TY - JOUR TI - Milk emission curves in different parities in Italian Brown Swiss cattle AU - Bagnato, A. AU - Rossoni, A. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Vigo, D. AU - Ghiroldi, S. T2 - Italian Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2 IS - SUPPL. 1 SP - 46-48 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55449090958&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fertility and longevity in the Reggiana cattle breed AU - Pizzi, F. AU - Rizzi, R. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Bagnato, A. AU - Gandini, G. T2 - Italian Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 2 IS - SUPPL. 1 SP - 151-153 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55449106382&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of carbohydrases in corn-soybean meal-based nursery diets T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing nursery pig diets with a mixture of carbohydrases (CS) will improve pig performance and nutrient digestibility. The CS used in these experiments contained 7 units/g of α-1,6-galactosidase, 22 units/g of β-1,4-mannanase, β-1,4 mannosidase, and trace amounts of other enzymes. In Exp. 1, 108 pigs weaned at d 21 of age were fed one of three diets containing 0 (control), 0.1, or 0.2% CS for 5 wk, based on a three-phase feeding program (1, 2, and 2 wk). Over the entire 35-d period, ADG was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment, but supplementing 0.1% CS increased (P < 0.05) gain:feed by 9%. Experiment 2 used 10 gilts fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum at 3 wk of age. After cannulation, pigs were fed the same control Phase I and II diets, but the Phase III diet contained either 0 or 0.1% CS. Ileal samples were collected for the 3 d following the 5-d adjustment period during Phase III. Apparent ileal digestibility of GE, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan was greater (P < 0.05) in the CS diet. In Exp. 3, 90 pigs weaned at 21 d of age were fed the same control Phase I and II diets, but the Phase III diet contained either 0 or 0.1% CS. Phase III diets were fed for 3 wk. Average daily gain of the CS group was greater (P < 0.05) than the control group during wk 3. Gain:feed ratio was greater (P < 0.05) for the carbohydrase group during the entire Phase III period. Four pigs per treatment were killed at the end of Exp. 3 to measure villus height and to determine the concentration of raffinose and stachyose in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Average villus height was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the CS diet. Carbohydrase supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of stachyose in freeze-dried digesta from the proximal and distal small intestine. Raffinose concentration, on the other hand, was decreased (P < 0.05) by CS supplementation only in the distal small intestine. These lower concentrations suggest that CS improved the digestibility of carbohydrate in soybean meal. In conclusion, the addition of CS to Phase I and Phase II nursery diets containing low levels of soybean meal did not improve pig performance, but its addition to corn–soybean meal-based Phase III nursery diets improved gain:feed ratio and energy and AA digestibility. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.81102496X UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495358/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Smart home - digitally engineered domestic life T2 - Personal and Ubiquitous Computing DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1007/S00779-003-0228-9 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/40465184/ KW - Automation KW - Digitally engineering analogue KW - home life KW - Smart Home ER - TY - SOUND TI - Genetic approaches to improving health and reproduction in cattle AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Symposium for Animal Industry Research AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2003/11// PY - 2003/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Ideal protein for gestating sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent advances in lactation diets AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2003/6// PY - 2003/6// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of probiotics and fermented soybean meal in lactation diets AU - Ji, F. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of fermented soybean meal in nursery diets AU - Kim, S.W. AU - McPherson, R.L. AU - Ji, F. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Zingiber Officinale (Ginger Root) in Decreasing the Production of Inflammatory Mediators by Swine Osteoarthritic Cartilage Explants AU - Shen, C.L. AU - Hong, K.J. AU - Kim, W. T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 17 SP - A760 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes of maternal tissues during gestation in primiparous sows: nutritional implications AU - Kim, F.Y.G. AU - Wu, G. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fetal growth and development in the pig: nutritional implications AU - McPherson, R.L. AU - Ji, F. AU - Wu, G. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of intrauterine location on fetal growth and development in the pig: nutritional implications AU - McPherson, R.L. AU - Ji, F. AU - Wu, G. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of nutriceutical effects on pig immunity: effects of Promax AU - Dabovich, L. AU - Hulbert, L. AU - Rudine, A. AU - Kim, W. AU - Ji, F. AU - McGlone, J.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 30 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continuous culture fermentation of three fescue varieties supplemented at four energy levels AU - Vibart, R.E. AU - Washburn, S.P. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Green, J.T. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 335 ER - TY - CONF TI - Educators Aid in Eliminating Student Misconceptions AU - James, M. AU - Ange, K.D. T2 - North Carolina State University Undergraduate Teaching Symposium C2 - 2003/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional databank overview AU - Ange, K.D. AU - Crissey, S.D. C2 - 2003/9// C3 - European Association of Zoos and Aquariums News DA - 2003/9// SP - 12–13 M1 - Special Issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional concentrations in captive baboons (Papio hamydryas papio) at the Brookfield Zoo; serum chemistry, lipoprotein profile AU - Ange, K.D. AU - Slifka, K.A. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Crissey, S.D. T2 - First Annual Crissey Zoological Symposium C2 - 2003/// C3 - First Annual Crissey Zoological Symposium CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/12/12/ SP - 15–16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated linoleic acid reduces total body fat while not affecting the metabolism of essential fatty acids in the liver, brain or skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 17 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated linoleic acid reduces total body fat, while not affecting the metabolism of essential fatty acids in the liver, brain or skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - A752 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Common External Parasites in Poultry: Lice and Mites AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Morishita, T.Y. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - VME-18–03 M3 - The Ohio State University Extension Factsheet SN - VME-18–03 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Less Common External Parasites in Poultry AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Morishita, T.Y. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M1 - VME-19-03 M3 - The Ohio State University Extension Factsheet SN - VME-19-03 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Pigs weaned at 10 d age respond to energy density of manufactured liquid diets AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Touchette, K.J. AU - Coalson, J.A. AU - Whisnant, C.S. AU - Brown, J.A. AU - Mathews-Oliver, S.A. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NCSU Annual Swine Report ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effects of fat encapsulation and pelleting on weanling pig performance and fat digestibility AU - Xing, J.J. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Li, D.F. AU - Touchette, K.J. AU - Coalson, J.A. AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// M3 - NCSU Annual Swine Report. ER - TY - CONF TI - Small pig technology: Nutritional aspects AU - Harrell, R.J. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Carolina Swine Nutrition Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - Proceedings of the Carolina Swine Nutrition Conference DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 1–7 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Medium-chain triglycerides: Nutritional & biochemical aspects AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Liquid diets for young pigs: A “solution” for post-weaning morbidity and mortality AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/1/29/ PY - 2003/1/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Mechanism of action of dietary probiotics AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Liquid-feeding strategies for early-weaned piglets AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Emulsification technology to improve dietary fat utilization AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of fat encapsulation and pelleting on weanling pig performance and fat digestibility AU - Xing, J.J. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Li, D.F. AU - Touchette, K.J. AU - Coalson, J.A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Midwest Animal Science Meeting C2 - 2003/// C3 - Midwest Animal Science Meeting CY - Des Moines, IA DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/3// SP - 53 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Medium chain triglycerides as a unique nutritional supplements AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) biosynthesis in brain and liver tissues of neonatal piglets AU - Bo, J. AU - Lin, X. AU - Mathews Oliver, S. AU - Harrell, R. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 17 IS - 4-5 SP - 454.23 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Optimizing liquid diet formulations for neonatal pigs AU - Odle, J. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated linoleic acid reduces total body fat while not affecting the metabolism of essential fatty acids in the liver, brain or skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs AU - Mathews Oliver, S.A. AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 17 IS - 4-5 SP - 454.22 ER - TY - CONF TI - The effects of cold stress syndrome and diet on the gut microflora and long term survivability of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latorostris AU - Lynch, H.A. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Rommel, S.A. AU - Reynolds, J.E., III T2 - Crissey Zoological Nutritonal Symposium C2 - 2003/// C3 - Crissey Zoological Nutritonal Symposium DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of the sequence of fat and antibiotic-ionophores on ruminal fermentation and microbial lipids AU - Daves, M.G. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 86 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 151 ER - TY - CONF TI - Fermentation of eastern gamagrass by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms without or with supplemental corn AU - Eun, J.-S. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Burns, J.C. AU - Gumpertz, M.L. T2 - 52nd Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - 52nd Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 16 ER - TY - CONF TI - Continuous culture fermentation of three fescue varieties supplemented at four energy levels AU - Vibart, R.E. AU - Washburn, S.P. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Green, J.T. T2 - 52nd Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2003/// C3 - 52nd Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Diversity and Background Linkage Disequilibrium in the North American Holstein Cattle Population AU - Vallejo, R.L. AU - Li, Y.L. AU - Rogers, G.W. AU - Ashwell, M.S. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - The objectives of this study were to 1) identify highly heterozygous Holstein bulls that are as unrelated as possible and widely used in the US dairy industry; 2) quantify the level of genetic diversity in US Holsteins; and 3) determine the extent of background linkage disequilibrium (BLD) and disease trait associated linkage disequilibrium (DLD) in the US Holstein population. Twenty-three Holstein bulls that are not closely related but were widely used in the US dairy industry were genotyped for 54 microsatellite loci. The genotyping was performed on automated DNA sequencers (PE Applied Biosystems, CA), following polymerase chain reaction amplification with fluorescent dye-labeled primers. The heterozygosity for the sampled population ranged from 0.43 to 0.80. This wide range of heterozygosity allows selection of the most heterozygous bulls to develop informative families for gene mapping studies. The degree of genetic diversity in this population is significant and allows selection for traits of economic importance. As expected, there is extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the US Holstein population. About half of the syntenic marker pairs presented a typical pattern of LD produced by DLD. Most of the nonsyntenic marker pairs had a typical pattern of LD arising from BLD. These results suggest that the observed LD is not purely due to genetic drift and migration and that a portion might be due to DLD. This raises our hopes of successful fine-localization of genes for complex traits using LD mapping. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)74028-4 VL - 86 IS - 12 SP - 4137-4147 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)74028-4 DB - Crossref KW - background linkage disequilibrium KW - genetic diversity KW - Holstein KW - linkage disequilibrium ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of natural carbon-mineral supplement in swine diets: effects on pig growth and carcass characteristics AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Ji., F. AU - Schmitt, R.A.M. AU - McGlone, J.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - supplement 2 SP - 57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of enzyme supplements in pig diets based on soyabean meal. AU - Kim, SW AU - Baker, DH AU - others T2 - Pig News and Information DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 24 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of mammary gland tissue size and composition changes after weaning in sows T2 - Journal of animal science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - 10 SP - 2583-2589 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How does suckling status of a sow’s mammary glands during one lactation impact productivity of the gland during the next lactation AU - Hurley, Walter L AU - Ford, JA AU - Kim, Sungwoo T2 - Technology&Research: allied and Integrated for livestock. Departament of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL: USA. pág DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 79-83 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amino Acid Utilization for Reproduction in Sows AU - Kim, SW AU - Easter, RA T2 - Amino acids in animal nutrition DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// SP - 203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of carbohydrases in corn-soybean meal-based nursery diets AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Knabe, D.A. AU - Hong, K.J. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - 10 SP - 2496-2504 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642313588&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of mammary gland tissue size and composition changes after weaning in sows T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The objectives of this study were to characterize the tissue compositional changes in porcine mammary glands after weaning and to determine whether administration of estradiol alters the profile of these tissue changes. Forty-five primiparous sows were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups after weaning, control or estrogen treated. Estrogen-treated sows received twice-daily injections of estradiol-17β (0.125 mg/kg of BW); control sows received vehicle injections. Sows were weaned at d 21 of lactation and killed on either d 0 (d of weaning; n = 5) or on d 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 after weaning (n = 4 per treatment on each day). Teat order relative to suckling behavior was observed on the day before weaning to determine which mammary glands the piglets suckled. Suckled and nonsuckled glands were identified from the teat order observation, and individual mammary glands were collected at slaughter. Mammary glands were trimmed of skin and extraneous fat pad, individually weighed, and bisected to measure cross-sectional area. The remaining half of each gland was ground and stored at −20°C for chemical analyses. Frozen tissue was used for measuring tissue DNA, DM, protein, fat, and ash contents. Suckled mammary glands of sows undergo significant and dramatic changes during the initial 7 d after weaning, with significant changes occurring even by d 2 after weaning. Mean cross-sectional area of parenchymal tissue in suckled mammary glands decreased from 59.7 ± 2.1 cm2 on the day of weaning to 26.8 ± 2.3 cm2 by d 7 after weaning (P < 0.0001). Mammary gland wet weight decreased from 485.9 ± 22.0 g on the day of weaning to 151.5 ± 24.8 g by d 7 after weaning (P < 0.0001), whereas DNA decreased from 838.8 ± 46.2 g on the day of weaning to 278.4 ± 52.5 g by d 7 after weaning (P < 0.0001). The changes in gland wet weight and DNA during the period of mammary gland involution in the sow represent loses of over two-thirds of the parenchymal mass and nearly two-thirds of the cells that were present on the day of weaning. Estrogen treatment did not affect overall mammary involution during the first 7 d after weaning. Mammary glands that were not suckled during lactation had no further loss of parenchymal tissue during the first 7 d after weaning. Mammary gland involution in the sow is a rapid process and is probably irreversible within 2 or 3 d after weaning. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.81102583x VL - 81 IS - 10 SP - 2583-2589 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2342507731&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of protein deprivation on subsequent growth performance, gain of body components, and protein requirements in growing pigs AU - Whang, K.Y. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Donovan, S.M. AU - McKeith, F.K. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Forty-eight barrows were used in a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement to test a hypothesis that feeding a protein-deficient diet affects subsequent growth response by altering the efficiency of protein utilization. Barrows were individually fed either a 9% crude protein (CP) diet or an 18% CP diet from 20 to 30 kg of body weight (BW) (depletion phase). From 30 to 45 kg BW (realimentation phase), pigs were fed one of six experimental diets with CP levels of 11.8, 13.1, 14.3, 15.6, 18.8, and 21.8%. Four pigs were slaughtered at 20 kg BW to determine initial body composition. Four pigs from each treatment in depletion phase (a total of eight) were slaughtered at 30 kg BW, and all pigs from each treatment in realimentation phase (a total of 36) were slaughtered at 45 kg BW for subsequent compositional analysis. Pigs were bled at 20, 30, and 40 kg BW for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) assays. Pigs were given three times the maintenance digestible energy requirement (3 x 120 kcal BW(-0.75) x d(-1)) in three equal meals daily. The feed allowance was adjusted every 3 d. During the depletion phase, pigs fed the 18% CP diet grew faster and more efficiently (P < 0.01) and gained more (P < 0.01) water and protein than did pigs fed the 9% CP diet. Pigs fed the 18% CP diet showed higher (P < 0.01) BUN values, IGF-I concentrations, and IGFBP ratios than pigs fed the 9% CP diet. During the realimentation phase, pigs fed the 9% CP diet during the depletion phase grew faster (P < 0.05), tended to grow more efficiently (P = 0.066), gained more water (P < 0.01), and tended to gain more protein (P = 0.068) than pigs fed the 18% CP diet during the depletion phase. Pigs fed the 9% CP diet during the depletion phase tended (P = 0.069) to have a higher protein requirement during the realimentation phase than pigs fed the 18% CP diet during the depletion phase. When measured at 40 kg BW, pigs fed the 9% CP diet had a lower (P < 0.05) BUN than pigs fed the 18% CP diet during the depletion phase. However, the plasma IGF-I concentration and IGFBP ratio at 40 kg BW were not affected by dietary CP level fed during the depletion phase. This study indicates that pigs fed a protein-deficient diet exhibit compensatory growth. During the period of compensatory growth, the requirement of CP for those pigs is higher than that of pigs previously fed an adequate diet. This study also suggests BUN can be used as an indicator of protein utilization efficiency and compensatory growth. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.813705x VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - 705-716 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038269150&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) on Decreasing the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Sow Osteoarthrotic Cartilage Explants AU - Shen, C.-L. AU - Hong, K.-J. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Medicinal Food AB - The herbal remedy Zingiber officinale (ginger root) has been used for perhaps thousands of years in the Far East to treat inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis. However, the anti-arthritic effect of ginger root has never been evaluated on osteoarthrotic cartilage of sow. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger root extract (GRE) on the viability and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by sow osteoarthrotic cartilage explants. The cartilage explants (~20 mg/96-well plate) were grown in Ham's F-12/Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics for 72 hours and depleted for 24 hours. GRE was then added at different concentrations (0-2,000 μg/mL), and the explants were allowed to grow for 24 hours. The cell viability was reduced (P<.05) with GRE ≥500 μg/mL, whereas it was not affected with GRE <100 μg/mL. In a follow-up experiment, the supernatants of cartilage explants with GRE (0-500 μg/mL) in the presence of interleukin-1β (2 ng/mL), tumor necrosis factor-α (1 ng/mL), and lipopolysaccharides (10 μg/mL) were used to measure NO and PGE production. Increasing GRE concentration (1-100 μg/mL) reduced (P < .05) NO production by cartilage tissue explants, and a similar pattern was observed in the production of PGE2. The inhibitory effects of GRE on NO and PGE2 production by sow osteoarthrotic cartilage explants observed in this study suggest an important role for GRE as an anti-arthritic agent in osteoarthrosis in the sow. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1089/109662003772519877 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 323-328 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642453609&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - CHAP TI - Disorders of the Brain AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Handbook of Small Animal Practice A2 - Morgan, R. PY - 2003/// ET - 4th SP - 233–255 PB - WB Saunders ER - TY - JOUR TI - Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p70 S6 kinase are critical for arginine-stimulated intestinal cell migration AU - Rhoads, J. Marc AU - Fu, Qiang AU - Rippe, Richard AU - Odle, Jack AU - Graves, Lee T2 - Gastroenterology AB - release of TGF-a, an effect that limits the extent of CCh-induced secretion, and that EGF is a more potent activator of EGFr and the ErbB2 receptor than TGF-cl.Moreover, EGFinduced inhibition of chloride secretion requires H3-kinase (PI3-K) while that induced by CCh does not.The aim of this study was to investigate whether differential signaling properties of EGF and TGF-ot could account for divergent recruitment of signals that inhibit chloride secretion by EGF versus CCh.Methods: All experiments were conducted with Ys4 colonic epithelial ceils grown on permeable supports.Protein phosphorylation was assessed by Western blotting.Changes in short circuit current (AI~) across voltage-clamped T84 cell monolayers were measured in Ussing chambers.Results: EGF (16.7nM) induced higher levels of phoshorylation of the key EGFr tyrosine residues Tyr vo~, Tyr ~, Tyr 1~6, Tyr u4s and Tyr u73 than TGF-a (16.7 nM) treatment (p<0.05-0.01;n=3-7).CCh (100 p.M) induced significant pbosphorylation of the autophosphorylation sites Tyr u73, Tyr ~148, Tyr 1~ and the Src binding site Tyr ~5 (p<0.05 vs. control; n = 4) but not the SH2 binding site Tyr 992 or the Grb2 binding site Tyr ~~ (n = 4).EGF-stimulated inhibition of Ca 2+ -dependent chloride secretion involves Pl3-kinase activation.The PI3-K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 were used to investigate whether low dose TGF-oI (1.67 nM) requires PI3-K activation to inhibit CCb-stimulated short-circuit current (1~).Wortmaninn (50nM) and LY294002 (20 ~M) partially reversed TGF-a inhibition of CCh-stimulated I~ by 68 +-6 0% and 51 -+ 13 0% respectively (p<0.05; n=3-4).Conclusions: EGF and CCh induce different EGFr phosphorylation patterns.These differences may be responsible for recruitment of different signaling pathways by these ligands to regulate I~.However, EGF and TGF-a-induced inhibition of I~ were both PI3-K dependent, and both ligands evoked similar pattems of EGFr phosphorylation, albeit to differing extents.Therefore, CCh may generate additional signals that modulate responses to TGF-~x and recruitment of downstream effectors such as PI3-K 856 DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)80588-7 VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - A119-A120 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrogenated dietary fat improves pork quality of pigs from two lean genotypes AU - Averette Gatlin, L. AU - See, M.T. AU - Hansen, J.A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 1989-1997 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0642279211&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - In ovo peptide YY administration and jejunal glucose transport in hatchling turkey poults: Effects of dosage and genotype AU - Coles, B. A. AU - Croom, J. AU - Daniel, L. R. AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Taylor, I. L. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Two trials were conducted to investigate the efficacy of in ovo administration of various dosages of peptide YY (PYY) on jejunal glucose absorption in hatchling poults from two strains of turkeys, Egg Line (EL) selected for egg production and British United Turkey (BUT) selected for growth. In both trials, either 100 µl saline (1.025% w/v) or saline plus PYY were injected into the air cell of fertile EL and BUT line eggs at day 25 of incubation. At hatch, poults were euthanized by cervical dislocation, the jejunum removed and its weight and unstretched length recorded. Two to 4 mg cross-sections of the mid-jejunum were used to estimate active and passive glucose absorption using the accumulation of 3-O-methy-D-glucose (3OMG) in the presence and absence of phlorizin. In Trial 1, EL and BUT eggs were administered saline or saline plus 600 µg/kg egg wt, while in Trial 2, EL and BUT eggs were administered either saline or saline plus 300, 600, or 900 µg/kg egg wt. No differences were observed in hatchling body weights of poults from saline and PYY treated eggs from either line in both trials. In Trial 1, poults from EL treated eggs (600 µg/kg egg wt) had greater active jejunal 3OMG uptake compared with saline treated controls (332 vs. 270 ρmol/min/mg tissue, p<0.05, respectively). In Trial 2, poults from BUT eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg egg wt had greater (p<0.05) jejunal glucose transport than by the control group or the 600 µg PYY/kg egg wt group. Poults from EL eggs treated with PYY had non-significant increases in 3OMG uptake at all levels of PYY administration. BUT poults from eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg had heavier jejunums adjusted for body weight. In ovo PYY administration at day 25 of incubation increases active glucose transport in the intestinal tract of turkey poults, however, response and dosage varies with turkey line. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.1.6 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of high dietary calcium propionate and dietary cation-anion balance on calcium metabolism and longissimus muscle tenderness in finishing steers AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Engle, T. E. AU - Platter, W. R. AU - Lloyd, K. E. AU - Belk, K. E. AU - Horton, J. T2 - Professional Animal Scientists AB - Forty-eight Angus and Angus-cross steers (initial BW = 657 ± 5.7 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design to determine whether feeding an anionic diet or high dietary concentrations of a soluble calcium (Ca propionate) source or both would alter Ca metabolism and subsequently longissimus tenderness. Treatments consisted of 1) control, 2) 4% Ca propionate (CaProp), 3) 2% NH 4Cl (anionic diet), and 4) CaProp plus 2% NH4Cl. Experimental diets were fed for 7 d prior to slaughter. Steers were individually fed using electronic Calan gate feeders. Blood samples were obtained on d 3 and 7 at 2 h post feeding for plasma Ca determination. A striploin steak was obtained from each carcass at 48 h post harvest for muscle Ca analysis and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) determination. Addition of CaProp or NH4Cl to the high concentrate finishing diet reduced (P < 0.01) ADG and DMI during the 7-d feeding period. The anionic diet reduced ADG to a greater extent than did CaProp. Average daily gain and DMI were lowest for steers fed both NH4Cl and CaProp, indicating that their effects were additive. Carcass characteristics were not affected by CaProp, but the anionic diet tended to reduce hot carcass weights (P=0.13) and longissimus areas (P=0.09). Plasma Ca concentrations were slightly greater in steers fed CaProp on d 3 (P < 0.10) and 7 (P < 0.01) of the study. The anionic diet did not affect plasma Ca. Muscle Ca concentrations and WBSF values were not affected by either CaProp or the anionic diet. Results indicate that beef tenderness was not enhanced in steers fed a diet high in CaProp or those fed an anionic diet. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31461-3 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eastern gamagrass evaluated as hay or silage for lactating dairy cows AU - Eun, J. S. AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Gumpertz, M. L. T2 - Professional Animal Scientists AB - Twenty lactating Holstein cows were used to determine the nutritional value of eastern gamagrass. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) gamagrass hay and no corn (HNC), 2) gamagrass silage (S) and no corn (SNC), 3) S and low corn (SLC), 4) S and medium corn (SMC), and 5) S and high corn (SHC). Gamagrass fed as hay or silage did not change (P>0.10) milk yield, but corn inclusion tended to increase (P<0.08) milk yield. Yields of milk protein (0.69 vs 0.80 kg/d), lactose (1.23 vs 1.44 kg/d), and solids-not-fat (2.12 vs 2.48 kg/d) tended to be greater for SNC than for HNC (P<0.08). Corn inclusion increased milk yields compared with SNC. Gamagrass fed as silage resulted in a greater feed conversion efficiency than did gamagrass fed as hay (2.16 vs 1.88; P<0.01). Adding corn to S reduced feed efficiency. Conversion of feed N to milk N was greater (P<0.01) for gamagrass fed as silage than for hay. Milk urea N (MUN) concentration was greater (P<0.01) for cows fed HNC than for cows on all other treatments. Feeding S significantly lessened MUN concentration. Including corn at the medium and high levels further reduced MUN concentration (P<0.05). Increased energy from corn at the high level increased milk yield and tended to increase conversion of feed N into milk protein. Gamagrass fed as silage without or with corn improved the N status of the cows, as indicated by lesser MUN concentrations. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31442-x VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 362 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advances in mineral nutrition for ruminants studied AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Feedstuffs DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// VL - 75 IS - 29 SP - 12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship of the eggshell conductance constant to intestinal physiology AU - Christensen, V. L. AU - Ort, D. T. AU - Suvarna, S. AU - Croom, W. J. AU - Grimes, J. L. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - The hypothesis was proposed that eggshell conductance constants (k) alter embryonic intestinal development and affect growth post hatching. Egg weight (EW), eggshell conductance (G) and length of the incubation period (IP), the three components of the conductance constant were changed to determine their effect on intestinal physiology. Eggs were selected based on EW and G properties. Half of the selected eggs were incubated using a single stage temperature profile to shorten IP in each of two experiments. EW, G and IP interacted in the first experiment to affect intestinal growth and metabolism. In Experiment 2, k reduced intestinal weight in embryos as well as poults. EW and IP affected the size and maturity of intestinal tissue at the time of hatching. Differences in EW, G and IP observed at hatching were shown to affect the growth of poults for the first week following hatching. Thus, k may act to reduce growth in poults by affecting intestinal maturation. It is suggested that large eggs with low permeability may be at risk for weak poults. This may be especially true when they are exposed to shorter IP. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.207.213 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heat treatment of turkey litter for reuse as bedding AU - Grimes, J. L. AU - Williams, C. M. AU - Godwin, J. L. AU - Smith, J. C. T2 - International Journal of Poultry Science AB - Local and national laws regulating poultry litter (PL) land application may require that PL be applied based on crop needs and PL nutrient content such as N and P. In addition, some may require monitoring of soil metals such as Cu and Zn. Even with efforts to decrease fecal nutrient excretion, there is also a need to extend the useful life of current bedding materials and to develop alternative uses of spent PL. Heat treatment of PL may extend bedding life and offer alternative uses of PL. The objective of this study was to determine if heat processed turkey litter (TL) can be reused as bedding for turkeys. Pine shavings (PS) which had been used as bedding to rear Large White male turkeys from hatch to 20 weeks of age was processed at 95 and 220 C in an enclosed auger system. Four litter treatments (LT) were used: 1) control - new PS (T ), o 1 2) TL processed at 95 C (T ), 3) a 70:30 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ) and 4) a 95:5 o o 2 3 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ). These bedding mixtures were placed in 36 floor pens in o 4 a randomized block design to provide 9 replicate pens per LT. Thirty Large White turkey hen poults were placed in each pen on day of hatch. The birds were reared to 14 wk. Mortality and feed consumption were monitored. Period and cumulative feed conversion (FC) ratios were calculated. Regression analysis of SAS, Inc. was used for data analysis. The LS Means procedure was used to separate treatment means (P<0.05). At 6 wks, T hens were heavier than T (1.78 kg), T (1.80 kg) or T (1.81 kg) hens. There were no differences 3 1 2 4 in BW at 10 (5.42 kg) or 14 wk (8.67 kg) among treatments. There were no differences in FC. The LT did not affect bird mortality. Litter treated by the heat process used for this study produces a bedding material suitable for rearing market turkeys. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.3923/ijps.2003.287.292 VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 287 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Results from nine generations of selection for increased litter size in swine AU - Holl, J. W. AU - Robison, O. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Direct selection for increased litter size was done for nine generations. The select line consisted of approximately 15 sires and 60 dams per generation, and selection was based on estimated breeding values for number of live pigs. A control line of approximately 10 sires and 30 dams was maintained with stabilizing selection. Heritabilities estimated in the select line using restricted maximal likelihood procedures, daughter-dam regression within sires, and half-sib analysis were 0.01, 0.04, and 0.00 for number of pigs born alive (NBA) and 0.02, 0.16, and 0.00 for total born per litter (TB). Corresponding estimates for the control line were 0.01, 0.06, and 0.23 and 0.02, 0.07, and 0.09 for NBA and TB, respectively. Realized heritabilities for NBA from multiple regression were 0.09 +/- 0.08 in the select line and 0.11 +/- 0.166 in the control line. Heritability estimated from regression of differences in response between lines on differences in cumulative selection differentials was 0.13 +/- 0.07. At Generation 9, litter sizes, estimated breeding values, and cumulative selection differentials were 0.86 (P < 0.05), 0.63 (P < 0.01), and 9.05 (P < 0.01) pigs larger for the select line than for the control line. Phenotypic differences between lines for TB, adjusted backfat (BF), and days to 104 kg (DAYS) were not significant. Genetic trends in the select line were 0.053 +/- 0.002 pigs/yr for NBA, 0.054 +/- 0.013 mm/yr for BF, and 0.398 +/- 0.110 d/yr for DAYS. Corresponding phenotypic trends were 0.145 +/- 0.051 pigs/yr, -0.012 +/- 0.089 mm per yr, and 0.307 +/- 0.278 d/yr, respectively. Genetic trends in the control line were -0.026 +/- 0.004 pigs/yr for NBA, 0.026 +/- 0.022 mm/yr for BF, and -0.532 +/- 0.182 d/yr for DAYS. Corresponding phenotypic trends were 0.001 +/- 0.085 pigs/yr, -0.043 +/- 0.147 mm/yr, and -0.519 +/- 0.462 d/yr, respectively. Litter size can be increased by direct selection using breeding values estimated from an animal model, in conjunction with rearing selected gilts in litters of 10 pigs or less. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.813624x VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - 624-629 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen losses in metabolism trials AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. Van AU - Baker, D. H. AU - Heugten, Eric T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The utilization of dietary nitrogen has been the subject of much research. For example, NRC (1998) provides a wealth of information on the subject that is based on an extensive review of literature. For a 45-kg pig fed a corn-soybean meal diet, the NRC predicts an efficiency of N utilization of 35%. This low efficiency is the result of approximately 7% of the dietary CP not being digestible and the equivalent of 8% of the dietary CP being lost in endogenous excretions. The synthesis of endogenous material results in the obligatory catabolism of the equivalent of 10% of the dietary N. These losses account for 25% of the dietary N intake. The remaining CP (75% of dietary) is available for lean tissue accretion; however, as a result of mismatches between requirements and dietary supply, approximately 30% is degraded and used for energy production. The remainder is actually used for lean tissue growth, but approximately 10% is not accreted due to inefficiencies in lean tissue growth, and summation of these losses results in N utilization in the neighborhood of 35% (van Kempen and van Heugten, 2000). Feed wastage and poor animal health can deteriorate this efficiency even further. Chung and Baker (1992) demonstrated that with diets formulated to be nearly 100% digestible (which would minimize indigestible and endogenous losses and optimally match the requirement of the animal, thereby minimizing the 30% mismatch), efficiencies of 60% were achievable in nursery pigs, lending credibility to the above calculation. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.81102649x VL - 81 IS - 10 SP - 2649–2650 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Storage stability of pork from Berkshire and Hampshire sired pigs following dietary supplementation with vitamin E AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Hasty, J. L. AU - See, M. T. AU - Larick, D. K. T2 - Journal of Muscle Foods AB - ABSTRACT Effects of vitamin E supplementation on pork quality of two genotypes were evaluated using 240 pigs (initial body weight was 87 0.35 kg). Berkshire or Hampshire sired pigs were fed either 12, 55, 99, 174, and 351 IU/kg of vitamin E for 6 weeks prior to slaughter. Loins from Hampshire sired pigs had increased (P < 0.001) levels of drip loss, were paler, more red, and more yellow than loins from Berkshire sired pigs following refrigerated display storage for up to 8 days or vacuum packaged storage for up to 55 days. Vitamin E supplementation did not improve fresh pork quality in either genotype. However, results indicate that vitamin E supplementation improved oxidative stability of pork chops during refrigerated display storage and this effect was more pronounced in the leaner Hampshire sired pigs. Therefore, vitamin E supplementation could be strategically applied to improve storage stability in select genotypes. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2003.tb00346.x VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 67–80 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037353707&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pancreatic exocrine secretion in steers infused postruminally with casein and cornstarch AU - Richards, C. J. AU - Swanson, K. C. AU - Paton, S. J. AU - Harmon, D. L. AU - Huntington, G. B. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Our objective was to evaluate the effect of postruminal protein infusion on pancreatic exocrine secretions. One Holstein, two crossbred, and five Angus steers (305 +/- 5 kg) with pancreatic pouch-duodenal reentrant cannulas and abomasal infusion catheters were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square. All steers were abomasally infused with 1,050 g/d of raw cornstarch with treatments of 0, 60, 120, or 180 g/d of sodium casein suspended in water to yield 6,000 g/d of infusate daily. Steers were limit-fed (1.5 x NEm; 12 equal portions daily) a 90% corn silage, 10% supplement diet formulated to contain 12.5% CP. Periods consisted of 3 d of adaptation to infusion, 7 d of full infusion, 1 d of collection, and 7 d of rest. Pancreatic juice was collected in 30-min fractions continuously for 6 h. Total juice secreted and the pH of individual fractions were recorded, a 10% subsample was retained to form a composite sample, and remaining fluid was returned to the duodenum. Juice composite samples were stored (-30 degrees C) until analyzed for total protein and activities of alpha-amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Casein infusion linearly increased alpha-amylase concentration (182 to 271 units/mL; P < 0.02; 17.5 to 24.6 units/mg of protein; P < 0.03) and secretion rate (26,847 to 41,894 units/h; P < 0.01). Total juice secretion (155 g/h), pH of pancreatic juice (8.13), secretion rate of protein (1,536 mg/h), and concentration of protein (10.2 mg/mL) in pancreatic secretions were not affected (P > 0.05) by casein infusion. Similarly, casein infusion did not change 0.05) trypsin and chymotrypsin concentrations (1,379 and 349 units/L or 0.134 and 0.033 units/mg of protein, respectively) or secretion rates (206 and 52 units/h, respectively). Abomasal infusion of protein with starch stimulated a greater pancreatic secretion of alpha-amylase activity into the intestine than infusion of starch alone. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8141051x VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 1051-1056 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora in weanling pigs fed live yeast AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Funderburke, D. W. AU - Dorton, K. L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of live yeast supplementation on nursery pig performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora and to determine whether live yeast could replace antibiotics and growth-promoting concentrations of Zn and Cu in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 156 pigs were weaned at 17 d of age (BW = 5.9 kg) and allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design (six or seven pigs per pen with six pens per treatment). Factors consisted of 1) dietary supplementation with oat products (oat flour and steam-rolled oats; 0 or 27.7%) and 2) yeast supplementation at 0 or 1.6 × 107 cfu of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC47/g of feed. In Exp. 2, 96 pigs were weaned at 17 d of age and allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design (four pigs per pen with six pens per treatment) with factors of 1) diet type (positive control containing growth-promoting concentrations of Zn, Cu, and antibiotics or negative control) and 2) live yeast supplementation (0 or 2.4 × 107 cfu of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC47/g of feed). The inclusion of oat products in Exp. 1 decreased (P < 0.10) overall ADG and final BW. Yeast supplementation did not affect growth performance of pigs in Exp. 1 (P = 0.65); however, ADG in Exp. 2 was 10.6% greater (P < 0.01) and ADFI was increased by 9.4% (P < 0.10) in pigs supplemented with yeast in the positive control diet. Addition of Zn, Cu, and antibiotics to the diet improved gain:feed ratio during the prestarter period (P < 0.02) and overall (P = 0.10). In Exp. 1, inclusion of oat products increased (P < 0.01) total bacteria in feces when measured on d 10. Fecal lactobacilli measured on d 28 were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets with oat products and yeast (interaction, P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, yeast supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) total bacteria and lactobacilli. Dietary yeast resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) yeast count in feces of pigs during the starter phase of Exp. 1. Yeast decreased (P < 0.10) the digestibility of DM, fat, and GE in the prestarter phase and DM, fat, P, and GE in the starter phase, whereas oat products increased the digestibility of DM, CP, fat, and GE (P < 0.05) in the prestarter phase. Results indicate that live yeast supplementation had a positive effect on nursery pig performance when diets contained growth-promoting antimicrobials. Nonetheless, the response was variable, and the conditions under which a response might be expected need to be further defined. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8141004x VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 1004–1012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimated copper requirements of Angus and Simmental heifers AU - Mullis, L. A. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - McCraw, R. L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - In Exp. 1, Simmental (n = 21) and Angus (n = 21) heifers, approximately 9 mo of age, were used in a 160-d study to determine the effect of dietary Cu on growth and Cu status. Two- or three-yr-old first-calf heifers (21 Angus and 21 Simmental) entering into their last trimester of pregnancy were used in Exp. 2 to estimate Cu requirements of the two breeds during gestation and early lactation. Treatments in both studies consisted of 0 (control), 7, or 14 mg of supplemental Cu (as CuSO4)/kg of DM. The control corn silage-based diets contained 6.4 and 4.4 mg of Cu/kg of DM in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, and 1.2 mg of Mo/kg. Dietary Cu did not affect performance in either breed in Exp. 1. Copper supplementation generally did not affect plasma Cu concentrations in Angus heifers, but increased (P < 0.05) plasma Cu in Simmental heifers from d 37 until the end of Exp. 1. Final liver Cu concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) than initial concentrations in control Angus and Simmental heifers; however, liver Cu increased (P < 0.01) in Cu-supplemented heifers. In Exp. 2, Cu supplementation of the control diet increased (P < 0.05) plasma Cu during gestation and greatly increased (P < 0.01) liver Cu in both breeds. Calves born to cows not supplemented with Cu also had lower plasma Cu concentrations than Cu-supplemented calves by 73 d of age. In both studies, control Simmental heifers had lower (P < 0.05) plasma Cu concentrations than Angus on most sampling dates. When Cu was supplemented at 7 or 14 mg/kg of DM,few differences in plasma Cu concentrations were observed between breeds. Results suggest that Angus heifers have a lower minimal Cu requirement than Simmental. Based on liver Cu, the control diets containing 4.4 or 6.4 mg of Cu/kg of DM did not meet the Cu requirement of either breed during gestation and lactation or growth. Addition of 7 mg of Cu/kg of DM to the control diets met Cu requirements of both breeds. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.814865x VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - 865-873 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows AU - Davidson, S AU - Hopkins, BA AU - Diaz, DE AU - Bolt, SM AU - Brownie, C AU - Fellner, V AU - Whitlow, LW T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Five treatment diets varying in crude protein (CP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) were calculated to supply a postruminal lysine to methionine ratio of about 3:1. Diets were fed as a total mixed ration to 65 Holstein cows that were either primiparous (n = 28) or multiparous (n = 37) from 21 to 120 d in milk to determine effects on lactation and nitrogen utilization. Crude protein % and calculated RUP (% of CP) of diets [on a dry matter (DM) basis] were: 1) 19.4, 40 (HPMU), 2) 16.5, 34 (LPLU), 3) 16.8, 40 (LPMU), 4) 16.8, 46 (LPHU), 5) 17.2, 43 (LPHU + UREA), which is the result of adding 0.4% of the diet DM as urea to LPHU. The corn silage-based treatment diets contained an average of 24% acid detergent fiber and 1.6 Mcal/kg net energy of lactation. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations and body weights (BW) were used to calculate predicted amounts of urinary nitrogen (N) using the relationship: urinary N (g/d) = 0.0259 x BW (kg) x MUN (mg/dl). Cows fed HPMU had greater CP and RUP intakes, which resulted in higher concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen, rumen ammonia, MUN, and predicted urinary N. Milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, protein yield, and protein percent were not significantly different among treatments. Parity primarily affected parameters that were related to body size and not measurements of N utilization. The interaction of treatment and parity was not significant for any measurements taken. In this study, cows fed LPHU had significantly lower MUN and predicted urinary N without limiting production. These results demonstrate the potential to optimize milk production while minimizing N excretion in lactating dairy cattle. DA - 2003/5// PY - 2003/5// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73754-0 VL - 86 IS - 5 SP - 1681-1689 SN - 0022-0302 KW - rumen undegradable protein KW - urea KW - nitrogen excretion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of copper source and level on performance and copper status of cattle consuming molasses-based supplements AU - Arthington, J. D. AU - Pate, F. M. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two studies were conducted to evaluate the availability of dietary Cu offered to growing beef cattle consuming molasses-based supplements. In Exp. 1, 24 Braford heifers were assigned randomly to bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pastures (two heifers/pasture). Heifers were provided 1.5 kg of TDN and 0.3 kg of supplemental CP/heifer daily using a molasses-cottonseed meal slurry. Three treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (four pastures/treatment), providing 100 mg of supplemental Cu daily in the form of either CuSO4 (inorganic Cu) or organic-Cu. A third treatment offered no supplemental Cu (negative control). Heifer BW was collected at the start and end of the study. Jugular blood and liver samples were collected on d 0, 29, 56, and 84. In Exp. 2, 24 Brahman-crossbred steers were fed the same molasses-cottonseed meal supplement at the same rates used in Exp. 1. Steers were housed in individual pens (15 m2) with free-choice access to stargrass (Cynodon spp.) hay. Four Cu treatments were assigned to individual steers (six pens/treatment) providing 1) 10 ppm of Cu from an organic source; 2) 10 ppm Cu from Tri-basic Cu chloride (TBCC); 3) 30 ppm of Cu from TBCC; or 4) 30 ppm of Cu, a 50:50 ratio of TBCC and organic Cu. Body weights and jugular blood and liver samples were collected on d 0, 24, 48, and 72. In Exp. 1, liver Cu concentrations did not differ between heifers supplemented with inorganic and organic Cu. Each source resulted in increased (P < 0.05) liver Cu concentrations compared with the unsupplemented control. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) for Cu-supplemented heifers, independent of Cu source. Heifer ADG tended (P = 0.11) to increase with Cu supplementation compared with the unsupplemented control. In Exp. 2, liver Cu was greater (P < 0.05) on d 24, 48, and 72 for steers consuming 30 vs. 10 ppm of Cu. Steers supplemented with organic Cu had lower DMI than steers supplemented with 10 or 30 ppm of TBCC. These data suggest that the inorganic and organic Cu sources evaluated in these studies were of similar availability when offered in molasses supplements. A dietary Cu concentration greater than 10 ppm might be necessary to ensure absorption in beef cattle fed molasses-based supplements. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8161357x VL - 81 IS - 6 SP - 1357-1362 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of boron supplementation of pig diets on the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma AU - Armstrong, T. A. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary B on the production of cytokines following an endotoxin challenge. In both experiments, pigs were obtained from litters generated from sows fed low-B (control) or B-supplemented (5 mg/ kg, as-fed basis) diets. In Exp. 1 and 2, 28 and 35 pigs, respectively (21 d old), remained with their littermates throughout a 49-d nursery phase and were fed either a control or B-supplemented diet. In Exp. 1, 12 pigs per treatment were moved to individual pens at the completion of the nursery phase and fed their respective experimental diet. On d 99 of the study, pigs were injected with 150 microg of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to evaluate a local inflammatory response. Pigs receiving the B-supplemented diet had a decreased (P < 0.01) inflammatory response following PHA injection. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from six pigs per treatment on d 103 and cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine the effect of dietary B on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production from monocytes. Isolated monocytes from pigs that received the B-supplemented diet had a numerically greater (P = 0.23) production of TNF-alpha. In Exp. 2, pigs were group housed with their littermates following the nursery phase for 43 d, after which 10 pigs per treatment were moved to individual pens. In Exp. 1 and 2, pigs were assigned randomly within dietary treatment to receive either an i.m. injection of saline or LPS on d 117 and d 109, respectively. The dose of LPS in Exp. 1 and 2 was 100 and 25 microg of LPS/kg of BW, respectively. In Exp. 1, serum TNF-alpha was increased (P < 0.01) at 2 h and tended to be increased (P < 0.11) at 6 and 24 h after injection by dietary B; however, only numerical trends existed for a B-induced increase in TNF-alpha in Exp. 2. Serum interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was increased (P < 0.01) at 6 h and tended to be increased (P < 0.08) at 24 h after injection in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, dietary B also numerically increased IFN-alpha. These data indicate that dietary B supplementation increased the production of cytokines following a stress, which indicates a role of B in the immune system; however, these data do not explain the reduction in localized inflammation following an antigen challenge in pigs. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.81102552x VL - 81 IS - 10 SP - 2552-2561 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Design and standards for genetic evaluation of swine seedstock populations AU - Baas, T. J. AU - Goodwin, R. N. AU - Christian, L. L. AU - Johnson, R. K. AU - Robison, O. W. AU - Mabry, J. W. AU - Clark, K. AU - Tokach, M. AU - Henry, S. AU - Berger, P. J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The purpose of this article is to describe a program for evaluation of seedstock populations in the swine industry. Differences among seedstock populations for economically important traits must be identified in order for pork producers to efficiently use available genetic resources. National genetic evaluation programs have the potential to identify the important differences among populations and to increase the rate of genetic improvement in a population. Program results provide performance benchmarks that stimulate testing and selection procedures by seedstock suppliers that further increase the rate of genetic improvement. A Terminal Sire Line Genetic Evaluation Program was designed and conducted in the United States by the National Pork Producers Council (Des Moines, IA) to compare seedstock populations for use in crossbreeding systems. High levels of statistical accuracy for program results were established; the ability to detect differences of 0.25 SD per trait, a power of test of 75%, and a 5% significance level were selected. Pure breeds and breeding company sire lines were nominated for the program. Semen was collected from nominated boars and distributed to cooperating commercial producers during eight 1-wk breeding periods. Pigs were produced in 136 commercial herds and transported to testing facilities at 8 to 23 d of age. Nine of the 11 sire lines originally entered in the program completed the sampling requirements for statistical analysis. High levels of statistical accuracy and a large, representative sample of boars with restrictions on genetic relationships ensured that the program results included unbiased, highly accurate sire line data for growth, carcass, meat quality, and eating quality traits of economic importance. This program has shown commercial producers that they have several choices of sire lines for changing their crossbreeding programs in desired trait areas. Commercial product evaluation must be an ongoing process, and this program serves as a model for future testing and evaluation of diverse genetic seedstock populations. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.81102409x VL - 81 IS - 10 SP - 2409-2418 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics, and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration AU - Otto, E. R. AU - Yokoyama, M. AU - Hengemuehle, S. AU - Bermuth, R. D. Von AU - Kempen, Theo AU - Trottier, N. L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The objective of this study was to investigate whether reducing dietary CP concentration decreases fecal VFA, manure ammonia (NH3) emission and odor, and urinary phenolic metabolites. Six barrows were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a Latin square design. Treatments consisted of four corn-soybean meal based diets containing 15, 12, 9, and 6% CP, a casein-based diet containing 15% CP, and a protein-free diet (0% protein). Crystalline AA were included in the 12, 9, and 6% CP diets. The casein-based and protein-free diets were used to determine basal endogenous contribution of VFA, phenolics, NH3, and manure odor. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages to allow total collection of feces and urine. Feces and urine were collected and pooled within pig and period. Feces and urine were analyzed for VFA and phenolic metabolite concentrations, respectively. Feces and urine were then mixed, stored, and fermented at room temperature for 30 d. For NH3 determination, headspace air was sampled from manure slurries at 24, 48, and 72 h after fermentation. Slurry samples were placed into vials, capped, and randomized before odor panel evaluation. Odor offensiveness was classified on severity: 1 = non-offensive; 2 = mildly offensive; 3 = moderately offensive; 4 = strongly offensive; and 5 = extremely offensive. Reducing dietary CP increased (P < 0.05) fecal VFA concentrations but did not affect phenolic concentrations in urine. Manure NH3 emission was reduced (P < 0.05) as dietary CP concentration decreased from 15 to 0%. The 15% diet had the least offensive manure slurry with odor qualitative ranking of 2.58 (i.e., mild-moderately offensive). Compared with the 15% CP diet, manure from the 9 and 6% CP diets was found to be more offensive (P < 0.05), with qualitative rankings of 2.92 and 3.10, respectively. Odor qualitative rank for the 12% CP, protein-free diet, and casein-based diet did not differ from that of the 15% CP diet. These results indicate that reduction in dietary CP concentrations decreases manure NH3 emission, but it does not diminish manure odor offensiveness and fecal VFA concentrations. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8171754x VL - 81 IS - 7 SP - 1754–1763 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lensectomy and vitrectomy decrease the rate of photoreceptor loss in rhodopsin P347L transgenic pigs AU - Mahmoud, TH AU - McCuen, BW AU - Hao, Y AU - Moon, SJ AU - Tatebayashi, M AU - Stinnett, S AU - Petters, RA AU - Wong, F T2 - GRAEFES ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY DA - 2003/4// PY - 2003/4// DO - 10.1007/s00417-003-0637-5 VL - 241 IS - 4 SP - 298-308 SN - 0721-832X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating service-learning into a college-level nutrition course AU - Ash, SL T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60201-7 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 161-162 SN - 1499-4046 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spinal arachnoid cysts in 17 dogs AU - Skeen, TM AU - Olby, NJ AU - Munana, KR AU - Sharp, NJ T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - The medical records of 17 dogs diagnosed with spinal arachnoid cysts at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrospectively examined to identify trends in signalment, history, neurological status, treatment, and short- and long-term prognosis. The typical case was that of a nonpainful, progressive ataxia frequently characterized by hypermetria and incontinence. Cysts typically occurred in the dorsal subarachnoid space at the first to third cervical vertebrae of young, large-breed dogs or the caudal thoracic vertebrae of older, small-breed dogs. Although 14 of 15 dogs treated surgically did well in the short term, long-term successful outcomes were achieved in only eight of the 12 dogs that were followed for >1 year. Significant predictors of good, long-term outcome were not identified; however, factors associated with a trend toward a good outcome included <3 years of age, <4 months' duration of clinical signs, and marsupialization as the surgical technique. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.5326/0390271 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 271-282 SN - 1547-3317 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038289206&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serum concentrations of lipids, vitamin D metabolites, retinol, retinyl esters, tocopherols and selected carotenoids in twelve captive wild felid species at four zoos AU - Crissey, SD AU - Ange, KD AU - Jacobsen, KL AU - Slifka, KA AU - Bowen, PE AU - Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M AU - Langman, CB AU - Sadler, W AU - Kahn, S AU - Ward, A T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Serum concentrations of several nutrients were measured in 12 captive wild felid species including caracal (Felis caracal), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), cougar (Felis concolor), fishing cat (Felis viverrinus), leopard (Panthera pardus), lion (Panthera leo), ocelot (Felis pardalis), pallas cat (Felis manul), sand cat (Felis margarita), serval (Felis serval), snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and tiger (Panthera tigris). Diet information was collected for these animals from each participating zoo (Brookfield Zoo, Fort Worth Zoo, Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens and North Carolina Zoological Park). The nutritional composition of the diets at each institution met the probable dietary requirements for each species except for the pallas cat. Blood samples were collected from each animal (n = 69) and analyzed for lipids (total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), vitamin D metabolites [25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)(2)D)], vitamin A (retinol, retinyl stearate and retinyl palmitate), vitamin E (alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and selected carotenoids. Species differences were found for all except triacylglycerides and 1,25(OH)(2)D. Genus differences were found for retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl stearate, gamma-tocopherol and beta-carotene. Circulating nutrient concentrations for many of the species in this study have not been reported previously and most have not been compared with the animals' dietary intakes. The large number of animals analyzed provides a substantial base for comparing the serum nutrient concentrations of healthy animals, for both wild and captive exotic species. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.1093/jn/133.1.160 VL - 133 IS - 1 SP - 160-166 SN - 0022-3166 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037224646&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Felis KW - lipids KW - vitamin A KW - vitamin D KW - vitamin E ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a commercially available culture system for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats AU - Gookin, JL AU - Foster, DM AU - Poore, MF AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Levy, MG T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To evaluate the efficacy of and optimize a commercially available culture system for sensitive and specific in-clinic culture of Tritrichomonas foetus from cat feces.Prospective study.Samples of freshly voided feces from 117 purebred cats and pure cultures of T. foetus obtained from a cat with chronic diarrhea.Optimal conditions for use of the culture system, such as quantity of fecal inoculum (0.025 to 0.2 g) and cultivation temperature (25 or 37 degrees C [98.6 or 77.0 degrees F]), were determined. Specificity of the system was examined by attempted culture of Giardia lamblia and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Sensitivity of the system to detect T. foetus was determined by inoculation of culture system pouches with serially diluted T. foetus suspensions with and without feces.Detection limit of the culture system was 1 and 1,000 T. foetus organisms without and with feces from cats, respectively. Optimal fecal inoculum was < 0.1 g of feces. At 37 degrees C, cultures yielded positive results in 24 hours; organisms remained viable for 1 to 6 days, and bacterial overgrowth was common. At 25 degrees C, cultures yielded positive results in 1 to 11 days; organisms were long-lived, and bacterial overgrowth was uncommon. Neither G. lamblia or P. hominis survived in the culture system.The culture system was sensitive and specific for culture of T. foetus in feces of cats. Performance was optimal when test kits were inoculated with < or = 0.1 g of freshly voided feces and cultured at 25 degrees C. DA - 2003/5/15/ PY - 2003/5/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1376 VL - 222 IS - 10 SP - 1376-1379 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationship among basilar artery resistance index, degree of ventriculomegaly, and clinical signs in hydrocephalic dogs AU - Saito, M AU - Olby, NT AU - Spaulding, K AU - Munana, K AU - Sharp, NJH T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Forty-four transcranial Doppler ultrasound studies were performed in 36 dogs. The ratio of the height of the ventricle to the height of the brain (VB ratio) was calculated to determine the severity of ventriculomegaly. Resistance index (RI) was calculated from Doppler measurements of the blood flow velocity in the basilar artery and neurologic signs were scored on a scale of 0 to 3. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, dogs were divided into four groups (normal controls, asymptomatic hydrocephalus, symptomatic hydrocephalus, and other intracranial disease). RI and VB ratio were compared between the groups of dogs and compared with neurologic signs in hydrocephalic dogs. RI ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 (mean, 0.68). Resistance index was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus and other intracranial disease when compared with the other two groups. The degree of ventriculomegaly was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus than the other groups, but there was substantial overlap between asymptomatic and symptomatic hydrocephalus groups. Combining measurements of VB ratio and RI allowed detection of symptomatic hydrocephalus with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 94%. The severity of neurological signs was significantly correlated with RI and with VB ratio in hydrocephalic dogs, and in dogs evaluated on more than one occasion, changes in neurologic status were accompanied by changes in RI but not in VB ratio. All asymptomatic hydrocephalic dogs with a VB ratio of greater than 60% eventually developed neurologic signs. Our results suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of VB ratio and basilar artery RI may allow identification of dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus or dogs that are at risk of developing symptomatic hydrocephalus. Repeated RI measurements are a useful means of monitoring dogs with a variety of intracranial diseases. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00532.x VL - 44 IS - 6 SP - 687-694 SN - 1740-8261 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1342290248&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - hydrocephalus KW - resistance index KW - ventriculomegaly KW - ultrasound ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term functional outcome of dogs with severe injuries of the thoracolumbar spinal cord: 87 cases (1996-2001) AU - Olby, N AU - Levine, J AU - Harris, T AU - Munana, K AU - Skeen, T AU - Sharp, N T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine long-term (> 6 months) outcome of dogs with paraplegia and loss of hind limb deep pain perception (DPP) resulting from intervertebral disk herniation or trauma.Retrospective study.87 dogs.Outcome was determined as successful or unsuccessful. The association of neuroanatomic localization, breed, age, weight, sex, and (for dogs with intervertebral disk herniation) speed of onset of signs and duration of paraplegia prior to surgery with outcome was evaluated. Owners were contacted by telephone to identify long-term health problems.Nine of 17 dogs with traumatic injuries were treated, and 2 regained the ability to walk; none of the 17 dogs regained DPP. Sixty-four of 70 dogs with intervertebral disk herniation underwent surgery; 9 (14%) were euthanatized within 3 weeks after surgery (7 because of ascending myelomalacia), 37 (58%) regained DPP and the ability to walk, 7 (11%) regained the ability to walk without regaining DPP, and 11 (17%) remained paraplegic without DPP. Outcome was not associated with any of the factors evaluated, but speed of recovery of ambulation was significantly associated with body weight and age. Fifteen (41%) and 12 (32%) dogs that regained DPP had intermittent fecal and urinary incontinence, respectively.Results suggested that the prognosis for paraplegic dogs without DPP because of trauma was guarded, while dogs with disk herniation had a better chance of recovering motor function. A third of the dogs that recovered motor function had intermittent incontinence. Persistent loss of DPP did not preclude recovery of motor function, but such dogs remained incontinent. DA - 2003/3/15/ PY - 2003/3/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2003.222.762 VL - 222 IS - 6 SP - 762-769 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0347926454&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ionophores have limited effects on jejunal glucose absorption and energy metabolism in mice AU - Fan, Y. K. AU - Croom, J. AU - Eisen, E. J. AU - Spires, H. R. AU - Daniel, L. R. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two experiments, Trial 1 (in vitro) and Trial 2 (in vivo), were conducted to examine the effects of ionophores, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate on whole-animal O2 consumption, organ weights, jejunal glucose absorption, and O2 utilization, as well as growth, feed and water consumption, and feed efficiency. In Trial 1, 30 male Swiss-Webster mice, 8 wk old, were used to measure the in vitro effects of each of the ionophores at concentrations of 1.62 or 16.2 mM. Six combinations of three ionophores at two concentrations resulted in a total of eight treatments. All eight treatments were exposed to jejunal rings from a single mouse for a total of 30 observations per treatment. Jejunal rings were exposed to each ionophore treatment for 15 min. Laidlomycin propionate (16.2 mM) decreased (P < 0.02) glucose absorption, as estimated by H3-3-O-methyl glucose uptake compared with all other treatments, whereas laidlomycin propionate (1.62 mM) increased (P = 0.032) jejunal DM content compared with 16.2 mM laidlomycin propionate. In Trial 2, 40 5-wk-old mice were allotted into four treatments--control and 16.2 mM each of monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate--for a total of 10 observations per treatment. Ionophores were administered via the drinking water for 14 d. No ionophore treatment had any effect on whole-mouse O2 consumption. Monensin increased (P = 0.004) stomach size and decreased (P = 0.049) the efficiency of BW gain compared with controls. Laidlomycin propionate decreased (P = 0.032) the percentage of whole jejunum oxygen consumption due to oubain-sensitive respiration compared with control. The efficiency of intestinal glucose absorption was not changed due to treatment in either trial. Under the conditions of these studies, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate had minimal and inconsistent effects on jejunal function and energy utilization in mice. This investigation suggests that changes in the energetic requirements of animals treated with ionophores are not an issue in animal production. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8182072x VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 2072-2079 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of dietary cobalt source and concentration on performance, vitamin B12 status, and ruminal and plasma metabolites in growing and finishing steers AU - Tiffany, M. E. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Xi, L. AU - Horton, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Sixty Angus steers, averaging 274 kg, were used to evaluate the effects of Co source and concentration on performance, vitamin B12 status, and metabolic characteristics of steers. Treatments consisted of 0 (control, analyzed 0.04 mg Co/kg), 0.05, 0.10, and 1.0 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM from CoCO3 or 0.05 and 0.10 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM from Co propionate. Steers were individually fed a growing diet for 56 d followed by a high-concentrate finishing diet. Performance was not affected by Co supplementation during the growing phase. During the finishing phase, ADFI (DM basis) and ADG were higher (P < 0.05) for the entire finishing phase, and gain:feed was higher (P < 0.10) over the first 56 d for Co-supplemented steers. Steers supplemented with 0.10 mg Co/kg as Co propionate had higher (P < 0.05) ruminal propionate and lower (P < 0.05) acetate molar proportions than steers receiving 0.10 Co/kg as CoCO3 during the growing phase. Supplemental Co increased (P < 0.10) molar proportion of propionate during the finishing phase. Plasma vitamin B12 was higher (P < 0.05) in Co-supplemented steers by d 56 of the growing phase and remained higher (P < 0.10) throughout the study. Control steers had higher (P < 0.05) plasma methylmalonic acid on d 56 of the growing phase and on d 28, 56, and 112 of the finishing phase than steers receiving supplemental Co. Steers supplemented with Co had higher plasma glucose at d 56 (P < 0.01), 84 (P < 0.10), and 112 (P < 0.01) of the finishing phase. Steers supplemented with 0.10 mg Co/kg as Co propionate had higher plasma glucose than those receiving 0.10 mg Co/kg as CoCO3 at d 28 of the growing phase (P < 0.05) and d 28 of the finishing phase (P < 0.10). Final body weight and hot carcass weight were lower (P < 0.10) in steers receiving the control diet, whereas other carcass characteristics were not affected by dietary Co. Average daily gain and feed efficiency for the entire finishing phase did not differ among Co-supplemented steers. However, increasing supplemental Co above 0.05 mg/kg DM (total diet Co = 0.09 mg/kg) resulted in increased (P < 0.01) plasma (linear) and liver (quadratic) vitamin B12 concentrations and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.10) plasma methylmalonic acid concentrations toward the end of the finishing phase. These results suggest that finishing steers require approximately 0.15 mg Co/kg of DM. Vitamin B12 status was not affected by Co source; however, the two Co sources seemed to affect certain metabolites differently. DA - 2003/12/1/ PY - 2003/12/1/ DO - 10.2527/2003.81123151x VL - 81 IS - 12 SP - 3151–3159 SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2003.81123151x ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrogenated dietary fat improves pork quality of pigs from two lean genotypes AU - Gatlin, L. Averette AU - See, M.T. AU - Hansen, J.A. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Pork quality is influenced by nutrition, genetics, management, and pork-processing procedures. Pigs of lean genotype fed diets high in unsaturated fat may have thinner, lower-quality bellies with a soft fat composition. Therefore, we investigated the effects of supplementing 5% choice white grease that had been chemically hydrogenated to iodine values of 80, 60, 40, or 20 on pork quality. Diets were fed to barrows and gilts of two genotypes (NPD [Ham-line x Manor hybrid] and PIC [406, 419, or 420 x C22]; n = 240) in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Pigs (76.8 kg of mean initial weight) were placed on test at a common age and were fed dietary treatments for 52 d. Pigs of PIC genotype were heavier at trial initiation, had higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio (F/G; P < 0.05), and greater backfat (26.3 vs. 24.0 mm; P < 0.001) and loin depth (59.0 vs. 55.3 mm; P < 0.001) compared with the NPD genotype pigs. As the iodine value of dietary fat was reduced, belly thickness increased (P < 0.05) and length decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Congruently, belly fat iodine value decreased from 73.9 to 67.4 (linear effect; P < 0.001) and belly fat C18:2 concentration declined from 20.6 to 16.3% (linear and quadratic effect; P < 0.001). The belly mono- and polyunsaturated fat ratio increased 29% as diet iodine value declined from 80 to 20 (linear and quadratic effect; P < 0.001). Further, there was a linear increase (P < 0.001) in saturated fatty acid concentration of belly fat (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) as dietary fat iodine value declined. Quadratic (P < 0.005) effects were detected in the level of C18:1trans as iodine value decreased from 80 to 20, paralleling dietary content. Dietary fat iodine value did not affect fat digestibility, ADFI, or F/G. Pork belly quality was improved as defined by reduced iodine value, C18:2 content, increased saturated fatty acid content, increased thickness, and decreased length as dietary iodine value decreased. Results indicate that reduction of dietary fat iodine value by chemical hydrogenation has the desirable effect of improving pork quality and does not alter growth performance. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8181989x VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 1989-1997 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0642279211&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of a permeable, 5 cm thick, polyethylene foam lagoon cover AU - Miner, J. R. AU - Humenik, F. J. AU - Rice, J. M. AU - Rashash, D. M. C. AU - Williams, C. AU - Robarge, W. AU - Harris, D. B. AU - Sheffield, R. T2 - Transactions of the ASAE AB - Anaerobic lagoons and liquid manure storage basins are widely used for the treatment and storage of livestockand poultry manure. Although relatively inexpensive to construct, these devices have been widely criticized based upon theirodor and ammonia release. A floating, permeable, composite cover manufactured from recycled polyethylene chips toppedwith a geotextile layer containing zeolite particles was evaluated under both laboratory and field conditions. Underlaboratory conditions, the cover was found essentially to eliminate odor release and to reduce ammonia emissions byapproximately 80%.

When installed on a 0.4 ha swine manure lagoon in eastern North Carolina, the cover survived severe storms and allowedeven intense rainfall to pass through without causing cover inundation. Under these field conditions, the cover was foundto reduce ammonia emissions approximately 80%. Odor emissions measured twice during one month of the study wereconsistently low in concentration and near neutral relative to quality, as determined by an analysis by a trained odor panel.Microbiological examination of the cover after four months of use showed an active population of aerobic bacteria andprotozoa; analysis showed that nitrifying, sulfide oxidizing, and methanotrophic bacteria were likely trophic components ofthe microbial populations observed. The surface of the cover became covered with an algal population within two weeks ofinstallation. This and other vegetative growth had no discernable impact on the performance of the cover. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.13031/2013.15442 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 1421-1426 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of organic forms of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc distribution, and immune response of weanling pigs AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Kegley, E. B. AU - Ward, J. D. AU - Qureshi, M. A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc level and source on growth performance, tissue Zn concentrations, intracellular distribution of Zn, and immune response in weanling pigs. Ninety-six 3-wk-old crossbred weanling pigs (BW = 6.45 +/- 0.17 kg) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (four pigs per pen, four replicates per treatment) based on weight and litter origin. Treatments consisted of the following: 1) a corn-soybean meal-whey diet (1.2% lysine) with a basal level of 80 ppm of supplemental Zn from ZnSO4 (control; contained 104 ppm total Zn); 2) control + 80 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4; 3) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn methionine (ZnMet); 4) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn lysine (ZnLys); 5) control + 40 ppm added Zn from ZnMet and 40 ppm added Zn from ZnLys (ZnML); and 6) control + 160 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4. Zinc supplementation of the control diet had no effect on ADG or ADFI. Gain efficiency was less (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 than for control pigs and pigs fed 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Organ weights, Zn concentration, and intracellular distribution of Zn in the liver, pancreas, and spleen were not affected (P = 0.12) by Zn level or source. Skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was not affected (P = 0.53) by dietary treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ZnLys than in pigs fed the control diet or the ZnML diet; however, when pokeweed mitogen was used, lymphocyte proliferation was greatest (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the ZnMet diet than pigs fed the control, ZnLys, ZnML, or 160 ppm ZnSO4 diets. Antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not affected by dietary treatments. Supplementation of 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 or ZnMet and 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 decreased (P < 0.05) the antibody response to ovalbumin on d 7 compared with control pigs, but not on d 14. Phagocytic capability of peritoneal exudate cells was increased (P < 0.05) when 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 was supplemented to the diet. The number of red blood cells ingested per phagocytic cell was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet supplemented with a combination of ZnMet and ZnLys and the diet with 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Results suggest that the level of Zn recommended by NRC for weanling pigs was sufficient for optimal growth performance and immune responses, although macrophage function may be enhanced at greater levels of Zn. Source of Zn did not alter these measurements. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8182063x VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 2063–2071 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Diet and evaluators affect perception of swine waste odor: An educational demonstration AU - Moeser, A. J. AU - See, M. T. AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Morrow, W. E. M. AU - Kempen, T. Van T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - An educational program was developed for extension agents, faculty, and graduate students to illustrate the effect of diet composition on odor from swine manure. Participants in this program first received a 2-h detailed review on odorous compounds in manure and the effect of diet on odor. For the second portion of the training, nine manure samples were used from pigs fed diets formulated with feed ingredients predicted to have different effects on odor emission or a nutritionally adequate corn-soybean meal diet. Participants were instructed to rate the odor from these samples for pleasantness, irritation, and intensity on a scale of 0 (best) to 8 (worst), using manure from the corn-soybean meal fed pig as the reference with a score defined as 4 for each variable. Results obtained were summarized and discussed before concluding the program. Participants were Cooperative Extension Agents (n = 13) with swine responsibilities and graduate students and faculty (n = 8). The manure from the diet with the worst odor scores (1% garlic) was rated at 70% more odorous across the three odor variables (P < 0.05) than the diet with the least odorous manure (purified diet). Even though a reference sample was used, individual participants differed in their perception of irritation across samples (P < 0.05), ranging in average score across diets from 2.4 (moderately better than reference) to 5.0 (slightly worse than reference). With extension agents, a 1 to 7 scale (very interesting to not at all interesting) was used for evaluation of the training session. Participants found the material to be interesting (mean = 1.7, SD = 0.7) and the training exercise to be well organized and coherent in its presentation (mean = 1.8, SD = 0.7). Participants enjoyed this training and learned that differences in odor are achievable through altering diet composition, and that the response to swine odor depends on individual odor perception. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.81123211x VL - 81 IS - 12 SP - 3211–3215 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2142759654&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - A gonadotropin-releasing factor vaccine (Improvac) and porcine somatotropin have synergistic and additive effects on growth performance in group-housed boars and gilts AU - Oliver, W. T. AU - McCauley, L. AU - Harrell, R. J. AU - Sustert, D. AU - Kerton, D. J. AU - Dunshea, F. R. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two hundred and twenty-four pigs (112 boars, 112 gilts) housed in pens of seven pigs per pen were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, with the factors of vaccination with a gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) vaccine (Improvac; 0 or 2 mL at 13 and 17 wk of age), porcine somatotropin (pST; 0 or 5 mg/d from 17 wk of age), and gender. Pigs were weighed and feed intake was measured from 17 wk of age until slaughter at 21 wk of age. Body composition was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in two focus pigs per pen at 17 and 21 wk of age. Testes and ovary weights at slaughter were decreased by Improvac treatment (P < 0.001), but were not altered by pST treatment (P > 0.44). Daily gain was lower for gilts than boars (1,128 vs. 1,299 g/d, P < 0.001) and was increased by pST (1,172 vs. 1,255 g/d, P = 0.003) and Improvac (1,150 vs. 1,276 g/d, P < 0.001) treatments. Feed intake (as-fed basis) was lower in gilts than in boars (2,774 vs. 3,033 g/d, P = 0.002), was decreased by pST (3,037 vs. 2,770 g/ d, P = 0.002), and was increased by Improvac treatment (2,702 vs. 3,105 g/d, P < 0.001). As a result of the differences in feed intake and daily gain, feed conversion efficiency (gain:feed) was lower for gilts than for boars (0.403 vs. 0.427 P = 0.025), was improved by pST (0.385 vs. 0.452, P < 0.001), but was unchanged by Improvac treatment (0.423 vs. 0.410, P = 0.22). Carcass weight was lower in gilts than in boars (75.3 vs. 77.0 kg, P = 0.012), was unchanged by pST treatment (75.9 vs. 76.4 kg, P = 0.40), and was increased by Improvac treatment (75.1 vs. 77.2 kg, P = 0.003). Lean tissue deposition rate was lower in gilts than in boars (579 vs. 725 g/d, P < 0.001), was increased by pST (609 vs. 696 g/d, P < 0.001) and by Improvac treatment (623 vs. 682 g/d, P = 0.014). Fat deposition rate tended to be lower in gilts than in boars (214 vs. 247 g/d, P = 0.063), decreased by pST treatment (263 vs. 198 g/d, P < 0.001), and increased by Improvac treatment (197 vs. 264 g/d, P < 0.001). For pigs treated with both pST and Improvac, daily gain and lean tissue deposition rate was greater than for pigs that received either treatment alone, whereas fat deposition rate and feed intake did not differ from untreated control pigs. In conclusion, Improvac increased growth rate through increased lean and fat deposition, but concomitant use of Improvac and pST increased lean gain above either alone, while negating the increase in fat deposition in pigs treated with Improvac. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.8181959x VL - 81 IS - 8 SP - 1959-1966 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in the central nervous system of cats and dogs AU - Schatzberg, SJ AU - Haley, NJ AU - Barr, SC AU - deLahunta, A AU - Olby, N AU - Munana, K AU - Sharp, NJH T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum DNA in canine and feline biological samples. SAMPLE POPULATION; Biological samples from 7 cats with systemic (n = 4) or CNS (3) toxoplasmosis, 6 dogs with neospora- or toxoplasma-associated encephalitis, and 11 animals with nonprotozoal disease.Primers for T gondii, N caninum, and the canine ferritin gene (dogs) or feline histone 3.3 gene (cats) were combined in a single PCR assay. The DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded brain tissue, CSF, or skeletal muscle. The PCR products with positive results were cloned, and sequence identity was confirmed.Of 7 cats and 4 dogs with immunohistochemical or serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis, PCR results were positive for all cats and 3 dogs for T gondii, and positive for T gondii and N caninum for 1 dog. Another dog had negative PCR results for both parasites. Of 2 dogs with immunohistochemical or serologic evidence of neosporosis, PCR results were positive for 1 for N caninum and positive for the other for T gondii. All negative-control samples yielded negative results for T gondii and N caninum on the PCR assay.Standard tests for toxoplasmosis or neosporosis associated with the CNS rely on serologic, histologic, or immunohistochemical analysis and can be difficult to interpret. The multiplex PCR assay with built-in control reactions could be a complementary clinical tool for the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis or neosporosis associated with the CNS. DA - 2003/12// PY - 2003/12// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1507 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 1507-1513 SN - 1943-5681 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346900736&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can anthropometric measurements and diet analysis serve as useful tools to determine risk factors for insulin-resistant diabetes type 2 among white and black Americans? AU - Allen, HG AU - Allen, JC AU - Boyd, LC AU - Alston-Mills, BP T2 - NUTRITION AB - Central obesity is implicated in the development of insulin resistance by increasing insulin demand and eventually leading to hyperinsulinemia. Anthropometric measurements have been helpful in determining the risk factors in developing diabetes mellitus type 2. In this study we investigated whether anthropometric measurements differ among diabetics of different races. We also evaluated whether nutrient intake of these individuals was related to anthropometric measurement changes.Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control (n = 10), black control (n = 10), white diabetic (n = 5), and black diabetic (n = 10). The diabetic subjects had type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy (age and sex matched). The following determinations were made: diet analysis, body mass index (kg/m(2)), the ratio of waist (umbilical level) to hip (maximum at buttocks) circumference, the ratio of waist to thigh (mid-thigh), and body fat percentage.The micronutrient consumption was fairly similar in all groups with the exception of vitamin A (greatest consumption in the white control group, P < 0.05; and the lowest consumption in the black control group, P < 0.05). The data also suggested that central obesity (greatest waist-to-hip ratio) was present in the individuals with type 2 diabetes. The higher total fat, including saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and cholesterol, intake in the diabetic groups were observed.The type of fat consumed may be as important as the total fat consumption in the development of insulin resistance. The diet analysis can provide valuable information about the dietary habits of an individual and the possible causes of metabolic problems leading to a disease state. However, genetic factors must be considered when looking at diabetes incidence in different ethnic groups. For example, even though the black diabetic group consumed less fat in comparison with the other groups, their body fat percentages were higher. Therefore, we cannot conclude that high fat intake is primarily responsible for increased body fat percentage. Although anthropometric measurements are a useful tool in risk assessment, researchers should consider anatomic differences among different racial groups as covariables. Diet analysis when used in conjunction with anthropometric measurements can serve as a useful tool to detect whether metabolic alterations are related to dietary habits. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00090-X VL - 19 IS - 7-8 SP - 584-588 SN - 0899-9007 KW - insulin resistance KW - diabetes KW - anthropometric measurements KW - ethnicity KW - diet analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aflatoxin binders I: In vitro binding assay for aflatoxin B1 by several potential sequestering agents AU - Diaz, DE AU - Hagler, WM AU - Hopkins, BA AU - Whitlow, LW T2 - MYCOPATHOLOGIA DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1023/A:1023388321713 VL - 156 IS - 3 SP - 223-226 SN - 0301-486X KW - activated charcoal KW - aflatoxin B1 KW - calcium bentonite KW - esterified glucomannan KW - sodium bentonite ER - TY - JOUR TI - A GnRF vaccine (Improvac (R)) and porcine somatotropin (Reporcin (R)) have synergistic effects upon growth performance in both boars and gilts AU - McCauley, I AU - Watt, M AU - Suster, D AU - Kerton, DJ AU - Oliver, WT AU - Harrell, RJ AU - Dunshea, FR T2 - AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AB - The use of a vaccine (Improvac) directed against gonadotrophin-releasing factor (GnRF), to prevent boar taint in male pigs, is also associated with an increase in feed consumption, growth, and higher deposition of subcutaneous fat. Daily administration of porcine somatotropin (pST) consistently increases average daily gain, and feed conversion efficiency, and reduces subcutaneous fat, particularly in gilts. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of combining these treatments in boars and gilts. Forty-eight pigs (Large White × Landrace), housed individually, were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being vaccination with GnRF vaccine (at 14 and 18 weeks of age), daily injection with pST (from 18 weeks to slaughter at 22 weeks), and sex (boars and gilts). Performance was measured over the period of pST administration. Over the entire 28 days of the study, daily gain was lower for gilts than for boars (1216 v. 1410 g/day, P < 0.001), was increased by pST (1219 v. 1407 g/day, P < 0.001), but not significantly altered by vaccination against GnRF (1284 v. 1342 g/day, P = 0.15). However, GnRF vaccination increased daily gain in the second 2 weeks of the study, and overall, there were interactions such that the vaccine increased gain in all groups except boars not receiving pST. Feed intake over the study period was less for gilts than for boars (3139 v. 3407 g/day, P < 0.001), was decreased by pST (3537 v. 3009 g/day, P < 0.001), and increased by vaccination against GnRF (3139 v. 3407 g/day, P < 0.001). When averaged over the entire study, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher for gilts than for boars (2.76 v. 2.51, P = 0.013), was decreased by pST (3.05 v. 2.22, P < 0.001), but unchanged by vaccination against GnRF (2.62 v. 2.65, P = 0.70). Fat deposition was lower in gilts than in boars (335 v. 378 g/day, P = 0.037), was decreased by pST treatment ((442 v. 271 g/day, P < 0.001), and increased by vaccination against GnRF (333 v. 379 g/day, P = 0.026). In boars, fat androstenone was reduced by vaccination against GnRF (0.10 v. 2.47 μg/g, P < 0.001) and tended to be reduced by pST (1.71 v. 2.44, P = 0.10), but only vaccination against GnRF reduced skatole (0.174 v. 0.050 μg/g, P < 0.001). The combination of the treatments in all cases was at least additive, and in some cases synergistic. The concomitant vaccination against GnRF and treatment with pST affords an opportunity to increase growth rate and feed intake above control levels and above those of pigs treated with either treatment alone. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1071/AR02037 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 11-20 SN - 1836-5795 KW - GnRF KW - feed intake KW - boar taint KW - testes KW - ovaries ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea AU - Levy, MG AU - Gookin, JL AU - Poore, M AU - Birkenheuer, AJ AU - Dykstra, MJ AU - Litaker, RW T2 - JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB - Recently, several investigators have reported large-bowel diarrhea in cats associated with intestinal trichomonad parasites. These reports have presumptively identified the flagellates as Pentatrichomonas hominis, a n organism putatively capable of infecting the intestinal tracts of a number of mammalian hosts, including cats, dogs, and man. The purpose of the present study was to determine the identity of this recently recognized flagellate by means of rRNA gene sequence analysis; restriction enzyme digest mapping; and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0099:TFANPH]2.0.CO;2 VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 99-104 SN - 1937-2345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of GnRH administration postinsemination on serum concentrations of progesterone and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle exposed to mild summer heat stress AU - Willard, S AU - Gandy, S AU - Bowers, S AU - Graves, K AU - Elias, A AU - Whisnant, C T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate whether administration of GnRH postinsemination would improve reproductive performance in heat-stressed dairy cattle. Estrous cycles of Holstein cows were synchronized using the OvSynch protocol and cows were artificially inseminated. Cows were then administered the following treatments: control (no GnRH; n=37), GnRH (100 microg) on Day 5 (GnRH-D5; n=34), or GnRH (100 microg) on Day 11 (GnRH-D11; n=34) postinsemination. Cows were provided access to both fans and sprinklers, and environmental data was collected hourly. Rectal temperatures and blood samples were obtained from cows on Days -9, -2, 0 (AI) and on alternate days from Day 5 to Day 19 postinsemination. Blood serum was collected for the analysis of progesterone (P(4)) by RIA. In a subset of cows (n=6/treatment) ultrasonography was performed on alternate days from Day 5 to Day 19 postinsemination to assess numbers of corpora lutea (CL) and CL cross-sectional areas. Pregnancy status of cows was confirmed at Day 30 postinsemination. Environmental data indicated that cows experienced mild heat stress during the trials (mean daily THI=73-77). Serum P(4) was greater (P<0.05) after Day 9 for GnRH-D5 cows and after Day 15 for GnRH-D11 cows through Day 19 postinsemination. The number of CLs present for GnRH-D5 cows was greater (P<0.05) on Day 17 than in either the control or GnRH-D11 treatment groups. On Day 17 postinsemination, both the GnRH-D5 and GnRH-D11 cows were observed to have greater (P<0.05) total CL tissue area than control cows. The interval from insemination to when serum P(4) returned to <1 ng/ml (i.e. luteolysis and return to estrus) did not differ (P>0.10) among treatment groups. Control cows (19%) tended to exhibit lower pregnancy rates (P<0.08) compared to the GnRH-D5 and GnRH-D11 treatment groups combined (35%). In summary, the treatment of heat-stressed dairy cows with GnRH postinsemination (Day 5 or 11) results in the appearance of more CL tissue, increased serum concentrations of P(4) and a tendency toward greater pregnancy rates. DA - 2003/4/15/ PY - 2003/4/15/ DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01232-3 VL - 59 IS - 8 SP - 1799-1810 SN - 0093-691X KW - GnRH KW - heat stress KW - dairy cattle KW - progesterone KW - corpus