TY - CONF TI - Improved Technology Dissemination and Adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Global and Regional Food Security, Economic and Environmental Implications AU - Edobor, Edeoba W. T2 - 2020 Agricultural & Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting C2 - 2020/// C3 - 2020 Agricultural & Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting CY - Kansas City, MO DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/7/26/ UR - https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/304492/files/18879.pdf ER - TY - MGZN TI - Report on NARBA’s 2020 Pricing and Marketing Survey AU - Tregeagle, Daniel AU - Wechsler, Debby T2 - Fruit Growers News DA - 2020/8/25/ PY - 2020/8/25/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Economic and pest management evaluation of nitroguanidine-substituted neonicotinoid insecticides: nine major California commodities AU - Goodhue, Rachael AU - Mace, Kevi AU - Tolhurst, Tor AU - Tregeagle, Daniel AU - Wei, Hanlin AU - Grafton-Cardwell, Beth AU - Grettenberger, Ian AU - Wilson, Houston AU - Van Steenwyk, Robert AU - Zalom, Frank AU - Steggall, John A3 - Department of Pesticide Regulation by the California Department of Food and Agricultures Office of Pesticide Consultation and Analysis and the University of California DA - 2020/8/26/ PY - 2020/8/26/ PB - Department of Pesticide Regulation by the California Department of Food and Agricultures Office of Pesticide Consultation and Analysis and the University of California ER - TY - MGZN TI - Specialty Crops in 2020: COVID-19 and Other Challenges AU - Tregeagle, Daniel T2 - NC State Economist DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020/12// PB - NC State Economist Winter UR - https://cals.ncsu.edu/agricultural-and-resource-economics/news/specialty-crops-in-2020-covid-19-and-other-challenges/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimated Cost of the Withdrawal of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos for Six Major California Crops AU - Wei, Hanlin AU - Goodhue, Rachael AU - Mace, Kevi AU - Rudder, Jessica AU - Tolhurst, Tor AU - Tregeagle, Daniel AU - Grafton-Cardwell, Beth AU - Grettenberger, Ian AU - Wilson, Houston AU - Van Steenwyk, Robert AU - Steggall, John T2 - ARE Update DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 13–15 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Real solutions : common sense ideas for solving our most pressing problems AU - Walden, Michael L. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// PB - Wisdom House Books ER - TY - CHAP TI - Conducting cost-benefit analyses using scanner and label data AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - Scanner and label data have numerous applications for estimating the costs and benefits of policies and regulations affecting food and beverage products. When estimating costs, the number of barcodes, formulas, servings, manufacturers, or other units of analysis can be calculated using scanner data. When estimating benefits, the volume of sales can be used as a proxy for consumption in modeling the potential improvements in health associated with food choices. In this chapter, we describe the different ways that store scanner data and household scanner data, with or without linking to label data, can be used as the basis for cost-benefit analyses. We then provide an overview of a labeling cost model and a reformulation cost model that were constructed using 2012 Nielsen Scantrack store scanner data. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00008-0 SP - 203-229 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Estimating food demand systems using scanner data AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - Demand system estimates are useful tools to examine the effects of policy-induced changes in prices (i.e., taxes and subsidies), income, changes in food labels, and advertising on food purchasing patterns. This chapter illustrates techniques, opportunities, and challenges of estimating a food demand system using a combination of retail and household scanner data. It includes a general overview of estimating demand systems and an application of estimating a demand system for salty snacks using household purchase and retail sales information recorded in the IRI Academic Datasets. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00006-7 SP - 141-175 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Insights from past food research using scanner data AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - Numerous studies have used store and household scanner data to investigate food policy issues. Some studies have focused on assessing the statistical properties of scanner data to provide a better understanding of the data. Topics of focus related to food policy include food pricing, food access, food assistance, market competition, health and nutrition claims, nutritional content, diet quality, and food safety. This chapter provides an overview of novel and interesting ways scanner data have been used to address food policy issues in the literature. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00005-5 SP - 59–140 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Methodological approaches for using scanner data AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - Methodological issues that arise when working with scanner data vary depending on whether researchers are using data reported at the store level or household level or are using product-level data aggregated to geographic areas, marketing channels, or demographic categories. Complications arise particularly with underreporting at the store or household level, unreported types of products, and types of variables provided in analysis datasets. To account for common limitations or to prepare data in an appropriate form to address a research question, researchers may need to create their own aggregated data, adjust quantities or prices to make the data more representative or complete, construct appropriate time-series price indices, and determine whether to weight the data. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00004-3 SP - 41-57 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - CHAP TI - What is scanner data and why is it useful for food policy research? AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - Scanner data obtained from stores or household panels allow for much more detailed analyses of food purchase behavior than previously possible using aggregated data. The data are recorded at the scannable barcode level and can be linked to detailed information on characteristics of products, purchasers, and stores. The main commercial suppliers of store and household scanner data across the globe are Kantar, IRI, and Nielsen, but sometimes researchers obtain data directly from stores. The data are increasingly being used for a broad range of food policy research applications. When using the data, researchers should have an understanding of the data collection procedures used by the data vendors; the extent of coverage across geographies, stores, households, and products; and potential barriers or other practical considerations. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00001-8 SP - 1–12 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Label and nutrition data at the barcode level AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - For many types of food research and policy studies, access to information from product labels, particularly nutrient content and product claims, enables or substantially enhances analyses. Some scanner data companies provide label information linked to purchase or sales data at the barcode level. Other data vendors specialize only in providing label data, and researchers must acquire purchase or sales data from a separate source. Data vendors obtain label data directly from manufacturers or through some means of coding data from product labels in the marketplace. We provide a list of suggested considerations when researchers seek to acquire label data for conducting food policy research. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00003-1 SP - 31-39 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Measuring the food environment using scanner data AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - Household scanner data can be used to calculate measures of the healthfulness of the food environment. These measures can then be used to model the effects of the food environment on the nutritional quality of household food purchases. In this chapter, we demonstrate an approach to measuring the healthfulness of the food environment using scanner and dietary recall data. Using scanner data purchases and the estimated parameters from regression models with dietary recall data, we calculate household-level and retail chain-level approximate healthy eating indexes (aHEI). We then use these measures in reduced-form models of the nutritional quality of household food purchases while accounting for the endogeneity associated with household and store location choice. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00007-9 SP - 177–202 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sources of scanner data across the globe AU - Muth, Mary K. AU - Okrent, Abigail M. AU - Zhen, Chen AU - Karns, Shawn A. T2 - Using Scanner Data for Food Policy Research AB - IRI, Kantar, and Nielsen are the main suppliers of commercially available household and store scanner data across the globe. In some cases, scanner data companies partner with each other to collect and sell data, but each offers different coverage of countries and types of datasets. In some cases, researchers have obtained direct access to scanner data from stores for use in conducting analyses and for running experiments within stores. IRI and Nielsen also provide a limited amount of data to academic researchers at a reduced cost. We provide a list of suggested considerations when researchers seek to purchase or otherwise acquire scanner data for use in conducting food policy research. PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-814507-4.00002-X SP - 13-30 PB - Academic Press SN - 9780128145074 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Economics of Groundwater Governance Institutions across the GlobeJEL codes AU - Edwards, Eric AU - Guilfoos, Todd T2 - APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY AB - Abstract This article provides an economic framework for understanding the emergence and purpose of groundwater governance across the globe. We examine ten basins located on six continents via an integrated assessment along three dimensions: characteristics of the groundwater resource; externality problems; and governance institutions. Groundwater governance addresses local externalities to balance the benefits of reducing common pool losses with the costs of doing so. While broad, basin‐wide solutions to open access pumping are limited, spatially localized externality problems raise the benefits of management actions, allowing for the implementation of more stringent pumping controls in certain areas. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1002/aepp.13088 KW - Externalities KW - Governance KW - Groundwater KW - Institutions KW - Irrigation KW - Q25 KW - Q28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of lower-leaf removal timing, number, and nitrogen application to flue-cured tobacco AU - Finch, Camden E. AU - Vann, Matthew C. AU - Wells, Randy AU - Fisher, Loren R. AU - Brown, A. Blake T2 - CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AB - Abstract The removal and exclusion of lower‐stalk tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L.) from harvest continues to be encouraged by industry. Very little information addresses the timing aspect of leaf removal, specifically when it occurs near floral initiation. Research was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate each possible treatment combination of two lower‐leaf removal programs (0 and 8 leaves/plant), three removal timings (2 wk before topping, at topping, and 2 wk after topping), and two N application rates (0 and 10 lb/ac). Soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurements consistently revealed a lighter leaf color in treatments consisting of leaf removal 2 wk before topping, regardless of N application rate. Foliar cured leaf samples from upper‐stalk positions also contained less total N when eight leaves (2.25%) were removed relative to zero leaves (2.32%). These results indicate that subsequent N fertilizer application did not supply N as efficiently as remobilization from lower, older leaves. In the 8‐leaf removal program, both cured leaf yield and value declined by 27% relative to the 0‐leaf program. Despite significant losses in yield and value, the 8‐leaf program completely eliminated lug grades of tobacco. Leaf removal timing and N application rate did not affect yield, quality, value, or grade distribution. Our results suggest that there is no agronomic or cost to removing lower leaves 2 wk before or after topping; however, commercial farmers may find this information to be of use from a time management perspective, should they decide to implement this practice. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1002/cft2.20059 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2374-3832 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Has Technology Increased Agricultural Yield Risk? Evidence from the Crop Insurance Biotech Endorsement AU - Goodwin, Barry K. AU - Piggott, Nicholas E. T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - The conventional wisdom that technological advances in seed breeding and genetic modification of corn traits have lowered yield risk has recently been challenged by research that argues that the converse is true. The implications of this research have been applied to models of climate change and have led to the conclusion that these advances have actually increased agronomic risk, such that climate change is asserted to raise important concerns regarding the stability and viability of agricultural output in the future. In a large body of empirical work, the argument is based upon assertions that corn yields have become more sensitive to weather stresses. This increased sensitivity has coincided with the introduction of a variety of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the 1990s and 2000s. We use corn yields and data from the US federal crop insurance program to evaluate these claims. An initial examination of yield responses to droughts in 1988 and 2012 suggests more robust yields in the latter period, in spite of very comparable weather stresses. We next consider side‐by‐side data collected under the Biotech Endorsement (BE) to the federal crop insurance program between 2008 and 2011. This endorsement provided substantial discounts for growers using certain GE hybrids, reflecting policymakers' beliefs that these hybrids had lower yield risk. We find that risk, as measured by the rate of indemnities paid per units insured, was significantly lower for crops insured under the BE. We also find that the difference in risk tends to be greater when growing conditions are less favorable. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.1002/ajae.12087 VL - 102 IS - 5 SP - 1578-1597 SN - 1467-8276 KW - Biotechnology KW - corn yields KW - yield risk ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional disparities in emissions reduction and net trade from renewables AU - Fell, Harrison AU - Johnson, Jeremiah X. T2 - NATURE SUSTAINABILITY DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1038/s41893-020-00652-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Best Practices for Implementing Recreation Demand Models AU - Lupi, Frank AU - Phaneuf, Daniel J. AU - Haefen, Roger H. T2 - REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND POLICY AB - This article discusses best practices for implementing recreation demand models. We focus on insights that research and experience provide for the typical recreation application, where the analyst uses individual-level data to measure the value of changes in recreation site access or quality at one or more destinations. We examine issues related to data collection, pre-analysis tasks, modeling, and assessing quality, in addition to a discussion of future research needs. Our focus is on understanding best practices when the analyst’s goal is to present accurate estimates of economic value of recreation site access or quality, and so we prioritize practical steps rather than describing the frontiers of methodological research in recreation demand modeling. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1093/reep/reaa007 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 302-323 SN - 1750-6824 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eliciting and Utilizing Willingness to Pay: Evidence from Field Trials in Northern Ghana AU - Berry, James AU - Fischer, Greg AU - Guiteras, Raymond T2 - Journal of Political Economy AB - We use the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for and heterogeneous impacts of clean water technology through a field experiment in Ghana. Although WTP is low relative to cost, demand is inelastic at low prices. Short-run treatment effects are positive throughout the WTP distribution. After 1 year, use and benefits are both increasing in WTP, with negative effects on low-WTP households. Combining estimated treatment effects with households’ WTP implies valuations of health benefits much smaller than typically used by policy makers. We explore differences between BDM and take-it-or-leave-it valuations and make recommendations for implementing BDM in the field. DA - 2020/4// PY - 2020/4// DO - 10.1086/705374 VL - 128 IS - 4 SP - 1436-1473 J2 - Journal of Political Economy LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3808 1537-534X UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/705374 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Contracting and the Commons: Linking the Insights of Gary Libecap and Elinor Ostrom AU - Edwards, E.C. AU - Leonard, B. T2 - The Environmental Optimism of Elinor Ostrom A2 - Jenkins, M. E. A2 - Simmons, R. T. A2 - Harmer, C. H. PY - 2020/// SP - 149–172 PB - The Center for Growth and Opportunity SN - 9781734856101 UR - https://www.thecgo.org/research/the-environmental-optimism-of-elinor-ostrom/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Economics of Groundwater Governance Institutions Across the Globe AU - Edwards, E.C. AU - Guilfoos, T. A3 - Center for Environmental and Resource Economic Policy DA - 2020/5// PY - 2020/5// M1 - No. 20-001 M3 - Working Paper Series PB - Center for Environmental and Resource Economic Policy SN - No. 20-001 UR - https://cenrep.ncsu.edu/cenrep/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Global-Groundwater-Governance.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disease Outbreak, Health Scare, and Distance Decay: Evidence from HPAI Shocks in Chinese Meat Sector AU - Yi, Lan AU - Duan, Congcong AU - Tao, Jianping AU - Huang, Yong AU - Xing, Meihua AU - Zhu, Zhongkun AU - Tan, Caifeng AU - Chen, Xinglin T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH AB - Background: During zoonotic disease shocks (ZDSs), zoonotic disease outbreaks (ZDOs) can induce public health scares (PHSs), causing meat price risks (MPRs). Nevertheless, spatial spillovers of zoonotic disease shocks in meat markets remain unclear. We explore how zoonotic disease outbreaks and public health scares locally and spatially spill over to meat price risks, and whether spatial spillovers of public health scares decay with distance. Methods: (i) We construct a long panel covering 30 provinces and 121 months, using highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemics as exogenous shocks in Chinese meat sector. (ii) We decompose zoonotic disease shocks into zoonotic disease outbreaks (objective incident) and public health scares (subjective information) and examine their spillovers to meat price risks. (iii) We identify distance-decaying spatial spillovers of public health scares, by running our dynamic SAR models 147 times, from 80 km to 3000 km with 20 km as incremental value, in a setting with risk-level heterogeneity. Results: (i) Zoonotic disease outbreaks themselves only cause local and neighboring meat price risks for high-risk meat, not for low-risk or substitute meat. (ii) Public health scares exacerbate local and neighboring meat price risks for high-risk and low-risk meat, and local meat price risks for substitute meat. (iii) Spatial spillovers of public health scares are distance-decaying and U-shaped, with four spatial attenuation boundaries, and distance turning point is shorter for high-risk meat (500 km) than for low-risk meat (800 km). Conclusions: We complement the literature by arguing that health scares induced by disease outbreaks negatively spill over to meat prices, with U-shaped distance-decaying spatial effects. This suggests low interregional spatial market integration in meat products, due to distance decay of nonstandardized information and local government control effects, across provincial boundaries. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to document nonmonotonic distance decay of health scare effects on food prices, previously not found by the literature. DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.3390/ijerph17218009 VL - 17 IS - 21 SP - SN - 1660-4601 KW - zoonotic disease shock (ZDS) KW - zoonotic disease outbreak (ZDO) KW - public health scare (PHS) KW - meat price risk (MPR) KW - distance-decaying spillover KW - spatial attenuation boundaries KW - highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) KW - spatial spillover measures KW - distance-varying spatial weighting matrix ER - TY - RPRT TI - Colonial Origins, Property Rights, and the Organization of Agricultural Production: the US Midwest and Argentine Pampas Compared AU - Edwards, Eric AU - Fiszbein, Martin AU - Libecap, Gary A3 - National Bureau of Economic Research AB - We examine the origins, persistence, and economic consequences of institutional structures of agricultural production. We compare farms in the Argentine Pampas and US Midwest, regions of similar potential input and output mixes. The focus is on 1910-1914, during the international grain trade boom and when census data are available. The Midwest was characterized by small farms and family labor. Land was a commercial asset and traded routinely. The Pampas was characterized by large landholdings and use of external labor. Land was a source of status and held across generations. Status attributes could not be easily monetized for trade, reducing market exchange, limiting entry, and hindering farm restructuring. Differing land property rights followed from English and Spanish colonial and post-independence policies. Geo-climatic factors cannot explain dissimilarities in farm sizes, tenancy, and output mixes, suggesting institutional constraints. Midwest farmers also were more responsive to exogenous signals. There is evidence of moral hazard on Pampas farms. Conjectures on long-term development are provided. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org. DA - 2020/8// PY - 2020/8// DO - 10.3386/w27750 PB - National Bureau of Economic Research UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27750 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the impact of policy research: Evidence from the evaluation of rural policy research in developing countries AU - Slade, Roger AU - Hazell, Peter AU - Place, Frank AU - Renkow, Mitch T2 - EVALUATION AB - Policy research concerning developing countries must compete for scarce resources with alternative development investments, many of which are amenable to quantitative assessment of their impact and economic efficiency. This is especially true for policy research that addresses agriculture, food and rural poverty—rural policy research. This paper draws on existing evaluations of rural policy research to identify good practice in the conduct of impact evaluations in developing countries. While much has been learnt from these evaluations about how rural policy research can influence policies, the impact of the policy changes that may follow, and about methods for conducting such studies, very few have assessed the efficiency or economic benefit of rural policy research investments. The paper concludes that while the current focus on the use of mixed-method evaluations is necessary and sufficient in most cases, in the context of allocating public resources, evaluations that provide plausible estimates of the rates of return to major rural policy research investments, or even rural policy research institutions yield important additional and comparative information for decision makers. However, such quantitative assessments do not replace but depend on the prior conduct of qualitative and mixed-method evaluations. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.1177/1356389020931881 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 541-561 SN - 1461-7153 KW - evaluation KW - impact KW - policy research ER - TY - JOUR TI - Category count models for adaptive management of metapopulations: Case study of an imperiled salamander AU - Katherine M. O'Donnell, AU - Fackler, Paul L. AU - Johnson, Fred A. AU - Bonneau, Mathieu N. AU - Martin, Julien AU - Walls, Susan C. T2 - CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE AB - Abstract Managing spatially structured populations of imperiled species presents many challenges. Spatial structure can make it difficult to predict population responses to potential recovery activities, and learning through experimentation may not be advised if it could harm threatened populations. Adaptive management provides an appealing framework when experimentation is considered too risky or time consuming; we used such an approach for imperiled flatwoods salamanders at a Florida wildlife refuge. We represented this metapopulation with category count models and used stochastic dynamic programming to identify optimal decision policies that weighed trade‐offs between metapopulation persistence and management costs. We defined possible wetland categories in terms of habitat suitability and occupancy, specified category‐specific management actions, and identified transition probabilities via expert elicitation for two management strategies: “future” status quo (FSQ; frequent growing‐season burns) and extra management actions (EMA; restoration, translocation, head‐starting). We simulated metapopulation dynamics using the resulting optimal management policy and found that under model FSQ, occupancy steadily declined over time, indicating that populations would rapidly become extirpated; with model EMA, occupancy remained stable, suggesting that populations would persist only if additional actions are applied and are effective. This approach can be used to identify optimal solutions while accounting for uncertainty and considering both habitat and population dynamics, and to help managers make conservation decisions for populations at imminent risk of extinction. DA - 2020/4// PY - 2020/4// DO - 10.1111/csp2.180 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - SN - 2578-4854 KW - adaptive management KW - Ambystoma KW - amphibian KW - decision analysis KW - endangered species KW - flatwoods salamander KW - Markov decision process KW - stochastic dynamic programming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Crop rotation mitigates impacts of corn rootworm resistance to transgenic Bt corn AU - Carriere, Yves AU - Brown, Zachary AU - Aglasan, Serkan AU - Dutilleul, Pierre AU - Carroll, Matthew AU - Head, Graham AU - Tabashnik, Bruce E. AU - Jorgensen, Peter Sogaard AU - Carroll, Scott P. T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AB - Significance The western corn rootworm, a major insect pest in the Midwestern United States, has evolved resistance to genetically engineered corn that produces insecticidal proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). To evaluate tactics for reducing the damage caused by resistant rootworms, we analyzed field data for 2011 to 2016 from Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota. The frequency of corn fields with severe rootworm damage was reduced by rotating corn with other crops and by not planting the same type of Bt corn year after year in the same field. These results support the EPA’s recommendations to decrease the negative impacts of rootworm resistance to Bt corn by rotating corn with other crops and diversifying the type of Bt corn planted. DA - 2020/8/4/ PY - 2020/8/4/ DO - 10.1073/pnas.2003604117 VL - 117 IS - 31 SP - 18385-18392 SN - 0027-8424 KW - resistance management KW - resistance mitigation KW - landscape analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Irrigation Investment on an American Indian Reservation AU - Ge, Muyang AU - Edwards, Eric C. AU - Akhundjanov, Sherzod B. T2 - American Journal of Agricultural Economics AB - American Indian reservations have low incomes and high rates of poverty relative to adjacent communities, and the income gap appears to be even larger for Indian farmers. We examine the extent to which a lack of access to capital might explain these differences using irrigation systems as a proxy for on‐farm investment around the Uintah‐Ouray Indian Reservation in eastern Utah. Uintah land is held in trust by the US government, and farmers on this land face significant barriers to acquiring capital to invest in irrigation equipment and infrastructure. We use the boundaries from a 1905 land allotment as a natural experiment, employing both sharp and fuzzy regression discontinuity designs to explore whether agricultural land use, irrigation levels, irrigation investment, and crop choice differ across the boundary. The original allocation provided similar land in the immediate neighborhood around its borders, and our results suggest that today tribal trust land is farmed and irrigated at rates similar to adjacent land. However, conditional on being irrigated, tribal trust land is around thirty‐two percentage points less likely to utilize capital‐intensive sprinkler irrigation, and up to ten percentage points less likely to grow high‐value crops. Trust ownership, which is characterized by cumbersome bureaucratic processes, limits on agricultural lease flexibility, and the inability to use land as collateral to acquire loans, is a likely explanation for the observed differences. DA - 2020/1/23/ PY - 2020/1/23/ DO - 10.1002/ajae.12077 VL - 102 IS - 4 SP - 1083-1104 J2 - American Journal of Agricultural Economics LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9092 1467-8276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajae.12077 DB - Crossref KW - Indian reservation KW - irrigated agriculture KW - property rights KW - regression discontinuity ER - TY - JOUR TI - The economics of indigenous water claim settlements in the American West AU - Sanchez, Leslie AU - Edwards, Eric C AU - Leonard, Bryan T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - Abstract The American West confronts the challenge of fulfilling indigenous claims to water within the context of increasingly scarce and variable water supplies. 170 of 226 American Indian reservations have unresolved water claims that potentially exceed the region’s hydrological capacity, generating uncertainty for tribes and off-reservation water users. To help resolve key uncertainties about dispute origins and outcomes, we construct a complete and novel dataset on Indian water settlements and reservation characteristics which we then analyze using a bargaining framework from economics. We find that rapid off-reservation population growth, water scarcity, and large anticipated water entitlements catalyze disputes. When more users are involved in the negotiations, transaction costs delay settlement, increasing water insecurity. We use our findings to predict allocations for 25 ongoing water right negotiations. These estimates help bound the uncertainty facing water managers throughout the American West. DA - 2020/8/24/ PY - 2020/8/24/ DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab94ea VL - 15 IS - 9 SP - 094027 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. OP - SN - 1748-9326 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab94ea DB - Crossref KW - property rights KW - bargaining KW - indigenous water rights KW - contracting costs KW - water policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Institutional and Organizational Analysis: Concepts and Applications. By Eric Alston, Lee Alston, Bernardo Mueller, and Tomas Nonnenmacher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. 406. $78.91, hardcover. AU - Edwards, Eric C. T2 - The Journal of Economic History AB - Institutional and Organizational Analysis: Concepts and Applications. By Eric Alston, Lee Alston, Bernardo Mueller, and Tomas Nonnenmacher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. 