TY - JOUR TI - Data Compression of Measured Spun-yarn Irregularity Using a Wavelet–Stochastic Hybrid Method AU - Kim, J. AU - Suh, M.W. AU - Jasper, W.J. T2 - The Journal of The Textile Institute AB - Abstract Modern high-speed spinning machines are equipped with automated inspection and monitoring systems that generate large quantities of data, necessitating special methods for their analysis. A hybrid system, based on a stochastic model and wavelet analysis was developed and applied to a large data set (500 MB) of yarn diameters. Using a wavelet– stochastic hybrid approach, the data set could be reduced to a small fraction of its original size consisting of a set of statistical parameters for normal sub-blocks, a set of statistical parameters for abnormal sub-blocks for characterizing yarn and fabric defects and for providing their spatial information, and a set of wavelet coefficients for abnormal sub-blocks. The compression ratio was approximately 100 000:1 in the example given. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1533/joti.2003.0056 VL - 95 IS - 1-6 SP - 319-325 J2 - The Journal of The Textile Institute LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5000 1754-2340 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/joti.2003.0056 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Tribology in Textile Manufacturing and Use AU - Michielsen, S. T2 - Mechanical Tribological: Materials, Characterizations, and Applications A2 - Totten, George E. A2 - Liang, Hong A2 - Dekker, Marcel PY - 2004/// SP - 375–395 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Herijking ambulancekleding = Re-evaluation clothing ambulance workers AU - Kistemaker, J.A. AU - Schrijer, G. AU - DenHartog, E.A. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// M1 - TM - 04 - C016 SN - TM - 04 - C016 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bevriezingsverschijnselen in de Alico skischoen = Cold injury risk in the Alico ski boot AU - Kistemaker, J.A. AU - Schols, E.H.M. AU - DenHartog, E.A. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// M1 - TM - 04 - A040 SN - TM - 04 - A040 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bescherming brandweerlieden - inzetduur in de hitte = Protection of fire-fighters - deployment duration in the heat AU - DenHartog, E.A. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// M1 - TM - 04 - C027 SN - TM - 04 - C027 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of inspiratory resistance on performance during graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer AU - Heus, R. AU - Hartog, E.A.D. AU - Kistemaker, L.J.A. AU - Dijk, W.J.V. AU - Swenker, G. T2 - Applied Ergonomics AB - Due to more stringent requirements to protect personnel against hazardous gasses, the inspiratory resistance of the present generation of respiratory protective devices tends to increase. Therefore an important question is to what extent inspiratory resistance may increase without giving problems during physical work. In this study the effects of three levels (0.24; 1.4 and 8.3 kPa s l(-1)) of inspiratory resistance were tested on maximal voluntary performance. Nine male subjects performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer with and without these three levels of inspiratory resistance. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, time to exhaustion and external work were measured. The results of these experiments showed that increasing inspiratory resistance led to a reduction of time to exhaustion (TTE) on a graded exercise test(GXT). Without inspiratory resistance the mean TTE was 11.9 min, the three levels of resistance gave the following mean TTE's: 10.7, 7.8 and 2.7 min. This study showed that TTE on a GXT can be predicted when physical fitness (VO2-max) of the subject and inspiratory resistance are known. The metabolic rate of the subjects was higher with inspiratory resistance, but no differences were found between the three selected inspiratory loads. Other breathing parameters as minute ventilation, tidal volume, expiration time and breathing frequency showed no or minor differences between the inspiratory resistances. The most important conclusion of these experiments is that the overall workload increases due to an increase in inspiratory resistance by wearing respiratory protective devices. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.05.002 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 583-590 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4544323921&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - exercise KW - inspiratory resistance KW - oxygen consumption KW - work load KW - time to exhaustion KW - graded exercise test ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postmortem time estimation using body temperature and finite-element computer model AU - Hartog, E.A. AU - Lotens, W.A. T2 - European Journal of Applied Physiology DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1007/s00421-004-1128-z VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 734-737 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-6344265913&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - postmortem time KW - body temperature KW - simulation KW - computer model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cationic bleach activators for improving cotton bleaching AU - Gürsoy, N.C. AU - El-Shafei, A. AU - Hauser, P. AU - Hinks, D. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 8 SP - 37-40 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4344712068&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moisture accumulation in sleeping bags at − 7°C and − 20°C in relation to cover material and method of use AU - Havenith, George AU - den Hartog, Emiel AU - Heus, Ronald T2 - Ergonomics AB - Moisture accumulation in sleeping bags during extended periods of use is detrimental to thermal comfort of the sleeper, and in extreme cases may lead to sleep loss and hypothermia. As sub-zero temperatures were expected to affect vapour resistance of microporous membranes, the effect of using semipermeable and impermeable rain covers for sleeping bags on the accumulation of moisture in the bags during 6 days of use at − 7°C and 5 days at − 20°C were investigated. In addition, the routine of shaking off hoarfrost from the inside of the cover after the sleep period as a preventive measure for moisture accumulation was studied. Moisture accumulation (ranging from 92 to 800 grams) was found to be related to the vapour resistance of the materials used. The best semipermeable material gave the same moisture build-up as no cover at − 7°C, though build-up increased substantially at − 20°C. Shaking off the hoarfrost from the inside of the cover after each use was beneficial in preventing a high moisture build-up. It was concluded that semi-permeable cover materials reduce moisture accumulation in sleeping bags at moderate sub-zero temperatures, but in more extreme cold (− 20°C) the benefits are reduced in comparison to routinely shaking frost from impermeable covers. Compared to fixed impermeable covers, the benefits of all semi-permeable covers are large. For long-term use without drying facilities, the differences observed do favour the semi-permeable covers above impermeable ones, even when regularly removing the hoar frost from the inside in the latter. DA - 2004/10/22/ PY - 2004/10/22/ DO - 10.1080/00140130410001704428 VL - 47 IS - 13 SP - 1424-1431 J2 - Ergonomics LA - en OP - SN - 0014-0139 1366-5847 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130410001704428 DB - Crossref KW - clothing KW - moisture KW - condensation KW - cold KW - sleep ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quality dyeing for quality textiles by modelling IQ and simulation AU - Zhao, XM AU - Shamey, R AU - Wardman, RH AU - textiles, T2 - Quality Textiles For Quality Life, Vols 1-4 DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// SP - 1407-1410 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Numerical study of fluid flow in package dyeing AU - Shamey, R AU - Zhao, X AU - Marin, J AU - Koncar, V T2 - 2nd International Industrial Simulation Conference 2004 DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// SP - 453-457 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Numerical simulation and study of fluid flow characteristics in packed-bed reactors AU - Shamey, R AU - Zhao, XM AU - Callaos, N AU - Horimoto, K AU - Chen, J AU - Chan, AKS T2 - 8th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Vol Vii, Proceedings DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// SP - 254-258 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Automated diagnosis of dyeing problems AU - Shamey, R AU - Hussain, T AU - textiles, T2 - Quality Textiles For Quality Life, Vols 1-4 DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// SP - 1350 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FIBER-BASED ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS AU - Dhawan, A. AU - Ghosh, T.K. AU - Seyam, A. T2 - Textile Progress AB - (2004). FIBER-BASED ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS. Textile Progress: Vol. 36, No. 2-3, pp. 1-84. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1080/00405160408559253 VL - 36 IS - 2-3 SP - 1-84 J2 - Textile Progress LA - en OP - SN - 0040-5167 1754-2278 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405160408559253 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lewis acid–base complexation of polyamide 66 to control hydrogen bonding, extensibility and crystallinity AU - Vasanthan, Nadarajah AU - Kotek, Richard AU - Jung, Dong-Wook AU - Shin, Daniel AU - Tonelli, Alan E AU - Salem, David R T2 - Polymer AB - Polyamide 66 (PA66) has been complexed with the Lewis acid GaCl3 for the purpose of disrupting the interchain hydrogen bonded network. FTIR and 13C-NMR observations indicate that Ga metal cations form a 1:1 complex with the carbonyl oxygens of the PA66 amide groups. PA66–GaCl3 films are amorphous and rubbery with a single relaxation, attributable to the glass transition temperature, at ∼−32 °C and a structure that appears by X-ray diffraction to be thermally stable to at least 200 °C. The complexed films could be drawn at room temperature to draw ratios (DR) up to ∼30, and could then be decomplexed, or regenerated, by soaking in water. GaCl3 complexation and subsequent regeneration of PA66 was accomplished without changing its molecular weight, and all but ∼5 mol% of the amide groups in the regenerated PA66 were uncomplexed. The undrawn regenerated films regain levels of crystallinity much lower than possessed by the uncomplexed PA66 reference film. However, up to a DR of 8, drawing prior to regeneration increases the crystallinity, reaching crystallinity levels that are high for PA66, that has not been heat treated, and that are almost twice higher than in the uncomplexed (undrawn) reference film. It is intriguing that, in this DR regime, crystallinity increases quite sharply as the film is extended, despite the fact that molecular orientation does not appear to be increasing. For DR>8, the crystallinity decreases, but remains above that of the reference film. The level of crystallinity in PA66 can be controlled over a much wider range by the complexation-drawing-regeneration process than by conventional drawing processes. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.074 VL - 45 IS - 12 SP - 4077-4085 J2 - Polymer LA - en OP - SN - 0032-3861 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.074 DB - Crossref KW - polyamide 66 KW - complexation KW - hydrogen bonding ER - TY - JOUR TI - Business-to-business e-business models: Classification and textile industry implications AU - Hodge, G. AU - Cagle, C. T2 - Autex Research Journal DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 211-227 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27544503986&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Novel Composite Solid Polymer Electrolytes AU - Zhang, Xiang-Wu AU - Wang, Chunsheng AU - Appleby, A.John T2 - Recent Research Developments in Solid State Ionics A2 - Pandalai, S.G. PY - 2004/// SP - 95-112, PB - Transworld Research Network ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanocomposite electrolytes using single-ion conducting fumed silica AU - Zhang, X. W. AU - Khan, S. A. AU - Fedkiw, P. S. T2 - Electrochemical and Solid State Letters AB - Fumed silica surfaces were chemically modified to form single-ion conductors by attaching lithium-exchanged anionic groups (lithium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate, LiAMPS) to surface methacrylates on Degussa R711 fumed silica (abbreviated as R711-pLiAMPS). Surface lithium-ion contents varying from 0.7 to 9.1 nm−2 were synthesized. Conductivity and transference number measurements were conducted on nanocomposite electrolytes containing polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether A maximum room-temperature conductivity of S cm−1 was obtained at a surface content of 4.2 nm−2 and a Li:O mole ratio of 1:100 (15.8 wt % filler) with a transference number of 0.59. A maximum transference number of 0.78 was achieved at a surface surface content of 4.2 nm−2 and a Li:O mole ratio of 1:20 (48.5 wt % filler) with a conductivity of S cm−1. Adding lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to the samples enhances room-temperature conductivity by more than two orders of magnitude while still maintaining a relatively high transference number. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1792267 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition of lithium dendrites by fumed silica-based composite electrolytes AU - Zhang, X. W. AU - Li, Y. X. AU - Khan, S. A. AU - Fedkiw, P. S. T2 - Journal of the Electrochemical Society AB - Lithium dendrite formation is investigated via in situ microscopy in a liquid electrolyte containing polyethylene glycol dimethyl bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and composite gel-like electrolytes formed by dispersing nanometer-size fumed silica into the liquid. Fumed silicas with either hydrophilic silanol surface groups or hydrophobic octyl surface groups were employed. Dendrites with current density-dependent morphology are formed in liquid electrolyte but addition of fumed silica inhibits their formation, with hydrophilic fumed silica having a more pronounced effect than hydrophobic silica. The dendrite inhibition effect of fumed silica is attributed to its abilities to form a continuous network with elastic-like properties and scavenge impurities from the electrolyte. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1767158 VL - 151 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery, nano-silicon-based, disordered carbon composite anodes with different microstructures AU - Zhang, X. AU - Patil, P. K. AU - Wang, C. AU - Appleby, A. J. AU - Little, F. E. AU - Cocke, D. L. T2 - Journal of Power Sources AB - Nano-silicon-based disordered carbon composites prepared by mechanical milling and pyrolysis have been examined as anodes of a lithium ion cell. Electrochemical measurements show that the charge–discharge capacity of disordered carbon composites incorporating both silicon-polyparaphenylene (Si-PPP) and silicon-polyvinyl chloride (Si-PVC) with differing silicon contents, decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Si-PVC-based materials have a better cycle life than those based on Si-PPP at the same silicon content. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.07.019 VL - 125 ER - TY - CONF TI - Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries C2 - 2004/5// C3 - U.S. DOE BATT Annual Program Review Meeting DA - 2004/5// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scheduling supply chains with batchwise fabric dyeing operations AU - Cho, Eunkyoung Gloria DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating Ideality with the System Operator Part 1: A Tutorial--Applied to the Bullwhip Effect AU - Martin, Benjamin AU - Clapp, Timothy G AU - Joines, Jeffrey A T2 - TRIZ Journal DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Quantitative measurement of web uniformity of blended fibers AU - Reed, J. AU - Jasper, W. AU - Hinks, D. C2 - 2004/9// C3 - Proceedings of the annual international conference & exhibition of AATCC : September DA - 2004/9// ER - TY - CONF TI - Solving a Real World Inventory Management Problem Using a Technique for Integrating Ideality with the System Operator AU - Martin, B.E. AU - Clapp, T.G. AU - Joines, J.A. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2004 Triz Conference DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatments on adhesion and mechanical properties of high-performance fibers for composites AU - McCord, Marian AU - Qiu, Y. AU - Shao, X. AU - Jensen, C. AU - Hwang, Y.J. AU - Zhang, C. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Polymer surface modification: relevance to adhesion : volume 3 DA - 2004/// DO - 10.1201/b12183-3 PB - Utrecht: VSP, SN - 9789067644037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fiber-based electrical devices AU - Dhawan, A. Ghosh AU - T.K., AU - Seyam, A.M. T2 - Textile Progress DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 36 IS - 2/3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Color measurement of web uniformity of blended fibers AU - Reed, J. AU - Jasper, W. C2 - 2004/9// C3 - Joint INDA-TAPPI Conference CY - Westin Harbour Castle,Toronto, Canada DA - 2004/9// PB - Atlanta, Ga. : TAPPI ER - TY - CONF TI - Analyzing thermal stored energy and clothing thermal protective performance AU - Song, G. AU - Barker, R.L. AU - Grimes, R. C2 - 2004/// C3 - 4th International Conference on Safety & Protective Fabrics: solutions and opportunities for the safety and protective fabrics industry: conference proceedings DA - 2004/// PB - Roseville (MN) : Industrial Fabrics Association International SN - 9780935803143 ER - TY - CONF TI - An automated diagnosis of dyeing problems AU - Shamey, R. AU - Hussain, T. C2 - 2004/// C3 - "Quality textiles for quality life": proceedings of the Textile Institute 83rd World Conference (83rd TIWC): May 23-27, 2004, Shanghai, China DA - 2004/// VL - 4 SP - 1350 PB - Manchester, UK : Textile Institute SN - 9781870372619 ER - TY - CONF TI - Measuring the olfactory properties of textiles: Human sensory panel or electronic nose? AU - King, M.W. AU - York, R.K. C2 - 2004/// C3 - "Quality textiles for quality life": proceedings of the Textile Institute 83rd World Conference (83rd TIWC): May 23-27, 2004, Shanghai, China DA - 2004/// PB - Manchester, UK : Textile Institute SN - 9781870372619 ER - TY - CONF TI - Introduction to design of experiments for new product development and process optimization AU - Clapp, T.G. C2 - 2004/// C3 - INTC 2004 : International Nonwovens Technical Conference : Joint INDA-TAPPI Conference : conference proceedings : September 20-23, 2004, Westin Harbour Castle, Toronto, Canada DA - 2004/// PB - Cary, N.C. : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying Systems Approach and Ideality to the Supply Chain Bullwhip Effect AU - Martin, B. AU - Clapp, T. AU - Joines, J.A. T2 - The TRIZ Journal DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// ER - TY - CONF TI - Rubrics cubed: Tying grades to assessment to reduce faculty workload AU - McCord, M.G. AU - Blanchard, S.M. AU - Mente, P.L. AU - Lalush, D.S. AU - Abrams, C.F. AU - Loboa, E.G. AU - Nagle, H.T. C2 - 2004/// C3 - ASEE 2004 annual conference & exposition DA - 2004/// PB - Washington, DC : ASEE ER - TY - CONF TI - Quantitative measurement of web uniformity of blended fibers. AU - Reed, J. AU - Jasper, W. AU - Hinks, D. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings of the annual international conference & exhibition of AATCC : September 13-17, 2004. DA - 2004/// PB - [Research Triangle Park, N.C.]: AATC ER - TY - CONF TI - Putting the "engineering" into tissue engineering: Development of undergraduate tissue engineering course materials and laboratory experiments AU - McCord, M.G. AU - Loboa, E.G. AU - Mente, P.L. AU - Blanchard, S.M. C2 - 2004/// C3 - ASEE 2004 annual conference & exposition DA - 2004/// PB - Washington, DC?] : ASEE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Metal-complexed dyes AU - Freeman, H.S. AU - Szymczyk, M. T2 - Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics AB - Review of Progress in Coloration and Related TopicsVolume 34, Issue 1 p. 39-57 Metal–complexed dyes Malgorzata Szymczyk, Malgorzata Szymczyk Malgorzata Szymczyk is a visiting assistant professor and Harold S freeman is Ciba professor of dyestuff chemistry at the Department of Textile Engineering. Chemistry and Science. North Carolina Slate University, Raleigh, North Carolina. USA (email: Harold_Freeman@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorHarold S Freeman, Harold S Freeman Malgorzata Szymczyk is a visiting assistant professor and Harold S freeman is Ciba professor of dyestuff chemistry at the Department of Textile Engineering. Chemistry and Science. North Carolina Slate University, Raleigh, North Carolina. USA (email: Harold_Freeman@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this author Malgorzata Szymczyk, Malgorzata Szymczyk Malgorzata Szymczyk is a visiting assistant professor and Harold S freeman is Ciba professor of dyestuff chemistry at the Department of Textile Engineering. Chemistry and Science. North Carolina Slate University, Raleigh, North Carolina. USA (email: Harold_Freeman@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorHarold S Freeman, Harold S Freeman Malgorzata Szymczyk is a visiting assistant professor and Harold S freeman is Ciba professor of dyestuff chemistry at the Department of Textile Engineering. Chemistry and Science. North Carolina Slate University, Raleigh, North Carolina. USA (email: Harold_Freeman@ncsu.edu).Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00151.xCitations: 8 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume34, Issue1June 2004Pages 39-57 RelatedInformation DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00151.x VL - 34 SP - 39-57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cavitation and hydraulic flip AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Tafreshi, H. T2 - Fluentnews: Newsletter DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of the 1030-cm(-1) band of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using polarized Raman microscopy AU - Yang, SY AU - Michielsen, S T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze uniaxially oriented fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers. The second‐order and fourth‐order Legendre polynomials of the orientation distribution function of the 1030‐cm −1 vibrational band were determined to be zero for samples of low‐to‐moderate orientation. Because this band was assigned to the gauche conformation of the ethylene glycol unit, the orientation of the gauche configuration of ethylene glycol units in PET for PET of low‐to‐moderate orientation was random. This was consistent with the assumptions used by Ward and coworkers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 47–52, 2004 DA - 2004/1/1/ PY - 2004/1/1/ DO - 10.1002/polb.10678 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 47-52 SN - 0887-6266 UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000187214500006&KeyUID=WOS:000187214500006 KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) KW - polyesters KW - Herman's orientation function KW - P-2 KW - P-4 KW - fibers KW - orientation ER - TY - CONF TI - Medical textiles - meeting user needs AU - McCord, M.G. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Innovations in medical, protective, and technical textiles : AATCC symposium ; February 18 - 19, 2004, Embassy Suites Hotel, Cary, North Carolina DA - 2004/// PB - Research Triangle Park, NC: AATCC, ER - TY - CONF TI - Lewis acid-base complexation of polyamide 66 as a means to control hydrogen bonding to form high strength fibers and films AU - Vasanthan, N. AU - Kotek, R. AU - Jung, D.W. AU - Shin, D. AU - Salem, D.R. AU - Tonelli, A.E. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Papers presented at the Anaheim, California meeting : 227th ACS national meeting, Anaheim, CA, March 28 - April 1, 2004 DA - 2004/// VL - 45 SP - 787 M1 - 1 PB - Blacksburg, Va.: ACS, Div. of Polymer Chemistry ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of finishing methods on washing durability of microencapsulated fragrant finishing C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings of the annual international conference & exhibition of AATCC : September 13-17, 2004 DA - 2004/// PB - [Research Triangle Park, N.C.]: AATCC ER - TY - CONF TI - Automation of warp break repair AU - Seyam, A. M. AU - Shankam V. P., Lee AU - J. H., Grant AU - E., Hodge AU - G., AU - Oxenham, W. C2 - 2004/// C3 - "Quality textiles for quality life" : proceedings of the Textile Institute 83rd World Conference (83rd TIWC) : May 23-27, 2004, Shanghai, China DA - 2004/// SP - 1345-1349 PB - Manchester, UK: Textile Institute SN - 9781870372619 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Thermal bonding in handbook of nonwovens AU - Batra, S.K. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Handbook of nonwovens PY - 2004/// PB - Boca Raton: Crc Press SN - 9780849317873 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ITMA 2003: Technology - dyeing, printing & finishing AU - Mock, G.N. AU - Hauser, P.J. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 154 IS - 3 SP - 24-34 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High modulus nylon 6,6 fibers through lewis acid-base complexation to control hydrogen bonding to enhance drawing behavior AU - Jung, D.W. AU - Kotek, R. AU - Vasanthan, N. AU - Tonelli, A.E. T2 - Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 91 SP - 354 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Chemical finishing of textiles AU - Hauser, P.J. AU - Schindler, W.D. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1201/9781439823477 PB - Boca Raton: CRC SN - 9780849328251 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effect of air layers on heat loss through protective clothing systems AU - Deaton, A.S. AU - Barker, R.L. A2 - P. Yarborough, A2 - Nelson, C. N. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Performance of protective clothing: global needs and emerging markets: 8th symposium DA - 2004/// PB - West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International SN - 9780803134881 ER - TY - CONF TI - Steady-state simulation analysis using Asap3 AU - Lada, E. K. AU - J.R.Wilson, N.M. Steiger AU - Joines, J.A. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference: Washington Hilton and Towers, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., December 5-8, 20043 DA - 2004/// SP - 672-680 PB - New York, N.Y.: Association for Computing Machinery SN - 9780780387867 ER - TY - CONF TI - Numerical analysis of Kevlar/ PBI and Nomex IIIA thermal protective garments in simulated flash fire exposures AU - Song, G. AU - Barker, R.L. C2 - 2004/// C3 - "Quality textiles for quality life": proceedings of the Textile Institute 83rd World Conference (83rd TIWC): May 23-27, 2004, Shanghai, China DA - 2004/// PB - Manchester, UK: Textile Institute SN - 9781870372619 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonwovens and traditional textile know-how AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 154 IS - 8 ER - TY - CONF TI - In-plane liquid flow through nonwovens AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Tafreshi, H.V. AU - Maze, B. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - ITMA 2003 technology: Spinning AU - Oxenham, W. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 154 IS - 1 SP - 32-39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ITMA 2003 review: Nonwovens AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. T2 - Textile World (New York, N.Y.) DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 154 IS - 2 ER - TY - CONF TI - Hydroentangling AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Tafreshi, H. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fracture behavior at partially miscible polymer interfaces AU - Gorga, RE AU - Narasimhan, B T2 - POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE AB - Abstract The fracture behavior for the partially miscible polystyrene/poly (styrene‐ r ‐4‐bromostyrene) (PS/PBS) interface is analyzed as a function of miscibility. This is achieved by measuring the fracture energy at PS/PBS interfaces over a range of molecular weights (1370 < N < 7144; N is the degree of polymerization) and annealing conditions (150 < T < 200°C) at varying degrees of miscibility (controlled by ƒ, the volume fraction of brominated repeat units in PBS). Correlations between fracture energy, mutual diffusion coefficient (measured using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy), and the Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter (χ) are presented. It is shown that the fracture energy, G c , increases as annealing temperature increases and N and ƒ decrease. The presence of two miscibility‐mediated interdiffusion/fracture regimes is postulated depending upon the value of N *χ, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$N^* = \frac{{2N_{PS} N_{PBS} }}{{N_{PS} + N_{PBS} }}$\end{document} . (I) When N *χ < 2, the system is miscible, G c is high, and the fracture mechanism is crazing; (II) When N *χ > 2, the system exhibits a miscibility gap, interdiffusion is thermodynamically limited, which results in a decreased G c , which continues to decrease with increasing ƒ. No crazes are observed in regime II and fracture occurs via chain pullout. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:929–939, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1002/pen.20084 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 929-939 SN - 0032-3888 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of simulated flash fire and variations in skin model on manikin fire test AU - Song, G. AU - Barker, R.L. AU - Thompson, D. AU - Grimes, R. T2 - Journal of ASTM International AB - An established numerical model of a manikin fire test, which has the capability of predicting heat transfer through thermally protective clothing exposed to an intense heat environment, is described in this paper. The model considers the fire characteristics simulated in a manikin chamber as well as the insulating air layers between protective garments and the skin surface. The numerical model is applied to analyze the effects of simulated flash fire and variations in a skin model on a manikin test. The study demonstrates that the heat flux measured by 122 thermal sensors over the surface of the manikin exhibits a bell-shaped Gaussian distribution for a short duration in calibration burn. A series of flash fire data with different distributions was generated statistically, and the effects on burn predictions were investigated. The results suggest that the fire distribution affects the burn predictions for 4 s of exposure. The effects of initial temperature distribution, thermal properties, as well as involvement of blood perfusion in a skin model on burn predictions are also discussed. The model predictions demonstrate that the initial temperature distribution in a skin model has a large effect on burn predictions for a one-layer garment exposed to short duration flash fire conditions. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1520/jai12116 VL - 1 IS - 7 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of material combinations on heat loss of firefighter turnout clothing evaluated by an advanced sweating manikin AU - Li, J. AU - Barker, R.L. AU - Deaton, A.S. C2 - 2004/// C3 - "Quality textiles for quality life": proceedings of the Textile Institute 83rd World Conference (83rd TIWC): May 23-27, 2004, Shanghai, China DA - 2004/// PB - Manchester, UK: Textile Institute SN - 9781870372619 ER - TY - CONF TI - Design, synthesis, and characterization of new iron-complexed azo dyes AU - Freeman, H.S. AU - Szymczyk, M. AU - El-Shafei, A. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Colorchem '04: proceedings : 23-27 May 2004, Hotel Harmony, S?pindleru?v Mly?n, Czech Republic DA - 2004/// PB - Pardubice: Vy?zkumny? u?stav organicky?ch synte?z SN - 9788085119015 ER - TY - CONF TI - Comparison of methods used to predict burn injuries in various thermal hazards AU - Song, G. AU - Barker, R.L. A2 - P. Yarborough, A2 - Nelson, C. N. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Performance of protective clothing: global needs and emerging markets: 8th symposium DA - 2004/// PB - West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International SN - 9780803134881 ER - TY - CONF TI - A study of thermal characterization in simulated flash fire exposures AU - Song, G. AU - Barker, R.L. A2 - P. Yarborough, A2 - Nelson, C. N. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Performance of protective clothing: global needs and emerging markets: 8th symposium DA - 2004/// PB - West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International SN - 9780803134881 ER - TY - CONF TI - A Simulation-Based Scheduling System and Its Implementation in a Textile Operation AU - Joines, J.A. AU - Thoney, K. AU - King, R.E. AU - Hodgson, T. A2 - J. Marin, A2 - Koncar, V. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Industrial Simulation Conference DA - 2004/// PB - Ghent, Belgium: EUROSIS-ETI SN - 9789077381120 ER - TY - CONF TI - Interface phenomena of hydrolyzed polyester fabric AU - Grancaric, A.M. AU - Kovacevic, V. AU - Leskovac, M. AU - Tarbuk, A. AU - Kotek, R. AU - Jung, D.W. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Magic world of textiles: book of proceedings, International Textile Clothing & Design Conference, October 3rd to October 6th, 2004, Dubrovnik, Croatia DA - 2004/// PB - Zagreb: Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb SN - 9789537105051 ER - TY - CONF TI - High modulus nylon 66 fibers AU - Kotek, R. AU - Jung, D.W. AU - Tonelli, A.E. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Magic world of textiles: book of proceedings, International Textile Clothing & Design Conference, October 3rd to October 6th, 2004, Dubrovnik, Croatia DA - 2004/// PB - Zagreb: Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb SN - 9789537105051 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Graphic methods for quality improvement AU - Weinberg, S. AU - King, M.W. T2 - Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine (2nd Ed.) PY - 2004/// PB - Boston: Elsevier Academic Press SN - 9780125824637 ER - TY - CONF TI - Advances in biomedical textiles and healthcare products AU - Warner, S. AU - Gupta, B. S. AU - King, M. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Conference proceedings: advances in biomedical textiles and healthcare products DA - 2004/// PB - Roseville, MN: IFAI SN - 9780935803150 ER - TY - CONF TI - Wipes produced by in-line splitting of segmented pie spunbonds AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Zapletalova, T. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Sub-micron spunbonds via bicomponent fiber technology: Materials, properties and performance issues AU - Fedorova, N. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Little, T.J. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Nonwoven simulations: A path to realistic modeling of structure property relationships AU - Maze, B. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Kenaf core as a potential absorbent core for composite wipes AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Zaveri, M. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - In-plane and through-plain liquid flow simulations in nonwoven glass fiber mats AU - Tafreshi, H. AU - Maze, B. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Hydroentangling wet-laid fiberglass mat AU - Vaidya, N. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Acar, M. AU - Shiffler, D. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Historical perspective of vascular prostheses, structures and coatings AU - King, M.W. AU - Guidoin, R. T2 - Conference proceedings: advances in biomedical textiles and healthcare products PY - 2004/// PB - Roseville, MN: IFAI SN - 9780935803150 ER - TY - CONF TI - Enzymatic treatment of cotton fibers AU - Verenich, S. AU - Shim, E. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chitosan AU - Ravi Kumar, M.N.V. AU - Hudson, S.M. T2 - Encyclopedia of biomaterials and biomedical engineering A2 - G. E. Wnek, A2 - Bowlin, G. L. PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1201/b18990-59 PB - New York: Marcel Dekker SN - 9780824755621 ER - TY - CONF TI - A study of hydroentangling impact force AU - Tafreshi, H. AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preparation and utilization of ionic exchange resin via graft copolymerization of beta-CD itaconate with chitosan AU - Gaffar, MA AU - El-Rafie, SM AU - El-Tahlawy, KF T2 - CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS AB - Ionic exchange resin was prepared via grafting of β-cyclodextrin itaconate (CDI) onto chitosan. CDI was prepared by esterification of β-cyclodextrin with itaconic acid using a semidry process. The esterification reaction of β-CD was carried out using [IA]; 2 mol/mol of CD, M/L ratio; 1:0.6, temperature 100 °C, [catalyst]; 0.5 mol/2 mol IA and in the absence of catalyst. The double bonds of CDI were utilized in grafting copolymeriziation onto chitosan using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a redox initiation system. The optimum conditions of the polymerization reaction were held as follows: [chitosan], 1 g; Ce(IV), 0.02 mol/l; temperature, 50 °C; and H2O, 90 ml. At the end of the grafting reaction, the resultant product was subjected to crosslinking using different concentrations of glutraldehyde. Crosslinked chitosan/poly (CDI) graft copolymer (CCPCDI) was successively used for the removal of some hazardous pollutants currently found in textile waste water such as Maxilon Blue 4 GL (basic dye), Iragalon Rubine RL (acid dye) and Brilliant Red M5B R-2 (hydrolyzed reactive dyes). DA - 2004/7/15/ PY - 2004/7/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.01.007 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 387-396 SN - 1879-1344 KW - chitosan KW - copolymerization KW - cyclodextrins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structure-process-property relationships in hydroentangled nonwovens - part 1: Preliminary experimental observations AU - Pourdeyhimi, B. AU - Minton, A. AU - Putnam, M. AU - Kim, H. S. T2 - International Nonwovens Journal DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 15-22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling of niche market behavior of US textile and apparel firms AU - Cassill, N. AU - Parrish, E. AU - Oxenham, W. AU - Jones, M. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Study of organic polymer film treated by helium generated atmospheric pressure plasma AU - McCord, M. G. AU - Hwang, Y. J. AU - Matthews, S. R. AU - Park, Y. C. AU - Bourham, M. A. T2 - Journal of the Electrochemical Society DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 151 IS - 7 SP - C495-501 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Giant vehicles AU - Said, M. AU - Schur, W. W. AU - Gupta, A. AU - Mock, G. N. AU - Seyam, A. M. AU - Theyson, T. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 3 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of the durability of linen-like property of low temperature mercerized cotton AU - Lee, M. H. AU - Park, H. S. AU - Yoon, K. J. AU - Hauser, P. J. T2 - Textile Research Journal AB - In order to develop durable linen-like cotton yam with low temperature mercerization, pretreatment methods ensuring efficient and uniform penetration of the low temperature alkali solution into cotton yarn are studied. Pretreatments consisting of an alkaline scouring at higher NaOH concentrations and of a cellulase treatment and subsequent alkaline scouring are evaluated for their efficiency in removing wax and enhancing absorptive properties. The cellulase treatment/alkaline scouring is more efficient at re moving wax than alkaline scouring at higher NaOH concentrations. The cellulase treat ment and subsequent alkaline scouring result in wax contents lower than 0.1%. The cellulase treatment appears to degrade the cellulose on the surface of the cotton fibers, making it more accessible to the scouring agent and making wax removal easier. Swelling and wetting times are compared to identify a pretreatment sufficient for developing linen-like cotton. In low temperature mercerization, the pretreatment consisting of cellu lase treatment and alkaline scouring yields a linen-like cotton yarn whose stiffness is durable to knitting, wet processing, and even ten laundering cycles. The durability appears to be sufficient for practical applications of the process for producing linen-like cotton. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400211 VL - 74 IS - 2 SP - 146-154 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultraviolet (UV) curing processes for textile coloration AU - Li, S. AU - Boyter, H. AU - Stewart, N. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 8 SP - 44-49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extrusion and analysis of nylon-montmorillonite nanocomposite filaments AU - McCord, M. AU - Rodden, S. N. AU - Hudson, S. M. T2 - Journal of Advanced Materials DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Engineering the friction-and-wear behavior of polyelectrolyte multilayer nanoassemblies through block copolymer surface capping, metallic nanoparticles, and multiwall carbon nanotubes AU - Pavoor, PV AU - Gearing, BP AU - Gorga, RE AU - Bellare, A AU - Cohen, RE T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract In previous work, it was demonstrated that coating a surface with polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) composed of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) resulted in increased friction forces at low normal loads. At stress levels sufficient to cause system wear, however, PAH/PAA PEMs provided significant wear protection for the underlying substrate. This report evaluates three strategies for reducing the coefficients of friction associated with PEMs at low normal stress, while retaining their wear‐retarding properties at high normal loads. Anchoring polystyrene‐ block ‐poly(acrylic acid) to the PAH surface of a multilayer film, less than 10 nm thick, enhanced the hardness, and hence the load‐bearing capacity of these structures. The effect of surface capping was most pronounced at high normal stresses, where substantial wear prevention was observed, accompanied by low friction forces. These films are well suited for systems where wear particle generation hinders smooth operation. The second strategy used the in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the PEM matrix for friction reduction. Optimum levels of silver clusters are required at the surface to reduce the friction forces. Finally, multilayer composites were constructed using PAH and multiwall carbon nanotubes. These assemblies exhibited the lowest values of friction among the strategies studied, at all levels of stress; in addition, substrate wear prevention was also achieved. The tribological behavior of the PEM‐modification strategies was correlated with the mechanical properties of the films, elicited by nanoindentation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 439–448, 2004 DA - 2004/4/5/ PY - 2004/4/5/ DO - 10.1002/app.20011 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 439-448 SN - 1097-4628 KW - polyelectrolytes KW - tribology KW - block copolymers KW - nanocomposites KW - nanoindentation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery, nano-silicon-based, disordered carbon composite anodes with different microstructures AU - Zhang, XW AU - Patil, PK AU - Wang, CS AU - Appleby, AJ AU - Little, FE AU - Cocke, DL T2 - JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES AB - Nano-silicon-based disordered carbon composites prepared by mechanical milling and pyrolysis have been examined as anodes of a lithium ion cell. Electrochemical measurements show that the charge–discharge capacity of disordered carbon composites incorporating both silicon-polyparaphenylene (Si-PPP) and silicon-polyvinyl chloride (Si-PVC) with differing silicon contents, decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Si-PVC-based materials have a better cycle life than those based on Si-PPP at the same silicon content. DA - 2004/1/14/ PY - 2004/1/14/ DO - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.07.019 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 206-213 SN - 1873-2755 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178379/ KW - lithium ion battery KW - silicon KW - polyparaphenylene (PPP) KW - polyvinyl chloride (PVC) KW - disordered carbon KW - EIS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monomer sequence mediated mobility in random copolymers under confinement AU - Semler, J. J. AU - Tonelli, A. E. AU - Beevers, M. AU - Genzer, J. T2 - Nature Materials DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of cationization on ink jet printing properties of cotton AU - Kanik, M. AU - Hauser, P. J. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 22-25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Doing business in China AU - Hodge, G. AU - Cassill, N. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crystal structure and melting of natural rubber cis-1,4-polyisoprene AU - Tonelli, A.E. T2 - Macromolecules DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A miscible polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly( vinyl acetate) ternary blend via coalescence from their common gamma-cyclodextrin inclusion compound AU - Rusa, C. C. AU - Uyar, T. AU - Rusa, M. AU - Tonelli, A. E. T2 - Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 42 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of fiber type on fiberweb properties in high-speed carding AU - Doguc N. B., Seyam AU - A. M., AU - Oxenham, W. T2 - International Nonwovens Journal DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 48-53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studies towards lightfast automotive dyes for polyester AU - Freeman, H. S. AU - Berthelon, N. AU - Edwards, L. C. T2 - Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opportunities in the international textile and apparel marketplace for niche markets AU - Parrish, E. D. AU - Cassill, N. L. AU - Oxenham, W. T2 - Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management AB - With the present transient status of many countries’ economies, the international textile industry faces considerable challenges. There are many uncertainties surrounding the global textile market, exacerbated by the foreboding that in 2005, quotas will be eliminated, resulting in “free” trade flows. There is no doubt that manufacturers who have created niche markets will be better positioned to compete in the global marketplace and achieve higher margins for products while yielding greater profitability. This paper is an introduction of a larger study that will examine how niche market definitions are being recast, owing to changing global patterns. This paper addresses what role niche markets will play in 2005. Specific objectives are: to give a broad overview of various trade theories, including classical, neo‐classical, post‐neo‐classical, and modern, in order to determine what, theoretically, the future holds for the US textile and apparel industry. Specifically, focus will be given to the issue of specialization as a result of trade; to explain how the specialization advocated by trade economists relates to niche markets in the US textile and apparel industry; to illustrate how traditional marketing methods differ from niche marketing; and to examine what role niche markets will play in the US textile and apparel industry in 2005. The results of this research study will aid in the formulation of a business strategy that can by utilized to capitalize on niche markets and will provide a research framework for global textile researchers. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1108/13612020410518682 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 41-57 ER - TY - CONF TI - Disruption in the textile supply chain AU - Hodge, G. L. AU - Cassill, N. AU - Gupta, D. C2 - 2004/// C3 - 83rd Textile Institute World Conference, Shanghai China, May 2004 DA - 2004/// PB - Manchester, UK: Textile Institute ER - TY - JOUR TI - Business-to-business models: Classification and textile industry implications AU - Hodge, G. AU - Cagle, C. T2 - AUTEX Research Journal DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 209-229 ER - TY - CONF TI - Automation of warp break repair: Warp break location and frequency in Jacquard weaving AU - Shankam, V. P. AU - Seyam, A. M. AU - Oxenham, W. AU - Hodge, G. AU - Grant, E. C2 - 2004/// C3 - 83rd Textile Institute World Conference, Shanghai China, May 2004 DA - 2004/// PB - Manchester, UK: Textile Institute ER - TY - CONF TI - Quality dyeing for quality textiles by modelling and simulation AU - Zhao, X. AU - Shamey, R. AU - Wardman, R. H. C2 - 2004/// C3 - 83rd Textile Institute World Conference, Shanghai, China DA - 2004/// SP - 1407-1410 ER - TY - CONF TI - Numerical study of fluid flow in package dyeing AU - Shamey, R. AU - Zhao, X. C2 - 2004/// C3 - Industrial Simulation Conference, Malaga, Spain DA - 2004/// SP - 453-457 ER - TY - CONF TI - Numerical simulation and study of fluid flow characteristics in packed-bed reactors AU - Shamey, R. AU - Zhao, X. C2 - 2004/// C3 - 8th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Orlando, USA DA - 2004/// VL - 7 SP - 254-258 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Circuit editing of copper and low-k dielectrics in nanotechnology devices AU - Mosselveld, F AU - Makarov, , VV AU - Lundquist, TR AU - Griffis, DP AU - Russell, PE T2 - JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY AB - Summary Circuit editing of integrated circuit (IC) devices fabricated in 100‐nm and smaller technologies has moved IC microsurgery into nanosurgery. Although the dimensions are challenging, an additional challenge is to mill the dielectric materials that are employed controllably. There are interesting biological similarities as carbon content and porosity increase in order to minimize the dielectric constant. These porous organic materials are extremely delicate and are readily carbonized under the ion beam. Besides minimizing carbonization, the etching of these materials must be minimized during the removal of a metallized area. A further challenge has been caused by the continuing tightening of fabrication specifications; the dielectric materials are dispersed (although not randomly) within the metallizations in order to reduce variations during a planarization process. In addition, to improve planarization tolerances, dummy metallizations are placed in regions where the need is only mechanical and not electrical. Neither of these ‘extra’ structures is readily available to assist in edit planning. To address these dielectrics and the structures in which they are found, several techniques – including chemistries – have been developed. Methods to increase the etching of metallization relative to the dielectric are reviewed, including chemistries that improve the selectivity of copper to dielectric. DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1111/j.0022-2720.2004.01337.x VL - 214 SP - 246-251 SN - 1365-2818 KW - copper etching KW - device modification KW - low-k dielectrics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular mixing of incompatible polymers through formation of and coalescence from their common crystalline cyclodextrin inclusion compounds AU - Rusa, CC AU - Wei, M AU - Shuai, X AU - Bullions, TA AU - Wang, X AU - Rusa, M AU - Uyar, T AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract We describe the successful mixing of polymer pairs and triplets that are normally incompatible to form blends that possess molecular‐level homogeneity. This is achieved by the simultaneous formation of crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) between host cyclodextrins (CDs) and two or more guest polymers, followed by coalescing the included guest polymers from their common CD–ICs to form blends. Several such CD–IC fabricated blends, including both polymer1/polymer2 binary and polymer1/ polymer2/polymer3 ternary blends, are described and examined by means of X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and solid‐state NMR to probe their levels of mixing. It is generally observed that homogeneous blends with a molecular‐level mixing of blend components is achieved, even when the blend components are normally immiscible by the usual solution and melt blending techniques. In addition, when block copolymers composed of inherently immiscible blocks are coalesced from their CD–ICs, significant suppression of their normal phase‐segregated morphologies generally occurs. Preliminary observations of the thermal and temporal stabilities of the CD–IC coalesced blends and block copolymers are reported, and CD–IC fabrication of polymer blends and reorganization of block copolymers are suggested as a potentially novel means to achieve a significant expansion of the range of useful polymer materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4207–4224, 2004 DA - 2004/12/1/ PY - 2004/12/1/ DO - 10.1002/polb.20272 VL - 42 IS - 23 SP - 4207-4224 SN - 1099-0488 KW - polymer blends KW - intimate mixing KW - cyclodextrin KW - inclusion complexes KW - block copolymers KW - compatibilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis and gas barrier characterization of poly(ethylene isophthalate) AU - Kotek, R AU - Pang, K AU - Schmidt, B AU - Tonelli, A T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract Poly(ethylene isophthalate) (PEI) was synthesized for this research with essentially a condensation polymerization of isophthalic acid and ethylene glycol catalyzed by zinc acetate and antimony trioxide. Several samples were obtained, and their characteristics were observed and compared with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The synthesized PEI samples were chemically identified by 1 H NMR. Thermal analysis with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) yielded results that indicate the samples were primarily amorphous, with a glass‐transition temperature of 55–60 °C. Molecular weights of these PEI samples were also obtained through intrinsic viscosity measurements (Mark–Houwink equation). Molecular weights varied with conditions of the polymerization, and the highest molecular weight achieved was 21,000 g/mol. Finally, the diffusion coefficient, solubility, and permeability of CO 2 gas in PEI were measured and found to be substantially lower than in PET, as anticipated from their isomeric chemical structures. This is because in PET the phenyl rings are substituted in the para (1,4) positions, which allows for their facile flipping, effectively permitting gases to pass through. However, the meta‐substituted phenyl rings in PEI do not permit such ring flipping, and thus PEI may be more suitable for barrier applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4247–4254, 2004 DA - 2004/12/1/ PY - 2004/12/1/ DO - 10.1002/polb.20284 VL - 42 IS - 23 SP - 4247-4254 SN - 0887-6266 KW - barrier KW - diffusion KW - polyesters KW - step-growth polymerization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of variations in skin model on evaluation of thermal protective clothing performance AU - Song, G. W. AU - Barker, R. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 11 SP - 21-24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlling the polymorphic behaviors of semicrystalline polymers with cyclodextrins AU - Rusa, CC AU - Wei, M AU - Bullions, TA AU - Rusa, M AU - Gomez, MA AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Wang, XG AU - Shin, ID AU - Balik, CM AU - White, JL AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN AB - We present a review of our initial studies concerning the control of polymorphism in semicrystalline polymers with cyclodextrins (CDs). CDs are cyclic starch oligomers with six (α-CD), seven (β-CD), and eight (γ-CD) α-1,4-linked glucose units possessing bracelet structures with hydrophobic and hydrophilic interiors and exteriors, respectively. They are able to act as hosts to form noncovalent inclusion compounds (ICs) with a large variety of guest molecules, including a wide range of high molecular weight guest polymers. In polymer-CD-ICs, the CD host crystalline lattice consists of hexagonally packed CD stacks with guest polymers occupying the narrow channels (∼0.5−1.0 nm) extending down the interiors of the stacked CDs. As a consequence, the included guest polymers must adopt highly extended conformations and are segregated from neighboring guest polymer chains. When the host CDs are appropriately removed from polymer-CD-ICs, the included guest polymers are forced to coalesce into a pure polymer solid, which has been observed to affect their conformations, morphologies, and, for crystallizable polymers, even their polymorphism. Here we present a comparison of the polymorphism observed in nylon-6, PET, polycarbonate, and the polyolefins, isotactic-polypropylene and -poly-1-butene, coalesced from their CD-ICs with that observed when they are crystallized from their melts and/or solutions. Generally, a higher level of crystallinity and higher melting and melt recrystallization temperatures are observed for the CD-IC coalesced samples, and they also often crystallize into different polymorphs. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1021/cg049821w VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 1431-1441 SN - 1528-7505 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanocomposite electrolytes using single-ion conducting fumed silica AU - Zhang, XW AU - Khan, SA AU - Fedkiw, PS T2 - ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS AB - Fumed silica surfaces were chemically modified to form single-ion conductors by attaching lithium-exchanged anionic groups (lithium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate, LiAMPS) to surface methacrylates on Degussa R711 fumed silica (abbreviated as R711-pLiAMPS). Surface lithium-ion contents varying from 0.7 to 9.1 nm−2 were synthesized. Conductivity and transference number measurements were conducted on nanocomposite electrolytes containing polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether A maximum room-temperature conductivity of S cm−1 was obtained at a surface content of 4.2 nm−2 and a Li:O mole ratio of 1:100 (15.8 wt % filler) with a transference number of 0.59. A maximum transference number of 0.78 was achieved at a surface surface content of 4.2 nm−2 and a Li:O mole ratio of 1:20 (48.5 wt % filler) with a conductivity of S cm−1. Adding lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to the samples enhances room-temperature conductivity by more than two orders of magnitude while still maintaining a relatively high transference number. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1149/1.1792267 VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - A361-A364 SN - 1944-8775 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178367/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fabrication of inclusion compounds with solid host gamma-cyclodextrins and water-soluble guest polymers: Inclusion of poly(N-acylethylenimine)s in gamma-cyclodextrin channels as monitored by solution H-1 NMR AU - Rusa, M AU - Wang, XW AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - We successfully report the formation of poly(N-acylethylenimine)−γ-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds (PNAI-γ-CD ICs). The PNAI-γ-CD ICs were obtained by three techniques:  (a) the precipitation of γ... DA - 2004/9/7/ PY - 2004/9/7/ DO - 10.1021/ma040081+ VL - 37 IS - 18 SP - 6898-6903 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlling the behaviors of biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers with cyclodextrins AU - Rusa, CC AU - Shuai, X AU - Shin, ID AU - Bullions, TA AU - Wei, M AU - Porbeni, FE AU - Lu, J AU - Huang, L AU - Fox, J AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT DA - 2004/7// PY - 2004/7// DO - 10.1023/B:JOOE.0000038547.36750.78 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 157-163 SN - 1572-8919 KW - bioabsorbable KW - biodegradable KW - polymers KW - cyclodextrins ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utilization of electron impact ionization of gaseous and sputtered species in the secondary ion acceleration region of a magnetic sector SIMS instrument AU - Pivovarov, A AU - Gu, C AU - Stevie, F AU - Griffis, D T2 - APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE AB - Negative secondary ion insulator analysis using a normal incidence electron gun (NEG) on CAMECA magnetic sector SIMS instruments can be difficult due to an inability to adequately determine the electron beam impact region during NEG alignment. The electron impact energy is too low to utilize phosphor cathodoluminescent materials that can be used for NEG alignment for positive secondary ion analyses. Detection of electron beam desorbed H− is often used for NEG alignment, but the presence of H on the surface is not always uniform and it is transient, making it difficult to determine whether variations in the H− secondary ion intensity are due to non-uniformity of the electron beam or of the H on the sample. To overcome this difficulty, a new technique has been developed that takes advantage of sputtering of the sample surface by positive ions created by electron impact ionization in the spectrometer secondary ion acceleration region between the sample and the immersion lens of the mass spectrometer. The formation of the ions occurs by interaction of residual gas species in the spectrometer secondary ion acceleration region with the NEG electron beam. This method is used to align the NEG for negative secondary ion charge neutralization. DA - 2004/6/15/ PY - 2004/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.069 VL - 231 SP - 781-785 SN - 1873-5584 KW - charge neutralization KW - electron gun KW - negative secondary ions KW - magnetic sector ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unique morphological and thermal behaviors of reorganized poly(ethylene terephthalates) AU - Wei, M AU - Bullions, TA AU - Rusa, CC AU - Wang, XW AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract Bulk poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET has been reorganized both morphologically and conformationally by processing from its inclusion complex (IC) formed with γ‐cyclodextrin (CD). In the narrow channels of its γ‐CD‐IC crystals the included guest PET chains are isolated from neighboring PET chains and the ethylene glycol (EG) units adopt the highly extended g ± tg ∓ kink conformations, whose cross‐sectional diameters are ∼80% of the diameter of the fully extended, all‐trans crystalline PET conformer, though they are nearly (∼95%) as extended. When the highly extended, unentangled guest PET chains are coalesced from their γ‐CD‐IC crystals by exposure to hot water, host γ‐CDs are removed and the PET chains are presumably consolidated into a bulk sample with a morphology and constituent chain conformations not normally found in PET samples solidified from their randomly coiling, possibly entangled, disordered melts and solutions. Observations by polarized light and atomic force microscopies provide visual evidence for widely different semicrystalline morphologies developed in coalesced and as‐received PETs when crystallized from their melts, with possibly chain extended, small crystals and spherulitic, chain‐folded, large crystals, respectively. DSC observations reveal that coalesced PET is rapidly crystallizable from the melt, while as‐received PET is slow to crystallize and is easily quenched into a totally amorphous sample. Analyses of 13 C‐NMR data strongly indicate that the PET chains in the noncrystalline regions of the coalesced sample remain predominantly in the highly extended kink conformations, with g ± tg ∓ EG units, which are required by their inclusion into PET‐γ‐CD‐IC crystals, while the predominantly amorphous PET chains in the as‐received sample have high concentrations of gauche ± CH 2 CH 2  and trans OCH 2 ,CH 2 O EG bond conformations. 13 C‐NMR T 1 ( 13 C) and T 1ρ ( 1 H) relaxation studies show no evidence of a glass transition for coalesced PET, while the as‐received sample shows abrupt changes in both the MHz [ T 1 ( 13 C)] and kHz [T 1ρ ( 1 H)] motions at T ∼ T g . Preliminary observations of differences in their macroscopic properties are attributed to the very different morphologies and conformations of the constituent chains in these PET samples. Apparently the kink conformers in the noncrystalline regions of coalesced PET are at least partially retained for extended periods even in the melt and are rapidly crystallized upon cooling. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 386–394, 2004 DA - 2004/2/1/ PY - 2004/2/1/ DO - 10.1002/polb.10681 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 386-394 SN - 1099-0488 KW - morphology KW - thermal behavior KW - reorganized poly(ethylene terephthalates) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stimuli-reponsive polymers and their bioconjugates AU - Gil, ES AU - Hudson, SM T2 - PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Stimuli responsive polymers can provide a variety of applications for the biomedical fields. The interest in these polymers has exponentially increased due to their promising potential. Among them, temperature and pH responsive mechanisms have been considerably investigated because they are relatively convenient and effective stimuli in many applications. In this review, our main purposes are focused on temperature and pH responsive polymer systems and additionally the other stimuli-based responsive polymers will be assessed. Dozens of reviews have been recently reported to introduce the field of stimuli responsive polymers. However, most of these reviews have been focused on one specific application such as drug delivery or one specific physical form such as hydrogels. In our point of view, the whole range of applications and physical forms of stimuli responsive polymers will be elucidated, which is more helpful to design new approaches because the basic concepts and mechanisms are systematically connected. This means that any new advanced concepts and mechanisms can be utilized in a variety of other applications as well as other physical forms. Also, we will describe the classification of stimuli responsive polymers by their mechanism of response to stimuli. Moreover, this review focuses on recent approaches of molecular designs which are extremely necessary to develop more desirable and functional stimuli responsive polymers. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.08.003 VL - 29 IS - 12 SP - 1173-1222 SN - 1873-1619 KW - stimuli responsive KW - temperature responsive KW - pH responsive KW - smart polymer KW - intelligent polymer KW - hydrogels KW - micelles KW - bioconjugates KW - drug delivery KW - poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) KW - PNIPAAm KW - PEO KW - PPO KW - block copolymer KW - LCST KW - polyacids KW - polybases ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spectral spaces and color spaces AU - Ramanath, R AU - Kuehni, RG AU - Snyder, WE AU - Hinks, D T2 - COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION AB - Abstract It has long been known that color experiences under controlled conditions may be ordered into a color space based on three primary attributes. It is also known that the color of an object depends on its spectral reflectance function, among other factors. Using dimensionality reduction techniques applied to reflectance measurements (in our case a published set of 1 nm interval reflectance functions of Munsell color chips) it is possible to construct 3D spaces of various kinds. In this article we compare color spaces, perceptual or based on dimensionality reduction using color matching functions and additional operations (uniform color space), to spectral spaces derived with a variety of dimensionality reduction techniques. Most spectral spaces put object spectra into the ordinal order of a psychological color space, but so do many random continuous functions. In terms of interval scales there are large differences between color and spectral spaces. In spectral spaces psychophysical metamers are located in different places. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 29–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10211 DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1002/col.10211 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 29-37 SN - 1520-6378 KW - color spaces KW - metamerism KW - Munsell system KW - spectral spaces KW - spectrophotometry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Solution rheology of hydrophobically modified associative polymers: Effects of backbone composition and hydrophobe concentration AU - Abdala, AA AU - Wu, WJ AU - Olesen, KR AU - Jenkins, RD AU - Khan, SA T2 - JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY AB - We investigate the effects of polymer molecular structure on the solution rheology of a hydrophobically modified associative polymer comprised of macromonomers with alkyl hydrophobes attached to a poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid) backbone. In particular, the effect of polymer backbone composition with variable proportions of methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethyl acrylate (EA) are examined. We find that the concentration of the MAA monomer has a large impact on polymer viscoelasticity. Polymers with low MAA content have smaller hydrodynamic size that result in lower viscosities and dynamic elastic moduli compared to polymers with high MAA content. Moreover, the balance between the polymer hydrodynamic size, the chain flexibility, and the aggregation of the EA blocks yield maxima in these material functions with respect to the MAA concentration. The scaling of shear viscosity, high frequency elastic modulus, and creep compliance with polymer concentration exhibits power-law behavior with different exponents. In all cases, three power-law regimes, regardless of the MAA content, are observed that can be attributed to the presence of different modes of hydrophobic interaction. However, the transitions shift to lower concentrations as the MAA content increases. With regards to the effects of the macromonomer side-chain concentration, we observe a substantial increase in viscosity at intermediate macromonomer content (1 mol %), possibly due to an increase in the number of intermolecular junctions as the number of hydrophobes per chain increases. This is in contrast to (i) low macromonomer concentration (0.3 mol %) behavior that reveals low viscosity due to weak hydrophobic associations, and (ii) high macromonomer concentration (1.9 mol %) behavior that favors more intramolecular association resulting in lower viscoelastic properties compared to intermediate macromonomer concentrations. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1122/1.1773781 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 979-994 SN - 1520-8516 ER - TY - JOUR TI - O-2(+) versus Cs+ for high depth resolution depth profiling of III-V nitride-based semiconductor devices AU - Kachan, M AU - Hunter, J AU - Kouzminov, D AU - Pivovarov, A AU - Gu, J AU - Stevie, F AU - Griffis, D T2 - APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE AB - Abstract Optimum depth resolution with adequate sensitivity for the elements of interest is required to obtain the information desired from SIMS analysis of multilayer nitride III–V structures. For many of the species of interest, particularly the p-type dopants, O2+ bombardment at low energy is often used. Use of Cs+ bombardment and detection of the cesium attachment secondary ions (CsM+ where M is the element of interest) may provide several advantages over O2+ analysis. Using similar low primary ion impact energy analysis conditions for O2+ and Cs+ on CAMECA IMS-6f and IMS-4f instruments, the depth resolution obtained for positive secondary ions is compared. DA - 2004/6/15/ PY - 2004/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.211 VL - 231 SP - 684-687 SN - 1873-5584 KW - Cs cluster ions KW - GaN KW - depth resolution ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nanostructuring high molecular weight isotactic polyolefins via processing with gamma-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. Formation and characterization of polyolefin-gamma-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds AU - Rusa, CC AU - Rusa, M AU - Gomez, M AU - Shin, ID AU - Fox, JD AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - The present paper deals with the formation and detailed characterization of the γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) inclusion compounds (ICs) formed with two different high molecular weight isotactic polyolefins, i.e., polypropylene (i-PP) and poly(butene-1) (i-PB). Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solid-state 13C NMR, and FT-infrared (FTIR) observations were used to prove the inclusion of the guest polymer chains into the narrow channels provided by the stacks of the doughnut-shape CD molecules. The main aim of polyolefin inclusion into a solid host lattice like γ-CD is to extend and reorganize their conformations, with the hope of improving their commercial properties following their coalescence from their ICs. In the second part of the paper, both coalesced i-PP and i-PB obtained after the host γ-CD is removed reveal different characteristics as compared with the as-received or corresponding control samples. DA - 2004/10/19/ PY - 2004/10/19/ DO - 10.1021/ma0489164 VL - 37 IS - 21 SP - 7992-7999 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling the thermal protective performance of heat resistant garments in flash fire exposures AU - Song, GW AU - Barker, RL AU - Hamouda, H AU - Kuznetsov, AV AU - Chitrphiromsri, P AU - Grimes, RV T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This research developes a numerical model to predict skin burn injury resulting from heat transfer through a protective garment worn by an instrumented manikin exposed to laboratory-controlled flash fire exposures. This model incorporates characteristics of the simulated flash fire generated in the chamber and the heat-induced changes in fabric thermophysical properties. The model also accounts for clothing air layers between the garment and the manikin. The model is validated using an instrumented manikin fire test system. Results from the numerical model help contribute to a better understanding of the heat transfer process in protective garments exposed to intense flash fires, and to establishing systematic methods for engineering materials and garments to produce optimum thermal protective performance. DA - 2004/12// PY - 2004/12// DO - 10.1177/004051750407401201 VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - 1033-1040 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extrusion and analysis of nylon/montmorillonite nanocomposite filaments AU - McCord, M. G. AU - Matthews, S. R. AU - Hudson, S. M. T2 - Journal of Advanced Materials DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 44-56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of a fiber-reactive chitosan derivative to cotton fabric as an antimicrobial textile finish AU - Lim, SH AU - Hudson, SM T2 - CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS AB - A fiber-reactive chitosan derivative, O-acrylamidomethyl-N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl] chitosan chloride (NMA-HTCC), was applied to cotton fabrics by a cold pad-batch method in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to evaluate its use as a durable antimicrobial textile finish. The antimicrobial activities of the NMA-HTCC treated cotton fabrics were evaluated quantitatively against Staphylococcus aureus. The cotton treated with NMA-HTCC at a concentration of 1% on weight of fabric showed 100% of bacterial reduction. The activity was maintained over 99% even after being exposed to 50 consecutive home laundering condition. The effect of an anionic surfactant on the antimicrobial activity of the NMA-HTCC treated fabric was discussed. DA - 2004/6/4/ PY - 2004/6/4/ DO - 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.02.005 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 227-234 SN - 1879-1344 KW - antimicrobial textile finish KW - chitosan KW - cotton KW - fiber-reactive chitosan derivative ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woven fabric-based electrical circuits - Part II: Yarn and fabric structures to reduce crosstalk noise in woven fabric-based circuits AU - Dhawan, A AU - Ghosh, TK AU - Seyam, AM AU - Muth, JF T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - One important problem in electronic textiles is crosstalk and lack of signal integrity between conductive lines. Two significant advantages of electronic textiles over tradi tional circuit boards are flexibility and the ability to scale to large areas. Capacitive and inductive crosstalk is aggravated by long parallel conductors, and varies as the electronic textile is flexed into different configurations. This paper evaluates crosstalk between woven parallel conductors. Two new thread structures—coaxial and twisted pair copper threads—to minimize cross talk are developed and evaluated. Significant reductions in crosstalk are obtained with the coaxial and twisted pair thread structures when compared with bare copper threads or insulated conductive threads. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1177/004051750407401103 VL - 74 IS - 11 SP - 955-960 SN - 1746-7748 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unusual polymerization of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride on PET substrates AU - El Ola, SMA AU - Kotek, R AU - White, WC AU - Reeve, JA AU - Hauser, P AU - Kim, JH T2 - POLYMER AB - 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (AEM 5700) is a trifunctional monomer that can be polymerized under acidic conditions at temperatures greater than 100 °C. Under such conditions, coatings based on AEM 5700 formed on PET substrates are relatively hydrophobic and exhibit rewetting times higher than 100 min. Hydrophilic coatings exhibiting a rewetting time of 2.8 min can be also formed when AEM 5700 is initially hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions and then polymerized under acidic conditions. This effect could be related to the accessibility of unreacted hydroxyl groups and quaternary ammonium groups for interaction with water. Excellent antimicrobial action was demonstrated for all coatings based on AEM 5700 on PET substrates. Polyester fabrics having AEM 5700 coating can be dyed with direct dyes. The loss of hydrophilic properties for AEM 5700 coatings is observed after dyeing with direct dyes. DA - 2004/5/11/ PY - 2004/5/11/ DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.041 VL - 45 IS - 10 SP - 3215-3225 SN - 1873-2291 KW - silane polymerization KW - trimethoxysilane KW - ammonium salts ER - TY - JOUR TI - Two-phase channel structures based on alpha-cyclodextrin-polyethylene glycol inclusion complexes AU - Topchieva, IN AU - Tonelli, AE AU - Panova, IG AU - Matuchina, EV AU - Kalashnikov, FA AU - Gerasimov, , VI AU - Rusa, CC AU - Rusa, M AU - Hunt, MA T2 - LANGMUIR AB - Wide-angle X-ray scattering observations of α-cyclodextrin (CD)−poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) inclusion complexes (ICs) have shown for the first time that two crystalline columnar modifications (forms I and II) are produced in the process of their formation. This was made possible by precise azimuthal X-ray diffraction scanning of oriented IC samples. Form I is characterized by CDs threaded onto PEG chains and arranged along channels in the order head-to-head/tail-to-tail, while form II is formed by unbound CDs also arranged into columns in a head-to-tail and also possibly a head-to-head/tail-to-tail manner, probably as a result of template crystallization on the form I IC crystals. It was shown that similar structural peculiarities are inherent for channel structures based on ICs obtained with PEG with a wide range of molecular weights (MWs). The characteristic feature of ICs based on PEG, especially with MW > 8000, is the presence of unbound polymer in the composition of the complex. The amount of unbound PEG was shown to rise with increasing MW of PEG, resulting in greater imperfections in the IC crystalline structure. The polyblock structure of ICs based on α-CD and PEG was therefore proposed. DA - 2004/10/12/ PY - 2004/10/12/ DO - 10.1021/la048970d VL - 20 IS - 21 SP - 9036-9043 SN - 0743-7463 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Toughness enhancements in poly(methyl methacrylate) by addition of oriented multiwall carbon nanotubes AU - Gorga, RE AU - Cohen, RE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract The mechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites were studied as a function of nanotube orientation, length, concentration, and type. Orientation and dispersion were assessed by electron microscopy. A processing parameter study revealed the robust nature of fabricating nanotube/PMMA nanocomposites. An optimal set of extrusion conditions was found for minimizing the aggregate size in single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)/PMMA nanocomposites; this set was also used for the fabrication of the MWNT/PMMA composites. Good dispersion was achieved for MWNTs in PMMA at 0.1–10 wt % loading levels (with the best dispersions at the lower loading levels). The orientation of MWNTs in PMMA proved to be the only way to substantially toughen the nanocomposite. A level of 1 wt % MWNTs in PMMA (oriented nanocomposite) exhibited the largest increase in tensile toughness with a 170% improvement over oriented PMMA. Increases in the modulus and yield strength were not nearly as pronounced (and occurred only at the highest loading of MWNTs, which was 10 wt %) with increases of 38 and 25%, respectively. A failure mechanism was proposed in which orientation of the MWNTs (normal to the direction of craze propagation and crack development) enabled them to toughen the brittle PMMA by bridging cracks that developed (via craze precursors) during the tensile test. None of the nanotube/PMMA composites showed mechanical properties close to the values expected from simple rule of mixture and orientation considerations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2690–2702, 2004 DA - 2004/7/15/ PY - 2004/7/15/ DO - 10.1002/polb.20126 VL - 42 IS - 14 SP - 2690-2702 SN - 0887-6266 KW - nanotube dispersion KW - poly(methyl methacrylate) KW - tensile properties KW - nanocomposite extrusion KW - melt processing KW - electron microscopy KW - impact strength ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface modification of organic polymer films treated in atmospheric plasmas AU - Hwang, YJ AU - Matthews, S AU - McCord, M AU - Bourham, M T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY AB - The effect of plasma treatment on surface characteristics of polyethylene terephthalate films was investigated using helium and oxygenated-helium atmospheric plasmas. Sample exposure to plasma was conducted in a closed ventilation test cell inside the main plasma chamber with variable exposure times. The percent weigh loss of the samples showed an initial increase followed by decrease with extended exposure time, indicating a combined mechanism of etching and redeposition. The wettability as measured by the contact angle showed a sharp initial increase followed by a steady-state trend with increased exposure time, suggesting a change in surface functionality. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed increase in surface roughness, as well as evidence of redeposition of etched volatiles. Functionality changes were measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and these changes were correlated to the new plasma-induced properties. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1149/1.1756891 VL - 151 IS - 7 SP - C495-C501 SN - 1945-7111 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studies toward a universal dye for textile fibres AU - Suwanruji, P. AU - Freeman, H. S. AU - Zhao, D. F. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - A new organic dye was synthesised as part of an approach to producing a dye that could be applied to any of a variety of widely used fibre types. The dye synthesised is best described as a disperse‐reactive dye and was obtained from a sequence of reactions that used an acid yellow dye as a starting compound. Dichlorotriazine was used as the reactive group in the target dye and the chemical structures of the new dye and its precursors were confirmed using 1 H NMR, mass spectrometry and FTIR analyses. In the neutral form, the dye was suitable for polyester, nylon and wool fibres. When the pH was adjusted to 9 it dyed cotton, albeit in a pastel shade only. By adding N, N ‐dimethylethylenediamine to the dyebath, the dye could be applied to acrylic fabric at pH 5. The fastness of the dyed fibres was also evaluated. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00121.x VL - 120 IS - 5 SP - 220-225 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Novel testing system for evaluating the thermal stability of polyol ester lubricants AU - Wang, DX AU - Mousavi, P AU - Hauser, PJ AU - Oxenham, W AU - Grant, CS T2 - INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AB - This paper reports the development of a novel testing system for evaluating the thermal stability of polyol ester lubricants. The thermal degradation of three pentaerythritol tetrapelargonate based lubricants in the temperature range of 180−220 °C was studied using the developed comprehensive system. The system includes (1) a high-temperature quartz crystal microbalance for the real-time, in situ measurement of the solid residual deposition on metal surfaces and the viscosity change of thermally stressed liquid phase; (2) an on-line gas chromatograph for monitoring the volatiles generation in real time; and (3) an off-line gel permeation chromatograph for determining the molecular weight distribution of the liquid-phase products. The results indicate that the strategy can provide an integrated picture of the thermal stability of lubricants by providing quantitative, real-time, in situ information on gas-, liquid-, and solid-phase products during the thermal decomposition of the lubricants. DA - 2004/10/13/ PY - 2004/10/13/ DO - 10.1021/ie030782f VL - 43 IS - 21 SP - 6638-6646 SN - 0888-5885 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved charge neutralization method for depth profiling of bulk insulators using O-2(+) primary beam on a magnetic sector SIMS instrument AU - Pivovarov, AL AU - Stevie, FA AU - Griffis, DP T2 - APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE AB - Use of electrons for charge neutralization during positive secondary ion SIMS analysis of insulators has typically been achieved using coincident primary ion and electron beams. The normal incidence electron gun on CAMECA magnetic sector SIMS instruments can effectively eliminate sample charging during analysis of thin insulating films if the electron energy is sufficient to penetrate the film. However, positive secondary ion SIMS bulk insulator analysis using this instrument can be difficult, especially if high sputtering rates are required. A neutralization method has been developed utilizing electron beam impact of a region adjacent to the sputtered area. Prior to analysis, the surface of the sample is coated with gold which provides a conductive surface layer and which has a high secondary and backscattered electron yield. Results have been obtained showing excellent neutralization for a variety of bulk insulators including glass, silica, alumina, and lithium niobate. Sputtering rates exceeding 2 nm/s have been achieved in bulk silica. The technique should be applicable to minerals and possibly for other materials in cases where the analyzed area cannot be directly irradiated with an electron beam. DA - 2004/6/15/ PY - 2004/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.070 VL - 231 SP - 786-790 SN - 1873-5584 KW - charge neutralization KW - electron gun KW - magnetic sector ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating hydrogen peroxide bleaching with cationic bleach activators in a cold pad-batch process AU - Gursoy, N. C. AU - Lim, S. H. AU - Hinks, D. AU - Hauser, P. T2 - Textile Research Journal AB - Bleach activators generate peracids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and alkali that are more potent oxidizing agents than hydrogen peroxide under comparable bleaching conditions. The effects of key bleaching parameters (activator concentration, hydrogen peroxide, chelant, and pH) on the performance of cold pad-batch bleaching on cotton are investigated. Optimized recipes are determined for two cationic activators, N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl) benzyl]ca prolactam chloride and 6-( N,N,N-trimethylammonio) hexanoyl caprolactam p-toluenesulfo nate, using a central composite experimental design. The laboratory optimized conditions are used for pilot plant scale bleaching of cotton knit fabric. CIE whiteness index values are calculated from measured reflectance data of the pilot scale bleaching and are in close agreement with those predicted by the experiment. A high level of whiteness ( CIE WI > 70) is achieved for both activators with 8-hour batching, and measurements of the degree of polymerization of the bleached and greige fabrics show little fiber damage in each case. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1177/004051750407401106 VL - 74 IS - 11 SP - 970-976 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dyeing characteristics of a Tencel alloy fibre AU - Ahmed, S.I. AU - Hawkyard, C.J. AU - Shamey, R. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - The exceptional characteristics of Tencel have been modified by incorporating poly(ethylene terephthalate) during solvent spinning, giving the novel Tencel alloy. The present work involved studying the dyeing characteristics of Tencel and Tencel alloy using a range of multifunctional reactive dyes. The fibrillation properties of the fibres was also investigated. Scanning electron microscope studies were carried out to observe the degree of fibrillation of these fibres after wet treatment. Optical microscopy was also carried out to confirm the absence of ring dyeing in fibres dyed using the padding technique. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00126.x VL - 120 IS - 5 SP - 247-253 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-7744241895&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - PAT TI - Cellulose solvent compositions and methods of making and employing same AU - Cuculo, J. A. AU - Hattori, K. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - An intimate polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl acetate) ternary blend via coalescence from their common inclusion compound with gamma-cyclodextrin AU - Rusa, CC AU - Uyar, T AU - Rusa, M AU - Hunt, MA AU - Wang, XW AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract In this study, we successfully report an intimate ternary blend system of polycarbonate (PC)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) obtained by the simultaneous coalescence of the three guest polymers from their common γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) inclusion compound (IC). The thermal transitions and the homogeneity of the coalesced ternary blend were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The observation of a single, common glass transition strongly suggests the presence of a homogeneous amorphous phase in the coalesced ternary polymer blend. This was further substantiated by solid‐state 13 C NMR observation of the T 1ρ ( 1 H)s for each of the blend components. For comparison, ternary blends of PC/PMMA/PVAc were also prepared by traditional coprecipitation and solution casting methods. TGA data showed a thermal stability for the coalesced ternary blend that was improved over the coprecipitated blend, which was phase‐segregated. The presence of possible interactions between the three polymer components was investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis indicates that the ternary blend of these polymers achieved by coalescence from their common γ‐CD–IC results in a homogeneous polymer blend, possibly with improved properties, whereas coprecipitation and solution cast methods produced phase separated polymer blends. It was also found that control of the component polymer molar ratios plays a key role in the miscibility of their coalesced ternary blends. Coalescence of two or more normally immiscible polymers from their common CD–ICs appears to be a general method for obtaining well‐mixed, intimate blends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4182–4194, 2004 DA - 2004/11/15/ PY - 2004/11/15/ DO - 10.1002/polb.20273 VL - 42 IS - 22 SP - 4182-4194 SN - 1099-0488 KW - cyclodextrin KW - inclusion compound KW - miscibility KW - ternary blend KW - polycarbonate KW - poly(methyl methacrylate) KW - poly(vinyl acetate) KW - compatibilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - The mechanism of crimp removal in synthetic staple fibers - Part II: Correlating single fiber crimp and carding parameters AU - Bauer-Kurz, I AU - Oxenham, W AU - Shiffler, DA T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - Fiber crimp behavior is an important parameter for processing performance and product quality. In Part I, we quantified the mechanical behavior of a fiber during crimp removal based on load-extension data. A logarithmic function can be used to characterize the shape of the load-extension curve during crimp removal. Characteristic parameters for three different kinds of PET fibers are interpreted in terms of crimp processing settings and correlated with processing performance during carding. DA - 2004/5// PY - 2004/5// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400503 VL - 74 IS - 5 SP - 387-393 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface hydrolysis of filaments based on poly(trimethylene terephthalate) spun at high spinning speeds AU - Kotek, R AU - Jung, DW AU - Kim, JH AU - Smith, B AU - Guzman, P AU - Schmidt, B T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract The surface alkaline hydrolysis of fibers made from poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) was studied after extruding the polymer at high spinning speeds from 2000 to 6000 m/min and heat setting in the range of temperatures from 100 to 180°C. Fiber weight loss increased with an increasing heat‐setting temperature but it was also dependent on the spinning speed. Some of the partially hydrolyzed fibers had a well‐developed, hydrophilic surface, and pore size in the range of 0.69 to 1.20 μm. The optimum reaction and morphological conditions for increasing porosity in PTT fibers depends on spinning speed and heat‐setting temperature. A temperature of 180°C is the upper limit for heat‐setting PTT filaments but seems to be the most effective for making porous fibers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1724–1730, 2004 DA - 2004/5/5/ PY - 2004/5/5/ DO - 10.1002/app.20132 VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - 1724-1730 SN - 0021-8995 KW - poly(trimethylene terephthalate) KW - polyesters KW - alkaline hydrolysis KW - porous fibers KW - high speed spinning KW - extrusion KW - polyesters KW - surfaces ER - TY - JOUR TI - Studies on poly(trimethylene terephthalate) filaments containing silver AU - El Ola, SMA AU - Kotek, R AU - King, M AU - Kim, JH AU - Monticello, R AU - Reeve, JA T2 - JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION AB - Two methods were used to incorporate silver ions into poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) fibers. The first technique involved the direct addition of silver (I) sulfadiazine into PTT polymer prior to extrusion. The second method involved the use of silver-exchanged zeolites. Although no optimization with silver-exchanged zeolites was conducted, this study clearly showed that PTT fibers containing sufficient amounts of silver ions are effective in reducing pathological-microorganisms such as Escherichia coli. Incorporation of silver-exchanged zeolites into PTT imparted a silver color to the fibers which may be attributed to the partial reduction of silver ions during spinning at 256 degrees C. Because of the decomposition of silver (I) sulfadiazine, the spinnability of PTT fiber sample was not satisfactory and, therefore, this compound cannot be used as a carrier of silver ions in PTT. The thermal, tensile and antimicrobial properties of the spun filaments are reported in this paper. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1163/1568562042459724 VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - 1545-1559 SN - 1568-5624 KW - antimicrobial fibers KW - silver ions KW - zeolite KW - poly(trimethylene terephthalate) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Secondary ion mass spectrometry backside analysis of barrier layers for copper diffusion AU - Gu, C AU - Pivovarov, A AU - Garcia, R AU - Stevie, F AU - Griffis, D AU - Moran, J AU - Kulig, L AU - Richards, JF T2 - JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B AB - Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) backside analyses have been performed on a Cu/TaN/Ta/SiO2/Si structure to determine barrier effectiveness for Cu diffusion. Sample backside access to the barrier layers was obtained by removal of the Si substrate using a polishing method that maintains parallelism between the sample surface and the polished back side by monitoring changes in facets at the four corners of the specimen. Determination of the Si thickness remaining during the polishing process was improved through the use of optical interference measurements using a narrow band pass optical filter. Samples having slopes with respect to the original surface less than 6 nm over 60 μm have been obtained. A difference in polishing rate between SiO2 and Si was exploited to obtain this parallelism. For SIMS analyses, the presence of a SiO2 layer required electron gun charge neutralization for the O2+ 0.5 keV impact energy analysis. SIMS analyses show the ability to distinguish all layers and to monitor copper through the barrier material. With the high depth resolution conditions used, SIMS analyses were able to provide detailed elemental distribution information such as the presence of nitrogen at specific interfaces. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1116/1.1617278 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 350-354 SN - 1071-1023 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Partial miscibility in a nylon-6/nylon-66 blend coalesced from their common alpha-cyclodextrin inclusion complex AU - Wei, M AU - Shin, ID AU - Urban, B AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS AB - Abstract We successfully formed a series of inclusion complexes (ICs) between an α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) host and two kinds of guest polymers, nylon‐6 and nylon‐66. An attempt to achieve an intimate blend between nylon‐6 and nylon‐66 through the formation and dissociation of their common α‐CD IC was made. The formation of all nylon ICs was verified with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and cross‐polarized/magic‐angle‐spinning 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The experimental results demonstrated that α‐CD could only host single nylon polymer chains in the IC channels, either nylon‐6 or nylon‐66 in their own complexes, and presumably either nylon in neighboring channels of their common IC. The IC‐coalesced blend of nylon‐6 and nylon‐66 was obtained after the removal of the host cyclodextrin from their common IC with dimethyl sulfoxide. The spectroscopic results (FTIR and 13 C NMR) illustrated that there was a degree of intimate miscibility existing in the IC‐coalesced blend, but not in the solution‐cast physical blend, although X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that the crystal structure of the IC‐coalesced blend was similar to that of the physical blend. DSC thermal profiles suggested that nylon‐66 first formed crystals during coalescence and that the subsequent crystallization of nylon‐6 was greatly affected by the nylon‐66 crystallites because of the close proximity of the two components in portions of the coalesced blend. DSC observations also demonstrated that the melting of the coalesced blend did not lead to complete phase separation of the nylon‐6 and nylon‐66 components. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1369–1378, 2004 DA - 2004/4/15/ PY - 2004/4/15/ DO - 10.1002/polb.20018 VL - 42 IS - 8 SP - 1369-1378 SN - 1099-0488 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Woven fabric-based electrical circuits - Part I: Evaluating interconnect methods AU - Dhawan, A. AU - Seyam, Abdel-Fattah AU - ghosh, AU - Muth, J. F. T2 - Textile Research Journal AB - In recent years, a new area of research has emerged on textile-based electronics, called "electrotextiles." Most of the ongoing research in electrotextiles is driven by the motiva tion of creating multifunctional fiber assemblies that can sense, actuate, communicate, compute, etc. This paper discusses the development of fabric-based electrical circuits by interlacing conducting and nonconducting threads 2 into woven textile structures. Wired interconnections of different devices attached to the conducting elements of these circuits are made by arranging and weaving conductive threads so that they follow desired electrical circuit designs. In a woven electrically conductive network, routing of electrical signals is achieved by the formation of effective electrical interconnects and disconnects. Resistance welding is identified as one of the most effective means of producing crossover point interconnects and disconnects. Interconnects are evaluated by measuring the DC resistance associated with the crossover points of conducting threads. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1177/004051750407401011 VL - 74 IS - 10 SP - 913–919 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Structure and stability of columnar cyclomaltohexaose (alpha-cyclodextrin) hydrate AU - Hunt, MA AU - Rusa, CC AU - Tonelli, AE AU - Balik, CM T2 - CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH AB - Rapid recrystallization of cyclomaltohexaose (α-cyclodextrin, α-CD) from aqueous solution resulted in formation of the columnar crystal structure of α-CD containing only water as the guest molecule. Complementary water vapor sorption and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD) experiments were performed on the α-CD columnar structure to elucidate the crystal structure present at varying sorption levels. Equilibrium isothermal water vapor sorption experiments at 40 °C revealed that the α-CD columnar structure is unstable above a water activity of approximately 0.67. This was confirmed by WAXD diffractograms collected over time, which further revealed that α-CD columnar structure undergoes a phase transformation to the cage structure after approximately 0.25 h at 40 °C and a water activity of 1.0. DA - 2004/12/6/ PY - 2004/12/6/ DO - 10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.012 VL - 339 IS - 17 SP - 2805-2810 SN - 1873-426X KW - cyclomaltohexaose KW - alpha-cyclodextrin KW - water vapor sorption KW - wide-angle X-ray diffraction KW - phase transformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polymerization of styrene in cyclodextrin channels: Can confined free-radical polymerization yield stereoregular polystyrene? AU - Uyar, T AU - Rusa, M AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS AB - Abstract Summary: Modeling of polystyrenes (PS) with various stereosequences in the narrow cylindrical channels corresponding to those found in γ ‐cyclodextrin inclusion compounds (CD ICs) has been conducted. Based on the conformational modeling of stereoisomeric polystyrenes (PSs) in narrow channels, it was suggested that polystyrene with unusual microstructures might be produced by the constrained polymerization of styrene monomer in its γ ‐CD‐IC crystals. The in‐situ polymerization of styrene inside the narrow channels of its γ ‐CD‐IC crystals was performed in both organic and aqueous media. The 13 C NMR spectrum of PS synthesized inside the γ ‐CD channels in an aqueous medium shows some differences when compared to the 13 C NMR spectrum of PS synthesized in toluene. These are presumably because of differences in their stereosequences. Here, we report our preliminary findings. Schematic of cyclodextrin inclusion compound (CD‐IC) channels with included polymer guests. magnified image Schematic of cyclodextrin inclusion compound (CD‐IC) channels with included polymer guests. DA - 2004/8/2/ PY - 2004/8/2/ DO - 10.1002/marc.200400165 VL - 25 IS - 15 SP - 1382-1386 SN - 1521-3927 KW - cyclodextrin KW - inclusion chemistry KW - polymerization KW - polystyrene KW - stereoregularity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moisture management properties of heat-resistant workwear fabrics - Effects of hydrophilic finishes and hygroscopic fiber blends AU - Yoo, S AU - Barker, RL T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This study examines the liquid moisture transfer properties of a selected group of heat-resistant workwear fabrics using a demand wettability test. The Gravimetric Absorbent Testing System procedure is modified and developed to assess the effects of wicking finish treatment and hygroscopic fibers on workwear fabrics. Unlike the simple vertical method of measuring wicking, the procedure adopted in this study produces informative results for moisture management characteristics and wearer comfort of textile materials. The absorption capacity, instantaneous rate of absorption, and evaporation/absorption ratio of five different heat-resistant workwear fabrics are determined and discussed. Results show that the wicking treatment of aramid fabrics noticeably increases their rate of absorption but does not affect their absorption capacity and water vapor absorption. The flame resistant rayon blends have improved vapor absorption properties but adversely affected liquid moisture management properties. Since the cotton fabric shows the highest percentage of remaining water after the evaporation test, a garment made of this fabric may generate a clammy feeling despite its superior absorbent capacity and rate of absorption. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1177/004051750407401110 VL - 74 IS - 11 SP - 995-1000 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Luminescence and mechanical properties of photoluminescent core bicomponent fibers AU - Shim, E AU - Pourdeyhimi, B AU - Little, TJ T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - Photoluminescent fibers with a sheath-core morphology are produced to impart good mechanical properties. Both photoluminescent and mechanical properties are examined for these fibers with respect to photoluminescent pigment concentrations in the core, draw ratios, and polymer types. The photoluminescent pigment concentration in the core of the fibers directly influences their luminance intensity and afterglow properties as well as their mechanical properties. DA - 2004/11// PY - 2004/11// DO - 10.1177/004051750407401108 VL - 74 IS - 11 SP - 982-988 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigation into etching mechanism of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films treated in helium and oxygenated-helium atmospheric plasmas AU - Matthews, , SR AU - Hwang, YJ AU - McCord, MG AU - Bourham, MA T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract This research makes an investigation into the etching mechanism of atmospheric plasma conditions on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. Two types of untreated PET films (S/200 and S/500) were exposed to plasma for 0 to 5.0 min in 30‐s increments. The first set of each film type was treated in helium plasma, while the second was treated in oxygenated‐helium plasma. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to characterize pre‐ and post‐exposure films. Weight changes and the degree of solubility were also determined. Based on peak area results, the percent crystallinity of PET S/200 increased by an average of 4.57% (helium treated) and 13.56% (oxygenated‐helium treated), while the S/500 showed only a small increase. There was no significant change in the melting or crystallization temperatures of either film type, indicating a decrease in amorphous content versus an increase in crystalline material. Weight loss analysis supports this theory. Solubility testing revealed a continual decrease in swelling as exposure time was increased. A model was developed to predict the change in the degree of solubility for polyphase surfaces considering the etching rate per phase. The model was applied to PET with good correlation between the model and experimental data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2383–2389, 2004 DA - 2004/12/15/ PY - 2004/12/15/ DO - 10.1002/app.21162 VL - 94 IS - 6 SP - 2383-2389 SN - 1097-4628 KW - films KW - surfaces KW - modifications KW - modeling KW - plasma ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition of lithium dendrites by fumed silica-based composite electrolytes AU - Zhang, XW AU - Li, YX AU - Khan, SA AU - Fedkiw, PS T2 - JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY AB - Lithium dendrite formation is investigated via in situ microscopy in a liquid electrolyte containing polyethylene glycol dimethyl bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and composite gel-like electrolytes formed by dispersing nanometer-size fumed silica into the liquid. Fumed silicas with either hydrophilic silanol surface groups or hydrophobic octyl surface groups were employed. Dendrites with current density-dependent morphology are formed in liquid electrolyte but addition of fumed silica inhibits their formation, with hydrophilic fumed silica having a more pronounced effect than hydrophobic silica. The dendrite inhibition effect of fumed silica is attributed to its abilities to form a continuous network with elastic-like properties and scavenge impurities from the electrolyte. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1149/1.1767158 VL - 151 IS - 8 SP - A1257-A1263 SN - 1945-7111 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178366/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlling PVA hydrogels with gamma-cyclodextrin AU - Hernandez, R AU - Rusa, M AU - Rusa, CC AU - Lopez, D AU - Mijangos, C AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - We report on the preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels formed during freeze−thaw (F−T) cycles of their aqueous solutions containing γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). Crystalline inclusion compound (IC) formation was observed between PVA and γ-CD in these gels at low concentrations of γ-CD (γ-CD:PVA molar ratios < 1:25). Confirmation of the existence of the channel structure for γ-CD was achieved by characterizing the dried PVA/γ-CD hydrogels with solid-state DSC, TGA, WAXD, and 13C NMR. Some aspects regarding the mechanism and structure of PVA gels obtained via F−T cycles in the presence/absence of γ-CD are presented based on UV−vis, swelling, solution 1H NMR, and rheological observations. It was observed that the swelling and rheological responses of the aqueous PVA gels formed during F−T cycles in the presence of γ-CD can be controlled by adjustment of the PVA:γ-CD molar ratio employed during their gelation. DA - 2004/12/14/ PY - 2004/12/14/ DO - 10.1021/ma048375i VL - 37 IS - 25 SP - 9620-9625 SN - 0024-9297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Non-mutagenic organic pigment intermediates. II. Isomorphous 2,2 '-dichloro-5,5 '-dipropoxybenzidine and 2,2 '-dimethyl-5,5 '-dipropoxybenzidine AU - El-Shafei, A AU - Hinks, D AU - Boyle, PD AU - Freeman, HS T2 - ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY AB - The title compounds, C18H22Cl2N2O2 and C20H28N2O2, respectively, are isomorphous. The mol­ecules lie at general positions in the unit cell. In each structure, chemically equivalent but crystallographically inequivalent amine N atoms exhibit different degrees of pyramidalization. The structures exhibit weak N—H⋯N hydrogen bonding, which is influenced by the differences in hybridization around the amine N atoms. The torsion angles across the bi­phenyl linkage for the two compounds are 67.2 (2) and 68.3 (3)°. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1107/S0108270104014763 VL - 60 IS - 8 SP - O569-O571 SN - 2053-2296 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4444237632&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lewis acid-base complexation of polyamide 66 to control hydrogen bonding, extensibility and crystallinity AU - Vasanthan, N. AU - Kotek, R. AU - Jung, D. W. AU - Shin, D. AU - Tonelli, A. E. AU - Salem, D. R. T2 - Polymer DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1016/j.polmer.2004.03.074 VL - 45 IS - 12 SP - 4077-4085 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dye fixation properties of an antimicrobial finish AU - Hauser, P. J. AU - Tariq, M. AU - Rajan, J. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 24-27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Attenuation of aluminum current collector corrosion in LiTFSI electrolytes using fumed silica nanoparticles AU - Li, YX AU - Zhang, XW AU - Khan, SA AU - Fedkiw, PS T2 - ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS AB - Linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of an aluminum current collector in contact with polymer solvent containing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide LiTFSI] at room temperature. The electrolytes were liquid poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (Li:O ratio of 1:20), and composite gel electrolytes consisting of the baseline liquid fumed silica nanoparticles. Such electrolytes have potential utility in lithium-based rechargeable cells, although LiTFSI is known to affect corrosion of the commonly employed aluminum current collector. The electrochemical data indicate that aluminum corrosion is attenuated in the presence of fumed silica nanoparticles. Possible mechanisms are discussed. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1149/1.1756857 VL - 7 IS - 8 SP - A228-A230 SN - 1944-8775 UR - https://publons.com/publon/7178368/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The mechanism of crimp removal in synthetic staple fibers - Part 1: Crimp geometry and the load-extension curve AU - Bauer-Kurz, I AU - Oxenham, W AU - Shiffler, DA T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - Fiber crimp behavior is an important parameter for processing performance and product quality. This study quantifies the mechanical behavior of a fiber during crimp removal. Single fiber tensile tests are performed on various fibers using a Textechno Favimat. Simultaneously, crimp removal is optically monitored. A methodology is developed to identify the true crimp removal region of the fiber load-extension curve during a tensile test. A mechanical model accounting for the nonlinear load-deflection behavior during crimp removal is also developed. DA - 2004/4// PY - 2004/4// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400410 VL - 74 IS - 4 SP - 343-350 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Syntheses, mutagenicity and applied performance of 2,8-diamino-10-methoxy-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazine 10-oxide AU - Yin, Z. G. AU - Xiong, W. D. AU - Zhao, D. F. AU - Freeman, H. S. T2 - Acta Chimica Sinica DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 62 IS - 10 SP - 986-991 ER - TY - PAT TI - Process for treating textile substrates AU - Smith, C. B. AU - Hendrix, W. A. AU - Butcher, D. L. C2 - 2004/// DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of cationization on inkjet printing properties of cotton fabrics AU - Kanik, M. AU - Hauser, P. J. AU - Parrillo-Chapman, L. AU - Donaldson, A. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 22-25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polystyrenes in channels AU - Hunt, MA AU - Jung, DW AU - Shamsheer, M AU - Uyar, T AU - Tonelli, AE T2 - POLYMER AB - Polystyrenes (PS) with various stereosequences have been modeled in narrow cylindrical channels corresponding to those found in polymer–inclusion compounds (ICs), such as those formed with host cyclodextrins (CDs), where the polymers reside as guests. Isotactic (i) PS is found to fit in channels with narrower diameters (D) than syndiotactic (s) PS, when both adopt conformations permitted by the Yoon, Sundararajan, Flory RIS conformational model of PSs, while atactic (a) PS can be included in channels with D intermediate to those for i- and s-PS. In ICs formed with host γ-CD and guest a-PS homopolymer and guest poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL)-b-a-PS diblock copolymer it was observed that the a-PS homopolymer and the a-PS copolymer blocks were and were not included, respectively. Thus, it appears that a-PS is barely able to be threaded by γ-CD, whose internal diameter is ∼8 Å. Because the channel conformers found for i- and s-PS have smaller and larger diameters, respectively, than those found for a-PS, we would expect i-PS to be complexed by γ-CD, while s-PS might not. As a consequence IC formation with γ-CD may provide a means to physically separate the stereoregular forms of polystyrene. In addition, only the mrm and rmr PS stereoisomers show channel conformations with significant probabilities, so we suggest that in situ polymerization of styrene monomer in the narrow channels of its IC formed with γ-CD might produce a new stereoregular form of PS with regularly alternating m and r diads. DA - 2004/2/15/ PY - 2004/2/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.03.002 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 1345-1347 SN - 1873-2291 KW - polystyrenes KW - gamma-cyclodextrin KW - channel conformer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Polypropylene alloy filaments dyeable with disperse dyes AU - Kotek, R. AU - Afshari, M. AU - Gupta, B. S. AU - Kish, M. H. AU - Jung, D. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - Polypropylene fibres which can be conventionally dyeable using disperse dyes have been prepared by alloying with nylon 6 and a polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride compatibiliser during extrusion. The dyeing performance of fibres containing various amounts of these components has been assessed. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00202.x VL - 120 IS - 1 SP - 26-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the effectiveness of bifid medical needles for protection from needle-stick injuries AU - Banks-Lee, P AU - Turner, LDC AU - Seyam, AM T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - Most blood-borne pathogen transmissions in the healthcare industry are caused by needle-stick injuries, and protection from sharp invasive instruments is of great concern. Recently, a modified design of medical needles (bifid needles) has been proposed to prevent needle-stick injuries. The bifid needle is designed to provide protection for users by entangling itself with an article of personal protective clothing. The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of bifid medical needles for protection against needle-stick injuries. A comparison of bifid and standard needles is conducted by evalu ating the forces experienced by the needle during penetration through Spectra 1000® woven fabric using a force measurement device. A predictive model is derived, expressing resistance to needle penetration in terms of needle and fabric parameters. Our study shows that bifid and standard needles behave differently when penetrating through a fabric. The predictive model indicates that the independent parameters of fabric orientation, needle penetration depth, and needle gap and their interactions significantly affect fabric resis tance to needle penetration. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400203 VL - 74 IS - 2 SP - 101-107 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing azo and formazan dyes based on environmental considerations: Salmonella mutagenicity AU - Edwards, LC AU - Freeman, HS AU - Claxton, LD T2 - MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS AB - In previous papers, the synthesis and chemical properties of iron-complexed azo and formazan dyes were reported. It was shown that in certain cases iron could be substituted for the traditionally used metals such as chromium and cobalt, without having an adverse effect on dye stability. While these results suggested that the iron analogs were potential replacements for the commercially used chromium and cobalt prototypes, characterization of potentially adverse environmental effects of the new dyes was deemed an essential step in their further development. The present paper provides results from using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay to determine the mutagenicity of some important commercial metal complexed dyes, their unmetallized forms, and the corresponding iron-complexed analogs. The study compared the mutagenic properties of six unmetallized azo dyes, six commercial cobalt- or chromium-complexed azo dyes, six iron-complexed azo dyes, six unmetallized formazan dyes, and six iron-complexed formazan dyes. The results of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of the unmetallized dye precursors plays a role in determining the mutagenicity of the iron-complexes. For the monoazo dye containing a nitro group, metal complex formation using iron or chromium decreased or removed mutagenicity in TA100; however, little reduction in mutagenicity was noted in TA98. For the formazan dye containing a nitro group, metal-complex formation using iron increased mutagenicity. Results varied for metal-complexes of azo and formazan dyes without nitro groups, but in general, the metal-complexed dyes based on mutagenic ligands were also mutagenic, while those dyes based on nonmutagenic ligands were nonmutagenic. DA - 2004/2/26/ PY - 2004/2/26/ DO - 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.10.002 VL - 546 IS - 1-2 SP - 17-28 SN - 1873-135X KW - Salmonella KW - metal-complex KW - formazan dye ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controlled fabrication of gold/polymer nanocomposites with a highly structured poly(N-acylethylenimine) shell AU - Rusa, M AU - Whitesell, JK AU - Fox, MA T2 - MACROMOLECULES AB - Two families of well-defined organic−inorganic nanocomposites have been synthesized either by attachment of an initiator as a capping self-assembled monolayer on a gold cluster onto which a macromolecule is grown in situ or by preformation of a defined polymer, followed by covalent or adsorptive attachment to a surface-capped metal cluster. The characteristics of these composites are compared in size and local organization. Possessing nanometer-sized gold clusters at the core and poly(N-acylethylenimine) chains radially or tangentially connected to the core, the resulting materials were characterized by TEM, GPC, UV, IR, NMR, and XPS spectroscopies. Larger particles with narrower polydispersity were obtained by in situ growth of the polymer on a preformed metal cluster, with best results being attained with a mixture of brominated and nonbrominated thiols in which steric accessibility to the initiator sites is varied. DA - 2004/4/20/ PY - 2004/4/20/ DO - 10.1021/ma035008i VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - 2766-2774 SN - 1520-5835 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of a fibre-reactive chitosan derivative to cotton fabric as a zero-salt dyeing auxiliary AU - Lim, S. H. AU - Hudson, S. M. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - Cotton fabric has been treated with a fibre-reactive chitosan derivative containing quaternary ammonium groups, O-acrylamidomethyl-N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride (NMA-HTCC). Cotton treated with NMA-HTCC has been dyed with direct and reactive dyes without the addition of salt. The colour yield was higher than that on untreated cotton, despite the addition of a large amount salt in the latter case. After dyeing, cotton treated with NMA-HTCC gave better wash fastness than the untreated cotton. The light fastness was however inferior to that on untreated cotton. The antimicrobial activity of cotton treated with NMA-HTCC against Staphylococcus aureus was considerably lower after dyeing, probably due to the antimicrobial effect of the cationic group on NMA-HTCC being blocked by its combination with the anionic dye. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00215.x VL - 120 IS - 3 SP - 108-113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of a new cationic bleach activator on a hydrogen peroxide bleaching system AU - Lim, S. H. AU - Gursoy, N. C. AU - Hauser, P. AU - Hinks, D. T2 - Coloration Technology AB - The performance of a cationic bleach activator, N ‐[4‐(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]caprolactam chloride, was evaluated in a hot peroxide bleaching process. The effect of time, temperature and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and activator on the bleaching of cotton fabric was investigated using a central composite experimental design. Temperature was found to be the most significant parameter. By adding the cationic activator it was possible to achieve a level of whiteness comparable to a typical commercial bleaching system but under relatively mild conditions of time and temperature. As a consequence, chemical damage to the fabric could be reduced. The effect of the cationic bleach activator was compared to that of an anionic activator, nonanoyloxybenzene sulphonate. The cationic activator was superior to the anionic activator in bleaching the fabric under the optimised conditions used in the study. Received: 13 January 2004, Accepted: 10 March 2004 DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00216.x VL - 120 IS - 3 SP - 114-118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biocompatibility studies of the anaconda stent-graft and observations of nitinol corrosion resistance AU - Guidoin, R AU - Douville, Y AU - Basle, MF AU - King, M AU - Marinov, GR AU - Traore, A AU - Zhang, Z AU - Guillemot, F AU - Dionne, G AU - Sumanasinghe, R AU - Legrand, AP AU - Guidoin, MF AU - Porte-Durrieu, MC AU - Baquey, C T2 - JOURNAL OF ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY AB - Purpose:To validate the deployment, in vivo performance, biostability, and healing capacity of the Anaconda self-expanding endoprosthesis in a canine aortic aneurysm model. Methods:Aneurysms were surgically created in 12 dogs by sewing a woven polyester patch onto the anterior side of the thoracic or abdominal aorta. Anaconda prostheses were implanted transfemorally for prescheduled periods (1 or 3 months). Aneurysm exclusion and stent-graft patency were monitored angiographically. Healing was assessed with histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Textile analysis determined the physical and chemical stability of the woven polyester material, while the biostability of the nitinol wires was evaluated with SEM and spectroscopy. Results:All prostheses were intact at explantation. After 1 month, endothelial-like cells were migrating in a discontinuous manner both proximally and distally over the internal collagenous pannus at the device-host boundary. After 3 months, endothelialization had reached the midsections of the devices, with a thicker collagenous internal capsule. Patches of endothelial-like cells were sharing the luminal surface with thrombotic deposits. However, the wall of the device at the level of the aneurysm was generally poorly healed, with multiple thrombi scattered irregularly over the luminal surface. The polyester fabric was intact except for some filaments that were ruptured adjacent to the sutures and some abrasion caused by the nitinol wires. No evidence of corrosion was found on the nitinol stents. Conclusions:This Anaconda stent-graft has demonstrated its ability to exclude arterial aneurysms. The device used in this study was an experimental prototype, and the manufacturer has incorporated new immobilization features into the model for clinical use. The constituent materials appear to be suitable in terms of biocompatibility, biofunctionality, and short-term durability. DA - 2004/8// PY - 2004/8// DO - 10.1583/03-1143.1 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 385-403 SN - 1526-6028 KW - stent-graft KW - aortic aneurysm KW - material analysis KW - woven polyester KW - nitinol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permeation of organics through linear low density polyethylene geomembranes under mechanical deformation AU - Hinestroza, J. AU - De Kee, D. T2 - Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.) AB - The effect of mechanical deformation on the permeation of methylene chloride (MEC), trichloroethylene (TCE) as well as mixtures thereof through linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembranes was studied using a new experimental technique. A total of fifty experimental conditions involving five different deformations, five different concentrations and two types of LLDPE geomembranes were evaluated following a full factorial experimental design. Mixtures of TCE and MEC (0.66, 0.50, and 0.34 volumetric fraction) were tested through geomembranes elongated uniaxially (10% and 20%) as well as in the biaxial mode (10%×10%and20%×20%). The breakthrough times for the permeation of TCE and MEC decreased with elongation for both types of geomembranes. A reduction in breakthrough times between 38 and 45% was observed for the permeation of MEC and TCE though geomembranes elongated 20%×20% in the biaxial mode compared to the nonelongated specimens. Evidence of stress-enhanced transport was also observed as the steady-state permeation rates of MEC increased between 200 and 300% where geomembranes were elongated 20%×20% in the biaxial mode compared to the nonelongated samples. Enhanced transport of MEC was also noted during the permeation of the MEC–TCE mixtures. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:12(1468) VL - 130 IS - 12 SP - 1468-1474 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Color yes, toxicity no: Systematic approaches to meeting this challenge AU - Freeman, H. S. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 12 SP - 16-21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cationic bleach activators for improving cotton bleaching AU - Gursoy, N. C. AU - El-Shafei, A. AU - Hauser, P. AU - Hinks, D. T2 - AATCC Review DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// VL - 4 IS - 8 SP - 37-40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a water-soluble chitosan derivative with a fiber-reactive group AU - Lim, SH AU - Hudson, SM T2 - CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH AB - A novel fiber-reactive chitosan derivative was synthesized in two steps from a chitosan of low molecular weight and low degree of acetylation. First, a water-soluble chitosan derivative, N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride (HTCC), was prepared by introducing quaternary ammonium salt groups on the amino groups of chitosan. This derivative was further modified by introducing functional (acrylamidomethyl) groups, which can form covalent bonds with cellulose under alkaline conditions, on the primary alcohol groups (C-6) of the chitosan backbone. The fiber-reactive chitosan derivative, O-acrylamidomethyl-HTCC (NMA-HTCC), showed complete bacterial reduction within 20 min at the concentration of 10ppm, when contacted with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (1.5-2.5 x 10(5) colony forming units per milliliter [CFU/mL]). DA - 2004/1/22/ PY - 2004/1/22/ DO - 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.024 VL - 339 IS - 2 SP - 313-319 SN - 1873-426X KW - water-soluble chitosan derivative KW - quaternization KW - fiber-reactive chitosan derivative KW - acrylamidomethylation KW - antimicrobial activity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating cavitation and hydraulic flip inside hydroentangling nozzles AU - Tafreshi, H. V. AU - POURDEYHIMI, BEHNAM T2 - Textile Research Journal AB - Hydroentangling owes its success to the peculiar properties of coherent water jets. For hydroentangling to be feasible at higher pressures, it is extremely important that water jets maintain their collimation for an appreciable distance downstream of the nozzle. How ever, water-jet breakup accelerates at high pressures. Recent studies have shown that cavitation severely affects the integrity of high-pressure water jets. Investigating cavita tion experimentally is not trivial. Computational fluid dynamics simulations offer appro priate tools as a first step. This paper discusses the results of an unsteady-state simulation, which shows the inception and time-evolution of a cavitation cloud inside a hydroentan gling nozzle. Under certain conditions, the cavity cloud extends to the nozzle outlet, resulting in the so-called hydraulic flip. Once hydraulic flip occurs, cavitation suddenly vanishes because the downstream air moves upward into the nozzle and fills the cavity. This air envelops the water flow inside the nozzle, which results in the depletion of cavitation-induced instabilities from the jet surface and elongates the jet breakup length. Moreover, our simulations reveal the approximate time scales of cavity growth through the nozzle. This information is highly relevant for experimental visualization of nozzle cavitation. The discharge and velocity coefficient obtained from the simulation are in a good agreement with published experimental data. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400413 VL - 74 IS - 4 SP - 359–364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Printing cationized cotton with direct dyes AU - Kanik, M AU - Hauser, PJ T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This paper investigates improved direct dye printing of cotton by cationization. For the cationization, a 100% cotton woven fabric is pretreated with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride by a cold pad-batch method. All printing conditions are constant, and four different direct dyes are used to print both unmodified and cationized cotton fabrics. The effects of cationic reagent concentration, steaming time, dye concentration, color yields, colorimetric properties, fastness properties, staining of the white ground, and penetration behavior are evaluated. This research reveals that printing with direct dyes on cationic cotton is a very simple, cost effective printing method with high wet fastness properties. DA - 2004/1// PY - 2004/1// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400108 VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 43-50 SN - 0040-5175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New solvents for cellulose. II. Ethylenediamine/thiocyanate salt system AU - Hattori, K AU - Abe, E AU - Yoshida, T AU - Cuculo, JA T2 - POLYMER JOURNAL AB - The ethylenediamine/thiocyanate salt system was found to be a new solvent for cellulose. The solubility, dissolution behavior, solution properties, and cellulose recovered from the solutions were investigated. The dissolution took place at room temperature, and the maximum solubility achieved was 16 % (w/w) for cellulose of DP210 in the ethylenediamine/sodium thiocyanate 54/46 (w/w). The dependence of cellulose solubility on DP is also described. Tracing the dissolution behavior of the cellulose by CP/MAS 13C NMR measurements revealed the polymorphic conversion of cellulose I to III to amorphous structure during the dissolution process. The cellulose dissolved was stable for 30 days storage at room temperature. Microscopic observations and steady-shear viscosity measurements of the solutions indicated mesophase formation of cellulose in the ethylenediamine/sodium thiocyanate system. This anisotrpoic phase appeared from ca. 10 % (w/w) cellulose with DP210 and greatly depended on the cellulose concentrations. Coagulation studies disclosed that cellulose II and amorphous cellulose were recovered from the cellulose/ethylenediamine/thiocyanate salt solutions when water and alcohol were used as a coagulant, respectively. It was suggested that this solvent system has high potential for cellulosic fiber and film formations. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004/// DO - 10.1295/polymj.36.123 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 123-130 SN - 1349-0540 KW - cellulose KW - cellulose solvent KW - cellulose solution KW - amine KW - thiocyanate KW - dissolution mechanism KW - regenerated cellulose ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of nozzle geometry on hydroentangling water jets: Experimental observations AU - Begenir, A AU - Tafreshi, HV AU - Pourdeyhimi, B T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This paper reports on the role of nozzle geometry on the characteristics of hydroen tangling water jets, specifically the behavior of three different conventional nozzle geometries under pressures below 3500 psi. Profiles of the water jets are digitized with a Nikon Dlx digital camera from which we extract the water-jet breakup lengths and spray angles under different operating conditions. Our preliminary data indicate that the cone-up nozzle produces water jets with considerably shorter intact lengths and slightly larger spray angles and a higher coefficient of discharge compared to the two other geometries considered. We attribute this distinct behavior to friction-induced and cavitation-induced turbulence inside the cone-up nozzles; a constricted water jet is formed by cone-down or cylindrical nozzles. Our results are in excellent agreement with previous experimental and computational data. DA - 2004/2// PY - 2004/2// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400215 VL - 74 IS - 2 SP - 178-184 SN - 1746-7748 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of chitosan on morphology and conformation of electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers AU - Park, WH AU - Jeong, L AU - Yoo, DI AU - Hudson, S T2 - POLYMER AB - The electrospinning of silk fibroin(SF)/chitosan(CS) blends with different composition ratios was performed with formic acid as a spinning solvent. The SF/CS blends containing up to the CS content of 30% could be electrospun into the continuous fibrous structure, although pure CS was not able to be electrospun into the fibrous structure. As-spun SF/CS blend nanofibers showed smaller diameter and narrower diameter distribution than pure SF nanofibers, and the diameter gradually decreased from 450 to 130 nm with the addition of CS in blends. However, at the blend compositions with above 40 wt% chitosan, the continuous SF nanofibers containing CS beads were produced. We also investigated the influence of the methanol treatment on the secondary structure of as-spun SF or SF/CS blend nanofibers by means of ATR-IR and solid-state CP-MAS 13C-NMR. Comparing with the pure SF nanofibers, the conformational change of the as-spun SF/CS blend nanofibers into β-sheet was faster because the CS with rigid backbone synergistically might promote the conformational transition of SF by an intermolecular interaction. DA - 2004/9/29/ PY - 2004/9/29/ DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.045 VL - 45 IS - 21 SP - 7151-7157 SN - 1873-2291 KW - electrospinning KW - silk KW - chitosan ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dyes from enzyme-mediated oxidation of aromatic amines AU - Shaw, SD AU - Freeman, HS T2 - TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB - This paper characterizes reaction products from the oxidoreductase enzymatic conver sion of aromatic amines to dyes that have an affinity for wool fibers. The dyes are identified with the aid of mass spectrometry, FRIR, 1 H-NMR, combustion analysis, and by comparison of experimental and calculated λ max data. The results of these analyses indicate that the dyes are binuclear and trinuclear aromatic compounds, depending on the number of available coupling sites in the precursor molecules and the number of reactants employed in the coupling step. Pathways associated with this enzyme-induced formation of dyes are proposed that involve a two-electron oxidation of 1.4-diamines to electrophilic diimines. DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1177/004051750407400305 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 215-222 SN - 1746-7748 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing observers AU - Kuehni, RG AU - Ramanath, R T2 - COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION AB - Abstract Color‐matchingfunctions may be considered dimension reduction functions that project a spectral reflectance function into the desired space of colors. Using a gray metameric pair with maximal spectral difference we compare the abilities of various human and other observers with regard to the transition wavelengths for that metameric pair. Transition wavelengths are shown to be a convenient tool for comparing and classifying observers regardless of the number of dimension reduction functions. Four human observers were identified as differing in a comparable manner from the CIE 2° standard observer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 183–186, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20004 DA - 2004/6// PY - 2004/6// DO - 10.1002/col.20004 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 183-186 SN - 1520-6378 KW - color perception KW - color-matching functions KW - metamerism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calculated phase diagrams for cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solutions in comparison to experimental results AU - Frey, MW AU - Theil, MH T2 - CELLULOSE DA - 2004/3// PY - 2004/3// DO - 10.1023/B:CELL.0000014771.69377.3d VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 53-63 SN - 1572-882X KW - ammonia KW - ammonium thiocyanate KW - cellulose KW - lattice theory KW - phase diagram ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site-specific SIMS backside analysis AU - Gu, C AU - Garcia, R AU - Pivovarov, A AU - Stevie, F AU - Griffis, D T2 - APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE AB - For maximum SIMS depth resolution for any layer in a sample, the depth profile should begin only as far from the layer as necessary to establish a constant implant concentration of the primary ion beam species. Depth resolution and detection limit can be severely degraded if it is necessary to sputter through an over layer having non uniform sputtering properties or containing a high level of the impurity of interest prior to reaching the layer of interest. A SIMS backside analysis method based on mechanical polishing is extended to allow site-specific SIMS backside depth profile analysis. Optical microscopy employing a red filter was used to allow direct viewing of the site to be depth profiled both during polishing and in situ during SIMS analysis. Depth profile analyses were performed on 100μm×100 μm device test structures. Sample charging resulting from insulator layers present in these device test structures was alleviated using a modified sample mounting technique. Backside SIMS depth profile analysis using an O2+ primary ion beam having an impact energy of 1.25 keV was used to determine if boron had penetrated a thin SiO2 layer. DA - 2004/6/15/ PY - 2004/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.140 VL - 231 SP - 663-667 SN - 1873-5584 KW - SfMS KW - backside analysis KW - semiconductors KW - patterned wafers ER -