TY - CONF TI - Use of Atmospheric Plasma for Insect Control AU - Roe, R.M. AU - Long, S. AU - Bourham, M.A. AU - Bures, B.L. AU - Gray, T.K. T2 - Beltwide Cotton Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference CY - Nashville, TN DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/1/6/ SP - 1150-1156 ER - TY - CONF TI - Operational parameters of a pulsed electrothermal plasma source: pulse power system characterization and measurement AU - Dale, G.E. AU - Bourhamt, M.A. AU - Mayo, R.M. T2 - 12th International Pulsed Power Conference AB - The Plasma Interactions with Propellants Experiment (PIPE) is a facility designed for the study of materials and propellants exposed to a pulsed, high-heat flux plasma produced with an electrothermal plasma gun. PIPE is powered by a single 340 /spl mu/F capacitor with a maximum charging voltage of 10 kV, for a maximum discharge energy of 17 kJ. This paper describes voltage and current measurements made with a high-frequency compensated voltage divider and a Pearson coil. For these experiments, the gun was operated in air at 2 Torr at discharge energies between 1.1 and 8.1 kJ. The maximum current ranged between 10 and 45 kA. The maximum gun power ranged between 30 and 160 MW. Typical discharge duration is on the order of 100 /spl mu/s. Much of the data is shown to fit simple empirical relations. C2 - 2003/1/22/ C3 - Digest of Technical Papers. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. (Cat. No.99CH36358) DA - 2003/1/22/ DO - 10.1109/ppc.1999.823589 PB - IEEE UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppc.1999.823589 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The multiphase Eulerian-Lagrangian transport (MELT-3D) approach for modeling of multiphase mixing in fragmentation processes AU - Nourgaliev, R.R. AU - Dinh, T.N. AU - Dinh, A.T. AU - Haraldsson, H.O. AU - Sehgal, B.R. T2 - Progress in Nuclear Energy AB - A new numerical approach for modeling of multiphase mixing during melt jet/droplet fragmentation process is developed. Melt or debris movements are simulated by a particle transport model in a Lagrangian formulation, while thermohydraulic conditions of the surrounding medium are obtained from solution of the Navier-Stokes and energy-conservation equations written in an Eulerian formulation. The Lagrangian and the Eulerian solutions are coupled and advanced in time, with source terms included to model the interactions between the particle and the continuum phases. The method is validated against isothermal solid-sphere, and drop fragmentation experiments. It is found that the model is capable of describing the evolution of the melt-coolant multiphase mixing process with reasonable accuracy. The method is then applied to investigate fragmentation of a continuous jet. Effects of variations in jet/coolant velocities, and of coolant thermophysical properties are analyzed, with particular emphasis on their implications for the fragmentation and mixing processes. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0149-1970(03)80006-9 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 123-157 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037285644&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The lattice Boltzmann equation method: Theoretical interpretation, numerics and implications AU - Nourgaliev, R.R. AU - Dinh, T.N. AU - Theofanous, T.G. AU - Joseph, D. T2 - International Journal of Multiphase Flow AB - During the last ten years the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) method has been developed as an alternative numerical approach in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Originated from the discrete kinetic theory, the LBE method has emerged with the promise to become a superior modeling platform, both computationally and conceptually, compared to the existing arsenal of the continuum-based CFD methods. The LBE method has been applied for simulation of various kinds of fluid flows under different conditions. The number of papers on the LBE method and its applications continues to grow rapidly, especially in the direction of complex and multiphase media. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive, self-contained and consistent tutorial on the LBE method, aiming to clarify misunderstandings and eliminate some confusion that seems to persist in the LBE-related CFD literature. The focus is placed on the fundamental principles of the LBE approach. An excursion into the history, physical background and details of the theory and numerical implementation is made. Special attention is paid to advantages and limitations of the method, and its perspectives to be a useful framework for description of complex flows and interfacial (and multiphase) phenomena. The computational performance of the LBE method is examined, comparing it to other CFD methods, which directly solve for the transport equations of the macroscopic variables. