TY - ER - TY - ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ademen met overdruk tijdens inspanning = Positive pressure breathing during exercise AU - DenHartog, E.A. AU - Reffeltrath, P.A. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - TNO-TM - 02 - A061 SN - TNO-TM - 02 - A061 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Presteren in de warmte - Literatuurstudie = Performance in the heat – Literature Survey AU - DenHartog, E.A. AU - Brandsma, M.G. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - TNO-TM - 02 - C049 SN - TNO-TM - 02 - C049 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thermische aspecten van twee modulaire slaapzakken en een enkele slaapzak in extreme kou = Thermal aspects of two modular sleeping bags and a single sleeping bag in extreme cold AU - Kistemaker, J.A. AU - Tan, T.K. AU - DenHartog, E.A. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - TNO-TM - 02 - A060 SN - TNO-TM - 02 - A060 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effecten van over de torso geblazen lucht op de warmtebalans en prestatie van helikoptervliegers = Effects of air blown over the torso on heat balance and performance of helicopter flyers AU - Reffeltrath, P.A. AU - Daanen, H.A.M. AU - DenHartog, E.A. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M1 - TNO-TM - 02 - A026 SN - TNO-TM - 02 - A026 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature limit values for gripping cold surfaces AU - Malchaire, J. AU - Geng, Q. AU - Den Hartog, E. AU - Havenith, G. AU - Holmer, I. AU - Piette, A. AU - Powell, S.L. AU - Rintamäki, H. AU - Rissanen, S. T2 - Annals of Occupational Hygiene AB - At the request of the European Commission and in the framework of the European Machinery Directive, research was conducted jointly in five different laboratories to develop specifications for surface temperature limit values for the gripping and handling of cold items.Four hundred and fourteen experiments were run where male and female subjects were invited to grip for up to 20 min cold bars of different contact coefficients, i.e. polished wood, nylon, stone, steel and aluminium. The air temperature and the bars' initial surface temperatures ranged between 0 and -30 degrees C for the various experiments. While gripping the bars, either only the hand or the whole body was exposed to cold.The data were used to develop a prediction formula and a graph of the surface temperature limit values in order for the skin contact temperature not to reach <15 degrees C. This duration is shown to offer a significant degree of safety with respect to the minimal surface temperature spontaneously tolerated by the subjects.Experiments and modelling must be pursued to extend these data to other conditions of exposure. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1093/annhyg/mef032 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 157-163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036490934&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - cold stress KW - gripping KW - contact temperature KW - machine safety ER - TY - CONF TI - New Directions in Nonwovens Technology, American Fiber Manufacturers AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - American Fiber Manufacturers’ Association C2 - 2002/10// CY - Greenville, SC DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// ER - TY - CONF TI - Numerical Simulation of Hydroentangling Orifice Flow AU - Tafreshi, H. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Fiber Society C2 - 2002/// CY - Natick, MA DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/10/16/ ER - TY - THES TI - An Effective Particle Approach to the Photophysics of Conjugated Polymers AU - Pasquinelli, Melissa Anne DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Ph. D. Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Self-discharge of secondary lithium-ion graphite anodes AU - Wang, C. AU - Zhang, X. AU - Appleby, A. J. AU - Chen, X. AU - Little, F. E. T2 - Journal of Power Sources AB - A new method for measuring self-discharge of lithium-ion graphite anodes is reported. First, the anode lithium content is calculated from the open-circuit potential as a function of open-circuit time (OCP versus OCT) using equilibrium potential–composition isotherms. Then, the self-discharge rate is obtained from the differential of lithium content with respect to time on open circuit. The self-discharge rate measured by this means after the first charge–discharge cycle to 0.0 V versus Li/Li+ is largely controlled by the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, with some influence from stage transformation. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00359-2 VL - 112 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polystyrene/Sn-Pb alloy blends. II: Effect of alloy particle surface treatment on dynamic rheological behavior AU - Zhang, X. AU - Pan, Y. AU - Zheng, Q. AU - Yi, X. S. T2 - Journal of Applied Polymer Science AB - Abstract The effect of filler surface treatment on the dynamic rheological behaviors of polystyrene filled with Sn–Pb alloy particles was tested below and above the melting temperature ( T m ) of the alloy. The mechanical relaxation relevant to the T m of the alloy in the composite was diminished by the filler surface pretreatment. In the whole temperature range of interest, there existed a secondary plateau of the storage modulus at low frequencies. The effect of alloy particle surface treatment on the plateau was related to the matter‐state change (from solid to liquid) of the alloy. Above the T m of the alloy, the surface treatment of the alloy affected the secondary plateau, but below the T m , it did not. The analyses of Cole–Cole diagrams of the systems suggested that untreated and pretreated alloy fillers all retarded the relaxation processes in the molten state of polystyrene below the T m of the alloy and that the relaxation process was separated into the high‐frequency relaxation of the phases and the low‐frequency relaxation of the droplets above the T m . The surface treatments of the alloy filler further enhanced this action. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3173–3179, 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11352 VL - 86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polystyrene/Sn-Pb alloy blends. I: Dynamic rheological behavior AU - Zheng, Q. AU - Zhang, X. AU - Pan, Y. AU - Yi, X. S. T2 - Journal of Applied Polymer Science AB - Abstract The dynamic rheological behavior of polystyrene filled with low‐melting‐point ( T m ) Sn–Pb was investigated at temperatures below and above the T m of the alloy, 183°C. In the whole temperature range of interest, there existed a secondary plateau in the plot of the dynamic storage modulus versus frequency (ω) at low ωs, and the influences of alloy content and temperature on the plateau were related to the matter state (liquid or solid) of the alloy. We believe that the secondary plateau observed below the alloy T m was due to the network‐type structure formed by the agglomeration of solid filler particles, whereas the plateau above T m was due to the deformability and relaxation of the liquid alloy droplets. By analyzing the Cole–Cole diagrams, we suggest that the alloy fillers retarded the relaxation processes for polystyrene melt when the temperature was lower than the T m . However, there existed two separated relaxation processes when the temperature was higher than the T m , that is, the high‐ω relaxation of the phases and low‐ω relaxation of the droplets. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3166–3172, 2002 DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11353 VL - 86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - PTC Characteristic of Sn-Pb Alloy-Loaded Polymer Composites AU - Liu, Jing AU - Pan, Yi AU - Zhang, Xiang-Wu T2 - Acta Mater. Comp. Sinica DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 19 SP - 116-119 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of ionic conductive ceramic fillers on the electrochemical performance of nano-tin anodes in lithium-ion batteries AU - Zhang, X. AU - Wang, C. AU - Appleby, A.J. AU - Little, F.E. T2 - DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improvement in electrochemical properties of nano-tin-polyaniline lithium-ion composite anodes by control of electrode microstructure AU - Zhang, X. AU - Wang, C. AU - Appleby, A. J. AU - Little, F. E. T2 - Journal of Power Sources AB - Four different types of nano-tin-polyaniline (nano-Sn-PAni) lithium-ion composite anode microstructures have been examined to investigate the relationship between this parameter and anode characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the electrochemical properties of nano-tin composite electrodes can be significantly affected by microstructure variation. To simultaneously obtain high capacity and long cycle life, the active materials should be encased in a polymer matrix to accommodate volume changes during cycling, and porosity is required to offer low interfacial lithium insertion/extraction impedance. The polymer matrix should have a high binding strength to prevent the anode cracking. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00091-5 VL - 109 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Composite doped emeraldine-polyethylene oxide-bonded lithium-ion nano-tin anodes with electronic-ionic mixed conduction AU - Zhang, X. AU - Wang, C. AU - Appleby, A.J. AU - Little, F.E. T2 - Solid State Ionics AB - Mixed-conducting lithium-ion doped emeraldine polyaniline (PAni)–polyethylene oxide (PEO) blends have been developed to achieve an optimal electronic–ionic conductivity balance in nano-tin composite anodes. Electrochemical evaluation was performed on the anodes with differing electrode preparation procedures, doping methods and PEO contents. Results indicate that both good electronic and ionic conductivity in the binder are required for rapid lithium insertion/extraction and low polarization. This doped PAni–PEO polymer blend is an attractive binder for high capacity composite anodes with low polarization. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00522-2 VL - 150 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characteristics of lithium-ion conducting composite polymer-glass secondary cell electrolytes AU - Zhang, X. AU - Wang, C. AU - Appleby, A. J. AU - Little, F. E. T2 - Journal of Power Sources AB - A family of lithium-ion-conducting composite polymer-glass electrolytes containing the glass composition 14Li2O–9Al2O3–38TiO2–39P2O5 (abbreviated as (LiAlTiP)xOy) with high ionic conductivity, an excellent electrochemical stability range, and high compatibility with lithium insertion anodes is described. An optimized composition has a room temperature conductivity of 1.7×10−4 S cm−1, an Li+ transference number of 0.39, and an electrochemical stability window to +5.1 V versus Li/Li+. It also has good interfacial stability under both open-circuit and lithium metal plating–stripping conditions and provides good shelf-life. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00365-8 VL - 112 ER - TY - CONF TI - Fuzzy data envelopment analysis AU - Lertworasirikul, Saowanee AU - Fang, SC AU - Nuttle, HLW AU - Joines, JA C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the 9th Bellman Continuum, Beijing DA - 2002/// VL - 342 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design and Analysis of Furniture Finishing Systems AU - Melton, R. AU - Culbreth, C.T. AU - J.A., Joines AU - Roberts, S.D. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 52 IS - 7-8 SP - 27-33 ER - TY - CONF TI - A Possibility Approach to Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis AU - Lertworasirikul, S. AU - Fang, S.-C. AU - Joines, J.A. AU - Nuttle, H.L. C2 - 2002/// C3 - 8th International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Technology DA - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Rethinking the US "textile industry" AU - Batra, S.K. AU - Brookstien, D. C2 - 2002/// C3 - 2nd AUTEX Conference: Textile engineering at the dawn of a new millenium: an exciting challenge, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bruges, Belgium, 1-3 July 2002 DA - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Moisture absorption in advanced heat resistant clothing systems AU - Barker, R.L. AU - Guerth-Schacher, C. C2 - 2002/// C3 - 2nd AUTEX Conference: Textile engineering at the dawn of a new millenium: an exciting challenge, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bruges, Belgium, 1-3 July 2002 DA - 2002/// SP - 439-450 ER - TY - CONF TI - Influence of ionic conductive ceramic fillers on the electrochemical performance of nano-tin anodes in lithium-ion batteries AU - Zhang, X. AU - Wang, C. AU - Appleby, A.J. AU - Little, F.E. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Selected papers presented at the 11th Internaional Meeting on Lithium Batteries, Monterey, CA, USA, 22-28 June 2002 DA - 2002/// PB - Amsterdam : Elsevier ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterization of single fiber crimp using fiber load-extension behavior AU - Bauer-Kurz I., AU - Schiffler, D.A. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Conference proceedings: Joint INDA-TAPPI Conference, INTC 2002, International Nonwovens Technical Conference, September 24-26, 2002, Renaissance Waverly Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia. DA - 2002/// SP - 1-10 PB - Atlanta, Ga. : TAPPI ER - TY - CONF TI - The performance of resorbable antibiotic coatings on braided surgical sutures AU - King, M.W. AU - Jones, A.D. AU - Wall, M. AU - Zhanel, G.G. AU - Gonzales, J. AU - Perreault, H. AU - Shalaby, S.W. C2 - 2002/// C3 - 2nd AUTEX Conference: Textile engineering at the dawn of a new millenium: an exciting challenge, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bruges, Belgium, 1-3 July 2002 DA - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling in-plane fluid transport in nonwovens AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Kim, H.S. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Conference proceedings: Joint INDA-TAPPI Conference, INTC 2002, International Nonwovens Technical Conference, September 24-26, 2002, Renaissance Waverly Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia. DA - 2002/// PB - Atlanta, Ga. : TAPPI ER - TY - JOUR TI - Composite doped emeraldine-polyethylene oxide-bonded lithium-ion nano-tin anodes with electronic-ionic mixed conduction AU - Zhang, XW AU - Wang, CS AU - Appleby, AJ AU - Little, FE T2 - SOLID STATE IONICS AB - Mixed-conducting lithium-ion doped emeraldine polyaniline (PAni)–polyethylene oxide (PEO) blends have been developed to achieve an optimal electronic–ionic conductivity balance in nano-tin composite anodes. Electrochemical evaluation was performed on the anodes with differing electrode preparation procedures, doping methods and PEO contents. Results indicate that both good electronic and ionic conductivity in the binder are required for rapid lithium insertion/extraction and low polarization. This doped PAni–PEO polymer blend is an attractive binder for high capacity composite anodes with low polarization. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00522-2 VL - 150 IS - 3-4 SP - 383-389 SN - 0167-2738 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178370/ KW - nano-tin KW - polyaniline KW - polyethylene oxide KW - polymer blend KW - composite electrode KW - mixed conductivity ER - TY - CONF TI - Atmospheric pressure plasma modification of textile surfaces: Nylon 66, polypropylene, and ultra high modulus polyethylene AU - McCord, M.G. AU - Hwang, Y.J. AU - Qiu, Y. C2 - 2002/// C3 - 2nd AUTEX Conference: Textile engineering at the dawn of a new millenium: an exciting challenge, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bruges, Belgium, 1-3 July 2002 DA - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apparel sizing and fit AU - Ghosh, T.K. AU - LePechoux, B. T2 - Textile Progress DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 32 IS - 1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Numerical investigation of the waterjets issued by hydroentangling orifice nozzles AU - Tafreshi, H. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Conference proceedings : Joint INDA-TAPPI Conference, INTC 2002, International Nonwovens Technical Conference, September 24-26, 2002, Renaissance Waverly Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia DA - 2002/// PB - Cary, N.C. : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry ER - TY - CONF TI - NMR studies of the dynamics of homo- and block-co-polymer poly(epsilon-caprolactone) chains in their inclusion compounds with alpha- and gamma-CDs AU - Lu, J. AU - Mirau, P. A. AU - Nojima, S. AB - Solid-state NMR with magic-angle spinning has been used to study the structures and dynamics of semicrystalline homo- and copolymers of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and their inclusion complexes (ICs) formed with alpha and gammacyclodextrins (α- and γ-CDs), which are shown to have channel structures occupied by single and two parallel, side-by-side PCL homopolymer chains, respectively. In the PCL-polystyrene (PCL-PS) and PCL-poly(ethylene oxide)-PCL (PCL-PEO-PCL) di- and triblock copolymer-CD-ICs, only the PCL and both blocks are included in the CD channels, respectively. PCL (guest)-CD (host) magnetization exchange has been observed, but the results differ substantially from those usually evidenced by semicrystalline polymers and their blends. Conventional relaxation experiments [T1(13C), T1ρ(13C), and T1ρ(1H)] and 2D wide line separation NMR with windowless isotropic mixing have been used to monitor the chain dynamics. The results show that the intermolecular interactions in the α-CD-IC channels restrict the dynamics of some PCL carbons more than others, but the PCL chains in both CD complexes are more mobile than in the semicrystalline bulk samples. These results are also compared to the dynamics observed for valeric acid molecules when included in their IC with α-CD, which is also a channel complex structure. C2 - 2002/// C3 - ACS Symposium Series DA - 2002/// DO - 10.1021/bk-2003-0834.ch004 VL - 834 ER - TY - JOUR TI - La chirurgie vasculaire avec effraction tissulaire minimale pour l'exclusion d'anevrisme: Interets et limites des essais chez l'animal AU - Guidoin, R. AU - Douville, Y. AU - Marois, Y. AU - Dionne, G. AU - Guillemot, F. AU - Zhang, Z. AU - KING, Martin W. AU - Legrand, A.P. AU - Traore, A. AU - Baquey, C. AU - al. T2 - ITBM RBM (Online) AB - Des endoprothèses de type Vanguard™ ont été déployées par voie transfémorale sous angioscopie sur le site d'un anévrisme créé chirurgicalement au niveau de l'aorte thoracique ou de l'aorte abdominale chez 8 chiens pour des périodes pré-établies allant jusqu'à 3 mois. Les analyses angiographiques avant et après déploiement des endoprothèses et immédiatement avant l'exérèse ainsi que les observations macroscopiques des explants incluant les rayons X et la résonance magnétique ont été réalisées afin de déterminer leur stabilité dimensionnelle in vivo. Les études histologiques et en microscopie électronique á balayage ont permis d'apprécier la qualité de la cicatrisation. L'étude des composantes textiles et l'analyse par spectroscopie électronique pour analyse chimique (ESCA) ont été effectuées après l'élimination des tissus de cicatrisation afin de vérifier la biostabilité de la structure textile et la biorésilience du Nitinol. Six des huit endoprothèses furent déployées sans difficulé. Un animal fut sacrifié après 3 jours, car il était paraplégique. L'analyse des angiogrammes après l'implantation et avant le sacrifice a révélé des changements morphologiques immédiats et durant l'implantation, tels que des compressions et des glissements du maillage. La thrombogénicité de surface des endoprothèses était faible mais la cicatrisation était encore incomplète après 90 jours d'implantation. L'instabilité à long terme de la structure métallique pourrait être la cause des migrations observées vers l'aval et de la cicatrisation variable des endoprothéses. La structure textile subit des dommages après 30 jours d'implantation par déplacement de la chaîne. L'analyse par ESCA des fils de Nitinol a révélé la présence d'une couche de passivation à la surface, essentiellement composée d'oxyde de titane TiO2. Les détériorations locales de cette couche incluant les fissures furent mises en évidence corroborant les différents phénomènes de corrosion. La chirurgie vasculaire avec effraction tissulaire minimale pour l'exclusion d'anévrisme est très innovante ; elle n'en est encore qu'à un stade précoce. Des améliorations dans la conception, la maniabilité, et la stabilité devront être apportées. Par contre, le choix des matériaux ne pose pas de problème, même si des traitements de la surface du Nitinol seraient souhaitables pour prévenir toute corrosion. En outre, le tissage du textile devrait être plus compact pour éviter les déplacements de la chaîne. Les résultats obtenus doivent être confrontés à ceux des essais in vitro et aux rapports cliniques pour que les faiblesses observées chez l'humain soient prévenues dans la prochaine génération d'endoprothèses. II conviendra tout particulièrement de raffiner les processus de validation expérimentaux pour apporter les correctifs requis avant de procéder à des essais cliniques traumatisants. The Vanguad™ endoprotheses were implanted transluminally through the femoral route and deployed at the site of surgically created aneurysms in the thoracic or abdominal aortas of dogs for prescheduled periods of implantation of 1 week, 1, 2 and 3 months. The in vivo dimensional stability of the endoprothesis was confirmed by angiography after insertion and before the sacrifice and by macroscopic observations after retrieval. Histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies were performed to assess the healing sequence of the device. Microscopic studies of the textile components and surface chemical analysis of the Nitinol wires by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) were undertaken, after specimen cleaning to remove adherent tissue, to detect structural modifications to the textile structure and to evaluate the bioresilience of the Nitinol. Analysis of the angiograms after implantation and before the sacrifice revealed that morphological changes such as sliding and compression of the metal structure occurred initially after deployment and during implantation. Thrombogenicity of the luminal surface of the endoprotheses was low but the healing was still incomplete after 90 days of implantation. The lack of stability of the metal structure may explain the migration distally and the poor healing of the device. ESCA analysis showed that a physiosorbed passivation layer covered the surface of the Nitinol wires masking the nickel (Ni) component of the alloy. Ion bombardments of the surface of the wires confirmed the presence of a contaminated layer composed of carbon and other elements followed by a highly oxidized titanium (Ti) layer, and then, by the Ti/Ni alloy. Although innovative, the minimally-invasive endovascular technique for the treatment of aortic aneurysms is still in its infancy. Significant improvements are required in terms of ease of handling, effectiveness, innocuousness, biostability and healing. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/s1297-9562(02)80028-6 VL - 23 SP - 212–34 ER - TY - CONF TI - Bicomponent Fibers and Their Applications AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Industrial Fabrics Association C2 - 2002/10// C3 - 3rd International Conference on Safety & Protective Fabrics conference proceedings : innovative textile and material developments for safety and protection CY - Charlotte, NC DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// PB - Roseville (MN) : Industrial Fabrics Association International ER - TY - CONF TI - Barbed bi-directional surgical sutures AU - Dattilo, P.P. AU - King, M.W. AU - Leung, J.C. AU - Ruff, G.L. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Advanced materials for biomedical applications = Mate?riaux de pointe pour applications biome?dicales : proceedings of the International Symposium on Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications (SAMBA), August 11-14, 2002, Montre?al, Que?bec, Canada DA - 2002/// PB - Montreal : Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum SN - 9781894475259 ER - TY - CONF TI - Monitoring thermal stability of textile processing aids using a quartz crystal microbalance AU - Wang, D. AU - Mousavi, P. AU - Grant, S. C. AU - Hauser, P. J. AU - Oxenham, W. A2 - C.C. Liu, A2 - Martin, H.B. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the Topical Conference on Sensor Technology : 2002 AICHE Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Nov. 3 - 8 DA - 2002/// SP - 74-79 PB - New York, NY: AIChE SN - 9780816908912 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional textile materials I - medical materials AU - King, M. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Journal of Applied Polymer Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 83 IS - 3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating thermal degradation of textile finishing aids using GC and QCM AU - Wang, D. AU - Mousavi, P. AU - Grant, S. C. AU - Hauser, P. J. AU - Oxenham, W. AU - Martin, T. AU - Davis, R. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2002 National Conference on Environmental Science and Technology : Greensboro, North Carolina, September 8-10, 2002 DA - 2002/// SP - 243-251 PB - Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press SN - 9781574771381 ER - TY - CONF TI - Current and future trends in yarn production AU - Oxenham, W. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Through the eye of a needle, advances in fibre, fashion and fabric : Textile Institute 82nd World Conference : 23 to 27th March, 2002, Cairo International Conference Centre DA - 2002/// SP - 1-8 PB - Manchester, England: Textile Institute ER - TY - CONF TI - 2002 hybrid genetic algorithms and random linkage AU - Joines, Jeffrey AU - Kay, M.G. AB - Hybridizing evolutionary algorithms with local search has been quite successful. EAs are designed to exponentially exploit promising regions of the search space; however, by doing so may waste computation effort by duplicating local searches. Therefore, an adaptive memory method is used to determine when to apply a local search. C2 - 2002/// C3 - CEC'02 : proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation : May 12-17, 2002, Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel, Honolulu, Hawaii DA - 2002/// DO - 10.1109/cec.2002.1004504 PB - IEEE SN - 9780780372825 ER - TY - CONF TI - Rolling horizon scheduling of large job shops AU - Thoney, K.A. AU - Hodgson, T.J. AU - Joines, J.A. AU - Maninagarajan, P. AB - The Virtual Factory is a job shop scheduling tool that was developed at NC State. It has been shown to provide near-optimal solutions to industrial-sized problems in seconds through comparison to a computed lower bound. It is an iterative simulation-based procedure, whose objective is minimizing maximum lateness. Like many other job shop scheduling tools, the Virtual Factory has been evaluated primarily in a transient setting, even though a rolling horizon setting is more indicative of the situation in which scheduling algorithms are used in industry. Consequently, a rolling horizon procedure has been developed with which the Virtual Factory was tested. Experimental results indicate that the Virtual Factory also performs well under these circumstances. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference: Manchester Grand Hyatt San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A., December 8-11, 2002 DA - 2002/// DO - 10.1109/wsc.2002.1166485 PB - Association for Computing Machinery SN - 9780780376144 ER - TY - CONF TI - Moisture effects on the thermal protective performance of firefighter turnout suits AU - Barker, R.L. AU - Guerth-Schacher, C. AU - Hamouda, H. AU - Grimes, R. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Textile Technology Forum: October 23, 2002, proceedings 2002, IFAI Expo 2002, October 24-26, 2002, Charlotte, N.C. USA DA - 2002/// PB - Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International ER - TY - JOUR TI - Finishing roundup AU - Mock, G. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 152 IS - 3 ER - TY - CONF TI - An advanced sweating manikin for measuring the heat stress of protective clothing AU - Deaton, A.S. AU - Barker, R. AU - Thompson, D. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Textile Technology Forum: October 23, 2002, proceedings 2002, IFAI Expo 2002, October 24-26, 2002, Charlotte, N.C. USA DA - 2002/// PB - Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new electro-mechanical method for measuring yarn thickness AU - Mahmoudi, M.R. T2 - AUTEX Research Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2/1 ER - TY - CONF TI - Texture evolution in hydroentangled nonwovens AU - Berkalp, O. AU - Seyam, A.M. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2002/// C3 - INTC 2002: International Nonwovens Technical Conference: conference proceedings: September 24-26, 2002, Renaissance Waverly Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia DA - 2002/// PB - Atlanta, Ga.: Tappi Press SN - 19306570005 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nonwovens in absorbent materials AU - Gupta, B.S. AU - Smith, K.K. T2 - Absorbent technology A2 - P.K. Chatterjee, A2 - Gupta, B.S. AB - Two characteristics of nonwovens make them particularly suitable for use in an absorbent structure—high bulk for imbibing and holding large amount of fluid per unit mass of material and low cost of converting raw material into final product. Several other properties that have significant impact on the use of nonwovens in an absorbent fabric are disposability, comfort, and ease of fabrication of the absorbent product. The important role played by nonwoven materials in commercial absorbent structures has resulted in increased consumption of disposable nonwovens and absorbent products in the recent years. In discussing nonwovens, consideration must be given to the interrelationships of the four major structural elements that influence absorbency—(1) constituent fiber, (2) assembly structure; the web properties resulting from the nature of the fiber assemblage, (3) type of bonding; the chemical or mechanical means of conveying integrity to the fibrous web, and (4) finish; chemical and/or mechanical treatments conveyed to the formed and bonded web. Each of these factors can have an effect on the absorbency of the resulting structure. The wetlaid or wet form nonwoven process is derived from the paper industry and bears a considerable resemblance to the normal Fordrinier paper manufacturing process. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/s0920-4083(02)80013-5 SP - 349-388 PB - Amsterdam: Elsevier Science SN - 9780444500007 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Measurement techniques for absorbent materials and products AU - Gupta, B.S. AU - Chatterjee, P.K. T2 - Absorbent technology A2 - P.K. Chatterjee, A2 - Gupta, B.S. AB - This chapter discusses different measurement techniques for absorbent materials and products. The chapter also illustrates the procedures employed in characterizing the properties of materials and fabrics used in absorbent products, and performance of final products. A comprehensive plan of characterization includes testing of materials at many different stages of development. It includes the characterization of polymers and fibers, characterization of each individual layer or component, and at the end, evaluation of the performance of the final product. Well-established test methods are published by standard organizations, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American Association for Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), the Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry (INDA), and the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry. These tests provide uniform orderly procedures for the determination of certain well defined properties of fibrous materials. The procedures involved are used in assessing properties for the purpose of process control, quality control, ranking of materials from different producers, and for research and development. A major use of the properties measured by these methods is also made in buying and selling of roll goods by manufacturers. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/s0920-4083(02)80014-7 SP - 389-446 PB - Amsterdam: Elsevier Science SN - 9780444500007 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Fluid absorption in high bulk nonwovens AU - Gupta, B.S. T2 - Absorbent technology A2 - P.K. Chatterjee, A2 - Gupta, B.S. AB - The component which is central to all absorbent products and which has been the subject of detailed studies for several years is the absorbent core. This chapter focuses on the fluid imbibing and holding behavior of the absorbent core. The chapter discusses the methodology used in conducting tests, the models employed in predicting behavior, and the results obtained in a number of experimental studies. The key requirement for absorbent core is the ability to imbibe rapidly and hold large amount of fluid under pressure. The total volume absorbed and held under pressure is largely determined by the interstitial space among the fibers, the absorbing and swelling characteristics of the material, and the resiliency of the web in the wet state. The chapter also discusses two parameters of major interest in characterizing absorbency—the absorbent capacity and the rate of absorbency. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/s0920-4083(02)80006-8 SP - 93-128 PB - Amsterdam: Elsevier Science SN - 9780444500007 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Absorbent technology AU - Chatterjee, P. K. AU - Gupta, B. S. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Amsterdam: Elsevier Science SN - 9780444500007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The textile dye industry in United States AU - Mock, G.N. T2 - Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics AB - Review of Progress in Coloration and Related TopicsVolume 32, Issue 1 p. 80-87 The textile dye industry in the United States Gary N Mock, Gary N Mock The author is a professor of textile engineering at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author Gary N Mock, Gary N Mock The author is a professor of textile engineering at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 12 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2002.tb00252.xCitations: 8 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume32, Issue1June 2002Pages 80-87 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2002.tb00252.x VL - 32 SP - 80-87 ER - TY - CONF TI - The role of orifice design in hydroentanglement AU - Begenir, A. AU - Tafreshi, H.V. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Conference proceedings: Joint INDA-TAPPI Conference, INTC 2002, International Nonwovens Technical Conference, September 24-26, 2002, Renaissance Waverly Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia DA - 2002/// PB - Cary, N.C.: INDA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality advances AU - Mock, G.N. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 152 IS - 10 SP - 46-49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Out of control? AU - Mock, G.N. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 152 IS - 4 SP - 44-47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Getting it right the first time AU - Mock, G.N. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 152 IS - 6 SP - 58-60 ER - TY - JOUR TI - From fabric hand to thermal comfort: The evolving role of objective measurement in explaining human comfort response to textiles AU - Barker, R. L. T2 - International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology AB - This paper traces the evolution of objective measurement of textile hand and comfort from Pierce through modern methodology and approaches. Special emphasis is given to discuss the contribution of the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) towards advancing the state of objective measurement. Laboratory case studies are used to show how data generated by the KES and other instruments can be integrated into a comprehensive approach that attempts to explain human comfort response to garment wear in terms of fabric mechanical, surface and heat and moisture transfer properties. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1108/09556220210437158 VL - 4 SP - 181-200 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design and analysis of furniture finishing systems AU - Melton, R. AU - Culbreth, C. T. AU - Joines, J. A. AU - Roberts, S. D. T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 52 IS - 7-8 SP - 27-33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The fracture toughness of single nylon 6,6 fibres AU - Michielsen, S. T2 - Journal of Materials Science Letters DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 11 SP - 982-984 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid morphology (property) changes at bond edge in thermal point bonded nonwovens AU - Michielsen, S. AU - Wang, X. T2 - International Nonwovens Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 35-38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Outlook for the U.S. short staple yarn industry AU - Dodd, E. L. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 1-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Morphology gradients in thermally point-bonded poly(ethylene terephthalate) nonwovens AU - Wang, X. AU - Michielsen, S. T2 - Textile Research Journal AB - In a previous article, a sharp change in the birefringence and density of polypropylene fibers was reported at the edge of thermal point bonds in nonwovens. In this article, similar results are shown for polyester nonwovens. First, in both isotactic polypropylene (ipp) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), the morphology of the fibers between the bond points is identical to that of the original feed fibers. Second, the morphology of the bond points is substantially different from that of the fibers. Third, there is a rapid change in the morphology going from the fiber into the bond at the bond edge. Fourth, the birefringence of the fibers decreases by approximately 50% going from the fibers into the bonds. The change in birefringence is a function of processing conditions. In PET, the density in the bond point is lower than in the bridging fibers, while in ipp, the density in the bond point is higher than in the bridging fiberts. This difference is readily understood based on the different crystallization rates of ipp and PET. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200504 VL - 72 IS - 5 SP - 394-398 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000175755700004&KeyUID=WOS:000175755700004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Method for grafting poly(acrylic acid) onto nylon 6,6 using amine end groups on nylon surface AU - Tobiesen, FA AU - Michielsen, S T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract Several methods have been developed for grafting materials to the surface of polymers to alter their surface characteristics. This article reports a procedure for grafting poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) onto nylon 6,6 films via the naturally occurring amine end groups of nylon 6,6 using N ‐hydroxy‐succinimide in conjunction with 1‐ethyl‐3‐ (3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) facilitated amidazation. Reaction conditions were investigated with respect to PAA molecular weight, activator concentrations, reaction temperature, and time. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that surface coverage of more than 50% was consistently achieved for 250 kD PAA. The maximum grafting occurred at room temperature with a large excess of EDC with a reaction time of 30 min. The same level of grafting can be achieved using smaller amounts of EDC at 60 °C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 719–728, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10149 DA - 2002/3/1/ PY - 2002/3/1/ DO - 10.1002/pola.10149 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 719-728 SN - 0887-624X UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000173818200009&KeyUID=WOS:000173818200009 KW - surface modification KW - nylon 6,6 KW - poly(acrylic acid) KW - XPS KW - polyamides KW - surfaces KW - modification KW - nanolayers KW - ESCA/XPS KW - nylon ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-plane liquid distribution of nonwoven fabrics: part 1 AU - Konopka, A. AU - Kim, H. S. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - International Nonwovens Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 11 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determining diffusion and convective mass transfer coefficients in dyeing a thin flat film AU - McFarland, EG AU - Carr, WW AU - Michielsen, S T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - A method based on laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) has been developed for simultaneously obtaining the diffusion coefficient D and the ratio of the convection mass transfer coefficient h m and the partition coefficient K. This new method, which is demonstrated for a nylon film dyed with a disperse dye, is nondestructive and much faster than previously used methods for obtaining D that neglect the boundary layer effects. Although based on the fluorescence of dyes, this technique is successfully used with real dyes (not model dyes) at industrially relevant concentrations. LSCM is used to quantita tively measure the relative concentration profiles of a dye through a film, and corrections are made for the strong absorption of the incident laser light as it passes through the film. The data are then modeled using known mass transfer relationships to simultaneously obtain D and the ratio h m /K. Since K is measured in a separate experiment, all three mass transfer parameters are determined. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200902 VL - 72 IS - 9 SP - 756-763 SN - 1746-7748 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000177915900002&KeyUID=WOS:000177915900002 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of the orientation parameters and the Raman tensor of the 998 cm(-1) band of poly(ethylene terephthalate) AU - Yang, S. Y. AU - Michielsen, S. T2 - Macromolecules AB - Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the crystal orientation in uniaxially oriented fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The Raman tensor ratios and the second- (P2) and fourth-order (P4) Legendre polynomials of the orientation distribution function of the 998 cm-1 vibrational band are reported. We show that both P2 and P4 for this band increase more rapidly than the average chain orientation as determined by birefringence. In addition, they reach plateau values of P2 = 0.90 ± 0.06 and P4 = 0.55 ± 0.09 for birefringence values >0.05 in our drawn and annealed samples. Since this band has been assigned to the all-trans conformation of the glycol unit, we suggest that these P2 and P4 values correspond to the orientation of the crystalline units. This is the first time that the orientation parameters of the crystals of PET as determined by polarized Raman spectroscopy have been reported. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1021/ma0206568 VL - 35 IS - 27 SP - 10108-10113 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000180089100033&KeyUID=WOS:000180089100033 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of polyelectrolyte charge and interaction with water using dielectric spectroscopy AU - Bordi, F AU - Cametti, C AU - Tan, JS AU - Boris, DC AU - Krause, WE AU - Plucktaveesak, N AU - Colby, RH T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - Using the dielectric strength and relaxation time of a high-frequency (1 MHz−1 GHz) dielectric relaxation, we estimate the effective charge on polyelectrolytes and their net thermodynamic repulsive interaction with solvent. The utility of this method is demonstrated for semidilute aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of several sulfonated polyelectrolytes of varying charge and strength of repulsive interaction with water, with no added salt. At high concentrations, as the concentration is increased, the effective charge of strongly charged polyelectrolytes always increases, as previously observed in conductivity and osmotic pressure measurements. Interestingly, we find that the effective polymer−solvent repulsion increases in direct proportion to the effective charge on the polyelectrolyte chains. This proportionality means that, although the additional charge would increase the contour length of the chain of electrostatic blobs, the increase in repulsion between solvent and polymer offsets this effect, making the contour length of the chain essentially independent of polyelectrolyte concentration. This then explains why the correlation length of semidilute polyelectrolyte solutions fortuitously agrees with simple scaling predictions. DA - 2002/8/27/ PY - 2002/8/27/ DO - 10.1021/ma020116a VL - 35 IS - 18 SP - 7031-7038 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current and future trend in yarn production AU - Oxenham, W. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 1-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Automatic characterization of refractive index profile of fibers by interferometry AU - Kim, H. S. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - International Nonwovens Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface analysis of cotton fabrics fluorinated in atmospheric plasma AU - McCord, M. AU - Hwang, Y. J. AU - Qiu, Y. AU - Canup, L. K. AU - Bourham, M. A. T2 - Journal of Applied Polymer Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Some sorption characteristics of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) with disperse dyes AU - Yang, YQ AU - Brown, H AU - Li, SQ T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract Sorption characteristics, such as sorption kinetics and isotherms, relation between dye sorption and shade development of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and their comparison with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), were reported. Results from two different dyeing rate studies, dyeing rate under constant temperature and under changing temperature, were examined to obtain the common rate constants, and to obtain information for the design of dyeing temperature profile and holding time. Rate constants of PTT were compared with that of PET. Sorption isotherms of disperse dyes on PTT were also studied. Both Nernst and Langmuir models were examined. The dye uptake ability of PTT was compared with PET. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 223–229, 2002 DA - 2002/10/3/ PY - 2002/10/3/ DO - 10.1002/app.10953 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 223-229 SN - 0021-8995 KW - kinetics KW - polyester KW - adsorption ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relating fracture energy to entanglements at partially miscible polymer interfaces AU - Gorga, RE AU - Narasimhan, B T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract A new model has been developed to calculate the areal chain density of entanglements (Σ eff ) at partially miscible polymer–polymer interfaces. The model for Σ eff is based on a stochastic approach that considers the miscibility of the system. The values agree between Σ eff calculated from the model and literature values for the reinforced interfaces. Using Σ eff calculated from the model, the interfacial width, and the average distance between entanglements, an equation for the fracture energy of nonreinforced polymer interfaces is proposed. This equation is used to model the transition from chain pullout to crazing. As a function of system miscibility, the model for Σ eff also accurately predicts a maximum in mode I fracture energy ( G c ) as a result of the transition from gradient‐driven to miscibility‐limited interdiffusion, which is observed experimentally. As Σ eff increases, the fracture energy increases accordingly. Compared with a recent model developed by Brown, the new model correctly predicts a reduced G c (attributed to chain pullout) when the interfacial width is less than the average distance between entanglements. Theoretical predictions of the change in fracture energy with respect to interfacial width agree with the experimental measurements. Finally, it is postulated that the use of a miscibility criterion for G c may reveal the universal nature of the pullout to crazing transition. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2292–2302, 2002 DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.1002/polb.10285 VL - 40 IS - 19 SP - 2292-2302 SN - 0887-6266 KW - fracture energy KW - chain pullout KW - miscibility KW - interfaces KW - crazing KW - stochastic modeling KW - packing length ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying phase behavior in partially miscible polystyrene/poly (styrene-co-4-bromostyrene) blends AU - Gorga, RE AU - Jablonski, EL AU - Thiyagarajan, P AU - Seifert, S AU - Narasimhan, B T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract The phase behavior of thin‐film blends of polystyrene (PS) and the random copolymer poly(styrene‐ co ‐4‐bromostyrene) (PBS) was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Phase behavior was studied as a function of the PBS and PS degree of polymerization ( N ), degree of miscibility [controlled via the volume fraction of bromine in the copolymer ( f )], and annealing conditions. The Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χ was measured directly from SAXS as a function of temperature and scaled with f as χ = f 2 χ S–BrS [where χ S–BrS represents the segmental interaction between PS and the homopolymer poly(4‐bromostyrene)] Simulations based on the Flory–Huggins theory and χ measured from SAXS were used to predict phase diagrams for all the systems studied. The PBS/PS system exhibited upper critical solution temperature behavior. The AFM studies showed that increasing f in PBS led to progressively different morphologies, from flat topography (i.e., one phase) to interconnected structures or islands. In the two‐phase region, the morphology was a strong function of N (due to changes in mobility). A comparison of the estimated PBS volume fractions from the AFM images with the PBS bulk volume fraction in the blend suggested the encapsulation of PBS in PS, supporting the work of previous researchers. Excellent agreement between the phase diagram predictions (based on χ measured by SAXS) and the AFM images was observed. These studies were also consistent with interdiffusion measurements of PBS/PS interfaces (with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy), which indicated that the interdiffusion coefficient decreased with increasing χ in the one‐phase region and dropped to zero deep inside the two‐phase region. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 255–271, 2002 DA - 2002/2/1/ PY - 2002/2/1/ DO - 10.1002/polb.10090 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 255-271 SN - 1099-0488 KW - atomic force microscopy (AFM) KW - brominated polystyrene KW - miscibility KW - blends KW - SAXS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasma treatment of textiles: Changing fiber surfaces AU - Hauser, P. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dyeing of PTT/PET blends AU - Yang, Y. AU - Li, S. AU - Brown, H. AU - Casey, P. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 8 SP - 54-59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dyeing cotton with fiber reactive dyes: Effect of reactive chemistries AU - Hauser, P. AU - Tabba, A. H. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 53-56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Study of dye diffusion in nylon 66 fibers: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching AU - Park, J. O. AU - Rene, C. R. AU - Srinivasarao, M. AU - Doucet, G. AU - Russo, P. T2 - Macromolecules DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-scale ordered spherulitic morphology of poly(e-caprolactone)-b-poly(l-lactide) diblock copolymers AU - Wei, M. AU - Shuai, X. T2 - Macromolecular Rapid Communications DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodegradable polymers enzymatically coalesced from their cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. II. Non-isothermal crystallization AU - Wei, M. AU - Shuai, X. T2 - Macromolecules DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodegradable polymers enzymatically coalesced from their cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, I. Melting behavior and isothermal crystallizatioin AU - Wei, M. AU - Shuai, X. T2 - Macromolecules DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 35 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A professor's duty AU - Tonelli, A.E. T2 - Chemical & Engineering News DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - 44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Self-discharge of secondary lithium-ion graphite anodes AU - Wang, CS AU - Zhang, XW AU - Appleby, AJ AU - Chen, XL AU - Little, FE T2 - JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES AB - A new method for measuring self-discharge of lithium-ion graphite anodes is reported. First, the anode lithium content is calculated from the open-circuit potential as a function of open-circuit time (OCP versus OCT) using equilibrium potential–composition isotherms. Then, the self-discharge rate is obtained from the differential of lithium content with respect to time on open circuit. The self-discharge rate measured by this means after the first charge–discharge cycle to 0.0 V versus Li/Li+ is largely controlled by the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, with some influence from stage transformation. DA - 2002/10/24/ PY - 2002/10/24/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00359-2 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 98-104 SN - 1873-2755 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178378/ KW - self-discharge KW - graphite anode KW - Li-ion batteries KW - solid electrolyte interphase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polystyrene/Sn-Pb alloy blends. II. Effect of alloy particle surface treatment on dynamic rheological behavior AU - Zhang, XW AU - Pan, Y AU - Zheng, Q AU - Yi, XS T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract The effect of filler surface treatment on the dynamic rheological behaviors of polystyrene filled with Sn–Pb alloy particles was tested below and above the melting temperature ( T m ) of the alloy. The mechanical relaxation relevant to the T m of the alloy in the composite was diminished by the filler surface pretreatment. In the whole temperature range of interest, there existed a secondary plateau of the storage modulus at low frequencies. The effect of alloy particle surface treatment on the plateau was related to the matter‐state change (from solid to liquid) of the alloy. Above the T m of the alloy, the surface treatment of the alloy affected the secondary plateau, but below the T m , it did not. The analyses of Cole–Cole diagrams of the systems suggested that untreated and pretreated alloy fillers all retarded the relaxation processes in the molten state of polystyrene below the T m of the alloy and that the relaxation process was separated into the high‐frequency relaxation of the phases and the low‐frequency relaxation of the droplets above the T m . The surface treatments of the alloy filler further enhanced this action. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3173–3179, 2002 DA - 2002/12/13/ PY - 2002/12/13/ DO - 10.1002/app.11352 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 3173-3179 SN - 1097-4628 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178381/ KW - surfaces KW - rheology KW - composites KW - alloys KW - melting point ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polystyrene/Sn-Pb alloy blends. I. Dynamic rheological behavior AU - Zheng, Q AU - Zhang, XW AU - Pan, Y AU - Yi, XS T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract The dynamic rheological behavior of polystyrene filled with low‐melting‐point ( T m ) Sn–Pb was investigated at temperatures below and above the T m of the alloy, 183°C. In the whole temperature range of interest, there existed a secondary plateau in the plot of the dynamic storage modulus versus frequency (ω) at low ωs, and the influences of alloy content and temperature on the plateau were related to the matter state (liquid or solid) of the alloy. We believe that the secondary plateau observed below the alloy T m was due to the network‐type structure formed by the agglomeration of solid filler particles, whereas the plateau above T m was due to the deformability and relaxation of the liquid alloy droplets. By analyzing the Cole–Cole diagrams, we suggest that the alloy fillers retarded the relaxation processes for polystyrene melt when the temperature was lower than the T m . However, there existed two separated relaxation processes when the temperature was higher than the T m , that is, the high‐ω relaxation of the phases and low‐ω relaxation of the droplets. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3166–3172, 2002 DA - 2002/12/13/ PY - 2002/12/13/ DO - 10.1002/app.11353 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 3166-3172 SN - 0021-8995 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178382/ KW - rheology KW - polystyrene KW - composites KW - melting point KW - alloys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improvement in electrochemical properties of nano-tin-polyaniline lithium-ion composite anodes by control of electrode microstructure AU - Zhang, XW AU - Wang, CS AU - Appleby, AJ AU - Little, FE T2 - JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES AB - Four different types of nano-tin-polyaniline (nano-Sn-PAni) lithium-ion composite anode microstructures have been examined to investigate the relationship between this parameter and anode characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the electrochemical properties of nano-tin composite electrodes can be significantly affected by microstructure variation. To simultaneously obtain high capacity and long cycle life, the active materials should be encased in a polymer matrix to accommodate volume changes during cycling, and porosity is required to offer low interfacial lithium insertion/extraction impedance. The polymer matrix should have a high binding strength to prevent the anode cracking. DA - 2002/6/15/ PY - 2002/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00091-5 VL - 109 IS - 1 SP - 136-141 SN - 0378-7753 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178369/ KW - nano-tin KW - polyaniline KW - composite electrode KW - charge-discharge KW - cycle life ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design for Six Sigma versus traditional new product development: Just hype or fundamentally different? AU - Godfrey, A. B. AU - Clapp, T. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characteristics of lithium-ion-conducting composite polymer-glass secondary cell electrolytes AU - Zhang, XW AU - Wang, CS AU - Appleby, AJ AU - Little, FE T2 - JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES AB - A family of lithium-ion-conducting composite polymer-glass electrolytes containing the glass composition 14Li2O–9Al2O3–38TiO2–39P2O5 (abbreviated as (LiAlTiP)xOy) with high ionic conductivity, an excellent electrochemical stability range, and high compatibility with lithium insertion anodes is described. An optimized composition has a room temperature conductivity of 1.7×10−4 S cm−1, an Li+ transference number of 0.39, and an electrochemical stability window to +5.1 V versus Li/Li+. It also has good interfacial stability under both open-circuit and lithium metal plating–stripping conditions and provides good shelf-life. DA - 2002/10/24/ PY - 2002/10/24/ DO - 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00365-8 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 209-215 SN - 1873-2755 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178377/ KW - composite electrolyte KW - Li+-conducting glasses KW - conductivity KW - stability KW - interfacial properties ER - TY - JOUR TI - Air permeability of multi-layered nonwoven fabrics: Theoritical method AU - Mohammadi, M. AU - Banks-Lee, P. AU - Ghadimi, P. T2 - Journal of Industrial Textiles AB - The theoretical permeability of multilayered nonwoven fabrics was studied using a modified Kozeny equation. The Kozeny equation is based on the concept of a hydraulic radius, i.e., a characteristic length parameter. It is limited to structures with porosities less than 0.94. The structures used in this research are intended for use as high temperature insulation and all had porosities of greater than 0.96. The Kozeny equation was therefore modified to extend its usefulness to fabrics with higher porosity. Fabric construction parameters, along with fabric and fiber properties were used as inputs to this model and theoretical air permeability was determined. The effect of number of barbs and layering structure on the determination of theoretical air permeability was also considered and discussed. Statistical analysis was performed showing that fabric thickness, number of needle barbs, mean pore size and fabric density are significant factors in predicting theoretical air permeability. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1106/152808302031065 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 45-57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Air permeability of multi-layered nonwoven fabrics: Experimental method AU - Mohhammadi, M. AU - Banks-Lee, P. AU - Ghadimi, P. T2 - Journal of Industrial Textiles AB - In many applications, fabric structure has a dominant influence on the performance characteristics of a material, particularly in controlling transport of flows. Experimental air permeability was determined for 12 multilayer, heterogeneous, needle punched nonwoven materials. Samples were produced using multiple layers of ceramic and glass fibers. The fibers used to produce the ceramic layers for all samples have approximately the same diameter and density as the fibers used to produce the glass layers for all samples. Therefore, the samples were assumed to be multilayer homogeneous fabrics. In this paper, the experimental permeability is measured usingstandard equipment and results are discussed as a function of fabric construction parameters. Results showed that increasingthe fraction of glass and/or the fraction of ceramic content, and increasingthe number of needle barbs all cause a decrease in air permeability. Statistical results showed that the experimental air permeability can be predicted with greater than 99% confidence when using fabric thickness, fraction of glass in the sample, and fabric density as independent variables in the model. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1106/152808302031161 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 139-150 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Medical textiles: Application of an absorbable barbed bi-directional surgical suture AU - Dattilo, P. P. AU - King, M. W. AU - Cassill, N. L. AU - Leung, J. C. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 1-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of vapor pressure measurement of quinizarin and leuco-quinizarin via transportation and thermo-gravimetric methods AU - Smith, B. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - The vapour pressure of solids can be obtained using a number of methods, including the Knudsen effusion method, the Knudsen torque‐effusion method and a transpiration method. Each method has benefits and disadvantages. Reported is a comparison of vapour pressure data for two compounds, quinizarin and leuco ‐quinizarin, using a transpiration method and a recently developed method based on thermogravimetry. Thermogravimetry provided vapour pressure–temperature dependence data for each compound with expediency and in agreement with the transpiration method. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2003.tb00155.x VL - 119 ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of the current approaches to international plan location selection AU - Uncu, S. AU - Hodge, G. L. AU - Jones, M. R. AU - Oxenham, W. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Proceedings of the IFFTI International Conference, Hong Kong, November 2002 DA - 2002/// PB - [Hong Kong: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University] SN - 9789623673518 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enterprise resource planning in textiles AU - Hodge, G.L. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 3 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846189624&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Book review: Decision analysis & decision making with Excel AU - Hodge, G. L. T2 - Engineering Economist DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 243-244 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Online characterization of fabric compressional behavior AU - Huang, WS AU - Ghosh, TK T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - The response of a fabric to applied forces normal to its plane is known as fabric compres sional behavior. It is one of the important properties that determine fabric performance in many applications. A system used to measure fabric compressional characteristics, online is pro posed in this paper. A controllable nip formed by a pair of rollers is employed to apply compressional deformation to a moving fabric while the compression force and displacement are continuously recorded. The influence of various system parameters on the sensitivity of the system is analyzed. An incremental differential algorithm is used to calculate the pressure- displacement relationship from the measured force-displacement data from the online system. A number of woven and nonwoven fabrics are evaluated using the online measurement system as well as other commercially available fabric compression testers, and compressional char acteristics obtained from the online measurement system compare well with the same param eters measured by the other compressional testers. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200203 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 103-112 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis and evaluation of non-genotoxic direct dyes AU - Bae, JS AU - Freeman, HS T2 - FIBERS AND POLYMERS DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1007/BF02912658 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 140-146 SN - 1229-9197 KW - direct dyes KW - benzidine replacement KW - Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry KW - mutagenicity KW - wash- and light-fastness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inclusion compound formation with a new columnar cyclodextrin host AU - Rusa, CC AU - Bullions, TA AU - Fox, J AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Wang, XW AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - LANGMUIR AB - α- and γ-cyclodextrin in columnar structures with only water molecules included were successfully obtained by appropriate recrystallization from their aqueous solutions. These crystals were found to adopt a channel-type structure similar to the cyclodextrin inclusion compounds formed with guest polymers. Experimental investigations of their inclusion properties demonstrate that only α-cyclodextrin in the columnar structure (α-CDcs) is able to include both small molecules and polymers. Thermal measurements reveal that columnar structure α-CDcs contains three different types of water molecules. The most strongly held water molecules are located outside of the cyclodextrin cavity, likely hydrogen-bonded between the rims of neighboring cyclodextrins in the columnar α-CD stacks. X-ray analyses confirm that the channel structure is preserved in the dehydrated α-CDcs and its inclusion compounds formed with various guests. In contrast, a completely different behavior was observed for γ-CDcs in the columnar structure. It appears that α-CDcs, at least, can function as a nanoscopic filter for separating both small molecules and polymers on the basis of their abilities to be included, or not, in the narrow (∼0.5 nm) channels of the α-CDcs crystals. DA - 2002/12/10/ PY - 2002/12/10/ DO - 10.1021/la0262452 VL - 18 IS - 25 SP - 10016-10023 SN - 0743-7463 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improvements in focused ion beam micromachining of interconnect materials AU - Gonzalez, JC AU - Silva, MIN AU - Griffis, DP AU - Russell, PE T2 - JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B AB - Focused ion beam micromachining (FIBM) of integrated circuits continues to be an important tool for design debug, editing, and verification; for metrology; and for process control. FIBM of copper interconnects has presented challenges not faced when micromachining aluminum interconnects and the introduction of low-k dielectrics present additional challenges. A new approach to chemically assisted FIBM of thin film Cu, SiO2, and SiLK low-k material using polar precursor molecules has been investigated. Polar alcohols were used to reduce the sputter rate of SiO2 and SiLK while having a minimal effect on the Cu sputter rate. A new FIBM process based on the reduction of the FIB Ga+ energy from the typical 25 to 15 keV is also introduced. The new low energy FIBM process was shown to increase the sputter rate of polycrystalline Cu with strong (111) crystallographic texture by a factor of 2.5. This increase in the sputter rate of Cu combined with a slight reduction of the sputter rate of SiO2 and SiLK results in a Cu/SiO2 selectivity of greater than 7 and a Cu/SiLK selectivity of approximately 3. These are the largest selectivity values reported until now for both systems. The Onderdelinden theory of single-crystal sputtering was used to explain this seemingly anomalous increase of the Cu sputter rate with the reduction of the FIB Ga+ energy. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1116/1.1515310 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 2700-2704 SN - 2166-2746 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Copper salts in the post-metallization of non-genotoxic direct dyes AU - Bae, JS AU - Freeman, HS T2 - FIBERS AND POLYMERS DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1007/BF02912659 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 147-152 SN - 1229-9197 KW - metallization KW - direct dyes KW - neutron activation KW - lightfastness KW - mutagenicity ER - TY - PAT TI - Apparatus and method for biaxial tensile testing of membrane materials AU - Ghosh, T. K. C2 - 2002/// DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preliminary investigation of atmospheric pressure plasma-aided desizing for cotton fabrics AU - Cai, Z. S. AU - Hwang, Y. J. AU - Park, Y. C. AU - Zhang, C. Y. AU - McCord, M. AU - Qiu, Y. P. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 12 SP - 18-21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measuring fiber orientation in nonwovens: The Hough transform AU - Pourdeyhimi, B AU - Kim, HS T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This paper extends the work discussed previously in a series of papers devoted to the use of image analysis methods to characterize the fiber orientation. This paper outlines the theory and application of the Hough transform in determining the fiber orientation distribution of a series of simulated and real nonwoven fabrics. The results are compared to those obtained using fast Fourier transform methods. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200909 VL - 72 IS - 9 SP - 803-809 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of bonding temperature on load-deformation structural changes in point-bonded nonwoven fabrics AU - Kim, HS AU - Pourdeyhimi, B AU - Abhiraman, AS AU - Desai, P T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - We have recently reported on in situ experimental visualization and measurement of the structural changes that occur during controlled deformation experiments for a point- bonded nonwoven fabric. This paper extends that work to a series of point-bonded nonwovens with different processing conditions. We demonstrate that changes in the structure are driven by the initial orientation distribution function (ODF) of the fibers. We show that changes in the bond spot strain, unit bond repeat pattern strain, and shear deformation of this unit cell as a function of applied macroscopic deformation are similar for all structures with the same initial ODF. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200713 VL - 72 IS - 7 SP - 645-653 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of energy dissipation in twisted fiber bundles under cyclic tensile loading AU - Qiu, Y. AU - Wang, Y. AU - Laton, M. AU - Mi, J. Z. T2 - Textile Research Journal AB - This study of energy loss due to friction in dynamic loading conditions provides a new approach to characterizing fiber-on-fiber friction. Based on the theory of dynamic me chanical behavior of polymeric materials, the systematic experimental study uses cotton and polyester rovings to examine the effect of twist level, cyclic loading magnitude and frequencies, and gauge length on frictional energy loss. The test results are analyzed in comparison with Murayama's dynamic mechanical model. The model does not fit the experimental data, and a modification is proposed for characterizing the frictional energy loss of twisted staple fiber structures. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200705 VL - 72 IS - 7 SP - 585-593 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Air permeability of multilayered nonwoven fabrics: Comparison of experimental and theoretical results AU - Mohammadi, M AU - Banks-Lee, P T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - The experimental and theoretical air permeabilities of twelve multilayered. needle punched nonwoven samples are compared in this paper. Samples are made from ceramic and glass with varying layer structures. The density and diameter of all fibers used to make individual webs are approximately the same, and so the fabric samples made from these webs are assumed to be homogeneous, multilayered structures. The porosity of all fabric structures is greater than 0.96. Thus, the theoretical air permeability is based on a modified Kozeny equation. Experimental measurements involve the Frazier air permeability tester. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200708 VL - 72 IS - 7 SP - 613-617 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trisazo direct black dyes based on nonmutagenic 3,3 '-disubstituted benzidines AU - Gong, GL AU - Gao, X AU - Wang, JL AU - Zhao, DF AU - Freeman, HS T2 - DYES AND PIGMENTS AB - Abstract Using 3,3′-di-n-propoxybenzidine, 3,3′-di-n-butoxybenzidine and 3,3′-di-(β-hydroxyethoxy)-benzidine as diazo components, and 2,4-diamino-n-propoxybenzene, 2,4-diamino-n-butoxybenzene and 2,4-diaminophenyl-β-hydroxyethyl ether as coupling components, a series of new black trisazo dyes were prepared as homologues of C.I. Direct Black 38. Assessment of the resultant dyes indicated that their color and the dyeing properties were comparable or slightly better than the properties of C.I. Direct Black 38. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// DO - 10.1016/S0143-7208(02)00010-4 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 109-117 SN - 0143-7208 KW - nonmutagenic KW - benzidine intermediates KW - direct black dyes KW - synthesis KW - dye application ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis of N,N-diethyl-N-{4-[(E)-(4- nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}amine via in situ diazotisation and coupling in supercritical carbon dioxide AU - Hooker, J. AU - Hinks, D. AU - Montero, G. AU - Conlee, C. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - The synthesis of azo dyes via a conventional aqueous‐based diazotisation and coupling reaction requires the use of relatively high concentrations of mineral acids, which leads to high electrolyte concentrations in wastewater. Reported in this paper is an environmentally benign one‐pot method for the synthesis of a nonionic azo dye, N,N ‐diethyl‐ N ‐{4‐[( E )‐(4‐nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}amine, in supercritical carbon dioxide without using a mineral acid. The product yield increased significantly with temperature, with 91% theoretical yield afforded at 80 °C. The pressure of the system had little influence on product yield. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2002.tb00110.x VL - 118 IS - 6 SP - 273-276 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conformational characteristics of poly(ethylene phthalate)s AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract The conformational characteristics, as embodied in the unperturbed mean‐square end‐to‐end distances (〈 r 2 〉 o ) and the characteristic ratios of the dimensions [ C n = 〈 r 2 〉 o /( n 〈 l 2 〉] are calculated for the para, meta, and ortho isomers of poly(ethylene phthalate)s: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene isophthalate) (PEI), and poly(ethylene phthalate) (PEP), respectively. Although each of these isomeric and partially aromatic polyesters has identical permissible conformations available to their ethylene glycol fragments, their connections through the ester bonds to the phenyl rings are quite distinct. In addition, for the ortho isomer (PEP), the close spatial proximity of the ester groups bonded to the same phenyl ring results in an interdependence of their orientations with respect to each other and the phenyl ring to which they are attached, unlike the independent orientations of ester groups in the para and meta isomers (PET and PEI). Conformational energy calculations, dependent on the orientation of the ester groups in PEP, are used to characterize their rotational interdependence to modify the rotational isomeric state (RIS) conformational models for PET and PEI and thereby obtain an RIS model appropriate for PEP. This leads to calculated relative dimensions (〈 r 2 〉 o ) of 1.0:0.70:0.37 PET:PEI:PEP and characteristic ratios [ C n = 〈 r 2 〉 o /( n 〈 l 2 〉)] of 4.13:4.67:2.49 PET:PEI:PEP. These results are discussed in an effort to obtain some understanding of the inherent static (or equilibrium) and dynamic flexibilities of the isomeric poly(ethylene phthalate)s. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1254–1260, 2002 DA - 2002/6/15/ PY - 2002/6/15/ DO - 10.1002/polb.10189 VL - 40 IS - 12 SP - 1254-1260 SN - 0887-6266 KW - conformational analysis KW - polyesters KW - structure-property relations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Atmospheric pressure helium plus oxygen plasma treatment of ultrahigh modulus polyethylene fibers AU - Qiu, Y AU - Hwang, YJ AU - Zhang, C AU - Bures, BL AU - McCord, M T2 - JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Ultrahigh modulus polyethylene fibers were treated with atmospheric pressure helium + oxygen plasma in a capacitively coupled device at a frequency of 7.5 kHz. The fibers were treated for 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 min. The surfaces of the fibers treated with He + O2 plasma were etched and micro-cracks were formed. XPS analysis showed a 65ndash213% increase in oxygen content on the surfaces of all plasma-treated fibers, except for the 1.5 min group. An increase in the concentration of C—O and the appearance of C=O bonds on the surfaces of plasma-treated fibers were observed. In the micro-bond test, He + O2 plasma-treated groups had a 65–104% increase in interfacial shear strength over that of the control. The tensile strength of the fibers was either unchanged or decreased by 10–13% by the plasma treatments. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1163/156856102760067217 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 449-457 SN - 1568-5616 KW - adhesion KW - surface treatments KW - interface/interphase KW - fibers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using rubber-elastic material-ideal gas analogies to teach introductory thermodynamics Part II: The laws of thermodynamics AU - Smith, B T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION AB - Polymeric rubber-elastic material (REM) is in many ways analogous to ideal gases. This may be used to good advantage as a supplementary system for teaching elementary thermodynamic concepts, equations of state, and the laws of thermodynamics. Part II includes thermometry and the zeroth law, heat, work, energy and the first law, Joule's law, heat capacity, adiabats and isotherms, enthalpy, heat entropy and the second law, heat engines, the Carnot cycle, Maxwell's equations, free energy, and configurational entropy and the third law. Useful examples, demonstrations, and problems are reviewed. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1021/ed079p1453 VL - 79 IS - 12 SP - 1453-1461 SN - 0021-9584 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using rubber-elastic material-ideal gas analogies to teach introductory thermodynamics Part I: Equations of state AU - Smith, B T2 - JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION AB - Polymeric rubber-elastic material (REM) is in many ways analogous to ideal gases. This may be used to good advantage as a supplementary system for teaching elementary thermodynamic concepts, equations of state, and the laws of thermodynamics. Part I emphasizes specific REM examples including historical perspectives, concepts of action and size, equations of state, problem solving techniques, entropic restoring forces, evaluation of derivatives, non-ideality, mass and tension distribution. Useful examples, demonstrations, and problems are reviewed. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1021/ed079p1444 VL - 79 IS - 12 SP - 1444-1452 SN - 0021-9584 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meltblown structures formed by a robotic and meltblowing integrated system: Impact of process parameters on fiber orientation and diameter distribution AU - Farer, R AU - Seyam, AM AU - Ghosh, TK AU - Grant, E AU - Batra, SK T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - In a previous publication, we described a novel system that forms three-dimensional (3D) structures on 3D molds and two-dimensional (2D) structures on a rotating drum through proper integration of a laboratory scale meltblown unit with a small die and a six-axis robot. In this paper, we investigate the impact of take-up speed. die-to-collector distance (DCD). polymer throughput rate. and attenuating air pressure on the fiber orien tation and diameter distribution of 2D structures formed by the system. We introduce a new parameter, the fiber stream approach angle, which can be precisely controlled by the robot, and discuss its impact on the meltblown structure. In the experimental range studied, fiber orientation and diameter distribution are significantly impacted by the parameters. Among these parameters. the fiber stream approach angle shows the highest effect on fiber orientation distribution. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1177/004051750207201201 VL - 72 IS - 12 SP - 1033-1040 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manipulation of nylon-6 crystal structures with its alpha-cyclodextrin inclusion complex AU - Wei, M AU - Davis, W AU - Urban, B AU - Song, YQ AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Wang, XW AU - White, JL AU - Balik, CM AU - Rusa, CC AU - Fox, J AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - We successfully formed an inclusion complex between nylon-6 and α-cyclodextrin and attempted to use the formation and subsequent disassociation of the nylon-6/α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex to manipulate the polymorphic crystal structures, crystallinity, and orientation of nylon-6. Formation of the inclusion complex was verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and CP/MAS 13C NMR. After obtaining the inclusion complex of nylon-6 and α-cyclodextrin, the sample was treated in an acid environment to remove the host α-cyclodextrin and coalesce the nylon-6 guest polymer. Examination of as-received and IC coalesced nylon-6 samples showed that the α-form crystalline phase of nylon-6 is the dominant component in the coalesced sample. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate that the γ-form is significantly suppressed in the coalesced sample. Along with the change in crystal form, an increase in crystallinity of ∼80% was revealed by DSC, and elevated melting and crystallization temperatures were also observed for the coalesced nylon-6 sample. FTIR spectroscopy revealed a significant degree of orientaion for the nylon-6 chains coalesced from their α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex crystals. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that nylon-6 has an ∼30 °C higher thermal degradation temperature after modification by threading into and being extracted from its α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. DA - 2002/10/8/ PY - 2002/10/8/ DO - 10.1021/ma020765m VL - 35 IS - 21 SP - 8039-8044 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inclusion complex formation between alpha,gamma-cyclodextrins and a triblock copolymer and the cyclodextrin-type-dependent microphase structures of their coalesced samples AU - Shuai, XT AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Wei, M AU - Bullions, T AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - A triblock copolymer (PCL−PPG−PCL, Mn = 1.38 × 104) of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone. Cyclodextrin (CD)-type-dependent formation of inclusion complexes (ICs) between cyclodextrins and this triblock copolymer was studied. Only PCL blocks were included as guests in the IC formed with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), while both PCL and PPG blocks were included in the IC formed with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). As a result, the copolymer coalesced from its IC crystals with α-CD showed an increased crystallinity, while to the contrary, the copolymer coalesced from its IC crystals with γ-CD exhibited a decreased crystallinity, when both were compared to the as-synthesized triblock copolymer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 13C CP/MAS solid-state NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements were employed to study the formation of ICs as ... DA - 2002/3/12/ PY - 2002/3/12/ DO - 10.1021/ma012085+ VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 2401-2405 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Image comparison measure for digital still color cameras AU - Ramanath, A. R AU - Snyder, B. W. AU - Hinks, C. D. T2 - 2002 International Conference on Image Processing: proceedings: ICIP: 22-25 September, 2002, Rochester Riverside Convention Center, Rochester, New York, USA: Vol. 1 PY - 2002/// VL - 1 SP - 629-632 PB - Piscataway, NJ: IEEE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of the dyeing behavior of cationic cotton with direct dyes AU - Draper, S. L. AU - Beck, K. R. AU - Smith, C. B. AU - Hauser, P. J. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 10 SP - 24-27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Area-based strategy for determining web uniformity AU - Pourdeyhimi, B AU - Kohel, L T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This paper reports on work that should lead to real-time characterization of nonwovens as they are being produced. Statistical techniques and image processing techniques are employed. The initial results indicate the possibility of better process understanding and control. The goal of this work is to develop affordable sensors for the needed process measures. The first part deals with methods for off-line characterization of mass uniformity. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1177/004051750207201205 VL - 72 IS - 12 SP - 1065-1072 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Formation of and coalescence from the inclusion complex of a biodegradable block copolymer and alpha-cyclodextrin. 2: A novel way to regulate the biodegradation behavior of biodegradable block copolymers AU - Shuai, XT AU - Wei, M AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Bullions, TA AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - BIOMACROMOLECULES AB - A biodegradable block copolymer (PCL-b-PLLA, M(n) = 1.72 x 10(4), M(w)/M(n) = 1.37) of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) with very low crystallinity was obtained by forming the inclusion complex between alpha-cyclodextrin molecules and PCL-b-PLLA followed by coalescence of the guest polymer chains. Films of the as-synthesized and coalesced copolymer samples, PCL and PLLA homopolymers of approximately the same chain lengths as the corresponding blocks of PCL-b-PLLA, and a physical blend of PCL/PLLA homopolymers with the same molar composition as PCL-b-PLLA were prepared by melt-compression molding between Teflon plates. Subsequently, the in vitro biodegradation behavior of these films was studied in phosphate buffer solution containing lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus, by means of ultraviolet spectra, attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements, and weight loss analysis. PCL segments were found to degrade much faster than PLLA segments, both in the pure state and in copolymer or blend samples. Consistent with our expectation, suppression of the phase separation, as well as a decrease of crystallinity, in the coalesced copolymer sample led to a much faster enzymatic degradation than that of either as-synthesized copolymer or the PCL/PLLA physical blend sample, especially during the early stages of biodegradation. Thus the biodegradation behavior of biodegradable block copolymers, which is of decisive importance in drug delivery and controlled release systems, may be regulated by the novel and convenient means recently reported by us.(1) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1021/bm015609m VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 201-207 SN - 1526-4602 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design and evaluation of furniture finishing systems AU - Melton, Ryan H AU - Culbreth, C Thomas AU - Roberts, Stephen D AU - Joines, Jeffrey A T2 - Forest products journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 52 IS - 7/8 SP - 27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structural investigations of the poly(epsilon-caprolactam)-urea inclusion compound AU - Rusa, CC AU - Luca, C AU - Tonelli, AE AU - Rusa, M T2 - POLYMER AB - An interesting inclusion compound (IC) between guest poly(ε-caprolactam) (PεCL) and host urea was successfully obtained, for the first time, by co-crystallization from their common solution. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry have been utilized for a detailed structural investigation of PεCL–urea IC (U IC) crystals. The results were compared with those obtained for well-known structures of the hexagonal polyethylene–U IC, the trigonal polyethylene oxide–U IC and the ‘large tetragonal’ poly(propylene)–U IC. The structure of PεCL–U IC reconfirms that the urea host molecules may crystallize, even in the presence of a rather slim polymer guest, into an IC with a lattice channel diameter of more than 5.25 Å. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00225-2 VL - 43 IS - 14 SP - 3969-3972 SN - 0032-3861 KW - co-crystallization KW - lattice KW - urea host molecule ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyzing structural and physical properties of ring, rotor, and friction spun yarns AU - Huh, Y AU - Kim, YR AU - Oxenham, W T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This research is a comparative study of the structural and physical properties of ring, rotor, and friction spun yams and an attempt to explain the differences in their physical properties on the basis of yam structure. Results show that the ring spun yam exhibits the highest fiber migration, followed by rotor spun yam, and friction spun yam with the least. A higher migration factor corresponds with a higher yam breaking tenacity. An analysis of packing density shows that the fibers for the rotor yam are located most densely near the yam center, while the friction yam has the highest density of fibers near the yam surface. The ring spun yam has a moderately uniform distribution of fiber packing density. The experimental results on fiber arrangement near the yam axis show that the friction spun yam has the highest rupture elongation due to the skewed arrangement of fibers around the yam axis. Yam hairiness strongly depends on mean fiber position, with an inward shifting of the packing density leading to low yam hairiness. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200212 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 156-163 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modifying nylon and polypropylene fabrics with atmospheric pressure plasmas AU - McCord, MG AU - Hwang, YJ AU - Hauser, PJ AU - Qiu, Y AU - Cuomo, JJ AU - Hankins, OE AU - Bourham, MA AU - Canup, LK T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - Polypropylene and nylon 66 fabrics are subjected to atmospheric pressure He and He-O 2 plasmas for selected exposure time intervals. Scanning electron microscopy anal ysis of the fabrics shows no apparent changes in the plasma-treated nylon fiber surfaces, but significant surface morphological changes for the polypropylene. Surface analyses of the nylon filaments reveal small differences in the surface carbon and oxygen contents between the treated and control groups. The surface oxygen and nitrogen content of the polypropylene fabric increases significantly after treatment in both He and He-O 2 plasmas. There is a slight decrease in nylon fabric tensile strength after treatment in He plasma for 3 minutes, while. there is no significant change in tensile strength of the nylon fabric treated with He-O 2 after exposure times of up to 8 minutes. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1177/004051750207200605 VL - 72 IS - 6 SP - 491-498 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Formation of inclusion complexes of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s with cyclodextrins. 