TY - JOUR TI - The Monogastric Feed Research group at Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development AU - Smit, M.N. AU - Oryschak, M.A. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Western Hog Journal DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 44-48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On-farm trial confirms the impact of overcrowded pens in the grower-finisher barn AU - Smit, M. AU - Roeske, M. AU - Cameron, A. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Western Hog Journal DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - 55-57 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Canola co-products for feeding pigs AU - Beltranena, E. A3 - Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// M1 - 440/68-2 M3 - Agdex PB - Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development SN - 440/68-2 UR - https://open.alberta.ca/publications/7199403 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Validating the net energy value of wheat DDGS AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Swine Innovation Porc DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 1 M1 - 17 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy and amino acid digestibility of high residual oil canola co-products fed to finisher pigs AU - Grageola, F. AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Western Hog Journal DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 43–45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feeding high and low quality barley on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs AU - Nasir, Z. AU - Young, M.L. AU - Swift, M.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 224 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of canola co-products in pigs AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Jha, R. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 233–234 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opportunities and challenges with the use of carbohydrase and protease enzymes in swine formulations AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Woyengo, T.A. AU - Nasir, Z. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 372 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs fed field pea AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 80 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient digestibility of solvent-extracted B. napus and B. juncea canola meals and their air-classified fractions fed to ileal-cannulated grower pigs AU - Zhou, X. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 39 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Barley in swine diets AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Barley Grain, Feed Industry Guide A2 - Mc Allister, T. A2 - Meale, S. PY - 2014/// ET - 1st SP - 26–29 PB - Canadian Barley Grain Commission ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding increasing dietary inclusions of extrudedBrassica junceacanola expeller-pressed cake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and jowl fatty acids of growing-finishing pigs AU - Zhou, X. AU - Young, M. G. AU - Zamora, V. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Canadian Journal of Animal Science AB - Zhou, X., Young, M. G., Zamora, V., Zijlstra, R. T. and Beltranena, E. 2014. Feeding increasing dietary inclusions of extruded Brassica juncea canola expeller-pressed cake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and jowl fatty acids of growing-finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 331–342. The energy value of canola meal is considered low because of its relatively higher fibre and depleted oil content. Brassica juncea is a novel canola species with thinner seed coat and reduced fibre, but twice the glucosinolate content of B. napus. Remaining oil in canola cake provides greater dietary energy compared with solvent-extracted meal. Extrusion prior to expeller pressing may increase fat and protein digestibility and decrease the antinutritive effects of glucosinolates. A total of 880 pigs (38 kg), housed in 40 pens by sex, were fed 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% extruded B. juncea expeller-pressed cake (EPC) to slaughter weight (120 kg) to evaluate the effects on growth performance, dressing, carcass traits, and jowl fatty acids. Diets provided 9.6 MJ net energy (NE) and 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, and 0.7 g standardized ileal digestible Lys:MJ NE over five growth phases (days 0–14, 15–35, 36–56, 57–74, day 75 to slaughter weight). Each 5% EPC inclusion linearly decreased (P<0.05) feed disappearance (ADFI) by 46 g and weight gain (ADG) by 8 g, but did not affect gain:feed. Each 5% EPC inclusion linearly decreased (P<0.01) carcass weight by 440 g, loin depth by 0.6 mm, and increased days on test by 0.43, but did not affect dressing, backfat thickness, lean yield, or carcass index. Each 5% EPC inclusion linearly increased (P<0.001) mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid content and iodine value by 0.8, 1.0 and 1.4 g 100 g −1 of jowl fat, respectively. In conclusion, increasing dietary EPC inclusions decreased ADFI, ADG, carcass weight, and loin depth, and increased jowl fat unsaturation. We attributed much of the decrease in feed intake to greater 3-butenyl (9.7 µmol g −1 ) content in extruded B. juncea canola expeller-pressed cake, a glucosinolate more bitter than others in conventional canola. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.4141/cjas2013-198 VL - 94 IS - 2 SP - 331-342 J2 - Can. J. Anim. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-3984 1918-1825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-198 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Molecular spectroscopic investigation on fractionation-induced changes on biomacromolecule of co-products from bioethanol processing to explore protein metabolism in ruminants AU - Zhang, Xuewei AU - Yan, Xiaogang AU - Beltranena, Eduardo AU - Yu, Peiqiang T2 - Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy AB - Fractionation processing is an efficient technology which is capable to redesign/redevelop a new food or feed product with a specified chemical and nutrient profile. This processing technique was able to produce four different fractions (called "A", "B", "C", "D" fractions/treatments) with different nutrient profile form a co-product of bioethanol processing [wheat dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS)]. To date, there is no study on the effect of fractionation processing on inherent molecular structure of different fractions and how the processing-induced structural change affect the metabolic characteristics of protein and nutrient availability. The objectives of this experiment were to: (1) investigate the effect of fractionation processing on changes of protein functional groups (amide I, amide II, and their ratio) and molecular structure (modeled α-helix, β-sheet, and their ratio), and (2) study the relationship between the fractionation processing-induced changes of protein molecular structure and nutrients availability as well as the metabolic characteristics of protein. The hypothesis of this study was that the fractionation processing changes the molecular structure and such changes affect the metabolic characteristics of protein. The protein molecular structure spectral profile of the fractions A, B, C and D were identified by Fourier-transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FT/IR-ATR). The results showed that the fractionation processing significantly affected the protein molecular spectral profiles. The differences in amide I to amide II peak area and height ratios were strongly significant (P<0.01) among the treatment fractions, ranging from 4.98 to 6.33 and 3.28 to 4.00, respectively. The difference in the modeled protein α-helix to β-sheet ratio was also strongly significant (P<0.01) among the treatment fractions. Multivariate molecular spectral analysis with cluster (CLA) and principal component analyses (PCA) showed that there are no clear distinguished clusters and ellipses among the fractions (A, B, C and D) in the protein amide I and II region ca. 1726-1485 cm(-1). The correlation study showed that the modeled α-helix to β-sheet ratio tended to have a negative correlation with truly absorbed rumen undegraded protein (ARUP(DVE): r=-0.944, P=0.056<0.10) and total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE: r=-0.946, P=0.054<0.10), but there was no correlation between the α-helix to β-sheet ratio and the degraded protein balance (DPB(OEB): P=0.267<0.10). In conclusion, the fractionation processing changed the molecular structural spectral profiles in terms of amide I to II ratio and α-helix to β-sheet ratio. These changes negatively affected the metabolic characteristics of protein and true protein supply. These results indicated that spectral features of different fractions could be used as a potential tool to predict true protein nutritive value. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.081 VL - 122 SP - 591-597 J2 - Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy LA - en OP - SN - 1386-1425 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.081 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding increasing inclusions of canola meal with distillers dried grains and solubles to growing-finishing barrows and gilts AU - Smit, M.N. AU - Seneviratne, R.W. AU - Young, M.G. AU - Lanz, G. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - The effect of feeding increasing inclusions of solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) in diets including a relatively high content (150 g/kg) of co-fermented wheat and corn (70:30) distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on diet nutrient digestibility, growth performance, dressing and carcass traits of pigs was evaluated in a commercial-scale study. In total, 550 barrows and 550 gilts [29.9 ± 0.2 kg body weight] housed in 50 pens (22 barrows or gilts) were fed one of 5 dietary regimens over 5 growth phases (3 grower and 2 finisher). Canola meal (0, 60, 120, 180 or 240 g/kg) replaced barley, soybean meal and field pea in diets formulated to equal net energy (NE; 9.7, 9.7, 9.6, 9.4 and 9.4 MJ/kg) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine content (10.9, 9.9, 7.6, 6.7 and 6.2 g/kg). Considering all 5 growth phases, dietary crude protein (CP), crude fibre, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre increased 13.7, 3.4, 8.2 and 5.8 g/kg, respectively, per each 60 g/kg increase in CM inclusion. Increasing dietary CM inclusion by 60 g/kg decreased (P > 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility coefficient of gross energy, CP, dry matter, organic matter and ash by 0.01, 0.004, 0.02, 0.01 and 0.04, respectively. For the entire trial (d 0 to 90), increasing dietary CM inclusion by 60 g/kg linearly reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake (ADFI) by 19 g/d and weight gain (ADG) by 7.4 g/d. Increasing dietary CM inclusion resulted in a quadratic response on G:F (ADG/ADFI; P < 0.05). Pigs fed 240 g/kg attained slaughter weight (120 kg) 3 days after pigs fed 60 g/kg CM (linear; P < 0.05). Increasing dietary CM inclusion in diets including 150 g/kg DDGS did not affect carcass weight, dressing, backfat thickness, loin depth, estimated lean yield, or index. In conclusion, increasing dietary CM inclusion from 0 to 240 g/kg in grower-finisher diets including 150 g/kg DDGS had only a minor effect on overall growth performance and did not affect carcass traits of barrows and gilts. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.12.012 VL - 189 SP - 107-116 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.12.012 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of feeding increasing inclusion of extruded Brassica juncea canola expeller on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs AU - Le, M.H.A. AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - Expellers contain more dietary energy than meals to support growth performance of young pigs. The feeding value of extruded Brassica (B.) juncea canola expeller was evaluated feeding 240 weaned pigs (initial body weight 7.6 kg), starting 1 week after weaning at 19 days of age. The extruded B. juncea expeller contained (as is) 344 g crude protein, 15.7 g chemically available lysine (Lys), 169 g ether extract, 127 g acid detergent fibre, 195 g neutral detergent fibre/kg and 11 μmol/g total glucosinolates. Pigs were fed five pelleted wheat-based diets for two growth phases: Phase 1, days 0–14; and Phase 2, days 15–35. Diets including 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 g extruded B. juncea expeller/kg were formulated to provide 10.0 and 9.7 MJ net energy (NE)/kg and 1.17 and 1.06 standardised ileal digestible (SID) Lys/MJ NE for Phase 1 and 2 diets, respectively. The extruded B. juncea expeller substituted soybean meal. Diets were balanced for NE by decreasing canola oil inclusion from 55 to 29 and 26 to 0 g/kg for Phase 1 and 2, respectively; and for amino acids by increasing crystalline amino acids. Increasing dietary inclusion of extruded B. juncea expeller linearly reduced (P < 0.001) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and crude protein and decreased diet digestible energy values in both phases. For days 0–35, increasing inclusion of extruded B. juncea expeller did not affect feed efficiency, but quadratically increased average daily feed intake (ADFI; P < 0.001) and average daily gain (ADG, P < 0.01), which corresponded with a quadratic increase (P < 0.01) in intake of NE and SID Lys. On day 35, pigs fed 60, 120, 180 and 240 g extruded B. juncea expeller/kg were 1.1, 1.5, 1.5 and 1.1 kg heavier (P < 0.05), respectively, than control pigs. Feed energy values may explain the achieved performance. For diet formulation, we used 22.46 MJ NE/kg for canola oil (NRC, 1998) instead of the more recent 31.63 MJ NE/kg (NRC, 2012). Using the revised NE value, calculated diet NE values (as fed) decreased from 10.55 to 10.30 in Phase 1 and from 9.92 to 9.71 MJ NE/kg in Phase 2 diets for pigs fed 0 to 240 g extruded B. juncea expeller/kg. In conclusion, reduced diet NE value coincided with increased NE and SID Lys intake that consequently increased ADG. The linear increase of ADFI and ADG may have been curved at 240 g extruded B. juncea expeller/kg by increased dietary glucosinolates intake that prevented further increases in ADFI. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.02.006 VL - 192 IS - E-Supplement 2 SP - 73-80 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.02.006 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting fat quality from pigs fed reduced-oil corn dried distillers grains with solubles by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy: Fatty acid composition and iodine value AU - Prieto, N. AU - Uttaro, B. AU - Mapiye, C. AU - Turner, T.D. AU - Dugan, M.E.R. AU - Zamora, V. AU - Young, M. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Meat Science AB - This study tested the ability of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the fatty acid (FA) composition and iodine value (IV) of backfat from carcasses of pigs fed reduced-oil corn dried distillers grains with solubles. NIRS was suitable for screening purposes for the proportions of total saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-3 and n-6 FAs and some individual FAs such as C16:0, C18:1, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 (R(2)=0.80-0.89; RMSECVs, root mean square errors of cross-validation=0.21-1.37% total FA) in both cold and warm intact backfat samples. This technology also met the requirements for a quick screening for the backfat IV in both cold and warm intact samples (R(2)=0.90 and 0.87; RMSECVs=1.66 and 1.80% total FA, respectively), which would help provide differential feed-back to pig producers and the feed industry and may provide the opportunity for breeding pigs for a desirable fat quality. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.009 VL - 98 IS - 4 SP - 585-590 J2 - Meat Science LA - en OP - SN - 0309-1740 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.009 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding Brassica juncea or Brassica napus canola meal at increasing dietary inclusions to growing-finishing gilts and barrows AU - Smit, M.N. AU - Seneviratne, R.W. AU - Young, M.G. AU - Lanz, G. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - Novel Brassica (B.) juncea has a thinner seed coat and therefore lower fibre content than conventional B. napus canola meal (CM) and could potentially be fed at greater dietary inclusions to pigs. In a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, 528 barrows and 528 gilts [33.6 kg body weight] housed in 48 pens (22 barrows or gilts) were fed either B. juncea or B. napus CM at 100, 200 or 300 g/kg of diet with up to 200 g/kg wheat DDGS to slaughter weight (120 kg). Compared with B. napus, B. juncea CM had 32 g/kg greater CP, 12 g/kg lower crude fat, 86 g/kg lower ADF, and 91 g/kg lower NDF content. However, aliphatic glucosinolate content was 2.7 times greater in B. juncea (11.76 μmol/g) than B. napus CM (4.34 μmol/g). For the entire trial (d 0–72), daily weight gain (ADG) was not affected by canola species, but feed disappearance (ADFI) was 45 g/d lower (P = 0.06) and feed efficiency 7 g/g greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed B. juncea than B. napus CM. Carcass traits were not affected by canola species except dressing, which was 1% lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed B. juncea than B. napus CM. For the entire trial, increasing CM inclusion from 100 to 300 g/kg of diet decreased ADFI (P < 0.001) by 184 g/d, decreased ADG by 32 g/d (P < 0.05), but increased feed efficiency (P < 0.001) by 14 g/g. Dietary CM inclusion level did not affect farm ship live weight to slaughter, carcass backfat thickness, lean yield, or index. Nonetheless, carcass weight was 0.9 kg lower (P < 0.05), dressing was 1% lower (P < 0.001), loin depth was 1.3 mm lower (P < 0.01), and days to slaughter was 2.3 days greater for pigs fed 300 compared with those fed 100 g CM/kg diet. In conclusion, growing-finishing pigs can be fed diets including B. juncea CM the same as conventional B. napus CM without decreasing growth performance or carcass traits. Feeding growing-finishing pigs a diet with 300 vs. 200 or 100 g/kg CM with up to 200 g/kg of wheat DDGS resulted in decreased weight gain and a minor decrease in carcass weight, dressing and loin depth, but increased feed efficiency. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.010 VL - 198 SP - 176-185 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.010 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs fed field pea AU - Landero, J.L. AU - Wang, L.F. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R.T. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology AB - Abstract Striving for maximum replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with field pea in swine diets is economically important for pork producers. To explore, effects of increasing inclusion of field pea by substituting SBM on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of young pigs were evaluated. In total, 260 pigs (8.5 kg) starting 1 week after weaning at 19 days of age were fed Phase 1 diets for 2 weeks (day 1–14) and sequentially Phase 2 diets for 3 weeks (day 15–35). Five pelleted wheat-based diets including 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g yellow field pea ( Pisum sativum L., subsp. hortense )/kg in substitution for up to 300 g SBM/kg and 100 g wheat/kg were fed. Phase 1 and 2 diets were formulated to provide 10.2 and 9.8 MJ net energy (NE)/kg, and 1.2 and 1.0 g standardised ileal digestible (SID) Lys/MJ NE, respectively. Diets were balanced for NE by reducing dietary canola oil from 48 to 34 g/kg and from 27 to 12 g/kg for Phase 1 and 2 diets, respectively, and for amino acids by increasing crystalline amino acids. Increasing inclusion of field pea to 400 g/kg linearly reduced (P G : F ). Growth performance was not affected for day 8–14 and 15–21. Increasing inclusion of field pea quadratically increased (P G : F for day 22–28. For day 29–35, increasing inclusion of field pea tended to linearly increase (P G : F . Overall (day 1–35), increasing dietary inclusion of field pea did not affect ADFI, ADG or G : F . In conclusion, up to 400 g/kg field pea can entirely replace SBM in nursery diets formulated to equal NE value and SID amino acid content without detrimental effects on growth performance after a 7-day adaptation. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.014 VL - 198 SP - 295-303 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en OP - SN - 0377-8401 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.014 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - NONRUMINANT NUTRITION SYMPOSIUM: Controlling feed cost by including alternative ingredients into pig diets: A review1,2 AU - Woyengo, T. A. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Sustained price increases for traditional cereal grain and protein meal feed commodities have forced the pork industry to consider the dietary inclusion of alternative feedstuffs. Crop seed may serve as feedstuffs but their demand as feedstock for human food, biofuel, and bioindustrial products has increased. Together with these products, coproducts such as distillers dried grains with solubles, wheat millrun, and canola meal are produced. As omnivores, pigs are ideally suited to convert these non-human-edible coproducts into high-quality food animal protein. Therefore, coproducts and other low-cost alternative feedstuffs such as pulses and oilseeds can be included in pig diets to reduce feed cost per metric ton of feed. However, inclusion of alternative feedstuffs in pig diets does not necessarily reduce feed cost per kilogram of gain. Therefore, the use of novel and existing feedstuffs in pig diets must be optimized following their characterization for energy and AA profile. Alternative feedstuffs generally have a high content of at least 1 of the following antinutritional factors (ANF): fiber, tannins, glucosinolates, and heat-labile trypsin inhibitors. Several methods can optimize nutrient use of pigs fed alternative feedstuffs by reducing effects of their ANF. These methods include 1) particle size reduction to increase nutrient digestibility, 2) dehulling or scarification to reduce tannin and fiber content of pulses and oilseeds, 3) air classification to create fractions that have a greater content of nutrients and lower content of ANF than the feedstock, 4) heat treatments such as extrusion, toasting, roasting, and micronization to reduce heat-labile ANF, 5) dietary supplementation with fiber-degrading enzymes or predigestion of fibrous feedstuffs or diets with fiber-degrading enzymes to increase dietary nutrient availability, and 6) formulation of diets based on bioavailable AA coefficients. In conclusion, the feeding of alternative ingredients may reduce feed cost per unit of pork produced provided that their price per unit NE or digestible lysine is less than that of the traditional feedstuffs and that negative effects of their ANF are controlled. DA - 2014/4/1/ PY - 2014/4/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-7169 VL - 92 IS - 4 SP - 1293-1305 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7169 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrient digestibility of lentil and regular- and low-oligosaccharide, micronized full-fat soybean fed to grower pigs1 AU - Woyengo, T. A. AU - Jha, R. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Pharazyn, A. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - A study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and calculate the NE value for regular-oligosaccharide, micronized full-fat soybean (R-MFFSB), low-oligosaccharide, micronized full-fat soybean (LO-MFFSB), lentil, and enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (EHC) for growing pigs. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (31.4 kg BW) were fed 6 diets in a 6 × 6 Latin square. Five diets were cornstarch based, containing either soybean meal (SBM), R-MFFSB, LO-MFFSB, or EHC as sole protein source or N free. The sixth diet contained lentil as sole protein and energy source. The SID of AA for diets was calculated using the N-free diet. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in SBM, R-MFFSB, and LO-MFFSB was determined by difference from the N-free diet whereas energy digestibility in lentil was determined by the direct method. On DM basis, SBM, R-MFFSB, LO-MFFSB, and lentil contained 52, 43, 43, and 27% CP, 8, 12, 14, and 16% NDF, and 1.8, 19, 21, and 1.6% ether extract, respectively. The SID of Lys for SBM was greater (P < 0.05) than that for R-MFFSB or LO-MFFSB (76 vs. 79 and 79%). The SID of other indispensable AA (except Trp) for SBM was also greater (P < 0.05) than that for R-MFFSB or LO-MFFSB. The R-MFFSB and LO-MFFSB were similar in SID of AA. The SID of Lys for lentil (81%) was lower (P < 0.05) than that for SBM with a similar trend for SID of other indispensable AA except for Met and Thr whose SID was similar to SBM. The SID of AA for EHC ranged from 98 to 112%. The SBM had a lower (P < 0.05) NE value than R-MFFSB or LO-MFFSB (2.63 vs. 2.95 and 3.00 Mcal/kg DM). Lentil and SBM were similar in NE value (2.60 vs. 2.63 Mcal/kg DM). In conclusion, R-MFFSB and LO-MFFSB were similar in energy and AA value for pigs. Lentil had lower SID of AA than SBM. However, lentil and SBM were similar in NE value; therefore, lentil can serve as alternative pulse feedstuff for pigs. The AA in EHC were mostly completely digested indicating that EHC can be fed to estimate ileal endogenous AA losses. DA - 2014/1/1/ PY - 2014/1/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6555 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 229-237 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6555 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dry fractionation creates fractions of wheat distillers dried grains and solubles with highly digestible nutrient content for grower pigs1 AU - Yáñez, J. L. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Nutrient digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is limited by constraints such as particle size and fiber. Wheat DDGS contains more fiber than corn DDGS that may reduce its nutritional value in swine feeds. Dry fractionation may create DDGS fractions with low and high fiber content; therefore, wheat DDGS was processed sequentially using a vibratory sifter and gravity table. Sufficient material was obtained from 3 wheat DDGS fractions that differed in particle size from fine to coarse (Fraction A [FA], Fraction C [FC], and Fraction D [FD]). Five cornstarch-based diets were mixed that contained either 40% wheat DDGS, 30% FA, 30% FC plus 10% soybean meal (SBM), 30% FD plus 15% SBM, or 35% SBM. A sixth, N-free diet served to subtract basal endogenous AA losses and as control for energy digestibility calculations. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (29 kg BW) were fed 6 diets at 2.8 times maintenance for DE in six 9-d periods as a 6 × 6 Latin square. Feces and ileal digesta were collected sequentially for 2 d each. Wheat DDGS FA, FC, and FD were 258, 530, and 723 μm in mean particle size and contained 44.8, 39.3, and 33.8% CP and 29.1, 35.1, and 37.5% in NDF, respectively. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM than wheat DDGS, was greater (P < 0.05) for FA than wheat DDGS, and did not differ between FC, FD, and wheat DDGS. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) did not differ between SBM and wheat DDGS (P > 0.05) for most AA. The SID of Arg, Lys, Trp, and available Lys was greater (P < 0.05) for FD than wheat DDGS but was similar for FA, FC, and wheat DDGS and was greater (P < 0.05) for FD than SBM. The DE and NE value was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM, FA, and FC than wheat DDGS and did not differ between FD and wheat DDGS. The SID content of indispensable AA and available Lys was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM than wheat DDGS. The SID content of Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, and Val was greater (P < 0.05) for FA than wheat DDGS but did not differ for indispensable AA between FC and wheat DDGS. The SID content of His, Ile, Leu, Met, and Phe was lower (P < 0.05) for FD than wheat DDGS. In conclusion, dry fractionation creates DDGS fractions with a differing chemical composition. Fine particle fractions contain less fiber and more CP than coarse particle fractions, but their AA digestibility was lower, likely due to most of the solubles being fine particles that are more susceptible to AA damage than protein entrapped in particles of larger size. DA - 2014/8/1/ PY - 2014/8/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6820 VL - 92 IS - 8 SP - 3416-3425 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6820 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional value of full-fat green canola seed fed to growing–finishing pigs1 AU - Woyengo, T. A. AU - Yánez, J. AU - Young, M. G. AU - Lanz, G. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Zijlstra, R. T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Immature green canola seed (full-fat green canola seed [FFGC]) is rejected by canola crushing plants due to chlorophyll staining of oil destined for human consumption. With >35% oil, FFGC can contribute energy to pig diets. The nutritive value of FFGC for growing–finishing pigs was determined in 2 studies. In Exp. 1, 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (46.5 kg BW) were fed 3 diets as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) coefficients of AA and calculate DE and NE values for FFGC. A diet including 40% FFGC replaced wheat in a basal diet and a cornstarch-based N-free diet were fed to determine energy and nutrient digestibility by difference and to estimate basal endogenous AA losses to calculate SID of AA. In Exp. 2, 1,100 pigs (32.9 kg BW), housed in 50 pens of 22 barrows or gilts per pen, were fed 5 diets including 0, 5, 10, and 15% constant or declining amounts (15, 10, 5, 0, and 0%, respectively) of FFGC over 5 phases to determine effects of feeding FFGC on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Phase diets were formulated to provide 4.00, 3.60, 3.25, 2.90, and 2.65 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for d 0 to 21, d 22 to 42, d 43 to 62, d 63 to 74, and d 75 to 123 kg market weight. Carcass characteristics were measured using the Destron grading system. On DM basis, FFGC contained 43% ether extract, 25% CP, 22% NDF, 10 μmol/g glucosinolates, 1.35% Lys, 0.5% Met, 0.9% Thr, and 0.27% Trp. In FFGC, SID coefficients of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 86.9, 87.3, 76.9, and 84.3%, respectively, and calculated DE and NE values were 4.92 and 3.50 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively. Overall, increasing dietary FFGC inclusion from 0 to 15% linearly decreased (P < 0.05) G:F, carcass weight, and dressing percentage (0.392 to 0.381 kg/kg, 96.7 to 95.7 kg, and 78.4 to 77.8%, respectively) and tended to decrease (P = 0.078) ADG. Pigs fed decreasing amounts of FFGC by growth phase compared with controls (0% FFGC) had lower (P = 0.011) overall G:F (0.392 vs. 0.372 kg/kg). Increasing dietary FFGC inclusion did not affect carcass backfat thickness and loin depth. The FFGC was a good source of dietary energy and AA. However, increasing dietary FFGC inclusion for pigs reduced G:F and dressing percentage likely because of the increased dietary fiber content, resulting from increasing FFGC and barley and reducing wheat, soybean meal, and tallow in diets. Inclusion of FFGC in swine diets should, therefore, be based on targeted G:F and relative cost to other feedstuffs. DA - 2014/8/1/ PY - 2014/8/1/ DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6730 VL - 92 IS - 8 SP - 3449-3459 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6730 DB - Crossref ER - TY - CONF TI - A multifaceted approach to the use of genomic selection in new traits AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/8/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Genetic Analysis of Micro-environmental Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster AU - Morgante, F. AU - Sorensen, D.A. AU - Sørensen, P. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Mackay, T.F.C. T2 - 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings, 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/8/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Causal Relationships Between Milk Yield, Body Condition Score and Fertility in Italian Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle AU - Battagin, M. AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Cassandro, M. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings, 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/8/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wrist Pulse Detection System Based on Changes in the Near-Field Reflection Coefficient of a Resonator T2 - IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters AB - This letter presents a wrist pulse sensor based on reflection coefficient (S11) from a resonator which is applicable to existing wearable communication devices. The compact resonator is designed on flexible substrate as an RF signal radiator. Since the reflection coefficient from the resonator depends on the distance between the resonator and the wall of the major artery, slight changes in radial artery diameter can be utilized to obtain pulse rate at the wrist. The sensor system is implemented and tested at 2.4 GHz ISM band, and reveals excellent performance in terms of sensitivity as well as convenience as a wearable device compared to conventional piezoelectric or photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1109/LMWC.2014.2340584 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/39527506/ KW - Sensitivity enhancement KW - vital sign KW - wrist pulse ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vesicoenteric Fistula due to Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma T2 - Korean Journal of Urology AB - Vesicoenteric fistula is a rare complication of bladder squamous cell carcinoma. We report the case of a 70-year-old male who complained of painless, total gross hematuria. Abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) revealed an approximately 2.7-cm lobulated and contoured enhancing mass in the bladder dome. We performed partial cystectomy of the bladder dome after transurethral resection of the bladder. The biopsy result was bladder squamous cell carcinoma, with infiltrating serosa histopathologically, but the resection margin was free. Postoperatively, follow-up CT was done after 3 months. Follow-up CT revealed an approximately 4.7-cm×4.0-cm lobulated, contoured, and heterogeneous mass in the bladder dome. A vesicoenteric fistula was visible by cystography. Here we report this case of a vesicoenteric fistula due to bladder squamous cell carcinoma. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.4111/KJU.2014.55.7.496 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495275/ KW - Squamous cell carcinoma KW - Urinary bladder KW - Urinary bladder fistula ER - TY - JOUR TI - Knockdown of 14-3-3 zeta enhances radiosensitivity and radio-induced apoptosis in CD133(+) liver cancer stem cells T2 - Experimental and Molecular Medicine AB - 14-3-3ζ is related to many cancer survival cellular processes. In a previous study, we showed that silencing 14-3-3ζ decreases the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated whether silencing 14-3-3ζ affects the radioresistance of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in HCC. Knockdown of 14-3-3ζ decreased cell viability and the number of spheres by reducing radioresistance in CSCs after γ-irradiation (IR). Furthermore, the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins were upregulated in CSCs via silencing 14-3-3ζ after IR. These results suggest that 14-3-3ζ knockdown enhances radio-induced apoptosis by reducing radioresistance in liver CSCs. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1038/EMM.2013.151 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495272/ KW - 14-3-3 zeta KW - apoptosis KW - cancer stem-like cell KW - hepatocellular carcinoma KW - radioresistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of memory margins for stable organic bistable devices based on graphene-oxide layers due to embedded CuInS2 quantum dots T2 - Carbon AB - Current–voltage (I–V) curves for Al/CuInS2 (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) embedded in graphene-oxide layer/indium-tin-oxide devices at 300 K showed a current bistability with a maximum high conductivity (ON)/low conductivity (OFF) ratio of 1 × 104, which was 100 times larger than the ON/OFF ratio of the device without CIS QDs. I–V curves and write-read-erase-read voltage cycles demonstrated the rewritable nonvolatile memory properties of the organic bistable devices (OBDs) with ON and OFF current states at the same voltage. The retention time was above 1 × 105 s, indicative of the memory stability of the OBDs. I–V curve at lower voltages up to 0.05 V was attributed to the thermionic emission mechanism, and the curve in the applied voltage range from 0.06 to 0.17 V was related to an ohmic mechanism. The I–V characteristics in the applied voltage above 0.18 V dominantly followed the space-charge-limited-current behaviors. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/J.CARBON.2014.03.059 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/41062364/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sol-Gel Encapsulation Method for Nitrite-Sensitive Membranes Doped with Tetraoctylammonium Bromide T2 - International Journal of Electrochemical Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495271/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reciprocal regulation of LXR alpha activity by ASXL1 and ASXL2 in lipogenesis T2 - Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications AB - Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, plays a pivotal role in hepatic cholesterol and lipid metabolism, regulating the expression of genes associated with hepatic lipogenesis. The additional sex comb-like (ASXL) family was postulated to regulate chromatin function. Here, we investigate the roles of ASXL1 and ASXL2 in regulating LXRα activity. We found that ASXL1 suppressed ligand-induced LXRα transcriptional activity, whereas ASXL2 increased LXRα activity through direct interaction in the presence of the ligand. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed ligand-dependent recruitment of ASXLs to ABCA1 promoters, like LXRα. Knockdown studies indicated that ASXL1 inhibits, while ASXL2 increases, lipid accumulation in H4IIE cells, similar to their roles in transcriptional regulation. We also found that ASXL1 expression increases under fasting conditions, and decreases in insulin-treated H4IIE cells and the livers of high-fat diet-fed mice. Overall, these results support the reciprocal role of the ASXL family in lipid homeostasis through the opposite regulation of LXRα. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/J.BBRC.2013.11.124 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/40095337/ KW - Liver X receptor KW - ASXL1 KW - ASXL2 KW - Lipogenesis KW - Liver ER - TY - CONF TI - Classification of Serous Ovarian Tumors Based on Microarray Data Using Multicategory Support Vector Machines C2 - 2014/// C3 - Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology DA - 2014/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495276/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyses and decreasing patterns of veterinary antianxiety medications in soils T2 - Journal of Hazardous Materials AB - An ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was developed to detect 16 antianxiety medications in soil samples using liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS), Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The determination method resulted in satisfactory sensitivity, linearity, recovery, repeatability, and within-laboratory reproducibility. Acepromazine, azaperone, and xylazine were incubated in control, amended, and sterilized soils. The amendment with powdered blood meal affected the relatively fast dissipations of acepromazine, azaperone, and xylazine in the soils. Dissipation kinetics of acepromazine were consistent with bi-phasic kinetics (first-order multi compartment) and the other couples were fit to single first-order kinetics. A hydroxylated acepromazine was identified from soil samples using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. According to sorption batch experiments, the adsorption of acepromazine and azaperone was greatly high, whereas that of xylazine was relatively low. Xylazine was persistent in the incubated soils, and acepromazine demonstrated fast initial dissipation; hence, xylazine could have a potential harmful effect on the environment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the dissipation and adsorption–desorption patters of animal pharmaceutical tranquilizers and α, β-blockers. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2014.05.005 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/18516565/ KW - Tranquilizers KW - alpha-, beta-blockers KW - Orbitrap mass spectrometry KW - Ultrasonic-assisted extraction KW - Dissipation kinetics KW - Adsorption-desorption isotherms ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytotoxic activity of gypenosides and gynogenin from Gynostemma pentaphyllum against A549 cells T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495301/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The effect of breed and sex on drug depletion and differential gene expression associated with drug metabolism after fenbendazole and flunixin administration AU - Howard, J. AU - Ashwell, M. AU - Baynes, R. AU - Brooks, J. AU - Yeatts, J. AU - Bellis, B. AU - Routh, P. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - Plant and Animal Genome XXII Conference C2 - 2014/// C3 - Plant and Animal Genome XXII Conference Proceedings DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 262 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effect of breed and gender on drug depletion and differential gene expression associated with drug metabolism after flunixin and fenbendazole administration AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Howard, J.T. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - O’Nan, A.T. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Yeatts, J.L. AU - Routh, P. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - Swine in Biomedical Research 2014 International Conference C2 - 2014/// C3 - Swine in Biomedical Research 2014 International Conference DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of breed and gender on drug depletion and differential gene expression associated with drug metabolism after flunixin and fenbendazole administration AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Howard, J.T. AU - Baynes, R.E. AU - O’Nan, A.T. AU - Brooks, J.D. AU - Yeatts, J.L. AU - Routh, P. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 8 SP - 67 ER - TY - CONF TI - Characterisation of gene expression in naturally occurring feline degenerative joint disease associated pain AU - Freire, M. AU - O'Nan, A. AU - Benito, J. AU - Hash, J. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Lascelles, B.D.X. T2 - NC Cartilage and Arthritis Research Alliance C2 - 2014/// DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - MGZN TI - Short Course, Animal Nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Functional amino acids in pig nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Mammary glands and growth of piglets nursing sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Sow Nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional management of sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Perinatal nutrition in pigs AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Amino Acid Forum in Animal Nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Tryptophan: functions beyond protein synthesis AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Considerations in nutrient requirements in sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// ER - TY - SOUND TI - The sow, mammary glands, and nursing piglets: nutritional aspects AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Current pig production in the US AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// ER - TY - CONF TI - Challenges and opportunities with naturally contaminated multi-mycotoxins in swine nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - 7th China Academic Symposium of Feed Nutrition C2 - 2014/10// CY - Zhengzhou, China DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Opportunities with functional amino acids in swine nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Perinatal nutrition: strategies for sows and the litters AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional strategy for sows and the litters AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary supplementation of β-mannanase on ileal digestibility of fiber and viscosity of jejunal digesta in nursery pigs fed corn and soybean meal-based diets AU - Park, I. AU - Pasquetti, T.J. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 3 SP - 651 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of nursing intensity and suckling history on sow performance and piglet growth during a subsequent lactation AU - Guo, J.Y. AU - Voilque, G. AU - Sun, Y.W. AU - DeDecker, A.E. AU - Coffey, M.T. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Carolina Nutrition Conference C2 - 2014/// DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Challenges and opportunities with naturally contaminated multi-mycotoxins in swine nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Weaver, A.C. T2 - 7th China Academic Symposium of Feed Nutrition C2 - 2014/// DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Considerations in requirements of sows AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Chinese Association of Swine Production C2 - 2014/// C3 - Chinese Association of Swine Production Proceedings CY - Changsha, China DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 54–68 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of Suckling History on Sow Performance and Pig Growth in Subsequent Lactation AU - Guo, J. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Leman Conference C2 - 2014/// DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tryptophan: functions beyond protein synthesis AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Shen, Y.B. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 3 SP - 229 ER - TY - CONF TI - Functional amino acids in animal agriculture AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - US Korea Conference C2 - 2014/// C3 - US Korea Conference Proceedings CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplementation of L-methionine has beneficial effects on intestinal morphology, redox status, and growth performance of broiler chicks compared with DL-methionine AU - Shen, Y.B. AU - Ferket, P. AU - Park, I. AU - Malheiros, R.D. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary supplementation of xylanase on apparent ileal digestibility of ADF and NDF, and viscosity of digesta in nursery pigs fed corn and soybean meal based diets AU - Passos, A.A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 66 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy values of bermudagrass, forage sorghum, and sweet sorghum to pigs and the use of carbohydrases to enhance energy utilization AU - Passos, A.A. AU - Andrade, C. AU - Veal, M. AU - Phillips, C.E. AU - Coffey, M.T. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of different feed enzyme combinations on apparent total tract digestibility of DM, N, phytate, DE, and ME in corn-soybean meal-DDGS based diets fed to pigs AU - Passos, A.A. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of protease on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets fed corn soybean meal based diets AU - Guo, J.Y. AU - Biggs, P. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 157 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of suckling history of mammary glands on teat order and growth of nursing piglets during a subsequent lactation AU - Guo, J.Y. AU - Voilque, G. AU - Sun, Y.W. AU - DeDecker, A.E. AU - Coffey, M.T. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of high nursing intensity on sow performance during a subsequent lactation AU - Guo, J.Y. AU - Voilque, G. AU - Sun, Y.W. AU - DeDecker, A.E. AU - Coffey, M.T. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary cation-anion balance in diets for newly weaned nursery pigs AU - Park, I. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 83 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of yeast cell wall based feed additive in prevention of mycotoxicoses in pigs fed a diet with aflatoxin under the EU regulatory levels AU - Sun, Y.W. AU - Guo, J.Y. AU - Park, I. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 27 ER - TY - CONF TI - High-fat diet reduces the formation of indole-3-propionic acid, an anti-oxidant bacterial metabolite, in porcine models AU - Reddivari, L. AU - Radhakrishnan, S. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Ursell, L. AU - Knight, R. AU - Vanamala, J. T2 - Keystone Symposia C2 - 2014/// CY - Big Sky, Montana DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Proteomic Profiling of Pig Colon Mucosa to Study the Effect of Consuming Anthocyanin-Rich Purple-fleshed Potatoes AU - Radhakrishnan, S. AU - Bhat, V. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Ptitsyn, A. AU - Reddivari, L. AU - Vanamala, J. T2 - American Conference on Mass Spectrometry C2 - 2014/// DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Chronic effects of naturally contaminated mycotoxins on growth and health of pigs AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - BOOK TI - Animal Nutrition AU - Eisemann, J.H. AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 150 PB - Kendall Hunt Publishing SN - 9781465250773 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional innovations for alleviating stress--The stress induced by high temperature and malnutrition AU - Lin, X. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - The Critical Role of Lipid Metabolism in Neonatal Pigs AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, Jack DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of methylating vitamins and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on biological molecular, and genomic characteristics of intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) in a feed-restricted swine model AU - Lima, Hope AU - Jacobi, Sheila AU - Man, Chaolai AU - Walker, Kaitlyn AU - Sommer, Jeffrey AU - Flowers, William AU - Blikslager, Anthony AU - Gonzalez, Liara AU - Xi, Lin AU - Odle, Jack C2 - 2014/// C3 - Swine in Biomedical Research DA - 2014/// SP - 60 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Beef Management Impacts on Carcass Quality AU - Pickworth, C.L. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Site of prostaglandin injection does not alter effectiveness of estrous synchronization protocols AU - Mabry, L.K. AU - Greene, W. AU - Kniffen, D.M. AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Poole, D.H. T2 - American Society of Animal Science Southern Section C2 - 2014/// CY - Dallas, TX DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - MGZN TI - Accurate data needed on carotenoid levels in feed AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Fluharty, F.L. T2 - Feedstuffs DA - 2014/9/15/ PY - 2014/9/15/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Blood Biomarkers for Growth Performance in Gilts Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus AU - Serão, N.V.L. AU - Burkey, T.E. AU - Gourley, G. AU - Weber, T.E. AU - Fitzsimmons, M. AU - Schwartz, K. AU - Sparks, C. AU - Odle, J. AU - Dekkers, J.C.M. AU - Gabler, N.K. T2 - North American PRRS Symposium C2 - 2014/12/5/ CY - Chicago, IL DA - 2014/12/5/ PY - 2014/12/5/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The National Animal Nutrition Program AU - Cromwell, G. AU - Beitz, D. AU - Galyean, M. AU - Applegate, T. AU - Hanigan, M. AU - Weiss, B. AU - Odle, J. AU - Hall, M.B. AU - Miller, P. AU - Baer, C.Kirk T2 - Comparative Nutrition Society Annual Meeting C2 - 2014/8/1/ CY - Flat Rock, NC DA - 2014/8/1/ PY - 2014/8/1/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of choline, B-vitamins and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on biological, molecular, and genomic characteristics of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) in a feed-restricted swine model AU - Lima, H. AU - Jacobi, S. AU - Man, C. AU - Walker, K. AU - Sommer, J. AU - Flowers, W. AU - Blikslager, A. AU - Gonzales, L. AU - Beard, A. AU - Xi, L. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Swine in Biomedical Research Conference C2 - 2014/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/7/6/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Maternal supplementation of choline, B-vitamins and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during global nutrient restriction alter abundance of miRNA and mRNA associated with hepatic lipid metabolism in term fetal piglets AU - Man, C. AU - Xi, L. AU - Lima, H. AU - Jacobi, S. AU - Resnyk, C. AU - Liu, S. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Swine in Biomedical Research Conference C2 - 2014/// C3 - Swine in Biomedical Research CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/7/6/ SP - 108 ER - TY - CONF TI - Prebiotics containing sialic acid increase ganglioside sialic acid concentrations in the corpus callosum and cerebellum of formula-fed piglets AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Li, D. AU - Dasgupta, S. AU - Yu, R.K. AU - Berg, B.M. AU - Chichlowski, M. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Swine in Biomedical Research Conference C2 - 2014/7/6/ CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2014/7/6/ PY - 2014/7/6/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Peptidoglycan recognition proteins 2 and 4 are differentially regulated over time and acutely regulated by long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment in the neonatal pig intestinal epithelial cell line, IPECJ2 AU - Nieforth, L.O. AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of PRRS progression in growing gilts using metabolic, cytokine, and complete blood count data AU - Serão, N.V.L. AU - Burkey, T.E. AU - Gourley, G. AU - Weber, T.E. AU - FitzSimmons, M. AU - Schwartz, K. AU - Sparks, C. AU - Odle, J. AU - Gabler, N.K. AU - Dekkers, J.C.M. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - E-Suppl. 2 SP - 72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of sow and progeny to supplementation of dietary essential fatty acids during lactation AU - Rosero, D.S. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Odle, J. AU - McCulley, M. AU - Boyd, R.D. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - E-Suppl. 2 SP - 64 ER - TY - SOUND TI - CVM-CALS collaboration to create an Academy for Global Food-Animal Biosciences AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/12/4/ PY - 2014/12/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Creation of an Academy for Global Food-Animal Biosciences AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/12/2/ PY - 2014/12/2/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - CALS-CVM collaboration on Food-Animal Initiative AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/11/6/ PY - 2014/11/6/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional factors influencing intestinal health of the neonate: Insights drawn from a piglet model AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/10/17/ PY - 2014/10/17/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional keys to unlocking the growth potential of the newly weaned pig AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/10/14/ PY - 2014/10/14/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Creation of an Academy for Global Food-Animal Biosciences AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/10/1/ PY - 2014/10/1/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - CVM-CALS collaboration to create an Academy for Global Food-Animal Biosciences AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/9/27/ PY - 2014/9/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Swine nutritional models: The importance of neonatal nutrition AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/7/7/ PY - 2014/7/7/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Designing a global animal nutrition network AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/6/20/ PY - 2014/6/20/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Applications of novel bioactive lipids in developmental nutrition of the neonate AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/4/25/ PY - 2014/4/25/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Effects of chronic malnutrition on growth and microbial succession in commercial swine AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/4/1/ PY - 2014/4/1/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Agrimedical research to meet the grand challenge of improving global human health AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/3/27/ PY - 2014/3/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Comparative lipid metabolism in a piglet model of pediatric nutrition and intestinal health AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/3/6/ PY - 2014/3/6/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - University Global Partnership Network (UGPN). One Health Collaboration: One Nutrition AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/2/27/ PY - 2014/2/27/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional support of pigs afflicted with viral enteritis AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/2/20/ PY - 2014/2/20/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - The neonatal pig as an agrimedical model for neonatal nutrition and metabolism AU - Odle, J. DA - 2014/3/27/ PY - 2014/3/27/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Exchange: Sustainable Livestock Production Practices, Biofuels and Health: Lessons with India AU - Fellner, V. AU - Zering, K. T2 - International Innovation DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 128 SP - 26 ER - TY - CONF TI - Microbial Fermentation: A Dynamic Ecology Shaping Nutritional Energetics AU - Fellner, V. T2 - 10th Biannual Symposium of Comparative Nutrition Society C2 - 2014/// CY - Flat Rock, NC DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Manipulating rumen microbes to improve dairy production and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions AU - Fellner, V. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Microbial Interactions: A Dynamic Ecology Shaping Nutrition and Global Energy AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Global Animal Nutrition Conference C2 - 2014/// CY - Bangalore, India DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of milk fatty acid profiles of dairy cows grazing cool-season perennial ryegrass or birdsfoot trefoil pasture on a commercial organic dairy farm AU - Christensen, R.G. AU - Eun, J.-S. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Young, A.J. AU - MacAdam, J.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - e-supplement 2 SP - 532 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary Isomers of Sialyllactose Increase Ganglioside Sialic Acid Concentrations in the Corpus Callosum and Cerebellum of Formula‐fed Piglets (LB320) AU - Jacobi, Sheila AU - Li, D. AU - Dasgupta, S. AU - Yu, Robert AU - Berg, Brian AU - Chichlowski, Maciej AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Sialic acid (SA) is a key component of human milk oligosaccharides and neural tissues. SA accumulates in the brain rapidly during neonatal development and is thought to play an important role in brain development . This study aimed to determine if different isomers of sialyllactose (SL) enrich brain SA of developing neonatal piglets. Day‐old pigs were randomized among 6 diets (control, 2g/L 3’‐SL, 4g/L 3’‐SL, 2g/L 6’‐SL, or 4g/L 6’‐SL, or 2g/L polydextrose + 2g/L galacto‐oligosaccharide; n=9) and fed three times per day for 21 d. Pigs were euthanized and the left hemisphere of the brain was dissected into cerebrum, cerebellum, corpus callosum, and hippocampus regions. Total and lipid‐bound (ganglioside) SA were assayed following extraction with chloroform:methanol (2:1), and free SA was calculated by difference. Protein‐bound SA was measured in the insoluble residue following suspension in PBS containing 1% Triton X‐100. SA was determined using a modified periodic acid‐resorcinol reaction. Dietary SL did not affect feed intake, growth or fecal consistency. Ganglioside‐bound SA in the corpus callosum of pigs fed 2g/L of 3’‐SL (359±16 μg SA/g wet tissue) or 6’‐SL (361±16 μg SA/g) was increased by 15% over control pigs (314±16 μg SA/g; P<0.05). Similarly, ganglioside‐bound SA in the cerebellum of pigs fed 4g/L of 3’‐SL (416±14 μg SA/g) was increased by 10% over control pigs (377±14 μg SA/g; P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of formula with 3’‐ or 6’‐SL can enrich ganglioside SA in the brain of suckling piglets. Grant Funding Source : Mead Johnson Nutrition DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.lb320 VL - 28 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.lb320 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - High‐fat diet induced expansion of colon crypt epithelial proliferative zone towards lumen correlates with elevated innate inflammatory markers in the human‐relevant porcine model (123.2) AU - Vanamala, Jairam AU - Radhakrishnan, Sridhar AU - Eriksson, Elisabeth AU - Charepalli, Venkata AU - Kim, Sung AU - Reddivari, Lavanya T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Recent evidence shows that high‐fat diet (HFD) alone causes colon cancer in mice; however, underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. An expansion of proliferative zone towards the crypt lumen is a biomarker for colon cancer in animal models and humans. We hypothesized that HFD induced expansion of colonic proliferative zone and elevation of proliferating index correlates with innate inflammatory markers in the porcine model that has similar gastrointestinal function/physiology as humans. Pigs (n = 8/group) were provided either standard diet (SD; 5% fat) or HFD (25% fat) for 13 wk. HFD elevated proliferative zone (Ki‐67; immunofluorescence; p = 0.02) and proliferative index (p = 0.06). HFD numerically increased (p = 0.15) distal colon expression of pattern recognition receptors TLRs 2/4 and TLR‐4 responsive genes NF‐κB, COX‐2 and TNF‐α (qPCR) compared to SD group. However, HFD elevated proliferative zone correlated with TLR‐4, NF‐κB, COX‐2 and TNF‐α expression (r = 0.77, 0.71, 0.78 and 0.62, respectively, p = 0.02). HFD group had greater distal colon macrophage infiltration (mac387; immunohistochemistry; p = 0.1) that correlated with TLR‐4 expression (r = 0.52, p = 0.05). As proliferating colonocytes are highly susceptible to damage due to oxidative stress/inflammation, expanded proliferative zone may partly explain how chronic HFD consumption causes colon cancer. Grant Funding Source : Supported by USDA‐NIFA NRI Grant 2009‐55200‐05197 DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.123.2 VL - 28 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.123.2 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Purple‐fleshed potato, even after processing, prevents and reverses high‐fat diet elevated colonic‐mesenteric fatősystemic inflammation cascade in pig model (1045.47) AU - Radhakrishnan, Sridhar AU - Kim, Sung AU - Reddivari, Lavanya AU - Vanamala, Jairam T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - High‐fat diet (HFD) elevated colonic/adipose tissue inflammation strongly correlates with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TLR‐4 activation. We have previously shown that purple‐fleshed potatoes (PP) suppress colonic/systemic oxidative stress markers in HFD consuming pigs. We hypothesized that PP, even after processing; suppress HFD induced colonic/mesenteric fat inflammation via suppression of LPS/TLR‐4 signalling compared to white‐fleshed potatoes (WP). We performed 2 studies ‐ a prevention study where 64 pigs consumed one of the 8 diets: Standard diet (SD), HFD and HFD supplemented with raw/baked/chips PP or WP (10% w/w) for 13 wk; and a reversal study where pigs (12 wk on HFD) consumed HFD containing 10/20% PP or WP chips for 5 wk (n=8). In the prevention study, all potato diets suppressed (P < 0.05) HFD elevated colonic/mesenteric fat expression of TLR‐4 and downstream NF‐κB and TNF‐α (qPCR), and serum IL‐1β (Immunoassay). In the reversal study, colonic/mesenteric fat expression of TLR‐4, NF‐κB and TNF‐α were consistently suppressed only in PP group (not WP) compared to HFD control (P < 0.05), suggesting that time of intervention is important. In addition, PP extracts suppressed LPS or TNF‐α induced NF‐κB activation in Caco‐2 cells compared to WP. Collectively, these results suggest that PP were more potent in reversing the HFD elevated colonic‐mesenteric fat‐systemic inflammatory cascade. Grant Funding Source : Supported by USDA‐NIFA NRI Grant 2009‐55200‐05197 DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1045.47 VL - 28 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1045.47 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methylated Medium‐ and Long‐Chain Fatty Acids Provide Novel Sources of Anaplerotic Carbon for Fasting or Exercising Mice (LB438) AU - Drayton, Josephine AU - Lin, Xi AU - Jacobi, Sheila AU - Shanely, R. AU - McIntosh, Michael AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - We hypothesized that methylated fatty acids (e.g. 2‐methylpentanoic acid (2MeP), phytanic or pristanic acids) would provide anaplerotic carbon to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and thereby enhance fatty acid oxidation, especially under conditions when TCA cycle intermediates are depleted. The optimal dose of 2MeP and pristanic acid for increasing in vitro [1‐ 14 C]‐oleic acid oxidation in liver or skeletal muscle homogenates from fasted mice (n=4) was assessed using doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mM. The minimum dose (0.25 mM) maximally stimulated liver tissue oxidation of [1‐ 14 C]‐oleate to 14 CO 2 by 2‐fold ( P < 0.05), but no stimulation was detected in muscle. Similar incubations with 0.25 mM 2MeP, hexanoate, palmitate, phytanic acid, or pristanic acid or 0.1 mM malate or propionyl‐CoA were conducted with liver and skeletal muscle homogenates from acutely exercised or sedentary mice. Regardless of exercise, incubation of liver homogenates with 2MeP increased [1‐ 14 C]‐oleate oxidation to 14 CO 2 by 60% over control incubations containing hexanoate ( P < 0.05). Phytanic acid treatment increased [ 14 C]‐acid‐soluble product accumulation in liver tissue as compared to palmitate ( P < 0.05). Anaplerotic stimulation was unaffected by exercised state ( P > 0.05) and not evidenced in muscle homogenates. Results were consistent with our hypothesis that methyl‐branched fatty acids may provide anaplerotic carbon and thereby stimulate in vitro fatty acid oxidation. Grant Funding Source : North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and by USDA‐AFRI training grant # 2010‐65200‐20354 DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.lb438 VL - 28 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.lb438 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of methylating vitamins and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on intra‐uterine growth retardation in a feed‐restricted swine model (1033.8) AU - Lima, Hope AU - Jacobi, Sheila AU - Man, Chaolai AU - Walker, Kaitlyn AU - Sommer, Jeffrey AU - Flowers, William AU - Blikslager, Anthony AU - Xi, Lin AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - IUGR can result from malnourishment during pregnancy and negatively influences the long‐term health of offspring; being litter bearing, swine have an increased incidence. Our study exploited this to examine nutritional influences on fetal development in malnourished dams. Control gilts (n=5) received 2.0 kg/d of a corn‐isolated soy‐protein diet supplemented with a mixture of vitamins (mg/kg feed) containing folic acid (1.3), pyridoxine (1.0), B12 (0.015), riboflavin (3.75), choline (1250) and DHA (2420). Basal diet allotment to restricted sows was reduced progressively from 1.0 to 0.6 kg/d and was supplemented according to a 2 (± vitamins) x 2 (± DHA) factorial design (n = 4‐6; vitamin amounts described above). Control dams gained more weight (49.31 ± 6.19 kg) than restricted dams (3.01 ± 3.34; p <0.0001). Average term piglet weight (1.13 ± 0.016 kg; p = 0.5094) and percent of IUGR piglets (< 900 g; 17.9 ± 3.76%; p = 0.6223) were unaffected. Piglet brain weights were reduced by 3.9% (p <0.02) in restricted treatments lacking vitamin and DHA supplementation. Addition of DHA to restricted sow diets reduced relative liver weight of piglets (2.54 ± 0.06 %BW) vs. control (2.96 ± 0.06) and other restricted dams (2.99 ± 0.04). These results illustrate strong preferential partition of limited maternal resources to developing fetuses during extreme nutrient depravation, with modest effects of micronutrient supplementation. Grant Funding Source : Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1033.8 VL - 28 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1033.8 DB - Crossref ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agricultural Genetics AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// ET - 2nd PB - Kendall Hunt Pub. Co. SN - 9781465252661 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Recent advances in woolly monkey nutrition AU - Heugten, Kimberly D. Ange-van T2 - The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_6 SP - 83-92 PB - Springer New York UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85028583885&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Woolly monkey captive management KW - Cortisol KW - Diabetes KW - Diet KW - Health KW - Hypertension KW - Lipids KW - Nutrition KW - Serum concentrations KW - Stress ER - TY - JOUR TI - Targeted resequencing of GWAS loci reveals novel genetic variants for milk production traits AU - Jiang, L. AU - Liu, X. AU - Yang, J. AU - Wang, H. AU - Jiang, J. AU - Liu, L. AU - He, S. AU - Ding, X. AU - Liu, J. AU - Zhang, Q. T2 - BMC Genomics AB - Genome wide association study (GWAS) has been proven to be a powerful tool for detecting genomic variants associated with complex traits. However, the specific genes and causal variants underlying these traits remain unclear.Here, we used target-enrichment strategy coupled with next generation sequencing technique to study target regions which were found to be associated with milk production traits in dairy cattle in our previous GWAS. Among the large amount of novel variants detected by targeted resequencing, we selected 200 SNPs for further association study in a population consisting of 2634 cows. Sixty six SNPs distributed in 53 genes were identified to be associated significantly with on milk production traits. Of the 53 genes, 26 were consistent with our previous GWAS results. We further chose 20 significant genes to analyze their mRNA expression in different tissues of lactating cows, of which 15 were specificly highly expressed in mammary gland.Our study illustrates the potential for identifying causal mutations for milk production traits using target-enrichment resequencing and extends the results of GWAS by discovering new and potentially functional mutations. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1105 VL - 15 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84925677026&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Genetic variants KW - Milk production traits KW - Targeted resequencing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing genome-wide copy number variation identification by high density array CGH using diverse resources of pig breeds AU - Wang, J. AU - Jiang, J. AU - Wang, H. AU - Kang, H. AU - Zhang, Q. AU - Liu, J.-F. T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Copy number variations (CNVs) are important forms of genomic variation, and have attracted extensive attentions in humans as well as domestic animals. In the study, using a custom-designed 2.1 M array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), genome-wide CNVs were identified among 12 individuals from diverse pig breeds, including one Asian wild population, six Chinese indigenous breeds and two modern commercial breeds (Yorkshire and Landrace), with one individual of the other modern commercial breed, Duroc, as the reference. A total of 1,344 CNV regions (CNVRs) were identified, covering 47.79 Mb (∼1.70%) of the pig genome. The length of these CNVRs ranged from 3.37 Kb to 1,319.0 Kb with a mean of 35.56 Kb and a median of 11.11 Kb. Compared with similar studies reported, most of the CNVRs (74.18%) were firstly identified in present study. In order to confirm these CNVRs, 21 CNVRs were randomly chosen to be validated by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and a high rate (85.71%) of confirmation was obtained. Functional annotation of CNVRs suggested that the identified CNVRs have important function, and may play an important role in phenotypic and production traits difference among various breeds. Our results are essential complementary to the CNV map in the pig genome, which will provide abundant genetic markers to investigate association studies between various phenotypes and CNVs in pigs. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0087571 VL - 9 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84900298286&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global copy number analyses by next generation sequencing provide insight into pig genome variation AU - Jiang, J. AU - Wang, J. AU - Wang, H. AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Kang, H. AU - Feng, X. AU - Wang, J. AU - Yin, Z. AU - Bao, W. AU - Zhang, Q. AU - Liu, J.-F. T2 - BMC Genomics AB - Copy number variations (CNVs) confer significant effects on genetic innovation and phenotypic variation. Previous CNV studies in swine seldom focused on in-depth characterization of global CNVs. Using whole-genome assembly comparison (WGAC) and whole-genome shotgun sequence detection (WSSD) approaches by next generation sequencing (NGS), we probed formation signatures of both segmental duplications (SDs) and individualized CNVs in an integrated fashion, building the finest resolution CNV and SD maps of pigs so far. We obtained copy number estimates of all protein-coding genes with copy number variation carried by individuals, and further confirmed two genes with high copy numbers in Meishan pigs through an enlarged population. We determined genome-wide CNV hotspots, which were significantly enriched in SD regions, suggesting evolution of CNV hotspots may be affected by ancestral SDs. Through systematically enrichment analyses based on simulations and bioinformatics analyses, we revealed CNV-related genes undergo a different selective constraint from those CNV-unrelated regions, and CNVs may be associated with or affect pig health and production performance under recent selection. Our studies lay out one way for characterization of CNVs in the pig genome, provide insight into the pig genome variation and prompt CNV mechanisms studies when using pigs as biomedical models for human diseases. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/1471-2164-15-593 VL - 15 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904080523&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Copy number variations (CNVs) KW - Segmental duplications (SDs) KW - Next generation sequencing (NGS) KW - Pigs ER - TY - CONF TI - Use of enzymes in pig diets AU - Passos, Adsos Adami AU - Kim, Sung Woo C2 - 2014/// C3 - VI Congresso Latino Americano de Nutricao Animal-SALA SUINOS DA - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - The suckling piglet as an agrimedical model for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism AU - Odle, Jack AU - Lin, , Xi AU - Jacobi, Sheila K AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Stahl, Chad H T2 - Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 419-444 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplementation of organic and inorganic selenium to diets using grains grown in various regions of the United States with differing natural Se concentrations and fed to grower--finisher swine T2 - Journal of animal science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - 11 SP - 4991-4997 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplementation of organic and inorganic selenium to diets using grains grown in various regions of the United States with differing natural Se concentrations and fed to grower–finisher swine AU - Mahan, D.C. AU - Azain, M. AU - Crenshaw, T.D. AU - Cromwell, G.L. AU - Dove, C.R. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Lindemann, M.D. AU - Miller, P.S. AU - Pettigrew, J.E. AU - Stein, H.H. AU - Heugten, E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Grains grown in various regions of the United States vary in their innate or natural Se contents. A regional study evaluated the effects of adding inorganic Se (sodium selenite) or organic Se (Se yeast) to diets with differing innate Se contents. A 2 × 2 + 1 factorial experiment evaluating 2 Se sources (organic or inorganic) at 2 Se levels (0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg) in 18 total replicates (n = 360 total pigs). A basal diet was fed without supplemental Se and served as the negative (basal) control. The study was conducted as a randomized complete block design in 9 states (Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin) with each station conducting 2 replicates. Pigs were fed from 25 to approximately 115 kg BW. Similar dietary formulations were used at each station, incorporating a common source of trace mineral and Se premixes. Three pigs per treatment in 16 replicates (n = 240) were bled at 55, 85, and 115 kg BW and serum Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined. Three pigs (n = 260) from each treatment pen were killed at 115 kg BW and issues (liver, loin, and hair) were analyzed for Se. The corn Se content from the various states ranged from 0.026 to 0.283 mg Se/kg while the soybean meal Se content ranged from 0.086 to 0.798 mg Se/kg. Tissue and serum Se concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) when supplemental organic Se was fed, whereas serum GSH-Px was greater (P < 0.01) as Se level increased. There were linear increases (P < 0.01) in loin and quadratic increases (P < 0.01) in liver and hair Se concentrations as dietary Se level increased within each state. There was a source × level interaction (P < 0.01) for each tissue resulting in a greater increase when organic Se was fed. Serum Se and GSH-Px activity increased (P < 0.01) when both Se sources were fed and plateaued at each state at 0.15 mg Se/kg. There was a high and significant correlation between each tissue Se, serum Se, and GSH-Px activity to dietary Se level indicating that those states having greater grain natural Se contents also had greater tissue Se concentrations. These results indicate that a large difference in corn and soybean meal Se concentrations exists between states, that the addition of organic or inorganic Se to these grains increased tissue and serum Se in each state, and that organic Se was incorporated at greater concentrations in the loin, liver, and hair tissues of grower–finisher pigs than inorganic Se. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2527/jas.2014-7735 VL - 92 IS - 11 SP - 4991-4997 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908299808&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - corn KW - minerals KW - pigs KW - selenium KW - state ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proteomic analysis of the extraembryonic tissues from cloned porcine fetus at day 35 of pregnancy AU - Ko, Y.-G. AU - Hwang, S. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Kim, H. AU - Seong, H.H. AU - Kim, J.-H. AU - Song, Y. AU - Yang, B.-S. AU - Song, Y.M. AU - Cho, J.-H. T2 - BMC Research Notes AB - Somatic cell cloning by nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pig is clearly of great benefit for basic research and biomedical applications. Even though cloned offspring have been successfully produced in pig, SCNT is struggling with the low efficiency. In the present study, we investigated differentially expressed proteins of the extraembryonic tissue from pig SCNT fetus compared to control (normal) fetus. We obtained the extraembryonic tissue from embryos at day 35 of pregnancy and examined the protein expression profiles using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D) and Western blotting. The extraembryonic tissue of fetus in control pregnancy was compared to the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus, which showed an abnormally small size and shape as well as exhibited abnormal placental morphology compared to control fetus. A proteomic analysis showed that the expression of 33 proteins was significantly increased or decreased in the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus compared to control fetus. The differentially expressed proteins in the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus included ATP or lipid binding proteins, antioxidant proteins, translation elongation factors, and transcription factors. Western blotting analysis indicated that antioxidant enzymes and anti-apoptotic proteins were down-regulated; however, the expression levels of apoptotic proteins, Bax and Hsp27, were increased in the extraembryonic tissue of SCNT fetus. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis also showed that the expression of the catalase or GPX genes was decreased in the extraembryonic tissue with SCNT fetus compared to those with control fetus. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in DNA methytransferase1 (Dnmt1) expression in SCNT extraembryonic tissue, and the expression levels of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b were abnormally higher in SCNT fetus compared to control fetus. Moreover, a marked increase in the frequency of TUNEL-positive cells was observed in the extraembryonic tissue in SCNT fetus. These results demonstrated that pig SCNT fetus showed abnormal protein expression in the extraembryonic tissue, and extensive apoptosis occurred in the extraembryonic tissue of the SCNT fetus due to an increase in apoptotic protein expression or a decrease in antioxidant protein expression. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1186/1756-0500-7-861 VL - 7 IS - 1 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84928788547&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of epitopes of the $β$ subunit of soybean $β$-conglycinin that are antigenic in pigs, dogs, rabbits and fish AU - Taliercio, Earl AU - Loveless, Telisa M AU - Turano, Marc J AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 94 IS - 11 SP - 2289-2294 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a second major antigenic epitope in the $α$-subunit of soy $β$-conglycinin AU - Taliercio, Earl AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - Food and Agricultural Immunology DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 311-321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Siberian sturgeon oocyte extract induces epigenetic modifications of porcine somatic cells and improves developmental competence of SCNT embryos AU - Kim, S.-Y. AU - Kim, T.-S. AU - Park, S.-H. AU - Lee, M.-R. AU - Eun, H.-J. AU - Baek, S.-K. AU - Ko, Y.-G. AU - Kim, S.-W. AU - Seong, H.-H. AU - Campbell, K.H.S. AU - Lee, J.-H. T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences AB - Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has generally demonstrated that a differentiated cell can convert into a undifferentiated or pluripotent state. In the SCNT experiment, nuclear reprogramming is induced by exposure of introduced donor nuclei to the recipient cytoplasm of matured oocytes. However, because the efficiency of SCNT still remains low, a combination of SCNT technique with the ex-ovo method may improve the normal development of SCNT embryos. Here we hypothesized that treatment of somatic cells with extracts prepared from the germinal vesicle (GV) stage Siberian sturgeon oocytes prior to their use as nuclear donor for SCNT would improve in vitro development. A reversible permeability protocol with 4 μg/mL of digitonin for 2 min at 4°C in order to deliver Siberian sturgeon oocyte extract (SOE) to porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) was carried out. As results, the intensity of H3K9ac staining in PFFs following treatment of SOE for 7 h at 18°C was significantly increased but the intensity of H3K9me3 staining in PFFs was significantly decreased as compared with the control (p<0.05). Additionally, the level of histone acetylation in SCNT embryos at the zygote stage was significantly increased when reconstructed using SOE-treated cells (p<0.05), similar to that of IVF embryos at the zygote stage. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased and pluripotency markers (Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2) were highly expressed in the blastocyst stage of SCNT embryos reconstructed using SOE-treated cells as nuclear donor (p<0.05). And there was observed a better development to the blastocyst stage in the SOE-treated group (p<0.05). Our results suggested that pre-treatment of cells with SOE could improve epigenetic reprogramming and the quality of porcine SCNT embryos. Keywords: Epigenetic Modifications; Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer; Siberian Sturgeon Oocyte Extract DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2013.13699 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 266-277 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893072295&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Epigenetic Modifications KW - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer KW - Siberian Sturgeon Oocyte Extract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of feed grade L-methionine on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with conventional DL-methionine AU - Shen, YB AU - Weaver, AC AU - Kim, SW T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 92 IS - 12 SP - 5530-5539 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cytotoxic activity of gypenosides and gynogenin from Gynostemma pentaphyllum against A549 cells (647.25) AU - Piao, Xiang-Lan AU - Chen, Dao-Jin AU - Xing, Shao-Fang AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Piao, Xiangshu T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 28 SP - 647-25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Establishment of a pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) spermatogonial stem cell line for the production of interspecies germ line chimeras AU - Kim, Jeong Hyun AU - Sharma, Neelesh AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Sodhi, Simrinder Singh AU - Ghosh, Mrinmoy AU - Kim, Nam Eun AU - Mongre, Raj Kumar AU - Oh, Sung Jong AU - Jeong, Dong Kee T2 - Electronic Journal of Biotechnology AB - article i nfo Background: Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are important for the production of interspecies germ line chimeras. The interspecies germ cell transfer technique has been suggested as a way to conserve endangered birds. Our objective was to develop a technique for restoring endangered birds by developing interspecies germ line chimeras between pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and chicken (Gallus gallus) with SSCs. Results:SSCs were isolatedfrom thesurgically removedtestis of a pheasant.Growthconditionsfor pheasant SSCs were established by co-culturing STO (SIM mouse embryo-derived thioguanine and ouabain resistant) cells and pheasant SSCs. The colony-forming cellsdivided and proliferated stablyto yield an establishedSSC line. Pheasant SSCs showed strong reactivity for GDNF family receptor alpha1 (GFRα1) marker. Finally, production of germ line chimeras was attempted by transferring pheasant SSCs into recipient embryos. Although final embryo survival was 5.6% (20/354), the initial survival rate was 88% (312/354). To measure the percent transfer of donor SSC to gonads, the pheasant SSCs were labeled with PKH 26 fluorescent dye. We observed 30% donor cells and 9.48% c-kit/CD117-positive cells in the gonads of recipient chickens. Donor SSCs were thus stably engrafted in the recipient gonads. Conclusions: This study showed that SSCs can be used as a tool for the conservation of endangered birds and the production of germ line chimeras. Our findings yield insights into how we may use the pheasant spermatogonial stem cell line for efficient production of interspecies germ line chimeras and ultimately, to the restoration of endangered birds. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.1016/J.EJBT.2014.07.001 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 211-216 J2 - Electronic Journal of Biotechnology LA - en OP - SN - 0717-3458 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.EJBT.2014.07.001 DB - Crossref KW - Endangered birds KW - In vitro culture KW - Recipient chicken embryos KW - SSC transplantation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and cardiac differentiation of chicken spermatogonial stem cells AU - Luan, Nguyen T. AU - Sharma, Neelesh AU - Kim, Sung-Woo AU - Ha, Pham T.H. AU - Hong, Yeong-Ho AU - Oh, Sung-Jong AU - Jeong, Dong-Kee T2 - Animal Reproduction Science AB - Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), a unique population of germline stem cells in adult testis, have the capability to self-renew and produce daughter cells destined to differentiate into spermatozoa throughout the life of the bird. Chicken SSCs were successfully isolated from testicular cells and subsequent analysis was performed to identify pluripotent cells by investigation with cytochemical reagents including Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and antibodies to germline cell specific (DAZL or VASA) and stage-specific embryonic antigens (Oct4, SSEA1, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81). Results confirmed these as germline cells with the expression of DAZL (Deleted in Azoospermia-Like) and VASA genes in isolated cells. Immunochemistry results showed that multipotent germline stem cells (mGSCs) expressed these gene markers related to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and could spontaneously differentiate into three embryonic germ (EG) layers in vitro. The mGSC-derived cardiomyocytes expressed cardiac-specific markers such as sarcomeric alpha actinin, alpha-cardiac actinin; conexin-43, the major protein of gap junctions which are thought to have an important role in the synchronized contraction of the heart and in embryonic development; and cardiac troponin T, the tropomyosin binding subunit of the troponin complex which regulates muscle contraction. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results indicated that the genes related to cardiac transcription factors were expressed following differentiation. Results of the present study strongly contribute to the information related to the ability of chicken mGSCs to differentiate into cells such as contraction cardiomyocytes similar to ESCs and may provide a new source of cardiomyocytes for basic research and potential therapeutic application in various cardiac degenerative diseases of birds and other animals. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/J.ANIREPROSCI.2014.10.010 VL - 151 IS - 3-4 SP - 244-255 J2 - Animal Reproduction Science LA - en OP - SN - 0378-4320 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIREPROSCI.2014.10.010 DB - Crossref KW - Cardiomyocyte KW - Chicken germ cell KW - Differentiation KW - Embryonic stem cell KW - Spermatogonial stem cell ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal proteomic analysis reveals defects in small-intestinal development of porcine fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Lin, Gang AU - Liu, Chuang AU - Feng, Cuiping AU - Zhou, Huaijun AU - Wang, Taiji AU - Li, Defa AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Wang, Junjun T2 - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry AB - The fetus/neonate with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has a high perinatal mortality and morbidity rate, as well as reduced efficiency for nutrients utilization. Our previous studies showed alterations of intestinal proteome in IUGR piglets both at birth and during the nursing period. Considering the potential long-term impacts of fetal programming and substantial increases in amounts of amniotic fluid nutrients from mid-gestation in pigs, the present study involved IUGR porcine fetuses from days 60 to 110 of gestation (mid to late gestation). We identified 59 differentially expressed proteins in the fetal small intestine that are related to intestinal growth, development and reprogramming. Our results further indicated increased abundances of proteins and enzymes associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis and protein degradation, as well as decreased abundances of proteins that are required for maintenance of cell structure and motility, absorption and transport of nutrients, energy metabolism, and protein synthesis in the fetal gut. Moreover, IUGR from middle to late gestation was associated with reduced expression of intestinal proteins that participate in regulation of gene expression and signal transduction. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence for altered proteomes in the small intestine of IUGR fetuses, thereby predisposing the gut to metabolic defects during gestation and neonatal periods. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.008 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - 785-795 J2 - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0955-2863 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.008 DB - Crossref KW - Intrauterine growth restriction KW - Fetus KW - Intestine KW - Development KW - Pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - Putrescine Stimulates the mTOR Signaling Pathway and Protein Synthesis in Porcine Trophectoderm Cells AU - Kong, Xiangfeng AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Yin, Yulong AU - Li, Xilong AU - Gao, Haijun AU - Bazer, Fuller W. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - Biology of Reproduction AB - Insufficient placental growth is a major factor contributing to intrauterine growth retardation in mammals. There is growing evidence that putrescine produced from arginine (Arg) and proline via ornithine decarboxylase is a key regulator of angiogenesis, embryogenesis, as well as placental and fetal growth. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that putrescine stimulates protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in porcine trophectoderm cell line 2 cells. The cells were cultured for 2 to 4 days in customized Arg-free Dulbecco modified Eagle Ham medium containing 0, 10, 25, or 50 μM putrescine or 100 μM Arg. Cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and degradation, as well as the abundance of total and phosphorylated mTOR, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1), were determined. Our results indicate that putrescine promotes cell proliferation and protein synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was inhibited by difluoro-methylornithine (an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase). Moreover, supplementation of culture medium with putrescine increased the abundance of phosphorylated mTOR and its downstream targets, 4EBP1 and p70 S6K1 proteins. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel and important role for putrescine in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway in porcine placental cells. We suggest that dietary supplementation with or intravenous administration of putrescine may provide a new and effective strategy to improve survival and growth of embryos/fetuses in mammals. DA - 2014/11/1/ PY - 2014/11/1/ DO - 10.1095/biolreprod.113.113977 VL - 91 IS - 5 SN - 0006-3363 1529-7268 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.113.113977 KW - mTOR KW - placental cells KW - protein synthesis KW - putrescine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arginine Decarboxylase and Agmatinase: An Alternative Pathway for De Novo Biosynthesis of Polyamines for Development of Mammalian Conceptuses AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Ying, Wei AU - Dunlap, Kathrin A. AU - Lin, Gang AU - Satterfield, M. Carey AU - Burghardt, Robert C. AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Bazer, Fuller W. T2 - Biology of Reproduction AB - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) is considered the rate-controlling enzyme for the classical de novo biosynthesis of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in mammals. However, metabolism of arginine to agmatine via arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and conversion of agmatine to polyamines via agmatinase (AGMAT) is an alternative pathway long recognized in lower organisms, but only recently suggested for neurons and liver cells of mammals. We now provide evidence for a functional ADC/AGMAT pathway for the synthesis of polyamines in mammalian reproductive tissue for embryonic survival and development. We first investigated cellular functions of polyamines by in vivo knockdown of translation of mRNA for ODC1 in ovine conceptus trophectoderm using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MAOs) and found that one-half of the conceptuses were morphologically and functionally either normal or abnormal. Furthermore, we found that increases in ADC/AGMAT mRNA levels and in the translation of AGMAT mRNA among conceptuses in MAO-ODC1 knockdown compensated for the loss of ODC1, supporting polyamine synthesis from arginine and accounting for the normal and abnormal phenotypes of conceptuses. We conclude that the majority of polyamine synthesis is by the conventional ODC1-dependent pathway (arginine-ornithine-putrescine) and that deficiencies in ODC1 result in increased activity of the rescue ADC/AGMAT-dependent pathway (arginine-agmatine-putrescine) for production of polyamines. The presence of an alternative ADC/AGMAT pathway for converting arginine into putrescine is functionally important for supporting survival and development of mammalian conceptuses. DA - 2014/4/1/ PY - 2014/4/1/ DO - 10.1095/biolreprod.113.114637 VL - 90 IS - 4 SN - 0006-3363 1529-7268 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.113.114637 KW - agmatine KW - development KW - polyamines KW - sheep KW - trophectoderm ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional role of arginine during the peri‐implantation period of pregnancy. I. Consequences of loss of function of arginine transporter SLC7A1 mRNA in ovine conceptus trophectoderm AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Frank, James W. AU - Little, Danielle R. AU - Dunlap, Kathrin A. AU - Satterfield, M. Carey AU - Burghardt, Robert C. AU - Hansen, Thomas R. AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Bazer, Fuller W. T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - Arginine, the common substrate for production of nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines in mammals, increases in the uterine lumen during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. However, functional roles of arginine within the uterine lumen for conceptus (embryo and extraembryonic membranes) development have not been elucidated in vivo. To assess roles of arginine in reproductive tissue for survival and development of the conceptus, we conducted an in vivo morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MAO)-mediated knockdown of SLC7A1 mRNA, the arginine transporter in ovine conceptus trophectoderm (Tr). Translational knockdown of SLC7A1 mRNA resulted in retarded conceptus development and abnormal function compared to MAO control. Use of MAO-SLC7A1 knockdown in conceptuses decreased arginine transport (73%, P<0.01), the abundance of ornithine decarboxylase, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) proteins, arginine-related amino acids [citrulline (76%, P<0.05) and ornithine (40%, P<0.05)], and polyamines, which likely accounts for their retarded development. Also, no alternative arginine precursors (glutamine and glutamate), isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS1 and NOS2), or alternative pathways for polyamine biosynthesis via arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase were activated to rescue conceptus development. Collectively, SLC7A1 is the key transporter of arginine by conceptus Tr, and arginine is essential for conceptus survival and development.—Wang, X., Frank, J. W., Little, D. R., Dunlap, K. A., Satterfield, M. C., Burghardt, R. C., Hansen, T. R., Wu, G., and Bazer, F. W. Functional role of arginine during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. I. Consequences of loss of function of arginine transporter SLC7A1 mRNA in ovine conceptus trophectoderm. FASEB J. 28, 2852–2863 (2014). www.fasebj.org DA - 2014/3/13/ PY - 2014/3/13/ DO - 10.1096/fj.13-248757 VL - 28 IS - 7 SP - 2852-2863 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.13-248757 DB - Crossref KW - development KW - sheep KW - morpholino ER - TY - JOUR TI - Functional Role of Arginine During the Peri-implantation Period of Pregnancy. II. Consequences of Loss of Function of Nitric Oxide Synthase NOS3 mRNA in Ovine Conceptus Trophectoderm AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Frank, James W. AU - Xu, Jing AU - Dunlap, Kathrin A. AU - Satterfield, M. Carey AU - Burghardt, Robert C. AU - Romero, Jared J. AU - Hansen, Thomas R. AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Bazer, Fuller W. T2 - Biology of Reproduction AB - Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that regulates angiogenesis and vasodilation via activation of the cGMP pathway. However, functional roles of NO during embryonic development from spherical blastocysts to elongated filamentous conceptuses (embryo and extraembryonic membrane) during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy have not been elucidated in vivo. In order to assess roles of NO production in survival and development of the ovine conceptus, we conducted an in vivo morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MAO)-mediated knockdown trial of nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3) mRNA, the major isoform of NO synthase, in ovine conceptus trophectoderm (Tr). Translational knockdown of NOS3 mRNA results in small, thin, and underdeveloped conceptuses, but normal production of interferon-tau, the pregnancy recognition signal in sheep. MAO-NOS3 knockdown in conceptuses decreased the abundance of NOS3 (72%, P < 0.05) and the arginine transporter SLC7A1 proteins in conceptus Tr. Furthermore, the amounts of ornithine and polyamines were less (P < 0.01) in uterine fluid, whereas the amounts of arginine (58%, P < 0.01), citrulline (68%, P < 0.05), ornithine (68%, P < 0.001), glutamine (78%, P < 0.001), glutamate (68%, P < 0.05), and polyamines (P < 0.01) were less in conceptuses, which likely accounts for the failure of MAO-NOS3 conceptuses to develop normally. For MAO-NOS3 conceptuses, there were no compensatory increases in the expression levels of either nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS1) or nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) or in expression of enzymes for synthesis of polyamines (ornithine decarboxylase, arginine decarboxylase, agmatinase) from arginine or ornithine with which to rescue development of MAO-NOS3 conceptuses. Thus, the adverse effect of MAO-NOS3 to reduce NO generation and the transport of arginine and ornithine into conceptuses is central to an explanation for failure of normal development of MAO-NOS3, compared to control conceptuses. The study, for the first time, created an NO-deficient mammalian conceptus model in vivo and provided new insights into the orchestrated events of conceptus development during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Our data suggest that NOS3 is the key enzyme for NO production by conceptus Tr and that this protein also regulates the availability of arginine in conceptus tissues for synthesis of polyamines that are essential for conceptus survival and development. DA - 2014/9/1/ PY - 2014/9/1/ DO - 10.1095/biolreprod.114.121202 VL - 91 IS - 3 SN - 0006-3363 1529-7268 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.114.121202 KW - development KW - morpholino KW - nitric oxide KW - nitric oxide synthase ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of polyamines in biological samples by HPLC involving pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and N-acetyl-l-cysteine AU - Dai, Zhaolai AU - Wu, Zhenlong AU - Wang, Junjun AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Jia, Sichao AU - Bazer, Fuller W. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - Amino Acids DA - 2014/3/16/ PY - 2014/3/16/ DO - 10.1007/s00726-014-1717-z VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 1557-1564 J2 - Amino Acids LA - en OP - SN - 0939-4451 1438-2199 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1717-z DB - Crossref KW - Polyamines KW - Derivatization KW - o-Phthalaldehyde KW - N-Acetyl-L-cysteine KW - HPLC ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental factors affecting pregnancy: Endocrine disrupters, nutrients and metabolic pathways AU - Bazer, Fuller W. AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Johnson, Gregory A. AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu T2 - Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology AB - Uterine adenogenesis, a unique post-natal event in mammals, is vulnerable to endocrine disruption by estrogens and progestins resulting in infertility or reduced prolificacy. The absence of uterine glands results in insufficient transport of nutrients into the uterine lumen to support conceptus development. Arginine, a component of histotroph, is substrate for production of nitric oxide, polyamines and agmatine and, with secreted phosphoprotein 1, it affects cytoskeletal organization of trophectoderm. Arginine is critical for development of the conceptus, pregnancy recognition signaling, implantation and placentation. Conceptuses of ungulates and cetaceans convert glucose to fructose which is metabolized via multiple pathways to support growth and development. However, high fructose corn syrup in soft drinks and foods may increase risks for metabolic disorders and increase insulin resistance in adults. Understanding endocrine disrupters and dietary substances, and novel pathways for nutrient metabolism during pregnancy can improve survival and growth, and prevent chronic metabolic diseases in offspring. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.007 VL - 398 IS - 1-2 SP - 53-68 J2 - Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology LA - en OP - SN - 0303-7207 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.007 DB - Crossref KW - Arginine KW - Glucose KW - Secreted phosphoprotein 1 KW - Pregnancy KW - Endocrine Disrupter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving amino acid nutrition to prevent intrauterine growth restriction in mammals AU - Lin, Gang AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Feng, Cuiping AU - Zhou, Huaijun AU - Li, Defa AU - Wang, Junjun T2 - Amino Acids DA - 2014/3/23/ PY - 2014/3/23/ DO - 10.1007/s00726-014-1725-z VL - 46 IS - 7 SP - 1605-1623 J2 - Amino Acids LA - en OP - SN - 0939-4451 1438-2199 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1725-z DB - Crossref KW - Amino acids KW - Fetus KW - Intervention KW - IUGR KW - Nutrition KW - Placenta KW - Pregnancy ER - TY - CONF TI - Genome-Wide Association Study For Growth And Feed Intake in Duroc boars Utilizing Random Regression Models AU - Howard, J.T. AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Jiao, S. AU - Gray, K.A. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings, 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/8/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Genomic prediction using a weighted relationship matrix to account for trait architecture in US Holstein cattle AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - 10th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production C2 - 2014/// C3 - Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/8/18/ PB - American Society of Animal Science ER - TY - JOUR TI - Progression of Gene Expression Changes following a Mechanical Injury to Articular Cartilage as a Model of Early Stage Osteoarthritis AU - McCulloch, R. S. AU - Ashwell, M. S. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - O'Nan, A. T. AU - Mente, P. L. T2 - Arthritis AB - An impact injury model of early stage osteoarthritis (OA) progression was developed using a mechanical insult to an articular cartilage surface to evaluate differential gene expression changes over time and treatment. Porcine patellae with intact cartilage surfaces were randomized to one of three treatments: nonimpacted control, axial impaction (2000 N), or a shear impaction (500 N axial, with tangential displacement to induce shear forces). After impact, the patellae were returned to culture for 0, 3, 7, or 14 days. At the appropriate time point, RNA was extracted from full-thickness cartilage slices at the impact site. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate differential gene expression for 18 OA related genes from four categories: cartilage matrix, degradative enzymes and inhibitors, inflammatory response and signaling, and cell apoptosis. The shear impacted specimens were compared to the axial impacted specimens and showed that shear specimens more highly expressed type I collagen (Col1a1) at the early time points. In addition, there was generally elevated expression of degradative enzymes, inflammatory response genes, and apoptosis markers at the early time points. These changes suggest that the more physiologically relevant shear loading may initially be more damaging to the cartilage and induces more repair efforts after loading. DA - 2014/11/16/ PY - 2014/11/16/ DO - 10.1155/2014/371426 VL - 2014 SP - 1-9 J2 - Arthritis LA - en OP - SN - 2090-1984 2090-1992 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/371426 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insulin Excites Anorexigenic Proopiomelanocortin Neurons via Activation of Canonical Transient Receptor Potential Channels AU - Qiu, Jian AU - Zhang, Chunguang AU - Borgquist, Amanda AU - Nestor, Casey C AU - Smith, Arik W. AU - Bosch, Martha A. AU - Ku, Stephen AU - Wagner, Edward J. AU - Rønnekleiv, Oline K. AU - Kelly, Martin J. T2 - Cell Metabolism AB - Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus are vital anorexigenic neurons. Although both the leptin and insulin receptors are coupled to the activation of phosphatidylinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) in POMC neurons, they are thought to have disparate actions on POMC excitability. Using whole-cell recording and selective pharmacological tools, we have found that, similar to leptin, purified insulin depolarized POMC and adjacent kisspeptin neurons via activation of TRPC5 channels, which are highly expressed in these neurons. In contrast, insulin hyperpolarized and inhibited NPY/AgRP neurons via activation of KATP channels. Moreover, Zn(2+), which is found in insulin formulations at nanomolar concentrations, inhibited POMC neurons via activation of KATP channels. Finally, as predicted, insulin given intracerebroventrically robustly inhibited food intake and activated c-fos expression in arcuate POMC neurons. Our results show that purified insulin excites POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which we propose is a major mechanism by which insulin regulates energy homeostasis. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.004 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 682-693 J2 - Cell Metabolism LA - en OP - SN - 1550-4131 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.004 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research Resource: Gene Profiling of G Protein–Coupled Receptors in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Female AU - Rønnekleiv, Oline K. AU - Fang, Yuan AU - Zhang, Chunguang AU - Nestor, Casey C. AU - Mao, Peizhong AU - Kelly, Martin J. T2 - Molecular Endocrinology AB - The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus controls many critical homeostatic functions including energy homeostasis, reproduction, and motivated behavior. Although G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the regulation of these functions, relatively few of the GPCRs have been identified specifically within the arcuate nucleus. Here, using TaqMan low-density arrays we quantified the mRNA expression of nonolfactory GPCRs in mouse arcuate nucleus. An unprecedented number of GPCRs (total of 292) were found to be expressed, of which 183 were known and 109 were orphan GPCRs. The known GPCR genes expressed were classified into several functional clusters including hormone/neurotransmitter, growth factor, angiogenesis and vasoactivity, inflammation and immune system, and lipid messenger receptors. The plethora of orphan genes expressed in the arcuate nucleus were classified into 5 structure-related classes including class A (rhodopsin-like), class B (adhesion), class C (other GPCRs), nonsignaling 7-transmembrane chemokine-binding proteins, and other 7-transmembrane proteins. Therefore, for the first time, we provide a quantitative estimate of the numerous GPCRs expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Finally, as proof of principle, we documented the expression and function of one of these receptor genes, the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (Glp1r), which was highly expressed in the arcuate nucleus. Single-cell RT-PCR revealed that Glp1r mRNA was localized in proopiomelanocortin neurons, and using whole-cell recording we found that the glucagon-like peptide 1-selective agonist exendin-4 robustly excited proopiomelanocortin neurons. Thus, the quantitative GPCR data emphasize the complexity of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and furthermore provide a valuable resource for future neuroendocrine/endocrine-related experiments. DA - 2014/8/1/ PY - 2014/8/1/ DO - 10.1210/me.2014-1103 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - 1362-1380 LA - en OP - SN - 0888-8809 1944-9917 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2014-1103 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neurokinin-3 Receptor Activation in the Retrochiasmatic Area is Essential for the Full Pre-Ovulatory Luteinising Hormone Surge in Ewes AU - Porter, K. L. AU - Hileman, S. M. AU - Hardy, S. L. AU - Nestor, C. C AU - Lehman, M. N. AU - Goodman, R. L. T2 - Journal of Neuroendocrinology AB - Neurokinin B ( NKB ) is essential for human reproduction and has been shown to stimulate luteinising hormone ( LH) secretion in several species, including sheep. Ewes express the neurokinin‐3 receptor ( NK 3R) in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) and there is one report that placement of senktide, an NK 3R agonist, therein stimulates LH secretion that resembles an LH surge in ewes. In the present study, we first confirmed that local administration of senktide to the RC h produced a surge‐like increase in LH secretion, and then tested the effects of this agonist in two other areas implicated in the control of LH secretion and where NK 3R is found in high abundance: the preoptic area ( POA ) and arcuate nucleus ( ARC ). Bilateral microimplants containing senktide induced a dramatic surge‐like increase in LH when given in the POA similar to that seen with RC h treatment. By contrast, senktide treatment in the ARC resulted in a much smaller but significant increase in LH concentrations suggestive of an effect on tonic secretion. The possible role of POA and RC h NK 3R activation in the LH surge was next tested by treating ewes with SB 222200, an NK 3R antagonist, in each area during an oestradiol‐induced LH surge. SB 222200 in the RC h, but not in the POA , reduced the LH surge amplitude by approximately 40% compared to controls, indicating that NK 3R activation in the former region is essential for full expression of the pre‐ovulatory LH surge. Based on these data, we propose that the actions of NKB in the RC h are an important component of the pre‐ovulatory LH surge in ewes. DA - 2014/10/16/ PY - 2014/10/16/ DO - 10.1111/jne.12180 VL - 26 IS - 11 SP - 776-784 J2 - J Neuroendocrinol LA - en OP - SN - 0953-8194 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jne.12180 DB - Crossref KW - neurokinins KW - GnRH KW - oestrogen KW - NK3R KW - LH surge ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cross-talk between reproduction and energy homeostasis: central impact of estrogens, leptin and kisspeptin signaling AU - Nestor, Casey C. AU - Kelly, Martin J. AU - Rønnekleiv, Oline K. T2 - Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation AB - Abstract The central nervous system receives hormonal cues (e.g., estrogens and leptin, among others) that influence reproduction and energy homeostasis. 