TY - CONF TI - Mapping genes related to disease resistance and milk production in Holsteins AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. AU - Van Tassell, C.P. C2 - 2002/// C3 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum Proceedings DA - 2002/// VL - 20 SP - 264–266 ER - TY - CONF TI - Genomic tools and techniques used in livestock species AU - Ashwell, M.S. C2 - 2002/// C3 - American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum Proceedings DA - 2002/// VL - 20 SP - 261–263 ER - TY - CONF TI - Fine-mapping of QTL affecting protein percent and fat percent on BTA6 in a popular U.S. Holstein family. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Schnabel, R.D. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. AU - Van Tassell, C.P. C2 - 2002/// C3 - World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production Proceedings DA - 2002/// VL - 31 SP - 123–126 ER - TY - CONF TI - Isolation of DNA from buccal and vaginal samples using the BuccalAmp kit AU - Sadler, R.S. AU - Anderson, M.A. AU - Ashwell, M.S. C2 - 2002/// C3 - Epicentre Forum DA - 2002/// VL - 9 SP - 13 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Molecular approaches to improved disease resistance in dairy cattle AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Genomic tools and techniques used in livestock species AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// ER - TY - SOUND TI - Mapping genes related to disease resistance and milk production in US Holsteins AU - Merrill, M.S. DA - 2002/5// PY - 2002/5// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing odor in swine production: effect of a natural carbon-mineral supplement on odor reduction AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Ji, F. AU - McGlone, J.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 111 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of a natural carbon-mineral supplement in swine diets: effects on pig growth AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Ji, F. AU - McGlone, J.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 281 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing odor in swine production: effect of enzyme and deodorant AU - Ji, F. AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 282 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Nutrition Faculty Seminar AU - Kim, S.W. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Iron bioavailability of humate in young pigs AU - Kim, S.W. AU - Hulbert, L.E. AU - Rachuonyo, H.A. AU - McGlone, J.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 45 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supplemental B-vitamins in pig starter diets AU - Cline, T.R. AU - Carter, S.D. AU - Hill, G.M. AU - Kim, W. AU - Lewis, A.L. AU - Mahan, D.C. AU - Stein, H.H. AU - Veum, T.L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 37 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic model for behavior of outdoor gestating sows with seasonal ambient temperatures AU - Rachuonyo, H.A. AU - Kim, S.W. AU - McGlone, J.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - In the nursery-weaners feel the benefits of NSPases Feed Mix AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - The International Journal on Feed, Nutrition and Technology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 10 SP - 13–14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Utilization of fermentable carbohydrate and protein by ruminal microbes in continuous cultures AU - Mohney, K. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Mueller, A. AU - Belyea, R. AU - Gumpertz, M. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 85 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 399 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Microbial Fermentation in Continuous Cultures Receiving Fat Before or After the Addition of an Ionophore AU - Croucher, M. AU - McLeod, S.J.H. AU - Fellner, V. A3 - Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// PB - Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of gamagrass based diets without and with corn supplementation on ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures AU - Eun, J.-S. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Burns, J.C. AU - Gumpertz, M.L. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 85 IS - supplement 1 SP - 332 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feeding corn silage that was allowed to spoil for five days with or without yeast cell walls on performance parameters in early lactation Holstein cows AU - Bolt, S.M. AU - Diaz, D.E. AU - Davidson, S. AU - Hill, S.R. AU - Brownie, C. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Hopkins, B.A. AU - Whitlow, L.W. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 85 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 361 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Monensin by fat interactions on trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microbes grown in continuous fermenters fed corn or barley AU - Jenkins, T.C. AU - Fellner, V. AU - McGuffey, R.K. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 85 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 399 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative metabolism of calcium from calcium carbonate and calcium propionate in growing steers AU - Spears, J.W. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Valdez, F.R. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 366 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Performance of lactating dairy cows fed gamagrass as hay or silage AU - Eun, J.-S. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Burns, J.C. AU - Gumpertz, M.L. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 85 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on fatty acid composition of equine milk AU - Yocum, P.M. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Alston-Mills, B. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 57 ER - TY - CONF TI - Interactions of Carbohydrate and Protein Metabolism by Rumen Bacteria AU - Mohney, K. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2002/// C3 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 92 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional Value of Eastern Gamagrass Conserved as Hay or Silage AU - Eun, J.-S. AU - Burns, J.C. AU - Gumpertz, M.L. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Third Eastern Native Grass Symposium C2 - 2002/// CY - Chapel Hill, NC DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Monensin and Fat Effects on Microbial Fermentation in Dual-Flow Continuous Cultures AU - Fellner, V. AU - Jenkins, T.C. T2 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2002/// C3 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 65 ER - TY - CONF TI - Mechanism of ionophore action on microbial populations in the rumen AU - Croucher, M. AU - Fellner, V. T2 - 13th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium C2 - 2002/// C3 - 13th Annual Institute of Nutrition Research Symposium DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 11 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of different fat sources on ruminal fermentation by microbial populations in dual-flow fermentors AU - Fellner, V. AU - Spears, J.W. T2 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2002/// C3 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 76 ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional Status Databank Overview AU - Ange, K. AU - Crissey, S. T2 - Joint Nutrition Symposium C2 - 2002/// C3 - Joint Nutrition Symposium CY - Antwerp, Belgium DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/8/17/ SP - 137 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Practical student experiences aid in education on controversial animal topics AU - Ange, K. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 656 ER - TY - CONF TI - Browse Consumption and Preference in the Rodriguez Fruit Bat AU - Ange, K. AU - Rhodes, S. AU - Crissey, S T2 - Symposium on the Medical Management and Captive Care of Chiroptera C2 - 2002/// CY - Gainesville, Fl DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/5/16/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Understanding cat and dog food labels AU - Ange, K.D. AU - van Heugten, E. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 1–7 M3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service ER - TY - RPRT TI - Obesity Part 1: The Reasons Why Obesity in Companion Animals is Not a Laughing Matter AU - Ange, K.D. AU - van Heugten, E. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 1–4 M1 - ANS 02-1002C M3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - ANS 02-1002C ER - TY - RPRT TI - Obesity Part 2: Treating Obesity in Companion Animals AU - Ange, K.D. AU - van Heugten, E. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 1–4 M1 - ANS 02-1003C M3 - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service SN - ANS 02-1003C ER - TY - JOUR TI - Induction of post-natal carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity and hepatic b-oxidation in piglets AU - Lvvers-Peffer, P. AU - Lin, X. AU - Harrell, R. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - A632 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated lenoleic acid increase oleic acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes AU - Evens, M. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - McIntosh, M. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - A1016 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effect of feeding high or low fat manufactured liquid diets to pigs weaned from the sow at 10 days of age AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Touchette, K.J. AU - Brown, J.A. AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M3 - Swine Reports ER - TY - RPRT TI - The effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on weanling pig performance AU - Lyvers Peffer, P. AU - Odle, J. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M3 - Swine Reports ER - TY - RPRT TI - Improving bacon quality in lean genotype swine: Effects of dietary fat and supplemental CLA AU - Averette Gatlin, L.A. AU - See, M.T. AU - Odle, J. AU - Larick, D.K. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// M3 - Swine Reports ER - TY - SOUND TI - Dietary fats in swine nutrition: current practices and future opportunities AU - Odle, J. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pigs weaned from the sow at 10 d of age respond to dietary energy source AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Touchette, K.J. AU - Coalson, J.A. AU - Whisnant, C.S. AU - Brown, J.A. AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 197 ER - TY - SOUND TI - New adventures in swine nutrition and metabolism AU - Odle, J. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated linoleic acid increases oleic acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes AU - Evans, M.E. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - McIntosh, M.K. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 SP - A1016 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Induction of post-natal carnitine palmitoyltranferase activity and hepatic β-oxidation in piglets AU - Lyvers Peffer, P.A. AU - Lin, X. AU - Harrell, R.J. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 SP - A632 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Young pigs respond to exogenous porcine somatotropin and dietary energy source AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Touchette, K.J. AU - Brown, J.A. AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 SP - A618 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Essential fatty acid deficiency in piglets decreases β-oxidation of 14C-linoleate and 14C-palmitate in both liver and brain tissue AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Lin, X. AU - Phillips, O.T. AU - Brown, J.A. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - A223 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of a porcine model to study calicivirus pathogenesis AU - McPhatter, L. AU - Greene, S.R. AU - Vinjé, J. AU - Moe, C.L. AU - Odle, J. T2 - FASEB Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 16 SP - A246 ER - TY - SOUND TI - Rumen Microbes and Nutrient Management AU - Fellner, V. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of Feeding Eastern Gamagrass with or without Corn Supplementation on Lactation Performance of Holstein Cows AU - Eun, J.-S. AU - Fellner, V. AU - Burns, J.C. T2 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2002/// C3 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 87 ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessment of dried and wet fermentation solubles on ruminal fermentation in dual-flow continuous cultures AU - Fellner, V. AU - McLeod, S.J.H. T2 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2002/// C3 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 70 ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessment of phosphorus availability from different sources for ruminal fermentation AU - Fellner, V. AU - Spears, J.W. AU - Gumpertz, M. AU - McLeod, S.J.H. T2 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference C2 - 2002/// C3 - 51st Annual North Carolina Dairy Conference Proceedings DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// SP - 82 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Genetics, Cattle Genomics AU - Van Tassell, C.P. AU - Sonstegard, T.S. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Connor, E. AU - Kappes, S.M. T2 - Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences A2 - Roginski, H. A2 - Fuquay, J.W. A2 - Fox, P.F. PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/b0-12-227235-8/00178-4 VL - 2 SP - 1219-1224 PB - Elsevier UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-227235-8/00178-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A radiation hybrid map of bovine chromosome 27 AU - Ashwell, Melissa S. AU - Sonstegard, Tad S. AU - Kata, Srinivas AU - Womack, James E. T2 - Animal Genetics AB - Animal GeneticsVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 75-76 A radiation hybrid map of bovine chromosome 27 Melissa S. Ashwell, Melissa S. Ashwell USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorTad S. Sonstegard, Tad S. Sonstegard USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorSrinivas Kata, Srinivas Kata Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this authorJames E. Womack, James E. Womack Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this author Melissa S. Ashwell, Melissa S. Ashwell USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorTad S. Sonstegard, Tad S. Sonstegard USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Search for more papers by this authorSrinivas Kata, Srinivas Kata Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this authorJames E. Womack, James E. Womack Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 March 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742c.xCitations: 5 Melissa S. Ashwell, (e-mail: mashwell@anri.barc.usda.gov) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume33, Issue1February 2002Pages 75-76 RelatedInformation DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742c.x VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 75-76 LA - en OP - SN - 0268-9146 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.0742c.x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization and expression of the bovine growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor AU - Connor, E.E. AU - Ashwell, M.S. AU - Dahl, G.E. T2 - Domestic Animal Endocrinology AB - The hypothalamic hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its pituitary receptor are principal regulators of pituitary growth hormone (GH) synthesis and release. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced a complete bovine pituitary GHRH receptor cDNA in order to study its expression in cattle. The lengths of the exons in the bovine GHRH receptor gene were determined by comparison of the cloned cDNA with genomic sequences obtained from a bovine genomic library clone. As in other species, the bovine cDNA sequence encodes a 423-amino acid protein containing seven hydrophobic domains characteristic of a G protein-coupled receptor. The predicted bovine amino acid sequence shares 93, 90, 89, 87, and 85% identity with the ovine, porcine, human, rat and mouse sequences, respectively. Expression of the receptor in bovine ileum, ovary, anterior pituitary, testis, hypothalamus, pancreas and liver was examined by RT-PCR. Of those tissues examined, GHRH receptor expression was detected in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus. To gain a better understanding of GHRH receptor gene regulation in ruminants, we examined the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment on pituitary GHRH receptor expression in dairy heifers using relative and real-time RT-PCR. In the present study, bST treatment of dairy heifers resulted in no significant decline in pituitary GHRH receptor expression. DA - 2002/6// PY - 2002/6// DO - 10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00129-7 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 189-200 J2 - Domestic Animal Endocrinology LA - en OP - SN - 0739-7240 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00129-7 DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of alpha-1,6-galactosidase, beta-1,4-mannanase and beta-1,4-mannosidase on lactation performance in primiparous sows AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Supplement 2 SP - 27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of alpha-1,6-galactosidase, beta-1,4-mannanase and beta-1,4-mannosidase on intestinal morphology and the removal of dietary antinutritional factors in young pigs AU - Kim, S.W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 80 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of feeding corn silage that was allowed to spoil for five days with or without yeast cell walls on performance parameters in early lactation Holstein cows AU - Fellner, V. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 85 IS - Supplement 1 SP - 361 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutritional strategies to reduce environmental emissions from nonruminants AU - Ferket, P. R. AU - Heugten, E. AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. AU - Angel, R. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The amount of nutrients (i.e., N, P, Zn, and Cu) and associated odors emitted from production animals into the environment can be modulated by several different nutritional strategies, but their practical application is dependent on costs and biological limitations. In general, nutrient excretion may be reduced by avoiding the overfeeding of specific nutrients or by using nutritional manipulations to enhance nutrient utilization in the animal. Loss to the environment can be avoided by manufacturing and handling the feed in a pelletized form that will minimize waste and improve feed/gain. Other strategies for minimizing nutrient losses include: 1) the development of feeding programs that are specific for sex and strain of the animal; 2) increasing the number of feed phases to better meet the animal's age-related requirements; 3) formulating diets to include the minimal amounts of nutrients required to satisfy production goals; 4) meeting the animal's amino acid requirements; 5) using synthetic amino acid supplements to feed to reduce N emission; 6) using feed ingredients with high digestibility and nutrient bioavailability; and 7) formulating diets based on nutrient availability instead of total nutrient content. Nutrient digestibility of feedstuffs is dependent on processing conditions, genetic characteristics of the grains and oilseeds, and the presence of nutritional antagonists in specific feedstuffs used in the diet. Feed ingredients that lead to odor production can be avoided (e.g., fishmeal and some easily fermentable feed ingredients). Feed additives, such as antibiotics, nonstarch polysaccharides, direct-fed microbials, organic acids, microbial enzymes (i.e., phytase, carbohydrases, and proteases) can be used to increase the digestibility and absorption of nutrients or to modulate the microflora. Finally, a cost factor for the control or disposal of nutrients or odor should be considered in the feed formulation to optimize the various nutritional strategies discussed above. Regardless of biological and economic limitations, significant reductions in nutrient and odor emission from nonruminants can be achieved by appropriate nutritional strategies, but response may differ for swine and poultry. DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.2527/animalsci2002.80e-suppl_2e168x VL - 80 IS - E-suppl_2 SP - E168-E182 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality AU - Averette Gatlin, L. AU - See, M.T. AU - Larick, D.K. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 132 IS - 10 SP - 3105-3112 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036790041&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of triglycerides and phospholipids as supplemental sources of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglets AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Phillips, O.T. AU - Odle, J. AU - Diersen-Schade, D.A. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - Journal of Nutrition DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 132 IS - 10 SP - 3081-3089 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036791152&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of Salmonella shedding in cattle fed recycled poultry bedding AU - Capucille, D. J. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Altier, C. AU - Rogers, G. M. T2 - Bovine Practitioner DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 15 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Separating urine from feces may be key to flexibility AU - Kaspers, B. AU - Burnette, P. AU - Koger, J. AU - Van Kempen, M. AU - Van Kempen, T. T2 - Feedstuffs DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 74 IS - 21 SP - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mycotoxins in feeds AU - Whitlow, L. W. AU - Hagler, W. M., Jr. T2 - Feedstuffs DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 74 IS - 28 SP - 68 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in reproductive performance in Southeastern Holstein and Jersey DHI herds AU - Washburn, SP AU - Silvia, WJ AU - Brown, CH AU - McDaniel, BT AU - McAllister, AJ T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Trends in average days open and services per conception from 1976 to 1999 were examined in 532 Holstein and 29 Jersey herds from 10 Southeastern states. Three-year averages for eight intervals (time) were calculated (first: 1976 to 1978; eighth: 1997 to 1999). Milk, fat, fat-corrected milk, and number of cows increased across time. Herds of both breeds had linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of time on days open and services per conception. For 1976 to 1978, respective averages of days open and services per conception were 122 +/- 2.8 d and 1.91 +/- 0.08 for Jerseys, 124 +/- 0.7 d and 1.91 +/- 0.02 for Holsteins. Days open increased nonlinearly to 152 +/- 2.8 d for Jerseys and 168 +/- 0.7 d for Holsteins by 1997 to 1999, resulting in a breed x time interaction. Services per conception also increased nonlinearly, reaching 2.94 +/- 0.04 services for both breeds in 1994 to 1996, changing only slightly after 1996. Fat-corrected milk and number of cows had small but significant effects. Five subregions (one to three states) differed in mean days open and services per conception, but changes in those measures across time among subregions were similar. Days to first service increased by 16 (Holsteins) and 18 d (Jerseys) during the last five 3-yr periods, associated with increasing days open. Estrus detection rates generally declined from 1985 to 1999, associated inversely with services per conception. Reduced reproductive performance in Southeastern dairy herds is of concern. Multiple strategies are needed to attenuate further declines. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74073-3 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 244-251 SN - 0022-0302 KW - Holstein KW - Jersey KW - reproduction KW - days open ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of short-term feed restriction and refeeding on serum concentrations of leptin, luteinizing hormone and insulin in ovariectomized gilts AU - Whisnant, CS AU - Harrell, RJ T2 - DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AB - Ovariectomized gilts were either placed on full feed (FF) or restricted to one-third of the full feed amount (RST) for 7 days. Blood samples were taken through jugular catheters every 15 min for 4 h at the end of the 7-day period. Then dietary treatments were reversed and 7 days later samples were taken as before. Serum concentrations of leptin, insulin and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined by radioimmunoassay. LH pulse frequency and mean serum leptin and insulin concentrations were lower (P<0.01) in RST than FF gilts. Reversal of treatment reversed the patterns of hormone secretion. These results confirm previous observations that feed restriction can inhibit pulsatile LH secretion and also decrease leptin and insulin secretion. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00126-6 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 73-80 SN - 0739-7240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intestinal starch disappearance increased in steers abomasally infused with starch and protein AU - Richards, C. J. AU - Branco, A. F. AU - Bohnert, D. W. AU - Huntington, G. B. AU - Macari, M. AU - Harmon, D. L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Steers (379 ± 10 kg) with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square digestion trial to quantify and evaluate the relationship between intestinal protein supply and intestinal starch disappearance. Treatments were infusions of 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 g/d of casein along with 1,042 g/d of raw cornstarch. Abomasal infusions were accomplished by passing tubing and a pliable retaining washer through the reticular-omasal orifice into the abomasum. Steers were fed a 93% corn silage, 7% supplement diet that contained 12% crude protein at 1.65% body weight in 12 equal portions/d. Periods lasted 17 d (12 d for adaptation, 2 d of collections, and 3 d of rest). The quantity and percentage of organic matter and protein disappearance from the small intestine increased linearly (P < 0.03) with infused casein. Greater quantities of starch disappeared with increased casein infusion (P < 0.01). The infusion of 200 g/d of casein increased small intestinal starch disappearance by 226 g/d over the control. Casein infusion did not affect the quantity or percent of organic matter, starch, or protein disappearance in the large intestine. Treatments did not change ruminal ammonia N, ruminal pH, or plasma glucose concentrations. Starch disappearance from the small intestine was increased with greater protein flow to the duodenum of steers. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.80123361x VL - 80 IS - 12 SP - 3361-3368 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of vitamin E on improving fresh pork quality in Berkshire- and Hampshire-sired pigs AU - Hasty, J. L. AU - Heugten, Eric AU - See, M. T. AU - Larick, D. K. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - This study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on pork quality of two genotypes with distinct differences in pork quality traits. Pigs (n = 240; BW = 87 +/- 0.35 kg) were allotted by weight to one of 20 treatments (4 pens/treatment, 3 pigs/pen) in a 2 x 2 x 5 factorial randomized complete block design. Factors included 1) genotype (Berkshire or Hampshire sired), 2) sex (gilts or barrows), and 3) vitamin E level (12.1, 54.7, 98.8, 174.0, and 350.6 IU of vitamin E/kg diet). Hampshire-sired pigs had greater average daily gain (1.05 vs 0.98 kg) and gain:feed (0.30 vs 0.27) and less average daily feed intake (ADFI) (3.46 vs 3.62 kg) than Berkshire-sired pigs (P < 0.001) for the 6-wk study. Hampshire-sired barrows consumed more feed (3.54 vs 3.38 kg/d) and were less efficient (0.29 vs 0.31) than Hampshire-sired gilts (P < 0.05), but this sex difference was not observed in Berkshire-sired pigs (interaction, P < 0.05). Berkshire-sired pigs had greater backfat (34.1 vs 21.1 mm; P < 0.001), reduced longissimus muscle area (37.6 vs 46.3 cm2; P < 0.001), reduced lean percentage (53.0 vs 55.8; P < 0.001), and a greater head-on yield (79.8 vs 79.2; P < 0.05). Vitamin E increased (P < 0.05) ADFI linearly (P < 0.05), but had no effects on carcass composition. Loin chops from Hampshire-sired pigs had reduced ultimate pH (5.64 vs 5.91), greater drip loss (92.2 vs 66.3 mg), and increased Minolta L* (52.6 vs 48.6), a* (8.9 vs 7.5), and b* (6.9 vs 5.2) values compared to Berkshire-sired pigs (P < 0.001). Vitamin E had no effect on pH, temperature, drip loss, and L* or a* values, but tended (P < 0.07) to increase b* values linearly (P < 0.06). Oxidation as indicated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was greatest in Hampshire-sired gilts at the lowest level of vitamin E, and decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with additional vitamin E. However, TBARS responded in a cubic fashion (P < 0.05) to vitamin E in Hampshire-sired barrows and were not affected in Berkshire-sired gilts or barrows (three-way interaction, P < 0.02). Hampshire-sired pigs had greater TBARS than Berkshire-sired pigs (0.053 vs 0.047 mg malondialdehyde equivalents/kg). Vitamin E supplementation increased serum concentrations of vitamin E on d 21 (1.06 to 4.79 microg/mL) and d 42 (1.02 to 2.82 microg/mL) and increased tissue concentrations of vitamin E (1.99 to 4.83 microg/g) linearly (P < 0.001). Vitamin E supplementation was not effective in improving fresh meat quality in genotypes with poor or superior meat quality traits. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.80123230x VL - 80 IS - 12 SP - 3230–3237 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038179609&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: Postoperative recovery and long-term follow-up in 20 dogs AU - Risio, L. De AU - Munana, Karen AU - Murray, M. AU - Olby, N. AU - Sharp, N.J.H. AU - Cuddon, P. T2 - Veterinary Surgery AB - Objective— To evaluate the postoperative morbidity and long‐term outcome of dogs after dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CCSM). Study design— Retrospective study. Sample population— Twenty dogs with CCSM. Methods— Medical records of dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy for CCSM at North Carolina State University and Colorado State University between 1989 and 1999 were reviewed. Information on signalment, onset, progression and duration of clinical signs, diagnostic testing, sites of dorsal