TY - CONF TI - Solvent-extracted vs. extruded-expeller-pressed B. napus and B. juncea fed to layers: Effects on feed intake, egg production, and physical egg quality AU - Oryschak, M. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Poultry Science Association C2 - 2013/// C3 - Poultry Science Association CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/7/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of expeller-pressed canola meal and cold-pressed canola cake in the pig intestine AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Jha, R. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 634 ER - TY - CONF TI - A comparison of B. napus and B. juncea meals and their air-classified fractions: Growth performance, carcass traits, and measured AME in growing broilers AU - Oryschak, M. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Poultry Science Association C2 - 2013/// C3 - Poultry Science Association CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/7/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net energy of field pea, Napus and Juncea canola meals, and wheat millrun fed to growing-finishing pigs AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Moehn, S. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 687 ER - TY - CONF TI - Estimation of pork loin fatty acid composition from pigs fed reduced-oil corn dried distillers grains with solubles using near infrared spectroscopy and two sample treatments AU - Prieto, N. AU - Uttaro, B. AU - Mapiye, C. AU - Dugan, M. AU - Zamora, V. AU - Young, M. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - CSAS-CMSA Joint Annual Meeting C2 - 2013/// C3 - CSAS-CMSA Joint Annual Meeting CY - Banff, AB DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/6/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional value of lentil and micronized full-fat soybean fed to growing-finishing pigs AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Jha, R. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Pharazyn, A. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 26 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of increasing inclusions of camelina meal in broiler diets on tissue fatty acid composition AU - Nain, S. AU - Oryschak, M.A. AU - Betti, M. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Poultry Science Association C2 - 2013/// C3 - Poultry Science Association Meeting CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/7/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of expeller-pressed canola meal and cold-pressed canola cake simulating the pig intestine AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Jha, R. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 634 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Camelina sativa as a feedstuff for layers: Effects of increasing dietary inclusion and copper supplementation on egg production and physical egg quality AU - Oryschak, M. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Poultry Science Association C2 - 2013/// C3 - Poultry Science Association CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/7/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritive value of lentil, regular and low-oligosaccharides full-fat soybean fed to grower pigs AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Jha, R. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Pharazyn, A. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Western Hog Journal DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 58-61 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing dietary levels of extruded and expeller-pressed canola juncea meal on pig growth performance and carcass traits AU - Zhou, X. AU - Young, M. AU - Zamora, V. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding solvent-extracted, yellow-coloured canola meal to weaned pigs AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Western Hog Journal DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 47-48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feed preference of nursery pigs fed diets with soybean meal, Napus canola meal or Juncea canola meal AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 30 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Camelina sativa as a feedstuff for layers: Effects of increasing dietary inclusion and layer strain on feed intake, egg production, and physical egg quality AU - Oryschak, M. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Poultry Science Association C2 - 2013/// C3 - Poultry Science Association CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/7/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is the mineral content of hog diets too low? AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Schoonderwoerd, M. T2 - Western Hog Journal DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 30-33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding value of green canola seed fed to growing-finishing pigs AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Yáñez, J. AU - Young, M. AU - Lanz, G. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 28 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Camelina sativa as a feedstuff for layers: Effects of increasing dietary inclusion, copper supplementation and layer strain on post-mortem signs of toxicity, organ weights, and serology AU - Oryschak, M. AU - Christianson, C. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Poultry Science Association C2 - 2013/// C3 - Poultry Science Association CY - San Diego, CA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/7/22/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of dietary net energy feeding pattern on pig growth performance and carcass characteristics AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Young, M. AU - Zamora, V. AU - Bussières, D. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Section/ADSA Midwestern Branch C2 - 2013/// C3 - Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Section/ADSA Midwestern Branch CY - Des Moines, IA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/3/10/ ER - TY - MGZN TI - Co-Products: A must for sustainable pork production AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Pig Progress DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 29 SP - 500-502 M1 - 4 ER - TY - CONF TI - Increasing dietary inclusion of camelina meal for laying hens; effects on performance and egg quality AU - Oryschak, M.A. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Prairie Poultry Meeting C2 - 2013/// C3 - Prairie Poultry Meeting CY - University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/5/9/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Near infrared spectroscopy predicting fatty acid composition in backfat from pigs fed reduced-oil corn dried distillers grains with solubles AU - Prieto, N. AU - Uttaro, B. AU - Mapiye, C. AU - Dugan, M.E.R. AU - Zamora, V. AU - Young, M. AU - Zijlstra, R. AU - Aalhus, J. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - 59th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology C2 - 2013/// C3 - Proceeding of the 59th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology CY - Izmir, Turkey DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/8/18/ SP - 112 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Not withdrawing feed from hogs before slaughter is costly to producers, packers, and Canada’s pork exports AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Western Hog Journal DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 48-50 ER - TY - CONF TI - Camelina, another egg out of the canola basket AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Oryschak, M.A. T2 - University of Saskatchewan, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences C2 - 2013/// C3 - University of Saskatchewan CY - Saskatoon, SK DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a post-production fractionation process improves the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains with solubles for young broiler chicks AU - Thacker, Philip AU - Deep, Aman AU - Beltranena, Eduardo T2 - Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology AB - Post-production fractionation of wheat distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) increases their crude protein content and reduces their fiber content. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of fractionation of wheat DDGS on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and performance when fed to broiler chicks (0–21 d). A total of 150, day-old, male broiler chicks (Ross-308 line; Lilydale Hatchery, Wynyard, Saskatchewan) weighing an average of 49.6 ± 0.8 g were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal and contained 20% regular wheat DDGS. The experimental diets contained 5, 10, 15 or 20% fractionated wheat DDGS added at the expense of regular wheat DDGS. The ATTD of dry matter and gross energy were linearly increased (P < 0.01) as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased. Nitrogen retention was unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS (P > 0.05). Weight gain increased linearly (P = 0.05) as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased. Feed intake, feed conversion and mortality were unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet (P > 0.05). Post-production fractionation of wheat DDGS improves their nutritional value by lowering their fiber content and increasing their content of crude protein and energy. These changes in chemical composition supported increased weight gain of broilers fed wheat DDGS. DA - 2013/4/22/ PY - 2013/4/22/ DO - 10.1186/2049-1891-4-18 VL - 4 IS - 1 J2 - J Animal Sci Biotechnol LA - en OP - SN - 2049-1891 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-18 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy and amino acid digestibility of expeller-pressed canola meal and cold-pressed canola cake in ileal-cannulated finishing pigs AU - Grageola, F. AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Cervantes, M. AU - Araiza, A. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - Residual oil content that increases the dietary energy value makes expeller-pressed canola meal (EPCM) and cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC) attractive feedstuffs for swine. The energy and amino acid (AA) digestibility of EPCM and CPCC were evaluated feeding six crossbred Hypor barrows (initial weight of 65.7 ± 1.7 kg) surgically fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. Pigs were fed twice daily at 2.8 times the estimated maintenance requirement of digestible energy (DE). Diets containing 500 g/kg of either EPCM or CPCC and an N-free diet were tested in a replicated 3×3 Latin square. The oil content of EPCM was half that of CPCC (105 vs. 202 g/kg). Total glucosinolate content of EPCM was double that of CPCC (11.9 vs. 5.6 μmol/g). The apparent total tract digestibility coefficient and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (CAID) of energy were lower (P<0.05) in EPCM than CPCC. The DE (P<0.05) and calculated net energy (NE) content were lower (P<0.001) in EPCM than CPCC (14.3 vs. 16.5 and 9.0 vs. 11.5 MJ NE/kg as fed, respectively). The CAID of lysine and cysteine was lower (P<0.05) in EPCM than CPCC. The standardized ileal digestibility coefficient (CSID) of alanine, cysteine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine and valine was lower (P<0.05) in EPCM than CPCC. However, the standardized ileal digestible content of all AA was greater (P<0.05) in EPCM than CPCC. In conclusion, lower residual oil and greater content of antinutritional factors (glucosinolates and fibre) in EPCM compared with CPCC were important factors that lowered energy digestibility and DE and NE values in EPCM compared to CPCC and likely lowered CSID of some indispensable AA in EPCM vs. CPCC, including lysine. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.010 VL - 186 IS - 3-4 SP - 169-176 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.010 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Swine convert co-products from food and biofuel industries into animal protein for food AU - Zijlstra, R. T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Animal Frontiers AB - As omnivores, pigs are ideally suited to convert non human-edible feedstuffs into high quality food animal protein. Dietary inclusion of co-products from food and bio-fuel production will considerably improve the human-edible protein balance (edible protein output/input) of swine production. Compared with traditional diets based on a single grain as an energy source and soybean meal as a protein source, feeding high inclusion levels of co-products has a greater risk. This risk can be managed using modern feed formulation, feed evaluation, feed enzymes, and feed processing to attain predictable swine growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork quality. Dietary inclusion of co-products reduces feed cost per unit of pork produced and is part of an effort to create sustainable swine production systems. Fast adoption of feeding co-products is driven by unprecedented high corn and soybean meal prices. DA - 2013/4/1/ PY - 2013/4/1/ DO - 10.2527/af.2013-0014 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 48-53 LA - en OP - SN - 2160-6056 2160-6064 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/af.2013-0014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feeding high- and low-fibre fractions of air-classified, solvent-extracted canola meal on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs AU - Zhou, X. AU - Oryschak, M.A. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - The dietary energy value of solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) is limited by its relative high fibre content. The fibre-rich hull of canola is denser than the oil-free cotyledons, so these seed components partially fractionate in a stream of air. Air classification thus separates CM into a low-fibre, light-particle fraction and a high-fibre, heavy-particle fraction of interest for feeding monogastric and ruminant species, respectively. Crude fibre (CF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in light-particle fraction were reduced by 96, 34 and 28% compared with CM (83 CF, 165 ADF, 238 NDF g/kg, as-is). Brassica (B) napus, Brassica juncea, or their fractions were evaluated feeding 288 weaned pigs (7.1 kg) for 37 d as a 2 × 3 factorial with 12 replicate pens per treatment. Wheat-based diets including 200 g of test feedstuff/kg provided 10.5 and 10.0 MJ net energy (NE)/kg and 1.27 and 1.15 g standardised ileal digestible lysine/MJ NE and were fed for 9 and 28 d, respectively. Pen feed added, orts, and individual pig body weight were measured weekly to calculate average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (G:F). Pen faecal samples were collected on d 16 and 17 to calculate diet apparent total tract digestibility coefficients (CATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) value. Pigs fed B. juncea had 3 and 2% higher (P<0.001) CATTD of DM (0.82 vs. 0.79) and GE (0.84 vs. 0.82) than pigs fed B. napus. Feeding the light-particle fraction increased (P<0.001) CATTD of DM (0.82 vs. 0.79), GE (0.84 vs. 0.82), and CP (0.79 vs. 0.77) by 4, 3 and 3% compared with CM, respectively. For the entire trial, pigs fed B. juncea consumed 33 g/d less (P<0.001) feed (723 vs. 756 g/d), had 0.02 higher (P<0.05) G:F (0.735 vs. 0.718 g:g), but ADG (503 vs. 514 g/d) was not different (P>0.05) compared to pigs fed B. napus. Feeding pigs the light-particle fractions did not affect (P>0.05) ADFI (741 vs. 736 g/d), increased (P<0.05) G:F 0.02 (0.739 vs. 0.721 g:g) and tended to increase (P=0.07) ADG (519 vs. 501 g/d) by 18 g/d compared to CM. In conclusion, air classification of canola meal increased diet nutrient digestibility, but only modestly increased G:F of weaned pigs due to dietary fibre reduction. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.12.002 VL - 179 IS - 1-4 SP - 112-120 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.12.002 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs fed solvent-extracted Brassica juncea canola meal AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - The effects of substituting soybean meal (SBM) with increasing levels of solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) derived from modern Brassica juncea were evaluated on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of young pigs. In total, 240 weaned pigs with an initial body weight of 7.7 kg, starting 1 week after weaning at 19 days of age were involved. Pigs were fed Phase 1 test diets for 2 weeks (days 0–14) and sequentially Phase 2 test diets for 3 weeks (days 15–35). Five pelleted wheat-based diets containing 0, 60, 120, 180 or 240 g juncea CM/kg were formulated to contain 10.0 and 9.7 MJ net energy (NE)/kg and 1.2 and 1.1 g standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ NE, for the Phase 1 and 2 diets, respectively. Juncea CM was added at the expense of SBM and the diets were balanced for NE by increasing canola oil from 56 to 80 and 26 to 50 g/kg for Phase 1 and 2 diets, respectively, and for amino acids by increasing crystalline amino acids. Increasing inclusion of juncea CM linearly reduced (P<0.001) the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, and crude protein for both feeding phases. Increasing inclusion of juncea CM also decreased diet digestible energy values in Phase 1 (P<0.001) and Phase 2 (P<0.05). For the entire trial (days 0–35), increasing inclusion of juncea CM linearly reduced (P<0.01) body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency (gain:feed). At the end of the experiment, pigs fed 60, 120, 180 and 240 g juncea CM/kg were 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.9 kg lighter than pigs not fed juncea CM. In conclusion, substitution of SBM with increasing inclusion of juncea CM in nursery diets formulated to equal NE and SID amino acid content linearly reduced diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs in a dose–response manner. These reductions were likely due to a sensitivity of young pigs to the glucosinolate gluconapin that is the most abundant in juncea CM or high dietary crude fat content due to oil addition. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.003 VL - 180 IS - 1-4 SP - 64-72 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.003 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of increasing co-product inclusion and reducing dietary protein on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and jowl fatty acid profile of growing–finishing pigs1 AU - Jha, R. AU - Htoo, J. K. AU - Young, M. G. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Dietary inclusion of co-products (Co-P) provides opportunities for diversifying the feedstuff matrix by using local feedstuffs, reducing feed costs, and producing value-added pork. In 2 studies, we determined effects of Co-P (canola meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and co-extruded oil seed and field pea) inclusion level and reduced dietary CP concentration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and jowl fatty acid profiles of growing–finishing pigs. Pigs were fed isoenergetic and isolysinic diets over 4 growth phases with 8 pen observations per dietary regimen. At slaughter, carcasses were characterized for all pigs and jowl fat was collected from 2 pigs per pen. In Exp. 1, 1,056 pigs (initial BW, 35.3 ± 0.4 kg) were fed 3 levels of dietary Co-P (low, mid, and high) and 2 CP concentrations (low and normal). Overall (d 0 to 86), increasing Co-P inclusion from low to mid or high decreased (P < 0.001) ADFI and ADG of pigs. Low CP concentration increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and ADG compared with normal CP concentration. An interaction (P = 0.026) occurred between dietary Co-P inclusion and CP concentration for G:F; low CP reduced (P < 0.05) G:F compared with normal CP for pig fed low Co-P, but G:F did not differ between CP concentrations for pigs fed mid and high Co-P. Increasing dietary Co-P inclusion from low to high increased (P < 0.001) α-linolenic acid (ALA) in jowl fat but decreased (P < 0.001) carcass weight and loin depth. In Exp. 2, 1,008 pigs (initial BW, 30.3 ± 0.4 kg) were assigned to 5 dietary regimens with Co-P increasing from 2.0 to 50.0% or a sixth regimen with 10% extra supplemental AA for the 37.5% Co-P diet. Overall (d 0 to 97), increasing Co-P inclusion did not affect ADFI, ADG, and G:F. Increasing dietary Co-P inclusion linearly decreased (P < 0.01) carcass weight, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and loin depth but linearly increased (P < 0.001) jowl ALA. Supplementing 10% extra AA to the 37.5% Co-P diet did not affect growth performance or dressing percentage but increased (P = 0.014) carcass leanness and decreased (P = 0.023) backfat thickness compared with the 37.5% Co-P diet, indicating that dietary AA supply did not limit BW gain. In conclusion, Co-P can be included by up to 50% in diets for growing–finishing pigs without affecting G:F. However, increasing dietary Co-P may reduce ADG, ADFI, and carcass weight even if diets are balanced for dietary NE and standardized ileal digestible AA content. DA - 2013/5/1/ PY - 2013/5/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2011-5065 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 2178-2191 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-5065 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - Challenges and opportunities for farmer-recorded data in health and welfare selection AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Gaddis, K.L.P. AU - Clay, J. AU - Cole, J.B. T2 - ICAR Conference C2 - 2013/// C3 - Proceedings of the ICAR Conference DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 30–31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systems Biology in Animal Breeding AU - Cole, John B. AU - Lewis, R.M. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Newman, S. AU - Olson, K.M. AU - Tait, R.G. T2 - Identifying Relationships among Markers, Genes, and Phenotypes [Breeding and Genetics Symposium DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 SP - 521-522 ER - TY - CONF TI - The value of health data from dairy farmers in the United States AU - Clay, J.S. AU - Gaddis, K.L.P. AU - Maltecca, C. C2 - 2013/// C3 - ICAR Technical Series DA - 2013/// VL - 17 SP - 137–148 ER - TY - CONF TI - A medium resolution SNP array based CNV scan in Italian Brown Swiss dairy cattle AU - Pellegrino, L. AU - Dolezal, M.A. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Velayutham, D. AU - Strillacci, M.G. AU - Frigo, E. AU - Schlangen, K. AU - Samore, A.B. AU - Schiavini, F. AU - Santus, E. AU - Warkup, C. AU - Bagnato, A. C2 - 2013/// C3 - Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production DA - 2013/// VL - 19 SP - 545–545 PB - Wageningen Publishers ER - TY - CONF TI - Genomic evaluation of health traits in dairy cattle AU - Cole, J. AU - Gaddis, K.L.P. AU - Clay, J.S. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - ICAR Technical Workshop 2013 and Health Conference C2 - 2013/// C3 - ICAR Technical Series DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 167-175 ER - TY - CONF TI - Efeito de diferentes fontes lipídicas no comportamento ingestivo de bovinos confinados AU - Romanzini, E.P. AU - Valente, A. AU - Rabelo, C. AU - Barbero, R. AU - Souza, F. AU - Silva, F. AU - Santos, S. AU - Reis, R. T2 - XXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Zootecnia C2 - 2013/// C3 - XXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Zootecnia CY - Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/5/6/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Genotype imputation to increase sample size in pedigreed populations AU - Hickey, J.M. AU - Cleveland, M.A. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Gorjanc, G. AU - Gredler, B. AU - Kranis, A. AB - Genotype imputation is a cost-effective way to increase the power of genomic selection or genome-wide association studies. While several genotype imputation algorithms are available, this chapter focuses on a heuristic algorithm, as implemented in the AlphaImpute software. This algorithm combines long-range phasing, haplotype library imputation, and segregation analysis and it is specifically designed to work with pedigreed populations. The chapter is organized in different sections. First the challenges related to genotype imputation in pedigreed populations are described, along with the specifics of the imputation algorithm used in AlphaImpute. In the second section, factors affecting the accuracy of genotype imputation using this algorithm are discussed. The different parameters that control AlphaImpute are detailed and examples of how to apply AlphaImpute are given. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-62703-447-0_17 VL - 1019 SE - 395-410 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883141900&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Processed purple-fleshed potato prevents and protects against high-fat diet elevated oxidative stress and inflammation markers in vivo in a pig model T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495285/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purple-fleshed potatoes suppress colon-systemic oxidative stress/inflammatory markers via alternations in the gut bacterial signature T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495284/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Overexpression of GRIM19 suppresses hepatitis C virus replication through the alteration of lipid metabolism by enhancing AMPK activity T2 - Hepatology DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/6695803/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Malacoplakia of the Epididymis T2 - Korean Journal of Urology AB - Malacoplakia is a chronic inflammatory disease. The disease mainly affects the urinary bladder, although involvement of extravesical sites is increasingly being documented. Most frequently involved is the urinary tract, particularly the urinary bladder, although the testis, epididymis, lungs, bone, colon, prostate, female genital organs, and retroperitoneum can also be involved. Here we report the case of a 61-year-old man with a scrotal mass with histology that was specific for malacoplakia of the epididymis. The histologic workup demonstrated extensive involvement of the epididymis by diffuse infiltrates of large histiocytes with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and numerous Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, which were diagnostic of malakoplakia. This is the first case of epididymal malacoplakia in our country and the first case of epididymal malacoplakia without concurrent involvement of the testis. There have been few reports of this condition worldwide. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.4111/KJU.2013.54.4.274 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495281/ KW - Epididymis KW - Malacoplakia ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance analysis of forward osmosis processes from the integral equation theory T2 - Desalination and Water Treatment AB - Abstract We solved the Ornstein–Zernike integral equation to investigate non-linear behavior of osmotic pressure of solutions containing high concentrations of inorganic salts. Net interactions between molecules are assumed to be Lennard–Jones (LJ) potential, and various force fields were used to determine the potential parameters. Relationship between the LJ parameters and permeate flux are discussed, and relative significance of the osmotic pressure and diffusion coefficient on water flux in forward osmosis was investigated. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1080/19443994.2013.768757 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495278/ KW - Forward osmosis KW - Ornstein-Zernike equation KW - Virial coefficient KW - Osmotic pressure KW - Concentration dependent diffusivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of Plastic Lenses for High-Resolution Phone Camera by Injection-Compression Molding T2 - Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, A AB - 본 논문의 목적은 사출압축성형을 적용하여 13 메가 픽셀을 갖는 휴대폰 카메라용 플라스틱 비구면 렌즈를 개발하는데 있다. 사출압축성형 실험을 위하여 이동 가능한 상부 형판과 4 개의 스프링을 사용하여 금형이 제작되었다. 두께비 2 를 갖는 비구면 렌즈를 대상으로 캐비티 충전 실험을 수행한 결과, 일반 사출성형에서는 웰드라인이 발생하였으나, 0.3㎜ 의 압축스트로크가 적용된 사출압축성형에서는 웰드라인이 발생하지 않았다. 또한 미성형 실험을 통하여 얻은 충전패턴은 해석결과와 잘 일치하였다. 복굴절은 압축스트로크가 증가함에 따라 감소하였으며, 사출압축성형에서 발생한 복굴절은 일반 사출성형에 의한 값에 비하여 매우 낮고 균일한 분포를 나타냈다. 그리고 4 장의 플라스틱 렌즈로 구성된 조립체의 평균 복굴절은 장착되는 렌즈의 방향에 의하여 크게 영향을 받았다. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.3795/KSME-A.2013.37.1.039 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495274/ KW - Lens KW - Weldline KW - Phase Difference KW - Birefringence KW - Injection Molding KW - Injection-Compression Molding KW - Mold ER - TY - JOUR TI - Secondary Trigeminal Neuralgia Caused by Pharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Case Report - T2 - Korean Journal of Pain AB - Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by recurrent paroxysms of unilateral facial pain that typically is severe, lancinating, and activated with cutaneous stimulation. There are two types of TN, classical TN and atypical TN. The pain nature of classical TN are the same as those described above, whereas atypical TN is characterized by constant, burning pain. We describe the case of a 49-year-old male presenting with right-sided facial pain. The patient was diagnosed with temporomandibular joint disorder at a dental clinic and was on medical treatment, but his symptoms worsened gradually. He was referred to our pain clinic for further evaluation. Radiologic evaluation, including MRI, showed a parapharyngeal tumor. For the relief of TN, a right mandibular nerve (V3) root block was performed at our pain clinic, and then he was scheduled for radiation and chemotherapy. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.3344/KJP.2013.26.2.177 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495307/ KW - parapharyngeal tumor KW - trigeminal neuralgia KW - trigeminal neuritis ER - TY - JOUR TI - 22q11.2 Microduplication with Thyroid Hemiagenesis T2 - Hormone Research in Paediatrics AB - Chromosome 22q11.2 microduplications are extremely rarely detected; in comparison, the deletion of same region, known as the DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome, occurs more frequently. Thyroid anomalies commonly occur in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, however few reports of thyroid anomalies associated with 22q11.2 microduplication have been published thus far.We present a case of a male infant who was prenatally diagnosed with 22q11.2 microduplication and was found to have congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid hemiagenesis after birth. Moreover, the baby had bilateral hearing impairment, bilateral cryptorchidism, and a rotated penis. At the age of 2 years, the infant was euthyroid with levothyroxine replacement, but he showed significant developmental delay.To our knowledge, this is the first case of congenital hypothyroidism with thyroid hemiagenesis in a patient showing 22q11.2 microduplication. Thyroid dysgenesis could be an additional clinical feature shared by the 22q11.2 microduplication and deletion syndrome, suggesting that the duplication and deletion of a gene may result in a common phenotype. Thyroid dysgenesis should be considered in the evaluation and management of patients with this genomic disorder. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1159/000346411 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495289/ KW - Duplication KW - 22q11.2 KW - Thyroid dysgenesis KW - Thyroid hemiagenesis KW - Congenital hypothyroidism ER - TY - CHAP TI - Characterization of gene expression in naturally occurring feline degenerative joint disease associated pain AU - Freire, A. AU - O'Nan, A. AU - Benito, J. AU - Hash, J. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Lascelles, B.D.X. PY - 2013/6/10/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring cellular trace mineral metabolism in bovine and porcine tissues AU - Fry, R.S. AU - Spears, J.W. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Hansen, S.L. T2 - 2013 Joint Annual Meeting of ASDA and ASAS C2 - 2013/7/8/ CY - Indianapolis, IN DA - 2013/7/8/ PY - 2013/7/8/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improvement of growth and stress response of nursery pigs: Functional application of tryptophan AU - Shen, Y.B. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Animal Nutrition AU - Eisemann, J.H. AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 150 PB - Kendall Publisher SN - 9781465224064 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Short Course, Animal Nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Impact of mycotoxins in growth and health of pigs AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Use of functional amino acids in swine production AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional strategy to enhance productivity and health of sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Improving efficiency of sow productivity: Nutrition and Health AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Functional use of amino acids in swine diets AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// ER - TY - CONF TI - Functional Amino Acids and Fatty Acids for the Production of Specialty Pork. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - 80th Korean Society of Food Science and Technology C2 - 2013/// C3 - Proceedings The 80th Korean Society of Food Science and Technology DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Dietary challenge of deoxynivalenol on cerebral tryptophan metabolism and systemic immune response: a pig model AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - US Korea Conference C2 - 2013/// C3 - US Korea Conference Proceeedings CY - New York, NY DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 52 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological impacts of L-methionine compared with DL-methionine fed to nursery pigs AU - Shen, Y.B. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 677 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of exogenous enzyme supplemented to a corn and soybean meal based diets on energy and nitrogen balance in nursery pigs AU - Shen, Y.B. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 580 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of protease on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets with different soybean meal inclusion AU - Guo, J. AU - Biggs, P. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 579 ER - TY - CONF TI - The use of supplemental amino acids as an alternative approach to formulating diets for nursery pigs AU - Carpena, E. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Payne, R.L. T2 - Asian Pig Veterinary Society (APVS) C2 - 2013/// DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of chocolate candy feed as an alternative carbohydrate source to lactose for weanling pigs AU - Guo, J. AU - Phillips, C. AU - Coffey, M.T. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of plasma protein to mitigate the negative effects on performance of pigs fed mycotoxin contaminated corn AU - Weaver, A.C. AU - Campbell, J. AU - Crenshaw, J.D. AU - Pol, J. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative bioavailability of L-methionine to Dl-methionine for nursery pigs AU - Shen, Y.B. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of different feed enzyme combinations on metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen digestibility (ND) of corn and DDGS for growing pigs AU - Passos, A.A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 13 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Pork production in North Carolina AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional strategy to enhance productivity and health of sows AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - 15th Shinhan Lacture C2 - 2013/// C3 - The 15th Shinhan Lacture, Seoul Korea CY - Seoul Korea DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 1-65 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Growth and health impacts of low level mycotoxins in swine diets AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of different enzyme combinations on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen (ATTD) of corn, soybean meal and DDGS for growing pigs AU - Passos, A.A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production C2 - 2013/// C3 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production Proceedings CY - Beijing, China DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 74 ER - TY - CONF TI - Relative bioavailability and physiological impacts on gut of L-methionine compared with DL-methionine for nursery pigs AU - Shen, Y.B. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production C2 - 2013/// C3 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production Proceedings CY - Beijing, China DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 94 ER - TY - CONF TI - Long term effect of feed acidifiers on the pH of swine nursery feed AU - Passos, A.A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production C2 - 2013/// C3 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production Proceedings CY - Beijing, China DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 216 ER - TY - CONF TI - Functional use of amino acids in swine diets AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Satellite Symposium. 11th World Conference on Animal Production C2 - 2013/// C3 - Satellite Symposium. 11th World Conference on Animal Production Proceedings CY - Beijing, China DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Functional role of L-methionine and L-tryptophan AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Industry Day Symposium. 11th World Conference on Animal Production C2 - 2013/// C3 - Industry Day Symposium. 11th World Conference on Animal Production Proceedings CY - Beijing, China DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving efficiency of sow productivity: Nutrition and Health AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Weaver, A. AU - Shen, Y. AU - Zhao, Y. T2 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production C2 - 2013/// C3 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production Proceedings CY - Beijing, China DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 32 ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of single or multiple sources of feed enzymes in swine diets AU - Passos, A.D. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Carolina Nutrition Conference C2 - 2013/// C3 - Carolina Nutrition Conference Proceedings CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 26–38 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Impact of mycotoxins in growth and health of pigs AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent issues in the US swine nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Functional Amino Acids and Fatty Acids for the Production of Specialty Pork AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Workshop, Animal Nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Functional role of L-methionine and L-tryptophan AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// ER - TY - CONF TI - Cortisol in the captive southern rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum AU - Ellis, K.B. AU - Whisnant, S. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Koutsos, E. AU - DeVoe, R. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. T2 - 10th Biennial ZWNF/ NAG Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition C2 - 2013/// CY - Salt Lake City, Utah DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/9/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Comparative Nutrition: From the Field to the Zoo to the Classroom AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving health of small infants via nutritional epigenetics AU - Lin, X. AU - Lima, H. AU - Odle, J. T2 - GCE Agriculture & Nutrition Awardee Convening C2 - 2013/3/13/ CY - Seattle, WA DA - 2013/3/13/ PY - 2013/3/13/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Creating the University-High School Partnership AU - Pickworth, C.L. T2 - Early College Conference C2 - 2013/// CY - Durham, NC DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Impacts of Health from Conception to Slaughter on Meat Quality AU - Pickworth, C.L. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Overview of pig production and opportunities for probiotic R & D AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/7/11/ PY - 2013/7/11/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Establishing a transdisciplinary graduate program in functional foods, bioactive food components, and human health AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/4/20/ PY - 2013/4/20/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Introduction to Adipose symposium AU - Adams, S.H. AU - Barnes, K. AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/4/19/ PY - 2013/4/19/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Recent advances in polyunsaturated fatty acid nutrition and metabolism in swine AU - Odle, J. AU - Lin, X. AU - Jacobi, S. AU - Liu, Y. T2 - WCAP meeting C2 - 2013/// C3 - 11th World Conference on Animal Production Proceedings CY - Beijing, China DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/10/17/ SP - 71 ER - TY - CONF TI - A porcine model studying prophylaxis and treatment of neonatal enteric disease with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Moeser, A.J. AU - Xi, L. AU - Blikslager, A.T. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Innovate 2013 Conference, American Society of Animal Science C2 - 2013/9/22/ CY - Braselton, GA DA - 2013/9/22/ PY - 2013/9/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The National Animal Nutrition Program AU - Cromwell, G.L. AU - Applegate, T.J. AU - Beitz, D.C. AU - Galyean, M.L. AU - Hall, M.B. AU - Hanigan, M.D. AU - Odle, J. AU - Weiss, W.P. AU - Baer, C.Kirk T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 91 IS - E-Suppl. 2 SP - 103 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Measures of immune function as biomarkers in serum of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus AU - Rakhshandeh, A. AU - Burkey, T.E. AU - Weber, T.E. AU - Fitzsimmons, M. AU - Schwartz, K. AU - Dekkers, J.C. AU - Sparks, C. AU - Odle, J. AU - Gabler, N.K. AU - Gourley, G. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 90 IS - E-Suppl. 1 SP - 48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detrimental effects of oxidized lipids in nursery diets AU - Rosero, D.S. AU - Odle, J. AU - Moeser, A. AU - Boyd, R.D. AU - van Heugten, E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 90 IS - E-Suppl. 1 SP - 12 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional support of intestinal health AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/12/6/ PY - 2013/12/6/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Liquid diets for early-weaned pigs: A “solution” for postweaning morbidity and mortality AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/12/5/ PY - 2013/12/5/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Practical use of lipids to reduce piglet morbidty & morbidity AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/12/5/ PY - 2013/12/5/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Toward 40 pigs/sow/year: Nutritional strategies to reduce perinatal morbidity & mortality AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/12/4/ PY - 2013/12/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent advances in poly-unsaturated fatty acid nutrition and metabolism in swine AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/10/17/ PY - 2013/10/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Modulation of animal growth and health via n-6 & n-3 fatty acids Investigations in a porcine model AU - Odle, J. DA - 2013/9/24/ PY - 2013/9/24/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Introduction to "And they ate happily ever after: Lifespan nutrition for health and vitality" AU - Odle, J. T2 - Webinar and Conference C2 - 2013/7/26/ CY - Kannapolis, NC DA - 2013/7/26/ PY - 2013/7/26/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Milk fatty acids predicted by midinfrared spectroscopy in mixed dairy herds AU - Gottardo, P. AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Penasa, M. AU - Toffanin, V. AU - Cassandro, M. AU - Marchi, M. T2 - Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 263-266 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883535305&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sustainable livestock production practices, biofuels and health: Lessons in India AU - Fellner, V. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Rumen microbiology and dairy production AU - Fellner, V. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Microbes, Forages and Animal Agriculture AU - Fellner, V. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purple‐fleshed potatoes suppress colon‐systemic oxidative stress/inflammatory markers via alternations in the gut bacterial signature AU - Reddivari, Lavanya AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Radhakrishnan, Sridhar AU - Yang, Peiying AU - Knight, Robert AU - Vanamala, Jairam T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Purple‐fleshed potatoes (PP) are rich in putative anti‐oxidant/antiinflammatory anthocyanins. We hypothesized that PP, even after processing, suppress colon‐systemic oxidative stress/inflammatory markers by altering gut bacterial signature and metabolite profile. To test this hypothesis, 40 pigs on high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 wk were provided with one of the five diets: HFD, white‐fleshed potato (WP) or PP chips at 10/20% for 5 wk. Serum, distal colon mucosa/digesta and fecal samples were utilized to analyze oxidative stress (MDA; colorimetric assay) and inflammatory (TNFα; ELISA and prostaglandins; LC‐MS/MS) markers, gut bacteria (pyrosequencing) and metabolites (LC‐MS). All diets, except WP (20%), suppressed (p = 0.04) systemic levels of TNFα compared to HFD. However, only PP suppressed MDA and colonic PGE 2 levels (p ≤ 0.05). Potato diets increased members of Clostridia and Lachnospiraceae. Only PP increased distal colon bacteroidetes to firmicutes ratio (BFR) compared to HFD. This is particularly important as BFR is reduced during obesity. Indeed, MDA and TNFα elevated during obesity positively correlated with Firmicutes (0.518, p = 0.002; 0.380, p = 0.024, respectively) and MDA negatively correlated with BFR (−0.413, p = 0.036). Preliminary metabolomics data revealed 4350 metabolites in both distal colon and feces and the correlations with gut bacteria are being carried out. Grant Funding Source : National Research Initiative Grant 2009–55200‐05197 from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture (2009–2012) DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1056.9 VL - 27 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1056.9 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of porcine reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) on immune biomarkers AU - Mastromano, G. AU - Burkey, T. AU - Rakhshandeh, A. AU - Gourley, G. AU - Weber, T. AU - Fitzsimmons, M. AU - Schwartz, K. AU - Dekkers, J. AU - Sparks, C. AU - Odle, J. AU - Gabler, N. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 90 IS - e-supplement 1 SP - 48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Processed purple‐fleshed potato prevents and protects against high‐fat diet elevated oxidative stress and inflammation markers in vivo in a pig model AU - Radhakrishnan, Sridhar AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Reddivari, Lavanya AU - Vanamala, Jairam T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Little information exists if purple‐fleshed potatoes (PP), rich in anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory anthocyanins, even after processing, retain their health benefiting properties in vivo. We hypothesized that processed PP will suppress high‐fat diet (HFD) elevated oxidative stress/inflammation biomarkers in a pig model. Thus, we performed two studies; a prevention study where 64 pigs, 3wk post‐weaning, consumed one of the eight diets; low‐fat (LFD), HFD and HFD supplemented with white‐fleshed potato (WP) or PP (raw/baked/chips; 10% w/w) for 13wk; and a protection study where pigs (12 wk on HFD) consumed HFD containing 10/20% PP or WP chips for additional 5wk (n=8). Both PP and WP diets (raw/baked/chips) suppressed urinary oxidative stress markers, 8‐isoprostane (8IP) and DNA adduct 8‐OHDG; and serum levels of TNF‐α (ELISA) compared to HFD control (P=0.038). Potato diets elevated colonic mucosal glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG) compared to HFD control, however, greatest enhancement (P=0.046) was seen in raw PP consuming pigs. In the protection study, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, including colonic mucosal expression of COX‐2 and IFN‐γ (qRTPCR), and systemic levels of 8IP and TNF‐α were suppressed (P=0.049) by PP diets compared to control. These findings indicate that PP, even after processing, prevents and protects against HFD elevated colonic‐systemic oxidative stress/inflammation. Grant Funding Source : This work was supported by National Research Initiative Grant 2009–55200‐05197 from the USDA‐NIFA. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.862.21 VL - 27 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.862.21 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Adiposity and Increases Markers of Browning and Inflammation in White Adipose Tissue of Mice AU - Shen, Wan AU - Chuang, Chia‐Chi AU - Martinez, Kristina AU - Reid, Tanya AU - Brown, J. Mark AU - Xi, Lin AU - Hixson, Lindsay AU - Starnes, Joe AU - McIntosh, Michael T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - The objective of this study was to examine the mechanism by which conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat. Mice were fed three combinations of fatty acids at three doses (0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, w/w) for 7 wk. The types of fatty acids were linoleic acid (control), an equal mixture of 10,12 CLA plus linoleic acid, or an equal mixture of 10,12 plus 9,11 CLA. Mice receiving the 0.2% and 0.6% dose of 10,12 CLA or the CLA mixture had decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and increased incorporation of CLA isomers in epididymal WAT, liver, and muscle compared to controls. Food intake, glucose tolerance, and liver triglycerides were not affected by 0.2% CLA. Notably, in mice receiving 0.2% of both CLA treatments, the mRNA levels of genes associated with browning including uncoupling protein1 (UCP1), UCP1 protein levels, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity, and the appearance of multilocular lipid droplets were most robustly increased in epididymal WAT compared to controls. CLA‐induced browning was accompanied by increases in mRNA levels of markers of low‐grade inflammation. Muscle CCO activity and BAT UCP1 protein levels were not affected by either CLA treatment. Collectively, these data suggest a linkage between decreased adiposity, browning in WAT, and low‐grade inflammation due to consumption of 10,12 CLA. Supported by NIH NIDDK/ODS 5R01‐ DK063070 ‐09. Grant Funding Source : NIH NIDDK/ODS 5R01‐ DK063070 ‐09 DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.640.8 VL - 27 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.640.8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine AU - Jee, Junbae AU - Hoet, Armando E. AU - Azevedo, Marli P. AU - Vlasova, Anastasia N. AU - Loerch, Steve C. AU - Pickworth, Carrie L. AU - Hanson, Juliette AU - Saif, Linda J. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To investigate effects of low dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses in feedlot calves inoculated with an inactivated bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. Animals —40 feedlot calves. Procedures —Calves were fed diets containing high (3,300 U/kg) or low (1,100 U/kg) amounts of vitamin A beginning on the day of arrival at a feedlot (day 0) and continuing daily until the end of the study (day 140). Serum retinol concentrations were evaluated in blood samples obtained throughout the study. Calves were inoculated IM with an inactivated BCoV vaccine on days 112 and 126. Blood samples obtained on days 112 and 140 were used for assessment of BCoV-specific serum IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA titers via an ELISA. Results —The low vitamin A diet reduced serum retinol concentrations between days 112 and 140. After the BCoV inoculation and booster injections, predominantly serum IgG1 antibodies were induced in calves fed the high vitamin A diet; however, IgG1 titers were compromised at day 140 in calves fed the low vitamin A diet. Other isotype antibodies specific for BCoV were not affected by the low vitamin A diet. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Dietary vitamin A restriction increases marbling in feedlot cattle; however, its effect on antibody responses to vaccines is unknown. A low vitamin A diet compromised the serum IgG1 responses against inactivated BCoV vaccine, which suggested suppressed T-helper 2-associated antibody (IgG1) responses. Thus, low vitamin A diets may compromise the effectiveness of viral vaccines and render calves more susceptible to infectious disease. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353 VL - 74 IS - 10 SP - 1353-1362 J2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research LA - en OP - SN - 0002-9645 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-wide detection of copy number variations using high-density SNP genotyping platforms in Holsteins AU - Jiang, L. AU - Jiang, J. AU - Yang, J. AU - Liu, X. AU - Wang, J. AU - Wang, H. AU - Ding, X. AU - Liu, J. AU - Zhang, Q. T2 - BMC Genomics AB - Copy number variations (CNVs) are widespread in the human or animal genome and are a significant source of genetic variation, which has been demonstrated to play an important role in phenotypic diversity. Advances in technology have allowed for identification of a large number of CNVs in cattle. Comprehensive explore novel CNVs in the bovine genome would provide valuable information for functional analyses of genome structural variation and facilitating follow-up association studies between complex traits and genetic variants.In this study, we performed a genome-wide CNV detection based on high-density SNP genotyping data of 96 Chinese Holstein cattle. A total of 367 CNV regions (CNVRs) across the genome were identified, which cover 42.74 Mb of the cattle genome and correspond to 1.61% of the genome sequence. The length of the CNVRs on autosomes range from 10.76 to 2,806.42 Kb with an average of 96.23 Kb. 218 out of these CNVRs contain 610 annotated genes, which possess a wide spectrum of molecular functions. To confirm these findings, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed for 17 CNVRs and 13(76.5%) of them were successfully validated.Our study demonstrates the high density SNP array can significantly improve the accuracy and sensitivity of CNV calling. Integration of different platforms can enhance the detection of genomic structure variants. Our results provide a significant replenishment for the high resolution map of copy number variation in the bovine genome and valuable information for investigation of genomic structural variation underlying traits of interest in cattle. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-14-131 VL - 14 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874233545&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Copy number variations KW - Cattle KW - BovineHD beadChip KW - Genome variation KW - Quantitative real time PCR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of Genome-Wide Copy Number Variations among Diverse Pig Breeds Using SNP Genotyping Arrays AU - Wang, J. AU - Wang, H. AU - Jiang, J. AU - Kang, H. AU - Feng, X. AU - Zhang, Q. AU - Liu, J.-F. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Copy number variations (CNVs) are important forms of genetic variation complementary to SNPs, and can be considered as promising markers for some phenotypic and economically important traits or diseases susceptibility in domestic animals. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide CNV identification in 14 individuals selected from diverse populations, including six types of Chinese indigenous breeds, one Asian wild boar population, as well as three modern commercial foreign breeds. We identified 63 CNVRs in total, which covered 9.98 Mb of polymorphic sequence and corresponded to 0.36% of the genome sequence. The length of these CNVRs ranged from 3.20 to 827.21 kb, with an average of 158.37 kb and a median of 97.85 kb. Functional annotation revealed these identified CNVR have important molecular function, and may play an important role in exploring the genetic basis of phenotypic variability and disease susceptibility among pigs. Additionally, to confirm these potential CNVRs, we performed qPCR for 12 randomly selected CNVRs and 8 of them (66.67%) were confirmed successfully. CNVs detected in diverse populations herein are essential complementary to the CNV map in the pig genome, which provide an important resource for studies of genomic variation and the association between various economically important traits and CNVs. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0068683 VL - 8 IS - 7 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880730380&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genome-Wide Detection of Selective Signature in Chinese Holstein AU - Pan, D. AU - Zhang, S. AU - Jiang, J. AU - Jiang, L. AU - Zhang, Q. AU - Liu, J.F. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Selective signatures in whole genome can help us understand the mechanisms of selection and target causal variants for breeding program. In present study, we performed Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (EHH) tests to identify significant core regions harboring such signals in Chinese Holstein, and then verified the biological significance of these identified regions based on commonly-used bioinformatics analyses. Results showed a total of 125 significant regions in entire genome containing some of important functional genes such as LEP, ABCG2, CSN1S1, CSN3 and TNF based on the Gene Ontology database. Some of these annotated genes involved in the core regions overlapped with those identified in our previous GWAS as well as those involved in a recently constructed candidate gene database for cattle, further indicating these genes under positive selection maybe underlie milk production traits and other important traits in Chinese Holstein. Furthermore, in the enrichment analyses for the second level GO terms and pathways, we observed some significant terms over represented in these identified regions as compared to the entire bovine genome. This indicates that some functional genes associated with milk production traits, as reflected by GO terms, could be clustered in core regions, which provided promising evidence for the exploitability of the core regions identified by EHH tests. Findings in our study could help detect functional candidate genes under positive selection for further genetic and breeding research in Chinese Holstein. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0060440 VL - 8 IS - 3 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875518103&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vomitoxin in feeds for young pigs. AU - Averkieva, O AU - Moreland, S AU - Chaytor, A AU - Kim, SW AU - others T2 - Svinovodstvo (Moskva) DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 1 IS - 6 SP - 43-44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of feed additives to reduce the effects of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on pig growth, organ health and immune status during chronic exposure AU - Weaver, Alexandra C AU - See, M Todd AU - Hansen, Jeff A AU - Kim, Yong B AU - De Souza, Anna LP AU - Middleton, Teena F AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - Toxins DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 5 IS - 7 SP - 1261-1281 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving efficiency of sow productivity: nutrition AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Weaver, Alexandra C AU - Shen, Yan Bin AU - Zhao, Yan DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sow milk AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition: Production, Composition and Health DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 614-626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutriad: Unike Plus contrarrestra el efecto negativo de las micotoxinas AU - Chaytor, Alexandra AU - Baecke, Monique AU - Moreland, Steven AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - Albéitar: publicación veterinaria independiente DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// IS - 168 SP - 60 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving efficiency of sow productivity: nutrition and health AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Weaver, Alexandra C AU - Shen, Yan Bin AU - Zhao, Yan T2 - Journal of animal science and biotechnology DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 1-8 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sow Milk AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition: Production, Composition and Health AB - Milk is the sole source of nutrients to nursing piglets. Growth and health of nursing piglets therefore depend entirely on the quantity and quality of milk from a sow. Improving milk production and quality is an important issue in swine production as it is closely related to weight gain of piglets. Milk synthesis occurs in a mammary epithelial cell and thus the number of mammary cells determines the milk production potential of a sow. Porcine colostrum and milk have similar composition to bovine milk with regard to protein, fat, lactose and ash contents based on dry matter. Maternal nutrition influences production and composition of colostrum and milk, and thus consideration of nutrient requirements based on the parity and age of sows is key for feeding sows for producing quality milk to support the growth of a healthy litter. Research results with sows with regard to nutrition and reproductive performance related to milk production, milk composition, and neonatal growth have been of great value to human nutrition and medicinal research for mother and infant relations. In this chapter, structure and growth of porcine mammary glands, maternal and nutritional factors related to mammary gland growth, characteristics of porcine milk and colostrum, and the relation of milk and colostrum to the growth and health of nursing piglets are discussed. PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1002/9781118534168.ch28 SP - 614-626 PB - John Wiley & Sons UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84888718384&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet formulation and feeding programs AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Hansen, Jeffrey A T2 - Sustainable Swine Nutrition DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// SP - 217-227 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Compensatory proliferation of endogenous chicken primordial germ cells after elimination by busulfan treatment AU - Lee, H.C. AU - Kim, S.K. AU - Park, T.S. AU - Rengaraj, D. AU - Park, K.J. AU - Lee, H.J. AU - Park, S.B. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Choi, S.B. AU - Han, J.Y. T2 - Stem Cell Research and Therapy AB - Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the major population of cells in the developing bilateral embryonic gonads. Little is known about the cellular responses of PGCs after treatment with toxic chemicals such as busulfan during embryo development. In this study, we investigated the elimination, restorative ability, and cell cycle status of endogenous chicken PGCs after busulfan treatment. Busulfan was emulsified in sesame oil by a dispersion-emulsifying system and injected into the chick blastoderm (embryonic stage X). Subsequently, we conducted flow cytometry analysis to evaluate changes in the PGC population and cell cycle status, and immunohistochemistry to examine the germ cell proliferation. Results of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analyses after busulfan treatment showed that the proportion of male PGCs at embryonic day 9 and female PGCs at embryonic day 7 were increased by approximately 60% when compared with embryonic day 5.5. This result suggests the existence of a compensatory mechanism in PGCs in response to the cytotoxic effects of busulfan. Results of cell cycling analysis showed that the germ cells in the G0/G1 phase were significantly decreased, while S/G2/M-phase germ cells were significantly increased in the treatment group compared with the untreated control group in both 9-day-old male and female embryos. In addition, in the proliferation analysis with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, we found that the proportion of EdU-positive cells among VASA homolog-positive cells in the 9-day embryonic gonads of the busulfan-treated group was significantly higher than in the control group. We conclude that PGCs enter a restoration pathway by promoting their cell cycle after experiencing a cytotoxic effect. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1186/scrt347 VL - 4 IS - 6 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887039080&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - IUGR alters muscle fiber development and proteome in fetal pigs  AU - Wang, Taji AU - Liu, Chuang AU - Feng, Cuiping AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Lin, Gang AU - Zhu, Yuhua AU - Yin, Jingdong AU - Li, Defa AU - Wang, Junjun T2 - Frontiers in Bioscience AB - Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may have permanent stunting effects on muscle growth and development of the progeny. However, underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Recent studies comparing muscle fiber development and proteomes in IUGR and normal-body-weight (NBW) fetal pigs indicated that muscle fiber diameter were smaller in IUGR fetal pigs than in NBW fetal pigs on all three stages (d 60, d 90 and d 110) of gestation. Although the number of primary fibers did not differ between these two fetal groups on d 60 of gestation, the total number of muscle fibers in IUGR fetal pigs was lower on d 90 and 110 of gestation, when compared with NBW fetal pigs. Further proteomic analysis has shown that 37 proteins involved in energy supply and protein metabolism, structure and type of muscle fibers, proliferation and differentiation of muscle fibers, nutrient transport, intracellular environment, and tissue integrity were differentially expressed between IUGR and NBW fetal pigs. These novel findings provide some implications on the mechanisms of reduced growth and impaired development of skeletal muscle in IUGR piglets. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.2741/4123 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 598-607 SN - 1093-9946 1093-4715 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/4123 KW - IUGR KW - Muscle KW - Fetal Pigs KW - Proteome KW - Review ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of "class-room capture" technology on student attendance and performance in an introductory equine science course AU - Siciliano, P.D. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.138 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 382 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.138 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aberrant gene expression patterns in extraembryonic tissue from cloned porcine embryos AU - Park, Mi-Ryung AU - Im, Gi-Sun AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Hwang, Seongsoo AU - Park, Jae-Hong AU - Kim, Hyun AU - Do, Yoon Jung AU - Park, Soo Bon AU - Yang, Bo-Suck AU - Song, Young Min AU - Cho, Jae-Hyeon AU - Ko, Yeoung-Gyu T2 - Research in Veterinary Science AB - The abnormal development of embryos reconstructed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is considered to be associated with consequent changes in gene expression following errors in epigenetic reprogramming. In this study, we carried out SCNT using donor fibroblast cells derived from 3-way hybrids (Landrace×Duroc×Yorkshire). A total of 655 SCNT embryos were transferred, and 6.97±2.3 cloned fetuses were successfully recovered from three surrogates at gestational day 30. An analysis of the 6.97±2.3 cloned embryos revealed that most had severe extraembryonic defects. The extraembryonic tissue from the SCNT embryos was abnormally small compared with that of the control. To investigate the differentially expressed genes between the SCNT and control extraembryonic tissues, we compared the gene expression profiles of the extraembryonic tissues from gestational day 30 cloned pig embryos with those from the control using an annealing control primer-based GeneFishing polymerase chain reaction. As a result, we found that a total of 50 genes were differentially expressed by utilizing 120 ACPs, 38 genes of which were known. Among them, 26 genes were up-regulated, whereas 12 genes were down-regulated. Real-time RT-PCR showed that apoptosis-related genes were expressed significantly higher in SCNT extraembryonic tissue than in the control, whereas metabolism-related genes were expressed at significantly lower levels in the SCNT extraembryonic tissue. These observations strongly indicate that early gestational death of SCNT embryo is caused, at least in part, by the disruption of developing extraembryonic tissues as a result of aberrant gene expression, which results in abnormal apoptosis and metabolism. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.10.004 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 531-538 J2 - Research in Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0034-5288 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.10.004 DB - Crossref KW - Extraembryonic tissue KW - Placenta KW - SCNT KW - Gestation day 30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Value of faculty-provided materials in an introductory equine science course AU - Pratt-Phillips, S.E. AU - Medlin, E.G. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science AB - Online prerequisite review (OPR) tutorials were designed and implemented to reinforce foundational scientific material in order to protect in-class time, foster self-directed learning, and ensure all students have similar baseline knowledge.Twenty-one tutorials covering undergraduate prerequisite material were developed by faculty and organized into six core modules, comprising basic biology, chemistry, and physiology topics. A quiz on this material was given on the first day of each course. This score was correlated with the final exam score at course completion. Additional student and faculty feedback was collected through surveys.2372 quiz-exam pairings were collected over three consecutive fall semesters. A one point increase in the quiz score was associated with a 3.6 point (95% confidence interval 3.1–4.0) higher exam score, as well as a greater probability of passing the exam (P<0.0001). Furthermore, simple linear regression revealed a positive correlation between quiz and exam scores (P<0.0001). Three full years of student survey data revealed an overwhelmingly positive perception of the OPR tutorials, and surveyed faculty reported better use of class time and improved student competency and participation.Implementation of OPR tutorials may give faculty more efficient use of class time, and their associated quizzes serve as an early indicator for students at-risk of not passing who are candidates for early interventions. Furthermore, the OPR tutorial design gives it great transferability to biomedical post-graduate programs. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.161 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 393 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.161 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The creation of an equine science game AU - Pratt-Phillips, S.E. AU - Phillips, C. AU - Robertson, A. AU - Huckaby, B. AU - Tredwell, D. AU - Churakova, L. AU - Laxton, M. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.160 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 392-393 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.160 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of citrulline-malate supplementation on plasma amino acids and glycemic and insulinemic responses in horses AU - Skurupey, L.A. AU - Warren, L.K. AU - Johnson, S.E. AU - Pratt-Phillips, S.E. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.057 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 343-344 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.057 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of arginine nutrition on embryonic and fetal development in mammals AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Bazer, Fuller W. AU - Satterfield, M. Carey AU - Li, Xilong AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Johnson, Gregory A. AU - Burghardt, Robert C. AU - Dai, Zhaolai AU - Wang, Junjun AU - Wu, Zhenlong T2 - Amino Acids DA - 2013/6/4/ PY - 2013/6/4/ DO - 10.1007/s00726-013-1515-z VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 241-256 J2 - Amino Acids LA - en OP - SN - 0939-4451 1438-2199 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1515-z DB - Crossref KW - Arginine KW - Cell signaling KW - Embryos KW - Nutrition KW - Reproduction ER - TY - JOUR TI - T Cells Development Is Different between Thymus from Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restricted Pig Fetus at Different Gestational Stage AU - Lin, Yan AU - Wang, Junjun AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Wu, Weizong AU - Lai, Changhua T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences AB - This experiment was conducted to evaluate the development of T cells in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) piglets at different gestational stages, and tentatively explore the relationship between T cells development and the Notch signaling pathway. A total of 18 crossbred (Landrace×Large white) primiparous sows were mated at similar weights and estruses and euthanized at d 60, 90 and 110 of gestation with six replicates for each time point. One IUGR and one normal fetus were picked from each litter. The T-cell subsets, mRNA expression of Delta-like1, Delta-like4, Jagged1, and Notch2 genes in the thymus were investigated. Compared to normal piglets, CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(+) cells in IUGR fetuses at d 90 was 0.13% lower (p<0.05). At d 110 of gestation CD8(+) T cells in IUGR fetuses was 0.19% lower (p<0.05). The percentage of CD8(+) T cells was 3.14% lower (p<0.05) of the total T cells in IUGR pigs at d 60. The abundance of Notch2 and Delta-like4 mRNA at d 110 was 20.93% higher and 0.77% (p<0.05) lower, and Delta-like1 mRNA at d 90 was 0.19% (p<0.05) higher compared to normal pigs. These results suggested that normal fetuses had a greater proportion of T-cell subsets at earlier gestation periods, and the Notch signaling pathway was likely partially responsible for these differences to some degree. DA - 2013/3/1/ PY - 2013/3/1/ DO - 10.5713/ajas.2012.12132 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 343-348 J2 - Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci LA - en OP - SN - 1011-2367 1976-5517 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12132 DB - Crossref KW - Intrauterine Growth Retardation KW - T Cell Development KW - Immunity KW - Notch Signaling KW - Pig Fetus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intrauterine growth restriction alters the hepatic proteome in fetal pigs AU - Liu, Chuang AU - Lin, Gang AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Wang, Taiji AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Li, Defa AU - Wang, Junjun T2 - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry AB - Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major problem in both humans and animals. The IUGR fetus has abnormal metabolism of nutrients in the liver. This study was conducted with comparative proteomic approach and biochemical analyses to test the hypothesis that IUGR alters the hepatic proteome in the fetal liver. Livers were obtained from IUGR and normal-weight fetal pigs at Day 110 of gestation. Twenty-two differentially expressed proteins in the liver were identified between IUGR and normal fetal pigs. These proteins participate in the intermediary metabolism of nutrients (including glucose, amino acids, protein, lipids, vitamins and minerals), oxidative stress, as well as cell structure and growth. Of particular interest, the IUGR fetus had a higher activity of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and a lower activity of lipoprotein lipase than the normal ones. These results indicate altered metabolism of nutrients, abnormal ammonia utilization, and reduced capacity for detoxification in the liver of IUGR fetus. Collectively, the findings have important implication for explaining low food efficiency and understanding the mechanism responsible for impaired growth in IUGR neonates. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.016 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 954-959 J2 - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0955-2863 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.016 DB - Crossref KW - Fetus KW - Intrauterine growth restriction KW - Liver KW - Pigs KW - Proteome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glucose and insulin concentrations in restricted pasture-fed horses AU - Pratt-Phillips, S.E. AU - Wycoff, C. AU - Sykes, C. AU - Kutzner-Mulligan, J. AU - Siciliano, P.D. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.073 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 351 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.073 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimated digestible energy intakes in moderate and overweight horses AU - Gill, J.C. AU - Pratt-Phillips, S.E. AU - Mansmann, R.A. AU - Siciliano, P. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science AB - s / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33 (2013) 321-399 340 The LFHC diet consisted of grass hay (1.0% BW/d) and high NSC (42%) concentrate (1.2% BW/d). The NSC was starch plus WSC. Forage and concentrate meals were fed twice daily. Fecal pH measurements were recorded weekly. Every 14 d, SATs were performed to assess individual permeability. Sugars were administered via nasogastric tube at time 0 and total urine was collected over a 24 h period. Sugar excretion was quantified via gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Data were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA with repeated measures. Percent excretion was greater in the LFHC horses for sucrose, mannitol, and sucralose, with no detected difference in lactulose excretion (P < 0.05). Fecal pH values were higher for the HFLC diets than the LFHC diets at 6.95 and 6.53 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The SATs may be an effective tool in measuring gastrointestinal permeability in the horse and provides evidence that high concentrate low forage diets increase gastrointestinal permeability and decrease hindgut pH. Estimated digestible energy intakes in moderate and overweight horses J.C. Gill , S.E. Pratt-Phillips , R.A. Mansmann , and P. Siciliano 1 Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, 2 Equine Podiatry and Rehabilitation Practice, Chapel Hill, NC, 27517 Obesity in horses is an increasingly common problem, with significant health risks to the animal. Factors contributing to obesity include owner overfeeding, lush unrestricted pasture intake, and variation in basal metabolic rate between horses. As part of a larger weight-loss study, this preliminary study examined the differences in estimated digestible energy (DE) intakes in overweight horses compared to horses with moderate body condition scores (BCS). Twenty-four client-owned overweight horses, (BCS 7; mean SD 529 69 kg BW, 3 – 18 yr of age, mixed light breeds) were identified. Ten horses having moderate BCS (BCS < 6; 528 44kg BW, 6 – 23 yr of age, mixed light breeds) that were housed at facilities with the overweight horses were also identified. Horse evaluations included; girth circumference, body length, estimated body weight, height, girth to height ratio (G:H), BCS and cresty neck score (CNS). A dietary evaluation was conducted to obtain; feed types and weights, chemical composition analysis of hay and pasture, health history and exercise level. For NRC DE requirement estimation, overweight horses were categorized as “minimum maintenance”, “average maintenance” or “light work”, while moderate horses were categorized as “average maintenance”, “elevated maintenance” or “light work”. DE contents of feeds were calculated using chemical composition obtained through analysis or were obtained from feed companies. Free choice pasture intakes were estimated based on 2% BW DMI, and for horses that had restricted grazing, limited pasture quality, or other feeds, estimated intakes were adjusted. Mean BCS in the overweight and moderate groups was 7.7 0.6 and 5.3 0.6, respectively (P<0.0001). Of the 24 horses in the overweight group, 9 were obese (BCS 8), with regional adiposity, dimpling of fat along the body and CNS 3. Mean G:H in the overweight group was 1.27 0.04, and 1.20 0.03 in the moderate group (P<0.0001). Overweight horses consumed an average 141.9 28.5% of their estimated DE requirements. However, this was not different from the moderate horses, who consumed an average of 145.4 28.8% of their estimated DE requirements. DE intakes when expressed as kcal/kg BW were not different, with mean DE intakes of 45.3 8.1 kcal/kg BW for overweight horses and 50.3 9.8 kcal/kg BW for moderate horses. DMI as % BW was not different between the two groups (2.0 0.3 for the overweight horses and 2.2 0.4 for the moderate horses). However, overweight horses had a greater proportion of their intake from pasture (P<0.01), and using 2% BW DMI may have underestimated intakes in these horses. Meanwhile, moderate horses had a greater proportion of their diet coming from hay (P<0.01) and concentrates (P<0.01), where intakes were more easily quantified. Discrepancies between estimated energy intakes and NRC requirements need further evaluation. Feed composition and animal factors affecting forage digestibility by horses T.L. Hansen, and L.M. Lawrence Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546 The concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) are often used to assess forage quality in animal diets. Relative feed value (RFV) uses NDF and ADF to predict digestible dry matter in cattle; however, a comprehensive evaluation of the effect these forage characteristics have on dry matter digestibility (DMD) in horses has not been performed. A literature review on Google Scholar was conducted between January 1, 2013 to January 23, 2013 for the terms digestibility, horses, and forages to locate in vivo digestibility studies in horses and ponies that were fed greater than 50% forage diets and included: NDF, ADF, and crude protein (CP) concentrations of feeds; DMD, NDF digestibility (NDFD), ADF digestibility (ADFD), and CP digestibility (CPD), DM intake (% BW), and animal factors such as age, gender, and breed. Additionally, the proceedings from the previous Equine Nutrition and Physiology/Equine Science Symposiums were searched for the same criteria. The search resulted in 15 articles and abstracts that included all of the necessary information and 24 additional studies containing partial information. Data from these studies were compiled and used for linear regression on DMD, NDFD, ADFD, and CPD by feed and animal characteristics. DMD was significantly related to the NDF, ADF, CP, difference between NDF and ADF (NDF-ADF), and percent ADF in NDF (P< 0.0001); however, multiple regression of DMD by NDF and CP content of the forage DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.050 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 340 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.050 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of day-time vs. night-time grazing on hindgut fermentation parameters in fall pasture-fed horses AU - Wycoff, C.L. AU - Glunk, E.C. AU - Sykes, C.C. AU - Rodpitak, S. AU - Pratt-Phillips, S.E. AU - Siciliano, P.D. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.047 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 338-339 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.047 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Milk Fatty Acids Predicted by Mid-infrared Spectroscopy in Mixed Dairy Herds AU - Gottardo, Paolo AU - Tiezzi, Francesco AU - Penasa, Mauro AU - Toffanin, Valentina AU - Cassandro, Martino AU - De Marchi, Massimo T2 - Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 263-266 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heritability and repeatability of milk coagulation properties predicted by mid-infrared spectroscopy during routine data recording, and their relationships with milk yield and quality traits AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Pretto, D. AU - De Marchi, M. AU - Penasa, M. AU - Cassandro, M. T2 - Animal AB - The aim of this study was to estimate (co)variance components for milk coagulation properties (MCP) predicted by mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) during routine milk recording, and to assess their relationships with yield and quality traits. A total of 63 470 milk samples from Holstein-Friesian cows were analyzed for MCP, pH and quality characteristics using MIRS. Casein to protein and protein to fat ratios were calculated from information obtained by MIRS. Records were collected across 1 year on 16 089 cows in 345 herds. The model used for genetic analysis included fixed effects of parity and stage of lactation, and random effects of herd-test-day, cow permanent environmental, animal additive genetic and residual. (Co)variance components were assessed in a Bayesian framework using the Gibbs Sampler. Estimates of heritabilities were consistent with those reported in the literature, being moderate for MCP (0.210 and 0.238 for rennet coagulation time (RCT) and curd firmness (a30), respectively), milk contents (0.213 to 0.333) and pH (0.262), and low for somatic cell score (0.093) and yield traits (0.098 to 0.130). Repeatabilities were 0.391 and 0.434 for RCT and a30, respectively, and genetic correlations were generally low, with estimates greater than 0.30 (in absolute value) only for a30 with fat, protein and casein contents. Overall, results suggest that genetic evaluation for MCP predicted by MIRS is feasible at population level, and several repeated measures per cow during a lactation are required to estimate reliable breeding values for coagulation traits. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1017/S1751731113001195 VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - 1592-1599 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883429649&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - heritability KW - genetic correlation KW - mid-infrared spectroscopy KW - milk coagulation property KW - Holstein-Friesian dairy cow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence that Orphanin FQ Mediates Progesterone Negative Feedback in the Ewe AU - Nestor, Casey C AU - Coolen, Lique M. AU - Nesselrod, Gail L. AU - Valent, Miro AU - Connors, John M. AU - Hileman, Stanley M. AU - Cheng, Guanliang AU - Lehman, Michael N. AU - Goodman, Robert L. T2 - Endocrinology AB - Orphanin FQ (OFQ), a member of the opioid family, is found in many areas of the hypothalamus and, when given centrally OFQ inhibits episodic LH secretion in rodents and sheep. Because GnRH neurons are devoid of the appropriate receptors to mediate steroid negative feedback directly, neurons that release OFQ may be involved. Using immunocytochemistry, we first determined that most OFQ neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and other hypothalamic regions of luteal phase ewes contained both estrogen receptor α and progesterone (P) receptor. Given a similar high degree of steroid receptor colocalization in other ARC subpopulations, we examined whether OFQ neurons of the ARC contained those other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. OFQ did not colocalize with kisspeptin, tyrosine hydroxylase, or agouti-related peptide, but all ARC OFQ neurons coexpressed proopiomelanocortin. To test for a role for endogenous OFQ, we examined the effects of an OFQ receptor antagonist, [Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]Nociceptin-NH2 (UFP-101) (30 nmol intracerebroventricular/h), on LH secretion in steroid-treated ewes in the breeding season and ovary-intact ewes in anestrus. Ovariectomized ewes with luteal phase concentrations of P and estradiol showed a significant increase in LH pulse frequency during infusion of UFP-101 (4.5 ± 0.5 pulses/6 h) compared with saline infusion (2.6 ± 0.4 pulses/6 h), whereas ewes implanted with only estradiol did not. Ovary-intact anestrous ewes displayed no significant differences in LH pulse amplitude or frequency during infusion of UFP-101. Therefore, we conclude that OFQ mediates, at least in part, the negative feedback action of P on GnRH/LH pulse frequency in sheep. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1210/en.2013-1274 VL - 154 IS - 11 SP - 4249-4258 J2 - Endocrinology LA - en OP - SN - 0013-7227 1945-7170 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1274 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, and Dynorphin Act in the Arcuate Nucleus to Control Activity of the GnRH Pulse Generator in Ewes AU - Goodman, Robert L. AU - Hileman, Stanley M. AU - Nestor, Casey C AU - Porter, Katrina L. AU - Connors, John M. AU - Hardy, Steve L. AU - Millar, Robert P. AU - Cernea, Maria AU - Coolen, Lique M. AU - Lehman, Michael N. AU - al., T2 - Endocrinology AB - Recent work has led to the hypothesis that kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus play a key role in GnRH pulse generation, with kisspeptin driving GnRH release and neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin acting as start and stop signals, respectively. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by determining the actions, if any, of four neurotransmitters found in KNDy neurons (kisspeptin, NKB, dynorphin, and glutamate) on episodic LH secretion using local administration of agonists and antagonists to receptors for these transmitters in ovariectomized ewes. We also obtained evidence that GnRH-containing afferents contact KNDy neurons, so we tested the role of two components of these afferents: GnRH and orphanin-FQ. Microimplants of a Kiss1r antagonist briefly inhibited LH pulses and microinjections of 2 nmol of this antagonist produced a modest transitory decrease in LH pulse frequency. An antagonist to the NKB receptor also decreased LH pulse frequency, whereas NKB and an antagonist to the receptor for dynorphin both increased pulse frequency. In contrast, antagonists to GnRH receptors, orphanin-FQ receptors, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor had no effect on episodic LH secretion. We thus conclude that the KNDy neuropeptides act in the arcuate nucleus to control episodic GnRH secretion in the ewe, but afferent input from GnRH neurons to this area does not. These data support the proposed roles for NKB and dynorphin within the KNDy neural network and raise the possibility that kisspeptin contributes to the control of GnRH pulse frequency in addition to its established role as an output signal from KNDy neurons that drives GnRH pulses. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.1210/en.2013-1331 VL - 154 IS - 11 SP - 4259-4269 J2 - Endocrinology LA - en OP - SN - 0013-7227 1945-7170 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1331 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CHAP TI - Head tilt and nystagmus AU - Muñana, Karen R. T2 - BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology AB - Head tilt and nystagmus are relatively common presentations in veterinary practice. These signs are typically associated with vestibular disease, although an intermittent head tilt alone may be due to otitis externa or other aural irritation. This chapter looks at clinical signs, lesion localization, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, neurodiagnostic investigation, peripheral vestibular diseases, central vestibular diseases. PY - 2013/1/1/ DO - 10.22233/9781910443125.11 SP - 195-212 OP - PB - British Small Animal Veterinary Association SN - 9781905319343 9781910443125 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.22233/9781910443125.11 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Interplay Between MDV and HVT Affects Viral miRNA Expression AU - Goher, Mohamed AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - It is well established that herpesviruses encode numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) and that these virally encoded small RNAs play multiple roles in infection. The present study was undertaken to determine how co-infection of a pathogenic MDV serotype one (MDV1) strain (MD5) and a vaccine strain (herpesvirus of turkeys [HVT]) alters viral miRNA expression in vivo. We first used small RNA deep sequencing to identify MDV1-encoded miRNAs that are expressed in tumorigenic spleens of MDV1-infected birds. The expression patterns of these miRNAs were then further assessed at an early time point (7 days postinfection [dpi]) and a late time point (42 dpi) in birds with and without HVT vaccination using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Additionally, the effect of MDV1 co-infection on HVT-encoded miRNAs was determined using RT-PCR. A diverse population of miRNAs was expressed in MDV-induced tumorigenic spleens at 42 dpi, with 18 of the 26 known mature miRNAs represented. Of these, both mdv1-miR-M4-5p and mdv1-miR-M2-3p were the most highly expressed miRNAs. RT-PCR analysis further revealed that nine MDV miRNAs were differentially expressed between 7 dpi and 42 dpi infected spleens. At 7 dpi, three miRNAs were differentially expressed between the spleens of birds co-infected with HVT and MD5 compared with birds singly infected with MD5, whereas at 42 dpi, nine miRNAs were differentially expressed. At 7 dpi, the expression of seven HVT-encoded miRNAs was affected in the spleens of co-infected birds compared with birds only receiving the HVT vaccine. At 42 dpi, six HVT-encoded miRNAs were differentially expressed between the two groups. Target prediction analysis suggests that these differentially expressed viral miRNAs are involved in regulating several cellular processes, including cell proliferation and the adaptive immune response.La interacción entre el virus de Marek y el herpesvirus de los pavos afecta a la expresión de micro ARN viral.Está bien establecido que los herpesvirus codifican numerosos micro ARN (con las siglas en inglés miRNAs) y que estas pequeñas moléculas de ARN codificadas viralmente juegan múltiples papeles en la infección. El presente estudio se realizó para determinar como la co-infección entre una cepa patógena (MD5) del virus de Marek serotipo 1 (MDV1) y una cepa vacunal (herpesvirus de los pavos [HVT]) altera la expresión de los genes micro ARN viral in vivo. Se utilizó por primera vez la secuenciación profunda de moléculas pequeñas de ARN para identificar micro ARN codificado por el virus de Marek serotipo 1 que se expresan en los bazos con tumores en las aves infectadas por el virus de Marek 1. Los patrones de expresión de micro ARN fueron valorados mediante PCR en tiempo real (RT-PCR), de manera temprana (7 días después de la infección) y tardíamente (42 días después de la infección) en las aves con y sin vacunación con el herpesvirus de los pavos. Además se determinó el efecto de la co-infección con el virus de Marek serotipo 1 sobre el micro ARN codificado por el herpesvirus de los pavos mediante PCR en tiempo real. Se expresó una población diversa de micro ARN en los bazos con tumores inducidos por el virus de Marek a los 42 días después de la infección, con 18 micro ARNs maduros representados de los 26. De éstos, tanto el mdv1-miR-M4-5p y el mdv1-miR-M2-3p fueron los micro ARN más expresados. El análisis por PCR en tiempo real reveló que nueve micro ARN del virus de Marek se expresan diferencialmente entre 7 y 42 días después de la infección en los bazos infectados. A los siete días después de la infección, tres micro ARN fueron expresados diferencialmente en los bazos de las aves co-infectadas con el herpesvirus de los pavos y la cepa MD5 en comparación con las aves infectadas con el virus MD5 por separado, mientras que a los 42 días después de la infección, nueve micro ARNs fueron expresados diferencialmente. A los siete días después, la expresión de siete micro ARNs codificados por el herpesvirus de los pavos se vio a DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1637/10440-110112-reg.1 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 372-379 SN - 1938-4351 KW - MDV1 KW - HVT KW - microRNA KW - MD5 KW - immune response ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving efficiency of sow productivity: nutrition and health AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Weaver, Alexandra C. AU - Shen, Yan Bin AU - Zhao, Yan T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - This reviews research focused to understand the nutrient requirement and balance to meet the needs of fetal growth, mammary growth, and milk production. This summary will handle how feeding strategies can be adjusted according to the nutrient needs for a sow to enhance productivity and health. Most research data used in this summary are based on the studies conducted by the authors between 1996 and 2013. Nutrient requirements of sows are affected by stage of gestation and parity of sows. Dietary antioxidant concentrations need to be re-evaluated for its sufficiency in sow diets especially to prevent excessive oxidative stress during late gestation and lactation. When feeding sows, consideration of phase feeding of gestating sows and parity feeding of lactating sows could enhances production longevity and health of sows. Use of selected nutrients and additives seems to help productivity and health of sows. DA - 2013/7/26/ PY - 2013/7/26/ DO - 10.1186/2049-1891-4-26 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2049-1891 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84888161905&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Colostrum KW - Gestation KW - Lactation KW - Milk KW - Nutrition KW - Pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of creep feeding and supplemental glutamine or glutamine plus glutamate (Aminogut) on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and intestinal health of piglets AU - Cabrera, Rafael A. AU - Usry, James L. AU - Arrellano, Consuelo AU - Nogueira, Eduardo T. AU - Kutschenko, Marianne AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Creep feeding is used to stimulate piglet post-weaning feed consumption. L-Glutamine (GLN) is an important source of fuel for intestinal epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of creep feeding and adding GLN or AminoGut (AG; containing glutamine + glutamate) to pre- and post-weaning diets on pig performance and intestinal health. Litters (N = 120) were allotted to four treatments during 14-21 d of lactation: 1) No creep feed (NC, n = 45); 2) creep fed control diet (CFCD, n = 45); 3) creep fed 1% GLN (CFGLN, n = 15); 4) creep fed .88% AG (CFAG, n = 15). After weaning, the NC and CFCD groups were sub-divided into three groups (n = 15 each), receiving either a control nursery diet (NC-CD, CFCD-CD) or a diet supplemented with either GLN (NC-GLN, CFCD-GLN) or with AG (NC-AG, CFCD-AG). Litters that were creep fed with diets containing GLN or AG also were supplemented with those amino acids in the nursery diets (CFGLN-GLN, CFAG-AG). Glutamine was added at 1% in all three post-weaning diet phases and AG was added at .88% in phase 1 and 2 and at .66% in phase 3.Feed conversion (feed/gain) showed means among treatment means close to significance (P = 0.056) and Tukey's test for pairwise mean comparisons showed that Pigs in the CFGLN-GLN group had the best feed conversion (feed/gain) in the first three-week period post-weaning, exceeding (P = 0.044) controls (CFCD-CD) by 34%. The NC-AG group had (P = 0.02) the greatest feed intake in the last three week of the study, exceeding controls (CFCD-CD) by 12%. CFGLN-GLN, CFCD-GLN and sow reared (SR) pigs had the greatest (P = 0.049) villi height exceeding the CFCD-AG group by 18%, 20% and 19% respectively. The CFAG-AG group had the deepest (P = 0.001) crypts among all treatments. CFGLN-GLN, CFCD-GLN and SR groups had the greatest (P = 0.001) number of cells proliferating (PCNA) exceeding those in the NC-CD group by 43%, 54% and 63% respectively. Sow reared pigs showed the greatest (P = 0.001) intestinal absorption capacity for xylose and mannitol.Supplementation of creep feed and nursery diets with GLN and/or AminoGut in the first three week improved feed conversion possibly due to improved intestinal health. DA - 2013/8/3/ PY - 2013/8/3/ DO - 10.1186/2049-1891-4-29 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2049-1891 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894465013&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Creep feeding KW - Glutamine KW - Growth performance KW - Intestinal health KW - SEM KW - Villi ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current State of Marek's Disease Virus MicroRNA Research AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - AVIAN DISEASES AB - MicroRNA (miRNA) is a major family of small RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. Small RNA profiling studies have revealed that some viruses, particularly large DNA viruses, such as Marek's disease virus (MDV), encode their own set of miRNAs. There are currently 406 viral miRNAs in miRBase, of which 392 are encoded by herpesviruses. To date, 26 MDV-1 miRNAs, 36 MDV-2 miRNAs, and 28 herpesvirus of turkeys miRNAs have been identified. Interestingly, herpesvirus miRNAs appear to have spatial conservation, located in clusters within repeat regions, but lack sequence conservation. Two clusters of MDV-1 miRNA have been identified, one located near the MEQ gene and one within the latency-associated transcript (LAT). miRNA profiling studies have shown that MDV miRNA are differentially expressed between strains and stages of infection. For example, mdv1-miR-M4 and mdv1-miR-M2-3p are three- and sixfold higher, expressed, respectively, in vv strains compared to vv strains. A recent study found that deletion or seed region mutation of mdv1-miR-M4 reduces viral oncogenicity, suggesting a link between mdv1-mir-M4 and lymphoma development in MDV-infected birds. Taken together, current research suggests that viral miRNAs are a key component of MDV pathogenesis.Estudio Recapitulativo—Estado actual de la investigación sobre micro ARN en la enfermedad de Marek.Las moléculas de micro ARN (miRNA) son una familia de moléculas pequeñas de ARN que regulan de manera postranscripcional la expresión de genes. Los estudios de los perfiles de moléculas pequeñas de ARN han revelado que algunos virus, particularmente virus ADN grandes como el virus de Marek codifican su propio conjunto de micro ARN. Actualmente existen 406 moléculas de micro ARN en la base de datos miRBase, de las cuales 392 están codificadas por herpesvirus. Hasta la fecha, se han identificado 26 moléculas de micro ARN del virus de Marek 1, 36 del virus de Marek 2 y 28 del herpesvirus de pavos. De manera interesante, las moléculas de micro ARN de los herpesvirus parecen ser conservadas de manera espacial, localizados en grupos dentro de regiones repetidas, pero carecen de secuencias conservadas. Dos grupos del virus de Marek 1 han sido identificados, uno se encuentra localizado cerca del gene MEQ y otro dentro del transcripto asociado con la latencia (LAT). Los estudios de perfiles de micro ARN han demostrado que las moléculas de micro ARN del virus de la enfermedad de Marek se expresan de manera diferente de acuerdo a las cepas o al estado de infección. Por ejemplo, las moléculas mdv1-miR-M4 y mdv1-miR-M2-3p se expresan de tres y seis veces más, respectivamente en las cepas muy virulentas plus en comparación con las cepas muy virulentas. Un estudio reciente demostró que la deleción o una mutación en la región de la semilla de mdv1-miR-M4 reduce la oncogénesis viral, lo que sugiere un vínculo entre mdv1-mir-M4 y el desarrollo de linfomas en las aves infectadas con Marek. Considerando todo, la investigación reciente sugiere que las moléculas de micro ARN virales son un componente clave en la patogénesis de la enfermedad de Marek. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1637/10355-090812-review.1 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 332-339 SN - 1938-4351 KW - herpesvirus KW - MDV KW - microRNA KW - gene regulation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish Oil Alleviates Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Associated with Inhibition of TLR4 and NOD Signaling Pathways in Weaned Piglets after a Lipopolysaccharide Challenge AU - Liu, Y. AU - Chen, F. AU - Li, Q. AU - Odle, J. AU - Lin, X. AU - Zhu, H. AU - Pi, D. AU - Hou, Y. AU - Hong, Y. AU - Shi, H. AU - al., T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - Long-chain n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids exert beneficial effects in neuroendocrine dysfunctions in animal models and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the beneficial effects remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that dietary treatment with fish oil (FO) could mitigate LPS-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling pathways. Twenty-four weaned pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design, and the main factors consisted of diet (5% corn oil vs. 5% FO) and immunological challenge (saline vs. LPS). After 21 d of dietary treatment with 5% corn oil or FO diets, pigs were treated with saline or LPS. Blood samples were collected at 0 (preinjection), 2, and 4 h postinjection, and then pigs were humanely killed by intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg body weight sodium pentobarbital for tissue sample collection. FO led to enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus. FO decreased plasma adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol concentrations as well as mRNA expressions of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone and pituitary proopiomelanocortin. FO also reduced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in hypothalamus, adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus, and of cyclooxygenase 2 in hypothalamus. Moreover, FO downregulated the mRNA expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its downstream molecules, including cluster differentiation factor 14, myeloid differentiation factor 2, myeloid differentiation factor 88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor-associated factor 6, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65, and also decreased the mRNA expressions of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2, and their adaptor molecule receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2. These results suggested that FO attenuates the activation of the HPA axis induced by LPS challenge. The beneficial effects of FO on the HPA axis may be associated with decreasing the production of brain or peripheral proinflammatory cytokines through inhibition of TLR4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling pathways. DA - 2013/9/4/ PY - 2013/9/4/ DO - 10.3945/jn.113.179960 VL - 143 IS - 11 SP - 1799-1807 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.179960 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids on growth performance, shedding of organisms, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp AU - Robbins, R. C. AU - Artuso-Ponte, V. C. AU - Moeser, A. J. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Gebreyes, W. A. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research AB - Abstract Objective —To evaluate effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids (QBAs) against Salmonella spp and determine effects on growth performance, organism shedding, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Sample —36 Salmonella isolates and twenty 5-week-old pigs. Procedures —Minimum inhibitory concentration of QBAs against the Salmonella isolates was determined. Pigs were allocated to 4 groups and inoculated with Salmonella organisms. Pigs received diets supplemented with 1.5 g of QBAs/1,000 kg of feed, 0.75 g of QBAs/1,000 kg of feed, or 59.4 g of chlortetracycline/1,000 kg of feed or a nonsupplemented (control) diet. Pigs were weighed on day 0 and then weekly for 40 days. Fecal samples were collected to quantify Salmonella organisms. Gastrointestinal tract integrity was evaluated by measuring transepithelial resistance. Results —In vitro, 9 of 36 (25%) Salmonella isolates were inhibited at 90 μg of QBAs/mL; all 36 were inhibited at 179 μg of QBAs/mL. Diets containing QBAs significantly decreased Salmonella spp shedding; shedding was lower 40 days after inoculation for pigs fed diets containing QBAs or chlortetracycline than for pigs fed the control diet. Growth performance was similar for pigs fed diets containing QBA or chlortetracycline. Gastrointestinal tract integrity was improved in pigs fed the diet containing 1.5 g of QBAs/1,000 kg of feed. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —QBAs and chlortetracycline decreased Salmonella spp shedding but did not differ with regard to growth performance. Gastrointestinal tract integrity was better, albeit not significantly, in pigs fed diets containing QBAs. Further investigation into the role of QBAs and their mechanism as an immunomodulator is necessary. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.74.12.1530 VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - 1530-1535 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Production and Environmental Implications of Equine Grazing AU - Bott, Rebecca C. AU - Greene, Elizabeth A. AU - Koch, Katherine AU - Martinson, Krishona L. AU - Siciliano, Paul D. AU - Williams, Carey AU - Trottier, Nathalie L. AU - Burk, Amy AU - Swinker, Ann T2 - JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Horses' physical and digestive well-being is often enhanced when allowed to graze on pastures. Furthermore, a well-managed pasture can contribute to economic viability. Grazing can however have deleterious effects on the environment if not properly managed. Although equine grazing, defecating, and ground trampling behavior is unique from that of other livestock species, pasture management practices are often based on those derived from cattle grazing. This review summarizes the current knowledge of impacts of equine grazing on pasture quality and environment and identifies gaps where further information is needed to formulate and recommend sustainable grazing methods specific to equine. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.05.004 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 1031-1043 SN - 1542-7412 KW - Environment KW - Equine KW - Grazing KW - Pasture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Involvement of Eukaryotic Small RNA Pathways in Host Defense and Viral Pathogenesis AU - Hicks, Julie AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - VIRUSES-BASEL AB - Post-transcriptional gene regulation by small RNAs is now established as an important branch of the gene regulatory system. Many different classes of small RNAs have been discovered; among these are short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs). Though differences in the processing and function of small RNAs exist between plants and animals, both groups utilize small RNA-mediated gene regulation in response to pathogens. Host encoded miRNAs and siRNAs are generated from viral RNA function in host defense and pathogenic resistance in plants. In animals, miRNAs are key regulators in both immune system development and in immune function. Pathogens, in particular viruses, have evolved mechanisms to usurp the host’s small RNA-mediated regulatory system. Overall, small RNAs are a major component of host defense and immunity in eukaryotes. The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the involvement of eukaryotic small RNA pathways in host defense and viral pathogenesis. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.3390/v5112659 VL - 5 IS - 11 SP - 2659-2678 SN - 1999-4915 KW - small RNA KW - immunity KW - pathogens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comprehensive Assessment of Hormones, Phytoestrogens, and Estrogenic Activity in an Anaerobic Swine Waste Lagoon AU - Yost, Erin E. AU - Meyer, Michael T. AU - Dietze, Julie E. AU - Meissner, Benjamin M. AU - Worley-Davis, Lynn AU - Williams, C. Michael AU - Lee, Boknam AU - Kullman, Seth W. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - In this study, the distribution of steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, and estrogenic activity was thoroughly characterized within the anaerobic waste lagoon of a typical commercial swine sow operation. Three independent rounds of sampling were conducted in June 2009, April 2010, and February 2011. Thirty-seven analytes in lagoon slurry and sludge were assessed using LC/MS-MS, and yeast estrogen screen was used to determine estrogenic activity. Of the hormone analytes, steroidal estrogens were more abundant than androgens or progesterone, with estrone being the predominant estrogen species. Conjugated hormones were detected only at low levels. The isoflavone metabolite equol was by far the predominant phytoestrogen species, with daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and coumestrol present at lower levels. Phytoestrogens were often more abundant than steroidal estrogens, but contributed minimally toward total estrogenic activity. Analytes were significantly elevated in the solid phases of the lagoon; although low observed log KOC values suggest enhanced solubility in the aqueous phase, perhaps due to dissolved or colloidal organic carbon. The association with the solid phase, as well as recalcitrance of analytes to anaerobic degradation, results in a markedly elevated load of analytes and estrogenic activity within lagoon sludge. Overall, findings emphasize the importance of adsorption and transformation processes in governing the fate of these compounds in lagoon waste, which is ultimately used for broadcast application as a fertilizer. DA - 2013/12/3/ PY - 2013/12/3/ DO - 10.1021/es4026408 VL - 47 IS - 23 SP - 13781-13790 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of the microRNAome in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infected Macrophages AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Yoo, Dongwan AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), a member of the arterivirus family, is the causative agent of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). PRRS is characterized by late term abortions and respiratory disease, particularly in young pigs. Small regulatory RNAs termed microRNA (miRNA) are associated with gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs are known to play many diverse and complex roles in viral infections. To discover the impact of PRRSV infections on the cellular miRNAome, Illumina deep sequencing was used to construct small RNA expression profiles from in vitro cultured PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). A total of forty cellular miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed within the first 48 hours post infection (hpi). The expression of six miRNAs, miR-30a-3p, miR-132, miR-27b*, miR-29b, miR-146a and miR-9-2, were altered at more than one time point. Target gene identification suggests that these miRNAs are involved in regulating immune signaling pathways, cytokine, and transcription factor production. The most highly repressed miRNA at 24 hpi was miR-147. A miR-147 mimic was utilized to maintain miR-147 levels in PRRSV-infected PAMs. PRRSV replication was negatively impacted by high levels of miR-147. Whether down-regulation of miR-147 is directly induced by PRRSV or if it is part of the cellular response and PRRSV indirectly benefits remains to be determined. No evidence could be found of PRRSV-encoded miRNAs. Overall, the present study has revealed that a large and diverse group of miRNAs are expressed in swine alveolar macrophages and that the expression of a subset of these miRNAs is altered in PRRSV infected macrophages. DA - 2013/12/5/ PY - 2013/12/5/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0082054 VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of Genes Associated with Apoptosis in the Porcine Corpus Luteum During the Oestrous Cycle AU - Zorrilla, L. M. AU - D'Annibale, M. A. AU - Swing, S. E. AU - Gadsby, J. E. T2 - REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS AB - The corpus luteum (CL) of the pig lacks luteolytic sensitivity (LS) to prostaglandin (PG) F-2α until after day 12 of the oestrous cycle, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. As luteolysis involves apoptosis, we hypothesized that critical apoptotic proteins may be deficient in CLs that lack LS. The specific aim of these studies was to examine mRNA expression and protein levels of apoptosis genes/proteins (BAX/Bax, BCLX/Bcl-x, CASP3/Caspase-3, CASP8/Caspase-8, NFΚB1/NFκB, TP53/p53) in porcine CLs collected at different stages of the oestrous cycle. CLs were collected surgically, mRNA and protein extracted, and expression/levels analyzed by semi-quantitative (SQ) PCR and Western blots, respectively. At the mRNA expression level, only BAX (maximal on day 4) and TP53 (maximal on day 7) showed significant variations during the oestrous cycle. At the protein level, only Bcl-x and Caspase-3 showed significant changes during the cycle; Bcl-x decreased on day 13 and Caspase-3 increased on day 13. It is concluded that apoptosis-associated proteins (i.e. Bcl-x and Caspase 3) may play a critical role in luteolytic sensitivity in the pig. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1111/rda.12156 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 755-761 SN - 1439-0531 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a side population of canine lymphoma cells using Hoechst 33342 dye AU - Kim, Myung-Chul AU - D'Costa, Susan AU - Suter, Steven AU - Kim, Yongbaek T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Cancer stem cell (CSC) research has increased exponentially to gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying both carcinogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. The present study was performed to explore the potential value of a side population (SP) assay for identifying and characterizing putative CSCs among canine lymphoma cells. Canine lymphoma cells from cell lines and clinical samples were subjected to the SP assay consisting of Hoechst 33342 staining and subsequent flow cytometric analysis. The SP assay revealed various amounts of a SP fraction among the canine lymphoma cells. The percentages of SP were not affected by inhibitors of membrane transporters, verapamil hydrochloride, or fumitremorgin C. Most of the canine lymphoma cells expressed high levels of Bmi-1 and membrane transporter proteins such as ABCG2 and phosphorylated (p)-glycoprotein. This investigation lays the groundwork for further studies of the biological behaviors and molecular characteristics of CSCs in cases of canine lymphoma. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013/12// DO - 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.4.481 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 481-486 SN - 1976-555X KW - dog KW - flow cytometry KW - Hoechst 33342 KW - lymphoma KW - side population ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of social ranks and gestation housing systems on oxidative stress status, reproductive performance, and immune status of sows1 AU - Zhao, Y. AU - Flowers, W. L. AU - Saraiva, A. AU - Yeum, K.-J. AU - Kim, S. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Ninety-six multiparous sows were randomly assigned into 2 different gestation housing systems on d 35 of gestation: individual gestational crates (n = 24) or small groups with 3 sows in gestational pens (n = 24). Sows were classified into 4 treatments based on gestation housing systems and social ranks within each gestational pen: sows housed in individual gestational crates were in control treatment (CON), and sows destined to high, middle, or low social ranks within each pen were classified into high social rank treatment (HR), middle social rank treatment (MR), and low social rank treatment (LR). The social rank of sows within a pen was determined by their winning percentage during aggressive interactions observed for a 4-d period after mixing on d 35 of gestation. Plasma samples collected from each sow on d 35, 60, 90, and 109 of gestation and d 1 and 18 of lactation were used to determine concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), IgG, and IgM. Sows in HR had higher (P < 0.05) body weight during gestation and lactation, smallest (P < 0.05) litter weight at birth, increased (P < 0.05) number of stillborn than sows in MR and LR, and tended to have decreased (P = 0.073, P = 0.064) number of born alive compared with sows in CON and LR. Sows in LR had lower farrowing rate compared with sows in MR. Plasma concentration of protein carbonyl in HR was higher (P < 0.05) than that in MR on d 3 of lactation. Plasma concentrations of 8-OHdG in LR was greater (P < 0.05) than that in HR on d 90 of gestation, d 3 and 18 of lactation, and greater (P < 0.05) than CON on d 18 of lactation. The reproductive performance of sows from all of the social ranks was related to their oxidative stress status during gestation and lactation. Collectively, the reproductive performance, oxidative stress status, and immune status did not differ between sows housed in gestational crates (CON) and pens (HR + MR + LR). Sows in CON and MR did not show inferior reproductive performance during gestation and lactation. Sows in HR and LR had increased oxidative damage during late gestation and lactation which could contribute to the reduced litter size and litter weight in HR and lower farrowing rate in LR. DA - 2013/12/1/ PY - 2013/12/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6388 VL - 91 IS - 12 SP - 5848-5858 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6388 DB - Crossref KW - oxidative stress KW - reproductive performance KW - social rank KW - sow ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of different feed delivery methods on time to consume feed and the resulting changes in postprandial metabolite concentrations in horses AU - Kutzner-Mulligan, J. AU - Eisemann, J. AU - Siciliano, P. AU - Smith, J. AU - Hewitt, K. AU - Sharlette, J. AU - Pratt-Phillips, S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Management techniques that reduce the insulin response to feeding in horses have application in preventing insulin resistance (IR) and potential associations (e.g., laminitis). Eight mature idle horses of BCS between 5 and 6.5 and with no previous indication of IR were fed a meal of concentrate under 4 feed delivery treatments in a repeated Latin Square design. Treatments were all based on a bucket of equal dimensions. The treatments included a control (CON) and 3 treatments hypothesized to increase time to consume feed (TCF): mobile obstacles above the feed (BALL), stationary obstacles below the feed (WAFF), and feed with water added (WTR). Jugular venous blood samples were taken at feed delivery, every 10 min for the first hour, and then every 30 min until 300 min after feed delivery. The TCF was different across treatment and was greater (P < 0.05) for BALL and WAFF when compared with CON and WTR. Glucose and insulin concentrations increased after feeding (P < 0.05) and tended to differ among treatments (P < 0.10). Peak insulin and glucose concentrations were affected by treatment as were the time to peak insulin and the area under the curve of insulin (P < 0.05). Therefore, feed delivery methods that include obstacles effectively increase TCF and attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. A second experiment was designed to determine if the TCF changes associated with BALL and WAFF in Exp. 1 remain effective over a 4-d period. Four horses with no recent or regular history of consuming concentrates were fed concentrate meals for 4 consecutive d using the same treatments described in Exp. 1 and a Latin square design. Horses were subject to a 4-d adaptation period and were randomly assigned to 4-d treatment periods using the 4 previously described treatments. During adaptation, TCF decreased over time (P = 0.02). After adaptation, WAFF had greater TCF when compared with CON and WTR (P < 0.05) whereas WTR had the lowest TCF overall. Using obstacles to increase TCF on a daily basis may be an effective method to reduce postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations, thereby decreasing the risk of IR development in horses. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-5727 VL - 91 IS - 8 SP - 3772-3779 SN - 1525-3163 KW - feed management KW - horse KW - insulin resistance KW - meal KW - time to consume feed ER - TY - JOUR TI - TRIENNIAL REPRODUCTION SYMPOSIUM: Sperm characteristics that limit success of fertilization AU - Flowers, W. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Current industry estimates of reproductive performance for cattle, sheep, and swine operations indicate that males contribute significantly to fertility failures. This appears to be due to the use of subfertile individuals and emphasizes the need for additional research in identifying characteristics of sperm that compromise fertilization. In theory, sperm characteristics, such as motility or the percentage of normal sperm, form a positive relationship with fertility that reaches a certain maximal fertility (i.e., an asymptotic relationship). It is clear that variation exists among males in terms of how fertility responds to increasing sperm dosage or numbers of normal sperm, both in the slope of the curve and the point at which the fertility reaches a maximum. Variations along the linear portion of fertility curves are due to compensable traits that are involved with the ability of sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida. It appears that most fertility curves reach their plateau when 70% of sperm possess a given compensable trait. The level of fertility at which the plateau occurs is determined by noncompensable traits that are associated with binding of sperm to the oolemma, syngamy, and subsequent development of the zygote. Several studies have shown differences in fertility among males that have similar levels of compensable traits but differed in their noncompensable characteristics. Compensable and noncompensable traits can estimate either individual or functional characteristics of sperm. Intuitively, functional traits such as in vitro penetration should provide a better indication of fertilization than individual ones such as motility. However, correlations of both types with fertility are very similar. Reasons for this may be related to how characteristics of sperm cells are influenced by the female reproductive tract after insemination. Sperm capacitation is a functional trait in boars that is quite different in vitro versus in vivo. If this relationship holds true for other traits, then development of tests that account for this variation are critical for further elucidation of sperm characteristics that limit fertility. DA - 2013/7// PY - 2013/7// DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-5945 VL - 91 IS - 7 SP - 3022-3029 SN - 1525-3163 KW - fertility KW - livestock KW - male KW - sperm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stabilized rice bran improves weaning pig performance via a prebiotic mechanism AU - Herfel, T. AU - Jacobi, S. AU - Lin, X. AU - Van Heugten, E. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Stabilized rice bran (SRB) is classified as a "functional food" because of its prebiotic characteristics. With increasing grain prices and the pressure to remove antibiotics from swine diets because of concern over antibiotic resistance, SRB was investigated as a nursery diet ingredient with and without the addition of antibiotics (ANT). Two hundred pigs were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and allotted to diets containing 0 or 10% SRB ± ANT according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five animals were housed per pen throughout a 28-d growth period. At the end of the trial, 1 pig from each pen was euthanized for measurement of intestinal morphology. Antibiotic supplementation improved ADG by 6.4% during Phase 2 (d 14 to 28; P = 0.02), but other production variables were unaffected by ANT. During Phase 2 and cumulatively (d 0 to 28), the supplementation of SRB improved G:F by 10% in ANT-free pigs but not in pigs fed ANT (ANT × SRB, P < 0.03). Ileal histology revealed an increase in crypt depth of pigs fed the diet containing ANT plus SRB and corresponding decreases in villi:crypt associated with both ANT and SRB supplementation (P < 0.05). Intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased by 15% in pigs fed SRB without ANT, but were unaffected by SRB in pigs fed ANT (ANT x SRB, P = 0.003). Colonic bifidobacteria tended to increase with SRB supplementation (P < 0.10). Differences in ileal and cecal digesta short-chain fatty acid concentrations were not detected. In summary, SRB improved the efficiency of nutrient utilization in nursery diets lacking antibiotics and tended to increase intestinal bifidobacteria concentrations, indicating that SRB may exert beneficial prebiotic effects in weanling pigs. DA - 2013/2/1/ PY - 2013/2/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-5287 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 907–913 SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5287 KW - antibiotics KW - gastrointestinal KW - microbiota KW - stabilized rice bran KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - SOUTHERN SECTION INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF CATTLE SYMPOSIUM: Opportunities for stocker cattle in the southern United States AU - Rhinehart, J. D. AU - Poore, M. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The annual interdisciplinary beef cattle symposium at the American Society of Animal Science Southern Section annual meeting has been a well-attended addition to the program at the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists (SAAS) annual conference. This venue allows broad participation by all attendees from the Southern Section of American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), and the symposium is also well attended by members of other societies associated with SAAS. The symposium in 2012, which was held in Birmingham, AL, on February 6, was developed to address economic and production management issues for modern stocker cattle production systems. Beef cattle production in the southern United States is driven by fluctuations in multiple commodity markets, seasonality, weather patterns, production management capabilities, and many other factors. Taking advantage of the opportunities these fluctuations present can be a key component of profitability. The average age of cattle producers in the United States is 58 yr (USDA-NASS, 2007), indicating a reduction in young producers choosing this field as a career. Stocker cattle production might provide an ideal entry into the industry. Cash flow can be more ideally managed for a beginning producer that might lack the financial and resource capitol for cow–calf production. However, financial and production risk management can be more intense. Moreover, health, production, and pasture management require a great deal of experiential knowledge compared with cow–calf production systems. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-6095 VL - 91 IS - 1 SP - 501-502 SN - 1525-3163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Antimicrobial Use Swine Production AU - Funk, Julie A. AU - Abley, Melanie J. AU - Bowman, Andrew S. AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. AU - Morrow, William E. Morgan AU - Tadesse, Daniel A. T2 - FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE AB - Swine are the primary reservoir for foodborne illness associated with Yersinia enterocolitica. The use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture has been hypothesized as having a potential role in the increase in prevalence of zoonotic pathogens. The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of Y. enterocolitica fecal shedding in swine reared on farms with conventional antimicrobial use policies to farms that were antimicrobial free (ABF). Swine farms were selected from three regions in the United States. In each region, farms were categorized based on antimicrobial use policy. Fecal samples were collected from pigs on-farm within 48 h of harvest. The overall proportion of Y. enterocolitica and ail-harboring Y. enterocolitica–positive pigs was 10.9% and 4.0%, respectively. There were increased odds (odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.46–13.28) for a pig to be Y. enterocolitica positive if it was reared on an ABF farm as compared to a conventional farm. There was no significant association between farm antimicrobial use policy and isolation of an ail-harboring Y. enterocolitica from an individual pig (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.90–3.61). The association of antimicrobial use policy with Y. enterocolitica shedding in feces should be interpreted cautiously, as antimicrobial use cannot be separated from other management factors (e.g., confinement or outdoor housing), which may be associated with risk of Y. enterocolitica in swine. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2012.1354 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 514-519 SN - 1535-3141 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peripartum changes in orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones in relation to back fat thickness and feeding strategy of sows AU - Cools, A. AU - Maes, D. AU - Decaluwe, R. AU - Buyse, J. AU - Kempen, T. A. AU - Janssens, G. P. T2 - DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Highly prolific sows often experience peripartum hypophagia, resulting in decreased production rate. Leptin, ghrelin, and resistin are known as feed intake-regulating hormones in many species, but it is yet unknown how feeding strategy and body condition will affect these hormones around parturition in sows. In the present study, a total of 63 sows, parity 2 to 7 were divided over 2 treatment groups which were fed either restricted (RESTRICT) or ad libitum (ADLIB) during the peripartum period (day 106 of gestation until day 7 of lactation). Within each treatment group, sows were assigned to 1 of 3 body condition groups based on back fat thickness at day 106 of gestation: <18 mm (LEAN), between 18 and 22 mm (MODERATE), and >22 mm (FAT). Postprandial blood samples were taken on days 107, 109, and 112 of gestation and on days 1, 3, and 5 of lactation. With RIA, leptin, ghrelin, and resistin of each sample were analyzed. For both leptin and resistin, the hormonal profile gradually increased throughout the peripartum period (P < 0.001), whereas ghrelin peaked on day 109 of gestation compared with day 107 of gestation and day 1 of lactation. Other time points were intermediate between those two (P < 0.001). The peripartum profile of leptin was significantly higher for FAT sows than for the 2 other condition groups. No effect of body condition on ghrelin and resistin concentrations was observed. None of the 3 measured hormones were affected by feeding strategy. In conclusion, during the peripartum period feed intake of sows did not affect leptin, ghrelin, or resistin profiles. Leptin was the only hormone investigated that reflected body condition. Although body condition and late gestation feed intake have been previously described as risk factors for peripartum hypophagia, they did not induce hypophagia in any of the sows or affect the profile of the observed feed intake-regulating hormones during the peripartum period. DA - 2013/7// PY - 2013/7// DO - 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.04.003 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 22-27 SN - 1879-0054 KW - Body condition KW - Ghrelin KW - Leptin KW - Peripartum feeding KW - Resistin KW - Sow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management of Refractory Epilepsy AU - Munana, Karen R. T2 - TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE AB - The term refractory epilepsy is utilized in veterinary medicine to describe a condition in which an animal with epilepsy fails to attain satisfactory seizure control or suffers intolerable side effects despite appropriate therapy with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Refractory epilepsy is an important problem in small animal practice as it occurs in approximately one-third of dogs with epilepsy. Consequently, there is much interest in identifying ways to more effectively treat this population of animals. More than a dozen new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for humans over the last 2 decades, and several of these drugs, including gabapentin, zonisamide, levetiracetam, and pregabalin, have been evaluated for the treatment of refractory seizures in veterinary patients. Nonmedical methods to treat poorly controlled epilepsy are also being explored. The 2 alternative forms of therapy that have shown the most promise in humans with epilepsy are electrical stimulation of the brain and dietary modification, both of which have also been evaluated in dogs. This overview summarizes the available data on pharmacologic as well as nonmedical treatment options for dogs and cats with refractory epilepsy. Although many forms of therapy are currently being utilized in clinical practice, our knowledge of the safety and efficacy of these treatments is limited. Additional randomized controlled trials are needed to better evaluate these novel therapies for refractory epilepsy in dogs and cats. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.007 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 67-71 SN - 1946-9837 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884400682&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - seizures KW - pharmacoresistance KW - antiepileptic drug KW - alternative therapy KW - vagal nerve stimulation KW - diet ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of two types of complete pelleted, wild ungulate feeds and two pelleted feed to hay ratios on the development of urolithogenic compounds in meat goats as a model for giraffes AU - Sullivan, K. AU - Freeman, S. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K. AU - Wolfe, B. AU - Poore, M. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION AB - Summary Urolith formation has been documented in giraffes and goats. As research in giraffes poses logistical challenges, 16 buck goats were used as a model. The impact of two commercially available, pelleted feeds used for giraffes, ADF‐16 and Wild Herbivore (WH), as well as the impact of alfalfa hay and pellet proportions (20% hay:80% pellets, 80P or 80% hay:20% pellet, 20P) on the formation of urolithogenic precursors in goat urine was accomplished in a 2 × 2 factorial balance study. Complete diets contained 0.60, 0.32, 0.35 and 0.26% phosphorus (P) with calcium:P ratios of 1.60, 4.16, 3.06 and 5.23, for 80P‐ADF‐16, 20P‐ADF‐16, 80P‐WH and 20P‐WH respectively. Total faeces and urine were collected over two 5‐day periods to assess N and mineral balance. Fresh urine samples were collected and evaluated microscopically for urolithic crystal content. Urinary nitrogen (N) was lower and N retention was higher in goats fed 80P diets (p < 0.05). Intake of P was greatest for goats fed 80P‐ADF‐16; however, urinary P excretion and P retention were not affected by treatment. Crystal scores were higher in animals receiving 80P diets (p = 0.08), with crystals being composed predominantly of calcium phosphate. Urine pH was alkaline (>8) for all treatments. Urinary P concentration, a risk factor for urolithiasis, was highest (p ≤ 0.06) in the 80P‐ADF‐16 treatment (0.38 vs. 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mg/dl for 20P‐ADF‐16, 80P‐WH and 20P‐WH respectively), reflecting its highest dietary P level. Further investigation is recommended to determine the long‐term effects of these diets on urolithogenic compound formation. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01297.x VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - 566-576 SN - 1439-0396 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878127168&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - calcium KW - giraffe KW - goats KW - phosphorus KW - uroliths ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fish Oil Increases Muscle Protein Mass and Modulates Akt/FOXO, TLR4, and NOD Signaling in Weanling Piglets After Lipopolysaccharide Challenge AU - Liu, Yulan AU - Chen, Feng AU - Odle, Jack AU - Lin, Xi AU - Zhu, Huiling AU - Shi, Haifeng AU - Hou, Yongqing AU - Yin, Jingdong T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in the pathophysiology of muscle atrophy. In addition, n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert an inhibitory effect on proinflammatory cytokines affecting many inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of fish oil could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy. Weanling pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the main factors included diet (5% corn oil or 5% fish oil) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). After 21 d of treatment with either fish oil or corn oil, pigs received an i.p. injection of either saline or LPS. At 4 h postinjection, blood and muscle samples were obtained. Fish oil led to enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total n3 PUFAs in muscles. Fish oil increased muscle protein mass, indicated by a higher protein:DNA ratio in gastrocnemius and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles. In addition, fish oil increased Akt1 mRNA abundance and decreased Forkhead Box O (FOXO) 1 and FOXO4 mRNA abundance. Fish oil also increased phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO1 in gastrocnemius and LD muscles. Fish oil decreased the mRNA abundance of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 in gastrocnemius and LD muscles. Moreover, fish oil reduced the plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, muscle TNFα, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations, and muscle TNFα and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) mRNA abundance. Finally, fish oil downregulated the mRNA abundance of muscle toll-like receptor (TLR4) and its downstream signaling molecules [myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), TNFα receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and NF-κB p65], and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD1), NOD2, and their adaptor molecule [receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2)]. These results indicate fish oil may suppress muscle proinflammatory cytokine production via regulation of TLR and NOD signaling pathways and therefore improve muscle protein mass, possibly through maintenance of Akt/FOXO signaling. DA - 2013/6/5/ PY - 2013/6/5/ DO - 10.3945/jn.113.176255 VL - 143 IS - 8 SP - 1331-1339 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.176255 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary copper and breed on gene products involved in copper acquisition, distribution, and use in Angus and Simmental cows and fetuses AU - Fry, R. S. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Lloyd, K. E. AU - O'Nan, A. T. AU - Ashwell, M. S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Copper (Cu) deficiency is a widespread problem in cattle across the United States and breed differences in Cu metabolism may contribute to this issue. Intracellular Cu is tightly regulated by transport and chaperone proteins, and to date, these mechanisms have not been elucidated to address breed differences in Cu metabolism, nor have these proteins been characterized in bovine fetal liver. Mature, pregnant Angus (n = 8) and Simmental (n = 8) cows (∼4 mo into gestation) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All cows were bred to Angus sires resulting in an Angus vs. Simmental × Angus comparison for fetuses. Cows were randomly assigned to corn silage-based diets that were either adequate (+Cu) or deficient (-Cu; 6.6 mg Cu/kg DM) in Cu. Diets were individually fed for 112 d. At the end of the study, cows were harvested to collect duodenal mucosa scrapes, liver samples, and fetal liver samples for mineral analysis and also for mRNA and protein analysis of Cu transport and chaperone proteins. Placentomes were also obtained for mineral analysis. Plasma Cu and liver Cu were affected by Cu, breed, and Cu × breed. Both of these Cu indices were less (P ≤ 0.05) in-Cu Simmentals (-CuS) than in-Cu Angus (- uA), but were similar among +Cu Simmental (+CuS) and +Cu Angus cows (+CuA). Duodenal Cu was less (P = 0.01) in-Cu vs. +Cu cows. Placentome Cu was less (P = 0.003) in-Cu vs. +Cu cows, and was also less (P = 0.03) in Simmentals vs. Angus. Fetal liver Cu was less (P = 0.002) in-Cu vs. +Cu fetuses, and was also less (P = 0.05) in Simmental × Angus vs. Angus. Abundance of Cu transporter1 (CTR1) protein and transcripts for Cu transporters and chaperones were not affected by Cu or breed in liver and were not affected by Cu in the intestine. Duodenal Ctr1 was less (P = 0.04) and CTR1 tended (P = 0.10) to be less in Simmentals vs. Angus. Expression of Atp7a tended (P = 0.08) to be less in Simmentals than in Angus. In fetal liver, expression of antioxidant 1 (Atox1), cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein 17 (Cox17), and Cu metabolism MURR1 domain 1 (Commd1) were up-regulated (P ≤ 0.05) in-Cu vs. +Cu fetuses. In conclusion, less expression of duodenal Ctr1 and a tendency for less CTR1 (P = 0.10) and Atp7a (P = 0.08) suggest that Simmentals have a lesser ability to absorb and utilize dietary Cu, and may explain why Simmentals are more prone to Cu deficiency than Angus. Up-regulation of fetal liver Atox1, Cox17, and Commd1 in-Cu fetuses may reflect the great Cu demand by the fetus. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.2527/jas.2011-3888 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 861-871 SN - 1525-3163 KW - breed KW - cattle KW - copper KW - deficiency KW - fetus KW - placentome ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Restricted Pasture Access on Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rate, Dietary Energy Intake, and Fecal pH in Horses AU - Glunk, Emily C. AU - Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. AU - Siciliano, Paul D. T2 - JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Eight mature horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of restricted pasture access on dry matter intake rate (DMIR), energy intake, and fecal pH. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HGRPs), each containing two horses. HGRPs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours of pasture access, for a period of 7 days. Treatments were switched every 7 days. The 3- and 6-hour groups were fed free choice mature grass hay while not grazing. Daily pasture dry matter intake (DMI) for each HGRP was estimated by calculating the difference between initial herbage mass of the grazing cell before grazing and residual herbage mass after 7 days of grazing. Total dry matter intake was the sum of pasture and hay DMI for the 3- and 6-hour treatments. Fecal pH was measured on day 7 of each period. Response variables were analyzed using analysis of variance for Latin square design. Restricting pasture access decreased mean pasture DMI (P = .02), pasture dietary energy (DE) (P = .02), and fecal pH (P < .001), but increased DMIR (P = .02). Mean total dry matter intake was not different (P = .16) among treatments. In conclusion, restricting pasture access accelerates pasture DMIR and decreases fecal pH, and although restricting pasture access decreases DE intake from pasture, it did not result in a decrease in total DE intake for horses having ad libitum access to hay. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.07.014 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 421-426 SN - 0737-0806 KW - Equine KW - Dry matter intake KW - Caloric intake KW - Fecal pH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early postnatal kinetics of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in fed and fasted piglets and developmental expression of the intestinal immunoglobulin G receptor AU - Cabrera, R. AU - Lin, X. AU - Ashwell, M. AU - Moeser, A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The transport of IgG across the epithelial barrier and into the circulation is achieved in part by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and this provides passive immunity to the neonate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time and feeding state on IgG absorption, intestinal morphology, and expression of IgG receptors in the first 24 h postbirth. Twenty newborn pigs were obtained immediately after birth and fitted with umbilical arterial catheters. Colostrum was manually collected from 12 lactating sows and centrifuged to produce defatted colostrum. Piglets were orally gavaged with 32 mL defatted colostrum per kilogram of BW (given in 2 doses 1 h apart) either at birth (0 h) or at 12 h postbirth under either fed (milk replacer) or fasted (saline solution) condition (n = 5 per treatment). A fifth reference group (n = 5) was euthanized at birth. Blood was collected every hour for the first 2 h immediately after the catheter was inserted and then every 4 h until 12 h (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h) for the treatment in which the defatted colostrum was given right after birth. For the treatment gavaged at 12 h postbirth, the sampling schedule was at 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, and 24 h. At 12 h postgavage, pigs were euthanized and jejunum tissues were collected for measurement of villi height, width, crypt depth, and gene expression of FcRn and β2-microglobulin (β2M) via reverse transcription PCR. Pig serum IgG concentration was determined by radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (0 h-fed, 0 h-fasted, 12 h-fed, and 12 h-fasted). There was no interaction between the time (age) of offering defatted colostrum (0 vs. 12 h) and nutritional state (fed vs. fasted) for any of the measurements, and there were no differences between fed and fasted pigs. Serum IgG concentrations increased progressively with time. Piglets offered defatted colostrum at 0 h had greater (P < 0.05) overall IgG absorption and greater (P < 0.05) villi height than those offered defatted colostrum at 12 h postbirth. Abundance of mRNA of FcRn and β2M were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Abundance of FcRn transcript was lower (P = 0.006) in pigs euthanized at birth compared with those euthanized at 12 h of age. In conclusion, the effects of delayed offering of defatted colostrum and age-dependent changes in IgG receptor were modest over the first 24 h of life. DA - 2013/1/1/ PY - 2013/1/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2011-4426 VL - 91 IS - 1 SP - 211–218 SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4426 KW - colostral immunoglobulin G KW - immunoglobulin G receptor KW - serum immunoglobulin G ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation of Bifidobacterium longum strain AH1206 increases its cecal abundance and elevates intestinal interleukin-10 expression in the neonatal piglet AU - Herfel, Tina M. AU - Jacobi, Sheila K. AU - Lin, Xi AU - Jouni, Zeina E. AU - Chichlowski, Maciej AU - Stahl, Chad H. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - Food and Chemical Toxicology AB - Intestinal microbiota of infants differ in response to gestational age, delivery mode and feeding regimen. Dietary supplementation of probiotic bacteria is one method of promoting healthy populations. We examined the impact of a novel probiotic strain of Bifidobacterium longum (AH1206) on the health, growth and development of neonatal pigs as a model for infants. Day-old pigs were fed milk-based formula containing AH1206 at 0, 109, or 1011 CFU/d for 18 d (n = 10/treatment). Differences were not detected in growth, organ weights or body temperatures (P > 0.1); however pigs fed the high dose showed a small (2%) reduction in feed intake. Bacterial translocation was not affected as indicated by total anaerobic and aerobic counts (CFU) in samples of spleen, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (P > 0.1). Feeding AH1206 had no effects on fecal consistency, but increased the density of B. longum in the cecum. Ileal TNF expression tended to increase (P = 0.08) while IL-10 expression increased linearly (P = 0.01) with supplementation. Based upon findings in the suckling piglet model, we suggest that dietary supplementation with B. longum (AH1206) may be safe for human infants based on a lack of growth, development or deleterious immune-related effects observed in piglets. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.020 VL - 60 SP - 116-122 J2 - Food and Chemical Toxicology LA - en OP - SN - 0278-6915 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.020 DB - Crossref KW - Bifidobacteria KW - Probiotic KW - Infant KW - Intestinal health KW - Immune system KW - IL-10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet physical form, fatty acid chain length, and emulsification alter fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs AU - Price, K. L. AU - Lin, X. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Odle, R. AU - Willis, G. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - An experiment was conducted to examine the interplay of diet physical form (liquid vs. dry), fatty acid chain length [medium- (MCT) vs. long-chain triglyceride (LCT)], and emulsification as determinants of fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs were weaned at 20.0 ± 0.3 d of age (6.80 ± 0.04 kg) and fed ad libitum 1 of 8 diets for 14 d according to a 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 pens per diet and 2 pigs per pen. The MCT contained primarily C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, whereas the LCT mainly contained C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. Diet physical form greatly impacted piglet growth (P < 0.001), with liquid-fed pigs (486 g/d) growing faster than dry-fed pigs (332 g/d) by 46%. Pigs fed LCT grew 22% faster (P = 0.01) than MCT-fed pigs; however, effects of emulsifier were not detected (P > 0.1). Furthermore, feed intake and G:F were 15% and 29% greater for liquid-fed pigs, and intake also was 21% greater for pigs fed LCT (P = 0.01). Diet physical form had no effect on apparent ileal fatty acid digestibility, but as expected, digestibility was greater (P < 0.001) for the MCT than the LCT diet (98.5% vs. 93.4%). Emulsification improved digestibility of most fatty acids in pigs fed LCT but not MCT (interaction, P < 0.01). Both jejunal and ileal villi height increased from 7 to 14 d postweaning (P < 0.01). Liquid-fed pigs had greater jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the dry diet; however, ileal morphology was not affected by diet physical form, fat chain length, or emulsification. Plasma ketone body concentrations were 6-fold greater in pigs fed MCT than LCT, and the difference was greater in pigs fed dry diets (interaction, P = 0.01). The bile salt concentration in jejunal digesta was 2.2-fold greater in pigs fed LCT than in pigs fed MCT (P < 0.001). Collectively, we conclude that feeding liquid diets containing emulsified LCT can improve fat utilization and markedly accentuate feed intake, growth, and G:F of weanling pigs. DA - 2013/2/1/ PY - 2013/2/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-5307 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 783–792 SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5307 KW - emulsification KW - fat digestibility KW - medium chain triglyceride KW - milk replacer KW - pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioavailability in chicks of zinc from zinc propionate AU - Brooks, M. A. AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Lloyd, K. E. AU - Verissimo, S. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of Zn from Zn propionate relative to feed-grade Zn sulfate using BW gain and bone Zn as response criteria. For the first 7 d posthatching, chicks were fed a semipurified starter diet deficient in Zn (22 mg of Zn/kg). From d 8 to 21 birds were fed a control (20 mg of Zn/kg) semipurified diet containing ground corn, soy protein concentrate, and dextrose. The control diet was supplemented with 0, 6, or 12 mg of Zn/kg of diet from feed-grade Zn sulfate or organic Zn propionate. Using corn in the diet increased the level of phytate, an important Zn antagonist in nonruminant animals. As supplemental dietary Zn increased, a dose-dependent increase was observed in feed intake, weight gain, total Zn intake, tibia Zn concentration, and total tibia Zn. Zinc supplementation improved FE (feed:gain), but not in a dose-dependent manner. Relative bioavailability of Zn was determined using weight gain, tibia Zn concentration, and total tibia Zn, assuming a value of 100% for feed-grade Zn sulfate. Using relative slope assay, relative bioavailability of Zn propionate was 119, 116, and 116% compared with Zn sulfate, respectively. We concluded, based on these results, that bioavailability of Zn from organic Zn propionate is greater than feed-grade Zn sulfate in the presence of dietary phytate. DA - 2013/6// PY - 2013/6// DO - 10.3382/japr.2012-00525 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 153-159 SN - 1537-0437 KW - chick KW - trace mineral KW - bioavailability KW - zinc propionate KW - zinc sulfate ER - TY - JOUR TI - BREEDING AND GENETICS SYMPOSIUM: Systems biology in animal breeding: Identifying relationships among markers, genes, and phenotypes AU - Cole, J. B. AU - Lewis, R. M. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Newman, S. AU - Olson, K. M. AU - Tait, R. G., Jr. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The Breeding and Genetics Symposium titled “Systems Biology in Animal Breeding: Identifying relationships among markers, genes, and phenotypes” was held at the Joint Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science and the American Dairy Science Association in Phoenix, AZ, July 15–19, 2012. The primary goal of the symposium was to demonstrate the use of high-density SNP genotypes to determine the complex regulatory relationships among genotypes and phenotypes but also to present methods for studying complex relationships among phenotypes. Case studies from mammalian and avian species were included to emphasize the broad applicability of these methods. Modern systems biology attempts to explain how variations in DNA markers relate to phenotypes through transcription, protein, and regulatory networks. Systems biology is a rapidly growing field of study, and many animal breeders are unfamiliar with this area. Still, resources for such work are rapidly becoming available, including high-density SNP genotypes for thousands of phenotyped dairy cattle collected by the North American dairy industry in the National Dairy Database maintained by the Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (Beltsville, MD), and several multi-institutional and some international projects are genotyping and phenotyping animals for novel traits such as efficiency of production. In addition, a number of competitive grants recently awarded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture's Agriculture and Food Research Initiative competitive grants program include 1 or more objectives incorporating systems biology approaches in several species, including cattle, swine, and poultry. There is substantial evidence that most QTL in the cattle genome explain only small proportions of additive genetic variance for important phenotypes (e.g., Cole et al., 2011). Recent papers, such as Fortes et al. (2011) have shown that gene network analysis can provide powerful insight into the genetic architecture underlying complex phenotypes. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-6166 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 521-522 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882602264&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - BREEDING AND GENETICS SYMPOSIUM: Networks and pathways to guide genomic selection AU - Snelling, W. M. AU - Cushman, R. A. AU - Keele, J. W. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Thomas, M. G. AU - Fortes, M. R. S. AU - Reverter, A. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Many traits affecting profitability and sustainability of meat, milk, and fiber production are polygenic, with no single gene having an overwhelming influence on observed variation. No knowledge of the specific genes controlling these traits has been needed to make substantial improvement through selection. Significant gains have been made through phenotypic selection enhanced by pedigree relationships and continually improving statistical methodology. Genomic selection, recently enabled by assays for dense SNP located throughout the genome, promises to increase selection accuracy and accelerate genetic improvement by emphasizing the SNP most strongly correlated to phenotype although the genes and sequence variants affecting phenotype remain largely unknown. These genomic predictions theoretically rely on linkage disequilibrium (LD) between genotyped SNP and unknown functional variants, but familial linkage may increase effectiveness when predicting individuals related to those in the training data. Genomic selection with functional SNP genotypes should be less reliant on LD patterns shared by training and target populations, possibly allowing robust prediction across unrelated populations. Although the specific variants causing polygenic variation may never be known with certainty, a number of tools and resources can be used to identify those most likely to affect phenotype. Associations of dense SNP genotypes with phenotype provide a 1-dimensional approach for identifying genes affecting specific traits; in contrast, associations with multiple traits allow defining networks of genes interacting to affect correlated traits. Such networks are especially compelling when corroborated by existing functional annotation and established molecular pathways. The SNP occurring within network genes, obtained from public databases or derived from genome and transcriptome sequences, may be classified according to expected effects on gene products. As illustrated by functionally informed genomic predictions being more accurate than naive whole-genome predictions of beef tenderness, coupling evidence from livestock genotypes, phenotypes, gene expression, and genomic variants with existing knowledge of gene functions and interactions may provide greater insight into the genes and genomic mechanisms affecting polygenic traits and facilitate functional genomic selection for economically important traits. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-5784 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 537-552 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875141123&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - beef KW - gene function KW - gene network KW - genomic selection KW - systems biology KW - tenderness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Update Seizure Management in Small Animal Practice AU - Munana, Karen R. T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Seizures are the most common neurologic condition encountered in small animal practice and arise from an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the brain. Epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures of any cause. Successful management of epilepsy requires knowledge of the pharmacologic properties of available antiepileptic medications, regular patient evaluations to assess response to therapy and monitor for adverse effects, and thorough client education to ensure that goals and expectations of therapy are understood. Recommendations for emergency care of seizures at home should be provided for patients with seizures that are not controlled with maintenance antiepileptic therapy. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.008 VL - 43 IS - 5 SP - 1127-+ SN - 1878-1306 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880936777&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Epilepsy KW - Antiepileptic drug KW - Pharmacology KW - Dog KW - Cat ER - TY - JOUR TI - The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in dogs when administered via subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusion routes AU - Crook, K. I. AU - Early, P. J. AU - Messenger, K. M. AU - Munana, K. R. AU - Gallagher, R. AU - Papich, M. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - This crossover study compared the pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in six healthy dogs following intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) and subcutaneous (SC) administrations, as these are two routes of administration commonly employed in the treatment of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. Each dog received a SC cytarabine injection of 50 mg/m(2) or an 8 h CRI of 25 mg/m(2) per hour, with a 7-day washout before receiving the alternative treatment. Blood samples were collected for 16 h after CRI initiation and for 8 h after SC injection. Plasma concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using the best-fit compartmental analysis for both CRI and SC routes. Terminal half-life (T(1/2) ) of cytarabine was 1.35 ± 0.3 and 1.15 ± 0.13 h after SC administration and CRI, respectively. Mean peak concentration (Cmax ) was 2.88 and 2.80 μg/mL for SC and CRI administration, respectively. Volume of distribution was 0.66 ± 0.07 l/kg. The 8-h CRI produced steady-state plasma concentrations as determined by consecutive measurement that did not decline until the end of the infusion. The SC administration did not achieve steady-state concentrations because cytarabine administered by this route was rapidly absorbed and eliminated quickly. The steady state achieved with the cytarabine CRI may produce a more prolonged exposure of cytarabine at cytotoxic levels in plasma compared to the concentrations after SC administration. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.1111/jvp.12008 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 408-411 SN - 1365-2885 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880035701&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intake in cattle of a ground switchgrass and alfalfa hay mixture blended with various levels of sucrose or citric acid AU - Chavez, Stephen J. AU - Huntington, Gerald B. T2 - ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract Palatability of feed affects voluntary intake. The objectives were to evaluate preference by bovine for sweet (sucrose) or sour (citric acid) blended with a mixture of ground switchgrass (42 g crude protein/kg dry matter) and alfalfa hay (176 g crude protein/kg dry matter). Flavors were dissolved in 50 mL deionized water per kg of hay for blending. In Experiment 1, sucrose hay (S100) had 100 g sucrose added per kg hay. Citric acid hay (CA50) had 50 g citric acid added per kg hay. Control hay (CON) had 50 mL deionized water added per kg hay. In Experiment 2, treatments were CON, sucrose added at 25 g per kg hay (S25), S100, 150 g per kg hay (S150). Citric acid added at 25 g per kg hay (CA25), and CA50. Hays were mixed in a horizontal mixer 3 d prior to each experimental period. Twelve beef cattle (initial BW = 283 ± 25 kg) were housed under a roof on expanded metal flooring with access to six feed locations designated I through VI, west to east. Cattle consumed 1 kg/day of supplement (corn, soybean hulls, and trace mineralized salt) that was fed daily, after hay orts were removed and weighed at 0800. Cattle were offered treatment hay equal to 6 g per kg BW at each feed slot and treatments were randomly assigned to two of the six locations at 0830. Cattle were given a 14-d adaptation to CON followed by a 7-d offer of treatments. In Experiment 1, cattle preferred S100 (3.42 ± 0.04 kg/d) over CON (2.8 ± 0.04 kg/d, P DA - 2013/8/9/ PY - 2013/8/9/ DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.05.015 VL - 184 IS - 1-4 SP - 33-37 SN - 0377-8401 KW - Cattle KW - Preference KW - Hay KW - Sucrose KW - Citric acid ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative metabolic physiology in the 'omics' Era: A call to arms, paws, flippers, and claws AU - Adams, S.H. AU - Barnes, K.M. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - Advances in Nutrition AB - In nutrition, medicine, and animal science, metabolism research is often focused on solving questions using a single organism. Outcomes are most often linked to translational outcomes, understanding or treating a disease, optimizing nutritional status, improving select qualities of production animals, which have tremendous value to human and animal health as well as economic benefit. There is also value in clarifying basic biological principles and integrative systems that determine how organisms function and deal with their environment. Relevant to both translational and basic research questions, comparative metabolic physiology provides a context by which new "omics" technologies and other approaches can be coupled to multi-species metabolic phenotype diversity. These principles were highlighted at the "Adipose and Lipid Biology: Crossing Taxonomic Boundaries" symposium held at the 2013 Experimental Biology meeting in Boston, MA. By considering differences and shared physiology across a spectrum of phenotypes (especially when considering "extremes" that have emerged from evolutionary processes or breeding selection), one may unmask subtle processes and learn from natural adaptations. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.3945/an.113.004374 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - 568-569 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899614572&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validating the accuracy of activity and rumination monitor data from dairy cows housed in a pasture-based automatic milking system AU - Elischer, M. F. AU - Arceo, M. E. AU - Karcher, E. L. AU - Siegford, J. M. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Behavioral observations are important in detecting illness, injury, and reproductive status as well as performance of normal behaviors. However, conducting live observations in extensive systems, such as pasture-based dairies, can be difficult and time consuming. Activity monitors, such as those created for use with automatic milking systems (AMS), have been developed to automatically and remotely collect individual behavioral data. Each cow wears a collar transponder for identification by the AMS, which can collect data on individual activity and rumination. The first aim of this study was to examine whether cow activity levels as reported by the AMS activity monitor (ACT) are accurate compared with live observations and previously validated pedometers [IceQube (IQ), IceRobotics, Edinburgh, UK]. The second aim of the study was to determine if the AMS rumination monitors (RUM) provide an accurate account of time spent ruminating compared with live observations. Fifteen lactating Holstein cows with pasture access were fitted with ACT, RUM, and IQ. Continuous focal observations (0600–2000 h) generated data on lying and active behaviors (standing and walking), as well as rumination. Activity recorded by live observation and IQ included walking and standing, whereas IQ steps measured cow movement (i.e., acceleration). Active behaviors were analyzed separately and in combination to ascertain exactly what behavioral components contributed to calculation of ACT “activity.” Pearson correlations (rp) were computed between variables related to ACT, RUM, IQ, and live observations of behavior. A linear model was used to assess significance differences in the correlation coefficients of the 4 most relevant groups of variables. Significant but moderate correlations were found between ACT and observations of walking (rp = 0.61), standing (rp = 0.46), lying (rp = −0.57), and activity (rp = 0.52), and between ACT and IQ steps (rp = 0.75) and activity (rp = 0.58) as well as between RUM and observations of rumination (rp = 0.65). These data indicate that ACT and RUM do reflect cow walking and rumination, respectively, but not with a high degree of accuracy, and lying cannot be distinguished from standing. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-6790 VL - 96 IS - 10 SP - 6412-6422 SN - 1525-3198 KW - behavior KW - sensor KW - data logger ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thin and fat cows, and the nonlinear genetic relationship between body condition score and fertility AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Cecchinato, A. AU - Penasa, M. AU - Bittante, G. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Thin and fat cows are often credited for low fertility, but body condition score (BCS) has been traditionally treated as a linear trait when genetic correlations with reproductive performance have been estimated. The aims of this study were to assess genetic parameters for fertility, production, and body condition traits in the Brown Swiss population reared in the Alps (Bolzano-Bozen Province, Italy), and to investigate the possible nonlinearity among BCS and other traits by analyzing fat and thin cows. Records of BCS measured on a 5-point scale were preadjusted for year-season and days in milk at scoring, and were considered positive (1) for fat cows if they exceeded the value of 1 residual standard deviation or null (0) otherwise, whereas positive values for thin cows were imputed to records below -1 residual standard deviation. Fertility indicators measured on first- and second-parity cows were interval from parturition to first service, interval from first service to conception, interval from parturition to conception, number of inseminations to conception, conception at first service, and nonreturn rate at 56 d after first service. Production traits were peak milk yield, lactation milk yield, and lactation length. Data were from 1,413 herds and included 16,324 records of BCS, fertility, and production for first-parity, and 10,086 fertility records for second-parity cows. Animals calved from 2002 to 2007 and were progeny of 420 artificial insemination bulls. Genetic parameters for the aforementioned traits were obtained under univariate and bivariate threshold and censored linear sire models implemented in a Bayesian framework. Posterior means of heritabilities for BCS, fat cows, and thin cows were 0.141, 0.122, and 0.115, respectively. Genetic correlations of body condition traits with contemporary production were moderate to high and were between -0.556 and 0.623. Body condition score was moderately related to fertility in first (-0.280 to 0.497) and second (-0.392 to 0.248) lactation. The fat cow trait was scarcely related to fertility, particularly in first-parity cows (-0.203 to 0.281). Finally, the genetic relationships between thin cows and fertility were higher than those between BCS and fertility, both in first (-0.456 to 0.431) and second (-0.335 to 0.524) lactation. Body condition score can be considered a predictor of fertility, and it could be included in evaluation either as linear measure or as thin cow. In the second case, the genetic relationship with fertility was stronger, exacerbating the poorest body condition and considering the possible nonlinearity between fertility and energy reserves of the cow. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-6863 VL - 96 IS - 10 SP - 6730-6741 SN - 1525-3198 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884350834&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - body condition score KW - fertility KW - thin and fat cow KW - genetic parameter ER - TY - JOUR TI - The pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous, intramuscular, and rectal administration in healthy dogs AU - Schwartz, M. AU - Munana, K. R. AU - Nettifee-Osborne, J. A. AU - Messenger, K. M. AU - Papich, M. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Intravenous benzodiazepines are utilized as first‐line drugs to treat prolonged epileptic seizures in dogs and alternative routes of administration are required when venous access is limited. This study compared the pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and rectal (PR) administration. Six healthy dogs were administered 0.2 mg/kg midazolam IV, IM, or PR in a randomized, 3‐way crossover design with a 3‐day washout between study periods. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at predetermined intervals until 480 min after administration. Plasma midazolam concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Rectal administration resulted in erratic systemic availability with undetectable to low plasma concentrations. Arithmetic mean values ± SD for midazolam peak plasma concentrations were 0.86 ± 0.36 μg/mL ( C 0 ) and 0.20 ± 0.06 μg/mL ( C max ), following IV and IM administration, respectively. Time to peak concentration ( T max ) after IM administration was 7.8 ± 2.4 min with a bioavailability of 50 ± 16%. Findings suggest that IM midazolam might be useful in treating seizures in dogs when venous access is unavailable, but higher doses may be needed to account for intermediate bioavailability. Rectal administration is likely of limited efficacy for treating seizures in dogs. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.1111/jvp.12032 VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 471-477 SN - 0140-7783 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883647308&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Use of Feed Additives to Reduce the Effects of Aflatoxin and Deoxynivalenol on Pig Growth, Organ Health and Immune Status during Chronic Exposure AU - Weaver, Alexandra AU - See, M. AU - Hansen, Jeff AU - Kim, Yong AU - De Souza, Anna AU - Middleton, Teena AU - Kim, Sung T2 - Toxins AB - Three feed additives were tested to improve the growth and health of pigs chronically challenged with aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Gilts (n = 225, 8.8 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to five treatments: CON (uncontaminated control); MT (contaminated with 150 µg/kg AF and 1100 µg/kg DON); A (MT + a clay additive); B (MT + a clay and dried yeast additive); and C (MT + a clay and yeast culture additive). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) were recorded for 42 days, blood collected for immune analysis and tissue samples to measure damage. Feeding mycotoxins tended to decrease ADG and altered the immune system through a tendency to increase monocytes and immunoglobulins. Mycotoxins caused tissue damage in the form of liver bile ductule hyperplasia and karyomegaly. The additives in diets A and B reduced mycotoxin effects on the immune system and the liver and showed some ability to improve growth. The diet C additive played a role in reducing liver damage. Collectively, we conclude that AF and DON can be harmful to the growth and health of pigs consuming mycotoxins chronically. The selected feed additives improved pig health and may play a role in pig growth. DA - 2013/7/17/ PY - 2013/7/17/ DO - 10.3390/toxins5071261 VL - 5 IS - 7 SP - 1261-1281 J2 - Toxins LA - en OP - SN - 2072-6651 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5071261 DB - Crossref KW - aflatoxin KW - clays KW - deoxynivalenol KW - pigs KW - yeast ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short communication: Genetic analysis of dairy bull fertility from field data of Brown Swiss cattle AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Penasa, M. AU - Cecchinato, A. AU - Bittante, G. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB -

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate heritability and repeatability of dairy bull fertility in Italian Brown Swiss cattle. Bull fertility indicators were calving per service and nonreturn rate at 56d after service. Data included 124,206 inseminations carried out by 86 technicians on 28,873 heifers and cows in 1,400 herds. Services were recorded from 1999 to 2008 and were performed with semen from 306 AI Brown Swiss bulls. Data were analyzed with a threshold animal model, which included the fixed effects of parity by class of days in milk of the inseminated cow (age at insemination for heifers), year-season of insemination, and status of the service bull at the time of insemination (progeny testing or proven), and the random effects of herd, technician, additive genetic, and permanent environment of inseminated heifer/cow and service bull, and residual. Also, genetic covariance between heifer/cow and service bull effects was considered in the model. Heritability and repeatability were 0.0079 and 0.0100 for nonreturn rate at 56d after service, and 0.0153 and 0.0202 for calving per service, respectively. The low estimates obtained in the present study indicate that selection for male fertility using field data is hardly pursuable. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013/11// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-6885 VL - 96 IS - 11 SP - 7325-7328 SN - 1525-3198 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84886285616&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - bull fertility KW - dairy cow KW - heritability KW - threshold model ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epitopes from two soybean glycinin subunits are antigenic in pigs AU - Taliercio, Earl AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AB - BACKGROUND Glycinin is a seed storage protein in soybean (Glycine max) that is allergenic in pigs. Glycinin is a hexamer composed of subunits consisting of basic and acidic portions joined by disulfide bridges. There are five glycinin subunit isoforms designated Gy1–Gy5. The purpose of this study is to identify epitopes from selected glycinin subunits that are antigenic in pigs. RESULTS Twenty-seven out of 30 pigs had antibodies against glycinin in their sera. Ten of these sera had immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the Gy4 (A5A4B3) or Gy1 (A1aBx) subunit. Three sera recognised overlapping regions between the two subunits tested, though no serum stained both A5A4B3 and A1aBx. Two sera stained a highly conserved region between A5A4B3 and A1aBx, though again neither serum stained both peptides. The basic part of the A1aBx subunit was not recognised by any of the sera tested even though immunoblot data indicated that the basic and acidic subunits of glycinin are nearly equally antigenic. CONCLUSION Two antigenic regions of A5A4B3 and A1aBx were identified that bound antibodies in half of the sera that reacted with these two proteins. Half of the sera reacted with unique regions of A5A4B3 and A1aBx. The failure of the basic portion of A1aBx to bind pig antibodies may indicate that it is less antigenic than the basic portion of A5A4B3 and other glycinin subunits. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. DA - 2013/9// PY - 2013/9// DO - 10.1002/jsfa.6113 VL - 93 IS - 12 SP - 2927-2932 SN - 0022-5142 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84881027473&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - A1aBx KW - A5A4B3 KW - allergen KW - antibody KW - ELISA KW - seed storage protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of copper on performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle fatty acid composition of meat goat kids AU - Huang, Y. L. AU - Wang, Y. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Lin, X. AU - Guo, C. H. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary Cu on performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle fatty acid composition in meat goats. Thirty five Jianyang Big-ear goat (JYB) kids (average BW 20.3 ± 0.6 kg and age 3 to 4 mo) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 7 experimental treatments (n = 5 goats per treatment). Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu; 14.3 mg Cu/kg DM), 2) 20 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 3) 40 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 4) 80 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 5) 160 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, 6) 320 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM, and 7) 640 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM. Copper was supplemented from CuSO4•5H2O (25.2% Cu). Goats were individually fed a concentrate-hay based diet for 96 d. Performance was not affected by Cu concentration. Liver Cu concentration was increased (P < 0.01) with Cu supplementation. Goats supplemented with 0 or 20 mg Cu/kg DM had lower (P < 0.01) liver Cu concentrations than the other treatments. Backfat depth (P < 0.01) and intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.01) were also increased with Cu supplementation. However, Cu-supplemented goats had lower (P = 0.04) longissimus muscle area (LMA) compared with control. Dietary Cu supplementation increased the percentage of C14:0 (P < 0.01), C20:4 (P < 0.01), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.03), decreased C18:1 trans (P = 0.04), and tended to decrease C18:0 (P = 0.08) in LM. Other fatty acids detected were not affected by dietary Cu supplementation (P > 0.10). These results indicate that JYB goats can tolerate up to 640 mg Cu/kg DM for 96 d without adverse effects on performance, but fat deposition and fatty acid composition in the body could be altered by Cu supplementation as low as 20 mg/kg of diet with high concentrate-hay. Copper supplementation increased backfat depth, IMF, and percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in LM and decreased LMA in the carcass of JYB goats. DA - 2013/10/1/ PY - 2013/10/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-5820 VL - 91 IS - 10 SP - 5004–5010 SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5820 KW - carcass characteristics KW - copper KW - fatty acid composition KW - meat goat kids KW - performance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparisons of milk quality on North Carolina organic and conventional dairies AU - Mullen, K. A. E. AU - Sparks, L. G. AU - Lyman, R. L. AU - Washburn, S. P. AU - Anderson, K. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The organic dairy industry is growing rapidly across the United States and has recently expanded into the southeastern states. To date, no published comparisons of milk quality exist between organic and conventional dairies in the Southeastern United States. Maintaining high milk quality is challenging in this region due to the longer periods of high heat and humidity. The objective of this observational study was to compare milk quality on organic and conventional dairies in North Carolina during the warm summer months of the year. Data were compared from 7 organically and 7 conventionally managed herds in North Carolina. To assess milk quality, milk samples were aseptically collected from each functional quarter of each cow in the milking herds at the time of sampling and linear somatic cell scores (SCS) were obtained for individual cows. A total of 4,793 quarter milk samples (2,526 conventional and 2,267 organic) were collected from 1,247 cows (652 conventional and 595 organic). Milk samples were cultured and bacterial growth was identified using protocols consistent with those of the National Mastitis Council (Verona, WI). Subclinical mastitis was defined as the presence of SCS ≥ 4 and also a microbiological infection in at least 1 quarter. The proportion of cows with subclinical mastitis did not differ between conventional (20.8%) and organic (23.3%) herds. No significant difference was observed between herd management types in the proportion of cows without microbiological growth in milk samples. Also, no significant differences were observed between organic and conventional herds for cow-level prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., or Corynebacterium spp. Two of the organic herds had a notably higher prevalence of Corynebacterium spp. and higher SCS. Coliforms were found in 5 of 7 conventional herds and in only 1 of 7 organic herds. Mean SCS did not differ between conventional (3.3±0.2) and organic (3.5±0.2) herds. Despite differences in herd management, milk quality was remarkably similar between the organic and conventional dairies compared for this study. DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013/10// DO - 10.3168/jds.2012-6519 VL - 96 IS - 10 SP - 6753-6762 SN - 1525-3198 KW - organic KW - milk quality KW - mastitis KW - somatic cell score ER - TY - JOUR TI - US swine industry productivity analysis, 2005 to 2010 AU - Knauer, M. T. AU - Hostetler, C. E. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 248-252 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Steer Performance and Pasture Productivity among Five Perennial Warm-Season Grasses AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - Grazing systems in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States typically utilize perennial warm‐season grasses. Bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] has served this function in the region, but the resulting animal performance has been modest. Steer and pasture performance of three native grasses, big bluestem (BBS) ( Andropogon gerardii Vitman), eastern gamagrass (GG) ( Tripsacum dactyloides L.), and switchgrass (SG) ( Panicum virgatum L.), and an introduced Old World bluestem, Caucasian bluestem (CBS) [ Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake], were compared during 6 yr with Tifton 44 bermudagrass (BG) as the control. During summer (June–September), steers continuously stocked on the alternative grasses gained similarly (0.73 kg d −1 ) but more rapidly than those grazing BG (0.49 kg d −1 ). Stocking of BG at 9.9 steers ha −1 was greater than the alternative grasses (5.7 steers ha −1 ), which were similar. Although animal days per hectare were greater for BG, weight gain per hectare was similar (mean = 357 kg ha −1 ) because of the differential gain per day. Canopies of BG and CBS had the least proportion of their mass in leaf (24.5 and 25.0%, respectively) compared with GG (58.2%), BBS (35.6%), and SG (30.9%), with the latter two similar. In general, any one of the grasses can serve as the warm‐season component; however, pastures of BBS, GG, SG, and CBS would be more appropriate for growing ruminants, although at a reduced stocking rate, than BG. The latter would provide adequate forage for mature animals. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2012.0142 VL - 105 IS - 1 SP - 113-123 SN - 1435-0645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of physical and inhaled euthanasia methods on hormonal measures of stress in pigs AU - Meyer, R. E. AU - Whitley, J. T. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Stikeleather, L. F. AU - Baird, C. L. AU - Rice, J. M. AU - Halbert, B. V. AU - Styles, D. K. AU - Whisnant, C. S. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 261-269 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of experimental feed additives on aflatoxin in milk of dairy cows fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets AU - Kissell, L. AU - Davidson, S. AU - Hopkins, B. A. AU - Smith, G. W. AU - Whitlow, L. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION AB - Summary Three studies were conducted to determine the potential of experimental feed additives (EFAs), clays or non‐digestible yeast oligosaccharides, to reduce milk aflatoxin (AFM 1 ) concentrations in lactating Holstein cows consuming aflatoxin‐contaminated diets. All studies included a pre‐treatment period and a 2‐week experimental period in a randomized block design. During the pre‐treatment period, cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) with no aflatoxin contamination. During both experimental weeks, all cows were fed a TMR containing aflatoxin‐contaminated corn. During experimental week 1, cows received no EFA’s in the TMR, but EFA’s were included in the TMR for the second experimental week. In studies 1 and 2, the experimental period consisted of 2 weeks each lasting 7 days with 12 cows per treatment. Aflatoxin M 1 concentrations were analysed by HPLC for milk samples collected on days 5–7 and days 11–14. In various experiments, treatments included control (no EFA), 100 g/cow daily of experimental Lallemand ® product, 10 g/cow daily of MTB‐100 ® ‐2004, (Alltech, Inc.), 10 g/cow daily of MTB‐100 ® ‐2006, (Alltech, Inc.), 10 g/cow daily of experimental Alltech ® product (Alltech, Inc.) and 227 g/cow daily of Astra‐Ben 20 ® (AB‐20 ® ; Prince Agri Products, Inc.). In study 3, the experimental period of 2 weeks each lasting 8 days and milk samples were collected from day 4 to 8 and day 11 to 16. Milk samples from study 3 were analysed for AFM 1 concentrations by ELISA. For all experiments, changes in AFM 1 concentrations because of the addition of EFA’s were calculated. Four of the five EFAs tested in this study had no significant effect on AFM 1 concentrations. However, the addition of AB‐20 ® resulted in a significant decrease in AFM 1 concentrations (60.4%). In summary, the addition of AB‐20 ® to the diet of cattle appears to be effective for significantly reducing AFM 1 concentrations in the milk of cows fed an aflatoxin‐contaminated diet. DA - 2013/8// PY - 2013/8// DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01311.x VL - 97 IS - 4 SP - 694-700 SN - 1439-0396 KW - aflatoxin KW - milk KW - binder KW - feed additive ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acute effects of rotavirus and malnutrition on intestinal barrier function in neonatal piglets AU - Jacobi, Sheila K. AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Blikslager, Anthony T. AU - Rhoads, J. Marc AU - Corl, Benjamin A. AU - Harrell, Robert J. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AB - To investigate the effect of protein-energy malnutrition on intestinal barrier function during rotavirus enteritis in a piglet model.Newborn piglets were allotted at day 4 of age to the following treatments: (1) full-strength formula (FSF)/noninfected; (2) FSF/rotavirus infected; (3) half-strength formula (HSF)/noninfected; or (4) HSF/rotavirus infected. After one day of adjustment to the feeding rates, pigs were infected with rotavirus and acute effects on growth and diarrhea were monitored for 3 d and jejunal samples were collected for Ussing-chamber analyses.Piglets that were malnourished or infected had lower body weights on days 2 and 3 post-infection (P < 0.05). Three days post-infection, marked diarrhea and weight loss were accompanied by sharp reductions in villus height (59%) and lactase activity (91%) and increased crypt depth (21%) in infected compared with non-infected pigs (P < 0.05). Malnutrition also increased crypt depth (21%) compared to full-fed piglets. Villus:crypt ratio was reduced (67%) with viral infection. There was a trend for reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance with rotavirus infection and malnutrition (P = 0.1). (3)H-mannitol flux was significantly increased (50%; P < 0.001) in rotavirus-infected piglets compared to non-infected piglets, but there was no effect of nutritional status. Furthermore, rotavirus infection reduced localization of the tight junction protein, occludin, in the cell membrane and increased localization in the cytosol.Overall, malnutrition had no additive effects to rotavirus infection on intestinal barrier function at day 3 post-infection in a neonatal piglet model. DA - 2013/8/21/ PY - 2013/8/21/ DO - 10.3748/wjg.v19.i31.5094 VL - 19 IS - 31 SP - 5094-5102 SN - 2219-2840 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882243154&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Rotavirus gastroenteritis KW - Kwashiorkor KW - Occludin KW - Ussing chamber KW - Villus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Steer Intake, Digestion, and Ingestive Behavior of Switchgrass and Alfalfa Hays AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - ABSTRACT Perennial, warm‐season grasses cut for hay frequently have inadequate crude protein (CP) concentrations for acceptable ruminant performance. This study determined the influence of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) as a CP supplement to steers ( Bos taurus ) fed switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) hay harvested at the early‐heading stage. Diets of 100% switchgrass (SG) and 100% alfalfa (AL) were included along with 25, 50, and 75% mixtures of the hays making five treatments. Steer dry matter intake (DMI), whole tract dry matter digestibility (DMD), eating behavior, and masticate characteristics were estimated. Steer DMI averaged 1.35 kg 100 kg −1 body weight (BW) for 100% SG and increased linearly ( P < 0.01) to 2.93 kg 100 kg −1 BW for 100% AL. Also, DMD increased linearly ( P < 0.01) from 484 g kg −1 for 100% SG to 653 g kg −1 for 100% AL. Concentration of CP was 51 g kg −1 for SG and increased quadratically ( P < 0.01) to 241 g kg −1 with increasing AL while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased quadratically ( P < 0.01) from 792 g kg −1 for SG to 407 g kg −1 for AL. Masticate in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) increased quadratically ( P < 0.01) from 509 g kg −1 for SG to 660 g kg −1 in AL whereas CP increased linearly ( P < 0.01) from 60 g kg −1 for SG to 230 g kg −1 in AL. Increasing AL of the as‐fed hay linearly decreased ( P < 0.01) chews per gram of dry matter, IVDMD, and CP but increased quadratically ( P < 0.01) chews per gram of NDF. Steers readily ate the SG:AL combinations; AL could thus provide a source of CP for SG based diets. DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2012.07.0458 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 716-723 SN - 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yersinia enterocolitica of Porcine Origin: Carriage of Virulence Genes and Genotypic Diversity AU - Tadesse, Daniel A. AU - Bahnson, Peter B. AU - Funk, Julie A. AU - Morrow, W. E. Morgan AU - Abley, Melanie J. AU - Ponte, Valeria A. AU - Thakur, Siddhartha AU - Wittum, Thomas AU - DeGraves, Fred J. AU - Rajala-Schultz, Paivi J. AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. T2 - FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE AB - Yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen, and pigs are recognized as a major reservoir and potential source of pathogenic strains to humans. A total of 172 Y. enterocolitica recovered from conventional and antimicrobial-free pig production systems from different geographic regions (North Carolina, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa) were investigated to determine their pathogenic significance to humans. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the isolates was assessed using antibiogram, serogrouping, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Carriage of chromosomal and plasmid-borne virulence genes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction. A total of 12 antimicrobial resistance patterns were identified. More than two-thirds (67.4%) of Y. enterocolitica were pan-susceptible, and 27.9% were resistant against β-lactams. The most predominant serogroup was O:3 (43%), followed by O:5 (25.6%) and O:9 (4.1%). Twenty-two of 172 (12.8%) isolates were found to carry Yersinia adhesion A (yadA), a virulence gene encoded on the Yersinia virulence plasmid. Sixty-nine (40.1%) isolates were found to carry ail gene. The ystA and ystB genes were detected in 77% and 26.2% of the strains, respectively. AFLP genotyping of isolates showed wide genotypic diversity and were grouped into nine clades with an overall genotypic similarity of 66.8–99.3%. AFLP analysis revealed that isolates from the same production system showed clonal relatedness, while more than one genotype of Y. enterocolitica circulates within a farm. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2011.1120 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 80-86 SN - 1556-7125 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative bioavailabilities of organic zinc sources with different chelation strengths for broilers fed diets with low or high phytate content AU - Huang, Y. L. AU - Lu, L. AU - Xie, J. J. AU - Li, S. F. AU - Li, X. L. AU - Liu, S. B. AU - Zhang, L. Y. AU - Xi, L. AU - Luo, X. G. T2 - ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - A six-day experiment was conducted to estimate the relative bioavailability values (RBV) of zinc (Zn) in three organic sources (oZn) with different chelation strengths compared to inorganic ZnSO4 (iZn) for broilers fed a low or high phytate diet. A total of 1080, one-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of 18 dietary treatments (six replicates cages of ten chicks per cage) in a completely randomized design involving a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with two levels of added phytate (0 or 10 g phytate as sodium phytate/kg), two levels of added Zn (30 or 60 mg/kg) and four Zn sources (iZn and three oZn sources) plus one low and one high phytate control treatments without Zn addition. The three oZn sources consisted of (1) Zn amino acid with weak chelation strength (ZnAA-L, formation quotient Qf = 6.6, containing 119 g Zn/kg), (2) Zn proteinate with moderate chelation strength (ZnPRO-M, Qf = 30.7, containing 133 g Zn/kg) or (3) Zn proteinate with strong chelation strength (ZnPRO-H, Qf = 944.0, containing 186 g Zn/kg). Chicks were harvested at 6 days of age and pancreas metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression was used to estimate Zn RBV. Pancreas MT mRNA expression increased (P<0.01) as dietary Zn level increased. Chicks fed high phytate diets had lower (P<0.05) MT mRNA expression than chicks fed low phytate diets. Based on multiple linear regression slope ratios with ZnSO4 set at 1.00, the RBV of ZnAA-L, ZnPRO-M and ZnPRO-H were 1.01, 1.28 and 0.70, respectively, for low phytate diets, and 1.05, 1.39 and 0.92, respectively, for high phytate diets. The slope for the oZn source with moderate chelation strength differed (P<0.05) from iZn and the other two oZn sources. The RBV of ZnAA-L, ZnPRO-M and ZnPRO-H under the high phytate diet increased by 0.04, 0.11 and 0.22, respectively, compared to those under the low phytate diet. Results indicate that the oZn sources with moderate or strong chelation strength offer partial or complete resistance to interference from high dietary phytate during digestion; and the oZn with moderate chelation strength had a greater RBV with both low and high phytate diets than iZn or oZn sources with weak or strong chelation strength. DA - 2013/1/31/ PY - 2013/1/31/ DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.10.010 VL - 179 IS - 1-4 SP - 144-148 SN - 0377-8401 KW - Broilers KW - Dietary phytate KW - Organic Zn KW - Relative bioavailability ER - TY - JOUR TI - NCSynch: A novel, progestagen-free protocol for ovulation synchronization and timed artificial insemination in goats AU - Bowdridge, E. C. AU - Knox, W. B. AU - Whisnant, C. S. AU - Farin, C. E. T2 - SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH AB - The objective of this study was to compare overall pregnancy success achieved using a combined ovulation synchronization-timed artificial insemination (NCSynch-TAI) protocol with that obtained using estrus synchronization and artificial insemination (AI). Multiparous Boer and Boer-cross does (n = 132) were randomly assigned within age (year 1) or parity (years 2 and 3) to one of two treatments. Control does received 15 mg prostaglandin F (PGF; Lutalyse®) on days 1 and 10 of treatment. Estrus onset was checked twice daily with separately penned, intact bucks (year 1) or a vasectomized buck penned with the does (years 2 and 3). Control does were bred by AI 12 h after estrus onset using frozen semen. NCSynch-TAI does received 15 mg PGF on day 1 of treatment. Does received 50 μg GnRH (Cystorelin®) on day 8, and 15 mg PGF was given on day 15. On day 18, NCSynch-TAI does were appointment bred using frozen semen and received 50 μg GnRH at breeding. Pregnancy status was determined using transabdominal ultrasonagraphy with kidding rates also recorded. In year 1, 13 of 15 control does (87%) were detected in estrus with 8 pregnant to AI for an overall pregnancy rate of 53%. For NCSynch-TAI, 15 does were bred and 11 (73%) became pregnant. In year 2, 24 of 26 controls (92%) were detected in estrus with 19 pregnant to AI (73% overall pregnancy rate). For NCSynch-TAI, 26 does were bred and 20 (77%) became pregnant. In year 3, 21 of 25 controls (84%) were detected in estrus with 8 pregnant to AI (32% overall pregnancy rate). For NCSynch-TAI, 25 does were bred and 14 (56%) became pregnant. Across all years, the overall pregnancy rate for NCSynch-TAI does (45/66, 68%) did not differ (P = 0.075) compared to controls (35/66; 53%). Kidding rates for the two treatments (68% vs. 51%, respectively) also did not differ (P = 0.075). In summary, pregnancy success following the use of NCSynch-TAI was comparable to that obtained when does were bred based on detection of estrus. DA - 2013/2// PY - 2013/2// DO - 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.07.025 VL - 110 IS - 1 SP - 42-45 SN - 1879-0941 KW - Goat KW - Estrus synchronization KW - Ovulation synchronization KW - Timed artificial insemination ER - TY - JOUR TI - FORAGES AND PASTURES SYMPOSIUM: Impact of Fungal Endophytes on Pasture and Environmental Sustainability AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Washburn, S. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The discovery of endophyte-grass associations in tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. syn. Festuca arundinacea Schreb.] and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) has improved the understanding of fescue toxicosis, ryegrass staggers, and other related syndromes. These two forage species are of major importance in temperate grazing systems, and the presence of alkaloid toxins in many varieties produced by endophytic fungi (from the Epichloë and Neotyphodium genera) has led to poor animal performance and great economic losses. About 8 million beef cows in the United States graze tall fescue sometime during the year, and there are also significant numbers of dairy cattle, horses, and small ruminants present in the fescue belt. Total economic loss as a result of adverse effects on growth rate, reproduction, and milk production exceeds $1 billion/yr (Roberts and Andrae, 2010). Recent development and commercialization of tall fescue infected with an endophyte that does not produce toxic alkaloids (e.g., MaxQ, Pennington Seed, Madison, GA) represents the first use of endophyte technology to enhance the agronomic performance of a grass (i.e., Jesup tall fescue). Initial research demonstrated that agronomic characteristics of tall fescue infected with nontoxic endophytes were better than endophyte-free tall fescue and not different from tall fescue infected with wild-type (i.e., toxic) endophyte. Furthermore, animal performance was similar for endophyte-free and nontoxic-endophyte-infected tall fescue, both of which supported improved performance vs. tall fescue infected with wild-type endophyte (Parish et al., 2003). Questions remained about how long-term persistence of the nontoxic-endophyte-infected tall fescue would compare with wild-type-infected tall fescue. Two long-term studies have been published recently (Vibart et al., 2008; Drewnoski et al., 2009a,b; Franzluebbers et al., 2009) that confirmed the beneficial effects of the nontoxic endophyte on animal performance and also showed that long-term yield and persistence were improved compared with endophyte-free fescue and were nearly equal to tall fescue infected with wild-type endophyte. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6431 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 2367-2368 SN - 1525-3163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increase insulin sensitivity in growing steers AU - Cartiff, S. E. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Eisemann, J. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary n-3 long chain PUFA on insulin sensitivity in growing steers. Steers (n = 12, initial BW = 336.3 kg, SEM = 7.7) were adapted to a basal diet that was 70% concentrate mix and 30% orchardgrass hay. Steers were fed a daily amount of 0.26 Mcal ME per kg BW 0.75. After 3 wk steers were transitioned to 1 of 2 treatment (Trt) diets (n = 6 per diet) containing added Ca salts of fatty acids at 4% of DM using a source of fat that was enriched in n-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (FOFA), or a source of fat without n-3 fatty acids and a greater percentage of C16:0 and C18:1 (LCFA). Three intravenous (i.v.) glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were conducted, 1 during the basal diet, and 2 after transition to treatment diets at time 1 (T1; d 4 Trt) and time 2 (T2; d 39 Trt). Three i.v. insulin challenge tests (IC) were conducted the day after each IVGTT. Measurements on the basal diet were used as covariates. For IVGTT, there was a diet by time interaction (P < 0.05) for glucose area under the response curve (AUC). The AUC50 (mM glucose × 50 min) at T1 was less (P = 0.02) for LCFA (126.2) than FOFA (151.8), AUC50 at T2 tended to be greater (P = 0.07) for LCFA (165.9) than FOFA (146.0). Preinfusion insulin concentration was greater (P < 0.001) before the IVGTT and IC for steers fed LCFA (40.4 and 40.2 µIU/mL) than for steers fed FOFA (23.7 and 27.1 µIU/mL), respectively. Glucose clearance did not differ between treatments. For IC, minimum glucose concentration was greater (P = 0.02) and glucose AUC150 was less (P < 0.01) for steers fed LCFA than for steers fed FOFA. Values for glucose concentration were 1.8 mM and 1.5 mM and for AUC150 (mM glucose × 150 min) were 203.1 and 263.6 for steers fed LCFA and FOFA, respectively. Insulin clearance (fraction/min) was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed LCFA (0.121) than FOFA (0.101). The insulin AUC60 (µIU/mL × 60 min) postinfusion was less for LCFA (17,674) than FOFA (19,997), and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) at T1 (19,552) than T2 (18,119). Plasma NEFA concentrations at T2 during IVGTT were greater (P < 0.05) in steers fed FOFA than in steers fed LCFA. The results indicated that supplementing with long-chain n-3 PUFA (FOFA) increased insulin sensitivity in growing steers compared with feeding a supplement with greater concentration of SFA (LCFA). DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.2527/jas.2012-5694 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - 2332-2342 SN - 1525-3163 KW - docosahexaenoic acid KW - eicosapentaenoic acid KW - insulin sensitivity KW - n-3 fatty acids KW - steers ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in chondrocyte gene expression following in vitro impaction of porcine articular cartilage in an impact injury model AU - Ashwell, Melissa S. AU - Gonda, Michael G. AU - Gray, Kent AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Audrey T. O'Nan, AU - Cassady, Joseph P. AU - Mente, Peter L. T2 - JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH AB - Abstract Our objective was to monitor chondrocyte gene expression at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days following in vitro impaction to the articular surface of porcine patellae. Patellar facets were either axially impacted with a cylindrical impactor (25 mm/s loading rate) to a load level of 2,000 N or not impacted to serve as controls. After being placed in organ culture for 0, 3, 7, or 14 days, total RNA was isolated from full thickness cartilage slices and gene expression measured for 17 genes by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR. Targeted genes included those encoding proteins involved with biological stress, inflammation, or anabolism and catabolism of cartilage extracellular matrix. Some gene expression changes were detected on the day of impaction, but most significant changes occurred at 14 days in culture. At 14 days in culture, 10 of the 17 genes were differentially expressed with col1a1 most significantly up‐regulated in the impacted samples, suggesting impacted chondrocytes may have reverted to a fibroblast‐like phenotype. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 385–391, 2013 DA - 2013/3// PY - 2013/3// DO - 10.1002/jor.22239 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 385-391 SN - 1554-527X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84872761673&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - articular cartilage KW - chondrocyte KW - gene expression KW - joint injury KW - osteoarthritis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bone marrow-derived cells participate in the formation of normal and neoplastic lung stroma AU - D'Costa, S. AU - Borst, L. AU - Kim, Y. T2 - Anticancer Research DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 831-836 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term dietary supplementation of organic selenium modulates gene expression profiles in leukocytes of adult pigs AU - Song, Ki-Duk AU - Dowd, Scott E. AU - Lee, Hak-Kyo AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL AB - Abstract Seventy‐two pigs at 34.4 kg body weight ( BW ) were allotted to two treatments with six replicates/treatment and six pigs/pen: the CON (negative control, no added selenium ( S e)) and the OS (0.36 mg/kg added selenium from selenium‐enriched yeast). Pigs were fed until 130 kg BW . The CON diet contained 0.18 mg/kg indigenous S e whereas the OS diet contained 0.54 mg/kg S e. Blood samples were collected at 130 kg BW and further processed for microarray analysis, prepared with 885 genes related to immune function of pigs. Among those, 28 genes related to improved immune status and innate immunity were up‐regulated ( P < 0.05) in leukocytes from S e‐fed pigs and those include major histocompatibility class I (> 1.66), arginase I (> 1.27), integrin beta‐1‐subunit (> 1.20), toll like receptor 2 (> 1.12) and double‐stranded RNA ‐dependent protein kinase. However, 24 genes including tissue factor (< 4.70), serum amyloid A ‐2 protein (< 3.11) and p27 K ip1 (< 1.42) were down‐regulated ( P < 0.05) in leukocytes from S e‐fed pigs. Expression of four selected genes was validated using quantitative PCR (q PCR ) showing significant correlation between mircroarray analysis and q PCR analysis. This study indicates that a long‐ term dietary supplementation (0.3%) of organic Se improves the expression of genes that are related to enhanced immunity of pigs. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01060.x VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 238-246 SN - 1740-0929 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/8567679/ KW - gene expression KW - microarray KW - selenium KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fitter happier: the never-ending quest for a better cow AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS AB - A clear challenge is now facing the food animal industry. We must devise methods for producing more food, using fewer inputs and minimizing environmental impact and at the same time ensure the welfare of animals. In this, dairy products provide an efficient and sustainable approach to meet the global food demand because of their efficient production, high nutritional value, diverse manufacturing capabilities and palatability. Achievement of these goals is too often in direct conflict with the short-term needs of farmers. If the contribution of genetic improvement to higher dairy productivity has been essential, with annual increases per milk produced of approximately 200lbs achieved in most of Western Europe and North America [Windig et al. (2005) J. Dairy Sci., 88, 335–347], dairy operations remain a low profit margin industry with the main (and often only) source of income tied to the price of milk. Increasing the net profit of the farmers remains an inescapable step towards the creation of a competitive and sustainable agriculture. Improving productivity has been the major goal of nearly all dairy cattle breeding programmes for a long time. This has neglected fitness and fertility parameters that are related to decreased costs of production and have a large impact on the farms' net profitability. Individual cow diseases particularly are associated with increased culling, loss of production and labour costs [Zwald et al. (2004) J. Dairy Sci., 87, 4287–4294; Hansen (2000) J. Dairy Sci., 83, 1145–1150]. Improving animal health needs to be a top priority in the dairy industry both from an economic as well as an ethical standpoint. In this, genetic selection for improved health will grant a permanent improvement in performance and profitability. Genetic improvement of traits related to survival has for the large part focused on longevity. Currently, only seven countries incorporate direct health information into their selection programme [Steine et al. (2008) J. Dairy Sci., 91, 418–426]. There has, however, been a growing interest in the health data, and the International Committee for Animal Recording's Functional Traits Working Group released a document detailing recommendations and best practices for the collection of producer-recorded health event data [Cole et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci., 95 (Suppl. 2), 443]. Several obstacles remain to the widespread routine implementation of selection programmes for health traits. From a scientific perspective, the broad definition of ‘disease’ or ‘direct health’ traits makes little sense. The heterogeneity and complexity of these traits needs to be dealt with in much greater detail than has been done so far. The dynamics between resistance (the ability of a cow to avoid getting sick altogether) and tolerance (the ability of coping with a disease and maintaining reasonable production) need to be considered [Bishop et al. (2012) Front. Genet., 3, 114], and the interrelation among different diseases and between these and production practices is far from being completely elicited [Appuhamy et al. (2009) J. Dairy Sci., 92, 1785–1795; Parker Gaddis et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci., 95, 5422–5435]. However, while the effort in understanding and refining statistical methods and biological understanding of health traits is vital, this cannot be separated from the development of meaningful and applicable tools for farmers and organizations. While selecting breeding animals to produce the next generation with known improvements for direct health traits represents the ultimate goal, it is important to understand that given the nature of most of these traits, a large role in the improvement of cow health and the reduction of disease incidence will be played by the managing elements of animal husbandry. While there is a virtually endless pool of phenotypes that could be potentially considered for selection, there needs to be a concerted effort in establishing a selection programme to identify a few key parameters for which a consistent and demonstrable improvement can be achieved, to avoid the risk of mixed bag of results undermining the perception of the usefulness of selecting for such traits. Moreover, the inherent discrepancy between what is conceivably and reliably measured in the field and the real underlying traits needs to be acknowledged. Special attention needs to be paid by both the scientific community and the industry in communicating what is realistically attainable through selection. Over-optimistic representation of selection efforts will ultimately undermine the credibility of any programme. Improvement has been recently made for several functional traits like SCS, stillbirth, dystocia and fertility. For some of these, the bottoming of a dangerous decline already represents a significant achievement. Realizing that for health traits, the short-term gain might be small and possibly limited to the curbing of a general decline is essential. There is an intrinsic heterogeneity of players, and a complex infrastructure in the collection and flow of information connected to health traits. On-farm computer management systems provide an efficient means for collecting health-related data for genetic analysis. These records currently provide one of the few, if not the only, opportunity for direct selection for disease resistance for countries where recording of health disorders is not mandatory [Zwald et al. 2004 J. Dairy Sci., 87, 4295–4302]. Furthermore, even where veterinary data collection is in place the data are seldom utilized as the only source of direct health information [Cole et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci., 95 (Suppl. 2), 443]. A lively scientific discussion on the helpfulness and quality of the data is undergoing [Koeck et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci., 95, 4099–4108]. Nevertheless, among the reasons for the slow implementation of health selection programmes, data privacy concerns are at the top of the list. Yet, discussions on this issue are often carried out behind closed doors. A frank and transparent approach is needed in addressing this theme, additionally keeping in mind that the collection, entry and correction of the data has often apparent as well as hidden additional burdens and costs for the farmers that need to be acknowledged. Genomic selection is largely redefining the notion of what traits we can select for. The success of genomic selection programmes in dairy is often used as a yardstick to gauge the gain achievable with the inclusion of molecular information in a selection programme. Yet, it is often forgotten that this success hinges on highly accurate conventional estimation of breeding values based on hundreds or thousands of progeny for sires that have been genotyped. Genomic selection can be tremendously rewarding for health traits, but its success cannot be granted without building a growing and integrated flow of phenotypic information. It cannot be stressed enough that a few scattered mid-sized resource populations cannot replace a concerted and continuous effort. Concerns about health and fertility in dairy cattle are widespread, and a general consensus exists on placing more emphasis on selection for health and welfare. In spite of this, the inclusion of factual information on selection programmes remains scarce, particularly for disease resistance traits. The time has come for all the different players, scientists, AI organizations, breed societies and private companies, to seize the opportunity for a broader collaborative effort in making the next step in selection for a profitable healthy cow possible. Comments and discussions with John B. Cole at USDA-AIPL are gratefully acknowledged. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1111/jbg.12032 VL - 130 IS - 2 SP - 87-88 SN - 1439-0388 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878367795&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary selenium on boar sperm quality AU - Lovercamp, K.W. AU - Stewart, K.R. AU - Lin, X. AU - Flowers, W.L. T2 - Animal Reproduction Science AB - The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of long-term dietary selenium supplementation of commercial swine diets on semen production and sperm quality. The dietary treatments were a non-supplemented basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 0.3 ppm selenium in either an organic or inorganic form. A secondary objective was to determine if there were any beneficial effects of dietary selenium supplementation on changes in sperm quality during storage of semen post collection. Boars were fed dietary treatments from weaning at 20.97 ± 0.18 d of age until the study was terminated when they were 382.97 ± 0.18 d of age. Boars (n = 6 per treatment) were maintained on a 1 time per week collection frequency for 5 months. Immediately after this, boars were collected six times over a 4 day period. Ejaculates were extended in a commercially available, 5-day semen extender and evaluated on day 1 and 6 of storage post-collection. Boars fed the organic selenium had higher (P < 0.01) plasma levels of selenium compared to control boars and similar levels to those supplemented with the inorganic form (P = 0.18). Dietary treatment did not affect (P > 0.2) volume, concentration, total sperm in the ejaculate, sperm motility, progressive motility, morphology, lipid peroxidation, or glutathione peroxidase activity. These results indicate that supplementing a basal diet with organic or inorganic selenium did not affect semen quantity or sperm quality in fresh ejaculates nor did it appear to have any beneficial latent effects in extended semen stored post collection. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.016 VL - 138 IS - 3-4 SP - 268-275 J2 - Animal Reproduction Science LA - en OP - SN - 0378-4320 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.016 DB - Crossref KW - Boar KW - Selenium KW - Sperm KW - Lipid peroxidation KW - Glutathione peroxidise ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity and increases markers of browning and inflammation in white adipose tissue of mice AU - Shen, Wan AU - Chuang, Chia-Chi AU - Martinez, Kristina AU - Reid, Tanya AU - Brown, J. Mark AU - Xi, Lin AU - Hixson, Lindsay AU - Hopkins, Robin AU - Starnes, Joseph AU - McIntosh, Michael T2 - Journal of Lipid Research AB - The objective of this study was to examine the mechanism by which conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat. Young male mice were fed three combinations of fatty acids at three doses (0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, w/w) incorporated into AIN76 diets for 7 weeks. The types of fatty acids were linoleic acid (control), an equal mixture of trans-10, cis-12 (10,12) CLA plus linoleic acid, and an equal isomer mixture of 10,12 plus cis-9, trans-11 (9,11) CLA. Mice receiving the 0.2% and 0.6% dose of 10,12 CLA plus linoleic acid or the CLA isomer mixture had decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and increased incorporation of CLA isomers in epididymal WAT and liver. Notably, in mice receiving 0.2% of both CLA treatments, the mRNA levels of genes associated with browning, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), UCP1 protein levels, and cytochrome c oxidase activity, were increased in epididymal WAT. CLA-induced browning in WAT was accompanied by increases in mRNA levels of markers of inflammation. Muscle cytochrome c oxidase activity and BAT UCP1 protein levels were not affected by CLA treatment. These data suggest a linkage between decreased adiposity, browning in WAT, and low-grade inflammation due to consumption of 10,12 CLA. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1194/jlr.m030924 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 909-922 J2 - Journal of Lipid Research LA - en OP - SN - 0022-2275 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M030924 DB - Crossref KW - obesity KW - weight loss supplement KW - glucose tolerance KW - uncoupling protein KW - steatosis ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Hypophosphatemia as a key factor in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? AU - Van Kempen, Theo A. T. G. AU - Deixler, Elisabeth AU - Crook, Martin A. AB - Dear Sir, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome or SIDS remains an important cause of mortality in infants. The 2011 publication of Siren and Siren (1) and the subsequent letter to the editor (2) focus on critical diaphragm failure as a possible cause and provide plausible evidence. However, these articles do not explore the metabolic basis for this critical diaphragm failure. Several authors, including Aubier et al. (3) and Fiaccadori et al. (4) have described that the diaphragm is extremely susceptible to hypophosphatemia, and this may be the origin of the symptoms reported by Siren and Siren. Hence, it may well be the yet unexplored underlying mechanism responsible for SIDS. A reason for suspecting hypophosphatemia as the cause for SIDS is because neonates are extremely prone to developing hypophosphatemia as shown in numerous publications (e.g. (5-8)). A very brief period of stress, like separation from the mother or a brief period of illness, can result in phosphaturia severe enough to result in the loss of 50% of the free phosphate pool within 24 hours. This results in an immediate drop in blood phosphate levels. Worse, this hypophosphatemia can subsequently become aggravated over the course of 1–2 weeks without obvious visible symptoms and despite resumption of normal eating behavior, something not reported in older subjects. In infants with risk factors for SIDS like intrauterine growth retardation, exposure to cigarette smoke, male sex, and heat stress, this phosphaturetic stress response is enhanced possibly through augmented or longer-lasting sympathetic activity (9,10), and, hence, they are more prone to develop severe hypophosphatemia and ATP deficiency. Hypophosphatemia not only affects contraction of the diaphragm, but it is also involved in the formation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG; more correctly referred to as 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) in erythrocytes. This 2,3-DPG regulates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. Tissues with a high metabolic activity result in high levels of 2,3-DPG in the blood causing the liberation of oxygen (11-13). Hypophosphatemia impedes the formation of 2,3-DPG, which subsequently prevents the release of oxygen from hemoglobin and, in effect, suffocates the tissue. Thus, severe hypophosphatemia results in signs of asphyxiation despite adequate access to free air (14), either through inducing an ATP deficiency affecting the diaphragm or through inhibiting oxygen release from hemoglobin. For example, in briefly stressed subjects, in parallel with the drop in plasma phosphate, a doubling of the ratio of pCO2/pO2, an increase in SpO2, and lactic acidosis were observed but without obvious visible signs of distress. If severe enough, this could lead to death from inner suffocation (SIDS). The presence of fetal hemoglobin may also play a role in SIDS. Fetal hemoglobin purportedly has a higher binding affinity for oxygen (15) and thus could predispose an infant to SIDS when 2,3-DPG is compromised. Other symptoms of SIDS can also be explained by hypophosphatemia. Hypophosphatemia can lead to petechiae: minor hemorrhages caused by platelet dysfunction (16,17) and often seen postmortem in SIDS victims. Similarly, pulmonary edema (18) has been linked to hypophosphatemia, as have cardiac arrhythmias (19,20). Hypophosphatemia is also implicated in the morbidity and mortality associated with refeeding syndrome (21) and in hypophosphatemic rickets, which is more prevalent in boys (22) in line with a higher incidence of SIDS in boys. Siren and Siren's (1) comment that REM sleep inhibits intercostal muscles compounded by diurnal rhythms in blood phosphate could explain why SIDS strikes during night-time REM sleep. Also, phosphate has a seasonal rhythm with lows in the winter which could explain a higher prevalence of SIDS in this season, and 2,3-DPG is lower in infants exposed to cigarette smoke which could explain a higher incidence of SIDS in houses of smokers (23,24). In summary, both the etiology as well as the symptoms of SIDS can be explained by hypophosphatemia. A brief stressor can induce hypophosphatemia in infants, particularly in those with SIDS risk factors, and aggravate it despite resumption of normal food intake. This since the urinary loss of phosphate induced by stress or a large drop in metabolic rate and the subsequent enhanced phosphate demand for re-started anabolic processes cannot be quickly compensated by normal dietary intake. This hypophosphatemia can aggravate to the point of affecting O2 release from red blood cells through a depletion of 2,3-DPG or affect diaphragm contractility through ATP deficiency, either one which leads to death from apparent suffocation: SIDS. DA - 2013/5// PY - 2013/5// DO - 10.3109/03009734.2013.781252 SP - 143-144 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Expression of antisense of insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor RNA non-coding (AIRN) during early gestation in cattle AU - Farmer, W. T. AU - Farin, P. W. AU - Piedrahita, J. A. AU - Bischoff, S. R. AU - Farin, C. E. T2 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - The insulin-like growth factor type 2 receptor (IGF2R) regulates fetal growth by removing IGF2 from circulation. In mice, expression of the Igf2r gene is only imprinted after implantation and is associated with expression of the antisense non-coding (nc)RNA, Airn. The objectives of this study were, first, to determine if bovine AIRN was expressed during developmentally important stages of gestation, and second, to determine if expression of bAIRN was affected by method of embryo production. Control reactions confirmed that sequence verified bAIRN PCR amplicons resulted from RNA within the sample and not from genomic DNA contamination. IGF2R mRNA was expressed in all fetal liver samples at Days 35-55 and 70 of gestation as well as in 8 of 9 Day 15 conceptuses, 10 of 10 Day 18 conceptuses, and in all day 7 blastocyst pools. bAIRN was expressed in all samples of fetal liver at Days 35-55 and 70 of gestation. The proportion of conceptuses that expressed bAIRN increased from 1 of 9 at Day 15 of gestation to 8 of 10 at Day 18 of gestation. No bAIRN was expressed in any blastocyst pools. The relative level of bAIRN was greater (P<0.05) in fetal liver from embryos produced in vivo compared to that from embryos produced in vitro. In summary bAIRN was not expressed in blastocyst-stage embryos, was expressed in an increasing proportion of embryos around the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy and was expressed following implantation. Furthermore, relative levels of bAIRN in bovine fetal liver can be altered by method of embryo production. DA - 2013/4// PY - 2013/4// DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.01.009 VL - 138 IS - 1-2 SP - 64-73 SN - 1873-2232 KW - Bovine KW - IGF2R KW - Antisense RNA KW - Embryo KW - Fetus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the prevalence and clinical features of cryptogenic epilepsy in dogs: 45 cases (2003-2011) AU - Schwartz, Malte AU - Munana, Karen R. AU - Nettifee-Osborne, Julie T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine the prevalence and clinical features of cryptogenic epilepsy among dogs.Retrospective case series.214 client-owned dogs with onset of epileptic seizures at ≥ 7 years of age.A diagnostic imaging database was searched for dogs with symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsy. Signalment, seizure history, and diagnostic information were recorded. Information regarding seizure frequency, administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), owners' perceptions regarding quality of life, survival times, and causes of death for dogs with cryptogenic epilepsy was obtained via questionnaire. Variables were compared among dogs grouped according to diagnosis and age.45 (21%) dogs had a diagnosis of cryptogenic epilepsy, and 169 (79%) had symptomatic epilepsy. In dogs 7 to 9 years and ≥ 10 years of age at the time of seizure onset, 31 of 106 (29%) and 14 of 108 (13%), respectively, had a diagnosis of cryptogenic epilepsy. At last follow-up, most (40 [89%]) dogs with cryptogenic epilepsy were receiving ≥ 1 AED. Thirty-one of 37 (84%) dogs typically had ≤ 1 seizure/mo following hospital discharge. Death was confirmed in 20 (44%) dogs with cryptogenic epilepsy and was related to seizures or AEDs in 7 Median survival time from onset of seizures was 52 months for all dogs with cryptogenic epilepsy. Median quality-of-life score (scale, 1 [poor] to 10 [excellent]) indicated by 34 owners of dogs with cryptogenic epilepsy was 10 before diagnosis and initiation of AED treatment and 8 afterward.Cryptogenic epilepsy was diagnosed in a substantial proportion of dogs with an onset of epileptic seizures at ≥ 7 years of age. Seizure control was considered acceptable in most dogs. DA - 2013/3/1/ PY - 2013/3/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.242.5.651 VL - 242 IS - 5 SP - 651-657 SN - 1943-569X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873910001&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calf birth weight, gestation length, calving ease, and neonatal calf mortality in Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred cows in a pasture system AU - Dhakal, K. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Cassady, J. P. AU - Baloche, G. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Washburn, S. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Holstein (HH), Jersey (JJ), and crosses of these breeds were mated to HH or JJ bulls to form purebreds, reciprocal crosses, backcrosses, and other crosses in a rotational mating system. The herd was located at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems in Goldsboro, North Carolina. Data for calf birth weight (CBW), calving ease (0 for unassisted, n=1,135, and 1 for assisted, n=96), and neonatal calf mortality (0 for alive, n=1,150, and 1 for abortions recorded after mid-gestation, stillborn, and dead within 48 h, n=81) of calves (n=1,231) were recorded over 9 calving seasons from 2003 through 2011. Gestation length (GL) was calculated as the number of days from last insemination to calving. Linear mixed models for CBW and GL included fixed effects of sex, parity (first vs. later parities), twin status, and 6 genetic groups: HH, JJ, reciprocal F(1) crosses (HJ, JH), crosses >50% Holsteins (HX) and crosses >50% Jerseys (JX), where sire breed is listed first. The CBW model also included GL as a covariate. Logistic regression for calving ease and neonatal calf mortality included fixed effects of sex, parity, and genetic group. Genetic groups were replaced by linear regression using percentage of HH genes as coefficients on the above models and included as covariates to determine various genetic effects. Year and dam were included as random effects in all models. Female calves (27.57±0.54 kg), twins (26.39±1.0 kg), and calves born to first-parity cows (27.67±0.56 kg) had lower CBW than respective male calves (29.53±0.53 kg), single births (30.71±0.19 kg), or calves born to multiparous cows (29.43±0.52 kg). Differences in genetic groups were observed for CBW and GL. Increased HH percentage in the calf increased CBW (+9.3±0.57 kg for HH vs. JJ calves), and increased HH percentage in the dams increased CBW (+1.71±0.53 kg for calves from HH dams vs. JJ dams); JH calves weighed 1.33 kg more than reciprocal HJ calves. Shorter GL was observed for twin births (272.6±1.1 d), female calves (273.9±0.6 d), and for first-parity dams (273.8±0.6 d). Direct genetic effects of HH alleles shortened GL (-3.5±0.7 d), whereas maternal HH alleles increased GL (2.7±0.6 d). Female calves had lower odds ratio (0.32, confidence interval=0.10-0.99) for neonatal calf mortality in second and later parities than did male calves. Maternal heterosis in crossbred primiparous dams was associated with reduced calf mortality. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.2012-5817 VL - 96 IS - 1 SP - 690-698 SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84871620780&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - crossbreeding KW - genetic group KW - Holstein KW - Jersey ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sublethal Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Challenge Model in Pigs To Evaluate Protection following Immunization with a Soybean-Derived Vaccine AU - Hudson, Laura C. AU - Seabolt, Brynn S. AU - Odle, Jack AU - Bost, Kenneth L. AU - Stahl, Chad H. AU - Piller, Kenneth J. T2 - CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY AB - ABSTRACT In an effort to develop a sustainable platform for manufacturing protein-based vaccine candidates, we expressed a triple mutant of staphylococcal enterotoxin B carrying the L45R, Y89A, and Y94A modifications in transgenic soybean seeds (soy-mSEB). Soy-mSEB possessed no detectable superantigen activity in vitro . We found that this soybean-derived, nontoxic mutant of SEB could be stably expressed, stored in seeds for extended periods at room temperature without degradation, and easily purified from contaminating soy proteins. Vaccination of pigs with purified soy-mSEB, or the identical triple mutant expressed in Escherichia coli ( E. coli -mSEB), resulted in high antibody titers against the native toxin in immunized animals. In fact, titers were indistinguishable regardless of the immunogen used, demonstrating the equivalence of soy-mSEB and E. coli -mSEB vaccinations. Antisera from either immunized group were able to block native SEB superantigen activity in an in vitro neutralization assay. Similar results were obtained when immunized animals were challenged with a sublethal dose of native toxin. Significant reductions in toxin-induced serum cytokine levels were observed in soy-mSEB- and E. coli -mSEB-immunized pigs compared to control animals. The reductions in SEB-induced cytokine responses were similar regardless of the immunogen used for vaccination. Surprisingly, however, some clinical symptoms, such as prostration, lethargy, emesis, and/or diarrhea, were still observed in all immunized animals. These studies demonstrate the potential for soybean-derived proteins as a platform technology for sustainable vaccine manufacturing and the usefulness of a sublethal challenge model in pigs for evaluating the efficacy of potential SEB vaccine candidates. DA - 2013/1// PY - 2013/1// DO - 10.1128/cvi.00526-12 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 24-32 SN - 1556-679X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84872252914&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER -