TY - CONF TI - Concepts in the Nutrition of High-Producing Sows AU - Easter, R.A. AU - Kim, S.W. C2 - 1997/// C3 - The 7th Short-Course on Feed Technology DA - 1997/// SP - 279–292 PB - Korean Society of Nutrition and Feed ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apparent ileal digestibility of weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with fish meal as a protein source AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Stein, H. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 75 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 61 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth performance of weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with fish meal as a protein source AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Easter, R.A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 75 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 59 ER - TY - SOUND TI - The effect of rumensin® on milk fatty acid profiles and methane production by lactating dairy cows AU - Fellner, V. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - RPRT TI - Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from lactating Holsteins AU - Kinsman, R.G. AU - Sauer, F.D. AU - Patni, N.K. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Jackson, H.A. AU - Masse, D.I. AU - Wolynetz, M. AU - Munroe, J.A. A3 - Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// M3 - Dairy Research Report PB - Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of extracellular hydrogen on fermentation by ruminal bacteria AU - Fellner, V. AU - Sauer, F.D. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 80 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 185 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of glucagon on piglet hepatocytes in primary culture AU - Matsey, G.J. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. T2 - The Institute of Nutrition C2 - 1997/// C3 - 8th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium Proceedings CY - University of North Carolina DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// SP - 17 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Research progress on dietary lipid effects on pork quality AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/1/29/ PY - 1997/1/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional & Biochemical Contributions to neonatal morbidity and mortality: Observations in a Piglet Model AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/1/30/ PY - 1997/1/30/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Dietary fat effects on pork quality AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Toward thirty pigs per sow per year AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/5/29/ PY - 1997/5/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Liquid diets for early-weaned pigs AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/5/29/ PY - 1997/5/29/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - On the role of milk born growth factors in milk AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/6/12/ PY - 1997/6/12/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutritional & Biochemical Contributions to neonatal morbidity and mortality: Insights from a Piglet Model AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/10/20/ PY - 1997/10/20/ ER - TY - SOUND TI - Rearing Neonatal Piglets via Liquid Feeding: The Agony & the Ecstasy AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/11/12/ PY - 1997/11/12/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - New NC State professor specializes in swine nutrition research AU - Odle, J. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// SP - 10-13 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Added fat for sows boots litter gain AU - Averette, L.A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - National Hog Farmer DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 42 SP - 25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of dietary fat composition and fat-feeding interval on pork quality of lean genotype hogs AU - See, M.T. AU - Odle, J. AU - Sutton, D. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of gender, dietary fat composition and level on pork quality in lean genotype hogs AU - See, M.T. AU - Odle, J. AU - Sutton, D. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Detection of loci affecting milk production and health traits in an elite US Holstein population using microsatellite markers AU - Ashwell, M S AU - Rexroad, C E, Jr AU - Miller, R H AU - VanRaden, P M AU - Da, Y T2 - Animal Genetics AB - Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting health and milk production traits were studied in seven large half‐sib US Holstein families by using the granddaughter design. Genotyping for 16 markers was completed and marker allele differences within and pooled‐across families were analysed. Potential QTL were identified for somatic cell score (SCS), fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield and protein percentage. Three markers (BM203, BM4505 and BM2078) were associated with significant effects for different traits and, after further analysis, may be useful in marker‐assisted selection in specific families. Comparisons between these data and previously identified QTL support the location of a QTL for milk yield and protein yield on chromosome 21. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1997.00115.x VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 216–222 SN - 0268-9146 1365-2052 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1997.00115.x KW - dairy cattle KW - microsatellite markers KW - milk production KW - quantitative trait loci KW - somatic cell score ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids AU - Kramer, John K. G. AU - Fellner, Vivek AU - Dugan, Michael E. R. AU - Sauer, Frank D. AU - Mossoba, Magdi M. AU - Yurawecz, Martin P. T2 - Lipids AB - Abstract Milk analysis is receiving increased attention. Milk contains conjugated octadecadienoic acids (18∶2) purported to be anticarcinogenic, low levels of essential fatty acids, and trans fatty acids that increase when essential fatty acids are increased in dairy rations. Milk and rumen fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared using several acid‐(HCl, BF 3 , acetyl chloride, H 2 SO 4 ) or base‐catalysts (NaOCH 3 , tetramethylguanidine, diazomethane), or combinations thereof. All acid‐catalyzed procedures resulted in decreased cis/trans (Δ9 c , 11 t ‐18∶2) and increased trans/trans (Δ9 t , 11 t ‐18∶2) conjugated dienes and the production of allylic methoxy artifacts. The methoxy artifacts were identified by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC)‐mass spectroscopy. The base‐catalyzed procedures gave no isomerization of conjugated dienes and no methoxy artifacts, but they did not transesterify N ‐acyl lipids such as sphingomyelin, and NaOCH 3 did not methylate free fatty acids. In addition, reaction with tetramethylguanidine coextracted material with hexane that interfered with the determination of the short‐chain FAME by GLC. Acid‐catalyzed methylation resulted in the loss of about 12% total conjugated dienes, 42% recovery of the Δ9 c ,11 t ‐18∶2 isomer, a fourfold increase in Δ9 t ,11 t ‐18∶2, and the formation of methoxy artifacts, compared with the base‐catalyzed reactions. Total milk FAME showed significant infrared (IR) absorption due to conjugated dienes at 985 and 948 cm −1 . The IR determination of total trans content of milk FAME was not fully satisfactory because the 966 cm −1 trans band overlapped with the conjugated diene bands. IR accuracy was limited by the fact that the absorptivity of methyl elaidate, used as calibration standard, was different from those of the other minor trans fatty acids (e.g., dienes) found in milk. In addition, acid‐catalyzed reactions produced interfering material that absorbed extensively in the trans IR region. No single method or combination of methods could adequately prepare FAME from all lipid classes in milk or rumen lipids, and not affect the conjugated dienes. The best compromise for milk fatty acids was obtained with NaOCH 3 followed by HCl or BF 3 , or diazomethane followed by NaOCH 3 , being aware that sphingomyelins are ignored. For rumen samples, the best method was diazomethane followed by NaOCH 3 . DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997/11// DO - 10.1007/s11745-997-0156-3 VL - 32 IS - 11 SP - 1219-1228 J2 - Lipids LA - en OP - SN - 0024-4201 1558-9307 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-997-0156-3 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Nigericin, Monensin, and Tetronasin on Biohydrogenation in Continuous Flow-Through Ruminal Fermenters AU - Fellner, V. AU - Sauer, F.D. AU - Kramer, J.K.G. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Four ionophores differing in cation selectivity were compared for their effect on microbial fermentation and biohydrogenation by ruminal bacteria in continuous culture. Monensin and nigericin are monovalent antiporters with selective binding affinities for Na+ and K+, respectively. Tetronasin is a divalent antiporter that binds preferentially with Ca2+ or Mg2+. Valinomycin is a monovalent uniporter and does not exchange K+ for H+. Steady-state concentrations of 2 micrograms/ml of monensin, nigericin, tetronasin, or valinomycin were maintained by constant infusion into fermenters. Molar percentages of acetate were lower, and those of propionate were higher, in the presence of monensin, nigericin, and tetronasin; all three ionophores also decreased CH4 production. Concentrations of valinomycin as high as 8 micrograms/ml had no effect on volatile fatty acids or CH4 production. Monensin, nigericin, and tetronasin inhibited the rate of biohydrogenation of linoleic acid. Continuous infusion of C18:2n-6 at a steady-state concentration of 314 micrograms/ml into fermenters receiving monensin, nigericin, or tetronasin resulted in lower amounts of stearic acid and higher amounts of oleic acid. Ionophores increased total C18:2 conjugated acids mainly because of an increase in the cis-9, trans-11-C18:2 isomer. If reflected in milk fat, ionophore-induced changes in ruminal lipids could enhance the nutritional qualities of milk. DA - 1997/5// PY - 1997/5// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76015-6 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 921-928 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en OP - SN - 0022-0302 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76015-6 DB - Crossref KW - ionophores KW - ruminal fermentation KW - biohydrogenation ER - TY - CHAP TI - Disorders of the Brain AU - Muñana, K.R. T2 - Handbook of Small Animal Practice A2 - Morgan, R. PY - 1997/// ET - 3rd SP - 230–251 PB - WB Saunders ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein-energy malnutrition delays small-intestinal recovery in neonatal pigs infected with rotavirus AU - Zijlstra, R.T. AU - Donovan, S.M. AU - Odle, J. AU - Gelberg, H.B. AU - Petschow, B.W. AU - Rex Gaskins, H. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 127 IS - 6 SP - 1118-1127 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030952692&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Therapeutic effects of oral rehydration solution (ORS) and L-glutamine (GLN) on porcine rotaviral enteritis AU - Mareskes, C. AU - Gomez, G. AU - Black, B. AU - Odle, J. AU - Phillips, O. AU - Goforth, R. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 11 IS - 3 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750260305&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rates of mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation of palmitate change during postnatal development and food deprivation in liver, kidney and heart of pigs AU - Yu, X.X. AU - Drackley, J.K. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 127 IS - 9 SP - 1814-1821 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2142831304&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hepatic fatty acid metabolism in pigs and rats: Major differences in endproducts, O2 uptake, and β-oxidation AU - Adams, S.H. AU - Lin, X. AU - Yu, X.X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Drackley, J.K. T2 - American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 272 IS - 5 41-5 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030956407&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tissue-specific induction of peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation enzymes by clofibric acid in piglets AU - Yu, X.X. AU - Drackley, J.K. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 11 IS - 3 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750122806&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - New insights into the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by the neonate: Observations from a piglet model AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 127 IS - 6 SP - 1061-1067 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030902528&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of dietary fat on milk composition and litter performance of induced and naturally-farrowing swine AU - Averette, L.A. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 11 IS - 3 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-23544473262&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factor X deficiency in a cat T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 211 IS - 5 SP - 576-579 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031226017&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of whey-milk proteins on Caco-2 and HT-29 intestinal cell lines AU - AlstonMills, B AU - Allen, JC AU - Sternhagen, L AU - Hepler, CD T2 - LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to determine whether α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) affect proliferation of intestinal cells. As a consequence of intake of milk, epithelial cells of the intestine may be subjected to small concentrations of undergraded milk proteins. The question was whether α-LA or β-LG have growth promoting or inhibiting properties in the intestinal epithelial cell model systems, Caco-2 and HT-29. Cells were grown as recommended by ATCC. Native bovine α-LA, or 2 and 4% trypsin hydrolyzed α-LA were added to cultures of Caco-2 cells in dosages of 0 to 50 ng/mL. After 24 to 120 h of culture, cell proliferation assays were done. By using the XTT cell proliferation assay, by visually counting cells in selected microscope fields, and by counting trypsinized cell suspensions in a hemocytometer, α-LA consistently increased cell replication rate with a peak response at approximately 20 ng/mL. For example, the HTT assay showed 85% increased mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity in the 15 ng/ml treatment relative to control. Higher concentrations were either less effective or ineffective growth stimulators in both cell lines. At 2% α-LA hydrolysis, there was a slight stimulation (7%) and no effect at 4% hydrolysis. There was no response using bovine β-LG as supplement. Variance from plating to plating was high, but percent changes from dose to dose within a plate were consistent over the replicates (C.V. < 5%). These data suggest that concentrations of α-LA that might escape digestion could alter the rate of proliferation or maturation of intestinal cells. We have not yet determined the mechanism for the α-LA effect. DA - 1997/10/1/ PY - 1997/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00085-7 VL - 50 IS - 1-2 SP - 147-148 SN - 0301-6226 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing course materials using the World Wide Web AU - O'Kane, M. AU - Armstrong, J. D. T2 - NACTA Journal DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 10-15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evidence that injection of vitamin A before mating may improve embryo survival in gilts fed normal or high-energy diets AU - Whaley, S. L. AU - Hedgpeth, V. S. AU - Britt, Jack T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The hypothesis was that administration of vitamin A before ovulation would improve embryo survival in gilts fed a high-energy diet intentionally to reduce embryo survival. Forty crossbred ([Landrace × Large White] × [Duroc × Hampshire]) gilts were fed control (5.5 Mcal ME/d) or high-energy (11.0 Mcal ME/d) diets from 7 d after second estrus until 11 to 12 d after third estrus. Gilts in each dietary group received (i.m.) corn oil or retinyl palmitate (1 × 10(6) IU, vitamin A) on d 15 after second estrus and were mated at third estrus. Blood for determination of progesterone and estradiol was collected twice daily. The uterus and ovaries were removed on d 11 or 12 after third estrus for assessment of number of CL, and number, size and aromatase activity of embryos. Neither diet nor vitamin treatment affected number of CL. The high-energy diet exerted a negative effect on number of embryos (P = .09) and embryo survival (P = .07), whereas vitamin A exerted a positive effect on number of embryos (P = .07) and embryo survival (P = .08). The high-energy diet increased variation in embryo diameter, whereas vitamin A reduced variation in diameter and increased average diameter. Neither diet nor vitamin treatment influenced aromatase activity of embryos. Diet and vitamin treatment interacted with day to influence serum progesterone, but not estradiol. Injecting vitamin A before estrus restored embryo survival to normal levels in gilts fed high-energy diets, and this may be attributable to decreased variation in size of embryos. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7541071x VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - 1071–1077 ER - TY - JOUR TI - North Carolina Swine Evaluation Station: Adapting to meet the needs of a rapidly changing industry AU - See, M.T. T2 - Journal of Extension DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 63-66 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042624968&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Epidemiologic evaluation of decubital ulcers in farrowing sows AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Morrow, W. E. AU - Rountree, W. G. AU - Miller, D. C. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 210 IS - 8 SP - 1173-1178 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transforming growth factor-beta 2 activity is temporally associated with a porcine high-molecular-weight uterine component recovered during early pregnancy AU - Segerson, E. C. AU - Talbott, C. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - A high-molecular-weight component (> or = 4 MDa, eluted at void volume of a Sepharose CL-6B column) was recovered postmortem from uterine luminal secretions from crossbred gilts (4/d) on d 9, 12, 15, and 18 of pregnancy and d 15 of the cycle. It was tested for suppression of peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation and for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) activity. In Exp. 1, the > or = 4 MDa component was cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-treated PBL. Parallel cultures received a pan-specific neutralization antibody to TGF-beta. In Exp. 2, cultures contained PHA-treated PBL, the > or = 4 MDa component and neutralization antibodies to either TGF-beta 1 or -beta 2. In Exp. 1, the > or = 4 MDa component recovered from uterine secretions for d-12 to d-18 pregnant gilts and d-15 cyclic gilts suppressed (P < .001) the proliferation of PHA-treated PBL; however, suppressor responses were reversed (P < .001) by anti-TGF-beta only for the > or = 4 MDa component recovered from gilts on d 15 and 18 of pregnancy. In Exp. 2, anti-TGF-beta 2 reversed (P < .05) the suppressor activity of the > or = 4 MDa component recovered from gilts on d 15 of pregnancy. In conclusion, a temporal pattern of TGF-beta activity was associated with a > or = 4 MDa carrier recovered from porcine uterine luminal secretions during early pregnancy. For uterine secretions recovered on d 15, suppressor activity was at least partly attributed to TGF-beta 2. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.752462x VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 462-468 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Immune response and growth of stressed weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - A 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block designed study to determine the effects of chromium level and source on growth and immune response of stressed and non-stressed 3-wk-old crossbred weanling pigs (BW was 6.35 kg). Factors included 1) immune stress or control and 2) no supplemental Cr or .2 ppm of supplemental Cr from either CrCl3, Cr-picolinate, or Cr-nicotinic acid complex. The basal diet was a corn-soybean meal-whey diet containing 1.2% lysine. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was the stress-inducing agent and was injected on d 7, 10, and 13 of the experiment. Immune challenge with LPS resulted in reduced gain (P < .05) and feed intake (P < .10). Supplementation with Cr was not effective in alleviating the depression in growth due to LPS. However, supplementation of control pigs with Cr tended to improve (P < .10) gain and feed intake. In vitro cellular immune response as measured by a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay was increased (P < .10) in pigs fed supplemental Cr from CrCl3, or Cr-picolinate. Antibody response to sheep red blood cells tended to be increased (P < .10) in pigs supplemented with Cr-nicotinic acid, but antibody response to ovalbumin was decreased (P < .05) in pigs supplemented with organic forms of Cr. At the end of the study, effects of Cr supplementation on lymphocyte proliferative response were investigated before and after ACTH administration. Injections of ACTH resulted in increased (P < .001) serum cortisol levels and increased lymphocyte proliferation. Supplementation of Cr did not affect lymphocyte blastogenic response before or after ACTH injection (P > .10). These data suggest that Cr supplementation was not beneficial during immune stress in pigs. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.752409x VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - 409–416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estradiol-17 beta and progesterone increase ovine uterine suppressor cell activity AU - Segerson, E. C. AU - Li, H. AU - Talbott, C. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - We evaluated the regulation of ovine uterine (UT) suppressor cell activity by progesterone (P4), estradiol-17 β (E2), and P4 + E2 in ovariectomized (OVX) ewes. Following 14 d of steroid injections, endometrial cells (designated as UT cells) were recovered postmortem, and unfractionated and fractionated cells were assessed for suppression of autologous phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Supernatants from cultured UT cells were also assessed for suppressor activity. In other experiments, UT cells recovered from nontreated OVX ewes were cocultured with PHA-treated PBL and varying concentrations (1 × 10−11 to 1 × 10−5M) of each steroid preparation. Supernatants from separate cultures that contained UT cells and steroids were evaluated for suppressor activity. Uterine cells from control and steroid-treated ewes suppressed proliferative responses of PHA-treated PBL; however, suppressor activity of UT cells was greater (P < .05) for E2-treated than for control and P4-treated ewes. Uterine suppressor cells from steroid-treated ewes sedimented in Percoll within a density range of 1.002 to 1.056 g/mL. Uterine cells from all ewes released suppressor factor(s) into the culture medium; however, the activity of the supernatant from the cultured cells was not increased for the steroid-treated ewes. For cocultures that contained steroids and cultures that contained supernatant, suppressor activity of the UT cells was increased by specific concentrations of each steroid preparation. These findings demonstrate that reproductive steroids augment ovine UT suppressor cell activity. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.75102778x VL - 75 IS - 10 SP - 2778-2787 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of copper deficiency and copper deficiency coupled with high dietary iron or molybdenum on phagocytic cell function and response of calves to a respiratory disease challenge AU - Gengelbach, G. P. AU - Ward, J. D. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Brown, T.T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing a diet marginally deficient in copper (Cu) with iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), or Cu on phagocytic cell function and disease resistance of calves. Thirty-one calves were born to heifers fed a corn silage-based diet containing 4.5 mg of Cu/kg. Treatments consisted of 1) control (CON; no supplemental Cu, Fe, or Mo), 2) 600 mg of Fe added/kg (FE), 3) 5 mg of Mo added/kg (MO), or 4) 10 mg of Cu added/kg of DM (CU). Activity of superoxide dismutase was lower (P < .06) in neutrophils from MO vs CON or CU calves at 170 d of age. bactericidal activity of neutrophils from MO calves tended (P = .15) to be lower compared with those from CU calves at 70 d of age. Calves were inoculated intranasally with live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) 2 d after weaning, followed by intratracheal administration of Pasteurella hemolytica 5 d later. Iron- and Cu-supplemented calves exhibited higher (P < .01) body temperatures and lower (P < .06) feed intakes following IBRV inoculation compared with CON and MO calves. Copper-supplemented calves had higher levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) than MO calves at weaning (P < .05) and tended to have higher plasma TNF (P = .11) than FE and MO calves 5 d after IBRV inoculation. These data indicate that dietary levels of Mo and Cu can affect body temperature and feed intake responses to disease by affecting TNF and perhaps other cytokines. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7541112x VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - 1112-1118 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of Hepatic Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal β-Oxidation to Increasing Palmitate Concentrations in Piglets AU - Yu, Xing Xian AU - Drackley, James K. AU - Odle, Jack AU - Lin, Xi T2 - Neonatology AB - Responses of total, mitochondrial, and peroxisomal β-oxidation to increasing [1-<sup>14</sup>C]-palmitate concentrations (0.02–1.0 m<i>M</i>) were measured in liver homogenates from neonatal pigs. Incubations were conducted in the absence (total β-oxidation) or presence (peroxisomal β-oxidation) of antimycin A and rotenone; mitochondrial β-oxidation was calculated as total minus peroxisomal oxidation. Total and mitochondrial β-oxidations were maximized at a palmitate concentration of 0.05 m<i>M</i>, whereas peroxisomal β-oxidation was maximized at 0.50 m<i>M</i> palmitate. Across concentrations, peroxisomal β-oxidation contributed 40–47% of total β-oxidation. An increased rate of CO<sub>2</sub> production and a greater ratio of CO<sub>2</sub> production to total mitochondrial β-oxidation as palmitate concentration increased suggested that the limited capacity for mitochondrial β-oxidation was attributable primarily to limited ketogenic capacity. Comparative observations in liver from adult rats showed that peroxisomal β-oxidation was maximized at 0.1 m<i>M</i> palmitate, but total and mitochondrial β-oxidation rates were not maximized even at 1 m<i>M</i> palmitate. At 1 m<i>M</i> palmitate, peroxisomal β-oxidation was 20% of total β-oxidation in adult rats and 37% in adult pigs. Therefore, the contribution of peroxisomal β-oxidation to total β-oxidation is highly dependent on substrate concentration and appears to be greater in adult pigs than in adult rats. The greater proportional contribution of peroxisomal β-oxidation in piglet liver might act as a compensatory mechanism for piglets to oxidize milk fatty acids. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1159/000244495 VL - 72 IS - 5 SP - 284-292 J2 - Neonatology LA - en OP - SN - 1661-7800 1661-7819 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000244495 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Small intestinal disaccharidase activity and ileal villus height are increased in piglets consuming formula containing recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I AU - Houle, VM AU - Schroeder, EA AU - Odle, J AU - Donovan, SM T2 - PEDIATRIC RESEARCH AB - The effect of orally administered IGF-I on intestinal development was assessed in piglets. Cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets received formula alone or formula containing 65 nM (500 μg/L) of recombinant human IGF-I. IGF-I intake averaged 200 μg/kg/d. On d 7 and 14 postpartum, piglets were killed, organs were removed and weighed, and tissue and blood samples were collected. The small intestine was divided into 13 segments that were weighed and measured. A sample of each segment was fixed in formalin, and the mucosa was scraped for enzyme analyses. Food intake, body and organ weights, intestinal weight, length, protein, DNA and RNA content did not differ between the treatment groups. Serum IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-binding protein profiles and tissue IGF-binding protein mRNA expression were also comparable between the treatment groups. In contrast, intestinal enzymes and villus height were increased by oral IGF-I. Lactase was ≈2-fold higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the jejunum and proximal ileum, and sucrase was ≈50% higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the jejunum of IGF-I-treated animals than in controls. Villus height in the terminal ileum was ≈50% greater in IGF-I-treated animals than in controls(p = 0.03). In conclusion, orally administered IGF-I at 200 μg/kg did not affect whole body or organ growth or serum IGF-I concentrations; however, intestinal disaccharidase activity and ileal villus growth were responsive to orally administered IGF-I, supporting a potential role for milk-borne IGF-I in neonatal intestinal development. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1203/00006450-199707000-00013 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 78-86 SN - 0031-3998 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030972248&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rates of mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation of palmitate change during postnatal development and food deprivation in liver, kidney and heart of pigs AU - Yu, , XX AU - Drackley, JK AU - Odle, J T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - We measured total, mitochondrial and peroxisomal capacities for β-oxidation of [1-14C]palmitate in homogenates of liver, kidney and heart from pigs within 0.5 h after birth (0 h, unfed) and at 24 h (suckled or unfed), 10 d (suckled or 24-h food-deprived), 21 d (suckled or 24-h food-deprived) and 5 mo (overnight food-deprived) of age. Assays were conducted in the absence (total β-oxidation) or presence (peroxisomal β-oxidation) of antimycin A and rotenone. Mitochondrial β-oxidation was calculated as total minus peroxisomal β-oxidation. Acid-soluble products (ASP) from incubation of tissue homogenates from 24-h-old unfed pigs with [1-14C]palmitate were analyzed by radio-HPLC. Total and mitochondrial β-oxidation capacities were greater (P < 0.05) at 24 h after birth in liver, and at 10 d in kidney and heart, than at 0 or 24 h. Peroxisomal β-oxidation capacity was increased (P < 0.05) at 24 h after birth in liver and at 10 and 21 d in heart; in kidney, the capacity was higher during the preweaning period than in adults. Across ages, peroxisomal β-oxidation capacity represented 37 to 51%, 28 to 41%, and 26 to 31% of total β-oxidation capacity in liver, kidney, and heart, respectively. Food deprivation increased hepatic total β-oxidation at 10 d and decreased peroxisomal β-oxidation at 24 h but had no effect in kidney and heart. Regardless of the presence of respiratory inhibitors, 32%, 31 to 40%, and 45 to 50% of palmitate carboxyl carbon in acid-soluble products was accumulated in acetate in liver, kidney, and heart, respectively. We suggest that a high percentage contribution of peroxisomal β-oxidation may act as a compensatory mechanism for piglets to oxidize milk fatty acids during postnatal development. Furthermore, acetogenesis may be an important fate of acetyl-CoA from β-oxidation of fatty acids in various piglet tissues. DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.1093/jn/127.9.1814 VL - 127 IS - 9 SP - 1814-1821 SN - 0022-3166 KW - piglets KW - beta-oxidation KW - fatty acid KW - development KW - peroxisomes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein-energy malnutrition delays small-intestinal recovery in neonatal pigs infected with rotavirus AU - Zijlstra, RT AU - Donovan, SM AU - Odle, J AU - Gelberg, HB AU - Petschow, BW AU - Gaskins, HR T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Infectious diarrheal diseases and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are major causes of child morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the present study, PEM was superimposed on rotavirus infection in neonatal pigs to simulate chronic small intestinal stress in malnourished infants with viral gastroenteritis. Two-day-old cesarean-derived pigs (n = 39) were allotted to three treatment groups: 1) noninfected, full-fed; 2) infected, full-fed; and 3) infected, malnourished. Two days postinfection, severe diarrhea and weight loss (11%) were accompanied by reductions in villus height (60%) and lactase activity (78%) and increased crypt depth (32%) in infected full-fed compared with noninfected pigs (P < 0.05). Malnutrition blunted (P < 0.05) increases in crypt depth elicited by rotavirus. By 9 d postinfection, body weight was 59% less, villus height and lactase activity remained lower (50%), and crypt depth remained greater (62%) in infected full-fed compared with noninfected pigs (P < 0.05). However, diarrhea began to clear in infected full-fed, but not in infected malnourished pigs. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was reduced 68% and crypt depth was reduced 19% in infected-malnourished compared with infected full-fed pigs (P < 0.05). Sixteen days postinfection, full-fed pigs had recovered from rotaviral infection; however, in infected-malnourished pigs, diarrhea and growth stasis persisted, and plasma IGF-I, villus height and alkaline phosphatase activity remained reduced compared with infected full-fed pigs (P < 0.05). Overall, PEM prolonged diarrhea and delayed small-intestinal recovery, indicating that nutritional status during diarrhea is essential for recovery from rotaviral enteritis. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1093/jn/127.6.1118 VL - 127 IS - 6 SP - 1118-1127 SN - 0022-3166 KW - rotavirus KW - malnutrition KW - pigs KW - neonate KW - small intestine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Orally administered iodinated recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (I-125-rhIGF-I) is poorly absorbed by the newborn piglet AU - Donovan, SM AU - Chao, JCJ AU - Zijlstra, RT AU - Odle, J T2 - JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION AB - Background: The purpose of the current study was to determine the degree to which milk-borne insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is absorbed. Methods: Cesarean-derived piglets were fitted with umbilical arterial and venous catheters within 2 h of birth and were administered formula containing 21.7 ± 1.8 μCi of iodinated recombinant human IGF-1 (125I-rhIGF-I) by orgogastric gavage. Blood samples were taken before administration of the 125I-rhIGF-I (t0) and for 4 h postgavage. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation and total and trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioacitivity were determined. Immunoreactive 125I-rhIGF-I was assessed using a polyclonal antibody to human IGF-I. Four hours after feeding, intestines were removed, divided into 13 segments, and flushed with saline. Radioactivity within the small intestinal lumen and wall were measured. Results: Radioactivity in portal blood was higher than t0 at all times points (p < 0.05), whereas arterial radioactivity did not differ from t0 until 30 min postgavage. On average 18-20% of total radioactivity in both portal and arterial blood was acid-precipitable, with the proportion decreasing over time (p < 0.001). Immunoprecipitable radioactivity averaged 3-5% of the total radioactivity and was higher in portal than arterial blood (p < 0.05). Based on a plasma volume of 0.062 ± 0.005 L and a baseline plasma IGF-I concentration of 1.81 ± 0.56 nmol/L, absorbed 125I-rhIGF-I represented 0.205% of the total plasma IFG-I pool, whereas 14% of the dose was associated with the lining of the intestine. Conclusions: Absorption of orally administered IGF-I does not contribute significantly to circulating IGF-I. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1097/00005176-199702000-00011 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 174-182 SN - 1536-4801 KW - soy insulin-like growth factor KW - piglet KW - milk KW - intestine ER - TY - CONF TI - Relationship between nutrition and immune response AU - Spears, J. W. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Tri-state dairy nutrition conference. Proceedings. Sponsored by Michigan State University, Purdue University, and Ohio State University, 1997 DA - 1997/// SP - 1-11 M1 - 1997 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Management of reproduction AU - Flowers, W. L. T2 - Progress in pig science A2 - J. Wiseman, M. A. Varley A2 - Chadwick, J. P. CN - SF395 .P76 1998 PY - 1997/// SP - 383-405 PB - Thrumpton, Nottingham: Nottingham University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of canola oil based high fat diets on growth, fat deposition and serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in lines of mice selected for high and low fat percentage AU - Benyon, L. S. AU - Eisen, E. J AU - Jones, E. E. T2 - Revista Brasileira De Genetica DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.1590/s0100-84551997000200009 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 203-213 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of acute endotoxemia on serum somatotropin and insulin like growth factor I concentrations in prepubertal gilts AU - Hevener, W. AU - Almond, G. W. AU - Armstrong, J. D. AU - Richards, R. G. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - 1010-1013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coordinate developmental expression of genes regulating sterol economy and cholesterol side-chain cleavage in the porcine ovary AU - LaVoie, HA AU - Benoit, AM AU - Garmey, JC AU - Dailey, RA AU - Wright, DJ AU - Veldhuis, JD T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - To investigate the coordinate developmental expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) enzyme messages throughout the pig estrous cycle, RNase protection analysis was performed using homologous (partially cloned) porcine sequences. Total RNA was isolated from ovarian tissues from unstimulated prepubertal gilts and gilts stimulated with eCG (Day -3) and hCG (Day 0) to induce follicular growth and ovulation. Specific transcripts (relative to 18S rRNA) were quantified in immature ovaries, preovulatory follicles (≥ 5 mm), corpora lutea (CL), and corpora albicantia. As an index of steroidogenesis, tissue progesterone content (per microgram protein) was low in the unstimulated ovary and preovulatory follicles, and it began to increase 4 days post-hCG, peaked at 12 days, and returned to preovulatory concentrations by 20 days post-hCG. HMG-CoA reductase mRNA was expressed at low levels and did not change significantly throughout the estrous cycle. The amount of LDL receptor mRNA increased approximately 6-fold after eCG stimulation and was expressed at similar concentrations in both preovulatory follicles and functional CL. Expression of SCP2 mRNA did not differ among the four tissue types but tended to be highest in midcycle (Day 12) CL compared other stages of CL (p = 0.007). StAR mRNA expression was minimal in unstimulated ovaries, was higher in preovulatory follicles (p = 0.014), and then rose again in CL (p = 0.009 compared with unstimulated ovary). P450scc mRNA concentrations were low in unstimulated ovaries, increased in preovulatory follicles (p = 0.044), and increased further in CL (p = 0.001 compared with preovulatory follicles). P450scc and StAR mRNA levels correlated with progesterone levels (r = +0.37, p = 0.025, and r = +0.71, p < 0.001, respectively). The expression of LDL receptor, StAR, and P450scc messages showed a dramatic decline by Day 20 post-hCG (p = 0.002, p = 0.003, p = 0.006, respectively, compared with CL) corresponding with functional regression of the CL. In summary, P450scc and StAR message expression are coordinately amplified during the pig follicular and luteal phase, whereas LDL receptor message after an initial increase is expressed at constitutively high levels, thus indicating a differential regulation of ovarian sterol-metabolizing genes during the steroidogenic life of the follicle and CL. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod57.2.402 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 402-407 SN - 1529-7268 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparison of Menezo's B2 and tissue culture medium-199 for in vitro production of bovine blastocysts AU - Farin, CE AU - Hasler, JF AU - Martus, NS AU - Stokes, JE T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - The objectives of this study were, first, to evaluate the effectiveness of 2 culture media, Menezo's B2 (B2) and Tissue Culture Medium-199 (M-199), for the production of bovine blastocysts in a commercial embryo transfer program; and, second, to characterize the stage of development, quality grade and cell number of blastocysts produced in each medium. One-cell bovine embryos were produced using in vitro maturation and fertilization procedures. After fertilization, the embryos were co-cultured on Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cell monolayers in either B2 or M-199+1% BSA (M-199) medium. Both media were supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and penicillin/streptomycin. Embryo cultures were continued undisturbed to either Day 7 or Day 8 post-insemination. In the Day 7 cultures, all blastocysts were removed for evaluation on Day 7, and the remaining embryos were cultured for a further 24 h. Any additional blastocysts that formed were removed for evaluation and designated as Day 8 disturbed embryos. All blastocysts were classified for stage and quality grade. Embryos were fixed and stained for determination of cell number. Overall, the proportion of blastocysts was greater (P = 0.0003) with B2 medium (46%) than with M-199 (33%). This was due to a larger (P = 0.0001) proportion of blastocysts produced in B2 medium when cultures were left undisturbed for 8 d (50 vs 28% for B2 vs M-199). The proportion of blastocysts on Day 7 of culture tended to differ (P = 0.073) between media (33 vs 24% for B2 vs M-199). In addition, there were more (P = 0.007) blastocysts at advanced stages of development in B2 medium on Day 7. There was no effect of type of medium on the distribution of embryo quality grades on any day examined. The number of cells per blastocyst did not differ between media but did vary significantly (P < .05) with both stage and grade. In conclusion, B2 medium was superior to M-199 medium when used in a co-culture system with BRL cells for the production of bovine blastocysts. DA - 1997/10/1/ PY - 1997/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00294-X VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 699-709 SN - 0093-691X KW - cattle KW - embryo culture KW - in vitro fertilization KW - blastocyst KW - cell number ER - TY - JOUR TI - The utilization of multidimensional scaling to identify forage characteristics associated with preference in sheep AU - Buntinx, S. E. AU - Pond, K. R. AU - Fisher, D. S. AU - Burns, J. C. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Forage preference is difficult to assess but is likely an important factor in determining DM intake. In two experiments, six sheep (wethers, Exp. 1; ewes, Exp. 2) were used to obtain preference ratings on nine hays (Exp. 1) or nine fresh forages (Exp. 2). The statistical procedure of multidimensional scaling was used to develop orthogonal dimensions to account for the observed variation in preference for hays and fresh forages. This analysis produced three dimensions that accounted for 54% of the variation in mean 3-d preference for hays (Exp. 1). The three dimensions were subsequently associated by regression analysis with seven compositional variables. These were IVDMD and concentrations of monosaccharides, short-chain polysaccharides (SCP), and disaccharides in dimension 1(R2 = .99); acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) concentration, monosaccharide and SCP concentrations, and masticate NDF in dimension 2 (R2 = .99); and disaccharide and starch concentrations in dimension 3 (R2 = .65). Three dimensions accounting for 51% of the variation in fresh forage preference were found and related to four variables by regression analysis. These were disaccharide concentration and median particle size in dimension 1 (R2 = .76) and starch and monosaccharide + disaccharide concentrations in dimension 3 (R2 = .97). No physicochemical variables analyzed in this study were found to be significantly associated with the coordinates for the forages in dimension 2. Multidimensional scaling accounted for more than half the observed variation in animal preference and, in all but one case, these dimensions could be associated with physicochemical characteristics of the forages. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7561641x VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - 1641-1650 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of copper deficiency with or without high dietary iron or molybdenum on immune function of cattle AU - Ward, J. D. AU - Gengelbach, G. P. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Cu deficiency with or without high dietary Mo or Fe on the specific immunity of calves. In Exp. 1, calves from 38 bred heifers, fed corn silage-based experimental diets from the last third of gestation until the calves were weaned, were used. Dietary treatments were control (no supplemental Fe, Mo, or Cu), 600 mg of supplemental Fe/kg of DM, 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM, and 10 mg of supplemental Cu/kg of DM. In Exp. 2, 18 Holstein bull calves were fed commercial milk replacer low in Cu for 49 d and then fed semipurified diets containing approximately 1.1 mg of Cu/kg of DM or diets supplemented with 5 mg of Mo or 10 mg of Cu per kilogram of DM for 126 d. Feeding diets not supplemented with Cu resulted in severe Cu deficiency in both experiments. During Exp. 1, control calves had higher (P < .10) secondary antibody response to pig erythrocytes than Cu-, Mo-, and Fe-supplemented calves. During Exp. 2, in vitro Cu supplementation decreased (P < .01) lymphocyte blastogenic response. In vivo cell-mediated response to phytohemagglutinin was decreased (P < .10) by Cu supplementation during Exp. 1 but was increased (P < .10) by Cu and Mo supplementation during Exp. 2. Copper deficiency and Cu deficiency coupled with high dietary Mo or Fe produced inconsistent immune function responses, indicating that Cu deficiency may not affect specific immune function of calves. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7551400x VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - 1400-1408 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in differential regulation of gonadotropins in the gilt AU - Jayes, FCL AU - Britt, JH AU - Esbenshade, KL T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - We tested the hypothesis that different GnRH pulse frequencies will affect serum LH and FSH differently. Ovariectomized gilts (n = 6), immunized against GnRH, were given 200-ng pulses of GnRH agonist (GnRH-A) every 180 min for 3 days (pretreatment), followed by GnRH-A pulses every 30, 60, or 180 min for 3 days (treatment) in a Latin rectangle design. Mean gonadotropin concentrations did not change over time when GnRH pulses were administered every 180 min. Initiation of high GnRH-A pulse frequency (30 min) caused a robust increase in serum LH to 265% of the pretreatment level (p < or = 0.007) and a more moderate increase in serum FSH to 127% of pretreatment level (p < or = 0.02). After 66 h of frequent pulsing, desensitization had occurred and serum LH concentrations were similar to pretreatment concentrations, but serum FSH had decreased to 53% of pretreatment levels (p < or = 0.0008). After 72 h of treatment, 5 micrograms GnRH-A was infused to estimate residual releasable pools of LH and FSH, and the amounts of LH and FSH released were negatively correlated with GnRH-A pulse frequency. The results of this study imply that the LH surge is terminated because the pituitary gland becomes incapable of responding to an otherwise adequate stimulus, and not because of exhaustion of releasable LH pools. Our results confirm that in the pig the response to altered GnRH-A pulse frequency differs between LH and FSH. High GnRH pulse frequency is more effective in acutely releasing LH than FSH. Low pulse frequency of GnRH supports FSH synthesis and release, but is not as effective in increasing LH concentrations, while high GnRH pulse frequency inhibits FSH synthesis and release. DA - 1997/4// PY - 1997/4// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod56.4.1012 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 1012-1019 SN - 1529-7268 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance and glucose metabolism in calves fed a chromium-nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride AU - Kegley, EB AU - Spears, JW AU - Eisemann, JH T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were fed a milk replacer diet to assess the effects of Cr on calf performance and metabolism of glucose. Treatments consisted of no supplemental Cr (control) or 0.4 mg/kg of dry matter of supplemental Cr from CrCl3 or from a Cr-nicotinic acid complex. Supplementation with the Crt-nicotinic acid complex increased the average daily gain and feed efficiency from d 28 to 42, but not over the entire 63-d performance phase. Calves that were fed diets supplemented with CrCl3 or the Cr-nicotinic acid complex had lower plasma glucose concentrations at 45 to 180 min after an i.v. infusion of insulin than did controls. Calves fed diets supplemented with the Cr-nicotinic acid complex also had lower plasma glucose concentrations from 90 to 180 min after insulin challenge than did calves that were fed diets supplemented with CrCl3. After an i.v. infusion of glucose, calves that were fed diets supplemented with CrCl3 had lower serum insulin concentrations at 10 to 25 min after challenge than did controls or calves that were fed diets supplemented with the Cr-nicotinic acid complex. However, the glucose clearance rate after glucose infusion was not affected by Cr supplementation. Chromium supplementation did not markedly affect the performance of calves, but the Cr-nicotinic acid complex and CrCl3 did intensify the response to insulin administered i.v. DA - 1997/8// PY - 1997/8// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76107-1 VL - 80 IS - 8 SP - 1744-1750 SN - 0022-0302 KW - chromium KW - calves KW - glucose tolerance KW - insulin resistance ER - TY - JOUR TI - Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth AU - Fan, YK AU - Croom, J AU - Christensen, VL AU - Black, BL AU - Bird, AR AU - Daniel, LR AU - McBride, BW AU - Eisen, EJ T2 - POULTRY SCIENCE AB - Two lines of turkey poults, one selected for rapid growth at 16 wk of age (F line) and the other a randombred control line (RBC2) were used to investigate the effect of selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption and glucose transport as well as whole-body O2 consumption. All trials used unsexed poults and were designed as a randomized complete block with day and line as independent variables. In Trial 1, 120 turkey poults, fed a standard starter ration (25.5% CP), were used to examine the effect of selection on feed intake, body weight gain, and efficiency from hatching (Day 0) to 13 d of age. At Day 14, 36 of 60 birds from each line were killed to measure intestinal length and weight and jejunal O2 consumption after 18 h of feed deprivation. Compared with the RBC2 line, the F line had relatively shorter but heavier small intestinal segments when adjusted by 18 h feed-deprived body weight (FBW; P < 0.001). The F line consumed more O2 over the entire jejunum adjusted to FBW than RBC2 line (43.8 vs 34.6 nmol O2/min.g FBW; P < 0.001). Jejunal ouabain- and cycloheximide-sensitive O2 consumption were greater (P < 0.05) in the F line. In Trial 2, 16 14-d-old poults from each line were used to measure in vitro jejunal glucose transport rate. There was no difference in glucose transport of the jejunum (nanomoles per minute per gram of FBW) between the lines. In Trial 3, 20 poults from each line were used to measure whole-body O2 consumption at 7 to 10 d of age. The F and RBC2 lines had similar whole-body O2 consumption rate per gram of FBW. These data suggest that selection of turkeys for rapid growth at 16 wk of age did not increase efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in 14-d-old turkey poults. DA - 1997/12// PY - 1997/12// DO - 10.1093/ps/76.12.1738 VL - 76 IS - 12 SP - 1738-1745 SN - 0032-5791 KW - turkey KW - small intestine KW - glucose active transport KW - respiration KW - genetic selection ER - TY - JOUR TI - Insulin sensitivity and responsiveness of portal drained viscera, liver, hindquarters, and whole body of beef steers weighing 275 or 490 kilograms AU - Eisemann, J. H. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Catherman, D. R. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Our objective was to quantify effects of age, weight, and body composition on responsiveness (Rmax or Rmin) and sensitivity (ED50) of several parameters of glucose metabolism to insulin in growing beef steers. Steers ate equal-sized meals every 2 h; the diet contained 62% concentrate and sustained 1 kg ADG. Treatments were euglycemic clamps at 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mU.h−1.kg BW−1 of insulin infused into a mesenteric vein of seven younger (275 kg BW) and seven older (490 kg BW) steers. Most steers received three of the six treatments; two extra steers were added to compensate for missing data. Steers had blood vessel catheters and ultrasound flow probes that allowed measurement of net uptake or release of glucose and insulin by portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, and hindquarters (HQ). Steady-state glucose infusion rate (SSGIR) was intrajugular glucose infused during treatments to maintain euglycemia. Within age groups, Rmax or Rmin and ED50 were estimated by nonlinear regression of glucose flux on arterial plasma insulin concentrations. Steers were killed after sampling, tissues were weighted, and HQ content of fat and protein was determined. Those data were used to predict tissue weights and HQ composition at the time of the euglycemic clamps. Predicted EBW (243 vs 444 kg), liver (4.24 vs 6.19 kg), and HQ (73 vs 122 kg) were heavier for older than for younger steers. Fat in HQ was higher for older than for younger steers (173 vs 134 g/kg), but protein was similar (198 g/kg). The ED50 (mU of insulin/L of plasma) for SSGIR (237 ± 65 vs 113 ± 22), liver glucose release (89 ± 22 vs 44 ± 11), total glucose entry (418 ± 184 vs 125 ± 20), and HQ glucose uptake (488 ± 151 vs 243 ± 78) was higher for older than for younger steers. The Rmax (mmol glucose.h−1.kg tissue−1) for SSGIR (2.68 ± .22 vs 2.09 ± .23) and HQ (3.08 ± .33 vs 2.46 ± .30) was higher for younger than for older steers. Liver glucose release decreased in response to insulin; Rmin (mmol glucose.h−1.kg liver−1) was higher for younger (36.0 ± 6.9) than for older (24.7 ± 3.2) steers. We conclude that as steers grew older, heavier, and fatter, their peripheral tissues and liver became less sensitive and less responsive to insulin. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7582084x VL - 75 IS - 8 SP - 2084-2091 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of the method of calf starter delivery and effects of weaning age on starter intake and growth of Holstein carves fed milk once daily AU - Hopkins, BA T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Fifty-six Holstein calves were assigned randomly at birth to one of four treatments in a study that evaluated two methods of calf starter delivery (specially designed nipple bottle versus an open container) and weaning age (28 vs. 56 d) on starter intake and growth. Calves were fed 3.8 L of whole milk once daily through nipple bottles until weaning. A pelleted commercial calf starter mix (18.3% crude protein and 19.9% acid detergent fiber) was fed from birth through 56 d. Calves fed starter using the nipple bottle were changed to an open container at weaning. Calves were fed a total mixed diet containing 13.0% crude protein and 25.6% acid detergent fiber from d 57 through 180 for ad libitum intake through a self-feeder. Calves that were weaned at 28 d consumed more calf starter from d 28 to 56 regardless of the method of starter delivery. At 90 d of age, calves that had been weaned at 28 d had similar body weights (BW) and wither heights as did calves that had been weaned at 56 d. Either method of calf starter delivery resulted in similar overall BW, wither height, and average daily gain. Feeding 3.8 L of milk once daily, weaning at 28 d, the use of either method of starter delivery, and feeding a total mixed diet from d 57 through 180 allowed calves to attain BW that exceeded acceptable reported means at 6 mo of age. DA - 1997/9// PY - 1997/9// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76168-X VL - 80 IS - 9 SP - 2200-2203 SN - 0022-0302 KW - calf starter KW - feeding method KW - weaning age ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of method of colostrum feeding and colostrum supplementation on concentrations of immunoglobulin G in the serum of neonatal calves AU - Hopkins, B. A. AU - Quigley, J. D. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science AB - Holstein heifer and bull calves ( n = 52) at Ames Plantation (Grand Junction, TN) and Piedmont Research Station (Salisbury, NC) were blocked by sex and assigned randomly to receive 3.8 L of maternal colostrum in one feeding, 1.9 L in two feedings at a 10-to 12-h interval, or 1.9 L in two feedings at a 10-to 12-h interval plus 272 g of colostrum supplement at the first feeding.The colostrum supplement was mixed with 0.95 L of warm water and fed immediately following colostrum.Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were unaffected by the number of feedings and averaged 20.0 and 16.6 g/L at 24 and 48 h, respectively.Calves that were fed the colostrum supplement at the first feeding had lower serum IgG concentrations at 24 h (16.0 g/L) than did calves that were fed two colostrum feedings without supplementation (21.0 g/L); however, serum IgG concentrations at 48 h did not differ among treatments.Dry matter intake and body weight gain were unaffected by feeding method.Calves may be fed high quality colostrum in one or two feedings without affecting IgG absorption. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76023-5 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 979-983 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of immobilization restraint on Syrian golden hamsters AU - King-Herbert, A. P. AU - Hesterburg, T. W. AU - Thevenaz, P. P. AU - Hamm, T. E. AU - Moss, O. R AU - Janszen, D. B. AU - Everitt, J. I. T2 - Laboratory Animal Science DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 362-366 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of effects of albendazole sulfoxide on in vitro produced bovine embryos and rat embryos AU - Piscopo, S. E. AU - Smoak, I. W. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - 1038-1042 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in forage quality, ingestive mastication, and digesta kinetics resulting from switchgrass maturity AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Pond, K. R. AU - Fisher, D. S. AU - Luginbuhl, J.-M. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Five maturities of switchgrass hay harvested at 14-d intervals (vegetative through 20% heading) were fed to Hereford steers (297 kg) in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Relationships with switchgrass maturity were negative and quadratic (P < .05) for DMI and cubic (P < .05) for digestible DMI. Declines in apparent digestibilities of DM, ADF, and cellulose were cubic (P <.05), whereas these were quadratic (P < .05) for NDF, hemicellulose, and CP. Whole masticates from the least, mid, and most mature hays showed linear (P < .05) declines in DM concentration and IVDMD with increasing maturity, whereas NDF concentrations increased linearly (P < .05). Mean retention time of gastrointestinal DM increased linearly (P < .01) from 64 to 94 h from the least to the most mature hay, and the associated rate of passage declined linearly (P < .01) from 3.3 to 2.1%/h. Sieving of masticate DM showed a reduced proportion of large particles (≥ 2.8 mm) and an increased proportion of small particles (≤ .5 mm) with advancing forage maturity. More than 94% of the sieved fecal DM passed a 1.0-mm sieve, but particle sizes showed the same relationship with forage maturity as noted for masticate DM. This occurred despite the comminution from the rumination and digestive processes. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7551368x VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - 1368-1379 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zinc repletion with organic or inorganic forms of zinc and protein turnover in marginally zinc-deficient calves AU - Engle, T. E. AU - Nockels, C. F. AU - Kimberling, C. V. AU - Weaber, D. L. AU - Johnson, A. B. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - We conducted two experiments using marginally Zn-deficient (-Zn) calves to determine which supplemental chemical form of Zn would most rapidly reverse certain Zn deficiency signs and to determine whether a change in protein turnover had occurred in Zn deficiency. In Exp. 1, 40 crossbred beef heifers were allocated by BW to four groups. The control group received 23 mg Zn/kg diet DM from ZnSO4 supplemented to the -Zn diet (17 mg Zn/kg diet DM). The three other groups received the -Zn diet. After 21 d, based on a decreased (P < .05) feed efficiency, they were deemed -Zn. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced (P < .05) but plasma and liver Zn were unaffected in the -Zn calves. Zinc was repleted by feeding iso-Zn amounts (23 mg Zn/kg diet DM) from Zn lysine, Zn methionine, or ZnSO4. At 8 h after injection of PHA, control CMI response values were similar to Zn Methionine, and Zn lysine was lower (P < .05). In Exp. 2, 10 Holstein steers were allocated by BW to two groups. One group received the -Zn diet, and the other received the +Zn diet. Urine collections were obtained from both groups of calves when the -Zn calves showed a decrease (P < .05) in feed efficiency relative to the controls and when they were repleted with 23 mg Zn/kg diet DM from ZnSO4 and their feed efficiency had returned to that of the controls. Urinary 3-methylhistidine indicated that -Zn calves had less (P < .05) daily protein degradation than the controls. Refeeding Zn to the -Zn group did not change BW or daily protein degradation. Results indicated that a marginal Zn deficiency decreased fractional accretion rate, increased (P < .05) urine excretion, and tended to increase (P < .19) Na and decrease (P < .12) K concentrations in the urine. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.75113074x VL - 75 IS - 11 SP - 3074-3081 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk of shedding salmonella organisms by market age hogs in a barn with open flush gutters AU - Davies, P. R. AU - Morrow, W. E. AU - Jones, F. T. AU - Deen, J. AU - Fedorkacray, P. J. AU - Gray, J. T. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 210 IS - 3 SP - 386-389 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of consumption of low-copper diets with or without supplemental molybdenum on copper status, performance, and carcass characteristics of cattle AU - Ward, J. D. AU - Spears, J. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - We used 42 Angus bull calves (7 mo of age) to determine long-term effects of low Cu diets with or without supplemental Mo on performance, carcass characteristics, and Cu status. Twenty-two bulls were injected with 90 mg of Cu 28 d before weaning. After weaning, injected steers were fed a diet supplemented with 7.5 mg of Cu/kg of DM; control steers received no supplemental Cu. At the end of the 40-d receiving phase, supplemental Cu was reduced to 5 mg/kg of DM. One half of the steers in each group were fed 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM following the receiving phase. The growing phase lasted 196 d. Steers were then switched to a high concentrate finishing diet for 49 d. Copper injection increased (P < .01) plasma Cu concentrations at weaning, and Cu-supplemented steers had greater (P < .05) plasma Cu, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and liver Cu at the beginning of the growing phase. Supplemental Mo depressed plasma Cu, ceruloplasmin, and SOD during the growing and finishing phases in non-Cu-supplemented but not in Cu-supplemented steers. Copper supplementation increased DMI during the receiving (P < .05) and growing (P < .08) phases and increased (P < .08) ADG and gain:feed ratios during the finishing phase. Steers fed supplemental Cu produced carcasses with less (P < .06) backfat and slightly larger (P < .09) rib eye areas. The results of this experiment suggest that dietary Cu concentrations may alter cattle performance and carcass characteristics. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.75113057x VL - 75 IS - 11 SP - 3057-3065 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In vitro effects of an acidic by product feed on bovine teeth AU - Rogers, G. M. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Ferko, B. L. AU - Kusy, R. P. AU - Deaton, T. G. AU - Bawden, J. W. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 498-503 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hepatic fatty acid metabolism in pigs and rats: major differences in endproducts, O2 uptake, and beta-oxidation AU - Adams, S. H. AU - Lin, X. AU - Yu, X. X. AU - Odle, J. AU - Drackley, J. K. T2 - American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology AB - Models of mammalian hepatic lipid metabolism are based largely on observations made in adult rats, emphasizing ketogenesis as a primary adjunct to mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Studies using piglets have illustrated the divergent nature of intermediary metabolism in this model, wherein ketogenesis and beta-oxidation are small and acetogenesis is an important route of fuel carbon flux. To clarify potential species differences in hepatic lipid metabolism and its control, we compared O2 consumption and metabolic end products in fasted pig and rat liver homogenates treated with 1-[14C]C16:0. Carboxyl carbon accumulation in acid-soluble products (ASP) plus CO2 was threefold greater and O2 consumption was twofold greater in rats (P < 0.05). Unlike rats, pigs showed negligible carboxyl carbon accumulation in ketone bodies (3-7% of ASP), whereas acetate was a carboxyl carbon reservoir in both animals (17-31% of ASP in pigs). Malonate increased (approximately 2-fold) and antimycin/rotenone decreased (40-60%) radiolabel accumulation in acetate. These data concur with the hypotheses that comparatively low hepatic beta-oxidative flux in piglets is partially related to a smaller metabolic rate and that substantial acetogenesis occurs intramitochondrially in both pigs and rats. DA - 1997/5/1/ PY - 1997/5/1/ DO - 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.5.r1641 VL - 272 IS - 5 SP - R1641-R1646 J2 - American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology LA - en OP - SN - 0363-6119 1522-1490 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.5.R1641 DB - Crossref KW - acetate KW - ketone bodies KW - metabolic rate KW - piglets ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prevalence of Salmonella in finishing swine raised in different production systems in North Carolina, USA AU - Davies, PR AU - Morrow, WEM AU - Jones, FT AU - Deen, J AU - FedorkaCray, PJ AU - Harris, IT T2 - EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION AB - We compared the prevalence of salmonella in faecal samples from finishing pigs and in feed samples from swine herds in North Carolina, USA. Farms were either finishing sites using all-in/all-out management of buildings in multiple-site systems (14 farms) or farrow-to-finish systems using continuous flow management of finishing barns (15 farms). The two groups of herds differed with respect to several management variables. Salmonella were isolated from 565 of 2288 (24·6%) faecal samples and from at least 1 faecal sample on 24 of 29 (83%) farms. Predominant serotypes were S. derby , S. typhimurium (including copenhagen ), S. heidelberg , S. worthington and S. mbandaka . Fewer farrow-to-finish farms were detected as positive compared with all-in/all-out farms. Prevalence was lower for pigs raised on slotted floors compared with all other floor types, and was highest for pigs raised on dirt lots. Modern methods of raising pigs in multiple-site production systems, using all-in/all-out management of finishing pigs, appear to have no benefit in reducing the prevalence of salmonella compared with conventional farrow-to-finish systems. DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1017/S095026889700784X VL - 119 IS - 2 SP - 237-244 SN - 0950-2688 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetically engineered large animal model for studying cone photoreceptor survival and degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa AU - Petters, RM AU - Alexander, CA AU - Wells, KD AU - Collins, EB AU - Sommer, , JR AU - Blanton, MR AU - Rojas, G AU - Hao, Y AU - Flowers, WL AU - Banin, E AU - Cideciyan, AV AU - Jacobson, SG AU - Wong, F T2 - NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DA - 1997/10// PY - 1997/10// DO - 10.1038/nbt1097-965 VL - 15 IS - 10 SP - 965-970 SN - 1087-0156 KW - transgenic swine KW - retinal degeneration KW - rhodopsin mutation KW - night blindness KW - eye disease ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of water supplementation with selenium and vitamin E on growth performance and blood selenium and serum vitamin E concentrations in weanling pigs AU - Van Heugten, E. AU - Sweet, L. A. AU - Stumpf, T. T. AU - Risley, C. R AU - Schell, T. C. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 211 IS - 8 SP - 1039- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Validation of a poultry biosecurity survey AU - Nespeca, R AU - Vaillancourt, JP AU - Morrow, WEM T2 - PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE AB - A questionnaire for farm managers was designed, to obtain information regarding biosecurity on Ontario commercial broiler chicken and turkey operations, and then pre-tested. The questions that could be validated were verifiable by seeing the facility, by using farm records or by interviewing technical personnel other than the survey respondent. The survey was validated using a convenience sample of 24 farms from two companies. For 15 questions with dichotomous responses, the sensitivity ranged from 16.7 to 100%; the specificity ranged from 0 to 100%. For example, fences and gates seen during the farm visit were not accurately reported on the survey (poor sensitivity). Chance-corrected agreement was low (κ < 0.4) for 34 questions, fair to good (0.4 < κ < 0.8) for 25 questions, and excellent (κ ⪢ 0.8) for seven questions. The percent agreement for questions where only one of the possible options was observed on validation ranged from 60.9 to 100%. Five questions with continuous numeric variables were analysed. A difference was observed (P < 0.1) between the survey and validation data for three questions regarding the number of birds, the bird sources and the downtime between flocks. In spite of pre-testing, the lack of clear wording and the absence of definitions for technical terms appeared to reduce validity. Response bias seems to be an issue with biosecurity surveys. The value of validating questionnaires before their use in epidemiologic research is confirmed. DA - 1997/7// PY - 1997/7// DO - 10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01122-1 VL - 31 IS - 1-2 SP - 73-86 SN - 0167-5877 KW - biosecurity KW - poultry KW - questionnaire KW - validation ER - TY - CONF TI - Management of boars for efficient semen production AU - Flowers, W. L. A2 - G. R. Foxcroft, R. D. Geisert A2 - Doberska, C. C2 - 1997/// C3 - Control of pig reproduction V: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Pig Reproduction, held at Congress Centre Rolduc, Kerkrade, The Netherlands, June 1997 (Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement; no. 52) DA - 1997/// VL - 52 SP - 67-78 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of shipping and chromium supplementation on performance, immune response, and disease resistance of steers AU - Kegley, E. B. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Brown, T. T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Forty-eight Angus crossbred steers (263 +/- 2 kg initial BW) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned within weight group to treatment. Treatments consisted of control or .4 mg of supplemental Cr as Cr-nicotinic acid complex/kg of DM. Steers were fed diets containing 90% corn silage (DM basis) and 10% of a soybean meal-mineral-vitamin supplement. After 56 d on the dietary treatment, half of the steers in each treatment were transported 343 km and unloaded in an unfamiliar location. The next day, d 58, shipped steers were returned to the feedlot (50 km). On d 58 after shipped steers were returned to the feedlot, all steers were inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) intranasally. Average daily gain from d 0 to 80 was increased (P < .10) by supplemental Cr. There was a shipping x time interaction for serum cortisol concentrations. Shipping increased (P < .02) serum cortisol on d 58, but 7 d after transport there were no effects of shipping on serum cortisol. Transportation increased (P < .05) the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. Supplemental Cr did not affect rectal temperature after the IBRV challenge or the antibody response to IBRV or porcine red blood cells. Immunoglobulin G antibody response to porcine red blood cells was decreased (P < .09) by shipping. Supplemental Cr as Cr-nicotinic acid improved ADG of growing steers, regardless of whether they had been stressed by shipping. Supplemental Cr did not affect any of the immune responses that were measured. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7571956x VL - 75 IS - 7 SP - 1956-1964 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of concentration of albendazole sulfoxide in plasma and uterine fluid of heifers AU - Piscopo, S. E. AU - Farin, C. E. AU - Bai, S. A. T2 - American Journal of Veterinary Research DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 62-65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dental effects of feeding sweet potato cannery waste in beef cattle AU - Rogers, G. M. AU - Poore, M. H. T2 - Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 19 IS - 1, suppl. SP - S41-46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nucleotide sequence of porcine OTCase cDNA AU - Koger, J. B. AU - Jones, E. E. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Journal Article Rapid Communication: Nucleotide sequence of porcine OTCase cDNA Get access Jeanne B. Koger, Jeanne B. Koger 1Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Evan E. Jones Evan E. Jones 1Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Animal Science, Volume 75, Issue 12, December 1997, Page 3368, https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.75123368x Published: 01 December 1997 Article history Received: 13 May 1997 Accepted: 29 August 1997 Published: 01 December 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.75123368x VL - 75 IS - 12 SP - 3368 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Petersen, William, Earl, 1892-1971: A brief biography AU - Caruolo, E. V. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Journal Article William Earl Petersen, 1892–1971: a brief biography Get access Edward V. Caruolo Edward V. Caruolo Professor 1Animal Science and Physiology, NCSU, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Animal Science, Volume 75, Issue 6, June 1997, Pages 1431–1433, https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7561431x Published: 01 June 1997 Article history Received: 02 December 1996 Accepted: 03 December 1996 Published: 01 June 1997 DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// DO - 10.2527/1997.7561431x VL - 75 IS - 6 SP - 1431-1433 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New insights into the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by the neonate: Observations from a piglet model AU - Odle, J T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Because of their unique digestive and metabolic properties, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) are used in a variety of nutritional settings, including use as a readily digestible energy source for the neonate. This review examines recent findings from our laboratory related to MCT digestion and metabolism that are drawn from a neonatal piglet model, but which may be clinically relevant to human infants. We have shown that MCT utilization improves rapidly with postnatal age (within 24 h), which is likely due to the ontogeny of pancreatic lipase. Additional data delineate the dramatic effects of emulsification and fatty acid chain length (within the medium-chain family) on utilization, with the suggestion that triacylhexanoate is utilized at the highest rate. Again, these effects are likely mediated via an increase in the kinetics of digestion rather than metabolism. Indeed, using both in vitro and in vivo radiotracer techniques, we were unable to detect metabolic differences among even-chain fatty acid homologues. However, studies with isolated hepatocytes have shown greater oxidation rates of odd-chain fatty acids compared with even-chain homologues, in part as a reult of the anaplerotic potential of propionyl-CoA arising from odd-carbon fatty acid oxidation. In vivo radiotracer studies also showed an improvement in octanoate oxidation to CO2, with a concomitant reduction in urinary dicarboxylic acid excretion when colostrum-deprived piglets were supplemented with L-carnitine. Further metabolic research led to the novel finding that piglets have a very limited hepatic capacity to synthesize ketone bodies, and that acetate may be a relatively important product of hepatic fatty acid oxidation in this species. DA - 1997/6// PY - 1997/6// DO - 10.1093/jn/127.6.1061 VL - 127 IS - 6 SP - 1061-1067 SN - 0022-3166 KW - medium-chain triglyceride KW - fatty acid metabolism KW - carnitine KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factor X deficiency in a cat AU - Gookin, J. L. AU - Brooks, M. B. AU - Catalfamo, J. L. AU - Bunch, S. E. AU - Munana, K. R. T2 - Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association DA - 1997/// PY - 1997/// VL - 211 IS - 5 SP - 576-579 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Deaths resulting from animal attacks in the United States AU - Langley, RL AU - Morrow, WE T2 - WILDERNESS & ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE AB - The objective of this study was to elucidate the etiology and frequency of deaths in the United States from encounters with animals. The number of deaths from venomous and nonvenomous animals is reported annually to the US Department of Health and Human Services and published in Vital Statistics of the United States. This study is a survey of all animal-related fatalities listed as E-codes 905-906 reported in the Vital Statistics of the United States from 1979 through 1990. Data were extracted uniformly from the annual reports and analyzed using descriptive statistics. From 1979 through 1990, there were 1882 animal-related deaths in the United States. Venomous animals caused 718 deaths; nonvenomous animals caused 1164 deaths. Most deaths occurred among white males. The home site was the location of injury for the majority of deaths. The majority of venomous animal-related deaths were from hymenoptera; "other specified animal" caused the majority of nonvenomous deaths. An annual average of 157 deaths from animal attacks occurred in the United States between 1979 and 1990. Both fatal and nonfatal animal-related injuries are under-recognized public health hazards. Health care providers should educate their patients on exercising caution around animals, seeking medical care after an animal injury, carrying epinephrine kits if they have a history of systemic reactions to insect stings, and wearing helmets and other protective equipment when riding or working around large animals. DA - 1997/2// PY - 1997/2// DO - 10.1580/1080-6032(1997)008[0008:DRFAAI]2.3.CO;2 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 8-16 SN - 1545-1534 KW - animals KW - fatalities KW - hymenoptera KW - epidemiology KW - venomous KW - bites KW - stings ER -