406. $78.91, hardcover. - Volume 80 Issue 3 DA - 2020/8/21/ PY - 2020/8/21/ DO - 10.1017/S002205072000039X VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 926-927 J2 - J. Econ. Hist. LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0507 1471-6372 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205072000039x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predator–prey dynamics in general equilibrium and the role of trade AU - Edwards, Eric C. AU - Go, Dong-Hun AU - Oladi, Reza T2 - Resource and Energy Economics AB - We examine the implications of trade in an economy with two interrelated natural resources, focusing on the case of a simple predator–prey relationship. We derive a three-sector general equilibrium model where production functions are linked via the ecological dynamics of the natural system. Under autarky, this economy exhibits a steady-state equilibrium that overexploits the prey stock, reducing the linked predator population and overall welfare in the absence of harvesting controls. When two economies engage in trade, differences in the dynamics of the two resource systems can become the basis for comparative advantage. In this case, the predator–prey relationship leads to a source of comparative advantage in harvesting prey for a country with a lower autarky steady-state proportion of predators to prey. This feature has not been noticed in the literature and leads to a counterintuitive implication: free trade can help conserve predator and prey stocks in the country with the higher autarkic steady-state proportion of predators to prey. To illustrate the relevance of our analytic findings, we present the stylized empirical example of the effect of Chinook salmon imports on killer whale populations. DA - 2020/8// PY - 2020/8// DO - 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2020.101174 VL - 61 SP - 101174 J2 - Resource and Energy Economics LA - en OP - SN - 0928-7655 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2020.101174 DB - Crossref KW - Bi-resource economy KW - General equilibrium KW - Conservation KW - Trade KW - Predator-prey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Information Searching in the Residential Solar PV Market AU - Pless, J. AU - Fell, H. AU - Sirgin, B. T2 - The Energy Journal AB - This paper examines the consumer information search behavior of households in San Diego County with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. We focus on whether solar PV households financing the technology through third-party ownership (TPO) versus host-ownership (HO), which is equivalent to leasing or buying goods in other markets, have heterogeneous preferences as reflected by information search. Conditional on adoption, we find that TPO households tend to seek more information on home modifications required for solar installation whereas HO households seek more information on the financial returns of solar investments. These preferences may be correlated with the consumption of other goods and services, and thus, if used to inform marketing strategies, our results could help reduce solar PV customer acquisition costs and accelerate technology diffusion. They also have indirect implications for marketing goods and services in other contexts where consumers exhibit similar preferences. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.5547/01956574.41.4.jple VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 255-278 SN - 1944-9089 KW - Renewable Energy KW - Technology Diffusion KW - Customer Acquisition KW - Information Search KW - Third-Party Ownership ER - TY - JOUR TI - Paying for animal welfare? A hedonic analysis of egg prices AU - Vukina, Tomislav AU - Nestic, Danijel T2 - AGRIBUSINESS AB - Abstract We investigate whether consumers are willing to pay a premium price for animal welfare attributes of foods they eat. To answer this question, we carry out a hedonic analysis of the retail eggs prices in Croatia. Scientific evidence clearly supports the notion that birds' wellbeing is higher in cage‐free systems than in a typical cage system. Therefore, there is a clear link between production systems and animal welfare. We use the retail level monthly data for 2017 on sales quantities and unit values of all fresh egg stock keeping units from all stores belonging to one of the largest retail chains in the country. The estimation results of the equilibrium hedonic price equation model shows that holding other attributes constant, the clean price premium for cage‐free eggs is 15 cents per 10‐egg carton or 7.8% of the retail price. Although the implicit price premium for cage‐free eggs is relatively modest, there are not that many people actually willing to buy them. Because only 2.2% of all eggs sold by the retail chain were actually cage‐free, the average per‐person willingness to pay for cage‐free eggs is only 0.3 cents for a 10‐egg carton [EconLit Citations: D12, L66, M31]. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020/10// DO - 10.1002/agr.21658 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 613-630 SN - 1520-6297 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling multiple reasons for adopting precision technologies: Evidence from US cotton producers AU - Paudel, Krishna P. AU - Mishra, Ashok K. AU - Pandit, Mahesh AU - Larkin, Sherry AU - Rejesus, Rodrick AU - Velandia, Margarita T2 - COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE AB - Before deciding to adopt a particular technology, an individual should assess the reasons for its adoption. The major reasons for adoption could be to profitability, environmental benefit, or to be at the forefront of the technology. Using Monte Carlo simulations, this study determined that seemingly unrelated ordered probit (SUOP) method performs better than a single ordered probit (UOP) method for analyzing factors affecting multiple reasons for adopting precision farming (PF) technologies. Results indicated that profit was the most important reason, and environmental benefits were the second most important reason for adopting PF technologies. Findings revealed that educated, experienced, and farmers with farm planning and computers chose PF technologies for profit reasons. Younger farmers and farmers using university publication information are more likely to indicate the importance of environmental quality benefits. Finally, farmers located in the Delta, Appalachia, and Southeast regions of the US are more likely to adopt PF technologies for environmental benefits reason, compared to farmers in the Southern Plains region. DA - 2020/8// PY - 2020/8// DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105625 VL - 175 SP - SN - 1872-7107 KW - Precision farming technologies KW - Seemingly unrelated ordered probit KW - Cotton KW - Profitability KW - Monte Carlo simulations ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of agronomic crops to planting date and double-cropping with wheat AU - Hare, Andrew T. AU - Jordan, David L. AU - Edmisten, Keith L. AU - Leon, Ramon G. AU - Post, Angela R. AU - Vann, Rachel AU - Dunphy, E. James AU - Heiniger, Ronnie AU - Collins, Guy AU - Washburn, Derek T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Abstract Planting date can affect crop yield and is an important management decision for practitioners. Although wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can be effectively double‐cropped in North Carolina, if commodity prices and projected economic returns are higher for crops other than soybean, growers might consider a nontraditional, double‐crop system. Direct comparisons of major agronomic crops with different planting dates or in a double‐crop system with wheat are limited in North Carolina. Therefore, research was conducted in North Carolina from 2013 through 2017 to determine yield potential of corn ( Zea mays L.), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), and soybean planted at two dates within the recommended planting window for full‐season production versus planting these crops after wheat harvest. The experimental design was a split plot, with summer crop serving as the whole plot unit and planting date within a crop serving as the subplot unit. Yield of corn, cotton, grain sorghum, peanut, and soybean in full‐season production exceeded that of double‐cropping with wheat in 5, 5, 2, 4, and 5 yr out of 5 yr of the study, respectively. Estimated economic returns were generated using the 10‐yr average (2008–2017) summer crop prices with the 10‐yr average wheat price. When considering all possible combinations of years and crops (n = 25), in only 20% of the possible combinations was the economic return of the double‐cropping system greater than economic return of full‐season crop production when compared with at least one of the planting dates within the traditional planting window. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1002/agj2.20164 VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - 1972-1980 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a blended learning approach for cross-cultural entrepreneurial education AU - Stefanic, Ivan AU - Campbell, Ronald K. AU - Russ, John S. AU - Stefanic, Edita T2 - INNOVATIONS IN EDUCATION AND TEACHING INTERNATIONAL AB - This paper explores students’ perceptions of an experimental, cross-cultural entrepreneurial blended learning course. This course, developed jointly by North Carolina State University and Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Croatia, employed a variety of face-to-face and technology-based approaches to facilitate cross-cultural teaching. The impact of socioeconomic status on participants’ satisfaction with the course is also investigated. This study also clarifies that active learning and new roles for teachers and students in a cross-cultural perspective setting are possible between a western setting and east European countries. The study found that teachers need to focus not only on the technical aspects of course delivery, but must also seek to understand students’ expectations and perceptions as well as support student learning across the whole course. Instructors, interaction with peers, and overall course design and organization play an important role in student satisfaction. DA - 2020/3/3/ PY - 2020/3/3/ DO - 10.1080/14703297.2019.1568901 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 242-254 SN - 1470-3300 KW - Face-to-face learning KW - collaborative learning KW - cross-cultural videoconference learning KW - blended learning KW - entrepreneurship ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perspective: enhancing economic evaluations and impacts of integrated pest management Farmer Field Schools (IPM-FFS) in low-income countries AU - Rejesus, Roderick M. AU - Jones, Michael S. T2 - PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AB - Abstract Over the last few decades, the use of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) have been considered one of the best approaches to disseminate integrated pest management (IPM) practices that aim to reduce reliance on and misuse of chemical pest control methods in agriculture. However, the published empirical literature has been decidedly mixed in terms of the effectiveness of the IPM‐FFS approach to improve economic outcomes in the short‐term (e.g. reduce chemical use, improve profits), and the potential for scaling‐up and IPM dissemination in the medium‐term. This article briefly explores the empirical IPM‐FFS literature and draws implications for future research directions that can potentially enhance IPM knowledge diffusion methods (including IPM‐FFS) and increase the economic impact of IPM techniques in low‐income countries. We find that promising research directions to improve understanding of IPM dissemination and IPM impacts will need to involve: (i) interdisciplinary long‐run studies using rigorous evaluation methods; (ii) in‐depth assessments of spillover effects; (iii) careful examination of IPM and IPM‐FFS impact heterogeneity; (iv) evaluation of novel IPM packages with herbicide‐ and genetics‐centered components; (v) piloting and impact assessments of alternative IPM knowledge diffusion structures; and (vi) piloting and impact analysis of IPM dissemination and learning programs with private sector involvement. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2020/11// PY - 2020/11// DO - 10.1002/ps.5912 VL - 76 IS - 11 SP - 3527-3536 SN - 1526-4998 KW - economic evaluations KW - economic impacts KW - Farmer Field Schools KW - future research directions KW - integrated pest management (IPM) KW - interdisciplinary research ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coevolutionary Governance of Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance AU - Jorgensen, Peter Sogaard AU - Folke, Carl AU - Henriksson, Patrik J. G. AU - Malmros, Karin AU - Troell, Max AU - Zorzet, Anna AU - Aktipis, Athena AU - Brown, Zachary AU - Carriere, Yves AU - Downes, Sharon AU - Dunn, Robert R. AU - Epstein, Graham AU - Frisvold, George AU - Grohn, Yrjo AU - Gujar, Govind Tikaramsa AU - Hawthorne, David AU - Jasovsky, Dusan AU - Klein, Eili Y. AU - Klein, Franziska AU - Lhermie, Guillaume AU - Mota-Sanchez, David AU - Omoto, Celso AU - Scott, H. Morgan AU - Wemli, Didier AU - Carroll, Scott P. T2 - TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION AB - Development of new biocides has dominated human responses to evolution of antibiotic and pesticide resistance. Increasing and uniform biocide use, the spread of resistance genes, and the lack of new classes of compounds indicate the importance of navigating toward more sustainable coevolutionary dynamics between human culture and species that evolve resistance. To inform this challenge, we introduce the concept of coevolutionary governance and propose three priorities for its implementation: (i) new norms and mental models for lowering use, (ii) diversifying practices to reduce directional selection, and (iii) investment in collective action institutions to govern connectivity. We highlight the availability of solutions that facilitate broader sustainable development, which for antibiotic resistance include improved sanitation and hygiene, strong health systems, and decreased meat consumption. DA - 2020/6// PY - 2020/6// DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2020.01.011 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 484-494 SN - 1872-8383 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rating exotic price coverage in crop revenue insurance AU - Ramsey, A. Ford AU - Ghosh, Sujit K. AU - Goodwin, Barry K. T2 - AGRICULTURAL FINANCE REVIEW AB - Purpose Revenue insurance is the most popular form of insurance available in the US federal crop insurance program. The majority of crop revenue policies are sold with a harvest price replacement feature that pays out on lost crop yields at the maximum of a realized or projected harvest price. The authors introduce a novel actuarial and statistical approach to rate revenue insurance policies with exotic price coverage: the payout depends on an order statistic or average of prices. The authors examine the price implications of different dependence models and demonstrate the feasibility of policies of this type. Design/methodology/approach Hierarchical Archimedean copulas and vine copulas are used to model dependence between prices and yields and serial dependence of prices. The authors construct several synthetic exotic price coverage insurance policies and evaluate the impact of copula models on policies covering different types of risk. Findings The authors’ findings show that the price of exotic price coverage policies is sensitive to the choice of dependence model. Serial dependence varies across the growing season. It is possible to accurately price exotic coverage policies and we suggest these add-ons as a possible avenue for developing private crop insurance markets. Originality/value The authors apply hierarchical Archimedean copulas and vine copulas that allow for flexibility in the modeling of multivariate dependence. Unlike previous research, which has primarily considered dependence across space, the form of exotic price coverage requires modeling serial dependence in relative prices. Results are important for this segment of the agricultural insurance market: one of the main areas that insurers can develop private products around the federal program. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020/// DO - 10.1108/AFR-10-2019-0107 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 609-631 SN - 2041-6326 KW - Crop revenue insurance KW - Nested copulas KW - Domestic credit KW - Exotic price coverage ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk aversion over price variability: experimental evidence AU - Zeytoon Nejad Moosavian, Seyyed Ali AU - Hammond, Robert AU - Goodwin, Barry K. T2 - APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS AB - Eliciting risk attitudes is of crucial importance in economics. We test whether the degree of risk aversion that an individual exhibits in the context of the direct utility function is equivalent t... DA - 2020/12/14/ PY - 2020/12/14/ DO - 10.1080/13504851.2020.1717426 VL - 27 IS - 21 SP - 1739-1745 SN - 1466-4291 KW - Risk aversion KW - laboratory experiment KW - direct utility function KW - experimental elicitations KW - duality ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of Internal Migration on the Health of Rural Migrants: Evidence from Longitudinal Data in China AU - Lu, Haiyang AU - Kandilov, Ivan T. AU - Zhu, Rong T2 - JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AB - Previous studies investigating the health consequences of migration often face difficulties choosing a proper comparison group and tackling the problems of potential endogeneity and self-selection bias. Using propensity score matching difference-in-differences and an instrumental variable approach, this paper examines the impact of internal migration on the health of rural migrants in China. We find robust evidence of a significant negative effect of internal migration on rural migrants’ health. We also find significant heterogeneity in the impact across different age groups. Younger migrants aged between 16 and 35 are most likely to experience health decline following migration. In addition, we find that the key mechanisms through which internal migration affects the health of rural migrants are the changes in emotional state and social trust. DA - 2020/4/2/ PY - 2020/4/2/ DO - 10.1080/00220388.2019.1590553 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 840-855 SN - 1743-9140 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Input use under cost-of-production crop insurance: Theory and evidence AU - He, Juan AU - Zheng, Xiaoyong AU - Rejesus, Roderick AU - Yorobe, Jose, Jr. T2 - AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - Abstract There have been a number of previous studies that examined the effects of yield‐ or revenue‐based crop insurance products on input use of farmers. However, no study has specifically investigated the input use impacts of a cost‐of‐production (COP) crop insurance policy, even though this type of crop insurance is the predominant one used in several other countries outside of the United States (such as the Philippines and China). This article aims to theoretically and empirically examine the effect of a COP crop insurance product on farmers’ chemical input use. Our theoretical model suggests that the effect of COP insurance on input use can either be positive or negative, with the resulting impact depending on the strengths of (a) the traditional moral hazard effect of insurance (i.e., an input use decreasing effect); versus (b) the marginal incentives to apply more inputs due to input levels being the main determinant for expected indemnity amounts in this type of insurance (i.e., an input use increasing effect). A survey data set from corn farmers in the Philippines is then used to empirically illustrate how a particular COP insurance product influences input use in a real‐life context. In this case, we find that COP insurance increases the use of chemical inputs (e.g., fertilizers and total chemical expenditure), implying that the positive marginal incentive to apply more inputs dominates the negative moral hazard effect. DA - 2020/5// PY - 2020/5// DO - 10.1111/agec.12558 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 343-357 SN - 1574-0862 KW - cost-of-production crop insurance KW - moral hazard ER - TY - JOUR TI - International linkages, technology transfer, and the skilled labor wage share: Evidence from plant-level data in Indonesia AU - Yasar, Mahmut AU - Rejesus, Roderick M. T2 - WORLD DEVELOPMENT AB - This paper examines whether technology transfer through international linkages (such as the importing of intermediate inputs and foreign direct investments) influences skilled labor wage shares in Indonesian plants. Using a variety of specifications, estimators, and robustness checks (including Correlated Random Effects Probit, quantile fixed effects regression, and a moment-based instrumental variable (IV) approach), we find that the import of intermediate inputs and foreign direct investment likely facilitate the transfer of technologies from advanced nations, which then results in skill-biased technological change and increased relative skilled labor wage share. These results indicate that, contrary to standard trade theory predictions, international linkages can lead to increased demand for skilled labor and a potential widening of the skilled-unskilled labor wage gap in Indonesia. Our findings support the theoretical explanation provided by Acemoglu (2003). Since firms in developing countries like Indonesia mainly rely on technologies from advanced nations, trade is likely to increase (rather than decrease) the skilled wage premium. DA - 2020/4// PY - 2020/4// DO - 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104847 VL - 128 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contract elements, growing conditions, and anomalous claims behaviour in US crop insurance AU - Park, Sungkwol AU - Goodwin, Barry K. AU - Zheng, Xiaoyong AU - Rejesus, Roderick M. T2 - GENEVA PAPERS ON RISK AND INSURANCE-ISSUES AND PRACTICE AB - We investigate contract elements and growing conditions associated with anomalous claims behaviour in the U.S. Federal Crop Insurance Program. In this study the measure of “anomalous claims behaviour” is based on the number of producers (in a county) placed on the “Spot Check List” (SCL)—a list generated from government compliance efforts that aim to detect and deter fraud, waste, and abuse in the U.S. Federal Crop Insurance Program. Using county-level data and various econometric approaches that control for features of this data set (e.g., the count nature of the dependent variable, censoring, potential endogeneity, and spatial/temporal dependence), we find that the following crop insurance contract attributes influence the extent of anomalous claims behaviour in a county: (a) the ability to insure individual fields through “optional units”; (b) the coverage level choice; and (c) the total number of acres insured. In addition, our empirical analyses suggest that anomalous claims behaviour significantly increases when extreme weather events occur (e.g., droughts, floods) and when economic conditions are unfavourable (i.e., high input costs that lower profit levels). Results from this study have important implications for addressing potential underwriting vulnerabilities in crop insurance contracts and the frequency of more rigorous compliance inspections. DA - 2020/1// PY - 2020/1// DO - 10.1057/s41288-019-00143-9 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 157-183 SN - 1468-0440 KW - Spot Check List KW - Insurance fraud KW - Crop insurance KW - Simulated maximum likelihood estimation KW - Control function approach KW - Block bootstrap ER - TY - JOUR TI - Poultry Ownership Associated with Increased Risk of Child Diarrhea: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Uganda AU - Ercumen, Ayse AU - Prottas, Chris AU - Harris, Angela AU - Dioguardi, Angelique AU - Dowd, Greg AU - Guiteras, Raymond T2 - The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene AB - Domestic animals have been associated with enteric infections in young children and can also be carriers of respiratory viruses. We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of health outcomes in children aged < 5 years associated with animal presence among 793 rural households in Uganda. We recorded the 2-week prevalence of diarrhea and respiratory infections in children, and the number of cows, poultry, sheep/goats, and pigs in the household. We used generalized linear models with robust standard errors to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) for diarrhea and respiratory infections associated with households owning the above- versus below-median number of animals. We conducted unadjusted and adjusted analyses controlling for socioeconomic, water, sanitation, and hygiene indicators. Children in households with the above-median number (> 5) of poultry had 83% higher diarrhea prevalence than those with ≤ 5 poultry (adjusted PR = 1.83 [1.04, 3.23], P = 0.04). Children in households with the above-median number (> 2) of cows had 48% lower prevalence of respiratory infection than those with ≤ 2 cows (adjusted PR = 0.52 [0.35, 0.76], P < 0.005). There were no other significant