1. Immobilization of atactic poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) and miscibility enhancement between poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) AU - Shuai, XT AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Wei, M AU - Bullions, T AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - Atactic poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) (a-PHB) was synthesized by anionic polymerization of β-butyrolactone with potassium methoxide as an initiator. This completely amorphous polyester is capable of forming a crystalline inclusion complex (IC) with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) adopting a channel structure. There is no evidence showing that a-PHB may form IC with either α-CD or β-CD. On the basis of these discoveries, a common IC was formed with two polymer chains, a-PHB and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), randomly distributed into the channels of γ-CD-PCL/a-PHB IC crystals. Nevertheless, in the formation of the common IC, PCL inclusion appears superior to a-PHB inclusion. Therefore, the molar ratio of a-PHB and PCL in the coalesced sample has been detected to be lower than that used in the formation of the common IC. Washing the common IC with hot water removed the γ-CD, and the molecular chains of the two polymers were coalesced. Very interestingly, only a single glass transition temperature (Tg), dependent on the composition, was observed between the Tg's of a-PHB (∼5 °C) and PCL (∼−60 °C) in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the coalesced samples. To the contrary, Tg of a-PHB (∼5 °C) was found to remain unchanged in the physical blend with PCL. Tm's of coalesced blend samples are lower than that of pure PCL, while the Tm of the physical blend is almost the same as that of pure PCL. These results strongly demonstrate that the miscibility of the inherently immiscible a-PHB/PCL pair has been improved in the coalesced blends. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 13C solid-state NMR, DSC, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements were employed to demonstrate IC formation. DA - 2002/4/9/ PY - 2002/4/9/ DO - 10.1021/ma011954s VL - 35 IS - 8 SP - 3126-3132 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of blend ratio on bulk properties and matrix-fibril morphology of polypropylene/nylon 6 polyblend fibers AU - Afshari, M AU - Kotek, R AU - Kish, MH AU - Dast, HN AU - Gupta, BS T2 - POLYMER AB - Ternary blends of polypropylene (PP), nylon 6 (N6) and polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP/N6/PP-g-MAH) as compatibilizer with up to 50 wt% of N6 were investigated. PP-g-MAH content was varied from 2.5 to 10%. Blends of the two polymers PP/N6 (80/20) without the compatibilizer were also prepared using an internal batch mixer and studied. The ternary blends showed different rheological properties at low and high shear rates. The difference depended on the amount of N6 dispersed phase. Co-continuous morphology was observed for the blend containing 50% N6. This blend also exhibited higher viscosity at low shear rate and lower viscosity at high shear rates than the value calculated by the simple rule of mixture. At higher shear rates, viscosity was lower than that given by the rule of mixture for all blend ratios. An increase in viscosity was observed in the 80/20 PP/N6 blend after the concentration of the interfacial agent (PP-g-MAH) was increased. Polyblends containing up to 30% N6 could be successfully melt spun into fibers. DSC results showed that dispersed and matrix phases in the fiber maintained crystallinity comparable to or better than the corresponding values found in the neat fibers. The dispersed phase was found to contain fibrils. By using SEM and LSCM analyses we were able to show that the N6 droplets coalesced during melt spinning which led to the development of fibrillar morphology. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00689-9 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - 1331-1341 SN - 0032-3861 KW - matrix-fibril morphology KW - polypropylene KW - nylon 6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chain conformations and dynamics of crystalline polymers as observed in their inclusion compounds by solid-state NMR AU - Lu, J AU - Mirau, PA AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Certain small molecules, such as urea (U), perhydrotriphenylene (PHTP) and cyclodextrins (CDs), can be co-crystallized with polymers to form inclusion compounds (ICs). The guest polymer chains are confined to narrow, cylindrical channels created by the host, small-molecule lattice. The number and conformation of included polymer chains depend on the relative cross-sectional dimensions of polymer chains and the host channel diameter. For the hosts U, PHTP and α-CD (D≈5 Å), only highly extended single chains can be squeezed inside the channel and are separated from neighboring polymer chains by the IC channel walls composed exclusively of the small-molecule lattice. However, for the host γ-CD (D≈8 Å), two side-by-side, parallel extended polymer chains can be incorporated inside the channel, and thus, are also decoupled from all other neighboring chains by the channel walls. Therefore, the unique solid-state environment for polymers residing in IC channels can be utilized as model systems for ordered, bulk polymer phases. Comparison of the behavior of isolated, extended polymer chains in different host environments with the behavior observed for ordered, bulk phases of polymers permits an assessment of contributions made by the inherent, single chain, interactions between adjacent side-by-side pairs of chains and the overall co-operative, interchain interactions to the properties of ordered, bulk polymers. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is an efficient technique to study the conformations and molecular motions of polymer ICs. This review paper mainly discusses the solid-state NMR study of the conformations and dynamics of a series of crystalline polymers observed in their ICs. In order to facilitate interpretation of the NMR observations, at the beginning of this review, we also discuss the related modeling results obtained by rotational isomeric state modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00045-4 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 357-401 SN - 1873-1619 KW - polymer inclusion compounds KW - solid-state NMR KW - conformation KW - molecular motion ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is the source of the microstructural dependence of resonance frequencies observed in the solution NMR of polymers whose local structures and conformations appear to be independent of their longer range microstructures? AU - Wei, M AU - Ivey, DT AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTWhat Is the Source of the Microstructural Dependence of Resonance Frequencies Observed in the Solution NMR of Polymers Whose Local Structures and Conformations Appear To Be Independent of Their Longer Range Microstructures?Min Wei, Darlene T. Ivey, and Alan E. TonelliView Author Information Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8301, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301 Cite this: Macromolecules 2002, 35, 5, 1976–1979Publication Date (Web):January 26, 2002Publication History Received10 September 2001Published online26 January 2002Published inissue 1 February 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011616rCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissions Article Views187Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (52 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Conformation,Organic polymers,Plastics,Resonance structures Get e-Alerts DA - 2002/2/26/ PY - 2002/2/26/ DO - 10.1021/ma011616r VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 1976-1979 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stereoselectivity in the formation of crystalline inclusion complexes of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s with cyclodextrins AU - Shuai, XT AU - Probeni, FE AU - Wei, M AU - Bullions, T AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTStereoselectivity in the Formation of Crystalline Inclusion Complexes of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s with CyclodextrinsXintao Shuai, Francis E. Porbeni, Min Wei, Todd Bullions, and Alan E. TonelliView Author Information Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301 Cite this: Macromolecules 2002, 35, 9, 3778–3780Publication Date (Web):March 26, 2002Publication History Received21 November 2001Revised15 February 2002Published online26 March 2002Published inissue 1 April 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/ma012038hCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views395Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (42 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Cadmium sulfide,Cavities,Conformation,Physical and chemical processes,Polymers Get e-Alerts DA - 2002/4/23/ PY - 2002/4/23/ DO - 10.1021/ma012038h VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - 3778-3780 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reorganization of the structures, morphologies, and conformations of bulk polymers via coalescence from polymer-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds AU - Bullions, TA AU - Wei, M AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Gerber, MJ AU - Peet, J AU - Balik, M AU - White, JL AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract Bulk poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) samples have been produced by the coalescence of their segregated, extended chains from the narrow channels of the crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) formed between the γ‐cyclodextrin (CD) host and PET and PC guests, which are reported for the first time. Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray observations of PET and PC samples coalesced from their crystalline γ‐CD‐ICs suggest structures and morphologies that are different from those of samples obtained by ordinary solution and melt processing techniques. For example, as‐received PC is generally amorphous with a glass‐transition temperature ( T g ) of about 150 °C; when cast from tetrahydrofuran solutions, PC is semicrystalline with a melting temperature ( T m ) of about 230 °C; and after PC/γ‐CD‐IC is washed with hot water for the removal of the host γ‐CD and for the coalescence of the guest PC chains, it is semicrystalline but has an elevated T m value of about 245 °C. PC crystals formed upon the coalescence of highly extended and segregated PC chains from the narrow channels in the γ‐CD host lattice are possibly more chain‐extended and certainly more stable than chain‐folded PC crystals grown from solution. Melting the PC crystals formed by coalescence from PC/γ‐CD‐IC produces a normal amorphous PC melt that, upon cooling, results in typical glassy PC. PET coalesced from its γ‐CD‐IC crystals, although also semicrystalline, displays a T m value only marginally elevated from that of typical bulk or solution‐crystallized PET samples. However, after the melting of γ‐CD‐IC‐coalesced PET crystals, it is difficult to quench the resultant PET melt into the usual amorphous PET glass, characterized by a T g value of about 80 °C. Instead, the coalesced PET melt rapidly recrystallizes during the attempted quench, and so upon reheating, it displays neither a T g nor a crystallization exotherm but simply remelts at the as‐coalesced T m . This behavior is unaffected by the coalesced PET sample being held above T m for 2 h, indicating that the extended, unentangled nature of the chains in the noncrystalline regions of the coalesced PET are not easily converted into the completely disordered, randomly coiled, entangled melt. Apparently, the highly extended, unentangled characters of the PC and PET chains in their γ‐CD‐ICs are at least partially retained after they are coalesced. Initial differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray observations are described here. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 992–1012, 2002 DA - 2002/5/15/ PY - 2002/5/15/ DO - 10.1002/polb.10152 VL - 40 IS - 10 SP - 992-1012 SN - 1099-0488 KW - poly(ethylene terephthalate) KW - polycarbonate KW - host-guest systems KW - inclusion chemistry KW - solid state structure KW - conformational analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - New solvents for cellulose: Hydrazine/thiocyanate salt system AU - Hattori, K AU - Cuculo, JA AU - Hudson, SM T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY AB - Abstract The hydrazine/thiocyanate system was found to be an excellent solvent for cellulose. The solubility and solution properties were investigated. Even at room temperature, the combinations of hydrazine and lithium, sodium, and potassium thiocyanate had high dissolution power for cellulose, up to an 18% (w/w) maximum, unrelated to the polymorph, whereas a combination with ammonium thiocyanate exhibited a solubility difference among celluloses I, II, and III. The effect of the temperature cycling of the system for the rapid dissolution of cellulose was investigated thermodynamically. In these systems, a high concentration of salts was necessary to effect the cellulose dissolution; this suggested that an undissociated salt–solvent complex played an important role in the cellulose dissolution as implied by electroconductivity measurements of the hydrazine/salt system. Gel and liquid‐crystal formation was observed in all systems above 4 and 6% (w/w) cellulose concentrations, respectively. The values of both critical concentrations were quite similar to those observed in the ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate system studied earlier in our laboratories. The gelation temperature was between approximately 10 and 50 °C, depending on the salt and cellulose concentration. The dependence of the cellulose solubility on the degree of polymerization was also examined. It is suggested that these solvent systems have great potential for the fiber and film formation of cellulose. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 601–611, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10135 DA - 2002/2/15/ PY - 2002/2/15/ DO - 10.1002/pola.10135 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 601-611 SN - 0887-624X KW - cellulose KW - cellulose solvent KW - cellulose complex KW - cellulose polymorph KW - solvation KW - hydrazine KW - thiocyanate KW - liquid crystal KW - gel formation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular motions in the supramolecular complexes between poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrins AU - Lu, J AU - Mirau, PA AU - Shin, ID AU - Nojima, S AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS AB - The structure and molecular motions of the triblock copolymer PCL-PEO-PCL and its inclusion complexes with α- and γ-cyclodextrins (α- and γ-CDs) have been studied by solid-state NMR. Different cross-polarization dynamics have been observed for the guest polymer and host CDs. Guest–host magnetization exchange has been observed by proton spin lattice relaxation T1, proton spin lattice frame relaxation T1ρ and 2D heteronuclear correlation experiments. A homogeneous phase has been observed for these complexes. Conventional relaxation experiments and 2D wide-line separation NMR with windowless isotropic mixing have been used to measure the chain dynamics. The results show that for localized molecular motion in the megahertz regime, the included PCL block chains are much more mobile than the crystalline PCL blocks in the bulk triblock copolymer. However, the mobility of the included PEO block chains is not very different from the amorphous PEO blocks of the bulk sample. The cooperative, long chain motions in the mid-kilohertz regime for pairs of PCL-PEO-PCL chains in their γ-CD channels seem more restricted than for the single PCL-PEO-PCL chains in the α-CD channels, however, they are not influencing the more localized, higher frequency megahertz motions. DA - 2002/1/9/ PY - 2002/1/9/ DO - 10.1002/1521-3935(20020101)203:1<71::AID-MACP71>3.0.CO;2-D VL - 203 IS - 1 SP - 71-79 SN - 1022-1352 KW - block copolymers KW - inclusion chemistry KW - NMR KW - relaxation KW - solid-state structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heterogeneous graft copolymerization of chitosan powder with methyl acrylate using trichloroacetyl-manganese carbonyl co-initiation AU - Jenkins, DW AU - Hudson, SM T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - A highly deacetylated chitosan powder was successfully trichloroacetylated under heterogeneous conditions. The trichloroacetylated chitosan powder was subsequently graft copolymerized heterogeneously with methyl acrylate using a Mn2(CO)10 co-initiator photoactivated with 436 nm light at room temperature. Reaction products were extracted with acetone in an attempt to separate homopolymer from the grafted powder. Portions of the grafted material (presumably surface grafted chitosan) were also removed from the bulk of the grafted powder. After monitoring the weights of reaction product and total polymer extracted from the reaction product (polymeric extract), gel permeation chromatography was used to resolve the polymeric extract into two separate species, assumed to be the grafted chitosan and homopolymer. With this general technique, graft and homopolymer yields for a series of grafting reactions were obtained. Graft yields greater than 600% (based on a percent weight increase of trunk polymer) were obtained, while 20−30% of the poly(methyl acrylate) formed was homopolymer. DA - 2002/4/23/ PY - 2002/4/23/ DO - 10.1021/ma011336b VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - 3413-3419 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolution of microstructure and rheology in mixed polysaccharide systems AU - Pai, V AU - Srinivasarao, M AU - Khan, SA T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - Synergistic biopolymer blends composed of xanthan and enzymatically modified guar galactomannan are investigated in terms of their time-dependent properties. In particular, a side-chain cleaving enzyme, α-galactosidase, is used to cleave off galactose sugar units from guar to produce modified galactomannans with varying galactose contents of 25.2 and 16.2%. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and dynamic rheology are used to monitor the properties of each of these two modified guar gum in solution as well as in blends with xanthan as they are allowed to age over a period of 3 weeks. Our results indicate that solutions of guar with a higher galactose (25.2%) content undergo no rheological change over the period of observation and show a constant gel elastic modulus (G‘) in blends with xanthan. Confocal images of the solutions and the blends also indicate that the systems are stable over a period of 3 weeks. In contrast, guar gum with a lower galactose content (16.2%) forms interchain associations in solution, developing aggregates that convert it from a macromolecular solution to a gel. This is reflected in its dynamic moduli which increase significantly with time and show a transition from frequency-dependent behavior with G‘ ‘ (viscous modulus) > G‘ (elastic modulus) to a frequency-independent character with G‘ > G‘ ‘. This process of association and phase separation is directly observed in confocal images of the modified guar as well as in its blend, though not to the same extent in the latter. The presence of a second component thus seems to retard the association process. Interestingly, the blend moduli remain unchanged in magnitude and show gellike features even though the mode of association and concomitant microstructure changes. DA - 2002/2/26/ PY - 2002/2/26/ DO - 10.1021/ma0115545 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 1699-1707 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis of ultrashallow phosphorus using Cs+, O-2(+), and CsC6- primary ion beams AU - Loesing, R AU - Guryanov, GM AU - Phillips, MS AU - Griffis, DP T2 - JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B AB - It is well known that reducing the work function of the sample surface using Cs+ ions increases the negative ion yield of phosphorus. It is also well known that a shallow primary beam implantation depth (RP) is required for achieving high depth resolution during the analysis of ultrashallow implant profiles. The combination of the opposite polarities of the positive Cs+ primary ion beam and the negatively biased sample (the combination most often used for P analysis using magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectroscopy) unfortunately accelerates the Cs+ ions towards the sample thus limiting the degree to which the primary ion impact energy can be reduced [R. Loesing, G. M. Guryanov, J. L. Hunter, and D. P. Griffis, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 18, 509 (2000)]. A low primary ion beam impact energy and high impact angle, both of which result in lower RP, can be obtained using a negatively charged cluster ion such as CsC6− (Peabody negative ion source) impacting on a negatively biased sample [G. Gillen, L. King, B. Freibaum, R. Lareau, and J. Bennett, in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, SIMS XII, edited by A. Benninghoven et al. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), p. 279; R. Loesing, G. M. Guryanov, and D. P. Griffis, in Proceedings of the 13th Annual SIMS Workshop, Lake Tahoe, 2000, p. 36]. If, however, Cs is not required to improve secondary ion yield, a low energy O2+ primary beam impacting on a positively biased sample can be used [I. M. Abdelrehim, T. H. Büyüklimanli, S. P. Smith, and C. W. Magee, in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry SIMS XII, edited by A. Benninghoven (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), p. 279; S. P. Smith, C. J. Hitzman, and C. W. Magee, in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, SIMS XI, edited by G. Gillen (Wiley, Chichester, 1998), p. 277]. In this case, the reduction in sensitivity for P due to the loss of the negative ion yield enhancing Cs can be partly compensated by flooding the sample surface with oxygen. In this study Cs+, CsC6−, and O2+ primary ions are compared for depth profiling of ultrashallow phosphorus in Si in terms of decay length, sensitivity, and crater bottom roughness. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1116/1.1450588 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 507-511 SN - 2166-2746 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of atmospheric pressure helium plasma treatment on the surface and mechanical properties of ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene fibers AU - Qiu, Y AU - Zhang, C AU - Hwang, YJ AU - Bures, BL AU - McCord, M T2 - JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene fibers were treated with atmospheric pressure He plasma on a capacitively coupled device at a frequency of 7.5 kHz and a He partial vapor pressure of 3.43 × 103 Pa. The fibers were treated for 0, 1, and 2 min. Microscopic analysis showed that the surfaces of the fibers treated with He plasma were etched and that the 2-min He plasma-treated group had rougher surfaces than the 1-min He plasma-treated group. XPS analysis showed a 200% increase in the oxygen content and a 200% increase in the concentration of C—O bonds (from 11.4% to 31%) and the appearance of C=O bonds (from 0% to 7.6%) on the surface of plasma-treated fibers for the 2-min He plasma-treated group. In the microbond test, the 2-min He plasma-treated group had a 100% increase of interfacial shear strength over that of the control group, while the 1-min He plasma-treated group did not show a significant difference from the control group. The 2-min He plasma-treated group also showed a 14% higher single-fiber tensile strength than the control group. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1163/15685610252771185 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 99-107 SN - 0169-4243 KW - plasma treatment KW - interfacial shear strength KW - fiber/matrix interface KW - polyethylene fibers. ER - TY - JOUR TI - A brief history of calico printing AU - Kuehni, R. G. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 7 SP - 7-11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The conformations of poly(butylene-terephthalate) and poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalate) chains in their alpha and beta crystalline polymorphs AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - POLYMER AB - Abstract Both thermoplastic polyesters, poly(butylene-terephthalate) (PBT) and poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalate) (PBN), have been observed to undergo solid–solid phase transitions between α and β crystalline polymorphs. Fiber repeat distances determined by X-ray diffraction in the β polymorphs of PBT and PBN are larger than those observed in their α polymorphs. This has generally been attributed to an extension of the butylene glycol portion of both polyesters, where the O–CH 2 –↷ ϕ –CH 2 –CH 2 and (CO)–O–↷ ψ –CH 2 –CH 2 bonds are transformed from ϕ = G to S and ψ = G to T or S to T conformations, respectively, when PBT or PBN transform from their α to their β polymorphs. However, this interpretation is not consistent with solid-state 13 C NMR observations made on the α and β crystalline forms of PBT and PBN. In both instances, only very small differences (0.4–0.8 ppm) in the resonance frequencies of the butylene carbon resonances are observed between the 13 C NMR spectra recorded for both polymorphs. Similar small differences in the aromatic carbon resonance frequencies are observed between their α and β polymorphs. Thus, we conclude that the extension of both PBT and PBN chains, as they are transformed from their α to their β crystalline polymorphs, is more likely a consequence of an increase in the coplanarity of their ester groups and their phenyl or naphthyl rings, rather than conformational extensions of their butylene glycol fragments. A search for PBT and PBN conformations, both of which match the fiber repeat distances observed for their α and β crystalline polymorphs and are consistent with the closely similar 13 C chemical shifts observed in both of their crystalline phases, lends further support to this suggestion. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00506-2 VL - 43 IS - 22 SP - 6069-6072 SN - 0032-3861 KW - polymorphs KW - X-ray diffraction KW - C-13 NMR spectra ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structure and property studies of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) high-speed melt spun fibers AU - Wu, G AU - Li, HW AU - Wu, YQ AU - Cuculo, JA T2 - POLYMER AB - Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) has been melt spun at various take-up velocities from 0.5 to 8 km/min to prepare fiber samples. The effect of take-up velocity on the structure and properties of as-spun fibers has been characterized through measurements of birefringence, density, wide-angle X-ray scattering, DSC melting behavior, tensile properties and boiling water shrinkage (BWS). The birefringence exhibits a maximum at take-up velocities between 3 and 4 km/min. The fiber samples spun at the lower take-up speeds have essentially amorphous structures, while the filaments prepared at a velocity range higher than 4 km/min all possess an obvious crystalline structure. With increasing take-up speed, a steady improvement in tensile strength, elongation to break, and BWS is found, whereas the initial modulus remains almost constant within the measurement error, over the entire take-up speed range between 0.5 and 8 km/min. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00306-3 VL - 43 IS - 18 SP - 4915-4922 SN - 0032-3861 KW - poly(trimethylene terephthalate) KW - high-speed melt spinning KW - structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - Printing of cationised cotton with reactive dyes AU - Kanik, M. AU - Hauser, P. J. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - The printing properties of cationised cotton that had been pretreated with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride were examined. Fixation (steaming) time, colour yields, colorimetric properties, fastness properties, staining of the white grounds and penetration behaviour were evaluated for a number of reactive dyes with cationised cotton fabrics. The cationisation of cotton was found to be very effective in reducing steaming times and washing off processes, and in increasing colour yield. Fastness and other properties of the printings are also discussed. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2002.tb00114.x VL - 118 IS - 6 SP - 300-306 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Finishing touch AU - Mock, G. N. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 152 IS - 3 SP - 44-45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dyeing cationic cotton with fiber reactive dyes: Effect of reactive chemistries AU - Hauser, P. J. AU - Tabba, A. H. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 36-39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a felled seam monitoring device AU - Clapp, TG AU - Martin, BR T2 - TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL AB - This paper discusses the electrical design of a seam monitoring device for felled seams. Felled seams are commonly found in commercial products, such as apparel garments, parachutes, tenting and geotextiles. The felled seam can be improperly formed during the seaming process, producing defects that may not be detected by visual inspection. The felled seam monitoring device ensures the detection of a faulty felled seam during the seam formation process. The design focuses on the utilization of inexpensive electronic technology and analysis of displacement-based sampling techniques to meet apparel manufacturer’s design specifications. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1191/0142331202tm045oa VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 51-64 SN - 0142-3312 KW - apparel KW - displacement-based sampling KW - felled seam KW - inspection KW - quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - PET versus PEN: what difference can a ring make? AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - POLYMER AB - Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) are structurally related polyesters. In each polymer, the ethylene glycol diesters are separated by rigid rings and are attached to the 1,4-positions of the phenyl and the 2,6-positions of the naphthyl rings in PET and PEN, respectively. Because neighboring ethylene glycol units of each polyester are separated by phenyl or naphthyl rings, their conformations are independent of each other. As a consequence, their RIS conformational models should be identical, with the same populations of trans, gauche +, and gauche− conformations about the –O–CH2–, –CH2–CH2–, and –CH2–O– bonds. This means that PET and PEN are equally flexible as judged by their conformational partition functions. However, because they differ geometrically, properties such as the mean-square end-to-end distance (〈r2〉0) or characteristic ratio (Cr=〈r2〉0/n〈l2〉), though averaged over identical conformations, are not expected to be coincident. The terephthaloyl portion of PET can be considered to consist of the , the –C1⋯C4–, and bonds, which are collinear and only the conformations about the carbonyl carbon to phenyl ring carbon bonds may be altered. This results in the terephthaloyl unit acting as a freely rotating link in both the statistical and dynamic senses. In the naphthaloyl residue, on the other hand, the carbonyl carbon to C2 and C6 to carbonyl carbon bonds are connected to a collinear, non-rotatable virtual bond between C2 and C5 and to the non-collinear, non-rotatable real bond between C5 and C6, respectively. These geometrical differences between PET and PEN result in distinctly different values for properties like 〈r2〉0 and Cr, even though they are averaged over the same conformational populations. Additionally, volumes occupied by their segments when confined to extended conformations and interconversions between these extended conformers were found to be particularly sensitive to the geometrical distinctions between PET and PEN and several differences in their physical properties are discussed in this context. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.1016/S1089-3156(00)00028-3 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 637-642 SN - 0032-3861 KW - poly(ethylene terephthalate) KW - poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) KW - rings KW - properties ER -