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0301-9322(02)00108-8 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 117-169 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037247762&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of reactor vessel integrity (ARVI) AU - Sehgal, B.R. AU - Theerthan, A. AU - Giri, A. AU - Karbojian, A. AU - Willschütz, H.G. AU - Kymäläinen, O. AU - Vandroux, S. AU - Bonnet, J.M. AU - Seiler, J.M. AU - Ikkonen, K. AU - Sairanen, R. AU - Bhandari, S. AU - Bürger, M. AU - Buck, M. AU - Widmann, W. AU - Dienstbier, J. AU - Techy, Z. AU - Kostka, P. AU - Taubner, R. AU - Theofanous, T. AU - Dinh, T.N. T2 - Nuclear Engineering and Design AB - The cost-shared project ARVI (assessment of reactor vessel integrity) involves a total of nine organisations from Europe and USA. The objective of the ARVI Project is to resolve the safety issues that remain unresolved for the melt vessel interaction phase of the in-vessel progression of a severe accident. The work consists of experiments and analysis development. Four tests were performed in the EC-FOREVER Programme, in which failure was achieved in-vessels employing the French pressure vessel steel. The tests were analysed with the commercial code ANSYS-Multiphysics, and the codes SYSTUS+ and PASULA, and quite good agreement was achieved for the failure location. Natural convection experiments in stratified pools have been performed in the SIMECO and the COPO facilities, which showed that much greater heat is transferred downwards for immiscible layers or before layers mix. A model for gap cooling and a set of simplified models for the system codes have been developed. MVITA code calculations have been performed for the Czech and Hungarian VVERs, towards evaluation of the in-vessel melt retention accident management scheme. Tests have been performed at the ULPU facility with organised flow for vessel external cooling. Considerable enhancement of the critical heat flux (CHF) was obtained. The ARVI Project has reached the halfway stage. This paper presents the results obtained thus far from the project. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0029-5493(02)00343-6 VL - 221 IS - 1-3 SPEC. SP - 23-53 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037375397&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - The 'Characteristics-Based Matching' (CBM) method for compressible flow with moving boundaries and interfaces AU - Nourgaliev, R. AU - Dinh, N. AU - Theofanous, T. AB - Recently, Eulerian methods for capturing interfaces in multi-fluid problems become increasingly popular. While these methods can effectively handle significant deformations of interface, they have been known to produce nonphysical oscillations near material interfaces due to the smeared out density profile and radical change in equation of state across a material interface. One promising recent development to overcome these problems is the ‘Ghost Fluid Method’ (GFM). While being able to produce excellent results for simulation of gas-gas flows, the GFM boundary treatment is unsatisfactory for the case of liquid-liquid or liquid-gas compressible flows. The present study devotes to a new methodology for boundary condition capturing in multi-fluid compressible flows. The method, named ‘Characteristics-Based Matching (CBM)’, capitalizes on the recent development of the level set method and related techniques, i.e., PDE-based re-initialization and extrapolation, and the ‘Ghost Fluid Method’ (GFM). Specifically, the CBM utilizes the level set function to ‘capture’ interface position and a GFM-like strategy to tag computational nodes. In difference to the GFM method, which employs a boundary condition capturing in primitive variables, the CBM method implements boundary conditions based on a characteristic decomposition in the direction normal to the boundary. Since the method allows to avoid over-specification of boundary conditions by respecting the information flow, we believe that the CBM is able to ‘cure’ above-mentioned problems of the GFM boundary condition capturing technique. In this paper, the method’s performance is examined on fluid dynamics problems with stationary and moving boundaries. Numerical results agree well with known analytical or computational solutions and experimental data. Robust and accurate solutions were obtained. In particular, spurious over/under-heating errors, typical for moving boundary treatment by other methods, are essentially eliminated in the CBM solutions. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference DA - 2003/// DO - 10.1115/fedsm2003-45550 VL - 2 B SP - 1705-1728 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346273024&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the multiscale treatment of multifluid flow AU - Dinh, T.N. AU - Nourgaliev, R.R. AU - Theofanous, T.G. T2 - Multiphase Science and Technology AB - This contribution surveys the various scales at which multi-phase systems can be modelled (effective field modelling, capturing large scale discontinuities at the largest scale, down to molecular dynamics modelling at the smallest scale) and shows how a multiscale treatment is necessary to capture the important flow features. The multiscale approach is illustrated with several examples. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1615/MultScienTechn.v15.i1-4.210 VL - 15 IS - 1-4 SP - 275-288 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-52249116021&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nucleation phenomena in boiling AU - Dinh, T.N. AU - Theofanous, T.G. T2 - Multiphase Science and Technology AB - The mechanisms of phase nucleation are reviewed, starting with the classical theories of homogeneous and heterogenous nucleation. The principle issues in nucleation are addressed (including nucleation on smooth cavity-free surfaces and the role of nano-scale phenomena). It is concluded that nucleation is not well understood and the importance of strict protocols in experiments is stressed. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1615/MultScienTechn.v15.i1-4.290 VL - 15 IS - 1-4 SP - 349-363 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-56749124910&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - A characteristics-based approach to the numerical solution of the two-fluid model AU - Nourgaliev, R. AU - Dinh, N. AU - Theofanous, T. AB - This paper is concerned with numerical solutions of the two-fluid models of two-phase flow. The two-fluid modeling approach is based on the effective-field description of inter-penetrating continua and uses constitutive laws to account for the inter-field interactions. The effective-field balance equations are derived by a homogenization procedure and known to be non-hyperbolic. Despite their importance and widespread application, predictions by such models have been hampered by numerical pitfalls manifested in the formidable challenge to obtain convergent numerical solutions under computational grid refinement. At the root of the problem is the absence of hyperbolicity in the field equations and the resulting ill-posedness. The aim of the present work is to develop a high-order-accurate numerical scheme that is not subject to such limitations. The main idea is to separate conservative and non-conservative parts, by implementing the latter as part of the source term. The conservative part, being effectively hyperbolic, is treated by a characteristics-based method. The scheme performance is examined on a compressible-incompressible two-fluid model. Convergence of numerical solutions to the analytical one is demonstrated on a benchmark (water faucet) problem. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference DA - 2003/// DO - 10.1115/fedsm2003-45551 VL - 2 B SP - 1729-1748 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346903367&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Nucleation phenomena in boiling on nanoscopically smooth surfaces AU - Dinh, T.N. AU - Tu, J.P. AU - Dinh, A.T. AU - Theofanous, T.G. C2 - 2003/// C3 - 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit DA - 2003/// UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894731207&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Aerobreakup in rarefied supersonic gas flows AU - Theofanous, T.G. AU - Li, G.J. AU - Dinh, T.N. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference DA - 2003/// VL - 2 B SP - 1685-1703 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347534125&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - The characteristics-based matching method for compressible flow in complex geometries AU - Nourgaliev, R.R. AU - Dinh, T.N. AU - Sushchikh, S.Y. AU - Yuen, W.W. AU - Theofanous, T.G. C2 - 2003/// C3 - 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit DA - 2003/// UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894768523&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - An investigation of droplet breakup in a high mach, low Weber number regime AU - Dinh, T.N. AU - Li, G.J. AU - Theofanous, T.G. AB - The paper is concerned with fuel droplet breakup in liquid-fuel Pulse Detonation Engines (PDE). Of particular interest is a high Mach, low Weber number regime