associations between domestic animals and child health. Studies should assess if barring chickens from indoor living quarters and sanitary disposal of chicken and other animal feces can reduce childhood zoonotic infections. DA - 2020/3/5/ PY - 2020/3/5/ DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0012 VL - 102 IS - 3 SP - 526-533 LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9637 1476-1645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0012 DB - Crossref ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Gambling with extinction: comments on Chauvenet et al. (2010) AU - Fackler, Paul L. AB - Code to obtain the results presented here was written in the MATLAB language and is provided as Data S1. The code uses the MDPSolve package available on GitHub/Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544972 Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. DA - 2020/1// PY - 2020/1// DO - 10.1002/eap.1872 SP - ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effects of Weather on Recreational Fishing Demand and Adaptation: Implications for a Changing Climate AU - Dundas, Steven J. AU - von Haefen, Roger H. T2 - Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists AB - Outdoor recreation is one of the most popular leisure activities in the United States, yet the potential impacts of climate change on the nonmarket aspects of this activity are largely unknown or poorly understood. We estimate the nonlinear effects of temperature and precipitation on the demand for a significant segment of the outdoor recreation economy—shoreline marine recreational fishing in the Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions—from 2004 to 2009. Our econometric estimates suggest that extreme heat significantly reduces recreation participation. We find declines in participation (up to 15%) and welfare (up to $312 million annually) over a range of predicted climate futures. These impacts vary spatially and temporally, with warmer locations and times of year experiencing significant losses and gains possible in cooler areas. We also find evidence of climate-averting behavior as anglers shift their activities to nighttime rather than fish less frequently to mitigate the negative impacts from extreme heat. DA - 2020/3// PY - 2020/3// DO - 10.1086/706343 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 209-242 J2 - Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists LA - en OP - SN - 2333-5955 2333-5963 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/706343 DB - Crossref KW - climate change KW - recreation demand KW - temporal adaptation KW - fishing KW - extreme heat ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic growth through entrepreneurship: Determinants of self-employed income across regional economies AU - Willis, David B. AU - Hughes, David W. AU - Boys, Kathryn A. AU - Swindall, Devin C. T2 - PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract Knowledge of the determinants of self‐employment income is critical to entrepreneurial development strategies if the development goal is to increase incomes not just employment. Using American Community Survey data, unconditional quantile regression is used to investigate differences in the relationship between entrepreneurial income and an array of individual, industry, and regional characteristics across the self‐employment income distribution. Personal attributes, such as education, race, age, and gender, both explain differences in self‐employment income and vary in importance across the income distribution. Regional agglomerative effects are significantly positive and stronger at the upper end of the self‐employed income distribution. DA - 2020/2// PY - 2020/2// DO - 10.1111/pirs.12482 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - 73-95 SN - 1435-5957 KW - economic growth KW - entrepreneurship KW - income KW - self-employed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moral hazard and subsidized crop insurance AU - Wu, Shenan AU - Goodwin, Barry K. AU - Coble, Keith T2 - AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AB - Abstract Along with adverse selection, moral hazard is one of the major hurdles that private and public insurance plans must contend with. Moral hazard occurs if risks are endogenous to a producer's behavior and if the insurer is unable to properly monitor the insured. We review the role of moral hazard in the US crop insurance program. We conduct an empirical analysis of one important aspect of the US crop insurance program—prevented planting. This provision provides indemnity payments if conditions are not suitable for planting. The program has been the subject of considerable controversy, especially during 2019, when the rate of claims is expected to be especially high. Because loss adjustors may encounter difficulties in assessing the weather conditions associated with prevented planting claims, the program is susceptible to moral hazard. We consider the extent to which prevented planting claims may be endogenous to prices. We find significant evidence of moral hazard. The likelihood of prevented planting claims increases as the expected market price decreases or as fertilizer costs increase for corn and soybeans in the Prairie Pothole Region and for grain sorghum and cotton in all states. DA - 2020/1// PY - 2020/1// DO - 10.1111/agec.12545 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 131-142 SN - 1574-0862 KW - crop insurance KW - LASSO estimation KW - logistic regression KW - moral hazard KW - prevented planting KW - Q14 KW - Q18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The minimum wage and seasonal employment: Evidence from the US agricultural sector AU - Kandilov, Amy M. G. AU - Kandilov, Ivan T. T2 - JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE AB - Abstract Nearly 40% of agricultural workers in the United States earn an hourly wage that is within 10% of the prevailing state‐level minimum wage. We evaluate the impact of the minimum wage on farm employment using county‐level data from the United States Census of Agriculture. We employ long‐differences specifications and find evidence of a dynamic, negative effect of the minimum wage on seasonal agricultural employment, but no effect on year‐round agricultural employment. We estimate a long‐run elasticity of total agricultural employment with respect to the minimum wage of about −0.40, which is both statistically and economically significant. Employers’ total expenditures on hired agricultural workers are not affected by the minimum wage. Finally, our analysis suggests that increases in minimum wages may lead to higher capital investment as well as the consolidation of farming operations in the agricultural sector. DA - 2020/9// PY - 2020/9// DO - 10.1111/jors.12474 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 612-627 SN - 1467-9787 KW - agricultural sector KW - minimum wage KW - season employment ER - TY - JOUR TI - THE IMPACTS OF THE USDA BROADBAND LOAN AND GRANT PROGRAMS: MOVING TOWARD ESTIMATING A RATE OF RETURN AU - Kandilov, Ivan T. AU - Renkow, Mitch T2 - ECONOMIC INQUIRY AB - In this article, we evaluate the rate of return to government efforts to promote broadband. Specifically, we estimate the impact of USDA's broadband loan and grant programs on the average payroll per worker using zip code level data from the Zip Code Business Patterns for the period from 1997 to 2007. Our results indicate that two of the smaller broadband programs (the Pilot loan program and the broadband grants program) likely had no effect on local payroll per workers. On the other hand, the largest program in terms of funding and coverage (the current broadband loan program) likely had a positive impact. Our estimate implies that a $1 per capita increase in a particular zip code's one‐time receipt of the current program broadband loan results in a $0.92 increase in payroll per worker annually. Our calculated point estimates of the benefit: cost ratios for this broadband program range from 1.98 to 2.99, depending on assumptions about the time frame over which benefits accrue. However, the confidence intervals are wide enough to include the possibility that the costs outweigh the benefits.( JEL L86, J30, O18) DA - 2020/7// PY - 2020/7// DO - 10.1111/ecin.12872 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 1129-1145 SN - 1465-7295 ER -