laminectomy, postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, and the ambulatory status on discharge was recorded. A minimum follow‐up of 7 months was required for inclusion in the study. Neurologic status was graded (0 to 5) preoperatively, 2 days after surgery, and at the time of the study (final score). Improvement or worsening of the neurologic status was assessed by comparison of different scores for each dog. Additional follow‐up information was obtained by means of a detailed telephone questionnaire directed at both the owner and referring veterinarian. Results— Mean duration of clinical signs before surgery was 4.9 months. At admission, 15 dogs were ambulatory and 5 were nonambulatory. Neurologic status worsened in 70% of dogs 2 days after surgery but improved in all but 1 dog over the long term. Mean time to optimal recovery was 3.6 months. Long‐term follow‐up ranged from 7 months to 9 years (mean ± SD, 3.2 ± 2.4 years). Four dogs had confirmed recurrence; 2 other dogs may have had recurrence. Conclusions— Dorsal cervical laminectomy is an effective treatment for CCSM in those dogs with dorsal compression or multiple sites of involvement. Clinical relevance— Although most dogs' neurologic status transiently worsened after surgery, long‐term outcome and recurrence rates were comparable to those seen with other surgical techniques for CCSM. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1053/jvet.2002.34673 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 418-427 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036715660&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fecal inoculum can be used to determine the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation of dietary fiber sources across three lemur species that differ in dietary profile: Varecia variegata, Eulemur fulvus and Hapalemur griseus AU - Campbell, JL AU - Williams, CV AU - Eisemann, JH T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - To estimate fermentative capacity among lemur species, four fiber substrates were tested across three species, Eulemur fulvus, Hapalemur griseus and Varecia variegata. The substrates, cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp and citrus pectin, ranged in composition from completely insoluble fiber (IF) to completely soluble fiber (SF), respectively. The lemurs consumed a nutritionally complete biscuit formulated for primates [85 g/100 g diet dry matter (DM)] and locally available produce (15 g/100 g diet DM). Feces were then collected and used to inoculate fermentation tubes prefilled with fiber substrates and an anaerobic growth medium. Dry matter disappearance (DMD), and acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were measured in tubes subjected to 6, 12, 24 or 48 h of fermentation. Results were fitted to a logistic growth model. The maximal production (MP) time at which production or disappearance is at one-half maximum (t(50)) and the fermentation rate at 3 h were calculated. The maximal disappearance of DM differed among substrates (citrus pectin > citrus pulp > beet pulp; P < 0.0001) and species (E. fulvus > H. griseus > V. variegata; P < 0.001). V. variegata reached t(50) for acetate and total SCFA production faster than H. griseus or E. fulvus (P < 0.02). Three-hour production rates of acetate and total SCFA were also greater for V. variegata for citrus pulp and citrus pectin (P < 0.01). Few species differences were observed for beet pulp. Results provide evidence for differences in fermentative capacity and suggest that fiber solubility and fermentability should be considered when assessing the nutritional management of lemurs. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1093/jn/131.10.3073 VL - 132 IS - 10 SP - 3073-3080 SN - 1541-6100 KW - short-chain fatty acid production KW - lemurs KW - in vitro fermentation system KW - insoluble fiber KW - soluble fiber ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of zinc source (zinc oxide vs zinc proteinate) and level on performance, carcass characteristics, and immune response of growing and finishing steers AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Kegley, E. B. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Sixty Angus and Angus × Hereford steers (246 kg initial BW) were used to determine the effects of Zn level and source on performance, immune response, and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing steers. Treatments consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Zn), 2) ZnO, 3) Zn proteinate-A (ZnProt-A, 10% Zn), and 4) ZnProt-B (15% Zn). Treatments 2, 3, and 4 supplied 25 mg of supplemental Zn/kg diet. Steers were individually fed a corn silage-based diet during the 84-d growing phase and a high corn diet during the finishing phase. Cell-mediated and humoral immune response measurements were obtained between d 67 and 74 of the growing phase. Equal number of steers per treatment were slaughtered after receiving the finishing diets for 84 or 112 d. Performance and carcass measurements were similar in steers fed the two ZnProt sources. Zinc supplementation, regardless of source, increased (P < 0.05) ADG during the growing phase. In the finishing phase, ADG (P = 0.10) and gain/feed (P = 