that results from the microscopic size of fuel droplets in transonic and supersonic gas flow in detonation engines. We present a new experimental approach to enable characterization of droplet breakup in this novel regime. It is based on a scaling rationale that employs the low density of rarefied gas in experiments to compensate for the microscopic size of fuel droplets in combustors. The paper gives a description of the experimental facility and discusses preliminary results. C2 - 2003/// C3 - 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit DA - 2003/// DO - 10.2514/6.2003-317 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85088342265&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diagnostic X ray dose profiles in molar teeth using Monte Carlo simulation AU - Hayes, R. T2 - Radiation Protection Dosimetry AB - The dose profiles in molar teeth from diagnostic X rays was calculated using the Monte Carlo software program MCNP4c2. The information calculated supports needs in EPR retrospective dosimetry to account for diagnostic X ray exposures in teeth. Only tooth positions 6, 7 and 8 were simulated (the three teeth furthest back including the wisdom teeth) using a very detailed model of the pertinent physiology. The lingual and buccal halves of teeth were evaluated as were the crown dentin and roots in tooth position 7. Linear dose profiles through the enamel were also calculated. DA - 2003/5/1/ PY - 2003/5/1/ DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006175 VL - 104 IS - 2 SP - 153-158 J2 - Radiation Protection Dosimetry LA - en OP - SN - 0144-8420 1742-3406 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006175 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Preliminary Evaluation of Real Time False CAM Alarm Prediction Through Continuous Radon Monitoring AU - Hayes, Robert AU - Chiou, Hung Cheng T2 - Health Physics AB - The outputs of two real-time radon monitors were compared with the output from a continuous air monitor (CAM) to evaluate the potential of predicting false CAM alarms. From the results obtained, it appears that the radon monitor will be able to indicate when large rapid changes in radon levels are occurring before the effect on a CAM has taken place. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1097/00004032-200305001-00012 VL - 84 SP - S89-S92 KW - operational topic KW - monitors KW - radiation KW - radon KW - spectroscopy KW - alpha ER - TY - JOUR TI - False CAM Alarms from Radon Fluctuations AU - Hayes, Robert T2 - Health Physics AB - In Brief The root cause of many false continuous air monitor (CAM) alarms is revealed for CAMs that use constant spectral shape assumptions in transuranic (TRU) alpha activity determination algorithms. This paper shows that when atmospheric radon levels continually decrease and bottom out at a minimum level, reduced false TRU count rates are not only expected but measured. Similarly, when the radon levels continually increase to a maximum level, elevated false TRU count rates were measured as predicted. The basis for expecting this dependence on changes in radon levels is discussed. A method is discussed for correcting continuous air monitor results for fluctuating radon levels. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1097/00004032-200311002-00008 VL - 85 SP - S81-S84 ER - TY - CONF TI - Collimated Spectroscopy for Specific Activity Determination Behind a Shield Wall AU - Hayes, R.B. AU - Strait, A.E. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Transactions of the American Nuclear Society DA - 2003/// VL - 89 SP - 566 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346904210&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CONF TI - Alternate Approach to the Upper Subcritical Limit Determination for MCNP AU - Rhoden, W.G. AU - Hayes, R. C2 - 2003/// C3 - Transactions of the American Nuclear Society DA - 2003/// VL - 89 SP - 109 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346904404&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiation damage at the aluminum entrance window of the SINQ Target 3 AU - Lu, W AU - Wechsler, MS AU - Dai, Y T2 - JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS AB - Calculations are underway to determine radiation damage (displacement, helium, and hydrogen production) at the entrance window of the SINQ Target 3 (Mark II Type). Damage production rates were determined in two ways. In Method 1, the displacement, He, and H cross-sections were folded into the proton and neutron fluxes to give the three defect production rates separately for protons and neutrons. In Method 2, MCNPX with a computer model of SINQ was used directly to calculate the three production rates due to the combined effects of protons and neutrons. The production rates at the central tip of the target by Method 1 are 4.1 and 0.47 dpa/yr per mA for protons and neutrons, respectively, giving a total of 4.6 dpa/yr per mA. By Method 2 using several approaches, we obtain a range of production rates from 3.6 to 4.1 dpa/yr per mA. For helium, the production rates are calculated to be about 1000 and a range from 950 to 1580 appmHe/yr per mA, respectively. LAHET calculations indicate that the helium is completely retained in the irradiated aluminum. For hydrogen, the calculations indicate that perhaps only about half of the hydrogen produced is retained. Method 1 gives about 3500 appmH/yr per mA retained and Method 2 gives a range from 3500 to 4400 appmH/yr per mA. DA - 2003/5/15/ PY - 2003/5/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0022-3115(03)00082-5 VL - 318 SP - 176-184 SN - 1873-4820 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Surface analysis of cotton fabrics fluorinated in radio-frequency plasma AU - McCord, MG AU - Hwang, YJ AU - Qiu, Y AU - Hughes, LK AU - Bourham, MA T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE AB - Abstract Cotton fabrics were treated by radio‐frequency plasma with tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) and hexafluoropropene (C 3 F 6 ) gases under different exposure times, pressures, and power levels. The hydrophobicity and water repellency were analyzed with measurements of the cosine of the contact angle (cos θ) and wet‐out time. The hydrophobicity was enhanced with treatments of both gases. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed increases in the surface fluorine content of 1–2% for CF 4 plasma and of 2.3–7.8% for C 3 F 6 plasma. The relative chemical composition of the C 1s spectra after CF 4 and C 3 F 6 plasma treatments showed increases in the relative amounts of COC and fluorocarbon groups (CF, CF 2 , and CF 3 ), whereas peak areas for COH and COOH decreased. The hydrophobicity was enhanced by the increase in the fluorine content and fluorocarbon groups. C 3 F 6 plasma treatment resulted in higher hydrophobicity than CF 4 plasma treatment according to not only cos θ and wet‐out measurements but also XPS analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2038–2047, 2003 DA - 2003/5/23/ PY - 2003/5/23/ DO - 10.1002/app.11896 VL - 88 IS - 8 SP - 2038-2047 SN - 0021-8995 KW - cold plasma KW - ESCA/XPS KW - plasma polymerization ER - TY - JOUR TI - H-mode research in NSTX AU - Maingi, R AU - Bell, MG AU - Bell, RE AU - Bush, CE AU - Fredrickson, ED AU - Gates, DA AU - Gray, T AU - Johnson, DW AU - Kaita, R AU - Kaye, SM AU - Kubota, S AU - Kugel, HW AU - Lasnier, CJ AU - LeBlanc, BP AU - Maqueda, RJ AU - Mastrovito, D AU - Menard, JE AU - Mueller, D AU - Ono, M AU - Paoletti, F AU - Pau, SJ AU - Peng, YKM AU - Roquemore, AL AU - Sabbagh, SA AU - Skinner, CH AU - Soukhanovskii, VA AU - Stutman, D AU - Swain, DW AU - Synakowski, EJ AU - Tan, T AU - Wilgen, JB AU - Zweben, SJ T2 - NUCLEAR FUSION AB - H-modes are routinely obtained in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) and have become a standard operational scenario. L–H transitions triggered by NBI heating have been obtained over a wide parameter range in Ip, Bt, and e in either lower-single-null (LSN) or double-null (DN) diverted discharges. Edge localized modes are observed in both configurations but the characteristics differ between DN and LSN, which also have different triangularities (δ). An H-mode duration of 500 ms was obtained in LSN, with a total pulse length of ∼1 s. Preliminary power threshold studies indicate that the L–H threshold is between 600 kW and 1.2 MW, depending on the target parameters. Gas injector fuelling from the centre stack (i.e. the high toroidal field side) has enabled routine H-mode access, and comparisons with low-field side (LFS) fuelled H-mode discharges show that the LFS fuelling delays the L–H transition and alters the pre-transition plasma profiles. Gas puff imaging and reflectometry show that the H-mode edge is usually more quiescent than the L-mode edge. Divertor infrared camera measurements indicate up to 70% of available power flows to the divertor targets in quiescent H-mode discharges. DA - 2003/9// PY - 2003/9// DO - 10.1088/0029-5515/43/9/322 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - 969-974 SN - 0029-5515 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gamma-ray spectrometry analysis of pebble bed reactor fuel using Monte Carlo simulations AU - Chen, JW AU - Hawari, AI AU - Zhao, ZX AU - Su, BJ T2 - NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT AB - Abstract Monte Carlo simulations were used to study the gamma-ray spectra of pebble bed reactor fuel at various levels of burnup. A fuel depletion calculation was performed using the ORIGEN2.1 code, which yielded the gamma-ray source term that was introduced into the input of an MCNP4C simulation. The simulation assumed the use of a 100% efficient high-purity coaxial germanium (HPGe) detector, a pebble placed at a distance of 100 cm from the detector, and accounted for Gaussian broadening of the gamma-ray peaks. Previously, it was shown that 137 Cs, 60 Co (introduced as a dopant), and 134 Cs are the relevant burnup indicators. The results show that the 662 keV line of 137 Cs lies in close proximity to the intense 658 keV of 197 Nb, which results in spectral interference between the lines. However, the 1333 keV line of 60 Co, and selected 134 Cs lines (e.g., at 605 keV) are free from spectral interference, which enhances the possibility of their utilization as relative burnup indicators. DA - 2003/6/1/ PY - 2003/6/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01105-7 VL - 505 IS - 1-2 SP - 393-396 SN - 0168-9002 KW - pebble bed reactor KW - burnup KW - fuel KW - gamma ray KW - spectrometry KW - Monte Carlo KW - germanium detector ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of education on nuclear risk perception and attitude: Theory AU - Yim, MS AU - Vaganov, PA T2 - PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY AB - Education has been considered a key means of changing people's risk perception of or attitude toward, nuclear technology. Major efforts have been and will continue to be expended to educate the public in this regard. However, the early experimental studies indicated that empirical support was lacking for the arguments that opposition toward nuclear energy stems from ignorance and greater information will change attitudes. At the same time, some studies indicated the positive effect of education in changing people's attitude. This study reviewed the theories of attitude formation and change, risk perception, and their relationship with the public's nuclear education, and attempts to explain the seemingly conflicting findings. Suggestions for future educational efforts were also made. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0149-1970(03)80010-0 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 221-235 SN - 0149-1970 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plasma plume characteristics and properties of pulsed laser deposited diamond-like carbon films AU - Haverkamp, J. AU - Mayo, R. M. AU - Bourham, M. A. AU - Narayan, J. AU - Jin, C. AU - Duscher, G. T2 - Journal of Applied Physics AB - Pulsed laser deposition is a unique technique for the deposition of hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon films. During deposition, amorphous carbon is evaporated from a solid target by a high-energy KrF laser, ionized, and ejected as a plasma plume. The plume expands outwards and deposits the target material on a substrate. The plasma properties of the plume determine the quality of the thin films deposited on the substrate. These plume properties include ion density, ion flow speed, electron temperature, and plume peaking parameter. In this research, a triple Langmuir probe is used to determine various plasma properties of the plume created from the pulsed laser ablation of amorphous graphite as a function of laser energy density and laser spot size on the target. A thin diamond-like carbon film is deposited and analyzed with electron energy-loss spectroscopy to determine the sp3/sp2 fraction. A special preparation technique was used to prepare the thin film for analysis to prevent the damage that may be caused by conventional ion milling techniques. DA - 2003/3/5/ PY - 2003/3/5/ DO - 10.1063/1.1555695 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 3627-3634 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8979 1089-7550 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555695 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Understanding radioactive waste AU - Murray, R. L. CN - TD898 .M87 2003 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// PB - Columbus, OH: Battelle Press SN - 1574771353 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Elastic scattering of heavy projectiles by light targets AU - Murray, RL T2 - NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AB - Explicit relations are derived for the angular distribution in the laboratory of elastically scattered particles, assuming isotropic scattering in the center-of-mass system. Cases considered are mass ratios target/projectile greater than, equal to, and less than unity. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.13182/NSE03-A2319 VL - 143 IS - 1 SP - 81-85 SN - 0029-5639 ER -