TY - JOUR TI - Variability of Quality in Biofuel Co-products AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition DA - 2009/1/8/ PY - 2009/1/8/ DO - 10.5661/recadv-08-313 VL - 2008 IS - 1 SP - 313-326 J2 - Rec Adv Anim Nutri LA - en OP - SN - 0269-5642 2046-3510 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5661/recadv-08-313 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of feeding crude glycerol on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs AU - Zijlstra, R T AU - Menjivar, K. AU - Lawrence, E. AU - Beltranena, E. T2 - Canadian Journal of Animal Science AB - The effects of substituting wheat with crude glycerol as a dietary energy source were evaluated. Seventy-two weaned pigs were fed for 4 wk one of three pelleted wheat-based diets containing 0, 4, or 8% glycerol and formulated to 2.28 Mcal kg -1 net energy (NE) and 5.02 g standardized ileal digestible lysine Mcal -1 NE. For day 0 to 28, body weight increased linearly (P = 0.04); pigs fed 8% glycerol were 1.11 kg heavier than pigs fed 0% glycerol. Glycerol inclusion tended to increase average daily gain linearly (P = 0.066) and increased average daily feed intake quadratically (P = 0.037) without affecting feed efficiency (P > 0.10). Feeding up to 8% dietary crude glycerol by substituting wheat can enhance the growth performance of weaned pigs. Key words: Co-product, digestibility, glycerol, weaned pig DA - 2009/3/1/ PY - 2009/3/1/ DO - 10.4141/CJAS08072 VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 85-89 J2 - Can. J. Anim. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-3984 1918-1825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/CJAS08072 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zero-tannin faba bean as a replacement for soybean meal in diets for starter pigs AU - Beltranena, E AU - Hooda, S AU - Zijlstra, R T T2 - Canadian Journal of Animal Science AB - The nutritional value of zero-tannin (ZT) faba bean for starter pigs is poorly characterized. Five mash diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% ZT faba bean in substitution for soybean meal were fed to 75 pens of 5-wk-old pigs for 21 d. Increasing the dietary level of ZT faba bean did not affect average daily weight gain, feed intake or feed efficiency (P > 0.05) for each weekly period and the entire study (days 0 to 21). Increasing the dietary level of ZT faba bean linearly increased apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and P (P < 0.05), but not of dry matter, gross energy and Ca (P > 0.05). In conclusion, young pigs can be fed up to 40% raw, ground ZT faba bean (var. Snowbird) in full substitution for soybean meal in the starter diet.Key words: Digestibility, faba bean, growth performance, soybean meal, starter pig DA - 2009/12/1/ PY - 2009/12/1/ DO - 10.4141/CJAS09034 VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - 489-492 J2 - Can. J. Anim. Sci. LA - en OP - SN - 0008-3984 1918-1825 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/CJAS09034 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accomplishments and new challenges in dairy genetic evaluation AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Parker, K.L. AU - Cassandro, M. T2 - Italian Journal of Animal Science AB - This review presents the evolution of dairy genetic methods to estimate breeding values. For centuries, human action has shaped animal populations by choosing progenitors of the next generation. Since the twentieth century, applied concepts were integrated into a new discipline, quantitative genetics. The past quarter-century in genetic evaluation of dairy cattle has been marked by evolution in methodology and computer capacity, expansion in the array of evaluated traits, and globalization. Selection index was replaced by mixed model procedures and animal models replaced sire and sire-maternal grandsire models. Recently, application of Bayesian theory to breeding values prediction and variance components estimation has become standard. Individual test-day observations have been used more effectively in the estimation of lactation yield as direct input to evaluation models. Computer speed and storage are less limiting in choosing procedures. National evaluations combined internationally provide evaluations for bulls from all participating countries on each of the national scales, facilitating choices from among many more bulls. Selection within countries has increased inbreeding and the use of similar genetics across countries reduces the previously available genetic diversity. Finally, considerable progress in genomics has created a new tool, genomic selection. The collection and analysis of several types of phenotypic data to evaluate genetic merit will continue to be the most important tool for genetic progress in the foreseeable future. Information will increasingly be obtained from smaller reference populations and the extrapolation from these data will require careful validation. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.4081/ijas.2010.e68 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 360-368 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78449279892&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Genetic improvement KW - Statistical methods KW - Livestock animals KW - Dairy sector KW - Review ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ideal amino acid balance for sows during gestation and lactation T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Improving efficiency of protein utilization is important for pregnant sows under restricted feed allowance and for lactating sows with limited feed intake. Sows have limited ability to support the growth of fetuses and mammary glands during late gestation and to support mammary growth and milk production, especially during first lactation period. A series of studies was conducted to characterize requirements and ideal ratios of AA for 1) fetal growth, 2) mammary gland growth of gestating sows, 3) maternal tissue gain of gestating sows, 4) mammary gland growth of lactating sows, and 5) maternal tissue gain of lactating sows. A total of 97 pregnant sows and their fetuses and a total of 174 lactating sows and their nursing piglets were used for these studies to collect fetal tissues, mammary tissues, and maternal tissues for AA analysis. Requirements and ideal ratios of AA for sows changed dynamically depending on stages of pregnancy. Suggested daily requirements for true ileal digestible Lys were 5.57 and 8.78 g, and relative ideal ratios for Lys:Thr:Val:Leu (on basis of AA weight) were 100:79:65:88 and 100:71:66:95 for d 0 to 60 and d 60 to 114 of gestation, respectively. Requirements and ideal ratios of AA for lactating sows changed dynamically depending on potential amounts of protein mobilization from maternal tissues, which are related to voluntary feed intake and milk production. Suggested ideal ratios for Lys:Thr:Val:Leu were 100:59:77:115 and 100:69:78:123 if BW losses of sows during 21 d of lactation are 0 and 33 to 45 kg, respectively. To optimize efficiency of dietary protein utilization by sows, the dietary AA content and ratios can be adjusted by stages of pregnancy (i.e., phase feeding) and by expected feed intakes or parities of sows during lactation (i.e., parity-split feeding) considering the dynamic changes in the requirements and ideal ratios of AA. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.2527/JAS.2008-1452 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/15479605/ KW - amino acid KW - fetus KW - ideal protein KW - mammary gland KW - sow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects cerebral omega-3 to 6 fatty acid ratio and learning behavior of young pigs T2 - The FASEB Journal DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/43429625/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Case of Erythrodermic Dermatomyositis Associated with Gastric Cancer T2 - Annals of Dermatology AB - Erythroderma is an unusual cutaneous finding associated with dermatomyositis. There are only five cases of erythrodermic dermatomyositis reported in the English literature. We treated a case of erythrodermic dermatomyositis associated with a Bormann type 1 gastric cancer. The patient had a generalized, erythematous scaly eruption consistent with erythroderma and Gottron's papules as well as a heliotrope rash; these are the hallmark skin manifestations of dermatomyositis. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.5021/AD.2009.21.4.435 UR - https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495296/ KW - Dermatomyositis KW - Erythroderma KW - Gastric cancer KW - Malignancy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gene expression in chicken and turkey tibia growth plates is affected by oxygen concentrations during the plateau stage of incubation AU - Oviedo-Rondon, E.O. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Wineland, M.J. T2 - Journal of Poultry Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 88 IS - Suppl 1 SP - 61 ER - TY - CONF TI - Temporal differences in chondrocyte gene expression following an in vitro cartilage injury AU - Mente, P.L. AU - Gonda, M.G. AU - Ashwell, M.S. T2 - 55th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society C2 - 2009/// CY - Las Vegas, NV DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Differential chondrocyte gene expression following in vitro shear and axial impactions to porcine articular cartilage AU - McCulloch, R.S. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Mente, P.L. T2 - BMES 2009 Annual Fall Meeting C2 - 2009/// C3 - BMES 2009 Annual Fall Meeting DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// SP - 134 ER - TY - SOUND TI - The implications of Intra-uterine growth retardation for the swine industry AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent advances for glutamine application in animal nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// ER - TY - JOUR TI - 断奶仔猪日粮中添加酵母培养物对生长性能, 肠道健康和免疫的影响. AU - Shen, Y.B. AU - Piao, X.S. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Wang, L. AU - Liu, P. AU - Yoon, I. AU - Zhen, Y.G. T2 - 饲料与畜牧 DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Oink in biomedical research AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// ER - TY - CONF TI - Bio-fermentation technology to improve efficiency of swine nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Beijing International Symposium on Improvement of Feed Efficiency through Biotechnology C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of Beijing International Symposium on Improvement of Feed Efficiency through Biotechnology CY - China Agricultural University, Beijing, China DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// SP - 22–31 ER - TY - CONF TI - Implication of intrauterine growth retardation in swine production AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Saraiva, A. AU - Wu, G. T2 - XIV Congress Brazileiro de Veterinários Especialistas em Suínos (ABRAVES) C2 - 2009/// C3 - The XIV Congress Brazileiro de Veterinários Especialistas em Suínos (ABRAVES), Uberlândia CY - Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// SP - 20–25 ER - TY - CONF TI - Amino acid balance for mammary gland growth and milk production AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Saraiva, A. AU - Wu, G. T2 - XIV Congress Brazileiro de Veterinários Especialistas em Suínos (ABRAVES) C2 - 2009/// C3 - The XIV Congress Brazileiro de Veterinários Especialistas em Suínos (ABRAVES) CY - Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// SP - 195–198 ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of ideal protein and selection of protein sources for sows and piglets AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Wu, G. AU - Zhao, Y. AU - Li, P. T2 - 4th International Symposium on Animal Nutrition, Health, and Feed Additives. Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academic of Science C2 - 2009/// C3 - Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Animal Nutrition, Health, and Feed Additives. Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academic of Science CY - Changsha and Guangzhou, China DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// SP - 32–40 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Animal Nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Kim, Y.Y. AU - Han, I.K. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// PB - Mok Woon Foundation. Seoul National University Press SN - 9788992876032 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Future of amino acids in animal diets AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Biotechnology in Animal Nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Animal nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Recent advances in swine nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Amino acid balance for mammary gland growth and milk production for sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// ER - TY - MGZN TI - Ideal protein for sows (母豚和仔豚理想蛋白質) AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Feed Industry DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 93 SP - 76–80 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of dietary amino acids to replace fish meal and whey protein on physiological changes in weanling pigs AU - Zhao, Y. AU - Ballou, C.M. AU - Chaytor, A. AU - Payne, R.L. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 330 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of amino acid nutrition on pregnancy outcome in pigs: mechanisms and implications for swine production AU - Wu, G. AU - Bazer, F.W. AU - Johnson, G.A. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Spencer, T.E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of supplemented mined humate on growth, loin quality, and pathological status of liver and kidney in pigs AU - Ballou, C.M. AU - Zhao., Y. AU - Kim, Y.B. AU - Chaytor, A.C. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 510 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of supplementation of yeast culture to sow diets on reproductive performance and physiological changes in sows and nursing piglets AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Vasquez, C. AU - Saraiva, A. AU - Yoon, I. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 546 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of supplementation of yeast culture to diets of sows and offspring on growth and meat quality of offspring AU - Chaytor, A.C. AU - Vasquez, C. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Yoon, I. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 546 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phytase and NSP-degrading enzymes for alternative feed ingredients AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Beltranena, E. AU - Nyachoti, C.M. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 187 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing the use of fish meal and whey protein AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Ballou, C.M. AU - Zhao, Y. AU - Payne, R.L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relative bioavailability of iron in mined humate for nursery pigs AU - Ballou, C.M. AU - Spears, J.C. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) in diets for growing-finishing pigs-a cooperative study AU - Cromwell, G.L. AU - Azain, M.J. AU - Adeola, O. AU - Baidoo, S.K. AU - Carter, S.D. AU - Crenshaw, T.D. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Mahan, D.C. AU - Miller, P.S. AU - Shannon, M.C. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 44 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Opportunities of NSPase in swine diet AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Application of ideal protein and selection of protein sources for sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional management of pregnant and lactating sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional strategies for performance and longevity of sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Ideal protein for sows AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Application of ideal protein and selection of protein sources for sows and piglets AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Introduction to swine nutrition AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Oink in bioscience research AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of a long-term copper deficiency on gene expression profiles of copper transporters and chaperones in the intestine and liver of cattle AU - Fry, R.S. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Hansen, S.L. AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Han, H. AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 561 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High dietary iron negatively impacts gene products important in iron and manganese metabolism in young calves AU - Hansen, S.L. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Fry, R.S. AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - Suppl 2 SP - 516 ER - TY - CONF TI - Clofibrate treatment up-regulates hepatic gene expression encoding fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis enzymes in liver of pigs during early postnatal development AU - Shim, Kwanseob AU - Xi, Lin AU - Jacobi, Shelia AU - Odle, Jack T2 - ADSA - ASAS - CSAS Joint Annual Meeting C2 - 2009/// DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/7/12/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Exotic Nutrition for Veterinary Students AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - ANS 225 – Principles of Animal Nutrition AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Pet Relinquishments at Second Chance Pet Adoptions AU - Nomina, J. AU - Ange-van Heugten, K.D. T2 - 18th Annual North Carolina State University Undergraduate Research Symposium C2 - 2009/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/4/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pro-vitamin A Carotenoids in Feedstuffs AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Loerch, S.C. AU - Fluharty, F.L. AU - Kopec, R.E. AU - Schwartz, S.J. T2 - American Society of Animal Science DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// SP - 313 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of low vitamin A and D on beef cattle carcass quality AU - Pickworth, C.L. AU - Loerch, S.C. AU - Fluharty, F.L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - E87 SP - 519 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of crude glycerol to replace lactose in phase 1 nursery diets for pigs AU - Shields, M. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Odle, J. AU - Stark, C. T2 - Midwest Regional Animal Science Meetings C2 - 2009/// CY - Des Moines, IA DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of crude glycerol as a feed ingredient for nursery pigs AU - Shields, M. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - Odle, J. AU - Stark, C. T2 - Midwest Regional Animal Science Meetings C2 - 2009/// CY - Des Moines, IA DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Establishing a transdisciplinary graduate training program in functional foods, bioactive food components, and human health AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/11/19/ PY - 2009/11/19/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Swine nutrition research in the Department of Animal Science at NCSU AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/9/15/ PY - 2009/9/15/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Intestinal effects of feeding polydextrose to neonatal pigs AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/8/20/ PY - 2009/8/20/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Colostrum: a dual-benefit product for MSC-Global AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/8/4/ PY - 2009/8/4/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Induction of precocious milk-fat oxidation in neonatal pigs AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/7/7/ PY - 2009/7/7/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Prophylactic enrichment of ileal enterocyte phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids regulates gene expression and facilitates acute repair following ischemic injury in suckling piglets AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/6/8/ PY - 2009/6/8/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Whey protein supplements and athletic performance AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/4/28/ PY - 2009/4/28/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Dietary factors affecting lipid metabolism AU - Odle, J. AU - Adams, S.H. DA - 2009/4/21/ PY - 2009/4/21/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional experiences in early life as determinants of the adult metabolic phenotype AU - Odle, J. AU - Burrin, D. DA - 2009/4/20/ PY - 2009/4/20/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Piglet model of perinatal growth, nutrition and digestive physiology AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/4/18/ PY - 2009/4/18/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - The neonatal piglet: An attractive model for neonatal research AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/5/29/ PY - 2009/5/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Keys to success as a panel member for the USDA competitive grants program AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/5/7/ PY - 2009/5/7/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Prebiotics in neonatal nutrition AU - Odle, J. DA - 2009/1/21/ PY - 2009/1/21/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Impact of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Inflammation in porcine IPECJ2 cells AU - Wray, S.L. AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Odle, J. T2 - NC State University Honors Research Symposium C2 - 2009/// CY - Raleigh, NC DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Birth order, birth weight, sow colostrum IgG, and pig IgG concentration and their effects on neonatal piglet survival AU - Cabrera, R. AU - Lin, X. AU - Shim, K. AU - Inskeep, T. AU - Campbell, J. AU - Moeser, A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting C2 - 2009/// C3 - Journal of Animal Science CY - Montreal, CA DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clofibrate treatment up-regulates hepatic gene expression encoding fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis enzymes in liver of pigs during early postnatal development AU - Shim, K. AU - Lin, X. AU - Jacobi, S. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of buffalo production of northeast of Italy AU - Tiezzi, F. AU - Cecchinato, A. AU - Marchi, M. AU - Gallo, L. AU - Bittante, G. T2 - Italian Journal of Animal Science AB - Aim of this study was to characterize the buffalo production in the Veneto region of Italy. Test day records of milk production traits (milk yield, protein, fat, and somatic cell count) of 845 buffalo cows from two herds were analyzed using a linear model. The effects included in the model were herd-test-day, days in milk, and parity. Days in milk was the most important source of variation for milk yield, protein, and fat. The patterns of milk yield traits across lactation followed the typical trend of buffalo cows. Results allowed a preliminary characterization of buffalo production in north of Italy. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.4081/ijas.2009.s3.160 VL - 8 IS - SUPPL. 3 SP - 160-162 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350068741&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Buffalo KW - Milk yield KW - Lactation curve ER - TY - CONF TI - Reactions in the rumen: Limits and potential for improved animal production efficiency AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Southwest Nutrition Conference C2 - 2009/// CY - Arizona DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Degree of dietary fatty acid saturation affects plasma glucose kinetics in growing beef steers AU - Cartiff, S.E. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Eisemann, J.H. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - supplement 2 SP - 464 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Guar gum as a source of soluble non-starch polysaccharides for swine decreases nutrient digestibility and ammonia emission while increasing manure odor AU - Zhang, W. AU - van Heugten, E. AU - van Kempen, T. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - e-supplement 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of supplementation of yeast culture to diets of sows and offspring on growth and meat quality of offspring AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Vasquez, C. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Eckardt, G.R. AU - Yoon, I. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - e-supplement 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects cerebral omega‐3 to 6 fatty acid ratio and learning behavior of young pigs AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - McGlone, John J. AU - Pond, Wilson G. AU - Smith, Stephen B. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - The ontogeny of brain development in the pig resembles that of humans more than any other non‐primate mammal. Cholesterol (chol) and DHA are essential constituents of brain cells. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of dietary DHA and chol and their interactions on cerebral fatty acid composition, and learning behavior in the neonatal pig. Sixteen newborn pigs were nursed by sows for 24 h and then assigned to 4 treatment groups, representing supplementation with chol (0.0 or 0.2%), and DHA (0.0 or 0.2%) to the basal formula mainly consisting of coconut oil, soybean oil, soybean flour, whey, and whey protein. Pigs were housed individually and fed ad libitum for 7 wk. Body weight and food intake were measured weekly. At age 21, the pigs were exposed to the Morris water maze test. All piglets were euthanized at d 49 to obtain cerebrum for determining fatty acid composition. During the 7 wk period, weight gain and food intake did not differ among treatments. Pigs without chol and DHA required longer (P < 0.01) time to complete the water maze than pigs in other treatments. Cerebrum of pigs with both chol and DHA had greater (P < 0.05) omega‐3 to 6‐fatty acid ratios than pigs in other treatments. Weight of cerebrum did not differ among treatments. This study indicates that dietary DHA and chol increase cerebral omega‐3‐fatty acid contents and beneficially enhance the learning ability of young pigs. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.33.5 VL - 23 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.33.5 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Clofibrate induces expression of hepatic genes encoding fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis enzymes in pigs during early postnatal development AU - Shim, Kwanseob AU - Xi, Lin AU - Jacobi, Sheila AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of clofibrate on gene expression of hepatic fatty‐acid‐oxidation and ketogenesis enzymes induced in pigs during neonatal development. Evaluations were conducted in 0, 1, 4 and 7 d‐old pigs fed milk replacer and orally gavaged with either vehicle (2 % Tween 80) or clofibrate (75 mg /kg body weight) +/‐ etomoxir (5 mg/ kg body weight). Transcript abundances were measured using qRT‐PCR and were greater for carnitine palmitoyltransfersae I (CPT I; 2.8 fold), carnitine palmitoyltransfersae II (CPT II; 3.1 fold), and mitochondrial 3‐methly‐3‐hydroxyglutaryl‐CoA synthase (mHMG‐CoA‐S; 3.9 fold) in pigs fed clofibrate verses vehicle. Addition of etomoxir had no effects on the transcript abundances induced by clofibrate. Transcript abundance of targeted genes also increased as piglets aged, but the mRNA levels remained relatively constant for CPT I and mHMG‐CoA‐S in pigs after 4 d and for CPT II after 1 d. There was no interaction between clofibrate treatment and age. The abundance of acyl‐CoA oxidase and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor αtranscripts were not altered by clofibrate, etomoxir or piglet age. In conclusion, clofibrate strongly induces genes of fatty acid oxidation in the young, postnatal pig, but induction is not influenced by developmental age. Supported by CSREES, USDA NRI program award 2007‐35206‐1 7897. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.903.3 VL - 23 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.903.3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ontogeny of the desaturase‐elongase pathway in neonatal pigs fed arachidonic acid AU - Jacobi, Sheila K. AU - Lin, Xi AU - Corl, Benjamin AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The FASEB Journal AB - This study evaluated the effects of supplementation of ARA on delta‐6‐desaturase (D6D) and delta‐5‐desaturase (D5D) mRNA abundance and synthesis of ARA in the intestine and liver. Day old pigs (n=96) were fed a milk based formula for 4, 8, and 16 d. Diets contained either no polyunsaturated fatty acids (0% ARA, negative control), 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, 5% ARA or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total fatty acids. A sow fed reference group (SRC n=18) also was included. The mRNA relative abundance increased differentially (diet x age interaction, P < 0.05) from d4 to d16 in pigs fed 0.5% (D6D‐55%, D5D‐66%) versus 5% (D6D‐60%, D5D‐64%) ARA diets in the intestine. Transcript abundance of D6D and D5D were not affected by diet in the liver (P>0.05), however, there was a precipitous decrease between birth and d4 (~5‐fold, P<0.05). To measure flux through the desaturase‐elongase pathway we incubated liver and intestinal mucosa with 13 C‐linoleate(C18:2, n‐6) and traced its metabolism to ARA via GC/MS. In the intestine accumulation rate (nmol/g tissue/h) of 13 C‐ARA was not affected by piglet age, but doubled in pigs fed 5%ARA compared with pigs fed 0.5% ARA. Furthermore, accumulation of 13 C18:3, n‐6 indicated that, among ARA fed pigs, D6D activity was highest in those fed 5% ARA, and this activity was equal to that measured in SRC pigs (P<0.05). Supported by CSREES, USDA NRI 2005‐35200‐16174. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.lb430 VL - 23 IS - S1 J2 - FASEB j. LA - en OP - SN - 0892-6638 1530-6860 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.lb430 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycotoxins and Other Antinutritional Factors in Swine Feeds AU - Heugten, Eric T2 - Swine Nutrition, Second Edition DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1201/9781420041842.ch25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal and Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Woolly(Lagothrix ssp.)and Spider Monkeys(Ateles spp.) AU - Heugten, Kimberly D. Ange-van AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Timmer, Saskia AU - Bosch, Guido AU - Elias, Abahor AU - Whisnant, Scott AU - Swarts, Hans J. M. AU - Ferket, Peter AU - Verstegen, Martin W. A. T2 - International Journal of Zoology AB - Detrimental physiological effects due to stressors can contribute to the low captive success of primates. The objective of this research was to investigate the potential impact of diet composition on cortisol concentrations in feces and saliva in woolly (n=27) and spider monkeys (n=61). The research was conducted in three studies: the first investigated spider monkeys in the United States, the second investigated spider monkeys within Europe, and the third investigated woolly monkeys within Europe. Fecal cortisol in spider monkeys in US zoos varied (P=.07) from 30 to 66 ng/g. The zoo with the highest fecal cortisol also had the highest salivary cortisol (P.05). For European zoos, fecal cortisol differed between zoos for both spider and woolly monkeys (P.05). Spider monkeys had higher fecal cortisol than woolly monkeys (P.05). Zoos with the highest dietary carbohydrates, sugars, glucose, and fruit had the highest cortisol. Cortisol was highest for zoos that did not meet crude protein requirements and fed the lowest percentage of complete feeds and crude fiber. Differences among zoos in housing and diets may increase animal stress. The lifespan and reproductive success of captive primates could improve if stressors are reduced and dietary nutrients optimized. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1155/2009/127852 VL - 2009 SP - 1-9 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78649714905&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - The development of T lymphocytes in intrauterine growth retardation piglets AU - Lin, Y. AU - Wang, J. AU - Wang, X. AU - Wu, W. AU - Lai, C. T2 - Chinese Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 45 IS - 21 SP - 13–15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Progress in proteome research of breast milk AU - Wu, W. AU - Wang, X. AU - Wang, J. T2 - Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - 809–815 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advance in maternal bioactive compounds in promoting growth and development of piglets AU - Wu, W. AU - Wang, X. AU - Wang, J. T2 - Chinese Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - 61–64 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonruminant nutrition symposium on mineral absorption: What is known? AU - Radcliffe, JS AU - Herkelman, KL AU - Kim, SW T2 - Journal of animal science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - suppl_14 SP - E83-E84 ER - TY - JOUR TI - 断奶仔猪日粮中添加酵母培养物对生长性能, 肠道健康和免疫的影响 T2 - 饲料与畜牧 DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulatory role for amino acids in mammary gland growth and milk synthesis AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - Amino acids DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 89-95 ER - TY - CONF TI - Recent Advances in Sow Nutrition and Management: Ideal Protein and Functional Amino Acids AU - Kim, Sung Woo C2 - 2009/// C3 - 30 th Western Nutrition Conference DA - 2009/// SP - 199 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Production of recombinant human von Willebrand factor in the milk of transgenic pigs AU - Lee, H.-G. AU - Lee, H.-C. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Lee, P. AU - Chung, H.-J. AU - Lee, Y.-K. AU - Han, J.-H. AU - Hwang, I.-S. AU - Yoo, J.-I. AU - Kim, Y.-K. AU - Kim, H.-T. AU - Lee, H.-T. AU - Chang, W.-K. AU - Park, J.-K. T2 - Journal of Reproduction and Development AB - Von Willebrand factor (vWF), a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma, is a blood protein of the coagulation system. It is defective in von Willebrand disease and is involved in a large number of other diseases, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome and heyde's syndrome. We have developed a line of transgenic swine harboring recombinant human von Willebrand factor (rhvWF) cDNA through microinjection of fertilized one-cell pig zygotes. Expression of rhvWF in the mammary gland and secretion of rhvWF into the milk of the transgenic swine were confirmed by immunohistochemical and western blot analyses, respectively, and rhvWF proteins were detected in milk from all lactating founder females at concentrations that were 28- to 56-folds greater than that in circulating human plasma. The amino acid sequence of rhvWF protein in the transgenic pig milk matched that of vWF produced from human blood plasma. This study provides evidence that production of rhvWF from transgenic pig milk is a potentially valuable technology and can be used as a cost-effective alternative in clinical applications. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1262/jrd.20212 VL - 55 IS - 5 SP - 484-490 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350728470&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Mammary gland KW - Microinjection KW - Transgenic pig KW - Von Willebrand factor ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids and high protein on reproductive outcome of primiparous sows for two parities AU - Mateo, RD AU - Carroll, JA AU - Hyun, Y AU - Smith, S AU - Kim, SW T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 SP - 948-959 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid affects concentrations of amino acids in tissues of young pigs AU - Li, Peng AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Li, Xilong AU - Datta, Sujay AU - Pond, Wilson G AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - Amino Acids DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 709-716 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ideal amino acid balance for sows during gestation and lactation. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hurley, W.L. AU - Wu, G. AU - Ji, F. T2 - Journal of animal science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 87 IS - 14 Suppl SP - E123-E132 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65549164215&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arginine metabolism and nutrition in growth, health and disease AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Bazer, Fuller W AU - Davis, Teresa A AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Li, Peng AU - Rhoads, J Marc AU - Satterfield, M Carey AU - Smith, Stephen B AU - Spencer, Thomas E AU - Yin, Yulong T2 - Amino acids DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 153-168 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nystagmus AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline A2 - Tilley, L.P. A2 - Smith, F.W.K A2 - Vaden, S.L. A2 - Knoll, J.S. PY - 2009/// ET - 4th SP - 980–981 PB - Wiley ER - TY - CHAP TI - Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline A2 - Tilley, L.P. A2 - Smith, F.W.K. A2 - Vaden, S.L. A2 - Knoll, J.S. PY - 2009/// ET - 4th SP - 480–481 PB - Wiley ER - TY - CHAP TI - Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline A2 - Vaden, S. A2 - Knoll, J A2 - Tilley, L.P. A2 - Smith, F.W.K, Jr. PY - 2009/// SP - 129–131 PB - Blackwell Publishing ER - TY - CHAP TI - Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline A2 - Vaden, S. A2 - Knoll, J. A2 - Tilley, L.P. A2 - Smith, F.W.K, Jr. PY - 2009/// SP - 168–171 PB - Blackwell Publishing ER - TY - BOOK TI - Large Animal Neurology AU - Muñana, K.R. AU - Mayhew, J. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// ET - 2nd VL - 235 SE - 700 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Changes in Body Condition on Insulin Sensitivity in Horses AU - Owens∗, K. AU - Pratt-Phillips, S. AU - Kollar, C. AU - Gray, R. AU - Zimmerman, J. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.064 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 358-359 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.064 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of nutrient concentrations in the diet, serum, and urine of giraffe from surveyed North American zoological institutions AU - Sullivan, Kathleen AU - van Heugten, Eric AU - Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly AU - Poore, Matthew H. AU - Dierenfeld, Ellen S. AU - Wolfe, Barbara T2 - Zoo Biology AB - Abstract The objectives of the present research were to conduct a survey to investigate the health history and feeding practices of giraffe in captivity in North America and to obtain samples of hay, concentrate, browse, urine, and serum to compare across zoos, possible factors relating to the development of urolithiasis. Forty‐one out of 98 institutions contacted responded, representing 218 giraffe. All responding zoos fed concentrate and alfalfa hay was the primary forage. Sixty‐five percent of zoos fed browse and 43 different species of browse were listed. Six zoos reported a history of urolithiasis, seven reported wasting syndrome, and 10 reported sudden death. The median daily amount (as fed) of concentrate and hay offered were 5.45 kg (range of 2.73–9.55 kg) and 6.82 kg (range of 2.53–12.50 kg), respectively. The concentrate:hay ratio of the offered diet ranged from 0.22 to 3.47 with a median value of 0.79. Forty‐three percent of the institutions offered a ratio greater than 1:1. Samples of concentrate and hay (six zoos), serum (five zoos), and urine (seven zoos) were obtained for chemical analyses. Analyzed nutrient content of the consumed diet, measured by weighing feed and orts for three consecutive days, met recommendations for giraffe, but was excessive for crude protein and P. Concentrate:hay and serum P were positively correlated ( r =0.72; P <0.05). High dietary P content and a high level of concentrate relative to hay may be contributing factors to urolith formation and warrant further investigation. Zoo Biol 29:457–469, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1002/zoo.20278 SP - n/a-n/a J2 - Zoo Biol. LA - en OP - SN - 0733-3188 1098-2361 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20278 DB - Crossref KW - giraffe KW - health KW - minerals KW - nutrition KW - uroliths ER - TY - JOUR TI - 247 CANDIDATE mRNA REGULATING MEIOTIC RESUMPTION IN BOVINE CUMULUS-OOCYTE COMPLEXES AU - Hicks, J. E. AU - Farin, C. E. T2 - Reproduction, Fertility and Development AB - When cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) are cultured with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) occurs and is transcriptionally dependent. In mice, expression of mRNA for nuclear receptor subfamily 4, member 1 (Nr4A1), and early growth response 1 (Egr1) is reduced when GVBD is blocked by the transcriptional inhibitor DRB. The objectives of this study were to define the period required for transcription initiation in bovine COC, determine the pattern of expression for Nr4A1 and Egr1 mRNAs in bovine COC, and reduce Nr4A1 mRNA expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to determine the effect on GVBD. In Experiment 1, pools of COC were randomly assigned to mature in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% estrous cow serum, 1 μg mL–1 estradiol, 200 nm pyruvate, 5 μg mL–1 FSH, and 50 μg mL–1 gentamicin. The DRB (120 μm) was added at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min of culture (n = 27 ± 2 COC/treatment per replication; n = 5 replications). The COC were harvested at 20 h and assessed for meiotic stage. In Experiment 2, COC were randomly assigned to maturation medium with FSH and were harvested at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 180 min of culture. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to assess Nr4A1, Egr1, and GAPDH (housekeeper) mRNA levels (n = 39 ± 2 COC/treatment per replication; n = 10 replications). In Experiment 3a, COC were matured for 30 min with either FSH, FSH + DRB, or FSH + 25 nm, 50 nm, or 100 nm siRNA for bovine Nr4A1 (siNr4A1). Relative levels of Nr4A1 mRNA were assessed (58 ± 4 COC/treatment per replication; n = 4 replications). In Experiment 3b, COC were matured 9 h in medium containing either FSH, FSH + DRB, FSH + 50 nm siNr4A1, or FSH + 50 nm nonspecific siRNA (siNS). Oocytes were assessed for meiotic stage (n = 13 ± 1 COC/treatment per replication; n = 4 replications). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test. For Experiment 1, when DRB was added after the start of culture, progressively more oocytes underwent GVBD (least squares mean ± SEM; 99 ± 7%A, 6 ± 7%E, 33 ± 7%D, 64 ± 7%C, 77 ± 7%B,C, 91 ± 7%A,B, 87 ± 7%A,B, 90 ± 7%A,B for control, 0 + DRB, 30 + DRB, 60 + DRB, 90 + DRB, 120 + DRB, 150 + DRB, 180 + DRB; A,B,C,D,EP < 0.05). Thus, the gene transcription required for GVBD occurred between 0 and 60 min of culture. For Experiment 2, relative levels of Nr4A1 mRNA increased (P < 0.05) at 30 min of culture (100 ± 18% v. 192 ± 18%, for 0 v. 30 min). Relative levels of Egr1 mRNA did not change during culture. For Experiment 3a, the relative expression of Nr4A1 mRNA was decreased in cultures containing siNr4A1 (100 ± 6%A, 32 ± 6%D, 62 ± 6%C, 59 ± 6%C,D, 86 ± 6%B for FSH, FSH + DRB, FSH + 25 nm siNr4A1, FSH + 50 nm siNr4A1, FSH + 100 nm siNr4A1; A,B,C,DP < 0.05). For Experiment 3b, there were no differences in the proportions of COC undergoing GVBD at 9 h of culture in the FSH and FSH + siNS treatments. There was a decreased percentage of GVBD oocytes at 9 h of culture with either DRB or 50 nm siNr4A1 (95 ± 4%A, 4 ± 4%C, 65 ± 4%B, 97 ± 4%A for FSH, FSH + DRB, FSH + 50 nm siNr4A1, FSH + 50 nm siNS; A,B,CP < 0.05). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Nr4A1 may play a role in regulating GVBD in bovine COC. This research was supported by USDA-NRI Grant 35205-12810, NIH Grant 1 R03 HD043875, and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1071/RDv21n1Ab247 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 221 J2 - Reprod. Fertil. Dev. LA - en OP - SN - 1031-3613 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RDv21n1Ab247 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of Lesions in U.S. Cull Sows AU - Layman, Lori AU - Knauer, Mark AU - Stalder, Ken J. AU - Karriker, Locke A. AU - McKean, James AU - Serenius, Timo AU - Baas, Tom AU - Johnson, Colin T2 - Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science AB - Physical and reproductive conditions of 3,158 cull sows from 2 U.S. Midwestern harvest facilities were assessed. Body condition, feet, shoulders, teeth, lungs, and reproductive tracts were visually... DA - 2009/3/20/ PY - 2009/3/20/ DO - 10.1080/10888700902720359 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 152-152 J2 - Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science LA - en OP - SN - 1088-8705 1532-7604 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888700902720359 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proteomic analysis reveals altered expression of proteins related to glutathione metabolism and apoptosis in the small intestine of zinc oxide-supplemented piglets AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Ou, Deyuan AU - Yin, Jingdong AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Wang, Junjun T2 - Amino Acids DA - 2009/1/29/ PY - 2009/1/29/ DO - 10.1007/s00726-009-0242-y VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 209-218 J2 - Amino Acids LA - en OP - SN - 0939-4451 1438-2199 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0242-y DB - Crossref KW - Apoptosis KW - Small intestine KW - Proteomics KW - Redox KW - ZnO ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary L-arginine Supplementation Improves Intestinal Function in Weaned Pigs after an Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide Challenge AU - Liu, Yulan AU - Han, Jie AU - Huang, Jingjing AU - Wang, Xiaoqiu AU - Wang, Fenglai AU - Wang, Junjun T2 - Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences AB - This study was conducted to determine whether L-arginine (Arg) supplementation could improve intestinal function in weaned pigs after an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Treatments included: i) non-challenged control (CONTR, pigs fed a control diet and injected with sterile saline); ii) LPS-challenged control (LPS, pigs fed the same control diet and challenged by injection with Escherichia coli LPS); iii) LPS+0.5% Arg (pigs fed a 0.5% Arg diet and challenged with LPS); and iv) LPS+1.0% Arg (pigs fed a 1.0% Arg diet and challenged with LPS). On d 16, pigs were administrated with LPS or sterile saline. D-xylose was orally administrated at 2 h following LPS challenge, and blood samples were collected at 3 h following LPS challenge. At 6 h post-challenge, pigs were sacrificed and intestinal mucosa samples were collected. Supplementation of Arg attenuated LPS-induced damage in gut digestive and barrier functions, as indicated by an increase in ileal lactase activity, and duodenal and ileal diamine oxidase activities (p<0.05). Arg administration also prevented the increase of jejunal malondialdehyde content and the decrease of ileal superoxide dismutase activity by LPS challenge (p<0.05). Furthermore, the jejunal nitric oxide level and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity were also improved after Arg supplementation (p<0.05). These results indicate that Arg supplementation has beneficial effects in alleviating the impairment of gut function induced by LPS challenge. DA - 2009/10/21/ PY - 2009/10/21/ DO - 10.5713/ajas.2009.90100 VL - 22 IS - 12 SP - 1667-1675 J2 - Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci LA - en OP - SN - 1011-2367 1976-5517 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.90100 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of Hourly Pasture Dry Matter Intake in Horses AU - Dowler∗, L.E. AU - Siciliano, P.D. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.061 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 354-355 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.061 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Influence of Dietary Vitamin E on Serum Vitamin E and Fatty Acids, and Spermatozoa Fatty Acids in Stallions AU - Gee∗, E.K. AU - Bruemmer, J.E. AU - Siciliano, P.D. AU - Morel, P.C.H. AU - Engle, T.E. AU - Squires, E.L. T2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science AB - Analysis of the spatial lithofacies variability within lava-fed delta formations in southern Iceland has revealed complex three-dimensional volcanic architectures in hyaloclastite deposits in non-glacial settings. Two depositional environments are studied, (a) lava entering a marine embayment (Stóri-Nupur) and; (b) lava advancing into a body of water of the flanks of a Surtseyan cone (Hjörleifshöfði). Interaction between environmental factors such as shoreline geomorphology, water depth, wave energy levels, the nature of the lava transport system, lava supply rate all affect the resulting lava deltas creating complex lithofacies arrangements and stacking patterns. Recognised here are two types of hyaloclastite deltas. One of syn-sedimentary origin (Hjörleifshöfði) and one derived from primary fragmentation processes (Stóri-Nupur). Syn-sedimentary systems are dominated by destabilisation of the hyaloclastite pile leading to reworking downslope and share similarities to alluvial delta systems. Conversely, primary fragmented systems are controlled by waxing and waning cycles in volcanic effusivity whereby the hyaloclastite unit recorded is not the product of one lava flow rather than one eruptive event. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.043 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 334-336 J2 - Journal of Equine Veterinary Science LA - en OP - SN - 0737-0806 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.043 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Medical Management of Refractory Canine Epilepsy AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 104 SP - 342–347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Newer options for medically managing refractory canine epilepsy AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Veterinary Medicine DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// VL - 104 IS - 7 SP - 342-347 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77249153182&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Daily Within-Horse Variation of Plasma Alpha-Tocopherol Concentration AU - Siciliano, Paul D. AU - Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. AU - Dowler, Lauren E. T2 - JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - The current study was conducted to evaluate daily within-horse variation of plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration (TOC) (Experiment 1 [EXPT1]) and to determine the effect of a single meal on plasma TOC (Experiment 2 [EXPT2]). In EXPT1, venous jugular blood samples were collected from four pregnant (6–7 months of gestation), light horse mares (8.8 ± 2.9 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 5–11 years of age) between 7:30 AM and 8:30 AM, followed by eight hourly samples, and analyzed for plasma TOC. All horses were fed 5 kg dry matter (DM) grass hay 18 hours before sample collection and received no additional feed during the sampling period. Mean within-horse coefficient of variation for TOC was 3.5% ± 0.01%. In EXPT2, seven mature light horses, four mares and three geldings (4.9 ± 4.4 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 2–14 years of age), were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (fasted [FST; n = 7] or fed [FD; n = 7]), followed by reversal of treatments 24 hours later. At 7:30 AM, FD horses were fed 2.1 kg DM grain-mix concentrate (187 IU vitamin E/kg DM) plus 3.3 kg DM mixed-grass hay, whereas FST horses received no feed. Neither group received any feed for 18 hours before 7:30 AM. Venous jugular blood samples were collected at 10:30 AM from all horses and analyzed for plasma TOC. The mean (±SD) within-horse paired-treatment difference was not significant (0.05 ± 0.12 μg/mL). The results suggest that variation in within-horse plasma TOC is relatively small over an 8-hour period in fasting horses and is unaffected 3 hours after a hay grain meal. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.011 VL - 29 IS - 12 SP - 842-847 SN - 1542-7412 KW - Alpha-tocopherol KW - Horse KW - Vitamin E KW - Triglyceride KW - Cholesterol ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ruminal acidosis and the rapid onset of ruminal parakeratosis in a mature dairy cow: a case report AU - Steele, Michael A. AU - AlZahal, Ousama AU - Hook, Sarah E. AU - Croom, Jim AU - McBride, Brian W. T2 - ACTA VETERINARIA SCANDINAVICA AB - A mature dairy cow was transitioned from a high forage (100% forage) to a high-grain (79% grain) diet over seven days. Continuous ruminal pH recordings were utilized to diagnose the severity of ruminal acidosis. Additionally, blood and rumen papillae biopsies were collected to describe the structural and functional adaptations of the rumen epithelium. On the final day of the grain challenge, the daily mean ruminal pH was 5.41+/-0.09 with a minimum of 4.89 and a maximum of 6.31. Ruminal pH was under 5.0 for 130 minutes (2.17 hours) which is characterized as the acute form of ruminal acidosis in cattle. The grain challenge increased blood beta-hydroxybutyrate by 1.8 times and rumen papillae mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase by 1.6 times. Ultrastructural and histological adaptations of the rumen epithelium were imaged by scanning electron and light microscopy. Rumen papillae from the high grain diet displayed extensive sloughing of the stratum corneum and compromised cell adhesion as large gaps were apparent between cells throughout the strata. This case report represents a rare documentation of how the rumen epithelium alters its function and structure during the initial stage of acute acidosis. DA - 2009/10/19/ PY - 2009/10/19/ DO - 10.1186/1751-0147-51-39 VL - 51 SP - SN - 1751-0147 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pharmacogenetic association study of 30 genes with phenobarbital drug response in epileptic dogs AU - Kennerly, Erin M. AU - Idaghdour, Youssef AU - Olby, Natasha J. AU - Munana, Karen R. AU - Gibson, Greg T2 - PHARMACOGENETICS AND GENOMICS AB - Epilepsy, with a prevalence as high as 6%, is the most common neurological disorder in dogs. Although several antiepileptic drugs are in common use, in one-third of all epileptic dogs, adequate seizure control is not achieved with a single medication, and hence a combinatorial drug treatment must be adopted. Exploration of the genetic mechanisms involved in drug response may provide better treatment options for epileptic patients.A custom Illumina BeadChip was designed for high throughput genotyping of 384 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 30 genes involved in drug metabolism, drug targeting, and drug transport. A case-control association study of 125 epileptic dogs identified five genes with suggestive association to phenobarbital drug response: KCNQ3, P=0.0003; SNC2A2, P=0.0008; EPOX HYD, P=0.0005; ABCC4, P=0.0091; and GABRA2, P=0.0130. These associations are not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons, but on functional grounds may tag strong candidate genes. The study was powered to detect alleles with at least 3.5-fold additive increases in responsiveness. A combined area under the curve value of 0.74 from receiver operating curve analysis also provides suggestive support for their consideration as canine pharmacogenetic markers.Further replication and assessment of breed specificity is required before these markers can be considered as predictive of responsiveness to phenobarbital in dogs. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283307cba VL - 19 IS - 12 SP - 911-922 SN - 1744-6880 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73949160744&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - canine epilepsy KW - drug response KW - epoxide hydrolase KW - GABRA2 KW - KCNQ3 KW - pharmacogenetics KW - phenobarbital KW - SCN2A2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technical note: Copper chaperone for copper, zinc superoxide dismutase: A potential biomarker for copper status in cattle AU - Hepburn, J. J. AU - Arthington, J. D. AU - Hansen, S. L. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Knutson, M. D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Copper chaperone for Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CCS) has been shown to be reflective of Cu status in mice and rats. The objective of this study was to evaluate liver and erythrocyte CCS as an indicator of Cu status in beef cattle (Exp. 1), and to test the acute-phase properties of CCS under conditions of inflammation (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, samples of whole blood and liver were collected at slaughter (492 d of age) from 15 Cu-deficient and 6 Cu-adequate Angus calves. At the time of tissue collection, severe Cu deficiency had been achieved and differences (P < 0.0001) in plasma and liver Cu among Cu-adequate and Cu-deficient calves were extreme (1.26 vs. 0.19 mg/L and 208.4 vs. 6.3 mg/kg for plasma and liver Cu, respectively). Protein levels of CCS were greater in liver (40%; P = 0.02) and erythrocytes (65%; P < 0.0001) of Cu-deficient vs. Cu-adequate calves. In Exp. 2, inflammatory responses were elicited in beef heifers by administration of a Mannheimia hemolytica vaccine. Four days after vaccination, plasma concentrations of the Cu-dependent protein ceruloplasmin and the Cu-independent protein haptoglobin were increased (P < 0.001) by 71 and 83%, respectively. In contrast, detection of CCS protein in samples of liver and erythrocytes did not differ (P ≥ 0.45) between baseline (d 0) and d 4 after vaccination. These data demonstrate that bovine erythrocyte and liver CCS protein levels increase in Cu-deficient cattle. Furthermore, levels of CCS protein do not change after a vaccine-induced inflammatory response, suggesting that unlike ceruloplasmin, CCS may be a reliable indicator of Cu status in cattle. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.2527/jas.2009-1978 VL - 87 IS - 12 SP - 4161-4166 SN - 1525-3163 KW - acute-phase reaction KW - cattle KW - chaperone protein KW - copper ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of breed composition on phenotypic residual feed intake and growth in Angus, Brahman, and Angus x Brahman crossbred cattle AU - Elzo, M. A. AU - Riley, D. G. AU - Hansen, G. R. AU - Johnson, D. D. AU - Myer, R. O. AU - Coleman, S. W. AU - Chase, C. C. AU - Wasdin, J. G. AU - Driver, J. D. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The influence of additive and nonadditive genetic effects and temperament on 4 postweaning feed intake and growth traits was evaluated in a group of 581 bull, heifer, and steer calves born in 3 Florida herds in 2006 and 2007. Calves had breed compositions ranging from 100% Angus (A) to 100% Brahman (B). They were randomly allocated to 24 pens each year by herd (Brooksville, Gainesville, Marianna, FL), sire group (A, 3/4 A 1/4 B, Brangus, 1/2 A 1/2 B, 1/4 A 3/4 B, and B), and sex (bull, heifer, and steer) in a GrowSafe automated feeding facility at Marianna. Calves were fed a concentrate diet during the 21-d adjustment and the 70-d trial periods. Individual feed intakes were recorded daily, and BW, chute scores, and exit velocities were recorded every 2 wk. Traits were phenotypic daily residual feed intake (RFI), mean daily feed intake (DFI), mean daily feed conversion ratio (FCR), and postweaning BW gain. Phenotypic RFI was computed as the difference between actual and expected feed intakes. Calves were assigned to 3 RFI groups: high (RFI greater than 0.9 kg of DM/d), low (RFI less than -0.9 kg of DM/d), and medium (RFI between mean +/- 0.9 kg of DM/d; SD = 1.8 kg of DM/d). The mixed model included the fixed effects of contemporary group (herd-year-pen), RFI group (except when trait was RFI), age of dam, sex of calf, age of calf, B fraction of calf, heterozygosity of calf, mean chute score, and mean exit velocity. Brahman fraction and heterozygosity of calf were nested within sex of calf for RFI and within RFI group for DFI, FCR, and postweaning BW gain. Random effects were sire and residual. Feed efficiency tended to improve (decreased RFI) as the B fraction increased. However, calves required larger amounts of feed per kilogram of BW gain (larger FCR) as the B fraction increased. Postweaning BW gain tended to decrease as the B fraction increased. Temperament traits were unimportant for all traits except exit velocity for DFI, suggesting perhaps a lack of variation for temperament traits in this herd, or that calves became accustomed to the level of handling pre- and postweaning, thus decreasing behavioral differences among them. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-1553 VL - 87 IS - 12 SP - 3877-3886 SN - 0021-8812 KW - calf KW - feed intake KW - multibreed KW - temperament ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dystocia, stillbirth, gestation length, and birth weight in Holstein, Jersey, and reciprocal crosses from a planned experiment AU - Olson, K. M. AU - Cassell, B. G. AU - McAllister, A. J. AU - Washburn, S. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Holstein and Jersey cows were mated to 4 Holstein (H) bulls and 4 Jersey (J) bulls to create HH, HJ, JH, and JJ genetic groups (sire breed listed first) in a diallele crossbreeding scheme. Calvings (n = 756) occurred in research herds in Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina with 243, 166, 194, and 153 calvings in the HH, HJ, JH, and JJ groups, respectively. Birth weights (BW), dystocia scores (0 for unassisted and 1 for assisted), and stillbirth (0 for alive or 1 for dead within 48 h) were recorded at calving. Gestation lengths (GL) were determined from breeding dates. An animal model was used to analyze BW and GL, and an animal model with logistic regression was used for dystocia and stillbirth. Fixed effects considered for model inclusion were genetic group, herd-year-season, sex, parity (primiparous or multiparous), twin status, and gestation length. Genetic group and effects significant in the model building process were kept in the final model for each trait. Heifer calves had lower BW, shorter GL, and had a lower odds ratio (0.53) for dystocia than bull calves. Twins had lower BW, shorter GL, were 3.86 times more likely to experience dystocia, and 7.80 times more likely to be stillborn than single births. Primiparous cows had calves with lower BW, shorter GL, were 2.50 times more likely to require assistance at birth, and were 2.35 times more likely to produce stillborns than calves from multiparous cows. Genetic group did not affect GL. Least squares means (kg) for BW were 37.7 +/- 1.1, 29.1 +/- 1.1, 30.3 +/- 1.0, and 22.5 +/- 1.3 for HH, HJ, JH, and JJ, respectively. Animals in HH weighed more than animals of other genetic groups; the JJ group had the smallest BW, with no differences for BW between HJ and JH. Probability of dystocia in JJ and JH were 5.73% and 18.98% of HH. Calves in HJ and HH were not different for dystocia. Calves in HJ were 3.38 times more likely to be stillborn than calves in JH, but no other genetic group differences were significant for probability of stillbirth. Groups HJ and JH differed for calving traits, with JH crosses experiencing less dystocia than HJ; JJ showed no indication of dystocia. No differences were observed between HH and JJ for stillbirths. Additional investigation of stillbirths in Jerseys is justified. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009/12// DO - 10.3168/jds.2009-2260 VL - 92 IS - 12 SP - 6167-6175 SN - 0022-0302 KW - crossbreeding KW - dystocia KW - stillborn ER - TY - JOUR TI - Saccharification and Fermentation of Dilute-Acid-Pretreated Freeze-Dried Switchgrass AU - Yang, Ying AU - Sharma-Shivappa, Ratna R. AU - Burns, Joseph C. AU - Cheng, Jay T2 - ENERGY & FUELS AB - This study investigated the potential of three freeze-dried switchgrass germplasms (St6-1, St6-3E, and St6-3F) as whole plants or their stems and leaves for bioethanol production. Whole switchgrass germplasms contained 24.34−30.95% glucan, 14.68−18.58% xylan, and 17.39−19.46% lignin. Switchgrass samples were pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% (w/v) for 30, 45, or 60 min at 121 °C and 15 psi. Although lignin degradation was limited, over 80% hemicellulose solublization was observed, especially in leaf samples, and the removal could be enhanced by increasing the pretreatment intensity through acid concentration and treatment time adjustment. Within each germplasm, pretreated samples with the least lignin content or greatest percent hemicellulose (xylan and arabinan) solublization were hydrolyzed enzymatically by cellulase at 0, 15, or 30 filter paper units (FPU)/g of dry biomass supplemented with cellobiase. Although the addition of cellulase greatly improved cellulose to glucose conversion, no significant (p ≥ 0.05) differences were observed between activity levels of 15 and 30 FPU/g of dry biomass. Pretreatment significantly (p < 0.05) improved cellulose conversion in samples with the greatest hemicellulose solublization; complete cellulose hydrolysis was observed in some St6-3F samples. Fermentation of hydrolyzates with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859) resulted in the greatest ethanol yield of 0.083 g of ethanol/g of raw St6-3F switchgrass whole plant, which was 60% of the theoretical yield. Results from this study demonstrated the potential of new switchgrass germplasms as energy crops for bioethanol production through dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment. DA - 2009/11// PY - 2009/11// DO - 10.1021/ef9003335 VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - 5626-5635 SN - 1520-5029 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intake and Digestibility of 'Coastal' Bermudagrass Hay from Treated Swine Waste Using Subsurface Drip Irrigation AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Stone, K. C. AU - Hunt, P. G. AU - Vanotti, M. B. AU - Cantrell, K. B. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB - Waste handling systems for confined swine production in the upper South (approximately 32–37° N and 79–93° W) depend mainly on anaerobic lagoons and application of the waste effluent to cropland. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] hay receiving effluent generated from a raw swine waste treatment system designed to reduce P and K concentrations and delivered by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) compared with hay produced from commercial N fertilizer. Eight treatments, consisting of commercial N fertilizer or effluent, each irrigated at two irrigation rates (75 and 100% of estimated evapotranspiration) and two lateral spacings (0.6 and 1.2 m), were compared with a control treatment of commercial N fertilizer without irrigation. Three harvests were taken in each of 2 yr and five of the six evaluated using wether sheep (30–45 kg). Greatest dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight occurred for the control vs. all irrigated treatments (1.94 vs. 1.77 kg 100 −1 kg; P = 0.02; SEM = 0.11). Among irrigated treatments, DMI was greatest from commercial N vs. effluent (1.81 vs. 1.71 kg 100 −1 kg; P = 0.05; SEM = 0.11). Dry matter intake was similar for the 75% rate treatments and the non‐irrigated treatment (mean, 1.87 kg 100 −1 kg) but was reduced for the 100% rate (1.94 vs. 1.72 kg 100 −1 kg; P = 0.03; SEM = 0.11). Hay from the 75% rate was more digestible than hay from the 100% rate (527 vs. 508 g kg −1 ; P = 0.03; SEM = 21). The SDI system functioned well, and lateral spacing did not alter hay quality. Treated waste from a raw waste treatment system was readily delivered by SDI at the recommended rate to produce bermudagrass hay of adequate quality for ruminant production systems. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.2134/jeq2008.0493 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1749-1756 SN - 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative methods for disposal of spent laying hens: Evaluation of the efficacy of grinding, mechanical deboning, and of keratinase in the rendering process AU - Freeman, S. R. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Middleton, T. F. AU - Ferket, P. R. T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - Besides the challenges of mortality and litter disposal, the poultry industry must find economical means of disposing of laying hens that have outlived their productive lives. Because spent hens have low market value and disposing of them by composting and burial is often infeasible, finding alternative disposal methods that are environmentally secure is prudent. The feasibility of grinding or mechanically deboning spent hens with and without prior mechanical picking was evaluated for the production of various proteinaceous by-product meals. The end products were analyzed for nutrient content and found to be high in protein (35.3–91.9% CP) and, with the exception of the feathers, high in fat (24.1–58.3%), making them potentially valuable protein and energy sources. After considering physical and economic feasibility, mechanical deboning was determined to be a logical first step for the conversion of spent hens into value-added by-product meals. Because the hard tissue fraction (primarily feathers, bones, and connective tissue) generated by mechanically deboning the hens presents the greatest challenge to their utilization as feedstuffs, attention was focused on technologies that could potentially improve the nutritional value of the hard tissue for use as a ruminant protein source. Traditional hydrolysis of this hard tissue fraction improved its pepsin digestibility from 74% to 85%; however, subsequent keratinase enzyme treatment for 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, or 20 h after steam hydrolysis failed to improve the pepsin or amino acid digestibility any further (P > 0.10). Enzyme hydrolysis did, however, increase the quantities of the more soluble protein fractions (A: 45.5, 46.6, 52.8, 51.6, and 55.8% of CP; B1: 3.2, 9.8, 6.0, 4.6, and 4.1% of CP; B2: 11.7, 18.1, 22.8, 29.6, and 22.0% of CP for 0, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 20 h, respectively) and reduced quantities of the less soluble fractions (B3: 30.2, 18.1, 10.8, 5.5, and 10.2% of CP; C: 9.4, 7.5, 7.6, 8.8, and 7.9% of CP for 0, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 20 h, respectively). The protein digestibility of the steam hydrolyzed hard tissue fraction from the mechanical deboning of spent hens was found to be comparable to the digestibility of feather meal, but post-hydrolysis keratinase treatment did not improve feeding value for ruminants. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.077 VL - 100 IS - 19 SP - 4515-4520 SN - 0960-8524 KW - Hard tissue KW - Keratinase KW - Spent hens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of p38 MAPK in LPS induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression in equine leukocytes AU - Neuder, Laura E. AU - Keener, Jamie M. AU - Eckert, Rachael E. AU - Trujillo, Jennifer C. AU - Jones, Samuel L. T2 - VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AB - Endotoxemia occurs when bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the blood induces a dysregulated inflammatory response, resulting in circulatory shock and multi-organ failure. Laminitis is a common complication in endotoxemic horses and is frequently the reason for humane euthanasia of these cases. Blood leukocytes are a principal target of LPS in endotoxemia leading to activation of multiple signal transduction pathways involved in the induction of a number of pro-inflammatory genes. In other animal models, the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been associated with induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. The goal of this study was to determine the role of the p38 MAPK pathway in the induction of these pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in LPS-stimulated equine leukocytes. Stimulation of equine peripheral blood leukocytes resulted in an increase in TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with SB203580 or SB202190 reduced the ability of LPS stimulation to increase mRNA concentrations for all four genes. However, only SB203580 pretreatment significantly reduced LPS-stimulated IL-1β and IL-8 mRNA expression and only pretreatment with SB202190 significantly reduced LPS-stimulated TNFα and IL-6 mRNA expression. From this study we conclude TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 are induced upon LPS stimulation of equine leukocytes and that this induction of gene expression is dependent on the p38 MAPK pathway. However, there are differences in the efficacy of the p38 inhibitors tested here that may be explained by differences in specificity or potency. This study provides evidence for the use of selective p38 MAPK inhibitors as potential therapeutics for the treatment of equine endotoxemia. DA - 2009/6/15/ PY - 2009/6/15/ DO - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.11.006 VL - 129 IS - 3-4 SP - 192-199 SN - 1873-2534 KW - Endotoxemia KW - LPS KW - p38 MAPK KW - Equine KW - Leukocytes KW - Inflammation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regulatory role for amino acids in mammary gland growth and milk synthesis AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - AMINO ACIDS DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1007/s00726-008-0151-5 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 89-95 SN - 1438-2199 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349197329&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Amino acids KW - Arginine KW - Lactation KW - Milk KW - Neonates KW - Nitric oxide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nonruminant nutrition symposium on mineral absorption: What is known? AU - Radcliffe, J. S. AU - Herkelman, K. L. AU - Kim, S. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Mineral nutrition research in recent years has focused on reducing mineral excretion; however, very little work has focused on accurate determination of mineral requirements. To more accurately define and understand mineral requirements, it is essential that a better understanding of mineral absorption mechanisms and their regulation be achieved. This is particularly important because the cost of mineral supplements is on the rise. As a result, this symposium, “Mineral absorption: What is known?” was organized by the Nonruminant Nutrition Program Committee for the 2008 Joint Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science and the American Dairy Science Association. This symposium was held on July 8, 2008, in Indianapolis, IN. Specific aims of the symposium were to 1) review our current knowledge of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and P absorption; 2) review the results of studies involving transgenic mice and how these results affect our thinking of Ca absorption and metabolism in livestock; and 3) learn more about recent technological developments that may aid in the identification of organic trace mineral complexes. To accomplish these aims, 5 speakers were invited. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.2527/jas.2009-1796 VL - 87 IS - 14 SP - E83-E84 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65549105881&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lactating Porcine Mammary Tissue Catabolizes Branched-Chain Amino Acids for Glutamine and Aspartate Synthesis AU - Li, Peng AU - Knabe, Darrell A. AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Lynch, Christopher J. AU - Hutson, Susan M. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - The uptake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) from plasma by lactating porcine mammary gland substantially exceeds their output in milk, whereas glutamine output is 125% greater than its uptake from plasma. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that BCAA are catabolized for glutamine synthesis in mammary tissue. Mammary tissue slices from sows on d 28 of lactation were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in Krebs buffer containing 0.5 or 2 mmol/L l-[1-(14)C]- or l-[U-(14)C]-labeled leucine, isoleucine, or valine. Rates of BCAA transport and degradation in mammary tissue were high, with approximately 60% of transaminated BCAA undergoing oxidative decarboxylation and the remainder being released as branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKA). Most ( approximately 70%) of the decarboxylated BCAA were oxidized to CO(2). Rates of net BCAA transamination were similar to rates of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, asparagine, and alanine synthesis. Consistent with the metabolic data, mammary tissue expressed BCAA aminotransferase (BCAT), BCKA decarboxylase, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase, glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase, but no phosphate-activated glutaminase, activity. Western blot analysis indicated relatively high levels of mitochondrial and cytosolic isoforms of BCAT, as well as BCKA dehydrogenase and GS proteins in mammary tissue. Our results demonstrate that glutamine and aspartate (abundant amino acids in milk protein) were the major nitrogenous products of BCAA catabolism in lactating porcine mammary tissue and provide a biochemical basis to explain an enrichment of glutamine and aspartate in sow milk. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.3945/jn.109.105957 VL - 139 IS - 8 SP - 1502-1509 SN - 1541-6100 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67749113260&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Iron Transporters Are Differentially Regulated by Dietary Iron, and Modifications Are Associated with Changes in Manganese Metabolism in Young Pigs AU - Hansen, Stephanie L. AU - Trakooljul, Nares AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching AU - Moeser, Adam J. AU - Spears, Jerry W. T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - To investigate the effects of dietary iron (Fe) on manganese (Mn) metabolism, 24 weaned pigs (21 d old) were blocked by litter and weight and randomly assigned to the following treatments: 1) no supplemental Fe [low Fe (L-Fe)]; 2) 100 mg supplemental Fe/kg [adequate Fe (A-Fe)]; and 3) 500 mg supplemental Fe/kg [high Fe (H-Fe)]. The basal diet was analyzed to contain 20 mg Fe/kg. Tissues were harvested after 32 d of feeding. Daily gain (least square means +/- SEM) was greater in A-Fe pigs (328.3 +/- 29.9 g/d) than in L-Fe pigs (224.0 +/- 11.2 g/d). Hemoglobin concentrations on d 32 were lower in L-Fe pigs (62 +/- 3.5 g/L) than in A-Fe pigs (128 +/- 5.6 g/L) and did not differ between pigs fed A-Fe and H-Fe (133 +/- 12.0 g/L). Liver Fe increased with increasing dietary Fe. Relative hepatic hepcidin expression was greater in pigs fed A-Fe and H-Fe than in those fed L-Fe. Relative expressions of duodenal divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and solute carrier family 39 member 14 (ZIP14) were increased in L-Fe pigs compared with H-Fe pigs. Liver copper (Cu) was higher in L-Fe (0.56 +/- 0.04 mmol/kg) and H-Fe (0.58 +/- 0.04 mmol/kg) pigs than in A-Fe pigs (0.40 +/- 0.04 mmol/kg). Liver Mn was lower in H-Fe pigs (0.15 +/- 0.01 mmol/kg) than in A-Fe (0.23 +/- 0.02 mmol/kg) or L-Fe pigs (0.20 +/- 0.02 mmol/kg). Duodenal Mn concentrations were greater in L-Fe pigs than in A-Fe or H-Fe pigs. Fe deficiency in pigs increased gene expression of duodenal metal transporters (DMT1 and ZIP14) and supplementation with H-Fe reduced expression of DMT1 and ZIP14, which may have decreased absorption of Mn. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.3945/jn.109.105866 VL - 139 IS - 8 SP - 1474-1479 SN - 1541-6100 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway enhances the antitumor effect of cisplatin in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines AU - Kai, Kiyonori AU - D'Costa, Susan AU - Sills, Robert C. AU - Kim, Yongbaek T2 - CANCER LETTERS AB - Human malignant mesothelioma (HMM) is a fatal tumor and is poorly responsive to current therapeutic regimens. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway is activated in HMM cell lines and tissues. Treatment with AG1024, an inhibitor of the IGF-1R pathway, significantly decreased cell proliferation and attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and p44/42. In addition, it significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in HMM cell lines. This study supports the conjecture that inhibition of the IGF-1R pathway may be a useful target for reducing toxicity and alleviating chemoresistance to traditional anticancer drugs in HMM patients. DA - 2009/6/8/ PY - 2009/6/8/ DO - 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.12.023 VL - 278 IS - 1 SP - 49-55 SN - 1872-7980 KW - Malignant mesothelioma KW - Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor KW - AG1024 KW - Cisplatin KW - Chemoresistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid affects concentrations of amino acids in tissues of young pigs AU - Li, Peng AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Li, Xilong AU - Datta, Sujay AU - Pond, Wilson G. AU - Wu, Guoyao T2 - AMINO ACIDS AB - Cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important nutrients for neural development of infants. However, little is known about the effect of cholesterol or DHA on concentrations of amino acids (AA) in neonatal tissues. This study was conducted with the piglet (an established model for studying human infant nutrition) to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with the lipids may modulate AA availability in tissues. Sixteen newborn pigs were nursed by sows for 24 h and then assigned to one of four treatment groups, representing supplementation with 0.0% (control), 0.2% cholesterol, 0.2% DHA, or cholesterol plus DHA to the basal milk-formula. All piglets were euthanized at 49 days of age. In brain, cholesterol supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) concentrations of glutamate, serine, glutamine, threonine, beta-alanine, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and gamma-aminobutyrate but increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of glycine and lysine, whereas DHA supplementation similarly affected (P < 0.05) concentrations of the same AA (except for isoleucine and lysine) and taurine. In addition, concentrations of most AA in liver, muscle and plasma were substantially altered by dietary supplementation of cholesterol and DHA in a tissue-dependent manner. Further, DHA reduced concentrations of carnosine in skeletal muscle, as well as ammonia in both plasma and brain. The results reveal that cholesterol and DHA can regulate AA metabolism and availability in various tissues of piglets. These novel findings have important implications for designing the next generation of infant formula to optimize neonatal growth and development. DA - 2009/10// PY - 2009/10// DO - 10.1007/s00726-008-0196-5 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 709-716 SN - 1438-2199 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349596310&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Cholesterol KW - Docosahexaenoic acid KW - Amino acids KW - Pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Arginine metabolism and nutrition in growth, health and disease AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Bazer, Fuller W. AU - Davis, Teresa A. AU - Kim, Sung Woo AU - Li, Peng AU - Rhoads, J. Marc AU - Satterfield, M. Carey AU - Smith, Stephen B. AU - Spencer, Thomas E. AU - Yin, Yulong T2 - AMINO ACIDS AB - L-Arginine (Arg) is synthesised from glutamine, glutamate, and proline via the intestinal-renal axis in humans and most other mammals (including pigs, sheep and rats). Arg degradation occurs via multiple pathways that are initiated by arginase, nitric-oxide synthase, Arg:glycine amidinotransferase, and Arg decarboxylase. These pathways produce nitric oxide, polyamines, proline, glutamate, creatine, and agmatine with each having enormous biological importance. Arg is also required for the detoxification of ammonia, which is an extremely toxic substance for the central nervous system. There is compelling evidence that Arg regulates interorgan metabolism of energy substrates and the function of multiple organs. The results of both experimental and clinical studies indicate that Arg is a nutritionally essential amino acid (AA) for spermatogenesis, embryonic survival, fetal and neonatal growth, as well as maintenance of vascular tone and hemodynamics. Moreover, a growing body of evidence clearly indicates that dietary supplementation or intravenous administration of Arg is beneficial in improving reproductive, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, liver and immune functions, as well as facilitating wound healing, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and maintaining tissue integrity. Additionally, Arg or L-citrulline may provide novel and effective therapies for obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. The effect of Arg in treating many developmental and health problems is unique among AAs, and offers great promise for improved health and wellbeing of humans and animals. DA - 2009/5// PY - 2009/5// DO - 10.1007/s00726-008-0210-y VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 153-168 SN - 1438-2199 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349147426&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Arginine KW - Disease KW - Health KW - Nutrition KW - Physiology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth and reproductive performance of beef heifers grazing endophyte-free, endophyte-infected and novel endophyte-infected tall fescue AU - Drewnoski, M. E. AU - Oliphant, E. J. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Green, J. T. AU - Hockett, M. E. T2 - Livestock Science AB - A three-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of endophyte-free (E−), endophyte-infected (E+) and novel endophyte-infected (EN) tall fescue on the growth and pregnancy rate of beef heifers during the spring. Each year, 48 beef heifers were strip-grazed on stockpiled fescue from December through February, fed fescue hay during late February to early April and then rotationally grazed on spring growth of fescue until June. At the end of the trial, heifers had been maintained on E+, E− or EN (pasture or hay) for a total of 152, 188 and 191 d in years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In late March, heifers were synchronized using a controlled intravaginal drug-releasing device, (CIDR®) for 7 d followed by injection with PGF2α (Lutalyse®). Heatmount detectors (Kamar®) and observation for behavioral estrus were used to detect estrus for 63 d. Heifers were artificially inseminated 8 to12 h after the onset of standing estrus. Conception was determined by transrectal ultrasonography at approximately 30, 60 and 90 d after synchronization. Reproductive performance did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.20). Pregnancy rate was 54, 65, and 65% for E+, E− and EN, respectively. However, during the spring, growth and prolactin were decreased (P < 0.01) for heifers on E+. Gains on spring pasture were 0.24, 0.75, and 0.71 kg/d (SEM ± 0.03) for E+, E− and EN, respectively. Based on these results, the wild type endophyte-infected fescue can be used in production systems as a source of winter forage but producers should consider placing heifers on alternative forage (such as the novel endophyte-infected fescue) in the spring. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.05.003 VL - 125 IS - 2-3 SP - 254-260 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic Consequences of Background Effects on scalloped Mutant Expressivity in the Wing of Drosophila melanogaster AU - Dworkin, Ian AU - Kennerly, Erin AU - Tack, David AU - Hutchinson, Jennifer AU - Brown, Julie AU - Mahaffey, James AU - Gibson, Greg T2 - GENETICS AB - Abstract Genetic background effects contribute to the phenotypic consequences of mutations and are pervasive across all domains of life that have been examined, yet little is known about how they modify genetic systems. In part this is due to the lack of tractable model systems that have been explicitly developed to study the genetic and evolutionary consequences of background effects. In this study we demonstrate that phenotypic expressivity of the scallopedE3 (sdE3) mutation of Drosophila melanogaster is background dependent and is the result of at least one major modifier segregating between two standard lab wild-type strains. We provide evidence that at least one of the modifiers is linked to the vestigial region and demonstrate that the background effects modify the spatial distribution of known sd target genes in a genotype-dependent manner. In addition, microarrays were used to examine the consequences of genetic background effects on the global transcriptome. Expression differences between wild-type strains were found to be as large as or larger than the effects of mutations with substantial phenotypic effects, and expression differences between wild type and mutant varied significantly between genetic backgrounds. Significantly, we demonstrate that the epistatic interaction between sdE3 and an optomotor blind mutation is background dependent. The results are discussed within the context of developing a complex but more realistic view of the consequences of genetic background effects with respect to mutational analysis and studies of epistasis and cryptic genetic variation segregating in natural populations. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1534/genetics.108.096453 VL - 181 IS - 3 SP - 1065-1076 SN - 1943-2631 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic relationships among pig behavior, growth, backfat, and loin muscle area AU - Velie, B. D. AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Cassady, J. P. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to estimate repeatabilities and heritabilities for measures of pig behavior and their relationship with performance. Measures of behavior and performance included the backtest, resident-intruder test, human approach test (HAT), novel object test (NOT), d 1 BW, backfat depth (BF), loin muscle area (LMA), ADG in the farrowing house, ADG, 21-d BW, and 140-d BW (W). Each behavioral trait was measured twice. The study consisted of 95 litters from 31 sires with an average of 3 litters per sire (n >or= 457). Between 7 and 14 d of age, the backtest was conducted by placing each pig in a supine position for 60 s. Total time spent struggling (TTS) and total number of attempts to struggle (TAS) were recorded. The resident intruder test involved 2 nursery pigs, a resident pig and an unfamiliar intruder pig. The resident pen was divided in half by a solid partition. A resident pig was placed in the test area, and an intruder pig was then introduced. Latency until an attack occurred (LAT) and total number of attacks over 2 tests (RIS) were recorded. Amount of time taken for each finishing pig to make snout contact with an unfamiliar human or object was recorded. Dam and sire effects influenced all traits (P < 0.01). Sex and pen affected LAT, RIS, HAT, and NOT (P < 0.10). Repeatabilities of TTS, TAS, RIS, LAT, HAT, and NOT were 0.38, 0.21, 0.07, 0.08, 0.17, and 0.11, respectively. The phenotypic correlations of TTS with TAS and HAT with NOT were 0.61 and 0.34, respectively. Phenotypic correlation between RIS and LAT was -0.85. Total time spent struggling and TAS tended to be phenotypically correlated with 21-d BW and ADG in the farrowing house. Total attempts to struggle were phenotypically correlated with BF (0.15). Latency until an attack occurred was phenotypically correlated with LMA (0.23). Resident intruder score was phenotypically correlated with ADG (-0.13), W (-0.13), and LMA (-0.21) and estimated to be lowly heritable (h(2) = 0.12). Heritabilities of TTS and TAS were 0.31 and 0.53, respectively. Genetic correlation of TAS with ADG and W was 0.38. Genetic correlations of TTS with BF, W, and TAS were 0.14, 0.18, and 0.81, respectively. The backtest is a heritable and repeatable measure of a behavioral characteristic in pigs that is phenotypically and genetically correlated with performance. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-1328 VL - 87 IS - 9 SP - 2767-2773 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70249140947&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - backtest KW - correlation KW - heritability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation AU - Hansen, S. L. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - High dietary Fe can negatively affect absorption of other minerals and cause tissue damage through the production of free radicals. Cattle are often exposed to high dietary Fe, and soil ingestion may represent a major dietary source of Fe. Iron in soil is often found in the ferric form bound in insoluble complexes; however, exposure to an acidic environment similar to that occurring during silage fermentation may cause this Fe to be reduced to the more soluble ferrous form. To test this theory, a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement examining time, level, and type of soil addition to greenchop was used. Factors included 2 times of soil addition (before or after ensiling), 2 levels of soil inclusion (1 and 5% contamination, wet basis) and 3 types of soil (Cecil clay loam, 3.4% Fe; Georgeville silt loam, 4.3% Fe; and Dyke clay loam, 6.9% Fe). In addition, greenchop with no soil added was ensiled to serve as a control. Fresh corn greenchop was mixed with the appropriate type and level of soil and tightly packed in experimental silos. Fermentation was allowed to proceed for 90 d before silos were opened and silage was freeze-dried and ground. To simulate contamination after ensiling, each soil type was added to control silage at the 2 levels of inclusion. Addition of soil to greenchop before ensiling resulted in greater amounts of water soluble Fe compared with soil addition after ensiling, suggesting that Fe-soil binding properties were altered by ensiling. To test the potential bioaccessibility of Fe during ruminant digestion, an enzymatic in vitro system was modified to simulate ruminal, abomasal, and intestinal digestion. The presence of soil, regardless of time of addition, type, or inclusion level, resulted in greater soluble or bioaccessible Fe concentrations after all 3 phases when compared with control silage. Ensiling further increased soluble Fe concentrations after each phase when compared with silage contaminated with soil after ensiling. In addition, dialyzable Fe concentration (15,000 Da molecular weight cut off) following intestinal phase simulation was greater due to ensiling. Iron that becomes soluble during the intestinal phase may be available to the animal for absorption, and ensiling resulted in increased concentrations of potentially bioavailable Fe. These results suggest that soil contamination of harvested feeds before ensiling may represent a major source of bioavailable Fe in the diets of cattle. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.3168/jds.2008-1933 VL - 92 IS - 6 SP - 2896-2905 SN - 1525-3198 KW - bioavailability KW - cattle KW - iron KW - silage ER - TY - JOUR TI - The addition of high manganese to a copper-deficient diet further depresses copper status and growth of cattle AU - Hansen, Stephanie L. AU - Ashwell, Melissa S. AU - Legleiter, Leon R. AU - Fry, Robert S. AU - Lloyd, Karen E. AU - Spears, Jerry W. T2 - BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - A study was conducted evaluating the effect of long-term Cu deficiency, with or without high Mn, on growth, gene expression and Cu status of beef cattle. Twenty-one Angus calves were born to cows receiving one of the following treatments: (1) 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM (+Cu); (2) no supplemental Cu and 2 mg Mo/kg DM ( - Cu); (3) - Cu diet plus 500 mg supplemental Mn/kg DM ( - Cu+Mn). Calves were weaned at approximately 183 d of age and individually fed throughout the growing and finishing phases. Plasma Cu was lower (P < 0.01) in - Cu calves compared with +Cu calves while high dietary Mn further depressed (P < 0.01) plasma Cu in - Cu+Mn calves v. - Cu calves. Liver Cu concentrations in +Cu calves were greater (P < 0.01) than in - Cu calves, with no differences between - Cu and - Cu+Mn calves. The daily body-weight gain of +Cu calves was greater (P < 0.01) than - Cu calves during the period from birth to weaning, but did not differ during the growing phase. - Cu+Mn calves gained less (P < 0.05) than - Cu calves during the growing phase. DM intake was lower (P < 0.01) in - Cu+Mn calves v. - Cu calves, and did not differ among +Cu and - Cu calves. The relative gene expression of cytochrome c oxidase in the liver was lower (P < 0.05) in - Cu calves compared with +Cu or - Cu+Mn calves. In conclusion, feeding a Cu - deficient diet in combination with high Mn negatively affected the growth and Cu status of beef cattle. DA - 2009/4/14/ PY - 2009/4/14/ DO - 10.1017/S0007114508057589 VL - 101 IS - 7 SP - 1068-1078 SN - 1475-2662 KW - Cattle KW - Copper KW - Growth KW - Manganese ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of antibiotics and oil on microbial profiles and fermentation in mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms AU - Johnson, M. C. AU - Devine, A. A. AU - Ellis, J. C. AU - Grunden, A. M. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Ionophores and supplemental fat are fed to lactating cows to improve feed efficiency. Their effect on rumen fermentation is similar, but less is known about their impact on rumen microbes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of monensin (M), bacitracin (B), and soybean oil (O) on microbial populations. Mixed cultures of rumen microbes were incubated in 5 dual-flow continuous fermentors and fed 13.8 g of alfalfa hay pellets daily (DM basis) for 16 d. All fermentors were allowed to stabilize for 4 d. From d 5 to 10, two fermentors received O (5% of diet DM), one fermentor received M (22 mg/kg), and one received B (22 mg/kg). From d 11 to 16, the 2 fermentors receiving O also received either M (OM) or B (OB) and O was included in the fermentors receiving M (MO) and B (BO). One fermentor served as the control and received 100% alfalfa pellets throughout the experiment. Each run was replicated 3 times. Samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on d 4, 10, and 16 and were analyzed for bacterial populations using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Volatile fatty acid concentration, methane production, and pH in the control cultures were not affected by time and remained similar during the entire experiment. The M and O treatments reduced molar concentration of acetate, increased concentration of propionate, and decreased methane production. Bacitracin did not alter acetate or propionate concentration, but reduced methane production. All 3 treatments (M, B, and O) altered the fragment patterns of microbial profiles. In contrast, treatments MO, OM, BO, and OB had little effect on culture fermentation despite differences in the patterns of microbial fragments. The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism data suggest that microbial adaptation to the in vitro system in the control fermentor occurred within 4 d. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.3168/jds.2008-1841 VL - 92 IS - 9 SP - 4467-4480 SN - 1525-3198 KW - ionophore KW - soybean oil KW - rumen microbial diversity KW - continuous culture ER - TY - CONF TI - Development of environmentally superior technologies in the US and policy AU - Williams, C. M. C2 - 2009/// C3 - Bioresource Technology DA - 2009/// VL - 100 SP - 5512-5518 M1 - 22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioenergy from Coastal bermudagrass receiving subsurface drip irrigation with advance-treated swine wastewater AU - Cantrell, Keri B. AU - Stone, Kenneth C. AU - Hunt, Patrick G. AU - Ro, Kyoung S. AU - Vanotti, Matias B. AU - Burns, Joseph C. T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) may be a potentially important source of bio-based energy in the southern US due to its vast acreage. It is often produced as part of a waste management plan with varying nutrient composition and energy characteristics on fields irrigated with livestock wastewater. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of subsurface drip irrigation with treated swine wastewater on both the quantity and quality of bermudagrass bioenergy. The treated wastewater was recycled from an advanced treatment system and used for irrigation of bermudagrass in two crop seasons. The experiment had nine water and drip line spacing treatments arrayed in a randomized complete block-design with four replicates. The bermudagrass was analyzed for calorific and mineral contents. Bermudagrass energy yields for 2004 and 2005 ranged from 127.4 to 251.4MJ ha(-1). Compared to irrigation with commercial nitrogen fertilizer, the least biomass energy density was associated with bermudagrass receiving treated swine wastewater. Yet, in 2004 the wastewater irrigated bermudagrass had greater hay yields leading to greater energy yield per ha. This decrease in energy density of wastewater irrigated bermudagrass was associated with increased concentrations of K, Ca, and Na. After thermal conversion, these compounds are known to remain in the ash portion thereby decreasing the energy density. Nonetheless, the loss of energy density using treated effluent via SDI may be offset by the positive influence of these three elements for their catalytic properties in downstream thermal conversion processes such as promoting a lesser char yield and greater combustible gas formation. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.070 VL - 100 IS - 13 SP - 3285-3292 SN - 0960-8524 KW - Animal manure KW - Manure management KW - Plant nutrients KW - Water resources KW - Thermochemical conversion ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation of Insulin Sensitivity Estimates in Horses AU - Pratt, S. E. AU - Siciliano, P. D. AU - Walston, L. T2 - JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE AB - In the horse, resting insulin concentration (INS), the glucose-to-insulin ratio (G:I), and the reciprocal of the square root of insulin (RISQI = 1/√INS) are commonly used to estimate insulin sensitivity, whereas the modified insulin-to-glucose ratio (MIRG = [800 – 0.30 × (INS -50)2]/(GLU – 30) is used to estimate pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness. Because no estimates of their within-horse variability and repeatability have been reported, the objective of this study was to evaluate the within-horse variation of these estimates. Resting blood samples were obtained from six healthy equids (three geldings, two mares; mean ± SD body weight, 525.0 ± 43.36 kg; mean age, 9.8 ± 8.2 years; and one pony gelding: 293 kg; 12 years) on three consecutive days in week 1 and again in week 2. Samples were collected at 12:00 noon, approximately 6 hours postprandially. Serum insulin and plasma glucose (GLU) concentrations were analyzed and used to calculate G:I, RISQI, and MIRG, as well as the insulin to glucose ratio (I:G). The coefficient of variation was used to determine within-horse variation, and repeatability was determined using the repeatability coefficient (RC; measurements from a single horse should differ less than the RC for 95% of the pairs). The mean coefficients of variation (CVs) for resting GLU, INS, G:I, I:G, MIRG, and RISQI were 5.5%, 33.7%, 36.0%, 31.6%, 22.3%, and 18.6%, respectively. All variables had values that differed more than the RC in at least one horse. These data suggest that care should be taken when interpreting insulin sensitivity estimates from a single blood sample. DA - 2009/6// PY - 2009/6// DO - 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.194 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 507-512 SN - 0737-0806 KW - Insulin sensitivity KW - Equine KW - Variation KW - Repeatability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Safety evaluation of polydextrose in infant formula using a suckling piglet model AU - Herfel, T.M. AU - Jacobi, S.K. AU - Lin, X. AU - Walker, D.C. AU - Jouni, Z.E. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Food and Chemical Toxicology AB - Oligosaccharides, the third largest component in human milk, are virtually absent from cow’s milk and most infant formula. Prebiotic carbohydrates like polydextrose (PDX) have been proposed as surrogates for human milk oligosaccharides. Safety assessments of novel infant formula ingredients include dose-response experiments in appropriate neonatal animal models such as the suckling pig. To further substantiate the safety of the ingredient, one-day old pigs were fed a cow’s milk-based formula supplemented with PDX (1.7, 4.3, 8.5 or 17 g/L) for 18 days (n = 13/dose) and compared to appropriate control (unsupplemented formula; n = 13) and reference groups (day 0 pigs, and sow-reared pigs; n = 13). Growth rate, formula intake, stool consistency, behavior score, blood chemistry and hematology, relative organ weights (% of body weight), tissue morphology (i.e. liver, kidney and pancreas) and pancreas biochemistry did not differ among formula-fed pigs (P > 0.1). Polydextrose mimicked other prebiotic carbohydrates and had no adverse effect at the highest tested level 17.0 g PDX/L, equivalent to a dose of 8.35 g/kg of body weight per day. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.039 VL - 47 IS - 7 SP - 1530-1537 J2 - Food and Chemical Toxicology LA - en OP - SN - 0278-6915 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.039 DB - Crossref KW - Polydextrose KW - Prebiotic KW - Infant KW - Oligosaccharide KW - Soluble fiber ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of yeast culture supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health, and immune response of nursery pigs AU - Shen, Y. B. AU - Piao, X. S. AU - Kim, S. W. AU - Wang, L. AU - Liu, P. AU - Yoon, I. AU - Zhen, Y. G. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - A total of 216 weaning pigs were used in 2 experiments to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of yeast culture (YC) at different dose levels on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, and immune response in weanling pigs and to determine whether YC can be a candidate to replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). In Exp. 1, 192 pigs (7.5 ± 0.2 kg of BW) weaned at 28 d of age were randomly allotted to 6 treatments: 1) control (without AGP or YC); 2) AGP (chlortetracycline, 80 mg/kg); 3) 2.5 g/kg of YC (Diamond V XP Yeast Culture); 4) 5 g/kg of YC; 5) 10 g/kg of YC; and 6) 20 g/kg of YC. Each treatment had 8 replicated pens with 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 21 d. Average daily gain of pigs fed 5 g/kg of YC was greater (P < 0.05) than that of pigs in the control and other YC groups. However, there was no difference between the YC and AGP group. Pigs supplemented with 5 g/kg of YC, 10 g/kg of YC, and AGP had a greater (P < 0.01) ADFI than the control; however, G:F was not affected by treatment. Thus, 5 g/kg of YC supplementation level was chosen for Exp. 2. In Exp. 2, to elucidate the mode of action of YC, 24 nursery pigs (5.8 ± 0.1 kg of BW; 21 d of age) were randomly allotted into 3 treatments for a 21-d trial. Treatments consisted of 1) control (without AGP or YC), 2) AGP, and 3) 5 g/kg of YC. Blood samples were collected weekly to measure CD4+, CD8+ percentage, and blood cytokine content. All pigs were harvested to determine treatment effects on gut microbiota, morphology, and immune function. Dietary supplementation of 5 g/kg of YC improved (P < 0.05) ADG of pigs compared with the control group, but performance of pigs fed YC was similar to those fed AGP. Pigs receiving 5 g/kg of YC had greater (P < 0.05) digestibility of DM, CP, GE, and jejunal villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the control diet. However, no differences in performance, digestibility, or gut morphology were observed between pigs fed YC and AGP. Gut interferon (IFN)-γ concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) for pigs supplemented with YC compared with control pigs and pigs supplemented with AGP on d 21. However, plasma IFN-γ concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) in pigs supplemented with YC and AGP compared with control pigs on d 7, and CD4+ was decreased (P < 0.01) in pigs supplemented with YC and AGP on d 14. Results indicate that dietary YC supplementation at 5 g/kg had a positive effect on growth performance of nursery pigs by improving jejunal villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio and by modulating gut immune response. The comparable effect of 5 g/kg of YC supplementation and AGP on the growth performance of nursery pigs indicates that YC may be a good candidate as an antibiotic alternative. DA - 2009/8// PY - 2009/8// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-1512 VL - 87 IS - 8 SP - 2614-2624 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-68849109124&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - growth performance KW - immunity KW - microflora KW - morphology KW - yeast culture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol stimulates adipocytic differentiation of porcine mesenchymal stem cells AU - Mahajan, Avanika AU - Stahl, Chad H. T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY AB - Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] has been shown to have pleiotropic effects on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) based on species and culture conditions. We have examined the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the differentiation of porcine MSC under culture conditions designed to promote proliferation in order to attempt to mimic the conditions in young, rapidly growing animals. The MSC were isolated from bone marrow of a young pig and grown in basal media (BM) containing DMEM+10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. Cells received either BM, BM+10−8 M 1,25(OH)2D3 or BM+10−7 M 1,25(OH)2D3 with complete media changes every 3 days for a total of 12 days of culture. On days 3, 6, 9 and 12, viable cell numbers were determined, and samples were collected for gene expression analysis and cytochemical staining. There was a treatment-based reduction in cell numbers on 6, 9 and 12 days (P<.05). The concentrations of mRNAs encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, lipoprotein lipase, and adipocyte-binding protein 2 were increased (P<.05) in a manner indicative of adipocytic differentiation by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. However, the mRNA levels of osteocalcin, a late stage marker of osteoblastic differentiation, was also increased (P<.05) by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. An increased percentage of lipid filling, based on Oil Red O staining, and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, was also seen with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. These data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates the differentiation of porcine MSC towards an adipocytic phenotype. DA - 2009/7// PY - 2009/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.010 VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 512-520 SN - 1873-4847 KW - Mesenchymal stem cells KW - Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol KW - Pig KW - Adipogenesis KW - Osteogenesis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary Fat Alters Body Composition, Mammary Development, and Cytochrome P450 Induction after Maternal TCDD Exposure in DBA/2J Mice with Low-Responsive Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors AU - La Merrill, Michele AU - Kuruvilla, Bittu S. AU - Pomp, Daniel AU - Birnbaum, Linda S. AU - Threadgill, David W. T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES AB - BackgroundIncreased fat intake is associated with obesity and may make obese individuals uniquely susceptible to the effects of lipophilic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands.ObjectivesWe investigated the consequences of high-fat diet (HFD) and AHR ligands on body composition, mammary development, and hepatic P450 expression.MethodsPregnant C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) dams, respectively expressing high- or low-responsive AHR, were dosed at mid-gestation with TCDD. At parturition, mice were placed on an HFD or a low-fat diet (LFD). Body fat of progeny was measured before dosing with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Fasting blood glucose was measured, and liver and mammary glands were analyzed.ResultsMaternal TCDD exposure resulted in reduced litter size in D2 mice and, on HFD, reduced postpartum survival in B6 mice. In D2 mice, HFD increased body mass and fat in off-spring, induced precocious mammary gland development, and increased AHR expression compared with mice given an LFD. Maternal TCDD exposure increased hepatic Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 expression in offspring on both diets, but DMBA depressed Cyp1b1 expression only in mice fed an HFD. In D2 progeny, TCDD exposure decreased mammary terminal end bud size, and DMBA exposure decreased the number of terminal end buds. Only in D2 progeny fed HFD did perinatal TCDD increase blood glucose and the size of mammary fat pads, while decreasing both branch elongation and the number of terminal end buds.ConclusionsWe conclude that despite having a low-responsive AHR, D2 progeny fed a diet similar to that consumed by most people are susceptible to TCDD and DMBA exposure effects blood glucose levels, mammary differentiation, and hepatic Cyp1 expression. DA - 2009/9// PY - 2009/9// DO - 10.1289/ehp.0800530 VL - 117 IS - 9 SP - 1414-1419 SN - 1552-9924 KW - aryl hydrocarbon receptor KW - fetal loss KW - gene-environment interactions KW - mouse KW - obesity KW - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator, Methoprene, on Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) AU - Nino, Elina L. AU - Sorenson, Clyde E. AU - Washburn, Steven P. AU - Watson, D. Wes T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - A bioassay was conducted to determine the impact of methoprene, an insect growth regulator (IGR), on fecundity, larval survival, and size of progeny for Onthophagus taurus Schreber. Adult O. taurus dung beetles were offered methoprene-treated manure in three to five replications each at concentrations of 0.08, 0.45, and 4.5 ppm, respectively. An additional group of adult beetles was immersed in a methoprene-water solution and allowed to reproduce in containers with untreated manure. Data from all treatment groups were compared with untreated control groups. Methoprene did not seem to hinder brood production at 0.45 ppm. Survival of O. taurus was not affected by methoprene-treated manure at 0.08 ppm or when parent beetles were immersed in methoprene-water solution. However, progeny survival was significantly reduced on manure treated with methoprene at 4.5 ppm. Mean pronotal width of O. taurus progeny was significantly smaller in beetles fed methoprene-treated manure (4.5 ppm). The low dose of 0.08 ppm did not affect pronotal widths nor did topical application of methoprene to adults affect pronotal widths in resulting offspring. Although some adverse effects of methoprene were observed at higher concentrations, use of methoprene at concentrations of 0.08 ppm as part of a horn fly control program likely would not greatly affect populations of O. taurus, the most common paracoprid dung beetle in North Carolina. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1603/022.038.0224 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 493-498 SN - 1938-2936 KW - Onthophagus taurus KW - dung beetles KW - methoprene KW - insect growth regulator ER - TY - JOUR TI - SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE FOR SUPEROVULATION OF HOLSTEIN COWS AU - Farin, P. W. AU - Dowdall, K. M. AU - Hicks, J. E. AU - Farin, C. E. AU - Whisnant, C. S. T2 - REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT AB - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is usually administered in a series of intramuscular (IM) injections to induce multiple ovulations for embryo production in cattle and other species. The objective of this study was to determine the superovulatory response of dairy cows to subcutaneous (SC) administration of FSH using a reduced number of injections in combination with a progesterone-releasing device. Eighteen non-lactating Holstein cows initially received 25 mg Prostaglandin F2α IM (PGF; Lutalyse; Pfizer Animal Health, Groton, CT, USA) on Day –7. All cows then received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR-B, 1.38 mg progesterone; Pfizer Animal Health) on Day 0, and 100 μg GnRH IM (Cystorelin; Merial Ltd, USA) on Day 2. Cows were randomly assigned to receive a total of 400 mg (20 mL) of FSH (Folltropin-V; Bioniche Animal Health, USA) either by IM injection (IM Group, n = 9 cows) given at 12 h intervals on Days 4 (60 mg, 60 mg), 5 (55 mg, 55 mg), 6 (45 mg, 45 mg) and 7 (40 mg, 40 mg), or by SC injection (SC Group, n = 9 cows) given at 24 h intervals on Days 4 (140 mg), 5 (140 mg) and Day 6 (120 mg). On Day 7, CIDR-B inserts were removed and cows received two 25 mg PGF IM injections given 12 h apart. Cows were artificially inseminated at 12 and 24 h after standing estrus. Blood samples were obtained from all cows at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 h after the first FSH injection for determination of serum FSH concentrations. Ovarian follicles and CL were monitored using ultrasonography on Days 4, 7, and 16. Embryos were recovered non-surgically on Day 16 (7 days after estrus). The effects of treatment on follicular response and embryo yield were analyzed by Wilcoxon test, and the response of cows to treatment was analyzed by chi-square test. The effects of treatment on concentrations of serum FSH were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of route of FSH administration on the concentrations of serum FSH at any time point. The superovulatory response of cows to treatment, defined as greater than 2 CL per cow, did not differ (P > 0.05) between the IM (77.8%, 7/9 cows) and SC (88.9%, 8/9 cows) Groups. There was also no difference (P > 0.05) between the IM and SC Groups for the number of 5 to 10 mm follicles prior to FSH treatment (mean ± SEM; 0.6 ± 0.2 v. 0.9 ± 0.4), the total number of follicles after FSH treatment (12.4 ± 1.6 v. 12.7 ± 2.2) or the number of CL at embryo recovery (6.4 ± 1.5 v. 10.4 ± 2.1). Similarly, there were no differences (P > 0.05) between the IM and SC Groups for total number of oocytes/embryos (5.6 ± 2.6 v. 13.0 ± 4.3), transferable embryos (Grade 1, 2, 3; 3.0 ± 1.4 v. 6.1 ± 2.9) or Grade 1 embryos (2.9 ± 1.4 v. 4.3 ± 2.5). In conclusion, administration of FSH using 3 SC injections in combination with a progesterone-releasing device was an effective method for superovulation of Holstein cows. Supported by USDA Animal Health Formula Funds and the State of North Carolina. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.1071/RDv21n1Ab293 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 243-244 SN - 1031-3613 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein digestibility of porcine colostrum by neonatal pigs AU - Lin, Carol AU - Mahan, D. C. AU - Wu, Guoyao AU - Kim, Sung Woo T2 - LIVESTOCK SCIENCE AB - Colostrum plays an important role in neonatal growth and development. However, little is known about the digestion of macronutrients in colostrum of any species. This study was conducted with the neonatal piglet model to determine the digestibility of proteins in porcine colostrum. Twelve, 1-d-old, male piglets were selected from 3 litters (4 pigs/litter) and housed individually in metabolism crates with heating lamps to maintain a temperature of 35 °C. Colostrum (13 L) was collected from 400 sows (30 to 40 mL/sow) within 12 h postpartum after injection of oxytocin. All piglets were fed colostrum containing 0.25% (DM basis) chromium oxide as an external marker based on the following feeding program: 6 meals/d for an entire 3-d period; with 40 mL/meal for d 1 (240 mL/d), 55 mL/meal for d 2 (330 mL/d), and 70 mL/meal for d 3 (420 mL/d). Colostrum was hand-fed using baby milk bottles. Entire fecal samples with the chromium green color were collected each day after colostrum feeding. Fecal collection was terminated before the fading of the green color. Fecal samples were weighed (10.3 ± 1.0 g/pig), stored in − 20 °C, freeze-dried, and thoroughly ground for chemical analysis. Blood samples were collected at 0900 h of d 3 to obtain plasma samples for amino acid and immunoglobulin (Ig) G analysis. Digestibilities of crude protein and DM in colostrum, defined as the percentage of ingested colostral crude proteins and DM that disappeared in the gut, averaged 96.9 ± 0.4% and 98.3 ± 0.2%, respectively. Digestibility of total amino acids (protein-bound plus free amino acids) in the colostrum was 98.3 ± 0.1%, with the values being 98.5 ± 0.3, 98.2 ± 0.4, and 98.3 ± 0.3%, respectively, for Lys, Thr, and Arg. Plasma and colostral IgG content were 3.4 ± 0.3 and 3.8 ± 0.7 g/L, respectively. In conclusion, protein-bound and free amino acids in porcine colostrum were highly digestible and available to neonatal pigs. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.006 VL - 121 IS - 2-3 SP - 182-186 SN - 1878-0490 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-61549090899&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - Amino acid KW - Colostrum KW - Digestibility KW - Pigs KW - Protein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monoallelic maternal expression of STAT5A affects embryonic survival in cattle AU - Khatib, Hasan AU - Maltecca, Christian AU - Monson, Ricky L. AU - Schutzkus, Valerie AU - Rutledge, Jack J. T2 - BMC GENETICS AB - Reproductive disorders and infertility are surprisingly common in the human population as well as in other species. The decrease in fertility is a major cause of cow culling and economic loss in the dairy herd. The conception rate has been declining for the past 30–50 years. Conception rate is the product of fertilization and embryonic survival rates. In a previous study, we have identified associations of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the signal transducer and activator 5A (STAT5A) with fertilization and survival rates in an in vitro experimental system. The objectives of this study are to fine map the STAT5A region in a search for causative mutations and to investigate the parent of origin expression of this gene. We have performed a total of 5,222 fertilizations and produced a total of 3,696 in vitro fertilized embryos using gametes from 440 cows and eight bulls. A total of 37 SNPs were developed in a 63.4-kb region of genomic sequence that includes STAT5A, STAT3, and upstream and downstream sequences of these genes. SNP153137 (G/C) in exon 8 of STAT5A was associated with a significant variability in embryonic survival and fertilization rate compared to all other examined SNPs. Expression analysis revealed that STAT5A is primarily monoallelically expressed in early embryonic stages but biallelically expressed in later fetal stages. Furthermore, the occurrence of monoallelic maternal expression of STAT5A was significantly higher in blastocysts, while paternal expression was more frequent in degenerative embryos. Our results imply that STAT5A affects embryonic survival in a manner influenced by developmental stage and allele parent of origin. DA - 2009/3/10/ PY - 2009/3/10/ DO - 10.1186/1471-2156-10-13 VL - 10 SP - SN - 1471-2156 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-63449127928&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interaction of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein with the inhibitor of MyoD family-a domain-containing protein AU - Song, Cheng AU - Lu, Ray AU - Bienzle, Dorothee AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching AU - Yoo, Dongwan T2 - BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AB - Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is an RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm, but the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein localizes specifically in the nucleus and nucleolus of virus-infected cells. Nuclear localization of N is non-essential for PRRSV replication in cultured cells but has been shown to modulate the pathogenesis of virus in pigs, suggesting that N plays an accessory role in the nucleus during infection. We identified by yeast two-hybrid screening the inhibitor of MyoD family-a (I-mfa) domain-containing protein (HIC) as a cellular partner for PRRS virus (PRRSV) N protein. This protein is a homolog of human HIC, a recently identified cellular transcription factor. The specific interaction of PRRSV N with HIC was confirmed in cells by mammalian two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro by GST pull-down assay. HIC is a zinc-binding protein and confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of N with the HIC-p40 isomer in the nucleus and nucleolus, and in the cytoplasm with HIC-p32, which is the N-terminal truncation of HIC-p40. The porcine homolog of HIC is universally expressed in pig tissues including alveolar macrophages. The interaction of viral capsid with the cellular transcription factor implicates a possible regulation of host cell gene expression by the N protein during PRRSV infection. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1515/BC.2009.028 VL - 390 IS - 3 SP - 215-223 SN - 1437-4315 KW - arterivirus KW - HIC KW - inhibitor of MyoD family-a (I-mfa) domain-containing protein KW - nucleocapsid KW - porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome ( PRRS) KW - PRRS virus ( PRRSV) KW - yeast two-hybrid assay ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of growing cattle grazing stockpiled Jesup tall fescue with varying endophyte status AU - Drewnoski, M. E. AU - Oliphant, E. J. AU - Marshall, B. T. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Green, J. T. AU - Hockett, M. E. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of growing cattle when intensively grazing stockpiled endophyte-infected (E+), endophyte-free (E-), and nontoxic endophyte-infected (EN) tall fescue during the winter. The experiment was conducted over 5 consecutive winters. In each year, plots (1 ha each, 4 per treatment) were harvested for hay in August, fertilized in September, and forage was allowed to accumulate until grazing was initiated in early December. Each year, 48 Angus-cross tester cattle (4 per plot) were given a daily allotment of forage, under strip-grazing (frontal grazing) management, with a target residual height of 5 cm. Steers were used the first year, and heifers were used in subsequent years. The grazing periods for determination of pasture ADG were 86 d (yr 1), 70 d (yr 2), 86 d (yr 3), 72 d (yr 4), and 56 d (yr 5). Pasture ADG of cattle did not differ among treatments (P = 0.13) and were 0.51, 0.59, and 0.56 kg/d (SEM 0.03) for E+, E-, and EN, respectively. Serum prolactin concentrations of heifers grazing E+ were less (P < 0.05) than those grazing E- and EN during all years except yr 2. In yr 2, E+ and E- did not differ (P = 0.11). Serum prolactin of heifers grazing E- and EN did not differ (P > 0.20) except in yr 4. During yr 4, serum prolactin of heifers grazing E- was greater (P = 0.05) than that of heifers grazing EN. Serum urea-N concentrations (SUN) tended to differ among treatments (P = 0.10) and there was a treatment x year interaction (P = 0.05). During yr 1 through 3, SUN did not differ (P > 0.15) among treatments. However, as the stands aged, E- had a greater invasion of other plant species, which increased the CP content of the sward, thus causing heifers grazing E- during yr 5 to have greater (P < 0.01) SUN than heifers grazing E+ and EN, which did not differ (P = 0.89). Forage disappearance (DM basis) did not differ (P = 0.75) among treatments and was 4.7, 4.7, and 5.0 kg/animal daily (SEM 0.27) for E+, E-, and EN, respectively. Body weight gain per hectare was greater (P = 0.04) for E+ (257 kg) than for E- (220 kg) or EN (228 kg). In most years, animal grazing days on E+ were greater than those on E- or EN. However, in yr 5, animal grazing days did not differ (P > 0.20) among treatments. The use of stockpiled E+ as a source of low-cost winter feed is a viable option for producers, whereas grazing of EN may be more beneficial during the spring and fall, when more severe negative effects of ergot alkaloids have been observed. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-0977 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 1034-1041 SN - 1525-3163 KW - endophyte status KW - growing cattle KW - stockpiling KW - tall fescue ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 fatty acids and elevated concentrations of dietary protein on the performance of sows AU - Mateo, R. D. AU - Carroll, J. A. AU - Hyun, Y. AU - Smith, S. AU - Kim, S. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 fatty acids (O3FA) with or without elevated concentrations of protein on the performance of sows during the first and the subsequent parity. Sixty-four pregnant gilts with BW of 195.0 +/- 2.1 kg and backfat (BF) thickness of 12.9 +/- 0.2 mm were assigned to 4 dietary treatments from d 60 of gestation (late gestation) to d 21 of lactation. Dietary treatments were 1) a control diet; 2) a high-protein diet (HP); 3) the control diet + 0.2% O3FA (O3); and 4) the HP diet + 0.2% O3FA (HPO3). For the control and O3 treatments, CP contents were 12.3% for late gestation and 17.9% for lactation, and for the HP and HPO3 treatments, CP contents were 18.4% for late gestation and 19.5% for lactation. On d 60 and 110 of gestation and after farrowing (within 12 h postfarrowing), on d 10 and 21 of lactation, BW, BF thickness, and blood samples were obtained. The total number of piglets and the number of piglets born alive and their birth weights were measured within 12 h postfarrowing. Colostrum and milk samples were obtained on d 2 and 21 of lactation, respectively. All piglets were weaned at 21 d. The wean-to-estrus interval and ADFI were recorded. The same measurements were obtained from the control and O3 groups during the subsequent parity. Dietary treatment did not affect BW, BF thickness, ADFI, and the wean-to-estrus interval of sows during their first reproductive cycle. Supplementation of O3FA increased both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents (P < 0.05) in colostrum and mature milk. First-parity litter size and piglet birth weight did not differ among treatment groups. Piglet BW was greater (P < 0.05) for the O3 group compared with both the control and HPO3 groups at d 10 and 21 of lactation. The same pattern was also noted for overall piglet BW gain. Both piglet and litter characteristics of the HP group did not differ from those of other groups throughout lactation. During the subsequent parity, both total and live piglet birth weights tended (P < 0.07) to be greater for the O3 group than for the control group. Compared with the control group, piglet BW and BW gain in the O3 group showed a pattern similar to the previous parity. Results indicated that O3FA alone during lactation improved the growth of nursing piglets, regardless of parity. However, the O3FA diet, with or without elevated protein, did not affect first-parity gestation performance, although O3FA alone may have improved piglet birth weight in the subsequent litter. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-0964 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 948-959 SN - 1525-3163 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-62149092869&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - gestation KW - lactation KW - n-3 fatty acid KW - protein KW - sow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of nitrogen balance in goats fed a meal produced from hydrolyzed spent hen hard tissues AU - Freeman, S. R. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Middleton, T. F. AU - Ferket, P. R. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - To provide an economically viable and environmentally sound method for disposing of spent laying hens, we manufactured a proteinaceous meal from the hard tissue fraction of mechanically deboned laying hens (primarily feathers, bones, and connective tissue). We hydrolyzed the hard tissue and coextruded it with soybean hulls to create a novel feather and bone meal (FBM) containing 94.2% DM, 23.1% CP, 54.5% NDF, and 7.3% fat (DM basis). We evaluated the FBM in supplements for meat goats in which it provided 0, 20, 40, or 60% of the N added to the supplement compared with a negative control supplement with no added N source. The remainder of the N was contributed by soybean meal (SBM). Supplementation of N resulted in greater DMI than the negative control (P = 0.005), and DMI changed quadratically (P = 0.11) as FBM increased in the supplement. Digestibility of DM was similar in all diets, including the negative control (P > 0.10). Fiber digestibility increased linearly as dietary inclusion of FBM increased (P = 0.04 for NDF, P = 0.05 for ADF), probably as a result of the soybean hulls in the FBM. Nitrogen digestibility declined linearly from 60.5% with 0% FBM to 55.6% with 60% FBM (P = 0.07), but N retention changed by a quadratic function as FBM replaced SBM (P = 0.06). Negative control goats had less N digestibility (P < 0.001) and N retention (P = 0.008) than N-supplemented goats. Feather and bone meal had a greater proportion of ruminally undegradable B(3) protein than SBM (23.1 vs. 0.3% of CP, respectively). Ruminal VFA and pH were unaffected by replacing SBM with FBM, but supplying no source of N in the concentrate resulted in reduced total VFA in ruminal fluid (P = 0.04). Ruminal ammonia concentration increased quadratically (P = 0.07) as FBM increased, reflecting increased intake, and it was much less in unsupplemented goats (P < 0.001). Serum urea had less variation between 0 and 4 h after feeding in goats receiving 40 or 60% of added N as FBM in comparison with those receiving only SBM or 20% FBM. Feather and bone meal promoted a more stable rumen environment, possibly because of reduced rates of protein degradation within the rumen. A palatable by-product meal for ruminants can be made from spent laying hen hard tissue, one that supports N metabolism similar to that of traditional protein sources. DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-1077 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 1068-1076 SN - 0021-8812 KW - by-product KW - meat goat KW - nitrogen balance KW - spent laying hen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Animal and Pasture Productivity of 'Coastal' and 'Tifton 44' Bermudagrass at Three Nitrogen Rates and Associated Soil Nitrogen Status AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Wagger, M. G. AU - Fisher, D. S. T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL AB - ‘Coastal’ and ‘Tifton 44’ (T44) bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] are well adapted across the lower southern United States, but the grazing response of (T44) to N application in the Piedmont of the upper South warrants further evaluation. This 3‐yr experiment compared animal and pasture productivity of Coastal and T44 with three annual N rates of 101, 202, and 303 kg of N ha −1 on a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic thermic Typic Kanhapludult) soil typical of the Piedmont. Herbage mass differed for Coastal and T44 (3.5 and 3.0 Mg ha −1 respectively, P < 0.01), but not among N rates. The canopy of T44 was leafier (20.6 vs. 14.5% of dry matter) than Coastal and greater for in vitro true organic matter disappearance (IVTOD) (522 vs. 498 g kg −1 ) and CP (107 vs. 84 g kg −1 ) and lesser in NDF (596 vs. 605 g kg −1 ). The diet selected from T44 was greater in IVTOD (764 vs. 743 g kg −1 ) and lesser in NDF (596 vs. 605 g kg −1 ) giving greater steer average daily gain (0.63 kg vs. 0.57 kg; P < 0.01) which increased ( P = 0.05) with N rate. Weight gain ha −1 (884 kg) and effective feed units (EFU) (4735 kg ha −1 ) were similar, and N rate linearly increased gain from 723 to 1073 kg ha −1 and EFU from 3978 to 5523 kg ha −1 . Soil inorganic N was similar between cultivars but differed among soil depths. Tifton 44 pasture was greater in nutritive value, hence steer performance, and as productive as Coastal in the Piedmont. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009/// DO - 10.2134/agronj2008.0006x VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 32-40 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of total nonstructural carbohydrates and nitrogen balance on voluntary intake of goats and digestibility of gamagrass hay harvested at sunrise and sunset AU - Sauve, A. K. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AB - Abstract We evaluated differences in composition of Iuka gamagrass ( Tripsacum dactyloides L.) hay harvested at 06:00 (AM harvest) or 18:00 h (PM harvest), and measured how protein supplementation and time of harvest interact to affect the voluntary intake, digestibility, and N balance of goats. Boer cross wethers ( n  = 28; 24 kg) were randomly assigned to be fed supplement (310 g/kg of crude protein (CP), fed at 110 g/kg of dry matter (DM) intake, 14 goats) or no supplement (14 goats). Within supplemented or not supplemented groups, goats were randomly assigned to a crossover design of AM harvest (seven goats) or PM harvest (seven goats), and housed individually in metabolism crates with free access to water and mineral blocks. They were fed twice daily, with supplement offered 30 min prior to the morning feedings. After a 7-d adaptation, voluntary intake (goats were offered 1100 g/kg of previous day's intake) was measured for 14 d, followed by a 4-d adjustment phase to equalize DM offered between periods, and finally a 5-d digestion and balance phase. After Period 1, goats were switched to their new hay harvest times, and the protocol was repeated. Compared to the AM harvest, the PM harvest had higher (P versus 59.0 g/kg DM), monosaccharides (37.0 g/kg DM versus 28.6 g/kg DM), di- and polysaccharides (18.5 g/kg DM versus 15.4 g/kg DM) and less neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 700 g/kg versus 710 g/kg). Crude protein (79 g/kg DM) and starch (15.2 g/kg DM) were similar for the PM and AM harvest. Dry matter digestibility was higher (P versus AM harvests (555 g/kg DM versus 531 g/kg DM) and for supplemented versus not supplemented (563 g/kg DM versus 522 g/kg DM). Voluntary gamagrass DM intake (550 g/d versus 548 g/d) and calculated total digestible DM intake (327 g/d versus 313 g/d) were similar for the PM and AM harvest. However, total digestible DM intake during the digestion and balance phase was higher (P versus AM harvest (317 g/d versus 299 g/d). Time of harvest did not affect N intake, digestion, or calculated retention. Compared to no supplementation, the supplement improved (P versus 3.7 g/d) and retention (2.2 g/d versus 1.1 g/d). The PM harvest increased DM digested, largely TNC and digestible DM intake by goats due to increased TNC and not because of a 2% increase in DM intake. Providing a protein supplement had very limited effects on intake and digestibility of gamagrass. DA - 2009/1/16/ PY - 2009/1/16/ DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.001 VL - 148 IS - 2-4 SP - 93-106 SN - 1873-2216 KW - Goats KW - Gamagrass hay KW - Nonstructural carbohydrates KW - N metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urea metabolism in beef steers fed tall fescue, orchardgrass, or gamagrass hays AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Magee, K. AU - Matthews, A. AU - Poore, M. AU - Burns, J. T2 - JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB - Two experiments were conducted to assess effects of endophyte treatments (Exp. 1), forage species (Exp. 2), and supplementation (Exp. 2) on urea production, excretion, and recycling in beef steers. Infusion of 15,15N-urea and enrichment of urea in urine samples were used to calculate urea-N entry and recycling to the gut. Acceptably stable enrichment of 15N-urea in urine was obtained after 50 h of intrajugular infusion of 15,15N-urea, indicating that valid data on urea metabolism can be obtained from steers fed forages twice daily. After adjustment by covariance for differences in N intake among treatments in Exp. 1, steers fed endophyte-infected tall fescue had less (P < 0.10) urea-N entry, recycling to the gut, and return of recycled urea-N to the ornithine cycle than those fed endophyte-free or novel endophyte-infected tall fescue. However, urea-N urinary excretion or return to the gut was similar among endophyte treatments when expressed as a proportion of urea-N entry. Urea-N entry and return to the gut in Exp. 2 was similar in steers fed gamagrass or orchardgrass hay after adjustment by covariance for differences in N intake. Less (P < 0.01) urinary excretion, expressed as grams per day or as a proportion of urea-N entry, with gamagrass than with orchardgrass was associated with faster in vitro NDF-N digestion with gamagrass. Supplementation of gamagrass or orchardgrass with 1.76 kg/d of readily fermentable fiber and starch decreased urea entry (P < 0.06) and urinary excretion of urea (P < 0.01). Interactions between hay source and supplement reflected a greater response to supplementation for steers fed orchardgrass than for those fed gamagrass. After adjustment for differences among treatments in N supply, results of both experiments support the concept of improved N use in response to increased carbohydrate fermentability in the rumen, due either to inherent differences in forage fiber or to supplementation with readily fermentable carbohydrate (starch or fiber). Closer coordination of ruminal fermentation of carbohydrate and N sources provided greater and more efficient capture of dietary N as tissue protein in forage-fed steers. DA - 2009/4// PY - 2009/4// DO - 10.2527/jas.2008-1444 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 1346-1353 SN - 1525-3163 KW - fescue KW - gamagrass KW - orchardgrass KW - steer KW - urea metabolism ER - TY - JOUR TI - The addition of cottonseed hulls to the starter and supplementation of live yeast or mannanoligosaccharide in the milk for young calves AU - Hill, S. R. AU - Hopkins, B. A. AU - Davidson, S. AU - Bolt, S. M. AU - Diaz, D. E. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Brown, T. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Whitlow, L. W. T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of the addition of cottonseed hulls (CSH) to the starter and the supplementation of live yeast product (YST) or mannanoligosaccharide product (MOS) to milk, on growth, intake, rumen development, and health parameters in young calves. Holstein (n = 116) and Jersey (n = 46) bull (n = 74) and heifer (n = 88) calves were assigned randomly within sex at birth to treatments. All calves were fed 3.8 L of colostrum daily for the first 2 d. Holstein calves were fed 3.8 L of whole milk, and Jersey calves were fed 2.8 L of whole milk through weaning at 42 d. Calves continued on trial through 63 d. Six treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial. Calves received either a corn-soybean meal-based starter (21% crude protein and 6% acid detergent fiber; −CSH) or a blend of 85% corn-soybean meal-based starter and 15% CSH (18% crude protein and 14% acid detergent fiber; +CSH) ad libitum. In addition, calves received whole milk with either no supplement (NONE) or supplemented with 3 g/d of mannanoligosaccharide product (MOS) or 4 g/d of live yeast product (YST) through weaning at 42 d. Twelve Holstein steers [n = 6 (per starter type); n = 4 (per supplement type)] were euthanized for collection and examination of rumen tissue samples. Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater for Holstein calves fed +CSH (0.90 kg/d) than −CSH (0.76 kg/d). Final body weight at 63 d of Holstein calves fed +CSH (75.8 kg) was greater than that of those fed −CSH (71.0 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) was greater for Holstein calves fed +CSH (0.58 kg/d) than −CSH (0.52 kg/d). However, Holstein calves fed −CSH had a greater feed efficiency (FE; 0.71 kg of ADG/kg of DMI) than those fed +CSH (0.65 kg of ADG/kg of DMI). Also, Holstein calves fed +CSH had narrower rumen papillae (0.32 mm) compared with those fed −CSH (0.41 mm). There were no significant effects of CSH on DMI, ADG, or FE in Jersey calves. There were no significant effects of YST or MOS on DMI, ADG, FE, or rumen papillae measures in Holstein calves. Jersey calves fed YST or MOS had greater final body weight at 63 d (51.2 kg and 51.0 kg, respectively) than calves fed NONE (47.5 kg). However, there were no significant effects of YST or MOS on DMI, ADG, or FE in Jersey calves. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.3168/jds.2008-1320 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 790-798 SN - 1525-3198 KW - cottonseed hull KW - calf KW - yeast KW - mannanoligosaccharide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identification of microRNA in the developing chick immune organs AU - Hicks, Julie A. AU - Tembhurne, Prabhakar A. AU - Liu, Hsiao-Ching T2 - IMMUNOGENETICS DA - 2009/3// PY - 2009/3// DO - 10.1007/s00251-009-0355-1 VL - 61 IS - 3 SP - 231-240 SN - 1432-1211 KW - MicroRNA KW - Molecular biology KW - Spleen KW - Bursa KW - Chicken embryos ER - TY - JOUR TI - Whole-genome scan for quantitative trait loci associated with birth weight, gestation length and passive immune transfer in a Holstein x Jersey crossbred population AU - Maltecca, C. AU - Weigel, K. A. AU - Khatib, H. AU - Cowan, M. AU - Bagnato, A. T2 - ANIMAL GENETICS AB - Summary We herein report results from a daughter design genome‐scan study aiming to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with birth weight, direct gestation length and passive immune transfer in a backcross (Holstein × Jersey) × Holstein population. Two‐hundred and seventy‐six calves, offspring of seven crossbred sires, were genotyped for 161 microsatellite markers distributed along the 29 bovine autosomes. The genome scan was performed through interval mapping using an animal model in order to identify QTL accounting for phenotypic differences between individual animals. Based on significant chi‐squared values, we identified putative QTL on BTA7 and BTA14 for gestation length, on BTA2, BTA6 and BTA14 for birth weight and on BTA20 for passive immune transfer. In total, these QTL accounted for 12%, 18% and 1% of the phenotypic variance in gestation length, birth weight and passive immune transfer respectively. We also report results from a supplementary and independent influential grand‐daughter Holstein family. In this family, findings on BTA7 and BTA14 for direct gestation length were in agreement with results in the crossbred population. Two other regions on BTA6 and BTA21 putatively underlying QTL for direct gestation length variability were discovered with this analysis. DA - 2009/2// PY - 2009/2// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01793.x VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 27-34 SN - 1365-2052 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58549114908&partnerID=MN8TOARS KW - calf traits KW - dairy cattle KW - Holstein KW - Jersey KW - quantitative trait loci ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Swiffer Wipes and Conventional Drag Swab Methods for the Recovery of Salmonella in Swine Production Systems AU - Zewde, Bayleyegn Molla AU - Robbins, Rebecca AU - Abley, Melanie J. AU - House, Brandon AU - Morrow, W. E. Morgan AU - Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB - The main goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of Swiffer wipes in comparison to conventional drag swabs for the recovery of Salmonella. A total of 800 samples (400 Swiffer wipes and 400 drag swabs) were aseptically collected from randomly selected swine barns before disinfection with specific biocides and within 2 h after disinfection. From each barn, 10 samples of each swab type and negative controls were collected. Salmonellae were isolated from 43 (10.8%) of 400 drag swabs and 34 (8.5%) of 400 Swiffer wipes. There was a significant reduction in Salmonella postdisinfection as identified with both sampling procedures irrespective of the type of biocide used (P < 0.05). With the drag swabs, salmonellae were detected in 15% of the samples before disinfection versus 6.5% after disinfection, whereas with the Swiffer wipes, 13 and 4% of the samples were positive pre- and postdisinfection, respectively. Of the total 720 fecal samples collected from pigs placed in the disinfected barns, 132 (18.3%) were Salmonella positive. About 65 and 98% of the Salmonella isolates from swine barns and fecal samples, respectively, were resistant to one or more of the antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 35.7% of the isolates from barn swabs and 56.4% of the isolates from fecal samples. Results of this study suggest that the conventional drag swab method results in better recovery of Salmonella than does the Swiffer wipe method and thus could be a useful sampling method in monitoring Salmonella. Pentaresistant Salmonella (mainly R-type ACSSuT) was more common in fecal samples than in environmental samples. DA - 2009/1// PY - 2009/1// DO - 10.4315/0362-028X-72.1.142 VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - 142-146 SN - 1944-9097 ER -