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) is known to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion via classical steroid signaling and rapid non-classical membrane-initiated signaling. Because GnRH neurons are void of leptin receptors, the actions of leptin on these neurons must be indirect. Although it is clear that the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is the primary site of overlap between these two systems, it is still unclear which neural network(s) participate in the cross-talk of E 2 and leptin, two hormones essential for reproductive function and metabolism. Herein we review the progress made in understanding the interactions between reproduction and energy homeostasis by focusing on the advances made to understand the cellular signaling of E 2 and leptin on three neural networks: kisspeptin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Although critical in mediating the actions of E 2 and leptin, considerable work still remains to uncover how these neural networks interact in vivo. DA - 2014/1/1/ PY - 2014/1/1/ DO - 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0050 VL - 17 IS - 3 OP - SN - 1868-1891 1868-1883 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2013-0050 DB - Crossref KW - 17 beta-estradiol KW - kisspeptin KW - leptin KW - neuropeptide Y KW - pro-opiomelanocortin ER - TY - PCOMM TI - Experience of breathing carbon dioxide Response AU - Meyer, R. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Stikeleather, L. AU - Styles, D. K. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// SP - 1244-1245 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Feeding Two or Three Meals Per Day of Either Low or High Nonstructural Carbohydrate Concentrates on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Horses AU - Pratt-Phillips, Shannon AU - Kutzner-Mulligan, Jenna AU - Marvin, Rebecca AU - Brown, Heather AU - Sykes, Chris AU - Federico, Jennifer T2 - JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - Eight mature idle gelding horses (mean body weight [BW], 558 ± 45 kg) were used in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design study. Horses received either two or three meals per day (MPD) for 7 days, of either a high (H; 43%; 215 g/100 kg BW) or low (L; 18%; 90 g/100 kg BW) nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrate feed to achieve four treatment groups: low NSC in two MPD (L2), low NSC in three MPD (L3), high NSC in two MPD (H2), and high NSC in three MPD (H3). On day 7 of the treatments, blood was collected before (baseline) and for 5 hours after feeding the morning meal (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 minutes after feeding). Baseline insulin concentrations tended (P = .093) to be higher for horses fed high NSC than low NSC, and horses fed two MPD tended (P = .092) to have higher baseline insulin concentrations than horses fed three MPD. In addition, baseline glucose-to-insulin ratio (GIR) was higher in horses fed high NSC compared with low NSC (P < .001). Horses fed high NSC had higher area under the curve of insulin and higher peak insulin after feeding than those fed low NSC. These findings suggest that NSC content of a concentrate feed has an impact on baseline insulin and GIRs and on postprandial insulin concentrations. Meanwhile, the number (and therefore size) of MPD had fewer impacts on glucose metabolism. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.08.004 VL - 34 IS - 11-12 SP - 1251-1256 SN - 1542-7412 KW - Equine KW - Nonstructural carbohydrate KW - Insulin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protective Effect of Two Yeast Based Feed Additives on Pigs Chronically Exposed to Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone AU - Weaver, Alexandra AU - See, M. AU - Kim, Sung T2 - Toxins AB - To evaluate the effects of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) on pigs and the benefits of two mycotoxin mitigation strategies, gilts (n = 84, 9.1 ± 0.1 kg) were allotted to four treatments: CON (control); MT (4.8 mg/kg feed DON and 0.3 mg/kg feed ZEA); MT-YC (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast cell wall product); and MT-YF (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast fermentation product). After 42 days of feeding, pigs fed MT had reduced (p < 0.05) growth performance compared with pigs fed CON. Pigs fed MT-YF had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain and tended to have greater (p = 0.080) average daily feed intake than MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YC did not differ from MT. Oxidative DNA damage increased (p < 0.05) in MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YF tended to have lower (p = 0.067) oxidative stress. Liver hydropic degeneration was increased (p < 0.05) in MT in contrast to CON and MT-YF, and tended to be greater (p = 0.079) than MT-YC. Collectively, feeding diets contaminated with mycotoxins significantly reduced growth performance and impacted pig health. The yeast additives had varied ability to reduce mycotoxin effects on pig growth and health, but may still play a beneficial role in reducing the overall impacts of a mycotoxin challenge on pigs. DA - 2014/12/12/ PY - 2014/12/12/ DO - 10.3390/toxins6123336 VL - 6 IS - 12 SP - 3336-3353 J2 - Toxins LA - en OP - SN - 2072-6651 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6123336 DB - Crossref KW - deoxynivalenol KW - feed additives KW - pigs KW - yeast KW - zearalenone ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic parameters for milk yield and persistency in Carora dairy cattle breed using random regression model AU - Tullo, Emanuela AU - Biffani, Stefano AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Rizzi, Rita T2 - ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - In tropical environments, lactation curves with lower peaks and higher persistency (PS) might be desirable from both an economical and a physiological point of view. The objective of this study was to obtain genetic parameters for test day (TD) yields, and PS for the tropical breed Carora and to compare these with results from a standard 305-d-milk yield animal model. Four random regression models (RRM) were used on a dataset composed of 95,606 TD records collected in Venezuela and tested to find the best fitting the data. Estimated daily heritabilities for milk yields ranged from 0.21 to 0.30, with the lowest values around the peak of lactation. Lactation repeatabilities ranged from 0.50 to 0.56. Correlations between the breeding values obtained with the RRM and the lactation model currently used in Venezuela [single trait Animal Model (stAM)] are quite high and positive (Pearson correlation=0.71 and Spearman correlation=0.72). Correlations between PS and 305-d-milk yield estimated breeding values (EBV) ranged from -0.18 (PS as the deviation of daily productions in the interval 50-279 days in milk from a point at the end of lactation) to 0.52 (PS as EBV difference between the second and the first stage of lactation). The use of PS indexes accounting for milk yield may allow the selection of individuals able to express their potential genetic values in tropical environment, without incurring in excessive heat stress losses. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.4081/ijas.2014.3484 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - SN - 1828-051X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919617349&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Random regression models KW - Persistency KW - Dairy cattle KW - Tropics KW - Carora breed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal microbial diversity and putative function in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong) AU - McKenney, Erin A. AU - Ashwell, Melissa AU - Lambert, Joanna E. AU - Fellner, Vivek T2 - INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY AB - Abstract Microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to host health and nutrition. Although gut microbial ecology is well studied in livestock and domestic animals, little is known of the endogenous populations inhabiting primates or carnivora. We characterized microbial populations in fecal cultures from gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ), common chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), Hamadryas baboons ( Papio hamadryas ) and binturongs ( Arctictis binturong ) to compare the microbiomes associated with different gastrointestinal morphologies and different omnivorous feeding strategies. Each species was fed a distinct standardized diet for 2 weeks prior to fecal collection. All diets were formulated to reflect the species' feeding strategies in situ . Fresh fecal samples were pooled within species and used to inoculate in vitro batch cultures. Acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate were measured after 24 h of incubation. Eubacterial DNA was extracted from individual fecal samples, pooled, and the cpn60 gene region was amplified and then sequenced to identify the major eubacterial constituents associated with each host species. Short chain fatty acids ( P < 0.001) and methane ( P < 0.001) were significantly different across species. Eubacterial profiles were consistent with fermentation data and suggest an increase in diversity with dietary fiber. DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014/11// DO - 10.1111/1749-4877.12112 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 557-569 SN - 1749-4869 KW - ecology KW - fermentation KW - gastrointestinal microbiota KW - microbial diversity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Blocking Ligand Occupancy of the alpha V beta 3 Integrin Inhibits the Development of Nephropathy in Diabetic Pigs AU - Maile, Laura A. AU - Busby, Walker H. AU - Gollahon, Katherine A. AU - Flowers, William AU - Garbacik, Nikol AU - Garbacik, Stefani AU - Stewart, Kara AU - Nichols, Timothy AU - Bellinger, Dwight AU - Patel, Amit AU - Dunbar, Paul AU - Medlin, Matt AU - Clemmons, David T2 - ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Hyperglycemia stimulates secretion of αVβ3 ligands from vascular cells, including endothelial cells, resulting in activation of the αVβ3 integrin. This study determined whether blocking ligand occupancy of αVβ3 would inhibit the development of diabetic nephropathy. Ten diabetic pigs received an F(ab)2 fragment of an antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the β3-subunit, and 10 received a control IgG F(ab)2 for 18 weeks. Nondiabetic pigs excreted 115 ± 50 μg of protein/mg creatinine compared with control F(ab)2-treated diabetic animals (218 ± 57 μg/mg), whereas diabetic animals treated with the anti-β3 F(ab)2 excreted 119 ± 55 μg/mg (P < .05). Mesangial volume/glomerular volume increased to 21 ± 2.4% in control-treated diabetic animals compared with 14 ± 2.8% (P < .01) in animals treated with active antibody. Diabetic animals treated with control F(ab)2 had significantly less glomerular podocin staining compared with nondiabetic animals, and this decrease was attenuated by treatment with anti-β3 F(ab)2. Glomerular basement membrane thickness was increased in the control, F(ab)2-treated diabetic animals (212 ± 14 nm) compared with nondiabetic animals (170 ± 8.8 nm), but it was unchanged (159.9 ± 16.4 nm) in animals receiving anti-β3 F(ab)2. Podocyte foot process width was greater in control, F(ab)2-treated, animals (502 ± 34 nm) compared with animals treated with the anti-β3 F(ab)2 (357 ± 47 nm, P < .05). Renal β3 tyrosine phosphorylation decreased from 13 934 ± 6437 to 6730 ± 1524 (P < .01) scanning units in the anti-β3-treated group. We conclude that administration of an antibody that inhibits activation of the β3-subunit of αVβ3 that is induced by hyperglycemia attenuates proteinuria and early histologic changes of diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that it may have utility in preventing the progression of this disease complication. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1210/en.2014-1318 VL - 155 IS - 12 SP - 4665-4675 SN - 1945-7170 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of carbon dioxide administration for on-site mass depopulation of swine in response to animal health emergencies AU - Meyer, Robert E. AU - Morrow, W. E. Morgan AU - Stikeleather, Larry F. AU - Baird, Craig L. AU - Rice, J. Mark AU - Byrne, Haleh AU - Halbert, Burt V. AU - Styles, Darrel K. T2 - JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - apid methods for on-site swine depopulation are re-quired in the event of an animal health emergency in North America. The term animal health emergency, as used in this context, includes a wide range of poten-tial situations such as disease outbreaks, contamination with chemicals (eg, dioxin) or radionuclides (eg, cesi-um-137), and adverse animal welfare conditions creat-ed by transportation restrictions that severely limit feed deliveries and animal movement. As described by the AVMA, mass depopulation refers to methods by which large numbers of animals must be destroyed quickly and efficiently with as much consideration given to the welfare of the animals as practicable, but where the cir -cumstances and tasks facing those performing depopu-lation are understood to be extenuating. DA - 2014/4/15/ PY - 2014/4/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.244.8.924 VL - 244 IS - 8 SP - 924-933 SN - 1943-569X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing fish meal and whey protein concentrate: Effects on growth, immune status, and gut health AU - Zhao, Yan AU - Weaver, Alexandra C. AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - Payne, Robert L. AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AB - Limited availability of fish meal and whey protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. Availability of increased number of supplemental amino acids including Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile allows replacing expensive protein supplements to reduce feed costs. This study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate in nursery diets with 6 supplemental amino acids on growth performance and gut health of post-weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) FM-WPC: diet with fish meal (FM) and whey protein concentrate (WPC); 2) FM-AA: diet with FM and crystalline amino acids (L-Lys, L-Thr, L-Trp, DL-Met, L-Val, and L-Ile); 3) WPC-AA: diet with WPC and crystalline amino acid; and 4) AA: diet with crystalline amino acid. Pigs in FM-AA, WPC-AA, and AA had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and gain:feed than pigs in FM-WPC during wk 1 (phase 1). Plasma insulin concentration of pigs in AA tended to be greater (P = 0.064) than that of FM-WPC at the end of wk 1(phase 1). Plasma concentrations of IgG in AA was lower (P < 0.05) compared with WPC-AA and FW, and FM-AA had lower (P < 0.05) IgG concentration than WPC-AA at the end of wk 1 (phase 1). Concentration of acetate in cecum digesta in FM-AA tended to be greater (P = 0.054) than that of FM-WPC and WPC-AA. Concentration of isovalerate in cecum digesta of pigs in FM-AA was greater (P < 0.05) than that of FW and WPC-AA. This study indicates that use of 6 supplemental amino acids can replace fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate without adverse effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut health of pigs at d 21 to 49 of age. Positive response with the use of 6 supplemental amino acids in growth during the first week of post-weaning may due to increased plasma insulin potentially improving uptake of nutrients for protein synthesis and energy utilization. The replacement of fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate with 6 supplemental amino acids could decrease the crude protein level in nursery diets, and potentially lead to substantial cost savings in expensive nursery diets. DA - 2014/12/22/ PY - 2014/12/22/ DO - 10.1186/2049-1891-5-57 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - SN - 2049-1891 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/38685441/ KW - Amino acid KW - Fish meal KW - Growth performance KW - Pig KW - Whey protein concentrate ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of breed and sex on sulfamethazine, enrofloxacin, fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine pharmacokinetic parameters in swine AU - Howard, J. T. AU - Baynes, R. E. AU - Brooks, J. D. AU - Yeatts, J. L. AU - Bellis, B. AU - Ashwell, M. S. AU - Routh, P. AU - O'Nan, A. T. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS AB - Drug use in livestock has received increased attention due to welfare concerns and food safety. Characterizing heterogeneity in the way swine populations respond to drugs could allow for group-specific dose or drug recommendations. Our objective was to determine whether drug clearance differs across genetic backgrounds and sex for sulfamethazine, enrofloxacin, fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine. Two sires from each of four breeds were mated to a common sow population. The nursery pigs generated (n = 114) were utilized in a random crossover design. Drugs were administered intravenously and blood collected a minimum of 10 times over 48 h. A non-compartmental analysis of drug and metabolite plasma concentration vs. time profiles was performed. Within-drug and metabolite analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters included fixed effects of drug administration date, sex and breed of sire. Breed differences existed for flunixin meglumine (P-value<0.05; Cl, Vdss ) and oxfendazole (P-value<0.05, AUC0→∞ ). Sex differences existed for oxfendazole (P-value < 0.05; Tmax ) and sulfamethazine (P-value < 0.05, Cl). Differences in drug clearance were seen, and future work will determine the degree of additive genetic variation utilizing a larger population. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1111/jvp.12128 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 531-541 SN - 1365-2885 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911423325&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum Leptin as an Indicator of Fat Levels in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Southeastern USA AU - Chitwood, M. Colter AU - Phillips, Shannon P. AU - Whisnant, Scott AU - Tyndall, James AU - Lashley, Marcus A. AU - DePerno, Christopher S. T2 - JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB - Leptin is a hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake, appetite, and metabolism. In some mammals, leptin has been shown to circulate at levels proportional to body fat, which could make it useful for nonlethal evaluation of body condition. Leptin's usefulness for estimating fat levels (i.e., body condition) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is unknown. We quantified serum leptin concentrations in a sample of free-ranging, female deer collected in July 2008 and March 2009 from coastal North Carolina, USA. We compared leptin concentrations with kidney fat index, femur marrow fat index, and kidney fat mass. Additionally, we assessed differences in leptin concentrations between the two seasons, lactating and nonlactating females, and gestating and nongestating females. Leptin concentrations were similar between seasons but were lower in lactating and gestating females. We did not detect significant relationships between leptin and the body fat metrics, indicating that leptin may have limited value for estimating fat reserves in white-tailed deer. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.7589/2013-08-223 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 887-890 SN - 1943-3700 KW - Body fat KW - fat index KW - leptin KW - Odocoileus virginianus KW - white-tailed deer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of phytase supplementation on reproductive performance, apparent total tract digestibility of Ca and P and bone characteristics in gestating and lactating sows AU - Dal Jang, Y. AU - Lindemann, M. D. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Jones, R. D. AU - Kim, B. G. AU - Maxwell, C. V. AU - Radcliffe, J. S. T2 - Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 178-193 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Chitosan on Intestinal Inflammation in Weaned Pigs Challenged by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli AU - Xiao, Dingfu AU - Wang, Yongfei AU - Liu, Gang AU - He, Jianhua AU - Qiu, Wei AU - Hu, Xionggui AU - Feng, Zemeng AU - Ran, Maoliang AU - Nyachoti, Charles M. AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Tang, Zhiru AU - Yin, Yulong T2 - PLoS ONE AB - The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with chitosan (COS) could reduce diarrhea and to explore how COS alleviates intestinal inflammation in weaned pigs. Thirty pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire, initial BW of 5.65±0.27) weaned at age 21 d were challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli during a preliminary trial period, and then divided into three treatment groups. Pigs in individual pens were fed a corn-soybean meal diet, that contained either 0 (control), 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline, or 300 mg/kg COS for 21 days. The post-weaning diarrhea frequency, calprotectin levels and TLR4 protein expression were decreased (P<0.05) in both the COS and chlortetracycline groups compared with control. Simultaneously, supplemental COS and chlortetracycline had no effect on the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the jejunal mucosa, or on the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum. However, COS supplementation improved (P<0.05) the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in the jejunal mucosa. The results indicate that supplementation with COS at 300 mg/kg was effective for alleviating intestinal inflammation and enhancing the cell-mediated immune response. As feed additives, chitosan and chlortetracycline may influence different mechanisms for alleviating inflammation in piglets. DA - 2014/8/4/ PY - 2014/8/4/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0104192 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - e104192 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104192 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of gonadotropin releasing factor suppression with an immunological on growth performance, estrus activity, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of market gilts AU - Bohrer, B. M. AU - Flowers, W. L. AU - Kyle, J. M. AU - Johnson, S. S. AU - King, V. L. AU - Spruill, J. L. AU - Thompson, D. P. AU - Schroeder, A. L. AU - Boler, D. D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Objectives were to evaluate the administration of an anti-gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF) analog on suppression of estrus, consistency of feed intake, and growth performance in market gilts and to investigate the impact the physiological changes would have on carcass characteristics and fresh meat quality. Gonadotropin releasing factor stimulates the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone that acts on the ovary to induce follicle development and indirectly initiates ovulation. Improvest (Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI) contains an incomplete version of naturally occurring GnRF and causes the production of anti-GnRF antibodies that bind to the GnRF receptor and thus render GnRF inactive. This in turn suppresses estrus in female pigs. Gilts were initially separated into 10 blocks based on age and then within each block allotted to a pen (n = 114; 5 pigs/pen) based on BW. Gilts received the first dose at 12 wk of age and the second dose at 16 wk of age, were exposed to a boar daily from 20 to 26 wk of age, and were slaughtered at 26 wk of age (10 wk after second dose). Meat quality was analyzed on the 2 gilts closest to pen average ending live weight in 5 of the 10 blocks. Pen served as the experimental unit for all data analysis. During the 15-wk finishing period, ADG was 0.03 kg greater (P < 0.01) and G:F was 0.009 greater (P = 0.02) in gilts administered GnRF suppression (treated) compared with untreated gilts (control). The majority of improvements in growth performance were observed from 16 to 20 wk of age (4 wk after second dose), as ADG was 0.07 kg greater (P < 0.001) and G:F was 0.021 greater (P < 0.01) in treated gilts compared with control gilts. Ovarian weights were reduced (P < 0.0001) by 64.15% and gilts exhibiting puberty were reduced by 87.80% (P < 0.001) in treated gilts compared with control gilts. Back fat depth was 3.78 mm greater (P < 0.0001) and estimated lean was 1.31 percentage units less (P < 0.0001) in treated gilts compared with control gilts. With the exception of subjective color, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.12) in meat quality parameters between treated and control gilts. Subjective color was darker (P = 0.03) in treated gilts compared with control gilts. These data suggest market gilts treated with an anti-GnRF analog had suppressed estrus and episodical changes in ADFI, while they had improved feed efficiency, increased ADG, and increased back fat depth when compared with gilts without an anti-GnRF analog treatment. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.2527/jas.2014-7756 VL - 92 IS - 10 SP - 4719-4724 SN - 1525-3163 KW - estrus suppression KW - gilt KW - gonadotropin releasing factor KW - Improvest ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary Calcium Deficiency and Excess Both Impact Bone Development and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lineage Priming in Neonatal Piglets AU - Li, Yihang AU - Stahl, Chad H. T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Optimizing calcium nutrition to maximize bone accretion during growth to prevent fragility fractures later in life has spurred greater interest in calcium nutrition in neonates.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary calcium, from deficiency through excess, on bone growth, and the in vivo and in vitro behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in neonatal pigs.Twenty-four male and female piglets (24 ± 6 h old) were fed either a calcium-deficient [Ca-D; 0.6% Ca on a dry matter (DM) basis], a calcium-adequate diet (Ca-A; 0.9% Ca on a DM basis), or a calcium-excessive diet (Ca-E; 1.3% Ca on a DM basis) for 14 d to assess the impact of dietary calcium on calcium homeostasis and on the behavior of MSCs.Growth rate was not affected by the Ca-E diet, although bone ash content was 16% higher (P < 0.05) and urinary calcium excretion was 5-fold higher, when normalized to creatinine, compared with the Ca-A group at trial completion. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) in Ca-D piglets in comparison with other groups at both 7 and 14 d. In vivo proliferation of MSCs was 30% higher (P < 0.05) in Ca-E piglets than the other groups. MSCs from both Ca-D- and Ca-E-fed piglets had greater adipogenic potential based on increased gene expression (P < 0.05) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (Ap2) than MSCs from Ca-A piglets. Interestingly, only MSCs from Ca-E-fed piglets had greater (P < 0.05) gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) during adipocytic differentiation than those from Ca-A piglets. To assess alterations in lineage allocation and priming, the most and least osteogenic (O+ and O-, respectively) and adipogenic (A+ and A-, respectively) colonies from each MSC isolation were selected on the basis of functional staining. The O+ colonies from Ca-D piglets expressed lower (P < 0.05) levels of osteocalcin (OC) mRNA than did those from other groups, whereas the O- colonies from Ca-E piglets expressed higher (P < 0.05) levels of mRNA of Pparg, Ap2, and Lpl than did those from other groups.Neonatal calcium deficiency appears to reduce the osteogenic priming of MSCs while enlarging a subpopulation of potentially adipogenic cells, and excess dietary calcium appears to allow greater multipotency of MSCs. These programming alterations of MSCs could have long-term consequences for bone health. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.3945/jn.114.194787 VL - 144 IS - 12 SP - 1935-1942 SN - 1541-6100 KW - calcium KW - swine KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - neonate KW - differentiation potential ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abdominal lipomatosis with secondary self-strangulation of masses in an adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) AU - Chum, H. H. AU - Long, C. T. AU - McKeon, G. P. AU - Chang, A. G. AU - Luong, R. H. AU - Albertelli, M. A. T2 - Comparative Medicine DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 404-408 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of dietary spray dried plasma protein to mitigate the negative effects on performance of pigs fed diets with corn naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins AU - Weaver, A. C. AU - Campbell, J. M. AU - Crenshaw, J. D. AU - Polo, J. AU - Kim, S. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The ability of spray dried plasma protein (SDPP) to reduce the negative effects of multiple mycotoxins from naturally contaminated corn on weaned pig performance and health was investigated (n = 180; 6.84 ± 0.11 kg). For 12 d after weaning, pigs were fed phase 1 nursery diets with either 0% SDPP (PP0) or 6% SDPP (PP6). After 12 d, pigs were fed phase 2 diets for 3 wk. Pigs fed PP0 in phase 1 continued to be fed a phase 2 diet with no SDPP (PP0/PP0) or were fed a diet including corn naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins (M), labeled PP0/PP0M. Pigs fed SDPP in phase 1 were fed either a diet with no SDPP (PP6/PP0), a diet with M and no SDPP (PP6/PP0M), a diet with M and 3% SDPP (PP6/PP3M), or a diet with M and 6% SDPP (PP6/PP6M). During phase 1, pigs fed PP6 had increased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, whereas immunological parameters were not altered. During phase 2, pigs consuming PP0/PP0M had reduced ADG (P < 0.01) and ADFI (P < 0.05) in contrast to pigs fed PP0/PP0, whereas the performance of pigs fed PP6/PP0M was intermediate to pigs fed PP0/PP0M and PP6/PP0. The ADG and ADFI did not differ for pigs fed PP0/PP0M and PP6/PP0M during phase 2. Performance of pigs fed PP6/PP3M in contrast to pigs fed PP6/PP0M during phase 2 did not differ; however, these pigs had lower (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor α and tended (P = 0.094) to have lower DNA damage. During phase 2, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed PP6/PP6M did not differ from pigs fed PP6/PP0M, but G:F tended (P = 0.067) to be increased in pigs fed PP6/PP6M. Over the entire study period, pigs fed PP0/PP0M had reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and tended (P = 0.067) to have reduced ADFI. During this time, pigs fed PP6/PP0M tended to have greater ADG and ADFI (P = 0.093 and P = 0.067, respectively) compared with pigs fed PP0/PP0M. Overall, feeding a diet with SDPP improved growth performance and feed intake of young pigs directly after weaning. Feeding multiple M had a negative impact on growth performance of pigs during this trial. This response was more significant when pigs were not fed SDPP in phase 1. Overall, when combining phase 1 and 2 performance data, daily gain and feed intake tended to be reduced when pigs were not fed 6% SDPP in phase 1. This study indicates that the composition of diets fed immediately after weaning may be important for pigs that subsequently are under a M challenge. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6939 VL - 92 IS - 9 SP - 3878-3886 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907652876&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - aflatoxin KW - fumonisin KW - mycotoxins KW - pigs KW - spray dried plasma protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of calf weaning age and subsequent management systems on growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers AU - Moriel, P. AU - Johnson, S. E. AU - Vendramini, J. M. B. AU - McCann, M. A. AU - Gerrard, D. E. AU - Mercadante, V. R. G. AU - Hersom, M. J. AU - Arthington, J. D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Brahman × British crossbred steers (n = 40 and 38 in yr 1 and 2, respectively) were used to evaluate the effects of calf management systems following early weaning (EW) on growth performance, muscle gene expression, and carcass characteristics. On the day of EW (d 0), steers were stratified by BW and age (95 ± 14 kg; 74 ± 14 d) and randomly assigned to a control treatment that was normally weaned (NW) on d 180 (n = 10 steers/yr) or to 1 of 3 EW treatments: 1) EW and limit fed a high-concentrate diet at 3.5% of BW (as-fed basis) in drylot until d 180 (EW180; n = 10 steers/yr), 2) EW and limit fed a high-concentrate diet at 3.5% of BW (as-fed basis) in drylot until d 90 and then grazed on bahiagrass pastures until d 180 (EW90; n = 10 steers/yr), or 3) EW and grazed on annual ryegrass pastures until d 60 (yr 1; n = 10 steers) or 90 (yr 2; n = 8 steers) and then on bahiagrass pastures until d 180 (EWRG). Early-weaned steers on ryegrass and bahiagrass pastures were supplemented with high-concentrate diet at 1.0% of BW (as-fed basis) until d 180. From d 180 to 270 (yr 1), all EW steers remained in their respective treatments, whereas NW steers were provided high-concentrate diet at 1.0% of BW (as-fed basis) on bahiagrass pastures. In yr 1, feedlot finishing period began on d 270. In yr 2, the study was terminated on d 180. In both years, EW180 steers were heaviest (P < 0.0001) on d 180. On d 180 of yr 1, EWRG steers were lightest (P < 0.0001) and EW90 steers were heavier (P = 0.05) than NW steers, whereas EW90, EWRG, and NW steers had similar BW on d 180 of yr 2 (P ≥ 0.14). On d 90, muscle PPARγ mRNA expression tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for EW180 steers and was greater (P = 0.008) for EW90 vs. EWRG steers but similar (P = 0.25) between EW180 and NW steers. On d 180, PPARγ mRNA was greater (P ≤ 0.06) for EW180 vs. NW, EW90, and EWRG steers. From d 274 to 302, EW180 steers had the least ADG (P ≤ 0.09), whereas EW90 steers had similar (P = 0.19) ADG compared with EWRG steers but greater (P = 0.03) ADG than NW steers. At slaughter, carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.22) among treatments. In summary, EW steers provided a high-concentrate diet in drylot for at least 90 d were heavier at the time of normal weaning than NW steers and EW steers grazed on ryegrass pastures for 60 to 90 d and supplemented with concentrate at 1.0% of BW. Feeding a high-concentrate diet immediately after EW enhanced the muscle PPARγ expression but did not enhance marbling at slaughter. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.2527/jas.2014-7751 VL - 92 IS - 8 SP - 3598-3609 SN - 1525-3163 KW - beef steers KW - carcass KW - early weaning KW - insulin-like growth factor 1 KW - marbling KW - metabolic imprinting ER - TY - JOUR TI - Differential expression of heat shock transcription factors and heat shock proteins after acute and chronic heat stress in laying chickens (Gallus gallus) AU - Xie, J. J. AU - Tang, L. AU - Lu, L. AU - Zhang, L. Y. AU - Xi, L. AU - Liu, H-C AU - Odle, J. AU - Luo, X. G. T2 - PLoS One AB - Heat stress due to high environmental temperature negatively influences animal performances. To better understand the biological impact of heat stress, laying broiler breeder chickens were subjected either to acute (step-wisely increasing temperature from 21 to 35°C within 24 hours) or chronic (32°C for 8 weeks) high temperature exposure. High temperature challenges significantly elevated body temperature of experimental birds (P<0.05). However, oxidation status of lipid and protein and expression of heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 90 were differently affected by acute and chronic treatment. Tissue-specific responses to thermal challenge were also found among heart, liver and muscle. In the heart, acute heat challenge affected lipid oxidation (P = 0.05) and gene expression of all 4 HSF gene expression was upregulated (P<0.05). During chronic heat treatment, the HSP 70 mRNA level was increased (P<0.05) and HSP 90 mRNA (P<0.05) was decreased. In the liver, oxidation of protein was alleviated during acute heat challenge (P<0.05), however, gene expression HSF2, 3 and 4 and HSP 70 were highly induced (P<0.05). HSP90 expression was increased by chronic thermal treatment (P<0.05). In the muscle, both types of heat stress increased protein oxidation, but HSFs and HSPs gene expression remained unaltered. Only tendencies to increase were observed in HSP 70 (P = 0.052) and 90 (P = 0.054) gene expression after acute heat stress. The differential expressions of HSF and HSP genes in different tissues of laying broiler breeder chickens suggested that anti-heat stress mechanisms might be provoked more profoundly in the heart, by which the muscle was least protected during heat stress. In addition to HSP, HSFs gene expression could be used as a marker during acute heat stress. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0102204 VL - 9 IS - 7 SP - e102204 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102204 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon dioxide system for on-farm euthanasia of pigs in small groups AU - Rice, M. AU - Baird, C. AU - Stikeleather, L. AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Meyer, R. T2 - Journal of Swine Health and Production DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 248-254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Binturong (Arctictis binturong) and Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Digestive Strategy: Implications for Interpreting Frugivory in Carnivora and Primates AU - Lambert, Joanna E. AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - McKenney, Erin AU - Hartstone-Rose, Adam T2 - PLoS ONE AB - Exclusive frugivory is rare. As a food resource, fruit is temporally and spatially patchy, low in protein, and variable in terms of energy yield from different carbohydrate types. Here, we evaluate the digestive physiology of two frugivorous Carnivora species (Potos flavus, Arctictis binturong) that converge with primates in a diversity of ecological and anatomical traits related to fruit consumption. We conducted feeding trials to determine mean digestive retention times (MRT) on captive animals at the Carnivore Preservation Trust (now Carolina Tiger Rescue), Pittsboro, NC. Fecal samples were collected on study subjects for in vitro analysis to determine methane, pH, and short chain fatty acid profiles; fiber was assayed using standard neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fiber methods. Results indicate that both carnivoran species have rapid digestive passage for mammals that consume a predominantly plant-based diet: A. binturong MRT = 6.5 hrs (0.3); P. flavus MRT = 2.5 hrs (1.6). In vitro experiments revealed no fermentation of structural polysaccharides – methane levels did not shift from 0 h to either 24 or 48 hours and no short chain fatty acids were detected. In both species, however, pH declined from one incubation period to another suggesting acidification and bacterial activity of microbes using soluble carbohydrates. A comparison with primates indicates that the study species are most similar in digestive retention times to Ateles – the most frugivorous anthropoid primate taxon. DA - 2014/8/26/ PY - 2014/8/26/ DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0105415 VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - e105415 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en OP - SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105415 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antiluteogenic effects of serial prostaglandin F-2 alpha administration in cycling mares AU - Coffman, E. A. AU - Pinto, C. R. F. AU - Snyder, H. K. AU - Leisinger, C. A. AU - Cole, K. AU - Whisnant, C. S. T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - A single dose of PGF2α does not consistently induce luteolysis in the equine CL until at least 5 days after ovulation, leading to the erroneous assumption that the early CL is refractory to the luteolytic effects of PGF2α. We hypothesized that serial administration of PGF2α in early diestrus would induce a return to estrus similar to mares treated with a single injection in mid-diestrus, and fertility of the induced estrus would not differ. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of the 2 approaches as reflected by: (1) concentrations of plasma progesterone; (2) interovulatory and treatment-to-ovulation intervals; (3) the proportion of mares pregnant after artificial insemination. The study consisted of a balanced crossover design in which 10 reproductively normal Quarter Horse Mares were exposed to 2 treatments on 2 consecutive reproductive cycles. At detected ovulation (Day 0), mares were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatment groups: I, mid-diestrus treatment, administration of a single 10-mg dose of dinoprost tromethamine (PGF2α) im on Day 10; II, early diestrus treatment, administration of 10-mg PGF2α im twice daily on Days 0, 1, and 2 and once daily on Days 3 and 4. Mares in estrus and with a follicle 35 mm or greater in diameter were artificially inseminated with at least 2 billion motile sperm from a fertile stallion. Pregnancy was defined as detection of a growing embryonic vesicle on 2 consecutive examinations approximately 14 days after ovulation. Serial plasma samples were collected throughout the study period, and concentration of plasma progesterone was determined by RIA. A mixed-model ANOVA for repeated measures was used to analyze hormonal data. Interovulatory and treatment-to-ovulation intervals were compared by a paired t test and fertility by a McNemar chi-square analysis. All mares in group I underwent luteolysis after PGF2α administration denoted by mean (±SD) concentration of plasma progesterone of 0.25 ± 0.21 ng/mL detected 2 days after treatment. In group II, mean concentration of plasma progesterone remained below 1.0 ng/mL during treatment and until the onset of the next estrus. The mean interovulatory interval in group I was 18.5 ± 2.0 days compared with 13.1 ± 3.7 days in group II (P < 0.01). Treatment-to-ovulation intervals were 8.5 ± 2.0 days and 13.1 ± 3.7 days for groups I and II, respectively (P < 0.05). In both groups, 9 of 10 mares were pregnant (P = 1.0). Serial PGF2α administration beginning at ovulation consistently prevented luteal function in 10 of 10 mares in the present study without adversely affecting pregnancy rate of post-treatment cycles. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.038 VL - 82 IS - 9 SP - 1241-1245 SN - 1879-3231 KW - PGF(2 alpha) KW - Mare KW - Fertility KW - Progesterone KW - Antiluteogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transport of Steroid Hormones, Phytoestrogens, and Estrogenic Activity across a Swine Lagoon/Sprayfield System AU - Yost, Erin E. AU - Meyer, Michael T. AU - Dietze, Julie E. AU - Williams, C. Michael AU - Worley-Davis, Lynn AU - Lee, Boknam AU - Kullman, Seth W. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB - The inflow, transformation, and attenuation of natural steroid hormones and phytoestrogens and estrogenic activity were assessed across the lagoon/sprayfield system of a prototypical commercial swine sow operation. Free and conjugated steroid hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progesterone) were detected in urine and feces of sows across reproductive stages, with progesterone being the most abundant steroid hormone. Excreta also contained phytoestrogens indicative of a soy-based diet, particularly, daidzein, genistein, and equol. During storage in barn pits and the anaerobic lagoon, conjugated hormones dissipated, and androgens and progesterone were attenuated. Estrone and equol persisted along the waste disposal route. Following application of lagoon slurry to agricultural soils, all analytes exhibited attenuation within 2 days. However, analytes including estrone, androstenedione, progesterone, and equol remained detectable in soil at 2 months postapplication. Estrogenic activity in the yeast estrogen screen and T47D-KBluc in vitro bioassays generally tracked well with analyte concentrations. Estrone was found to be the greatest contributor to estrogenic activity across all sample types. This investigation encompasses the most comprehensive suite of natural hormone and phytoestrogen analytes examined to date across a livestock lagoon/sprayfield and provides global insight into the fate of these analytes in this widely used waste management system. DA - 2014/10/7/ PY - 2014/10/7/ DO - 10.1021/es5025806 VL - 48 IS - 19 SP - 11600-11609 SN - 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short communication: An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of plant-derived oils AU - Mullen, K. A. E. AU - Lee, A. R. AU - Lyman, R. L. AU - Mason, S. E. AU - Washburn, S. P. AU - Anderson, K. L. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Nonantibiotic treatments for mastitis are needed in organic dairy herds. Plant-derived oils may be useful but efficacy and potential mechanisms of action of such oils in mastitis therapy have not been well documented. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the plant-derived oil components of Phyto-Mast (Bovinity Health LLC, Narvon, PA), an herbal intramammary product, against 3 mastitis-causing pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Streptococcus uberis. Plant-derived oils evaluated were Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice), Angelica sinensis, and Angelica dahurica. Broth dilution testing according to standard protocol was performed using ultrapasteurized whole milk instead of broth. Controls included milk only (negative control), milk + bacteria (positive control), and milk + bacteria + penicillin-streptomycin (antibiotic control, at 1 and 5% concentrations). Essential oil of thyme was tested by itself and not in combination with other oils because of its known antibacterial activity. The other plant-derived oils were tested alone and in combination for a total of 15 treatments, each replicated 3 times and tested at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% to simulate concentrations potentially achievable in the milk within the pre-dry-off udder quarter. Thyme oil at concentrations ≥2% completely inhibited bacterial growth in all replications. Other plant-derived oils tested alone or in various combinations were not consistently antibacterial and did not show typical dose-response effects. Only thyme essential oil had consistent antibacterial activity against the 3 mastitis-causing organisms tested in vitro. Further evaluation of physiological effects of thyme oil in various preparations on mammary tissue is recommended to determine potential suitability for mastitis therapy. DA - 2014/9// PY - 2014/9// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-7806 VL - 97 IS - 9 SP - 5587-5591 SN - 1525-3198 KW - mastitis KW - plant-derived oils KW - alternative to antibiotics KW - organic ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invited review: Genetic considerations for various pasture-based dairy systems AU - Washburn, S. P. AU - Mullen, K. A. E. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Pasture-based dairy systems use grazing to supply significant percentages of the dry matter intake of cows and heifers. Such systems vary from those for which pasture is used only as a supplemental feed for cows primarily fed a total mixed ration to those for which pasture is the primary source of dry matter for the herd. Cows that are optimal in a pasture system share many general characteristics with cows that are appropriate for a nonpasture system, including feed efficiency, maintenance of body condition, reproductive fitness, udder health, longevity, and the ability to adapt to various management systems. However, in such divergent feeding systems, the relative importance of various traits can differ. In pasture systems where cow nutrient demand intentionally coincides with seasonal forage availability, the focus of selection has emphasized fertility and other fitness traits, as well as yields of milk or milk components. Breeds or strains with higher yields of protein and fat typically have advantages in grazing systems that supply milk to solids-based or cheese markets. Holstein cows with high percentages of North American ancestry can work well in grazing systems that include supplemental concentrates or partial mixed rations, particularly if calving intervals are less restrictive. Crossbred cows can be selected for use in specific grazing systems as well as for specific milk markets, with the added advantage of heterosis. Breeds and crosses with high fertility are important for seasonal breeding and calving. The ability of cattle to both milk and maintain sufficient body condition for reproduction is important for any dairy production system but is critical in a seasonal system. Dairy farms that depend on pasture for most of dry matter for cows typically have lower production per cow than nongrazing dairies but have the potential to be economically competitive because of lower operating and overhead costs. Although the principles of selection are similar across a variety of pasture-based and nonpasture systems, we document from studies and observations covered herein that optimal breeds, breed strains, and selection strategies can differ based on varying management constraints and objectives. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014/10// DO - 10.3168/jds.2014-7925 VL - 97 IS - 10 SP - 5923-5938 SN - 1525-3198 KW - pasture KW - systems KW - genetics KW - management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intake estimation of horses grazing tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) or fed tall fescue hay AU - Chavez, S. J. AU - Siciliano, P. D. AU - Huntington, G. B. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Six mature geldings of light horse breeds (557 ± 37 kg) were randomly assigned to a nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue hay (n = 3) or pasture treatment (n = 3) in a crossover design with 14-d periods to estimate DMI with alkane markers and to compare DMI of hay and pasture. When fed pasture, horses were housed in stalls from 0700 to 1300 h daily with access to water and then grazed pasture as a group in a single 0.4 ha pasture from 1300 to 0700 h. When fed hay, horses were maintained individually in stalls and given access to hay ad libitum from 1300 to 0700 h. All horses were individually fed 225 g oats twice daily treated with hexatriacontane (C36; external marker) and fecal samples were collected at 0700 and 1900 h on d 10 to 14. Fecal samples were mixed, dried, subsampled, and analyzed for tritriacontane (C33) and hentriacontane (C31) as internal markers and C36 as the external marker using gas chromatography. Estimated hay DMI using either C33 (1.75 kg/100 kg BW) or C31 (1.74 kg/100 kg BW) as internal alkane marker did not differ (P = 0.55) from measured hay DMI (1.70 kg/100 kg BW). Pasture DMI and DM digestibility (DMD) estimated with C31 (2.24 kg/100 kg BW and 53.1 g/100 g DMI) or with C33 (2.34 kg/100 kg BW and 56.2 g/100 g DMI) was greater (P = 0.05) than hay DMI and DMD (1.74 kg/100 kg BW and 44.5 g/100 g DMI). Intake estimated with C33 or C31 did not differ (P = 0.35) during hay or pasture. In conclusion, alkanes can be used to estimate pasture or hay DMI and DMD, and pasture intake exceeded hay intake when offered ad libitum. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-7119 VL - 92 IS - 5 SP - 2304-2308 SN - 1525-3163 KW - alkanes KW - horses KW - intake KW - pasture KW - tall fescue ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of feed grade L-methionine on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with conventional DL-methionine AU - Shen, Y. B. AU - Weaver, A. C. AU - Kim, S. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Two experiments were conducted to test if supplementation of LMET has beneficial effects on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with DL-Met. In Exp. 1, 168 pigs in 56 pens were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments for 20 d, including a basal diet (BD; 55% of the NRC requirement for Met), the BD + 0.048% L-Met or DL-Met (70% of the NRC requirement), the BD + 0.096% L-Met or DL-Met (85% of the NRC requirement), and the BD + 0.144% L-Met or DL-Met (100% of the NRC requirement). Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded every 5 d for computation of growth performance. In Exp. 2, 20 individually housed nursery pigs were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments for 20 d: DML (0.16% Met from the BD + 0.145% supplemental DL-Met) or LMET (0.16% Met from the BD + 0.145% supplemental L-Met). Both diets had Met meeting 95% of the NRC requirement. Duodenum samples from all pigs were collected at the end of the trial to evaluate morphology and redox status. In Exp. 1, during the entire 20 d, pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Met tended to have greater (P = 0.087) ADG and reduced (P < 0.01) plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) than pigs fed diets supplemented with DL-Met. The relative bioavailability (RBA) of L-Met to DL-Met for ADG and G:F was 143.8 and 122.7%, respectively. In Exp. 2, pigs fed a diet supplemented with L-Met had duodenum tissue with greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and greater villus height and width as well as lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of protein carbonyl compared with pigs fed DL-Met. Overall, compared with DL-Met, the use of L-Met as a source of supplemental Met in nursery pig diets enhanced duodenum villus development in association with reduced oxidative stress and improved GSH. The beneficial effects of supplementing L-Met compared to DL-Met in gut of nursery pigs resulted in a potential enhancement of ADG and reduction of PUN. DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014/12// DO - 10.2527/jas.2014-7830 VL - 92 IS - 12 SP - 5530-5539 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946190315&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - amino acid KW - growth performance KW - gut health KW - methionine KW - nursery pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clofibrate Increases Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation by Neonatal Pigs AU - Bai, Xiumei AU - Lin, Xi AU - Drayton, Josephine AU - Liu, Yulan AU - Ji, Cheng AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - Utilization of energy-dense lipid fuels is critical to the rapid development and growth of neonates.To increase efficiency of milk fat utilization by newborn pigs, the effect of clofibrate on in vivo and in vitro long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation was evaluated.Newborn male pigs were administered 5 mL of vehicle (2% Tween 80) with or without clofibrate (75 mg/kg body weight) once daily via i.g. gavage for 4 d. Total LCFA oxidative capacity was measured in respiration chambers after gastric infusion (n = 5 per treatment) with isoenergetic amounts of [1-(14)C]triglycerides (TGs), either oleic acid (18:1n-9) TG [3.02 mmol/kg body weight (BW)(0.75)] or erucic acid (22:1n-9) TG (2.46 mmol/kg BW(0.75)). Total expired (14)CO2 was collected and quantified at 20-min intervals over 24 h. Hepatic in vitro LCFA oxidation was determined simultaneously using [1-(14)C]oleic acid and erucic acid substrates.The in vivo 24-h accumulative [1-(14)C]TG oxidation (percentage of energy intake/kg BW(0.75)) tended to increase with clofibrate supplementation (P = 0.10), although there was no difference in the peak or mean utilization rate. The maximal extent of oleic acid TG oxidation was 1.6-fold that of erucic acid TG (P < 0.006). Hepatic in vitro LCFA oxidation increased 61% with clofibrate (P < 0.0008). The increase in mitochondria was 4-fold greater than in peroxisomes. The relative abundance of mRNA increased 2- to 3-fold for hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and its target genes (fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase) in the pigs that were administered clofibrate (P < 0.04).Clofibrate may improve in vivo LCFA oxidative utilization in neonatal pigs. DA - 2014/9/3/ PY - 2014/9/3/ DO - 10.3945/jn.114.193169 VL - 144 IS - 11 SP - 1688-1693 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.193169 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Manure belts for harvesting urine and feces separately and improving air quality in swine facilities AU - Koger, J. B. AU - O'Brien, B. K. AU - Burnette, R. P. AU - Kai, R. AU - Kempen, M. H. J. G. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. T2 - LIVESTOCK SCIENCE AB - Modern swine facilities have not been designed to maximize manure value nor to minimize NH3 emission. These benefits can possibly be achieved by harvesting urine and feces separately using a conveyor belt placed at a 4° angle beneath the slats. Urine drains from this belt into a gutter leading to a closed storage vessel while feces remain on the belt for up to 24 h. Such a belt was evaluated in a partially slatted swine facility housing 80–100 grower pigs in five separate experiments. Fecal DM was determined as a function of both belt residence time and collection time-of-day. The driest feces were obtained with daily collections at 0600 h. Collections at this time of day resulted in a 9.8±5.0% increase in DM over collection at 1500 h (P=0.07). Under steady state conditions, feces were collected at 49±5% DM and output was 0.26±0.05 kg DM pig−1 d−1 suggesting an apparent feed DM digestibility of 82.8±2.1%. Urine collected was 1.3±0.2 L pig−1 d−1, equivalent to 33±6% of the water intake. Emissions from this facility were for ammonia 1.03±0.20 kg pig−1 yr−1 or 5.9±1.0% of the intake N and for methane 1.05±0.29 kg pig−1 yr−1 or 0.64±0.18% of the feed energy. Odor emission at the ventilation fan was 1.9 OU animal−1 s−1. All three emission parameters were substantially less than literature values for conventional houses. In conclusion, the belt system was easy to operate and allowed for the separate collection of urine and feces resulting in reduced odor nuisance. Technically, it resulted in feces that could be harvested at 49% DM, and emissions of only 1 kg NH3 and CH4 pig−1 yr−1. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.013 VL - 162 SP - 214-222 SN - 1878-0490 KW - Ammonia KW - Belt conveyors KW - Housing KW - Manure KW - Methane KW - Swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic selection for producer-recorded health event data in US dairy cattle AU - Gaddis, K. L. Parker AU - Cole, J. B. AU - Clay, J. S. AU - Maltecca, C. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Emphasizing increased profit through increased dairy cow production has revealed a negative relationship of production with fitness and health traits. Decreased cow health can affect herd profitability through increased rates of involuntary culling and decreased or lost milk sales. The development of genomic selection methodologies, with accompanying substantial gains in reliability for low-heritability traits, may dramatically improve the feasibility of genetic improvement of dairy cow health. Producer-recorded health information may provide a wealth of information for improvement of dairy cow health, thus improving profitability. The principal objective of this study was to use health data collected from on-farm computer systems in the United States to estimate variance components and heritability for health traits commonly experienced by dairy cows. A single-step analysis was conducted to estimate genomic variance components and heritabilities for health events, including cystic ovaries, displaced abomasum, ketosis, lameness, mastitis, metritis, and retained placenta. A blended H matrix was constructed for a threshold model with fixed effects of parity and year-season and random effects of herd-year and sire. The single-step genomic analysis produced heritability estimates that ranged from 0.02 (standard deviation = 0.005) for lameness to 0.36 (standard deviation = 0.08) for retained placenta. Significant genetic correlations were found between lameness and cystic ovaries, displaced abomasum and ketosis, displaced abomasum and metritis, and retained placenta and metritis. Sire reliabilities increased, on average, approximately 30% with the incorporation of genomic data. From the results of these analyses, it was concluded that genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data are feasible in the United States, and that the inclusion of genomic data substantially improves reliabilities for these traits. DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-7543 VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 3190-3199 SN - 1525-3198 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899070158&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - dairy cattle KW - health KW - genomic selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of 2 herbal intramammary products on milk quantity and quality compared with conventional and no dry cow therapy AU - Mullen, K. A. E. AU - Anderson, K. L. AU - Washburn, S. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Dry cow therapy, administered at the end of lactation, is aimed at eliminating current and preventing future intramammary (IMM) bacterial infections and typically involves intramammary administration of antibiotics. Certified organic dairies in the United States are restricted from using antibiotics and must consider an alternative therapy or no dry cow therapy. The current study compared 2 herbal products to conventional dry cow therapy and no treatment for a total of 5 treatments over 2 trials. Trial 1 was conducted over 3 yr on 1 research farm and trial 2 included 4 commercial farms plus the research herd over 2 yr. Treatments included (1) a conventional IMM antibiotic and internal teat sealant (penicillin-dihydrostreptomycin and bismuth subnitrate; CON); (2) an herbal IMM product purported to act as a teat sealant (Cinnatube, New AgriTech Enterprises, Locke, NY; CIN); (3) an herbal IMM product (Phyto-Mast, Bovinity Health LLC, Narvon, PA; P-M); (4) Phyto-Mast and Cinnatube (PC); or (5) no dry cow therapy (NT). Each treatment group was balanced by breed, lactation number, due date, herd, and year. However, the CON treatment was used only in the research herd because of the intent to avoid antibiotic usage on the other 4 farms. Comparisons among treatments included the difference between pre- and posttreatment 305-d mature equivalent milk production (trial 1), somatic cell score change from dry-off to freshening at the cow and quarter levels (trials 1 and 2), and milk microbiology change over the dry period (trial 2). We detected no significant differences among treatments for milk yield differences between the lactation following treatment and the lactation preceding treatment. Changes in somatic cell score from one lactation to the next also did not differ significantly among treatments in either trial. Cure rates were not significantly different among treatments; only 19.6% of all quarters were infected at dry off. The proportion of quarters with new infections at 3 to 5 d postcalving did not significantly differ among treatments, except between CIN and NT. Percentages (least squares means ± standard error) of quarters with new infections were 24 ± 21% for CON, 15 ± 7% for CIN, 30 ± 10% for P-M, 32 ± 11% for PC, and 35 ± 11% for NT. The efficacy of the herbal products was similar to that of conventional therapy, and the herbal products had no apparent adverse effects. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-7460 VL - 97 IS - 6 SP - 3509-3522 SN - 1525-3198 KW - dry cow therapy KW - organic mastitis treatment KW - alternative to antibiotics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forage systems adaptable to dry conditions AU - Washburn, S. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.2527/jas.2014-8012 VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - 2809-2810 SN - 1525-3163 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and real-time ultrasound traits in Duroc pigs: II. Genomewide association AU - Jiao, S. AU - maltecca AU - Gray, K. A. AU - Cassady, J. P. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Efficient use of feed resources has become a clear challenge for the U.S. pork industry as feed costs continue to be the largest variable expense. The availability of the Illumina Porcine60K BeadChip has greatly facilitated whole-genome association studies to identify chromosomal regions harboring genes influencing those traits. The current study aimed at identifying genomic regions associated with variation in feed efficiency and several production traits in a Duroc terminal sire population, including ADFI, ADG, feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake (RFI), real-time ultrasound back fat thickness (BF), ultrasound muscle depth, intramuscular fat content (IMF), birth weight (BW at birth), and weaning weight (BW at weaning). Single trait association analyses were performed using Bayes B models with 35,140 SNP on 18 autosomes after quality control. Significance of nonoverlapping 1-Mb length windows (n = 2,380) were tested across 3 QTL inference methods: posterior distribution of windows variances from Monte Carlo Markov Chain, naive Bayes factor, and nonparametric bootstrapping. Genes within the informative QTL regions for the traits were annotated. A region ranging from166 to 140 Mb (4-Mb length) on SSC 1, approximately 8 Mb upstream of the MC4R gene, was significantly associated with ADFI, ADG, and BF, where SOCS6 and DOK6 are proposed as the most likely candidate genes. Another region affecting BW at weaning was identified on SSC 4 (84–85 Mb), harboring genes previously found to influence both human and cattle height: PLAG1, CHCHD7, RDHE2 (or SDR16C5), MOS, RPS20, LYN, and PENK. No QTL were identified for RFI, IMF, and BW at birth. In conclusion, we have identified several genomic regions associated with traits affecting nutrient utilization that could be considered for future genomic prediction to improve feed utilization. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2527/jas.2014-7337 VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - 2846–2860 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84905009876&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of calf weaning age and subsequent management system on growth and reproductive performance of beef heifers AU - Moriel, P. AU - Johnson, S. E. AU - Vendramini, J. M. B. AU - Mercadante, V. R. G. AU - Hersom, M. J. AU - Arthington, J. D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Brahman × British crossbred heifers (n = 40 and 38 heifers in yr 1 and 2, respectively) were used to evaluate the effects of calf weaning age and subsequent management system on growth and reproductive performance. On d 0, heifers were ranked by BW (89 ± 16 kg) and age (72 ± 13 d) and randomly assigned to a conventional management group that was normally weaned on d 180 (NW; n = 10 heifers annually) or early weaned (EW) on d 0 and 1) limit fed a high-concentrate diet at 3.5% of BW (as fed) in drylot until d 180 (EW180; n = 10 heifers annually), 2) limit fed a high-concentrate diet at 3.5% of BW (as fed) in drylot until d 90, then grazed on Bahiagrass pastures until d 180 (EW90; n = 10 heifers annually), or 3) grazed on annual ryegrass pastures until d 60 (yr 1; n = 10 heifers) or 90 (yr 2; n = 8 heifers), then on Bahiagrass pastures until d 180 (EWRG). On d 180, all heifers were grouped by treatment and rotated on Bahiagrass pastures until d 390. Grazing heifers were supplemented at 1.0% BW until d 180 and at 1.5% BW from d 180 to 390. From d 0 to 90, EW180 and EW90 heifers were heavier (P ≤ 0.02) than NW and EWRG heifers, whereas NW heifers tended (P = 0.09) to be heavier on d 90 than EWRG heifers. In yr 1 and 2, EW180 heifers were heaviest (P < 0.0001) on d 180. In yr 1, EWRG heifers were lightest (P < 0.0001), whereas EW90 and NW heifers had similar BW (P = 0.58). Conversely, EW90, EWRG, and NW heifers achieved similar BW on d 180 of yr 2 (P ≥ 0.18). Positive correlations were detected (P ≤ 0.05) between liver IGF-1 mRNA abundance on d 90 and ADG from d 0 to 90 and between liver IGF-1 mRNA abundance on d 180 and ADG from d 90 to 180. The EW180 heifers were youngest (P ≤ 0.01) at puberty. From d 260 to 340, the percentage of pubertal heifers was greater (P ≤ 0.03) for EW90 vs. NW heifers but did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) between EWRG and NW heifers. The ADG from d 0 to 90 and the plasma IGF-1 on d 90 and 180 explained approximately 34% of the variability in age at puberty. In summary, the EW90 and EW180 heifer management systems evaluated in this study altered the BW at the time of NW and were good alternatives for anticipating puberty achievement compared to NW heifers. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-7389 VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - 3096-3107 SN - 1525-3163 KW - beef heifers KW - early-weaning KW - puberty KW - IGF-1 KW - metabolic imprinting KW - multiparous cows ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation of aspartate enhances intestinal integrity and energy status in weanling piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge AU - Pi, D. AU - Liu, Y. AU - Shi, H. AU - Li, S. AU - Odle, J. AU - Lin, X. AU - Zhu, H. AU - Chen, F. AU - Hou, Y. AU - Leng, W. AU - al., T2 - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry AB - The intestine has a high requirement for ATP to support its integrity, function and health, and thus, energy deficits in the intestinal mucosa may play a critical role in intestinal injury. Aspartate (Asp) is one of the major sources of ATP in mammalian enterocytes via mitochondrial oxidation. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of Asp could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal damage via modulation of intestinal energy status. Twenty-four weanling piglets were allotted to one of four treatments: (1) nonchallenged control, (2) LPS-challenged control, (3) LPS+0.5% Asp treatment, and (4) LPS+1.0% Asp treatment. On day 19, pigs were injected with saline or LPS. At 24 h postinjection, pigs were killed and intestinal samples were obtained. Asp attenuated LPS-induced intestinal damage indicated by greater villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio as well as higher RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios. Asp improved intestinal function indicated by increased intestinal mucosal disaccharidase activities. Asp also improved intestinal energy status indicated by increased ATP, ADP and total adenine nucleotide contents, adenylate energy charge and decreased AMP/ATP ratio. In addition, Asp increased the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle key enzymes including citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Moreover, Asp down-regulated mRNA expression of intestinal AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1), AMPKα2, silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and decreased intestinal AMPKα phosphorylation. These results indicate that Asp may alleviate LPS-induced intestinal damage and improve intestinal energy status. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.006 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 456-462 J2 - The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry LA - en OP - SN - 0955-2863 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.006 DB - Crossref KW - Aspartate KW - Intestine KW - Energy status KW - Weanling piglets KW - Lipopolysaccharide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antinociceptive effects of sustained-release buprenorphine in a model of incisional pain in rats (Rattus norvegicus) AU - Chum, H. H. AU - Jampachairsri, K. AU - McKeon, G. P. AU - Yeomans, D. C. AU - Pacharinsak, C. AU - Felt, S. A. T2 - Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 193-197 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Suckling Piglet as an Agrimedical Model for the Study of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism AU - Odle, Jack AU - Lin, Xi AU - Jacobi, Sheila K. AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Stahl, Chad H. T2 - Annual Review of Animal Biosciences AB - The neonatal pig ranks among the most prominent research models for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism. Its precocial development at birth affords ready adaptation to artificial rearing systems, and research using this model spans a wide array of nutrients. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo methodologies supporting both invasive, reduction-science research as well as whole-animal preclinical investigations have been developed. Potential applications may dually benefit both agricultural and medical sciences (e.g., "agrimedical research"). The broad scope of this review is to outline the fundamental elements of the piglet model and to highlight key aspects of relevance to various macronutrients, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins/amino acids, and calcium/phosphorus. The review examines similarities between piglets and infants and also piglet idiosyncrasies, concluding that, overall, the piglet represents an adaptable and robust model for pediatric nutrition and metabolism research. DA - 2014/2/1/ PY - 2014/2/1/ DO - 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 419-444 J2 - Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. LA - en OP - SN - 2165-8102 2165-8110 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158 DB - Crossref KW - agrimedical KW - milk KW - infant KW - fatty acid KW - oligosaccharide KW - amino acid KW - calcium KW - phosphorous ER - TY - JOUR TI - In-Feed Use of Heavy Metal Micronutrients in US Swine Production Systems and Its Role in Persistence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonellae AU - Medardus, Julius J. AU - Molla, Bayleyegn Z. AU - Nicol, Matthew AU - Morrow, W. Morgan AU - Rajala-Schultz, Paivi J. AU - Kazwala, Rudovick AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. T2 - APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB - The study aimed to characterize the role of heavy metal micronutrients in swine feed in emergence of heavy-metal-tolerant and multidrug-resistant Salmonella organisms. We conducted a longitudinal study in 36 swine barns over a 2-year period. The feed and fecal levels of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) were measured. Salmonella was isolated at early and late finishing. MICs of copper sulfate and zinc chloride were measured using agar dilution. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer method, and 283 isolates were serotyped. We amplified pcoA and czcD genes that encode Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) tolerance, respectively. Of the 283 isolates, 113 (48%) showed Cu(2+) tolerance at 24 mM and 164 (58%) showed Zn(2+) tolerance at 8 mM. In multivariate analysis, serotype and source of isolates were significantly associated with Cu(2+) tolerance (P < 0.001). Fecal isolates were more likely to be Cu(2+) tolerant than those of feed origin (odds ratio [OR], 27.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8 to 250; P = 0.0042) or environmental origin (OR, 5.8), implying the significance of gastrointestinal selective pressure. Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Heidelberg, highly significant for public health, had higher odds of having >20 mM MICs of Cu(2+) than did "other" serotypes. More than 60% of Salmonella isolates with resistance type (R-type) AmStTeKm (32 of 53) carried pcoA; only 5% with R-type AmClStSuTe carried this gene. czcD gene carriage was significantly associated with a higher Zn(2+) MIC (P < 0.05). The odds of having a high Zn(2+) MIC (≥8 mM) were 14.66 times higher in isolates with R-type AmClStSuTe than in those with R-type AmStTeKm (P < 0.05). The findings demonstrate strong association between heavy metal tolerance and antimicrobial resistance, particularly among Salmonella serotypes important in public health. DA - 2014/4// PY - 2014/4// DO - 10.1128/aem.04283-13 VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - 2317-2325 SN - 1098-5336 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of a second major antigenic epitope in the α-subunit of soy β-conglycinin AU - Taliercio, E. AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - Food and Agricultural Immunology AB - Soybean meal in the post-weaning diet of pigs results in a growth lag correlated with Immunoglobulin G (IgG) production against soybean proteins, including the seed storage protein β-conglycinin. We screened sera from 30 pigs for IgG directed against β-conglycinin. Analysis of the same sera on protein blots identified sera that had IgG against the α-subunit of β-conglycinin. A tiled peptide array (16 amino acids with an 11 amino acid overlap) of the α-subunit of β-conglycinin was screened to identify the epitopes of the α-subunit that bind IgG. One major IgG binding epitope previously identified was confirmed. A second major IgG binding epitope was identified that bound IgG from half of the animals tested. Minor epitopes that bound IgG from one or two other sera were also identified. Binding of IgG to β-conglycinin in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was inhibited by a synthetic peptide representing one of the minor epitopes. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/09540105.2013.791969 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 311-321 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899426350&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of rotational infrastructure within pasture-raised pig operations on ground cover, soil nutrient distribution, and bulk density AU - Bordeaux, C. AU - Grossman, J. AU - White, J. AU - Osmond, D. AU - Poore, M. AU - Pietrosemoli, S. T2 - JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB - Interest in pasture-based pork products has increased significantly in recent years. However, nitrogen (N) losses resulting from these systems are common due to importation of feed, high stocking rates, and pig behavior. This study was conducted to evaluate soil inorganic N, soil-test phosphorus (STP), ground cover, and compaction changes as impacted by rotational shade, water, and feed structures in a pasture-raised pig operation over two 12-week pig occupations. Shade and watering structures were rotated weekly for 12 weeks within a rotational (mobile) scheme; data were compared to a stationary structure system as well as to a managed hay operation with no pigs. Soil samples were acquired from subplots and analyzed for distribution of inorganic N concentrations among main plot treatments, including nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), and STP values. Soil inorganic N concentrations were higher in exterior subplot positions than in interior positions. This pattern was not maintained after a second pig group occupied the plots. Soil test phosphorus was unaffected by either pig occupation. Ground cover percentages were higher in control (hay) treatments than for pig treatments, however no difference was found between mobile and stationary structure treatments in either pig occupation. Soil compaction, as measured by soil bulk density, was found to be higher under permanent shade structure locations as compared to mobile and control treatments. Mobile and control compaction levels were not different for the second occupation, utilizing a more intensive sampling scheme, suggesting a benefit to the rotation of shade, water and feed infrastructure. The weekly rotation of infrastructure performed during both occupations was both labor intensive and time consuming. The observed lack of improvement in nutrient distribution to a rotational infrastructure may limit its utility in pastured-pig systems. However, further options are available that would allow the production of pasture-raised pigs while minimizing associated nutrient loading and pasture degradation. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.2489/jswc.69.2.120 VL - 69 IS - 2 SP - 120-130 SN - 1941-3300 KW - ground cover KW - nutrient KW - pasture KW - pig KW - soil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Supplemental Copper on the Serum Lipid Profile, Meat Quality, and Carcass Composition of Goat Kids AU - Huang, Yanling AU - Wang, Yong AU - Lin, Xi AU - Guo, Chunhua T2 - Biological Trace Element Research DA - 2014/4/24/ PY - 2014/4/24/ DO - 10.1007/s12011-014-9976-9 VL - 159 IS - 1-3 SP - 140-146 J2 - Biol Trace Elem Res LA - en OP - SN - 0163-4984 1559-0720 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-9976-9 DB - Crossref KW - Carcass composition KW - Copper KW - Goat KW - Meat quality KW - Serum lipid profile ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a novel walk-through fly trap for the control of horn flies and other pests on pastured dairy cows AU - Denning, S. S. AU - Washburn, S. P. AU - Watson, D. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - A prototype walk-through fly vacuum system, designed to remove horn flies Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from cattle, was developed and tested for efficacy. The study was conducted during 4 fly seasons over 17 consecutive weeks each year within the months of May through September at 1 dairy research herd in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Additional data on horn flies, as well as face flies (Musca autumnalis) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), were collected during 1 yr from 7 commercial pasture-based and organic dairy farms in the piedmont region of North Carolina. The number of flies observed on animals in the pasture was compared with the number of flies collected in the trap. Studies were initiated after horn fly densities had met or exceeded a threshold of 200 flies per animal. The vacuum trap removed between 1.3 and 2.5 million flies annually from the research station cattle. Most fly removal occurred during the first few weeks of operation and maintained densities below threshold thereafter. Cattle using the fly trap at the research farm had only about 28% the number of horn flies as untreated cattle, and reductions ranged from 67.5 to 74.5% across the 4-yr study. In addition to large numbers of horn flies, traps placed on commercial dairies during 1 yr collected stable flies, face flies, and house flies, all species with differing behavior and larger in size than horn flies. The estimated cost of running the trap is $72 per season at commercial rates of $0.12 per hour and an expected 4h of daily operation during the time of milking. Use of a vacuum system as described herein has potential as a cost-effective method in reducing populations of parasitic flies in pasture-based dairy production systems without the use of insecticides. DA - 2014/7// PY - 2014/7// DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-7872 VL - 97 IS - 7 SP - 4624-4631 SN - 1525-3198 KW - Muscidae KW - Haematobia irritans KW - face fly KW - stable fly KW - organic dairy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ad libitum feeding during the peripartal period affects body condition, reproduction results and metabolism of sows AU - Cools, A. AU - Maes, D. AU - Decaluwe, R. AU - Buyse, J. AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. AU - Liesegang, A. AU - Janssens, G. P. J. T2 - ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - To overcome negative energy balance during the peripartal period of sows, an ad libitum feeding strategy (ADLIB) as alternative for commonly used restricted feeding (STANDARD, on average 3 kg feed/day) was evaluated. Plasma metabolites and thyroid hormones, change of back fat thickness (BF), reproductive traits, and piglet performance were monitored. Voluntary feed intake of ADLIB sows declined at farrowing but was still more than twice the amount of what was offered to STANDARD sows. Consequently, ADLIB sows lost less BF than STANDARD sows (P = 0.041). Additionally, BF change was affected by body condition. LEAN sows (BF < 18 mm on d 105 of gestation) lost less BF than MODERATE sows (18 mm ≤ BF ≤ 22 mm) which lost less BF than FAT sows (BF > 22 mm) (P < 0.001). Except for a decreased percentage of stillborn piglets for MODERATE sows (P = 0.044), reproduction results were not affected. Piglet weaning weight of ADLIB-FAT and STANDARD-MODERATE sows was reduced in comparison with that of ADLIB-LEAN sows (P = 0.005). Regardless of body condition, all metabolites and thyroid hormones measured showed a time dependent profile (P < 0.001). On d 112 of gestation increased concentrations of creatinine (P = 0.004), non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.039), and serum crosslaps (P = 0.016) for STANDARD sows were observed. Triglycerides were increased for FAT sows (P < 0.001), and decreased faster over time for ADLIB (P = 0.013) and for FAT (P = 0.012). Although ad libitum feeding during the peripartal period only resulted in less mobilization of muscle, fat, and bone reserves on d 112 of gestation, results of BF change and piglet weaning weight indicated that ad libitum feeding is beneficial for sow performance provided that BF is below 22 mm. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.01.008 VL - 145 IS - 3-4 SP - 130-140 SN - 1873-2232 KW - Back fat KW - Peripartal feeding strategy KW - Bone metabolism KW - Fat metabolism KW - Muscle metabolism KW - Thyroid hormones ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplementation based on protein or energy ingredients to beef cattle consuming low-quality cool-season forages: II. Performance, reproductive, and metabolic responses of replacement heifers AU - Cappellozza, B. I. AU - Cooke, R. F. AU - Reis, M. M. AU - Moriel, P. AU - Keisler, D. H. AU - Bohnert, D. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - This experiment evaluated the influence of supplement composition on performance, reproductive, and metabolic responses of Angus × Hereford heifers consuming a low-quality cool-season forage (8.7% CP and 57% TDN). Sixty heifers (initial age = 226 ± 3 d) were allocated into 15 drylot pens (4 heifers/pen and 5 pens/treatment) and assigned to 1) supplementation with soybean meal (PROT), 2) supplementation with a mixture of cracked corn, soybean meal, and urea (68:22:10 ratio, DM basis; ENER), or 3) no supplementation (CON). Heifers were offered meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) hay for ad libitum consumption during the experiment (d –10 to 160). Beginning on d 0, PROT and ENER were provided daily at a rate of 1.30 and 1.40 kg of DM/heifer to ensure that PROT and ENER intakes were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Hay and total DMI were recorded for 5 consecutive days during each month of the experiment. Blood was collected every 10 d for analysis of plasma progesterone to evaluate puberty attainment. Blood samples collected on d –10, 60, 120, and 150 were also analyzed for plasma concentrations of plasma urea N (PUN), glucose, insulin, IGF-I, NEFA, and leptin. Liver samples were collected on d 100 from 2 heifers/pen and analyzed for mRNA expression of genes associated with nutritional metabolism. No treatment effect was detected (P = 0.33) on forage DMI. Total DMI, ADG, and mean concentrations of glucose, insulin, and IGF-I as well as hepatic mRNA expression of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for PROT and ENER compared with CON and similar between PROT and ENER (P ≥ 0.13). Mean PUN concentrations were also greater (P < 0.01) for PROT and ENER compared with CON, whereas PROT heifers had greater (P < 0.01) PUN compared with ENER. Plasma leptin concentrations were similar between ENER and PROT (P ≥ 0.19) and greater (P ≤ 0.03) for ENER and PROT compared with CON on d 120 and 150 (treatment × day interaction, P = 0.03). Hepatic mRNA expression of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was greater (P = 0.05) in PROT compared with CON and ENER and similar between CON and ENER (P = 0.98). The proportion of heifers pubertal on d 160 was greater (P < 0.01) in ENER compared with PROT and CON and similar between PROT and CON (P = 0.38). In conclusion, beef heifers consuming a low-quality cool-season forage had a similar increase in DMI, growth, and overall metabolic status if offered supplements based on soybean meal or corn at 0.5% of BW. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-7442 VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 2725-2734 SN - 1525-3163 KW - beef heifers KW - gene expression KW - low-quality cool-season forage KW - metabolism KW - performance KW - supplementation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduced supplementation frequency increased insulin-like growth factor 1 in beef steers fed medium quality hay and supplemented with a soybean hull and corn gluten feed blend AU - Drewnoski, M. E. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Poore, M. H. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Reducing supplementation frequency in calf growing programs can reduce labor and equipment operation costs. However, little is understood about the metabolic response of ruminants to large fluctuations in nutrient intake. Eighteen Angus or Angus × Simmental cross steers (287 ± 20 kg and 310 ± 3.6 d of age) were individually fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments using Calan gates. Dietary treatments consisted of ad libitum hay and no supplement (NS), ad libitum hay and 1% BW (as-fed basis) of supplement daily (DS), or ad libitum hay and 2% BW (as-fed basis) of supplement every other day (SA). The supplement was 90% DM and contained (as-fed basis) 47% corn gluten feed, 47% soybean hulls, 2% feed grade limestone, and 4% molasses. Hay intake and ADG was measured over a 52-d period. Steers were then moved to individual tie stalls. Steers were fed at 0800 h and blood samples were collected every hour from 0600 to 1400 h and at 1800, 2200, and 0200 h over a 2-d period. Gains were increased (P < 0.01) by supplementation but did not differ (P = 0.68) due to supplementation frequency. Average daily gain was 0.45, 0.90, and 0.87 kg ·hd–1·d–1 (SEM ± 0.05) for steers NS, DS, and SA, respectively. Across the 2-d supplementation cycle area under the concentration time curve (AUC) for plasma glucose was increased (P < 0.01) by supplementation but did not differ (P = 0.41) due to supplementation frequency. The AUC for plasma insulin was increased by supplementation (P < 0.01) but did not differ (P = 0.67) due to supplementation frequency. Plasma IGF-1 was increased (P = 0.01) by supplementation and was greater (P = 0.04) for steers supplemented SA than DS. Gains of steers supplemented with a soybean hull and corn gluten feed blend on alternate days did not differ from those supplemented daily suggesting the steers were able to efficiently utilize large boluses of nutrients fed every other day. The effect of less frequent supplementation on IGF-1 deserves further examination as this hormone has been shown to increase protein synthesis. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-7372 VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 2546-2553 SN - 1525-3163 KW - cattle KW - insulin KW - insulin-like growth factor 1 KW - metabolism KW - supplementation frequency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lysine requirement of 1.5-5.5 kg pigs fed liquid diets AU - Eisemann, J. H. AU - Lewis, H. E. AU - Broome, A. I. AU - Sullivan, K. AU - Boyd, R. D. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R. J. T2 - ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - An experiment was conducted to define the lysine requirement of neonatal pigs fed a liquid diet up to 5.5 kg bodyweight (BW). Neonatal pigs, 1–2 days old, with an initial bodyweight of 1.63 ± 0.04 kg, were randomly allotted to 10 isocaloric diets varying in lysine concentration from 0.76 to 1.62 g lysine/MJ gross energy (GE). Diets were formulated using whey protein concentrate and casein as protein sources and contained similar balance of indispensable amino acids. On day 1 of the experiment, pigs were fed 350 g liquid diet/kg metabolic bodyweight (BW0.75) according to the average BW of all pigs. On day 2, feeding rate was increased to 400 g/kg BW0.75. Increments were 100 g/kg BW0.75 per day for the subsequent 3 days until pigs reached 700 g/kg BW0.75 on day 5. Thereafter, feed was offered to pigs at a common feeding level of 700 g/kg BW0.75 each day until they reached 5.5 kg BW. Feed intake and BW were measured daily. Concentration of fat in the carcass decreased (P < 0.05) and the ratio of crude protein (CP) to fat in the carcass increased (P < 0.05) linearly as lysine inclusion increased. Both average daily gain and CP accretion increased (quadratic, P < 0.05), whereas fat accretion decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as lysine inclusion increased. Using the maximum point of the quadratic function, the estimated dietary lysine required for maximal growth (271 g/day) and CP accretion (45.2 g/day) was 1.41 and 1.32 g lysine/MJ GE, respectively. The dietary lysine required, estimating the requirement at the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for CP accretion of 42.9 g/day, was 1.12 g lysine/MJ GE. Gross efficiency of CP deposition (CP deposition/CP intake) achieved a maximum of 0.85 at 1.01 g lysine/MJ GE. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1071/an12280 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 608-615 SN - 1836-5787 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897497474&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - neonatal pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of epitopes of the beta subunit of soybean beta-conglycinin that are antigenic in pigs, dogs, rabbits and fish AU - Taliercio, Earl AU - Loveless, Telisa M. AU - Turano, Marc J. AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AB - BACKGROUND β-Conglycinin (conglycinin) is one of the major seed storage proteins of soybean. Conglycinin is a 7S trimer composed of different combinations of β, α and α′ subunits. All subunits of conglycinin have been reported to be allergenic in humans. The goal of this research is to identify epitopes of the β subunit of conglycinin that are antigenic in multiple animal species. RESULTS Sera from pigs, dogs, rabbits and hybrid striped bass that had antibodies against soybean conglycinin were identified by ELISA. Most of these sera recognized peptides that represent the β subunit of conglycinin. One antigenic region of the β subunit of conglycinin had considerable overlap among all species tested. One region that was similar to a peanut allergenic epitope in humans overlapped with a region that binds IgE from dogs. One region was antigenic in multiple rabbits and pigs, suggesting it may play a role in the response of pigs to soybean in the diet. CONCLUSION One region of the β subunit of conglycinin is an important antigen across species and abuts a region similar to the peanut allergen ARA h 1. A second region is particularly antigenic in pigs and rabbits. Variants of these antigenic regions of the β subunit of conglycinin may be useful in determining the role these regions play in the health of animals fed soybean. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. DA - 2014/8// PY - 2014/8// DO - 10.1002/jsfa.6556 VL - 94 IS - 11 SP - 2289-2294 SN - 1097-0010 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903579784&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - allergen KW - antibody KW - ELISA KW - seed storage protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and real-time ultrasound traits in Duroc pigs: I. Genetic parameter estimation and accuracy of genomic prediction AU - Jiao, S. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Gray, K. A. AU - Cassady, J. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The efficiency of producing salable products in the pork industry is largely determined by costs associated with feed and by the amount and quality of lean meat produced. The objectives of this paper were 1) to explore heritability and genetic correlations for growth, feed efficiency, and real-time ultrasound traits using both pedigree and marker information and 2) to assess accuracy of genomic prediction for those traits using Bayes A prediction models in a Duroc terminal sire population. Body weight at birth (BW at birth) and weaning (BW at weaning) and real-time ultrasound traits, including back fat thickness (BF), muscle depth (MD), and intramuscular fat content (IMF), were collected on the basis of farm protocol. Individual feed intake and serial BW records of 1,563 boars obtained from feed intake recording equipment (FIRE; Osborne Industries Inc., Osborne, KS) were edited to obtain growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency traits, including ADG, ADFI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and residual feed intake (RFI). Correspondingly, 1,047 boars were genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip. The remaining 516 boars, as an independent sample, were genotyped with a low-density GGP-Porcine BeadChip and imputed to 60K. Magnitudes of heritability from pedigree analysis were moderate for growth, feed intake, and ultrasound traits (ranging from 0.44 ± 0.11 for ADG to 0.58 ± 0.09 for BF); heritability estimates were 0.32 ± 0.09 for FCR but only 0.10 ± 0.05 for RFI. Comparatively, heritability estimates using marker information by Bayes A models were about half of those from pedigree analysis, suggesting “missing heritability.” Moderate positive genetic correlations between growth and feed intake (0.32 ± 0.05) and back fat (0.22 ± 0.04), as well as negative genetic correlations between growth and feed efficiency traits (-0.21 ± 0.08, -0.05 ± 0.07), indicate selection solely on growth traits may lead to an undesirable increase in feed intake, back fat, and reduced feed efficiency. Genetic correlations among growth, feed intake, and FCR assessed by a multiple-trait Bayes A model resulted in increased genetic correlation between ADG and ADFI, a negative correlation between ADFI and FCR, and a positive correlation between ADG and FCR. Accuracies of genomic prediction for the traits investigated, ranging from 9.4% for RFI to 36.5% for BF, were reported that might provide new insight into pig breeding and future selection programs using genomic information. DA - 2014/6// PY - 2014/6// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-7338 VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 2377-2386 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901594245&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Duroc KW - genetic parameters KW - genomic prediction KW - growth and feed efficiency KW - ultrasound traits ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative phenotypic and genotypic characterization of temporally related nontyphoidal salmonella isolated from human clinical cases, pigs, and the environment in North Carolina AU - Keelara, S. AU - Scott, H. M. AU - Morrow, W. M. AU - Hartley, C. S. AU - Griffin, D. L. AU - Gebreyes, W. A. AU - Thakur, S. T2 - Foodborne Pathogens and Disease AB - Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains are of great public health concern. We compared the phenotypic and genotypic relationships among temporally and spatially related AMR Salmonella isolates (n=1058) representing several predominant serovars, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhimurium var. 5-, Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Muenchen, Salmonella Schwarzengrund, and Salmonella Rissen of human clinical cases (n=572), pig (n=212), and farm environment (n=274) origin in North Carolina. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method, and genotypic resistance determinants, including class I and II integrons, were identified. Overall, Salmonella isolates exhibited the highest frequency of resistance to tetracycline (50%), followed by sulfisoxazole (36%) and streptomycin (27%). We identified 16 different antimicrobial resistance genes, including extended spectrum and AmpC β-lactamases-producing genes (blaTEM, blaPSE, and blaCMY-2), in all the β-lactam- and cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella isolates from humans, pigs, and the environment. Class I integrons of 1-kb and 1.2-kb size were identified from all the three sources (humans, 66%; pigs, 85%; environment, 58%), while Class II integrons of 2-kb size were identified only in pig (10%) and environmental (19%) isolates. We detected genotypic similarity between Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from humans, pigs, and the environment while serovars Derby, Heidelberg, and Muenchen exhibited genotypic diversity. Detection of AMR Salmonella isolates from humans, pigs, and the environment is a concern for clinicians and veterinarians to mitigate the dissemination of AMR Salmonella strains. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1089/fpd.2013.1630 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 156-164 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carnitine AU - Odle, Jack AU - Adams, Sean H. AU - Vockley, Jerry T2 - ADVANCES IN NUTRITION DA - 2014/5// PY - 2014/5// DO - 10.3945/an.113.005199 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 289-290 SN - 2156-5376 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84910129463&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Analysis of Diallel Progeny Test Data Using Factor Analytic Linear Mixed Models AU - Ogut, Funda AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Whetten, Ross AU - McKeand, Steven AU - Isik, Fikret T2 - FOREST SCIENCE AB - Multienvironmental trials are commonly used in plant breeding programs to select superior genotypes for specific sites or across multiple sites for breeding and deployment decisions. We compared the efficiency of factor analytic (FA) and other covariance structures for genetic analysis of height growth in Pinus taeda L. diallel progeny trials to account for heterogeneity in variances and covariances among different environments. Among the models fitted, FA models produced the smallest Akaike information criterion (AIC) model fit statistic. An unstructured (US) variance-covariance matrix produced a log likelihood value similar to that for the FA model but had a large number of parameters. As a result, some models with US covariance failed to converge. FA models captured both variance and covariance at the genetic level better than simpler models and provided more accurate predictions of breeding values. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for height from 10 different sites were about 0.20 when more complex variance structures were used, compared with 0.13 when simpler variance structures such as identity and block-diagonal variance structures were used. FA models are robust for modeling genotype × environment interaction, and they reduce the computational requirements of mixed-model analysis. On average, all 10 environments had additive genetic correlation of 0.83 and dominance genetic correlation of 0.91, suggesting that genotype × environment interaction should not be a concern for this specific population in the environments in which the genotypes were tested. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.5849/forsci.12-108 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 119-127 SN - 1938-3738 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893424508&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Pinus taeda KW - heritability KW - genotype x environment interactions KW - accuracy of predictions KW - heterogeneous covariance structures ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplemental nucleotides high in inosine 5 '-monophosphate to improve the growth and health of nursery pigs AU - Weaver, A. C. AU - Kim, S. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - This study was conducted to determine the ability of a supplemental nucleotide mixture high in inosine 5′-monophosphate (5′IMP) to enhance pig growth and health after weaning. Pigs (n = 120 and 7.3 ± 0.1 kg) were allotted at weaning to phase 1 diets (3.3 Mcal ME/kg, 22.4% CP, and 1.34% standardize ileal digestible [SID] Lys) supplemented with 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg of a nucleotide additive. After 7 d, pigs were fed phase 2 diets (3.3 Mcal ME/kg, 21.3% CP, and 1.20% SID Lys) for 21 d with the same additive levels. Growth performance was measured, blood samples were collected for analysis of immune responses and oxidative stress, and fecal scoring was completed. During phase 1, ADG, ADFI, and G:F linearly increased (P < 0.05) as dietary nucleotides increased. During phase 2, ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05). Over the entire 28-d trial, ADG and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) as nucleotide content increased. Immune responses were not altered during phase 1. At the end of phase 2, IgA showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) with the lowest concentrations at 0.2 and 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive whereas IgM changed cubically (P < 0.05) with the lowest concentration at 0.5 g/kg. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.093) as nucleotide content increased whereas the marker for oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, tended to have a quadratic effect (P = 0.064) with the lowest levels of damage in pigs fed 0.5 g/kg. On d 8 after changing from the phase 1 to phase 2 diets, fecal diarrhea scores tended to be lowest (P = 0.072) when pigs were fed 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive. Overall, 1.0 g/kg of the nucleotide additive provided the most benefit to the growth performance of nursery pigs. However, 0.5 g/kg of the nucleotide additive reduced immune responses and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the addition of a nucleotide mixture high in 5′IMP to the diet of young pigs may be beneficial to enhance growth performance and reduce postweaning stress. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6564 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 645-651 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893666472&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - nucleotides KW - oxidative stress KW - pigs KW - weaning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistence of Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) in sustainable agronomic systems: Potential impacts of hay bale storage, animal digestion, and cultivation AU - Riar, M. K. AU - Spears, J. F. AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Jordan, D. L. AU - Zhang, C. X. AU - Rufty, T. W. T2 - Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems AB - Experiments were conducted to evaluate factors affecting persistence of the invasive, federal noxious weed Benghal dayflower in sustainable agronomic systems. Seeds were exposed to a range of temperatures simulating those found in hay bales in the field and periodically tested for viability over 21 days. Seeds were nonviable after one day at 65 °C and after 14 days at 50 or 45 °C. A second series of experiments examined the effects of simulated rumen digestion on germination and viability of Benghal dayflower seeds and the response was compared to that with seeds of five other common weed species. Time courses revealed that seeds from the other weeds were acutely damaged by digestion and viability depressed after 48 and 96 h, but germination of Benghal dayflower seeds was increased at 48 h, and only a slight decrease occurred after 96 h. In the third experimental series, stem fragments of Benghal dayflower were buried in soil at 2 and 6 cm depths and exposed to aerial temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C for 30 days. Root development occurred at both depths, but leaf development was restricted at 6 cm and subterranean spathe development was not found at 2 cm. Temperatures higher than 25 °C favor regeneration at both depths. The results, collectively, show the difficulty encountered when trying to control or eradicate Benghal dayflower in sustainable farming systems. Farms must avoid using fresh hay as animal feed when Benghal dayflower is present in hay fields, as little restraint on seed viability will be exerted during digestion and generation of manure. Cultivation is unlikely to be an effective control strategy during summer months when Benghal dayflower is growing most aggressively, because soil temperatures are optimal for vegetative regeneration. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014/// DO - 10.1080/21683565.2013.839486 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 283-298 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lentivirus-Activated T Regulatory Cells Suppress T Helper Cell Interleukin-2 Production by Inhibiting Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 2 Binding to the Interleukin-2 Promoter AU - Meng, Liping AU - Tompkins, Mary AU - Miller, Michelle AU - Fogle, Jonathan T2 - AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES AB - Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model for AIDS lentivirus infection, we previously demonstrated that Treg cells from FIV-infected cats up-regulate membrane-associated tumor growth factor beta (mTGF-ß) during the course of infection and that activated T lymphocytes up-regulate TGF-ß receptor II (TGF-ßRII) during the course of infection.Furthermore, we have demonstrated that autologous coculture of Tregs with Th cells from FIV-infected cats leads to suppression of interleukin (IL)-2 production and loss of proliferation in a TGF-ßdependent fashion.Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) 2 has been identified as integral to effector Th cell maturation and function by promoting IL-2 transcription.Therefore, we questioned whether NFAT2 expression might be altered by TGF-b signaling.Feline NFAT2 exon sequences were identified based upon sequence homology to human and murine NFAT2.Following stimulation, IL-2 and NFAT2 mRNA levels were similarly increased in both FIV -and FIV + cats.Activated CD4 + CD25 -cells from both FIV -and FIV + cats cocultured with autologous CD4 + CD25 + cells or treated with TGF-b demonstrated decreased IL-2 production; however, NFAT2 mRNA levels were unaffected.Although NFAT2 mRNA levels were unaffected, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for NFAT2 indicated decreased NFAT2 binding at the IL-2 promoter in suppressed Th cells.These data suggest that TGF-b-mediated Treg cell suppression of IL-2 transcription is modulated through alterations in NFAT2 binding to the IL-2 promoter. DA - 2014/1/1/ PY - 2014/1/1/ DO - 10.1089/aid.2013.0062 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 58-66 SN - 1931-8405 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary lipid sources on performance and apparent total tract digestibility of lipids and energy when fed to nursery pigs AU - Mendoza, S. M. AU - Heugten, E. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Acidulated fats and oils are by-products of the fat-refining industry. They contain high levels of FFA and are 10% to 20% less expensive than refined fats and oils. Two studies were designed to measure the effects of dietary lipid sources low or high in FFA on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of lipids and GE in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 189 pigs at 14 d postweaning (BW of 9.32 ± 0.11 kg) were used for 21 d with 9 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet without added lipids and 6 diets with 6% inclusion of lipids. Four lipid sources were combined to create the dietary treatments with 2 levels of FFA (0.40% or 54.0%) and 3 degrees of fat saturation (iodine value [IV] = 77, 100, or 123) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Lipid sources were soybean oil (0.3% FFA and IV = 129.4), soybean-cottonseed acid oil blend (70.5% FFA and IV = 112.9), choice white grease (0.6% FFA and IV = 74.8), and choice white acid grease (56.0% FFA and IV = 79.0). Addition of lipid sources decreased ADFI (810 vs. 872 g/d; P = 0.018) and improved G:F (716 vs. 646 g/kg; P < 0.001). Diets high in FFA tended (P = 0.08) to improve final BW (21.35 vs. 21.01 kg) and ADG (576 vs. 560 g/d). Lipid-supplemented diets had greater ATTD of lipids than control diets (67.4% vs. 29.7%; P < 0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of lipids was greater in diets with low FFA (69.9% vs. 64.9%; P < 0.001) and decreased linearly with increasing IV (73.2%, 69.1%, and 67.2%). For GE, ATTD was greater in diets with low FFA (83.1% vs. 80.9%; P = 0.001). In Exp. 2, 252 pigs at 7 d postweaning (BW of 7.0 ± 0.2 kg) were used for 28 d with 9 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Diets included a control diet without added lipids and 6 treatments with 2.5%, 5.0%, or 7.5% of lipids from either poultry fat (1.9% FFA) or acidulated poultry fat (37.8% FFA) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Addition of lipids increased (P < 0.001) final BW (19.9 vs. 18.4 kg) and ADG (460 vs. 405 g/d) regardless of source. Fat increased (P < 0.001) ADFI when added at 2.5% and then decreased ADFI with each further increment (663, 740, 681, and 653 g for 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% fat, respectively). Inclusion of lipids linearly (P < 0.001) improved G:F (615, 615, 688, and 692 g/kg for 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% fat, respectively) and ATTD of lipids (17.8%, 50.2%, 71.0%, and 77.3% for 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% fat, respectively) and GE (76.1%, 76.4%, 83.3%, and 84.4% for 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% fat, respectively). Acidulated lipids resulted in similar performance compared with refined lipids and could be economical alternatives to more expensive lipid sources. DA - 2014/2// PY - 2014/2// DO - 10.2527/jas.2013-6488 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 627-636 SN - 1525-3163 KW - digestibility KW - free fatty acids KW - lipids KW - performance KW - pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of the predicted coagulation characteristics and composition of milk from multi-breed herds of Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss and Simmental cows AU - Penasa, M. AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Sturaro, A. AU - Cassandro, M. AU - De Marchi, M. T2 - INTERNATIONAL DAIRY JOURNAL AB - The milk coagulation properties (MCP) and composition, as predicted by mid-infrared spectroscopy, were compared between Holstein-Friesian (HF), Brown Swiss (BS) and Simmental (SI) cows from mixed herds. Records (n = 8524) of rennet coagulation time (RCT, min) and curd firmness (a30, mm) were analysed using a mixed linear model. Milk from BS coagulated earlier and showed a firmer curd than milk from HF and SI breeds. Rennet coagulation time was shortest in the first 90 d of lactation, and a30 was lowest at the beginning and end of lactation. Herd exerted a strong effect on MCP, as the differences between the best and the worst farm for RCT and a30 were 7.8 min and 13.1 mm, respectively. In conclusion, the BS breed produced milk more suitable for cheese production than that from SI and HF. Further research is required to understand how farm management can improve coagulation characteristics of milk. DA - 2014/3// PY - 2014/3// DO - 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.10.004 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 6-10 SN - 1879-0143 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887522327&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER -