TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of site and age of weaning on pig growth performance. AU - Patience, J F AU - Gonyou, H W AU - Whittington, D L AU - Beltranena, E AU - Rhodes, C S AU - Van Kessel, A G T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Site-segregated early weaning (SSEW) refers to the practice of weaning pigs from the sow at an early age and placing them in a nursery that is physically isolated from the breeding herd. An experiment involving 369 pigs was conducted at the Prairie Swine Center to investigate the impact of SSEW on pig performance when the herd of origin has a high health status and when housing and management conditions are kept as similar as possible across weaning regime. Three treatments were compared: weaning at 21+/-3 d and keeping the pigs on-site in an all-in-all-out nursery room (Control), weaning at 12+/-2 d of age and keeping the pigs on-site in a separate but identical all-in-all-out nursery room (OSEW), or weaning at 12+/-2 d of age and moving the pigs off-site to an all-in-all-out nursery room located 16 km from the Center (SSEW). Ventilation, feed, penning, feeders, and drinkers were kept as similar as possible for all treatments. Off-site weaning improved 56-d body weight (P < .05) by 12.5 and 8.3% compared with OSEW and Control, respectively. The improvement appeared to be the result of improvements primarily in feed intake but also due to enhanced efficiency of nutrient utilization. This experiment confirms that SSEW results in significant improvements in 56-d weights, even when the herd of origin has a relatively high health status. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7871726x VL - 78 IS - 7 SP - 1726 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2000.7871726x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent advances in protein sources for weanling pigs T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495374/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A nonlinear model for mammary gland growth and regression in lactating sows T2 - Growth, Development, and Aging: GDA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495373/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent advances in sow nutrition to improve reproductive performance T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/10321738/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - A genome scan to identify QTL affecting economically important traits in dairy cattle AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regression of non-suckled mammary glands during lactation in sows as influenced by dietary nutrients AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 77 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Establishing Nutrient Requirements for the Lactating Sow: A Summary of Recent Illinois Research AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Easter, R.A. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 1–12 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mammary Gland Growth during Lactation AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Easter, R.A. A3 - Illinois Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 13–16 PB - Illinois Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - RPRT TI - Growth of Nursing Pigs and Characteristics of Nursed Mammary Gland According to the Anatomical Location AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Easter, R.A. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 17–22 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Dietary Nutrient Affects Mammary Gland Growth AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Easter, R.A. A3 - Illinois Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 23–25 PB - Illinois Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - RPRT TI - Litter Size Affects Mammary Gland Growth AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Osaka, I. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Easter, R.A. A3 - Illinois Cooperative Extension Service DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 26–28 PB - Illinois Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - BOOK TI - Swine Nutrition and Feeds AU - Han, I.K. AU - Kim, W. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// PB - Seoul National University ER - TY - CONF TI - Recent Advances in Sow Nutrition to Improve Reproductive Performance AU - Han, I.K. AU - Bosi, P. AU - Hyun, Y. AU - Kim, J.D. AU - Sohn, K.S. AU - Kim, S.W. C2 - 2000/// C3 - International Symposium in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition DA - 2000/// SP - 545–574 PB - Seoul National University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limiting amino acids and ideal amino acid pattern for lactating sows AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Baker, D.H. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 174 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of sprit-weaning on the performance of primiparous sows and the performance nursing pigs AU - Bressner, G. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nursing behavior of pigs related to litter growth AU - Bressner, G. AU - Kim, W. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Postweaning changes in the porcine mammary gland parenchymal wet weight AU - Ford, J.A., Jr. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 166 ER - TY - CONF TI - Involution of non-suckled mammary glands in lactating sows AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Easter, R.A. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings 2000 International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition DA - 2000/// SP - 635–636 PB - Seoul National University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of litter size on amino acids mobilization among different tissues in lactating sows AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 54 ER - TY - CONF TI - Recent Advances in Protein Sources for Weanling Pigs AU - Easter, R.A. AU - Kim, S.W. C2 - 2000/// C3 - 2000 International Symposium in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition DA - 2000/// SP - 411–420 PB - Seoul National University ER - TY - CONF TI - Amino acids mobilization among tissues in lactating sows as affected by litter size AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Easter, R.A. C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings 2000 International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition DA - 2000/// SP - 637–638 PB - Seoul National University ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of supplemental copper on copper status, serum cholesterol and milk fatty acids in Holstein cows AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - 11th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium C2 - 2000/// C3 - 11th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 19 ER - TY - CONF TI - Influence of Yeast Culture on Fermentation by Ruminal Microorganisms in Continuous Culture AU - Eun, Jong-Su AU - Fellner, V. AU - Whitlow, L.W. AU - Hopkins, B.A. T2 - 49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2000/// C3 - 49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 53 ER - TY - CONF TI - Changes in liver copper concentration, serum cholesterol and milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed corn silage based diets supplemented with varying levels of copper AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - 49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2000/// C3 - 49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 56 ER - TY - CONF TI - In vitro versus in vivo estimates of ruminal fermentation AU - Fellner, V. T2 - 49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2000/// C3 - 49th Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 51 ER - TY - CONF TI - Current Research Studies AU - Fellner, V. T2 - College Dairy Feed Board Conference C2 - 2000/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Microbial fermentation in continuous cultures receiving fat before or after the addition of an ionophore AU - Croucher, M. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - 25th Conference on Rumen Function C2 - 2000/// C3 - 25th Conference on Rumen Function DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 27 ER - TY - CONF TI - Update on Research Trials AU - Hopkins, B.A. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Dairy Feed Board Conference C2 - 2000/// CY - Atlanta, GA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating digestibility from measurements of fermentation by rumen microorganisms in dual-flow continuous cultures AU - Eun, J.-S. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 83 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 289 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of supplemental copper on copper status, serum cholesterol and milk fatty acids in Holstein cows AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 287 ER - TY - CONF TI - Serum concentrations of lipids in four ursid and six canid species at four zoos AU - Crissey, S. AU - Ange, K. AU - Slifka, K. AU - Sadler, W. AU - Kahn, S. AU - Ward, A T2 - Comparative Nutrition Society C2 - 2000/// CY - Monterey, CA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/8/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, alpha and gamma tocopherol and carotenoids in captive baboons (Papio cynocephalus papio) AU - Slifka, K. AU - Crissey, S. AU - Bowen, P. AU - Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. AU - Ange, K. T2 - Comparative Nutrition Society C2 - 2000/// CY - Monterey, CA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/8/4/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Blood nutritional parameters of captive apes at 4 zoos AU - Crissey, S. AU - Slifka, K. AU - Barr, J. AU - Bowen, P. AU - Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. AU - Langman, C. AU - Ward, A. AU - Meerdink, G. AU - Ange, K. T2 - Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century C2 - 2000/// CY - Brookfield Zoo DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/5/10/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of glucagons and insulin on b-oxidation of 1-14C-palmitate by piglet hepatocyted in primary culture AU - Mastey, G. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of animal science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Enhancing neonatal intestinal growth, development and repair following injury AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Fatty acid oxidation in young pigs AU - Odle, J. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of emulsification on nutrient digestibility of swine diets supplemented with hydrogenated fat AU - Averette, L.A. AU - See, M.T. AU - Odle, J. T2 - 11th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium C2 - 2000/// C3 - 11th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium Proceedings DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 32–33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of animal plasma proteins on intestinal recovery of neonatal pigs infected with rotavirus AU - Harrell, R.J. AU - Moon, H.K. AU - Weaver, E.M. AU - Campbell, J.M. AU - Arthington, J.A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 14 SP - A728 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in frozen feline liver AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Buddington, R. AU - Lepine, A. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 14 SP - A208 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of partially hydrolyzed corn syrup solids as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets for neonatal pigs AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Phillips, O. AU - Jones, E.E. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 181 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of glucagon and insulin on β-oxidation of 1-14C-palmitate by piglet hepatocytes in primary culture AU - Matsey, G. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 142 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of chromium picolinate, L-carnitine and thyroxine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in pigs weaned at 21 days of age AU - Cho, W.T. AU - Han, I.K. AU - Chae, B.J. AU - Han, Y.K. AU - Ha, J.K. AU - Odle, J. T2 - International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2000 International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition CY - Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 653–654 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of L-carnitine and emulsified trioctanolyglycerol on kinetics of plasma carnitine and urinary carnitine excretion in colostrum-deprived newborn piglets AU - Heo, K.N. AU - Odle, J. AU - Lin, X. AU - van Kempen, T. AU - Han, I.K. T2 - International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2000 International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition CY - Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 445 447 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing neonatal intestinal growth, development and repair following injury AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 135 ER - TY - CONF TI - Fatty acid oxidation in young pigs AU - Odle, J. T2 - International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition C2 - 2000/// C3 - Proceedings of the 2000 International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition CY - Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 447–463 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent Advances in Swine Nutrition International Mini symposium AU - Odle, J. AU - Han, I.K. DA - 2000/1/13/ PY - 2000/1/13/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Swine Science at NC State: Swine Center & Facilities Modernization -- Are We Dreaming, Continued? AU - Odle, J. DA - 2000/2/14/ PY - 2000/2/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Getting published in science, technology and engineering AU - Odle, J. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative map alignment of BTA27 and HSA4 and 8 to identify conserved segments of genome containing fat deposition QTL AU - Sonstegard, Tad S. AU - Garrett, Wes M. AU - Ashwell, Melissa S. AU - Bennett, Gary L. AU - Kappes, Steven M. AU - Van Tassell, Curtis P. T2 - Mammalian Genome AB - Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with fat deposition have been identified on bovine Chromosome 27 (BTA27) in two different cattle populations. To generate more informative markers for verification and refinement of these QTL-containing intervals, we initiated construction of a BTA27 comparative map. Fourteen genes were selected for mapping based on previously identified regions of conservation between the cattle and human genomes. Markers were developed from the bovine orthologs of genes found on human Chromosomes 1 (HSA1), 4, 8, and 14. Twelve genes were mapped on the bovine linkage map by using markers associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms or microsatellites. Seven of these genes were also anchored to the physical map by assignment of fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. The remaining two genes not associated with an identifiable polymorphism were assigned only to the physical map. In all, seven genes were mapped to BTA27. Map information generated from the other seven genes not syntenic with BTA27 refined the breakpoint locations of conserved segments between species and revealed three areas of disagreement with the previous comparative map. Consequently, portions of HSA1 and 14 are not conserved on BTA27, and a previously undefined conserved segment corresponding to HSA8p22 was identified near the pericentromeric region of BTA8. These results show that BTA27 contains two conserved segments corresponding to HSA8p, which are separated by a segment corresponding to HSA4q. Comparative map alignment strongly suggests the conserved segment orthologous to HSA8p21-q11 contains QTL for fat deposition in cattle. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1007/s003350010130 VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 682-688 J2 - Mammalian Genome LA - en OP - SN - 0938-8990 1432-1777 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003350010130 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of Putative Loci Affecting Milk, Health, and Conformation Traits in a US Holstein Population Using 105 Microsatellite Markers AU - Van Tassell, C.P. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Quantitative trait loci affecting milk yield, health, and conformation traits were studied for eight large US Holstein grandsire families by using the granddaughter design. A total of 105 microsatellite markers, located throughout the bovine genome, were selected for the scan. The data analyzed include genotypes for 35 markers in eight families not previously reported and genotypes for 70 markers reported previously in seven of those families. Analyses of markers previously reported were updated. Effects of marker alleles were analyzed for 38 traits, including traits for milk production, somatic cell score, productive life, conformation, calving ease, and 16 canonical traits derived from conformation and production traits. Permutation tests were used to calculate empirical trait-wise error rates. A trait-wise critical value of P = 0.1 was used to determine significance. Eight putative quantitative trait loci associated with 7 of the 35 new markers were identified within specific families. Two of these markers were associated with differences in strength and rump angle on chromosomes 4 and 9, respectively. Different markers were associated with protein percentage, milk yield, and somatic cell score on chromosomes 6, 7, and 10 in different families. Differences in the canonically transformed traits were associated with markers on chromosomes 5, 6, and 9. Additional marker-trait combinations were identified in the across-family tests, including effects on chromosomes 3, 4, and 9 for protein percentage, body depth, and canonical conformation traits, respectively. Additional markers are being added to allow interval analysis for putative quantitative trait loci that have been identified and to increase marker density. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75058-2 VL - 83 IS - 8 SP - 1865-1872 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75058-2 DB - Crossref KW - quantitative trait loci KW - microsatellite markers KW - conformation traits KW - milk production traits ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent advances in sow nutrition to improve reproductive performance. AU - Han, IK AU - Bosi, P AU - Hyun, Y AU - Kim, JD AU - Sohn, KS AU - Kim, SW AU - others T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 13 IS - Special iss. SP - 335-355 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent advances in protein sources for weanling pigs. AU - Easter, RA AU - Kim, SW AU - others T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 13 IS - Special iss. SP - 252-260 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of nursing pigs related to the characteristics of nursed mammary glands AU - Kim, SW AU - Hurley, WL AU - Hant, IK AU - Easter, RA T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - 1313-1318 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of nursing pigs and characteristics of nursed mammary gland according to the anatomical location AU - Kim, SW AU - Hurley, WL AU - Easter, RA T2 - Illinois livestock trail, January DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 SP - 1-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth of nursing pigs related to the characteristics of nursed mammary glands AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Han, I.K. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The purpose of this study was to determine growth performance of nursing pigs in relationship to teat order and to observe teat preference by pigs. In the first experiment, litter size of 13 primiparous sows was adjusted to 9 (8.7 +/- 1.5) pigs and teat order of each litter was observed on the day before slaughter. Another group of eight sows was killed on d 0 (within 12 h after farrowing). In the second experiment, litter size was adjusted to 9 (8.9 +/- 1.4) pigs for 20 primiparous sows and teat order for each litter was observed 1 d before slaughter. The weights of sows and individual pigs were recorded at farrowing, weekly, and on the day before slaughter. Mammary glands were collected at slaughter on d 21 of lactation and trimmed of skin and the extraneous fat pad. Individual glands were separated, weighed, and ground for measurement of dry matter, dry fat-free tissue, protein, fat, ash, and DNA contents. Middle mammary glands had the greatest wet weight among glands obtained within 12 h after weaning (P < .05). For sows completing the 21 d lactation, only glands known to have been nursed were included in the data sets. Greater than 60% of the first four pairs of mammary glands were nursed, and less than 40% of the seventh and eighth glands were nursed by pigs during lactation. Pigs that nursed the first five pairs of anterior glands gained faster than pigs nursing the remaining glands. The first five pairs of anterior glands had greater wet and dry weights, and greater protein and DNA contents compared with the remaining glands. Pigs that nursed heavier glands gained weight faster (r = .68, P = .0001), and those heavier glands contained greater amounts of protein (r = .98, P = .0001) and DNA (r = .66, P = .0001). Variation in weight gain of pigs nursing the anterior and middle glands was not statistically significant. The functional superiority of anterior and middle glands was positively correlated with body weight gain of nursing pigs. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7851313x VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - 1313-1318 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034185663&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Twice Decorticated Sunflower Meal as a Protein Source Compared with Soybean Meal in Pig Diets AU - Cortamira, O. AU - Gallego, A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2000.1296 VL - 13 IS - 9 SP - 1296-1303 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034378515&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - decorticated sunflower meal KW - pigs KW - carcass KW - growth performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of starter feeding program on growth performance and gains of body components from weaning to market weight in swine AU - Whang, K.Y. AU - McKeith, F.K. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that different starter feeding programs (High, high quality; Low, low quality) will affect growth performance and body composition of pigs from weaning to market weight and that this effect may be influenced by gender (barrows or gilts) and breed (F, Yorkshire-Duroc × Hampshire; P, PIC Camborough 15 × PIC line 405). In Exp. 1, 21 ± 4-d-weaned F pigs (n = 90) were used in a 2 (High or Low) × 2 (barrows or gilts) factorial design. In Exp. 2, 21 ± 3-d-weaned pigs (n = 184) were used in a 2 (F or P) × 2 (High or Low) × 2 (barrows or gilts) factorial design. In Exp. 3, 21 F pigs from each gender and feeding program treatment were killed at d 0, 3, 7, 14, 42, 82, or 152 postweaning for evaluating body composition. Two starter feeding programs (High or Low) were applied to pigs for 6 wk postweaning. Pigs from both High and Low treatments were provided the same corn-soybean meal-based diets for the growing and finishing periods. Although the ADG of all pigs receiving the High treatment during the early starter period were higher (P < .01) than those of the Low, the terminal BW of F barrows were similar between High and Low (Exp. 1 and 2) and those of gilts were similar between High and Low (Exp. 2) (P > .80). However, the BW of P pigs receiving the High treatment, regardless of gender, tended to be heavier than those receiving the Low (Exp. 2) and F barrows receiving the High treatment tended to be heavier than those receiving the Low (Exp. 1). For the first 7 d postweaning, the High-fed pigs gained more protein (P < .05) and lost less fat (P < .05) than Low-fed pigs. During the growing-finishing period, the Low-fed pigs exhibited compensatory protein gain and achieved a body protein content similar (P < .60) to High-fed pigs by termination. Protein gains from weaning to termination between High- and Low-fed pigs were not different in Exp. 2 and 3. The protein gain of gilts was higher (P < .05) than that of barrows. Similarly, fat gain within genders was not affected by starter feeding program. Fat gain of gilts, however, was lower (P < .08) than that of barrows in Exp. 3. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of the starter feeding program affected growth performance immediately after weaning but did not affect protein gain over the entire production period. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.78112885x VL - 78 IS - 11 SP - 2885-2895 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034330044&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A nonlinear model for mammary gland growth and regression in lactating sows. AU - Kim, SW AU - Grossman, M AU - Stein, HH AU - Han, IK AU - Easter, RA T2 - Growth, development, and aging: GDA DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 71-81 UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11192742 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Feeding neonatal pigs AU - Veum, T.L. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Swine Nutrition, Second Edition PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1201/9781420041842 SP - 671-690 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642281005&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding Neonatal Pigs AU - Odle, Jack AU - Veum, Trygve T2 - Swine Nutrition, Second Edition DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1201/9781420041842.ch30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I are altered by dietary variables and suggest a metabolic need for supplemental carnitine in young pigs AU - Heo, K. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Han, I.K. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 130 IS - 10 SP - 2467-2470 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033807925&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of chromium picolinate, L-carnitine and thyroxine on the performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in pigs weaned at 21 days of age AU - Cho, W.T. AU - Han, I.K. AU - Chae, B.J. AU - Han, Y.K. AU - Ha, J.K. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 633-645 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034552049&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary L-carnitine improves nitrogen utilization in growing pigs fed low energy, fat-containing diets AU - Heo, K. AU - Odle, J. AU - Han, I.K. AU - Cho, W. AU - Seo, S. AU - Van Heugten, E. AU - Pilkington, D.H. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 130 IS - 7 SP - 1809-1814 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033921781&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spinal cord compression due to synovial cysts in a Great Dane,Rückenmarskompression durch Synoviazysten bei einer Deutschen Dogge AU - Flegel, T. AU - Kagan, K. AU - Muñana, K. T2 - Kleintierpraxis DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 45 IS - 10 SP - 787-792 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346385033&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycotoxins and milk safety: The potential to block transfer to milk AU - Whitlow, L. W. AU - Diaz, D. E. AU - Hopkins, B. A. AU - Hagler, W. M., Jr. T2 - Biotechnology in the feed industry. proceedings of Alltech's 16th Annual Symposium: the future of food DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 391 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative methods of carcass disposal AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Middleton, T. T2 - Pig Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 46 SP - 104 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal patterns of Salmonella enterica prevalence and serotypes in breeding and growing swine populations AU - Funk, J. A. AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Nichols, M. A. T2 - Proceedings of the 9th symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, August 6-11 2000 DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scent of a swine building: Tunnel ventilation problems test engineers' ingenuity AU - Bottcher, R. W. AU - Keener, K. M. AU - Munilla, R. D. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Schiffman, S. S. T2 - Resource, Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat processing of turkey litter for re-use as a bedding material AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Carter, T. A. AU - Godwin, J. L. T2 - Proceedings, 2000 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 353 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dust and odor emissions from tunnel ventilated swine buildings in North Carolina AU - Bottcher, R. W. AU - Keener, K. M. AU - Munilla, R. D. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Schiffman, S. S. T2 - Air pollution from agricultural operations : proceedings of the 2nd international conference, October 9-11, 2000, Des Moines, Iowa DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// SP - 196 ER - TY - PAT TI - Methods for gamete production in birds AU - Pardue, S. L. AU - Petitte, J. N. AU - D'Costa, S. C2 - 2000/// DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-starch rations for ruminant production discussed. AU - Huntington, G. B. T2 - Feedstuffs DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 72 IS - 20 SP - 12-13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of carnitine and betaine in lean growth modulation of swine AU - Odle, J. AU - Heo, K.N. AU - Lin, X. T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 13 IS - 2000 SP - 386-395 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of soybean oil and dietary copper on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism in finishing steers AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Spears, J.W. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Cu and soybean oil (SBO) supplementation on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. Sixty Angus steers (369.0 +/- 10.1 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with factors being 0 or 20 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM from Cu sulfate and 0 or 4% SBO. Steers were fed a high-concentrate basal diet that contained 5.3 mg Cu/kg DM. Average daily gain and feed intake were reduced (P < 0.01) by SBO but were not affected by Cu. Gain:feed ratio was not affected by treatment. Liver Cu concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in steers receiving supplemental Cu and lower (P < 0.04) in SBO-supplemented steers. Copper supplementation tended to reduce (P < 0.12) and SBO supplementation tended to increase (P < 0.11) serum cholesterol concentrations. Backfat depth was reduced (P < 0.10) by Cu and SBO supplementation. Marbling scores and longissimus muscle lipid content were not affected by Cu supplementation; however, SBO supplementation reduced (P < 0.01) marbling scores. Longissimus muscle polyunsaturated fatty acids tended to be increased (P < 0.14) in Cu-supplemented steers. Longissimus muscle C18-conjugated dienes and the 18:1 trans isomer were increased (P < 0.05) in SBO-supplemented steers. Ruminal fluid 18:3 was increased (P < 0.05) and the 18:1 trans isomer was decreased (P < 0.05) in Cu-supplemented steers. These results indicate that as little as 20 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM can reduce backfat and may alter lipid metabolism in steers fed high-concentrate diets. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.78102713x VL - 78 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 287 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034296390&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary copper effects on lipid metabolism and circulating catecholamine concentrations in finishing steers AU - Engle, T. E. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - L. AU - Edens, F. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Forty-eight Angus and Hereford x Angus steers were used to determine the effects of copper (Cu) on lipid and catecholamine metabolism. Steers were stratified by weight within breed and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 0 (control, no supplemental Cu), 10, or 40 mg of supplemental Cu (from Cu2(OH)3Cl)/kg DM. Steers were fed a corn silage-soybean meal-based growing diet for 42 d. Animals were then switched to a high-concentrate finishing diet and remained on the same dietary treatments. On d 70, indwelling jugular catheters were nonsurgically inserted into five steers per treatment. Blood samples were obtained from steers after a 24-h period of feed withdrawal, 1 h after feeding, and after i.v. administration of norepinephrine and were subsequently analyzed for nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and catecholamine concentrations. Average daily gain over the finishing period was higher (P < 0.06) in steers receiving supplemental Cu. Serum total cholesterol concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) on d 84 and 112 in steers supplemented with Cu. Serum norepinephrine (P < 0.14) and NEFA concentrations following feed withdrawal tended (P < 0.12) to be higher in Cu-supplemented steers. Postfeeding norepinephrine concentrations tended to be higher (P < 0.14) in Cu-supplemented steers. Nonesterifled fatty acid concentrations were lower (P < 0.10) in Cu-supplemented steers after norepinephrine administration. Backfat depth was decreased (P < 0.10) and longissimus muscle polyunsaturated fatty acid percentages were increased (P < 0.10) in steers receiving supplemental Cu. These results indicate that Cu addition to a finishing diet containing 5 mg Cu/kg DM alters lipid metabolism. The reduction in backfat depth may be due to copper altering catecholamine metabolism in steers. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.78102737x VL - 78 IS - 10 SP - 2737–2744 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boron supplementation of a semipurified diet for weanling pigs improves feed efficiency and bone strength characteristics and alters plasma lipid metabolites AU - Armstrong, TA AU - Spears, JW AU - Crenshaw, TD AU - Nielsen, FH T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of dietary boron (B) on performance, plasma minerals and metabolites, and bone characteristics in young pigs. In Experiment 1, 48 pigs (24 males, 24 females; 21 d old) were allotted to pens, which were randomly assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) control (natural ingredient diet; 6.7 mg B/kg diet), 2) control + 5 mg B/kg diet and 3) control + 15 mg B/kg diet. Boron was supplemented as sodium borate. In Experiment 2, 48 pigs (24 males, 24 females; 21 d old) were assigned to the same treatments described in Experiment 1; however, the basal diet was a semipurified diet (0.98 mg B/kg diet). Diets were fed for 40 d; on d 40, blood samples were obtained for determination of plasma mineral and metabolite concentrations. Femurs were harvested from 8 pigs per treatment on d 40 for determination of mechanical properties, ash and lipid percentage. In Experiment 1, B did not affect performance, plasma minerals or metabolites or bone properties. In Experiment 2, B supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the gain:feed ratio and increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. There was a treatment × sex interaction (P < 0.05) in Experiment 2 for bone lipid to be lower and bending moment to be higher, with the response occurring in male pigs. Other dependent variables in Experiment 2 were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, B supplementation of a low B diet elicited responses of physiologic importance to pigs. However, B supplementation of a natural ingredient diet did not elicit a response. DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1093/jn/130.10.2575 VL - 130 IS - 10 SP - 2575-2581 SN - 1541-6100 KW - boron KW - bone KW - cholesterol KW - triglycerides KW - pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - The computed tomographic appearance of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniations in dogs. AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Muntana, Karen R. AU - Sharp, Nicholas J.H. AU - Thrall, Donald E. T2 - Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound AB - The appearance of herniated intervertebral disc material in the thoracolumbar vertebral canal was evaluated in 23 dogs using computed tomography (CT). The images were then compared with the myelographic and surgical findings. The normal spinal cord, outlined by epidural fat over intervertebral disc spaces, was of intermediate attenuation on transverse CT images. Herniated disc material was identified in all animals as a heterogeneous hyperattenuating extradural mass. The attenuation of the disc material increased with the degree of mineralization. In seven dogs, the herniated material was only slightly more attenuating than the spinal cord. In these dogs, small fragments of mineralized disc material and significant hemorrhage were found in the epidural space at surgery. In dogs with a long standing history of disc herniations, disc material identified in the vertebral canal had a more hyperattenuating and homogeneous appearance than recently herniated disc material. We conclude that mineralized, herniated disc material and hemorrhage can be identified quickly and safely in dogs using CT. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01860.x VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 396-402 SN - 1058-8183 1740-8261 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01860.x KW - intervertebral disc herniation KW - computed tomography KW - myelography KW - epidural hemorrhage KW - dog ER - TY - JOUR TI - Primary irradiation of canine intracranial masses AU - Spugnini, EP AU - Thrall, DE AU - Price, GS AU - Sharp, NJ AU - Munana, K AU - Page, RL T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Twenty‐nine dogs received primary radiation therapy for intracranial lesions and clinical signs suggestive of neoplasia. Presumptive diagnosis and tumor categorization was based on computed toniographic or magnetic resonance images. Meningioma was the most likely tumor type in 22 dogs and glioma or choroid plexus tumors were tentatively identified in 4 and 3 dogs, respectively. Cobalt‐60 radiation was delivered in 3 Gy fractions on a daily, Monday‐through‐Friday basis for a total dose of 48 Gy (16 fractions) in 28 dogs; one dog received 54 Gy. Two of 29 dogs died during treatment of signs suggestive of progressive tumor growth but were included in the overall evaluation of response to treatment. Median overall survival was 250 days (range 21–804). Mild acute radiation effects on normal tissue developed and did not influence outcome in any dog. Late radiation effects could not be evaluated in this study. No significant predictive indicators were identified from the clinical or imaging data. Radiation therapy is superior to medical treatment of brain tumors in dogs with steroids, is useful for tumors that are not currently operable and may be preferable to surgical resection in dogs if the mass appears infiltrative. However, 22/29 (76%) dogs died of recurrent progressive neuropathy suggestive of tumor regrowth or progression. Thus, alternative methods for delivery of radiation to dogs with brain tumors or novel combinations of therapy should continue to undergo evaluation. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb02091.x VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 377-380 SN - 1740-8261 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034220024&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - dog KW - brain tumor KW - radiation therapy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peptide YY administration decreases brain aluminum in the Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model AU - Berg, B. M. AU - Croom, J. AU - Fernandez, J. M. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Eisen, E. J. AU - Taylor, I. L. AU - Daniel, L. R. AU - Coles, B. A. AU - Boeheim, F. AU - Mannon, P. J. T2 - Growth, Development, & Aging DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 64 IS - 1-2 SP - 3-19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kinetics of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-I Are Altered by Dietary Variables and Suggest a Metabolic Need for Supplemental Carnitine in Young Pigs AU - Heo, Kinam AU - Lin, Xi AU - Odle, Jack AU - Han, In K. T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - To examine the kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) and the influence of dietary variables, young pigs (18 kg, n = 20) were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 40 g soy oil/kg and containing either 136 or 180 g crude protein/kg and either 0 or 500 mg/kg L-carnitine (2 × 2 factorial design). Diets were offered for 10 d (85% of ad libitum); CPT-I activities in liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria were determined, and enzyme kinetic constants (Vmax and Km for carnitine) were estimated. Kinetics of CPT-I in muscle were not affected by diet (P > 0.1; carnitine Km = 480 ± 44 μmol/L). In contrast, the Km for carnitine in liver was increased from 164 to 216 ± 20 μmol/L by dietary L-carnitine supplementation (P < 0.01) and from 169 to 211 ± 20 μmol/L by high protein feeding (P < 0.05). Dietary L-carnitine increased muscle and liver free carnitine concentrations by 72 and 158% over control concentrations (770 and 80 μmol/kg wet muscle and liver, respectively). Because tissue carnitine concentrations were within the range of the respective Km for both liver and muscle tissue, it is inferred that alteration of tissue carnitine concentrations via dietary supplementation could modulate CPT-I activity in young pigs. DA - 2000/10/1/ PY - 2000/10/1/ DO - 10.1093/jn/130.10.2467 VL - 130 IS - 10 SP - 2467-2470 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.10.2467 DB - Crossref KW - pigs KW - carnitine KW - protein KW - carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I KW - liver KW - muscle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Helicobacter hepaticus does not induce or potentiate colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice AU - Dieleman, LA AU - Arends, A AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - Goerres, MS AU - Craft, DW AU - Grenther, W AU - Sellon, RK AU - Balish, E AU - Sartor, RB T2 - INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB - ABSTRACT Helicobacter hepaticus has been reported to induce colitis, hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in several different murine models. The aim of this study was to determine if H. hepaticus will cause colitis in monoassociated mice lacking the interleukin-10 gene (IL-10 −/− mice) and potentiate colitis in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) IL-10 −/− mice. Germfree IL-10 −/− mice on either a mixed (C57BL/6 × 129/Ola) or inbred (129/SvEv) genetic background were monoassociated with H. hepaticus ATCC 51448 by oral feeding and rectal enemas. In a second experiment, germfree IL-10 −/− mice were colonized with stool from SPF mice that harbored or did not harbor endogenous H. hepaticus . After 7 to 9 weeks of colonization, weight loss and mortality were assessed, the colon was isolated for histology and IL-12 secretion, and mesenteric lymph node cells were assessed for T-cell activation markers. It was found that IL-10 −/− mice monoassociated with H. hepaticus for up to 16 weeks showed almost no histologic colitis or increased IL-12 production. SPF IL-10-knockout mice had no significant difference in weight loss, mortality rate, histologic scores, colonic IL-12 secretion, or T-cell activation with or without H. hepaticus . We conclude that H. hepaticus does not induce or potentiate disease in our IL-10 −/− mice and therefore is not required to induce colitis in genetically susceptible hosts. DA - 2000/9// PY - 2000/9// DO - 10.1128/IAI.68.9.5107-5113.2000 VL - 68 IS - 9 SP - 5107-5113 SN - 1098-5522 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spinal cord compression due to synovial cysts in a Great Dane AU - Flegel, T. AU - Kagan, K. AU - Munana, K. T2 - Kleintier-Praxis DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 45 IS - 10 SP - 787-792 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sequence heteroplasmy of D-loop and rRNA coding regions in mitochondrial DNA from Holstein cows of independent maternal lineages AU - Wu, JM AU - Smith, RK AU - Freeman, AE AU - Beitz, DC AU - McDaniel, BT AU - Lindberg, GL T2 - BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS DA - 2000/10// PY - 2000/10// DO - 10.1023/A:1002061101697 VL - 38 IS - 9-10 SP - 323-335 SN - 0006-2928 KW - mitochondrial DNA KW - mitochondrial inheritance KW - Holstein cows KW - heteroplasmy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insulin-like growth factor I receptor Mrna and protein expression in pig corpora lutea AU - Ge, Z. AU - Nicholson, W. E. AU - Plotner, D. M. AU - Farin, C. E. AU - Gadsby, J. E. T2 - Journal of Reproduction & Fertility AB - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is believed to play a luteotrophic role in the pig corpus luteum during the oestrous cycle. Since the actions of IGF-I in target tissues are mediated by the type I IGF receptor, the concentrations of IGF-I receptor mRNA and protein were examined in pig corpora lutea at different stages of the oestrous cycle. Corpora lutea were collected from normally cyclic gilts on days 4, 7, 10, 13, 15 and 16 of the oestrous cycle (n = 4 animals per day). Corpora lutea on days 7, 10 and 13 were dissociated with collagenase, and large and small luteal cell sub-populations were separated by elutriation. Northern and slot blots were used to examine mRNA, and western blots were used to measure the concentrations of IGF-I receptor protein in the pig corpus luteum. On northern blots, luteal IGF-I receptor mRNA was present as a single 11 kb transcript. The slot blots showed that the steady state expression of IGF-I receptor mRNA increased significantly (P < 0.05) from its lowest value on day 4, to reach a maximum on days 13-16. IGF-I receptor mRNA was also expressed to a greater extent in large compared with small luteal cells (P < 0.05). On western blots, IGF-I receptor appeared as a 95 kDa protein band (beta-subunit) and IGF-I receptor protein concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on days 4-10 than on days 13-16. Finally, large luteal cells appeared to contain more IGF-I receptor protein than the small luteal cells. In conclusion, since IGF-I receptor was detected in the pig corpus luteum, it is a likely target tissue for IGF-I, especially during the early luteal phase. Furthermore, IGF-I receptor was localized primarily on large luteal cells, thus it is hypothesized that IGF-I may play a paracrine role in the pig corpus luteum. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1530/jrf.0.1200109 VL - 120 IS - 1 SP - 109-114 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary L-carnitine and protein level on plasma carnitine, energy and carnitine balance, and carnitine biosynthesis of 20 kg pigs AU - Heo, KN AU - Odle, J AU - Han, IK T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2000.1568 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 1568-1575 SN - 1976-5517 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034367797&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - pigs KW - plasma carnitine KW - energy balance KW - carnitine balance KW - carnitine biosynthesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ectopic synaptogenesis in the mammalian retina caused by rod photoreceptor-specific mutations AU - Peng, YW AU - Hao, Y AU - Petters, RM AU - Wong, F T2 - NATURE NEUROSCIENCE DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1038/80639 VL - 3 IS - 11 SP - 1121-1127 SN - 1097-6256 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early loss of synaptic protein PSD-95 from rod terminals of rhodopsin P347L transgenic porcine retina AU - Blackmon, SM AU - Peng, YW AU - Hao, Y AU - Moon, SJ AU - Oliveira, LB AU - Tatebayashi, M AU - Petters, RM AU - Wong, F T2 - BRAIN RESEARCH AB - Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a type of retinal degeneration involving first rod and then slow cone photoreceptor degeneration, can be caused by any of a number of mutations in different genes. In the cases of mutations affecting rod-specific genes such as rhodopsin, it is unclear how the mutations may cause degeneration of cones. We have used the porcine retina, which is rod-dominated and has an abundance of cones, to study the mutation-induced changes in both rod and cone photoreceptors. Like patients with the same mutation, rhodopsin P347L transgenic swine manifest rod–cone degeneration. In addition, the rod bipolar cells fail to form synaptic connections with rods; instead, they form ectopic synapses with cones. The mechanisms that prevent the formation of the rod–rod bipolar cell synaptic connection are not known. We used specific antibodies and immunocytochemistry to show that the synaptic protein, PSD-95, is present in both normal and transgenic porcine retinas. During neonatal development, however, PSD-95 is lost from rod terminals in the transgenic swine. This loss is virtually complete (90%) by postnatal day 5, at a time when greater than 80% of rod cell bodies still remain. Furthermore, the remaining rods retain their outer segments and their gross morphology appears relatively normal. In contrast, PSD-95 expression continues in cone terminals, even in 10-month-old transgenic swine, where the rods have all disappeared and the cones show signs of severe degeneration. These results suggest that loss of PSD-95 may not be a general consequence of the deteriorating cell. Rather, the very early and selective loss of PSD-95 from the rod terminals may be causally related to the absence of rod–rod bipolar cell synapses in the rhodopsin P347L transgenic retina. DA - 2000/12/1/ PY - 2000/12/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02928-0 VL - 885 IS - 1 SP - 53-61 SN - 0006-8993 KW - PSD-95 KW - retinal degeneration KW - retinitis pigmentosa ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary L-carnitine improves nitrogen utilization in growing pigs fed low energy, fat-containing diets AU - Heo, K AU - Odle, J AU - Han, IK AU - Cho, W AU - Seo, S AU - Heugten, E AU - Pilkington, DH T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Growing pigs (n = 25; 17.8 ± 0.1 kg) were used to study the effects of L-carnitine and protein intake on nitrogen (N) balance and body composition. Fat-supplemented (40 g soy oil/kg diet), corn-soybean meal basal diets containing low or high protein (136 or 180 g/diet) were formulated so that protein accretion would be limited by metabolizable energy (ME). Each basal diet was supplemented with 0 or 500 mg/kg L-carnitine and fed to pigs for 10 d in a nutrient balance trial. Final body composition was compared with weight and age-matched pigs measured on d 0 to calculate nutrient accretion rates. High protein feeding increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) by 34%, as well as nitrogen digestibility (4.4%), retention (5.2%), urinary excretion (29%) and crude protein (CP) accretion (33%). Total-body carnitine accretion rate was 4.5 fold greater and total body carnitine concentration was almost 100% greater than in unsupplemented controls (P < 0.01). Irrespective of protein level, carnitine increased ADG (by 7.3%, P < 0.10) and CP accretion rate (9%, P < 0.10). Congruently, carnitine supplementation improved the efficiency of nitrogen retention (P < 0.05) and reduced urinary nitrogen excretion (14%, P < 0.10). Carcass fat content also was reduced in carnitine-supplemented pigs (P < 0.10). Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that carnitine can improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in 20-kg pigs fed energy-limited, fat-containing diets. We conclude that endogenous carnitine biosynthesis may be adequate to maintain sufficient tissue levels during growth, but that supplemental dietary carnitine (at 500 mg/kg) may be retained sufficiently so as to alter nutrient partitioning and thus body composition of 20-kg pigs. DA - 2000/7// PY - 2000/7// DO - 10.1093/jn/130.7.1809 VL - 130 IS - 7 SP - 1809-1814 SN - 0022-3166 KW - pigs KW - carnitine KW - biosynthesis KW - nitrogen balance KW - body composition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlated responses to selection for large body size in oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice: organ traits AU - Parks, KR AU - Eisen, EJ AU - Murray, JD T2 - GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB - The objective of the present study was to compare correlated responses in liver, spleen, kidney, heart and testis absolute weights and as a percentage of 8-week body weight following selection for large 8-week body weight in twice-replicated nontransgenic and transgene-carrier lines of mice from two genetic backgrounds. The transgene was an ovine metallothionein 1a-ovine growth hormone (oMt1a-oGH) construct, which was activated by adding 25 mM ZnSO4 to the drinking water. Lines NM and NC were nontransgenic lines derived from a high-growth and randomly selected background, respectively. Lines TM and TC were transgene-carrier lines formed from the respective genetic backgrounds. Line CC was a nontransgenic control from the randomly selected background. At weaning, male mice from each line were assigned to either zinc supplemented or control drinking water. Toe-clips were assayed by PCR for the presence or absence of the transgene. Correlated responses of absolute weights of all organs in nontransgenic lines indicated moderately high genetic correlations of organ weights with body weight, but on a percentage of body weight basis, the correlated responses were much lower. The correlated responses in visceral organ weights were lower in the presence of the inactivated oMt1a-oGH transgene than in its absence. The presence of the activated oMt1a-oGH combined with the effects of selection for growth increase had a greater impact on increasing the size of the splanchnic organs than did selection for large body weight in the absence of the transgene. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1590/S1415-47572000000400011 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 771-780 SN - 1415-4757 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlated responses to selection for large body size in oMt1a-oGH mice: growth, feed efficiency and body composition AU - Parks, KR AU - Eisen, EJ AU - Murray, JD T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS AB - Summary Correlated responses were determined for growth, feed consumption, feed efficiency and body composition following short‐term selection for large 8‐week body weight in transgenic and nontransgenic mice. Replicate lines which either carried or did not carry the sheep metallothionein 1a‐sheep growth hormone transgene (oMt1a‐oGH) were established. The lines carrying the transgene at an initial frequency of 0.5 came from a high‐growth (TM) and a randomly selected (TC) background. The respective nontransgenic lines were identified as NM and NC. Control replicates (CC) came from the randomly selected background. During the selection process the transgene was activated by adding 25 m m ZnSO 4 to the drinking water of all mice. Correlated responses were measured with (Z) and without (C) the addition of zinc. After seven and eight generations of selection, the frequency of transgenic mice in line TM had fallen sharply, whereas transgene frequency had risen moderately in TC. The reduced frequency of oMt1a‐oGH in the high‐growth genetic background may have been caused by a lower additive effect compared with the randomly selected background combined with a fitness disadvantage of the transgene. Therefore, the utility of a transgene in improving a quantitative trait may depend in part on genetic background. Correlated responses for most traits in NC were similar for Z and C. In contrast, correlated responses in TC showed marked differences in C compared with Z. For example, daily gain and feed efficiency showed no significantly correlated responses under C and positive responses (p < 0.001) under Z, and the reverse was found for indicators of body fat percentage. These line by environment (Z versus C) interactions may represent a genetic correlation of less than one between a trait expressed in two distinct environments. Thus, in developing lines with a transgene that can be regulated, a critical question is whether selection for quantitative trait(s) should be conducted when the transgene is activated or not activated. DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000/12// DO - 10.1046/j.1439-0388.2000.00253.x VL - 117 IS - 6 SP - 385-405 SN - 1439-0388 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of goats to manage vegetation in cattle pastures in the Appalachian region of North Carolina T2 - Sheep & Goat Research Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 16 IS - 2000 SP - 124-135 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response to 13 generations of selection for increased 8-week body weight in lines of mice carrying a sheep growth hormone-based transgene AU - Siewerdt, F. AU - Eisen, E. J. AU - Murray, J. D. AU - Parker, I. J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate selection in lines of transgenic mice. Two replicates of lines that either carried or did not carry the sheep metallothionein-1a sheep growth hormone transgene (oMt1a-oGH) were established. The host lines had been previously selected for rapid growth or selected randomly. Within-litter selection for increased 8-wk body weight was carried out for 13 generations. The frequency of oMt1a-oGH was monitored in all generations in the transgenic lines, but no genotypic information regarding the transgene was used as an aid to selection. The oMt1a-oGH was activated from weaning, at 3 wk, until 8 wk of age by adding ZnSO4 to the drinking water. Zinc stimulation of the transgene was not done during mating, gestation, or lactation. Data on body weights and weight gains were analyzed with a conventional mixed model and with an animal model. Genetic progress was achieved in all lines subjected to directional selection. In the control background, response to selection for 8-wk body weight was larger in the nontransgenic lines than in the transgenic lines, whereas no difference was found in the selected background. The frequency of the transgene was increased from the initial .5 to .62 in the randomly selected background but decreased to .04 in lines from a selected background. The REML estimates of variance components and genetic gain estimates varied greatly between the two methods. In general, there was better agreement between the realized heritability estimates and the heritability estimates obtained from the conventional mixed model analysis than between realized heritability estimates and results obtained using the animal model. Favorable correlated responses were obtained for 3- and 6-wk body weights and on 3- to 6- and 6- to 8-wk weight gains. Correlated responses to selection were larger in the selected than in the nonselected background but were not affected by the presence of the transgene. Results suggest that constructs similar to the oMt1a-oGH, which allow tight regulation, may be successfully incorporated into commercial livestock and should have larger effects in populations that have not been subject to selection. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.784832x VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 832-845 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression and purification of biologically active recombinant quail stem cell factor in E-coli AU - S D'Costa, AU - Kulik, MJ AU - Petitte, JN T2 - CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL AB - Stem cell factor (SCF) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in hematopoiesis, melanogenesis and gametogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that avian SCF is a requirement for the proliferation and survival of various cell types in vivo and in vitro. In the current study, recombinant quail stem cell factor was produced in Escherichia coli using a prokaryotic expression system. SCF was expressed as a fusion protein with a histidine hexamer tag at the N-terminal end of the protein. Following expression, the protein was purified by affinity chromatography on the Ni-NTA column. The uninduced and induced protein lysates and the purified protein were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane. Western blot analysis with the monoclonal antibody to the histidine tag identified SCF in the induced cell lysates and the purified sample. The recombinant SCF was approximately 22-23 kD in size. This protein was generated devoid of the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain, and the intracellular domain and, hence, resembles the soluble form of SCF. Biological activity was assayed using the in vitro survival of E12 chicken dorsal root ganglion-derived sensory neurons. The addition of recombinant quail SCF improved neuronal survival. Survival (20.6%) was the highest at the 50 ng/ml concentration of SCF. The availability of quail SCF will be a valuable tool to further resolve the function of stem cell factor in birds. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1006/cbir.1999.0500 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 311-317 SN - 1095-8355 KW - quail KW - stem cell factor KW - SCF KW - his-tagged KW - recombinant protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the potential protein-sparing effects of sodium bicarbonate when added to grass silage for growing steers AU - Fellner, V AU - Phillip, LE AU - Garino, H T2 - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Six Hereford-cross steers were used to determine whether or not the addition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) to grass silage (GS) would reduce the need for supplemental protein from fish meal (FM). Grass silage (31% DM; pH 4.8) was either unsupplemented or supplemented with FM (10% of silage DM); NaHCO 3 was added at 0, 2, or 4% of silage DM. Supplementation with FM increased N retention (P < 0.01) but had no effects (P > 0.10) on feed intake or digestibility of organic matter (OM). Urinary N excretion decreased (P < 0.05) linearly with the addition of NaHCO 3 but due to an increase in fecal N there was no significant effect (P > 0.10) of NaHCO 3 on N balance. Urinary excretion of bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with NaHCO 3 addition, but there was no effect (P > 0.10) on urine pH or measures of blood acid-base status. Addition of NaHCO 3 increased silage pH to 6.5 but had no effect (P > 0.10) on voluntary feed intake, or digestibility of OM and ADF. The results indicate that the addition of NaHCO 3 to grass silage did not spare dietary protein but led to a shift in the partition of N between urine and feces. Key words: Steers, grass silage, sodium bicarbonate, nitrogen retention DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.4141/A99-029 VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 131-136 SN - 0008-3984 KW - steers KW - grass silage KW - sodium bicarbonate KW - nitrogen retention ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary copper source and concentration on carcass characteristics and lipid and cholesterol metabolism in growing and finishing steers AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Spears, J.W. AU - Armstrong, T.A. AU - Wright, C.L. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - We conducted an experiment to determine the effects of dietary copper (Cu) source and level on carcass characteristics, longissimus muscle fatty acid composition, and serum and muscle cholesterol concentrations in steers. Sixty Angus and Angus x Hereford steers were stratified by weight and initial liver Cu concentration within a breed and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu); 2) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu sulfate (CuSO4); 3) 40 mg Cu/kg DM from CuSO4; 4) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu citrate; 5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu proteinate; and 6) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic Cu chloride. A corn silage-soybean meal-based diet was fed for 56 d. Steers were then switched to a high-concentrate diet. Equal numbers (n = 5) of steers per treatment were slaughtered after receiving the finishing diets for either 101 or 121 d. Serum cholesterol was not affected by treatment during the growing phase but was decreased (P < .05) in steers supplemented with Cu by d 84 of the finishing period and remained lower (P < . 05) at subsequent sampling periods. Longissimus muscle cholesterol concentration tended to be reduced (P < .11) by Cu supplementation. Hot carcass weight and backfat were lower (P < .05) in animals receiving supplemental Cu. However, Cu-supplemented and control steers had similar marbling scores. Longissimus muscle polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations (18:2 and 18:3) were increased (P < .07) and saturated fatty acid concentrations tended (P < . 11) to be reduced by Cu supplementation. These results indicate that as little as 20 mg of supplemental Cu/kg diet can reduce backfat and serum cholesterol and increase muscle polyunsaturated fatty acids in steers fed high-concentrate diets. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7841053x VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 1053-1059 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034169556&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary copper level on performance and copper status of growing meat goats AU - Luginbuhl, J. M. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Brown, T. T. T2 - Sheep & Goat Research Journal DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 16 IS - 2000 SP - 65-71 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Description of the gastrointestinal tract of five lemur species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta AU - Campbell, JL AU - Eisemann, JH AU - Williams, CV AU - Glenn, KM T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY AB - The objective of this project was to better define the similarities and differences in gastrointestinal morphology present in lemur species. Measurements of the gastrointestinal tract of lemurs were obtained at necropsy from the captive population at Duke University Primate Center. Measurements of body length and weight, as well as gastrointestinal length, were recorded from five prosimian species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta. Photographs and measurements were used to obtain illustrations. Preliminary results suggest differences in gastrointestinal morphology among lemur species that coincide with differences in diet. Distinct sacculations in either the cecum or the colon were present for H. griseus, L. catta, P. verreauxi, and P. tattersalli, but not for V. variegata. The Propithecus specimens possessed a much greater ratio of gastrointestinal length to body length than the other three species. A short, blunt cecum and a shortened and sacculated colon were unique characteristics of the H. griseus specimens. These differences correlate well with a dietary shift from consumption of large amounts of structural plant cell wall (Propithecus sp.) to consumption of variable or moderate amounts (H. griseus, L. catta, and V. variegata). They also suggest that captive groups would benefit from further diet refinement in captivity. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1002/1098-2345(200011)52:3<133::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-# VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 133-142 SN - 0275-2565 KW - gastrointestinal tract KW - Propithecus tattersalli KW - Varecia variegata KW - Hapalemur griseus KW - Lemur catta KW - Propithecus verreauxi coquereli ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summer accumulation of tall fescue at low elevations in the humid Piedmont: II. Fall and winter changes in nutritive value AU - Burns, JC AU - Chamblee, DS T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/s100870050025 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 217-224 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Summer accumulation of tall fescue at low elevations in the Piedmont: I. Fall yield and nutritive value AU - Burns, JC AU - Chamblee, DS T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.1007/s100870050024 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 211-216 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rate and extent of dry matter digestibility in sacco of both oven- and freeze-dried Paraserianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Gliricidia sepium AU - Merkel, R. C. AU - Pond, K. R. AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - Tropical Agriculture DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 1-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The importance of seminal plasma on the fertility of subsequent artificial inseminations in swine AU - Rozeboom, K. J. AU - Troedsson, M. H. T. AU - Hodson, H. H. AU - Shurson, G. C. AU - Crabo, B. G. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Yorkshire x Landrace sows and gilts were used in a 3x2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effect of uterine inflammation induced by either killed spermatozoa (KS) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the fertility of a subsequent, optimally timed AI. Estrus was detected with a mature boar twice daily. Twelve hours after the first detection of estrus, females received intrauterine infusions of an inflammatory stimulus consisting of a 100-mL dose of extender containing 3x10(9) KS (n = 40), 20 microg of LPS (n = 40; positive control) or extender alone (n = 40; negative control). An insemination was performed 12 to 18 h later with 3x10(9) motile spermatozoa (i.e., fertile AI) suspended in either 100 mL of seminal plasma (SP; n = 60) or extender replenished with of estrogens (5 microg of estradiol-17beta, 4.5 microg of estrone sulfate, and 2 microg of estrone; n= 60). Transcutaneous ultrasound was performed at the time of fertile AI and again 24 h later to detect the presence or absence of preovulatory follicles. A fertile AI performed within 24 h before ovulation was considered optimal. Conception (CR) and farrowing rates (FR) were greater in females that received a fertile AI diluted with SP compared with extender (P<.01), and there was a significant (P<.05) treatment x fertile AI dilution medium interaction for both CR and FR. Females that received a fertile AI 12 h after infusion of extender had similar CR and FR regardless of fertile AI dilution medium. After inducing an inflammatory response with either KS or LPS, CR and FR were higher in females that received a fertile AI diluted with SP compared with fertile AI dilution with extender (P<.05). The effects of treatment and AI dilution media and their interactions were not significant for litter size in females that farrowed. These results show that the fertility of a subsequent AI can be impaired when semen is deposited into an inflamed environment created by an earlier AI, and this impairment was offset by inclusion of SP in the subsequent insemination. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.782443x VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - 443-448 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of nitrogen metabolism in preparturient dairy cows to methionine supplementation AU - Bach, A. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Stern, M. D. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Three multiparous Holstein cows (607 kg of BW) were surgically prepared with an elevated carotid artery and indwelling catheters in the hepatic, portal, and two mesenteric veins to study the effects of methionine supplementation on amino acid metabolism during the last 2 wk of pregnancy. The study began 15 d before the expected calving date. Dietary treatments were Control (1.53 Mcal NE(l)/kg, 15.6% CP, and 40% ruminally undegradable protein) and Control supplemented with 60 g/d of ruminally protected methionine (MET, supplying 39 g/d of DL-methionine and approximately 18 g/d of methionine available for intestinal absorption). Each cow received both dietary treatments in a crossover design. Cows were fed once daily. After 5 d on treatment, a blood flow marker (para-aminohippurate) was infused into a mesenteric vein, and arterial, portal, and hepatic blood samples were obtained at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. Net flux of methionine was calculated as the plasma arteriovenous difference multiplied by plasma flow. Dry matter intake (10.8 kg/d) and portal (824 L/h) and hepatic (995 L/h) plasma flows were not affected (P > .10) by treatment. Arterial plasma concentration of methionine was greater (P = .10) with MET (27.67 microM) than with Control (16.42 microM). Net portal absorption of methionine increased (P = .10) with MET (26.2 g/d) compared with Control (9.5 g/d). The net portal methionine flux was negatively correlated (r = -.59; P < .001) with arterial urea concentrations. Net flux of methionine across splanchnic tissues shifted (P = .06) from a net uptake with Control (4 g/d) to a net output with MET (11 g/d). Therefore, MET increased by 15 g/d the methionine supply to the rest of the body. The net uptake of methionine by splanchnic tissues observed with Control indicated a net mobilization of methionine by peripheral tissues. Results indicate that methionine was the limiting amino acid with Control and that MET was beneficial because it increased methionine supply to peripheral tissues and reduced arterial urea concentrations. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.783742x VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 742-749 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intake and chewing behavior of steers consuming switchgrass preserved as hay or silage AU - Luginbuhl, J. M. AU - Pond, K. R. AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Effect of preservation method on intake and chewing behavior was examined using a first, late vegetative harvest (mid-June) of Kanlow switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). For silage (S), forage was harvested with a commercial field chopper (1.5 to 4 cm average chop length) and ensiled directly in silos 1.2 m in diameter and 3.6 m in height. For hay (H), forage was harvested with a flail-chopper (7 to 15 cm average chop length) and cured as hay in a drier at 77 degrees C. Diets of H and S were fed to six Hereford steers (338+/-5 kg) in a single crossover experiment. Chewing behavior was monitored for 4 d with a computerized system. At feeding, H was higher in DM and contained greater concentrations (DM basis) of NDF, CP, and hemicellulose, but lower concentrations of ADF and cellulose, and had lower in vitro DM disappearance values. Steers fed S had higher intakes of DM (P < .02) and NDF (P < .04) and consumed less water from the water supply (P < .01) than animals fed H. However, total amount of water (from water supply and feed) consumed per kilogram of DMI did not differ between diets. Crude protein intake was similar between diets. Preservation method had no effect on eating time, number of boli ruminated, bolus duration, and number of rumination chews per bolus. Steers fed S made fewer eating chews (P < .10) and ruminated for a longer time (P < .05) while making a greater number of rumination chews (P < .04) than steers fed H. Rumination intercycle time was slightly shorter in steers fed H (P < .05) than in steers fed S. When expressed per kilogram of NDF intake, steers fed S spent less time eating (P < .03) and made fewer eating chews (P < .02) than steers fed H; however, rumination time, number of rumination chews, and number of boli ruminated were not affected by preservation method. Steers fed S ingested feed at a greater rate (P < .03), excreted smaller fecal particles (P < .03), had meals of shorter duration (P < .06), spent less time eating during main meals (meals following feed distribution: P < .05), had more rumination periods (P < .01), and a shorter morning (P < .06) latency time (interval between end of main meal and onset of rumination) than steers fed H. These results indicate that preservation method with its concomitant differences in chop length affected forage chemical composition and voluntary intake, and that differences in chewing behavior occurred mostly during eating. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7871983x VL - 78 IS - 7 SP - 1983-1989 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of vitamin A injection before mating on oocyte development, follicular hormones, and ovulation in gilts fed high-energy diets AU - Whaley, S. L. AU - Hedgpeth, V. S. AU - Farin, C. E. AU - Martus, N. S. AU - Jayes, F. C. L. AU - Britt, Jack T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Previous research revealed that treatment with vitamin A approximately 5 d before ovulation may increase litter size in weaned sows and improve embryonal survival in gilts fed high-energy diets that reduced embryonal survival. For the current study, the hypothesis was that administration of vitamin A before ovulation would alter development of follicles and oocytes in a way favorable to enhanced embryonal survival. (Landrace × Large White) × (Duroc × Hampshire) gilts (n = 44) were fed 11.0 Mcal ME·gilt−1·d−1 beginning 7 d after second estrus and given (i.m.) corn oil or 1 × 106 IU of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) on d 15 after second estrus. Gilts were checked for estrus every 4 h, mated naturally at third estrus, and assigned randomly to undergo midventral laparotomy beginning at 24 to 28, 28 to 32, 32 to 36, or 36 to 40 h after onset of third estrus. At laparotomy, ovulated oocytes and early-stage embryos were recovered from oviducts, and ovaries were removed for aspiration of oocytes and granulosa cells from unovulated follicles. Oocytes and embryos were stained for assessment of stage of development. Granulosa cells were cultured to assess their ability to secrete progesterone. Follicular fluid was assayed for progesterone, estradiol-17β, IGF-I, and PGF2α. Treatment with vitamin A altered development of oocytes and embryos by decreasing the percentage at the germinal vesicle stage and increasing the percentage at advanced stages. Mean stage of development was increased by vitamin A, but variation in stage was decreased. Among follicles matched by meiotic stage of oocyte, follicular fluid concentrations of progesterone, IGF-I, and PGF2α were greater in vitamin A-treated gilts than in controls, but treatment with vitamin A in vivo did not affect LH-stimulated or unstimulated secretion of progesterone by granulosa cells in vitro. These data provide evidence that vitamin A may influence embryonic development by advancing resumption of meiosis and altering follicular hormonal environment during follicle maturation. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7861598x VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 1598–1607 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High dietary copper improves odor characteristics of swine waste AU - Armstrong, T. A. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Schiffman, S. S. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - We conducted two experiments to determine the effects of dietary copper concentration and source on odor characteristics of swine waste. In both experiments, 192 weanling gilts and barrows were allotted to 24 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments, consisting of control (10 ppm Cu as cupric sulfate, CuSO4), 66 or 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4, or 33, 66, or 100 ppm Cu as cupric citrate (Cucitrate). An antibiotic was included in the diets for Exp. 1, but not Exp. 2. On d 28, fecal samples were randomly obtained from one pig per pen and stored at -20 degrees C until preparation and evaluation by an odor panel. The odor panel consisted of 10 individuals, and each panelist evaluated the odor intensity, irritation intensity, and odor quality of the samples. In Exp. 1, the odor and irritation intensity of the feces were lower (P < .05) from animals consuming diets containing 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-citrate compared to the control. The odor quality of the waste from animals consuming diets containing 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-citrate was improved (P < .05) compared to the 33 ppm Cu treatment. In Exp. 2, the odor intensity of the feces of pigs receiving diets supplemented with all concentrations of Cu-citrate was lower (P < .05) than that of feces from the control animals. Irritation intensity of the feces was not affected by treatment. Odor quality of waste of pigs supplemented with 225 ppm Cu from CuSO4 and all concentrations of Cu-citrate was improved (P < .05) compared to that of waste of the control pigs. Two gilts and two barrows from each nursery pen in Exp. 1 were continued through the growing-finishing phase on their respective experimental diets. The growing-finishing phase lasted 103 d, and fecal samples were randomly obtained from one pig per pen at the completion of the phase. During the growing-finishing phase, the odor intensity and the irritation intensity of the feces were lower (P < .05) from pigs supplemented with 66 and 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 and 100 ppm Cu from Cu-citrate than from the control pigs. The odor quality of the waste was improved (P < .05) in all animals receiving supplemental Cu. These data indicate an improvement in odor characteristics of swine waste with the supplementation of Cu. In addition, lower concentrations of an organic nonsulfate Cu source resulted in similar odor characteristics of swine waste as 225 ppm CuSO4. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.784859x VL - 78 IS - 4 SP - 859-864 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of numbers of microscopic and macroscopic follicles in cattle selected for twinning AU - Cushman, R. A. AU - Hedgpeth, V. S. AU - Echternkamp, S. E. AU - Britt, Jack T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - We hypothesized that the number of microscopic follicles present in the ovaries of cattle selected for twin births (Twinner) would be greater than in the ovaries of contemporary Controls. Ovaries were collected from seven Control and seven Twinner cows at slaughter. The number of Small (1 to 3.9 mm), Medium (4 to 7.9), and Large (> 8 mm) surface follicles was counted and one ovary was fixed for histological evaluation. Fifty to sixty consecutive 6-µm slices were taken from a piece of cortical tissue, approximately 1 cm × 1 cm in area, located between the surface follicles. Microscopic follicles were classified as primordial (oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous pregranulosa cells), primary (oocyte surrounded by a single layer of one or more cuboidal granulosa cells), secondary (oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells), or tertiary (oocyte surrounded by multiple layers of granulosa cells with initiation of antrum formation to ≤1 mm in diameter). The total number of follicles was counted in 200 fields (2 mm × 2 mm) per ovary. A field containing no follicles was classified as empty. There were significantly more secondary follicles in Twinner compared with Control ovaries (12.9 vs 6.3; P < .05). Twinners also tended to have more small surface follicles (35.4 vs 49.0; P < 0.1). We conclude that ovaries of Control and Twinner cows do not differ in the number of primordial follicles or in the number of follicles activated into the growing pool; however, Twinner cows are able to maintain more growing follicles at the secondary and subsequent stages of development. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7861564x VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 1564–1567 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of crossbred calf and cow types for the coastal plain of North Carolina AU - Pala, A. AU - Robison, O. W. AU - McCraw, R. L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Data in this experiment consisted of 418 lactation records, and weaning and birth weight records from 600 crossbred calves. The traits evaluated included birth weight, weaning weight, weaning weight per cow exposed, weaning weight per weight of cow, weaning weight per weight of cow exposed, and predicted milk yield. Angus, Brangus, and Gelbvieh sires were mated to purebred Hereford cows. Yearling and 2-yr-old Angus-Hereford, Brangus-Hereford, and Gelbvieh-Hereford daughters then were bred to Polled Hereford bulls (Data Set 2). Later-parity Angus-Hereford, Brangus-Hereford, and Gelbvieh-Hereford daughters were mated to Salers or Simmental sires (Data Set 3). Differences between Gelbvieh- and Brangus-sired calves or Gelbvieh-Hereford and Brangus-Hereford daughters were never significant for weaning weight, birth weight, or milk yield. Angus crosses had the lowest weaning weight, birth weight, and milk yield, but the highest kilograms of calf weaned per cow exposed in all data sets. Angus-Hereford and Brangus-Hereford dams had higher weaning weight per weight of cow exposed than Gelbvieh-Hereford dams (P < .01) in Data Set 3. There were no other significant differences related to cow weight. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7892253x VL - 78 IS - 9 SP - 2253-2256 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feed physical form and buffering solutes on water disappearance and proximal stomach pH in swine AU - Ange, K.D. AU - Eisemann, J.H. AU - Argenzio, R.A. AU - Almond, Glen AU - Blikslager, Anthony T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The effects of the physical form of feed on water disappearance and the effects of buffered water on proximal stomach pH in swine were determined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 32 barrows were used to evaluate the water disappearance in pigs fed a finely ground and pelleted diet vs those fed a coarsely ground and mashed diet for ad libitum consumption over a 2-wk interval. There were four replicates with eight pigs per replicate. Average daily water and feed disappearance did not differ (P = 0.06 and P = 0.10, respectively). However, average daily water to feed ratio was higher for pigs on the pelleted diet (4.21+/-0.31 L/kg vs 3.04+/-0.33 L/kg; P = 0.02). The higher ratio for the pelleted diet indicated that this may be the cause of a more fluid digesta allowing reflux of irritants from the distal stomach to damage the pars esophageal region of the proximal stomach. In Exp. 2, four barrows (25+/-2 kg) had gastric cannulas surgically implanted into the proximal region of the stomach. Pigs were given ad libitum access to a finely ground and pelleted diet. The experimental design was a Latin square. Water treatments included water (control), 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Pigs were given a 4-d adjustment period, and pH measurements began on the morning of the 5th d and continued for 24 h under normal feeding conditions. Feed was removed and measurements were continued for 16 h. Buffered water raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach compared to the control (P < 0.001). Average pH while consuming the water treatments was 3.65+/-0.11 (n = 4) for water control, 4.86+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 4.63+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 4.59+/-0.14 (n = 3) for the 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Buffers also raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach for the fed (P < 0.001) and the feed restriction (P < 0.01) phases of the trial. Water disappearance rates in pigs given NaHCO3 were higher than in the control (P < 0.01). Average daily water disappearance for the treatments was 9.13+/-0.74 L for the control, 13.56+/-0.74 L for 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 13.77+/-0.74 L for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 10.33+/-0.95 L for the phosphate buffer. The proximal pH of the stomach was increased by adding buffers to the water supply. Addition of NaHCO3 buffers also caused increased water disappearance. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7892344x VL - 78 IS - 9 SP - 2344-2352 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034265975&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary copper concentration and source on performance and copper status of growing and finishing steers AU - Engle, T. E. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 78 IS - 9 SP - 2446-2451 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of level of whole cottonseed on intake, digestibility, and performance of growing male goats fed hay-based diets AU - Luginbuhl, J. M. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Conrad, A. P. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Twenty-four purebred Boer (Capra hircus hircus) and 12 male kids of 1/2 Boer breeding (initial BW 21 +/- .5 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of increasing level of whole cottonseed (WCS) on ADG, serum urea N, plasma gossypol, live grades, and intake of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ether extract, and free gossypol. A subgroup of 16 purebred goats was used to determine digestibility using a 5-d total fecal collection. Goats were blocked by BW and then assigned at random to one of four diets containing 0, 8, 16, or 24% WCS. All diets contained 71% chopped orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay and 29% concentrate; WCS replaced corn and soybean meal to maintain calculated TDN and CP concentrations at 68 and 15% of DM, respectively. Concentrations of NDF in diet DM were 52.4, 55.9, 59.3, and 62.1% with increasing WCS, and the Ca:P ratio was maintained at 2:0. Goats were given ad libitum access to feed and water. Over the 90-d performance phase, DMI (P < .05), CP intake (P < .02), and ADG (P < .01) decreased linearly with increasing WCS in the diet, whereas ether extract (EE) intake increased in a cubic fashion (P < .01). Gain:feed decreased linearly (P < .02) with increasing level of WCS. Addition of WCS resulted in linear decreases in apparent digestibility coefficients of DM (P < .02) and NDF (P < .05), a linear increase in total plasma gossypol (P < .01), and a quadratic increase in serum urea N (P < .04). Apparent digestibility of CP was not affected by WCS level. At the 16 and 24% WCS levels, EE constituted 4.2 and 4.8% of total DMI, respectively. Adding WCS to diets for growing goats had detrimental effects on animal performance, and, based on the possible negative effects of dietary EE and NDF rather than gossypol, economics should dictate whether to use WCS in feeding programs. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7861677x VL - 78 IS - 6 SP - 1677-1683 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary copper effects on lipid metabolism, performance, and ruminal fermentation in finishing steers AU - Engel, T. E. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Sixty Angus steers (391.1+/-6.1 kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary Cu concentration on lipid metabolism and ruminal fermentation. Steers were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 0 (control), 10, or 20 mg of supplemental Cu (as CuSO4)/kg diet DM. Steers were housed in pens equipped with individual electronic Calan gate feeders. On d 86 and 92, ruminal fluid was collected from two steers/treatment for IVDMD determination. Equal numbers of steers per treatment were slaughtered after receiving the finishing diets for 96 or 112 d. Gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, IVDMD, and ruminal VFA molar proportions were not affected by Cu supplementation. Copper supplementation increased (P < .05) liver Cu concentrations, and steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM had higher (P < .05) liver Cu concentrations than steers supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM. Serum total cholesterol concentrations were reduced by d 56 and at subsequent sampling dates in steers receiving supplemental Cu. Longissimus muscle cholesterol concentrations were lower (P < .10) in steers supplemented with Cu. Backfat depth was less (P < .05) in steers receiving supplemental Cu, but marbling scores were similar across treatments. Unsaturated fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle was increased (P < .05) and saturated fatty acid composition tended (P < .12) to be reduced in Cu-supplemented steers. Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were higher (P < .05) in steers receiving Cu. These results indicate that addition of 10 or 20 mg Cu/kg to a high-concentrate diet containing 4.9 mg Cu/kg DM alters lipid and cholesterol metabolism in steers but does not affect ruminal fermentation. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.7892452x VL - 78 IS - 9 SP - 2452-2458 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen metabolism of early lactation cows fed diets with two different levels of protein and different amino acid profiles AU - Bach, A AU - Huntington, GB AU - Calsamiglia, S AU - Stern, MD T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Four multiparous Holstein cows (569+/-122 kg) surgically prepared with indwelling catheters in the mesenteric, portal, and hepatic veins and carotid artery were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) level and amino acid (AA) profile on N metabolism during early lactation (from 25 to 65 d in milk). Cows received their diets in two equal meals and were milked twice daily. The dietary treatments were: 18% CP with a high (18H) or a low (18L) quality AA profile, and 15% CP with a high (15H) or a low (15L) quality AA profile. The four diets were similar in net energy for lactation (1.75 NEL Mcal/kg) and contained the same amount of RUP (34% of CP). The quality of the AA profile pertained only to the essential AA (EAA), and was assessed by comparison with the EAA profile of casein and considered the potential contribution of EAA from ruminal bacteria. The 18H and 15H diets were supplemented with 50 and 25 g/d of ruminally protected Met, respectively. After 10 d on treatment, a blood flow marker (p-amino-hippurate) was infused into a mesenteric vein, and arterial, portal, hepatic, and mammary blood samples were obtained at 3, 6, and 12 h after feeding. Dry matter intake was similar across treatments (23.4+/-0.5 kg/d). Amino acid oxidation, and consequent urea production, in the liver were numerically greater with the 18% CP rations, and, as a result, arterial urea concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) with these rations. The amount of total AA extracted by the mammary gland tended to be greater with the H than with the L diets (21.4 vs. 18.2 mmol/ h, respectively). Milk yield tended to be greater (P = 0.16) with the 18H and 15H diets (47.7 and 46.3 kg/d, respectively) compared with the 18L and 15L diets (45.9 and 44.6 kg/d, respectively). Also, milk CP and casein contents were greatest (P = 0.09) with the H diets compared with the L diets. Milk and plasma urea N were greatest (P < 0.01) with the 18% CP diets. The efficiency of N utilization for milk protein synthesis was greatest (P < 0.09) with the 15% CP diets. It is concluded that milk protein production during early lactation is less susceptible to variations in dietary CP contents than variations in the AA profile of the dietary protein. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75152-6 VL - 83 IS - 11 SP - 2585-2595 SN - 0022-0302 KW - amino acids KW - milk production KW - plasma flow KW - protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of the novel urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide on ruminant nitrogen metabolism: II. Ruminal nitrogen metabolism, diet digestibility, and nitrogen balance in lambs AU - Ludden, P. A. AU - Harmon, D. L. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Larson, B. T. AU - Axe, D. E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Three lamb metabolism experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of chronic administration of the novel urease inhibitor N (n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on ruminal N metabolism, fermentation, and N balance. In Exp. 1, ruminally cannulated wethers (n = 28; 45.0 +/- .9 kg) were administered one of seven doses of NBPT (0 [control], .125, .25, .5, 1, 2, or 4 g of NBPT daily) and fed a common cracked corn/cottonseed hull-based diet twice daily containing 2% urea at 2.5% of initial BW for the duration of the 15-d experiment. Overall, NBPT decreased (linear P < .0001; quadratic P < .001) ruminal urease activity, resulting in linear increases (P < .0001) in ruminal urea and decreases in ruminal NH3 N concentrations. However, the detection of an NBPT x day interaction (d 2 vs 15; P < .01) indicated that this depression in urea degradation diminished as the experiment progressed. Increasing NBPT linearly decreased (P < .01) total VFA concentrations on d 2 of the experiment, but it had no effect (P > .10) on d 15. Increasing NBPT had no effect (P > .10) on DM or ADF digestibilities, but it linearly decreased (P < .01) N digestibility. Supplementing NBPT produced a linear increase (P < .05) in urinary N excretion and a linear decrease (P < .01) in N retention. In Exp. 2, ruminally cannulated wethers (n = 30; 46.8 +/- .6 kg) were fed one of two basal diets (2.0 vs 1.1% dietary urea) at 2.5% of initial BW and dosed with either 0 (control), .25, or 2 g of NBPT daily for the duration of the 15-d experiment. There were no NBPT x dietary urea interactions (P > .10) for Exp. 2. Increasing NBPT depressed (linear and quadratic P < .0001) ruminal urease activity, producing linear (P < .0001) increases in urea N and linear decreases in NH3 N in the rumen. As in Exp. 1, an NBPT x day interaction (P < .05) was noted for urea, NH3 N, and total VFA concentrations; the maximum response to NBPT occurred on d 2 but diminished by d 15 of the experiment. Administration of NBPT did not influence (P > .10) DM, ADF, or N digestibilities in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, wether lambs (n = 30; 26.4 +/- .7 kg) were subjected to the same treatment regimen as in Exp. 2 for a 14-d N balance experiment. Although several NBPT x dietary urea interactions (P < .05) were noted, increasing NBPT did not affect (P > .10) N digestibility. Administration of NBPT quadratically increased (P < .10) urinary N excretion, producing a linear decrease (P < .05) in N retention. These results suggest that although NBPT is capable of inhibiting ruminal urease short-term, the ruminal microflora may be capable of adapting to chronic NBPT administration, thereby limiting its practical use in improving the utilization of dietary urea. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// DO - 10.2527/2000.781188x VL - 78 IS - 1 SP - 188-198 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of whole and expanded-expelled cottonseed on milk yield and blood gossypol AU - Noftsger, SM AU - Hopkins, BA AU - Diaz, DE AU - Brownie, C AU - Whitlow, LW T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Thirty-two primiparous and 12 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatments to determine the effects of type and amount of cottonseed product on plasma gossypol, milk production, and composition, and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in milk fat. Rations consisted of corn silage, corn grain, soybean meal, and cottonseed hulls, and contained on average 16.8% crude protein and 25.3% acid detergent fiber on a dry matter basis. On a dry matter basis, diets contained one of the following: 1) 14% whole cottonseed; 2) 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed; 3) 21% expanded-expelled cottonseed; or 4) 28% expanded-expelled cottonseed. Cows remained on treatment from 30 through 120 d in milk. Dry matter intakes were not significantly different, but intakes of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and fat were higher for multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed. Multiparous cows fed whole cottonseed had higher yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, crude protein, fat and solids-not-fat than those fed any level of expanded-expelled cottonseed. Concentrations of milk fat, protein, and SNF were not affected by treatment. Although there were treatment differences in fat intake, there were no production differences in primiparous cows. Milk production efficiency (fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake) was not affected by treatment for either multiparous or primiparous cows. Cows fed 14% whole or 14% expanded-expelled cottonseed had similar levels of total plasma gossypol and plasma levels of the negative isomer of gossypol. Increasing the level of expanded-expelled cottonseed in the diet increased both total plasma gossypol and the negative isomer. In this experiment, multiparous but not primiparous cows fed whole cottonseed produced more milk than those fed expanded-expelled cottonseed at 14 to 28% of the diet dry matter, however, feed efficiencies were similar for all treatments. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75146-0 VL - 83 IS - 11 SP - 2539-2547 SN - 0022-0302 KW - dairy KW - cottonseed KW - conjugated linoleic acid KW - gossypol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal shedding of Salmonella by gilts before and after introduction to a swine breeding farm AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Funk, J. A. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. T2 - Swine Health and Production DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 25-29 ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Optical coherence tomography (OCT) abnormalities in rhodopsin mutant transgenic swine with retinal degeneration AU - Huang, YJ AU - Cideciyan, AV AU - Aleman, TS AU - Banin, E AU - Huang, JC AU - Syed, NA AU - Petters, RM AU - Wong, F AU - Milam, AH AU - Jacobson, SG AB - Realizar una revisión bibliográfica para describir la nomenclatura actual en la interpretación de las imágenes retinales de la tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) en el área macular.Búsqueda exhaustiva de la bibliografía en las principales bases de datos biomédicas desde la introducción de la OCT en el campo oftalmológico.Las variantes cuantitativas del espesor macular central y la terminología utilizada a lo largo de los años está en relación directa con la tecnología y el equipamiento utilizado.La nomenclatura actual de la arquitectura macular normal representada en imágenes en vivo por la tecnología de OCT de dominio espectral nos proporciona una clara y válida interpretación anatómica para aplicarla no solo en proyectos de investigación, sino en la práctica diaria.To review the literature in order to describe the current nomenclature for the interpretation of retinal images of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the macular area.A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the major biomedical databases since the introduction of OCT in ophthalmological field.Quantitative variations of central macular thickness and proper terminology used throughout the years are directly related to the technology and equipment used.The current nomenclature of normal macular architecture represented in vivo on spectral domain OCT technology provides a clear and valid anatomical interpretation that can be applied, not only in research, but also in everyday practice. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1006/exer.1999.0793 SP - 247-251 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vivo oxytocin release from microdialyzed bovine corpora lutea during spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced regression AU - Shaw, DW AU - Britt, JH T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The release of luteal oxytocin during spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced luteolysis was investigated in cows. A continuous-flow microdialysis system was used in 11 cows to collect dialysates of the luteal extracellular space between Days 12 and 24 postestrus. Seven cows were untreated and were expected to exhibit spontaneous luteolysis during sampling, whereas 4 cows received prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) systemically between Days 13 and 15 to induce luteolysis during sampling. Oxytocin was detectable in the dialysate of all cows before Day 16 postestrus and occurred as 2 or 3 discrete pulses per 12-h sampling period. For non-PGF(2alpha)-treated cows, dialysate oxytocin content began to decline spontaneously on Day 15 postestrus and was undetectable by Day 17 postestrus. Oxytocin decay curves preceded onset of serum progesterone decline by at least 72 h and were not related temporally with onset of progesterone decline within cow. Exogenous PGF(2alpha) (25 mg, i.m.) produced a 10-fold increase in dialysate oxytocin within 1 h (1.9 +/- 0.3 pg/ml to 20.8 +/- 3.0 pg/ml; P < 0. 01). Dialysate oxytocin then declined to pretreatment concentrations within 2 h and was undetectable within 8 h posttreatment. A second PGF(2alpha) injection given 20 h after the first did not result in a measurable increase in dialysate oxytocin, probably because luteolysis was underway. Although robust luteal oxytocin release was observed after treatment with a pharmacological dose of PGF(2alpha), the lack of detectable oxytocin secretion during spontaneous luteolysis suggests that the contribution of luteal oxytocin in the cow may be less than that proposed for the ewe. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod62.3.726 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - 726-730 SN - 0006-3363 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic parameters and trends of milk, fat, days open, and body weight after calving in North Carolina experimental herds AU - Abdallah, JM AU - McDaniel, BT T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The main objective of this study was to estimate genetic trends for 3.7% FCM, fat yield, days open, and predicted body weight after calving in six experimental dairy herds owned by the State Farm Division of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Body weights were predicted from heart girths measured at or before the first test day after calving. Data analyzed were 23,052 records from 8575 cows, daughters of 681 bulls. Heritabilities and breeding values were estimated using the multiple-trait, derivative-free REML programs and a single-trait repeatability model. Breeding values of cows were averaged by and regressed on birth year to estimate genetic trends. Genetic correlations between traits were estimated by correlating breeding values. Estimates of heritability were 0.25 for 3.7% FCM, 0.28 for fat yield, 0.03 for days open, and 0.17 for predicted body weight. Unfavorable genetic relationships were found between yields and days open and between yields and body weight. Genetically, cows that were heavier after calving produced less milk and fat but conceived earlier than smaller cows. Genetic changes in yields and days open were greater for cows born after 1970, but the greatest genetic changes were after 1980 (FCM, 94.7 kg/yr; fat yield, 3.46 kg/yr; days open, 1.1 d/yr). Breeding values for body weight increased for cows born from 1950 to 1970, decreased until 1980, and increased for later parities. The results of our study suggest that AI organizations may need to include fertility traits in progeny testing and relax the emphasis on increased body weight. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75004-1 VL - 83 IS - 6 SP - 1364-1370 SN - 0022-0302 KW - genetic correlations KW - genetic trends KW - selection KW - heritabilities ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic change in milk, fat, days open, and body weight after calving based on three methods of sire selection AU - Abdallah, JM AU - McDaniel, BT T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Three Holstein lines, were compared, based on different methods of sire selection, for genetic change in 3.7% FCM, fat yield, days open, and predicted body weight after calving. The three lines were 1) evaluated sires selected only for 3.7% FCM (milk line), 2) evaluated sires selected on an index that included 3.7% FCM and type traits (index line), and 3) young bulls selected on pedigree for 3.7% FCM (young line). Cows from these lines were born in 1971 through 1993 in five experimental herds owned by the State Farm Division of North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Breeding values of cows in each line computed with a repeatability model were averaged by and regressed on birth year to estimate genetic change. Genetic gains in 3.7% FCM were 81 kg/yr for the milk line, 61 kg/yr for the line selected on index, and 68 kg/yr for the young sire line. Estimates of genetic gain in fat yield were 2.99, 2.16, and 2.54 kg/ yr in the three lines, respectively. Genetic gains in 3.7% FCM and fat yield in the milk line were significantly different from the index and young sire lines, but the index and young sire lines were not significantly different. Estimates of genetic change in days open were 0.71, 0.57, and 0.63 d/yr in the milk, index, and young sire lines, respectively. These estimates were not significantly different. Average breeding values for body weight decreased for births from 1971 to 1981 then rapidly increased for later births in all lines. DA - 2000/6// PY - 2000/6// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75003-X VL - 83 IS - 6 SP - 1359-1363 SN - 0022-0302 KW - genetic change KW - index KW - evaluated sires KW - young bulls ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlated changes in fertility and fitness traits in lines of oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice selected for increased 8-week body weight AU - Siewerdt, F AU - Eisen, EJ AU - Murray, JD T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TIERZUCHTUNG UND ZUCHTUNGSBIOLOGIE AB - Correlated responses in fitness and fertility traits were compared in transgenic and nontransgenic lines of mice selected for increased 8‐week body weight. Two replicates of lines which either carried or did not carry the sheep metallothionein‐1a sheep growth hormone transgene (oMt1a‐oGH) were established. Host lines had been previously selected for rapid growth or selected randomly. Within‐litter selection was carried out for 13 generations, and a randomly selected control line was kept for each set of replicate lines. Mice were genotyped every generation for the presence of the transgene, but this information was not used in selection decisions. The oMt1a‐oGH construct was activated by adding 25 m m ZnSO 4 to the drinking water from 3 weeks (weaning) until 8 weeks of age. Zinc stimulation of the transgene was not carried out during mating, gestation and lactation. Correlated responses in fitness traits were measured by regression of least‐squares means (as deviations from the control lines) on generation number. Two fitness indexes were defined to combine the information on individual fitness traits. The proportion of infertile matings was higher in generations 7 to 13 than in generations 0 to 6. Correlated responses to selection showed an increase in the cohabitation to littering interval in nontransgenic lines and an increase in litter sizes in lines from the selected background. Preweaning pup survival did not change over generations. Overall fitness increased in the transgenic line from the selection background whereas no changes were observed in the transgenic line from the control background. The initial frequency of 0.5 of the transgene was reduced to less than 0.10 in the selected background, but increased to an average of 0.62 in the control lines. The comparison of specific mating groups involving transgenic and nontransgenic mates revealed that the only consistent disadvantage in having a transgenic parent was the increase in the length of the cohabitation to littering interval. Major fitness problems were not associated with the oMt1a‐oGH transgene, which makes this construct a potential choice for use in livestock breeding programmes. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2000x.00208.x VL - 117 IS - 2 SP - 83-95 SN - 0931-2668 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro production of embryos alters levels of insulin-like growth factor-II messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine fetuses 63 days after transfer AU - Blondin, P AU - Farin, PW AU - Crosier, AE AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, CE T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effect of embryo production systems on the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II mRNA in fetal bovine tissues at Day 70 of gestation (63 days after transfer). Oocytes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows were matured and fertilized in vitro. Zygotes were cultured in either tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS; in vitro-produced with serum [IVPS]) or TCM-199 + 1% BSA (in vitro-produced with serum restriction [IVPSR]). At 72 h postinsemination, IVPSR embryos were transferred into fresh TCM-199 + 10% ECS whereas IVPS embryos had fresh medium replaced. All embryos were cultured for an additional 96 h. In vivo-produced embryos were harvested from superovulated Holstein cows (multiple ovulations [MO]). Grade 1 blastocysts from all groups were transferred singly into Angus heifers. At Day 70 of gestation, fetuses (n = 14, 13, and 11 for MO, IVPS, and IVPSR, respectively) were collected; liver and skeletal muscle samples were snap frozen, and whole-cell RNA (wcRNA) was extracted. Levels of IGF-II mRNA were determined by RNase protection assay and quantified relative to 18S rRNA (mean arbitrary units +/- SEM). WcRNA from adult and Day 90 fetal bovine liver were used as controls. Adult liver contained 9-fold less IGF-II mRNA than liver from Day 90 fetuses (P < 0.05). Fetal livers of males originating from IVPS and IVPSR groups possessed approximately 2-fold greater levels of mRNA for IGF-II than those from MO males (0.25 +/- 0.07, 0.33 +/- 0.04, and 0.14 +/- 0.03, respectively; P < 0.05). Levels of mRNA for IGF-II tended to be lower (P = 0.07) in skeletal muscle of fetuses originating from the IVPSR group (0.043 +/- 0.005) compared to MO controls (0.070 +/- 0.008). In conclusion, at Day 70 of gestation, fetuses originating from in vitro production systems possessed altered levels of IGF-II mRNA in both liver and skeletal muscle. DA - 2000/2// PY - 2000/2// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod62.2.384 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 384-389 SN - 0006-3363 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from swine AU - Gebreyes, W. A. AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Funk, J. A. AU - Altier, C. T2 - Journal of Clinical Microbiology DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 38 IS - 12 SP - 4633-4636 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transgenic animals as models for human disease AU - Petters, RM AU - Sommer, , JR T2 - TRANSGENIC RESEARCH DA - 2000/1// PY - 2000/1// DO - 10.1023/A:1008926303533 VL - 9 IS - 4-5 SP - 347-351 SN - 0962-8819 KW - transgenic animals KW - models of disease KW - homologous recombination ER - TY - JOUR TI - Some steps in the progress to improved forage utilization AU - Bull, L. S. T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences DA - 2000/// PY - 2000/// VL - 13 IS - 2000 July SP - 192-200 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative trait loci for directional but not fluctuating asymmetry of mandible characters in mice AU - Leamy, LJ AU - Pomp, D AU - Eisen, EJ AU - Cheverud, JM T2 - GENETICAL RESEARCH AB - Non-directional variation in right minus left differences in bilateral characters, referred to as fluctuating asymmetry (FA), often has been assumed to be largely or entirely environmental in origin. FA increasingly has been used as a measure of developmental stability, and its presumed environmental origin has facilitated the comparisons of populations believed to differ in their levels of stability. Directional asymmetry (DA), in which one side is consistently larger than the other, has been assumed to be at least partially heritable. Both these assumptions were tested with interval mapping techniques designed to detect any quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting FA or DA in 15 bilateral mandible characters in house mice resulting from a cross of the F1 between CAST/Ei (wild strain) and M16i (selected for rapid growth rate) back to M16i. For purposes of the analysis, all mandibles were triply measured and 92 microsatellite markers were scored in a total of 350 mice. No significant QTLs were found for FA, but three QTLs significantly affected DA in several characters, confirming both assumptions. The QTLs for DA were similar in location to those affecting the size of several of the mandible characters, although they accounted for an average of only 1% of the total phenotypic variation in DA. DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.1017/S0016672300004559 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - 27-40 SN - 0016-6723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Micronutrients and immune function in cattle AU - Spears, JW T2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY AB - Complex inter-relationships exist between certain micronutrients, immune function and disease resistance in cattle. Several micronutrients have been shown to influence immune responses. The relationship between deficiencies of some micronutrients and disease resistance is less clear. A number of studies have indicated that Cr supplementation may improve cell-mediated and humoral immune response as well as resistance to respiratory infections in stressed cattle. With respiratory-disease challenge models Cr generally does not affect disease resistance. Deficiencies of Cu, Se, vitamin E and Co in cattle reduce the ability of isolated neutrophils to kill yeast and/or bacteria. Cu deficiency reduces antibody production, but cell-mediated immunity is generally not altered. However, Cu deficiency appears to reduce production of interferon and tumour necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. Numerous studies have linked low vitamin E and/or Se status to increased susceptibility of dairy cows to intramammary infections. In contrast to findings in laboratory animals, marginal Zn deficiency does not appear to impair antibody production or lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen stimulation in ruminants. Co deficiency has been associated with reduced resistance to parasitic infections. It is well documented that vitamin A-deficient animals are more susceptible to various types of infections. β-Carotene, possibly via its antioxidant properties, may affect immune function and disease resistance independent of its role as a precursor of vitamin A. DA - 2000/11// PY - 2000/11// DO - 10.1017/S0029665100000835 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 587-594 SN - 0029-6651 KW - immune responses KW - trace elements KW - vitamins ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the composition of milks from Meishan and crossbred pigs AU - Alston-Mills, B AU - Iverson, SJ AU - Thompson, MP T2 - LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - Because of low energy reserves at birth, piglets are dependent on the sow’s milk for survival. Breed differences can influence milk composition. The objective of this study was to examine litter characteristics, milk composition including calcium and the water holding capacity of casein, solvation, between the highly prolific Meishan breed and lean crossbred pigs. Samples were collected by hand-milking at early (days 3–5) and late (days 20–21) lactation. Milk fat percentage for Meishans was higher than for the crossbred, especially during early lactation (10.72±0.5>8.91±0.4 (crossbred); P<0.0005). During late lactation, Meishans had 8.60±0.49>6.49±0.39 (crossbred); P>0.05. No differences were observed between breeds for lactose or protein at either sampling time. Calcium concentration (mg/dl) was higher in Meishan milk than in crossbred milk at early lactation (0.204±0.01>0.178±0.01; P<0.05). There were no differences at late lactation. Crossbred solvation values (g water/g protein) were the same (2.18±0.12) as Meishan (2.36±0.16). Those values were also similar at late lactation. The mean litter size for the Meishans was higher than that of the crossbred (13.8±0.1>11.1±0.7; P<0.05). Mean birth weights (kg) were less for Meishans (0.91±0.09<1.4±0.07; P<0.05) and similarly, weaning weights (4.78±0.41<5.94±0.31; P<0.05). Milk from Meishans might provide an early advantage to improve survivability of piglets by supplying more fat and higher calcium for bone development than traditional breeds. DA - 2000/3// PY - 2000/3// DO - 10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00114-1 VL - 63 IS - 1 SP - 85-91 SN - 0301-6226 KW - milk composition KW - Meishan KW - pig KW - solvation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of copper source (cupric citrate vs cupric sulfate) and level on growth performance and copper metabolism in pigs AU - Armstrong, TA AU - Spears, JW AU - Heugten, E AU - Engle, TE AU - Wright, CL T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES DA - 2000/8// PY - 2000/8// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2000.1154 VL - 13 IS - 8 SP - 1154-1161 SN - 1011-2367 KW - copper KW - growth KW - liver KW - bile KW - bioavailability KW - pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correlated responses to selection for large body size in oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice: reproductive traits AU - Parks, KR AU - Eisen, EJ AU - Parker, IJ AU - Hester, LG AU - Murray, JD T2 - GENETICAL RESEARCH AB - Correlated responses in female reproductive performance were evaluated following short-term selection within full-sib families for increased 8-week body weight in two replicates of four lines of mice: two ovine metallothionein–ovine growth hormone (oMt1a-oGH) transgene-carrier lines, one from a high-growth background (TM) and one from a control background (TC), and two non-transgenic lines, one from each of these genetic backgrounds (NM and NC, respectively). A fifth line (CC), not containing the transgene, served as a randomly selected control. The initial frequency of the oMt1a-oGH transgene construct in the TM and TC lines was 0·5. The frequency of transgenic females sampled at generations 7 and 8 of selection was 84·0% and 6·1% in the TC and TM lines, respectively. No significant female infertility differences were detected between transgene-carrier and non-transgenic lines or between transgenic and non-transgenic mice within carrier lines, whereas high-growth background lines had a higher infertility than control background lines ( P < 0·05). Correlated responses in the TC transgene-carrier line were suggestive of reduced reproductive performance as indicated by increased post-implantation mortality ( P < 0·05), number of dead fetuses plus implants ( P < 0·05), and loss of fetuses from day 16 to parturition ( P < 0·001). For the first two traits, the negative correlated responses were accounted for by the reduced performance of transgenic compared with non-transgenic females. Embryos carrying the transgene may also have a lower viability. In contrast, the NC non-transgenic line did not exhibit reduced reproductive performance for these traits. The low frequency of the transgene in the high-growth background TM line was associated with reduced fitness and a lower additive effect for 8-week body weight compared with the control background TC line. DA - 2000/4// PY - 2000/4// DO - 10.1017/S001667239900436X VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 199-208 SN - 0016-6723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultrastructural morphometry of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Crosier, AE AU - Farin, PW AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, CE T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro using morphometric analysis. Compact morulae produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Compact morulae produced in vitro were obtained from cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows. The complexes were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into 1 of 3 culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 144 hpi; 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): SOF + 0.6% BSA. At 144 hpi, five grade 1 compact morulae from each of the four treatments were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. The volume density occupied by cellular components was determined by the point-count method using a sampling of seven to nine random micrographs from each compact morula. The volume density of lipid was greater (P < 0.05) in compact morulae from IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF treatments compared with those produced in vivo. There was a reduced proportional volume of total mitochondria in compact morulae from the IVPS treatment compared with those produced in vivo (P < 0.05). For compact morulae from the IVPS culture treatment, the volume density of vacuoles was greater than that for compact morulae produced in vivo (P < 0.05). The cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio for compact morulae from the IVPS treatment was increased (P < 0.05) compared with the ratio for those produced in vivo. In conclusion, compact morulae produced in vitro differed ultrastructurally from those produced in vivo. Compact morulae produced in IVPS culture medium possessed the greatest deviations in cellular ultrastructure. DA - 2000/5// PY - 2000/5// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1459 VL - 62 IS - 5 SP - 1459-1465 SN - 1529-7268 ER -