning of the interfacial SiO2 layer along with a corresponding increase in the rare-earth oxide layer thickness. These reactions could be explained with oxygen deficiency in the rare-earth oxide layer and its greater thermodynamic stability relative to SiO2. Negative flat band voltage shifts were observed relative to a control sample with no DyOx or HoOx. Mechanisms by which the observed microstructure changes could give rise to negative flatband voltage shifts are discussed. DA - 2008/3/17/ PY - 2008/3/17/ DO - 10.1063/1.2901036 VL - 92 IS - 11 SP - SN - 1077-3118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preparation and characterization of silica nanoparticulate-polyacrylonitrile composite and porous nanofibers AU - Ji, Liwen AU - Saquing, Carl AU - Khan, Saad A. AU - Zhang, Xiangwu T2 - NANOTECHNOLOGY AB - In this study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite nanofibers containing different amounts of silica nanoparticulates have been obtained via electrospinning. The surface morphology, thermal properties and crystal structure of PAN/silica nanofibers are characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicate that the addition of silica nanoparticulates affects the structure and properties of the nanofibers. In addition to PAN/silica composite nanofibers, porous PAN nanofibers have been prepared by selective removal of the silica component from PAN/silica composite nanofibers using hydrofluoric (HF) acid. ATR-FTIR and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments validate the removal of silica nanoparticulates by HF acid, whereas SEM and TEM results reveal that the porous nanofibers obtained from composite fibers with higher silica contents exhibited more nonuniform surface morphology. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of porous PAN nanofibers made from PAN/silica (5 wt%) composite precursors is higher than that of pure nonporous PAN nanofibers. DA - 2008/2/27/ PY - 2008/2/27/ DO - 10.1088/0957-4484/19/8/085605 VL - 19 IS - 8 SP - SN - 1361-6528 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178323/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonwoven fabric active electrodes for biopotential measurement during normal daily activity AU - Kang, T. H. AU - Merritt, C. R. AU - Grant, E. AU - POURDEYHIMI, BEHNAM AU - Nagle, H Troy T2 - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering AB - Body movement is responsible for most of the interference during physiological data acquisition during normal daily activities. In this paper, we introduce nonwoven fabric active electrodes that provide the comfort required for clothing while robustly recording physiological data in the presence of body movement. The nonwoven fabric active electrodes were designed and fabricated using both hand- and screen-printing thick-film techniques. Nonstretchable nonwoven (Evolon 100) was chosen as the flexible fabric substrate and a silver filled polymer ink (Creative Materials CMI 112-15) was used to form a transducer layer and conductive lines on the nonwoven fabrics. These nonwoven fabric active electrodes can be easily integrated into clothing for wearable health monitoring applications. Test results indicate that nonwoven textile-based sensors show considerable promise for physiological data acquisition in wearable healthcare monitoring applications. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1109/TBME.2007.910678 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 188–195 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utility of nonwovens in the production of integrated electrical circuits via printing conductive inks AU - Karaguzel, B. AU - Merritt, C. R. AU - Kang, T. AU - Wilson, J. M. AU - Nagle, H. T. AU - Grant, E. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - Abstract This study reports on the printing of conductive inks directly onto nonwovens to produce circuits and embedded systems. The approach adopted applies polymer thick film (PTF) processing technologies directly onto compliant, flexible, nonwoven substrates. The paper reports on the characterization of various PTF conductive inks and printed transmission lines. The performance metrics related to the circuits are impacted by the ink viscosity and by the contact angle of the ink on the surface of the nonwoven structure. These parameters dictate the manner in which the ink is distributed onto and into the substrate. The manner in which ink droplets interact with the surface of the substrate determines the mechanisms responsible for both in-plane flow and through-the-plane flow of the ink. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701547748 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - 37-45 SN - 1754-2340 KW - conductive inks KW - electrical circuits KW - nonwovens KW - printing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-DVB) hyper branched cationic exchange resin and its properties AU - Baek, K. W. AU - Yeom, B. Y. AU - Hwang, T. S. T2 - Pollimo = Polymer (Korea) = Hanguk Kobunja Hakhoe Chi DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 43-48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of finishing methods on washing durability of microencapsulated aroma finishing AU - Li, Shiqi AU - Lewis, Joy E. AU - Stewart, Neil M. AU - Qian, Lei AU - Boyter, Henry T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - Abstract To achieve a durable aroma finish on textiles has been a long time dream for textile chemists. As fragrances are volatile, only microencapsulated aroma can stay on textiles for long periods, since capsules greatly reduce the aroma evaporation rate. An aroma finished textile has to be washable. Therefore, aroma capsules finished on textiles should not only last for long time statically but also withstand harsh washing conditions. Due to low affinity between encapsulated aroma and fabric, a fixing agent must be applied with the capsules; the fabric has to undergo a curing treatment to make the agent fix these capsules. However, the curing process is usually a high-temperature thermal procedure that causes aroma loss from capsules by quick evaporation. Thus, fragrant durability on fabrics can vary significantly with different fixing agents and curing processes. Three fixing agents, three kinds of thermal curing equipment, and various curing conditions were investigated. By analysing properties of the fixing agents, heat transfer characteristics of the curing apparatus, and delivered energies in the curing conditions, a washing durable aroma capsule finishing process for cotton fabric was developed. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701489701 VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 177-183 SN - 0040-5000 KW - aroma finishing KW - microencapsulation KW - washing durability KW - curing methods KW - capsule KW - fragrant ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chitosan: A new route for increasing the efficiency of stannate/phosphate flame retardants on cotton AU - El-Tahlawy, Khaled AU - Eid, Roshdi AU - Sherif, Fawzy AU - Hudson, Samuel T2 - JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE AB - Abstract Sodium stannate/phosphate is an ideal eco-friendly flame retardant agent for cotton fabric. Development of this technique is an essential way to overcome some of its disadvantages such as the harsh feeling as a result of using high concentration of sodium stannate. Chitosan is added in the phosphorylation bath as a nitrogen source and to facilitate the phosphorylation process. Incorporation of 1% chitosan could decrease the sodium stannate concentration to the one-third of the amount that is used in the conventional method. Increasing the stannate concentration in the finishing bath from 10 to 30% could enhance the flame retardancy of the cotton fabric. Thermogravimetric analysis of the treated cotton fabric shows an increase in the residual percent of the fabric and decrease in both thermal degradation onset point (TDOP) and maximum degradation rate point as a function of stannate concentration. Increasing diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) from 2 to 10% in the finishing bath shows an increase in the residue at 500°C to 39.24%. Phosphorus and nitrogen percentages show an increase in their values till reaches to 1.39 and 1.72, respectively. The effect of curing temperature and time, chitosan concentration, and the sequence of treatment are studied in detail. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008/// DO - 10.1080/00405000701570773 VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 157-164 SN - 1754-2340 KW - flame retardant KW - cotton KW - chitosan KW - diammonium hydrogen phosphate KW - sodium stannate KW - flammability ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the pressure drop prediction of filter media composed of fibers with bimodal diameter distributions AU - Jaganathan, S. AU - Tafreshi, H. Vahedi AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - POWDER TECHNOLOGY AB - In addition to collection efficiency, pressure drop is the most important characteristic of a filter medium. While there are numerous analytical expressions available for predicting the pressure drop of the filters made up of fibers with a unimodal fiber diameter distribution, there are not enough studies dedicated to filters composed of fibers with a bimodal (or multimodal) fiber diameter distribution. In this work, the pressure drop per unit thickness of filters made of bimodal fiber diameters is calculated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations in a series of 2-D geometries. These results are used to find the unimodal equivalent diameters of each bimodal filter that could be used in the existing expressions for calculating pressure drop. In agreement with the work of Brown and Thorpe [Brown, R.C., Thorpe, A., Glass-fiber filters with bimodal fiber size distributions. Powder Technology 118 (2001) 3–9.], it was found that the area-weighted averaging of the fiber diameters in a bimodal filter provides a relatively good estimation of its equivalent unimodal fiber diameter. We, however, noticed that in such an averaging the error percentage in the pressure drop prediction is sensitive to the fiber diameter ratios as well as the fraction of each fiber diameter in the bimodal filter. We, therefore, obtained a correction factor for the estimation of the unimodal equivalent diameters as a function of fiber diameter ratio and their number fractions. DA - 2008/1/30/ PY - 2008/1/30/ DO - 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.07.002 VL - 181 IS - 1 SP - 89-95 SN - 1873-328X KW - fibrous filter KW - pressure drop KW - bimodal KW - CFD ER - TY - JOUR TI - Probing of an environmentally friendly regenerated cellulose material having bimorphic behavior AU - Shim, Woo Sub AU - Kim, Jae Pil AU - Lee, Jung Jin AU - Koh, Joonseok AU - Kim, Ik Soo T2 - FIBERS AND POLYMERS AB - Novel regenerated cellulose material which was prepared from cellulose acetate fiber through the hydrolysis of acetyl groups have been developed by an environmentally friendly process without emitting toxic substances in addition to be at low production cost. They have composite crystalline structure constituted of cellulose II and cellulose IV. Also, they show a lamellar morphology with an increased amorphous region, as compared to conventional regenerated cellulose such as viscose rayon and cupra rayon. Our data obtained by several independent methods demonstrated that the adsorption properties of cellulose fibers depend predominantly on the amorphous region. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008/12// DO - 10.1007/s12221-008-0109-y VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 691-697 SN - 1875-0052 KW - Regenerated cellulose KW - Crystalline structure KW - Amorphous region KW - Viscose rayon KW - Cuprammonium rayon ER -