luteum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monensin by fat interactions on trans fatty acids in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous fermentors fed corn or barley AU - Jenkins, TC AU - Fellner, V AU - McGuffey, RK T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - In previous studies, monensin (M) and unsaturated plant oils independently increasedtrans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. This study was conducted to determine if combining M with plant oil yielded interactions on trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms or their effects were additive. Four continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between two feedings), consisting of alfalfa hay pellets (30% of DM) and either a high corn (HC) or a high barley (HB) concentrate (70% of DM) in each of two fermentors. Within each grain type, one fermentor was supplemented with M (25 ppm), and the other fermentor was supplemented with 5% soybean oil (SBO) during d 5 to 8. Monensin and SBO were added together in all fermentors during d 9 to 12. Samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on the last day of each period and analyzed for fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography. A second run of the fermentors followed the same treatment sequence to give additional replication. Average pH across all treatments was 6.15, which was reduced by M but not affected by SBO. Monensin reduced the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P), which averaged 2.03 across all treatments; fat decreased A:P in cultures not receiving M but increased it in the presence of M. Monensin and SBO altered the concentration of several trans fatty acids, but the only interaction was a grain × M × SBO interaction for trans-10 C18:1. The increase in trans-10 C18:1 by the M and SBO combination exceeded the sum of increases in trans-10 C18:1 for each individual feed additive, but only for HB. For the HC diet, M increased trans-10 C18:1 more than fat alone and more than the M and SBO combination. The results of this study show that M and SBO effects are additive for all trans FA except for trans-10 C18:1. In the case of trans-10 C18:1, M and SBO interacted to give higher trans-10 C18:1 concentrations in ruminal contents than would be expected simply by adding their individual effects, but only for HB. Because some trans fatty acid isomers have been associated with milk fat depression in dairy cows, these results suggest more severe depressions in milk fat content when cows are fed M along with unsaturated plant oils. DA - 2003/1// PY - 2003/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73609-1 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 324-330 SN - 1525-3198 KW - monensin KW - soybean oil KW - trans fatty acid KW - ruminal microorganism KW - continuous culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Administration of triiodothyronine and dopamine to broiler chicks increases growth, feed conversion and visceral organ mass AU - Chang, SC AU - Lin, MJ AU - Croom, J AU - Fan, YK T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - The influences of triiodothyronine (T3) or dopamine (DA) administration on growth, feed conversion, and visceral weights in broiler chicks between the ages of 6 and 12 d posthatch were investigated. In Trial 1, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered one of the following treatments: 0.37, 0.74, 1.48, and 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW or 0.07, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.56 micromol DA/kg BW. Both T3 and DA were administered via intraperitoneal injections between the end of sternum and the ends of os pubis, with 0.9% saline as the excepient. In addition, two groups of six birds each were either not injected or injected with excepient only, as controls. Four replications were carried out with a total of 264 chicks. Heart weight as a percentage of feed-deprived body weight (FDBW) of the chicks injected with 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW was heavier than that of controls. Other variables measured were not significantly different between treatments. In trial 2, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered, one of the following treatments: 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 micromol T3/kg diet or 0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 micromol DA/kg diet as well as a nonsupplemented control. Four replications were carried out with 216 chicks. The results in Trial 2 showed that the effects of T3 (X, micromol/kg diet) on body weight gain (Y1, g) and feed consumption (Y2, g) were linear (Y1 = 310 - 21.5X, R2 = 0.868, P < 0.001 and Y2 = 398 - 22.3X, R2 = 0.765, P < 0.001, respectively). The feed conversion ratio, the weight of liver, the weights of various intestinal segments, the lengths of the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, as well as weight per centimeter jejunal length, gizzard weight as percentage of FDBW, and the duodenal length per kilogram FDBW all had linear responses (P < 0.05) to the level of dietary supplementation of T3. The effect of dietary supplementation of T3 on the heart weight was quadratic (Y16 = 2.58 + 0.89X - 0.17 X2, R2 = 0.526, P < 0.01). Similarly, the weights of pancreas and gizzard, the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW and the pancreas weight as a percentage of FDBW all had second-order curve responses. Dietary DA supplementation exerted no effect on the variables measured except that the regression of the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW on dietary DA supplementation (X1, micromol/kg diet) existed, namely, Z1 = 0.64 + 0.24 X1 - 0.23 X1(2) + 0.05 X1(3) (R2 = 0.868, P < 0.05). DA - 2003/2// PY - 2003/2// DO - 10.1093/ps/82.2.285 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 285-293 SN - 0032-5791 KW - triiodothyronine KW - dopamine KW - broiler KW - visceral organs KW - growth ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of breed (Angus vs Simmental) and copper and zinc source on mineral status of steers fed high dietary iron AU - Mullis, L. A. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - McCraw, R. L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Forty-four Angus (n = 24) and Simmental (n = 20) steers, averaging 301 kg initially, were used to determine the effects of breed and Cu and Zn source (SO4 or proteinate (Prot) form) on Cu and Zn status of steers fed high dietary iron (Fe). Steers were stratified by weight within breed and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) CuSO4 + ZnSO4 ,2) CuSO4 + ZnProt, 3) CuProt + ZnSO4, and 4) CuProt + ZnProt. Copper and Zn sources were added to provide 5 mg Cu and 25 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM. All steers were individually fed a corn silage-based diet supplemented with 1,000 mg Fe (from FeSO4)/kg DM. Liver biopsy samples were obtained at the beginning and end of the 149-d study. Serum samples were collected initially and at 28-d intervals for determination of ceruloplasmin activity and Zn and Cu concentrations. Copper and Zn source did not affect performance, serum or liver Cu and Zn concentrations, or ceruloplasmin activity. Copper status decreased (P < 0.01) in all steers with time, and increasing the level of supplemental Cu from 5 to 10 mg/kg DM on d 84 did not prevent further drops in serum Cu and ceruloplasmin. Simmental steers had lower (P < 0.05) serum and liver Cu concentrations, and serum ceruloplasmin activity throughout the study. These results indicate that neither CuSO4 nor CuProt were effective at the supplemental concentrations evaluated in alleviating the adverse effect of high Fe on Cu status. Simmental steers had lower Cu status than Angus, suggesting a higher Cu requirement. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.2527/2003.811318x VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 318-322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trace mineral bioavailability in ruminants AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Journal of Nutrition AB - Absorption of selenium and copper is much lower in ruminants than in nonruminants. The low absorption of these minerals in ruminants is due to modifications that occur in the rumen environment. Selenium bioavailability is reduced by high dietary sulfur and the presence of cyanogenetic glycosides in certain legumes. Feeding organic selenium from selenomethionine or selenized yeast results in much higher tissue and milk selenium concentrations than are obtained with selenite. High dietary molybdenum in combination with moderate to high dietary sulfur results in formation of thiomolybdates in the rumen. Thiomolybdates greatly reduce copper absorption, and certain thiomolybdate species can be absorbed and interfere systemically with copper metabolism. Independent of molybdenum, high dietary sulfur reduces copper absorption perhaps via formation of copper sulfide. High dietary iron also reduces copper bioavailability. Dietary factors that affect bioavailability of zinc in ruminants are not well defined. Phytate does not affect zinc absorption in ruminants because microbial phytase in the rumen degrades phytate. Manganese is very poorly absorbed in ruminants, and limited research suggests that high dietary calcium and phosphorus may reduce manganese absorption. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003/// DO - 10.1093/jn/133.5.1506s VL - 133 IS - 5 SP - 1506S-1509 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does either the gastrointestinal peptide PYY or the neuropeptide NPY bind aluminium? AU - Korchazhkina, OV AU - Ashcroft, AE AU - Croom, J AU - Exley, C T2 - JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Peptide YY and neuropeptide Y are common peptides with a high degree of primary and tertiary structural homology. They are multifunctional and participate in a diverse array of distinct activities including regulation of gastrointestinal function and neural regulation of satiety. Recently both have been implicated in aluminium chemistry in vivo although their modus opperandi have not been determined. We have used molecular fluorescence, RP-HPLC, ESMS and equilibrium dialysis to identify if either peptide YY or neuropeptide Y will bind aluminium in vitro under near-physiological conditions. We were unable to demonstrate any direct interaction between either peptide and aluminium although we have speculated upon an in vivo mechanism whereby PYY, in particular, might form a stable complex with aluminium. DA - 2003/4/1/ PY - 2003/4/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00031-X VL - 94 IS - 4 SP - 372-380 SN - 0162-0134 KW - PYY KW - NPY KW - tyrosine fluorescence KW - aluminium KW - Alzheimer's disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cyclooxygenase blockade and exogenous glutamine enhance sodium absorption in infected bovine ileum AU - Cole, J AU - Blikslager, A AU - Hunt, E AU - Gookin, J AU - Argenzio, R T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB - We have previously shown that prostanoids inhibit electroneutral sodium absorption in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected porcine ileum, whereas glutamine stimulates electroneutral sodium absorption. We postulated that glutamine would stimulate sodium absorption via a cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent pathway. We tested this hypothesis in C. parvum-infected calves, which are the natural hosts of cryptosporidiosis. Tissues from healthy and infected calves were studied in Ussing chambers and analyzed via immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Treatment of infected tissue with selective COX inhibitors revealed that COX-1 and -2 must be blocked to restore electroneutral sodium absorption, although the transporter involved did not appear to be the expected Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 isoform. Glutamine addition also stimulated sodium absorption in calf tissue, but although this transport was electroneutral in healthy tissue, sodium absorption was electrogenic in infected tissue and was additive to sodium transport uncovered by COX inhibition. Blockade of both COX isoforms is necessary to release the prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of electroneutral sodium uptake in C. parvum-infected calf ileal tissue, whereas glutamine increases sodium uptake by an electrogenic mechanism in this same tissue. DA - 2003/3// PY - 2003/3// DO - 10.1152/ajpgi.00172.2002 VL - 284 IS - 3 SP - G516-G524 SN - 1522-1547 KW - Cryptosporidium parvum KW - Na/H exchanger 3 KW - cyclooxygenase-2 KW - diarrhea ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in Kinetics of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase in Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Dogs (Canis familiaris) throughout Growth and Development AU - Lin, Xi AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - This study was conducted to investigate developmental changes in the kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) within hepatic and skeletal muscle tissues of the canine species. Carnitine concentrations, CPT activity and the apparent K(m) for carnitine were measured in tissue homogenates from dogs in six age categories: newborn; 24-h-old; 3-, 6- and 9-wk-old; and adult. Hepatic CPT activity was low at birth, increased by 100% during the suckling period (P < 0.05) and then declined after weaning to adult levels. In contrast, CPT activity in muscle continued to increase with age, reaching adult levels after 9 wk. Congruent with CPT activity, nearly identical concentration profiles of liver and muscle acylcarnitines were observed. The apparent K(m) of hepatic CPT for carnitine also paralleled the increase in CPT activity during the suckling period; however, free and total liver carnitine concentrations declined by 50% during this time (P < 0.05). Beginning at 3 wk of age, the hepatic concentration of free carnitine was at or below the apparent K(m) of CPT for carnitine. A similar relationship existed in muscle of young dogs, but in adults, the free carnitine concentration was markedly increased and exceeded the apparent K(m) by 5-fold. Collectively, we infer that fatty acid oxidation capacity increases rapidly after birth in the canine, after ontogenic increases in CPT activity. Furthermore, based on the relatively low tissue carnitine concentrations when compared with the apparent carnitine K(m) of CPT, we suggest that carnitine may have an important role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation and that increased dietary carnitine may improve fatty acid oxidative capacity in developing dogs. DA - 2003/4/1/ PY - 2003/4/1/ DO - 10.1093/jn/133.4.1113 VL - 133 IS - 4 SP - 1113-1119 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1113 DB - Crossref KW - canine KW - carnitine KW - carnitine palmitoyltransferase KW - fatty acid oxidation KW - ontogeny ER -