0.07) tended to be higher for steers fed ZnProt compared with those supplemented with ZnO. Gain and feed efficiency were similar for control and ZnO-supplemented steers during the finishing phase. Steers fed ZnProt had heavier (P < 0.05) hot carcass weights and slightly higher (P < 0.05) dressing percentages than those in the control or ZnO treatments. Quality grade, yield grade, marbling, and backfat were increased by Zn supplementation, but were not affected by Zn source. In vitro response of lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation and in vivo swelling response following intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin were not affected by Zn level or source. Humoral immune response following vaccination with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis also was not affected by treatment. Soluble concentrations of Zn in ruminal fluid were higher (P < 0.05) in steers fed ZnProt compared to ZnO steers. Results indicate that ZnProt may improve performance of finishing steers above that observed with inorganic Zn supplementation. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1093/ansci/80.10.2747 VL - 80 IS - 10 SP - 2747-2752 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Combination with Supplemental Dietary Fat Alters Pork Fat Quality AU - Gatlin, L. Averette AU - See, M. T. AU - Larick, D. K. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - Interest in fortification of human foods, including pork, with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is growing and may provide benefits as a neutraceutical based on research evaluating CLA as an anticarcinogen, immune modulator, antiatherogenic agent and a body composition modulator. This study evaluated the combined effects of dietary CLA and supplemental fat source on growth, fatty acid composition and belly quality of lean genotype gilts (n = 144). Pigs (49.3 kg) were randomly assigned to six diets (3 x 2 factorial) varying in supplemental fat (none, 4 g/100 g yellow grease or 4 g/100 g tallow) and linoleic acid [1 g/100 g corn oil (CO) or 1 g/100 g CLA (CLA-60)] for 47 d. Both the cis-9, trans-11 and the trans-10, cis-12 isomers of CLA were increased in belly and longissimus fat depots from pigs fed CLA, and that increase was up to 92% greater when CLA was fed with 4 g/100 g supplemental fat (fat source x linoleic acid interaction, P < 0.05). Pigs fed CLA had a greater concentration of 18:0 and less 18:1 cis-9 (P < 0.01) in various fat depots, suggesting a reduction in Delta(9) desaturase activity. The iodine value of belly fat from pigs consuming tallow and CLA combined was reduced to 62.0 from an initial value of 70.4. CLA supplementation also increased belly weights (P < 0.05). CLA did not affect longissimus muscle area, backfat depth and the percentage of fat-free lean (P > 0.10), but it increased the subjective intramuscular fat score by 18.8% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, CLA enrichment of pork products may be enhanced when combined with additional supplemental dietary fat, and together with tallow can be used to increase the saturated fatty acid content of pork. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.1093/jn/131.10.3105 VL - 132 IS - 10 SP - 3105-3112 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.10.3105 DB - Crossref KW - conjugated linoleic acid KW - fatty acid composition KW - pork KW - supplemental fat KW - swine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of triglycerides and phospholipids as supplemental sources of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglets AU - Mathews, SA AU - Oliver, WT AU - Phillips, OT AU - Odle, J AU - Diersen-Schade, DA AU - Harrell, RJ T2 - JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB - Addition of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to infant formula promotes visual and neural development. This study was designed to determine whether the source of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) affected overall animal health and safety. Piglets consumed ad libitum from 1 to 16 d of age a skim milk-based formula with different fat sources added to provide 50% of the metabolizable energy. Treatment groups were as follows: control (CNTL; no added LCPUFA), egg phospholipid (PL), algal/fungal triglyceride (TG) oils, TG plus PL (soy lecithin source) added to match phospholipid treatment (TG + PL) and essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD). Formulas with LCPUFA provided 0.6 and 0.3 g/100 g total fatty acids as AA and DHA, respectively. CNTL piglets had 40% longer ileal villi than PL piglets (P < 0.03), but the TG group was not different from the CNTL group. Gross liver histology did not differ among any of the formula-fed groups (P > 0.1). Apparent dry matter digestibility was 10% greater in CNTL, TG and TG + PL groups compared with PL piglets (P < 0.002). No differences in alanine aminotransferase were detected among treatments, but aspartate aminotransferase was elevated (P < 0.03) in PL piglets compared with TG + PL piglets. Total plasma AA concentration was greater in the TG group compared with CNTL piglets (P < 0.05). Total plasma DHA concentrations were greater in TG piglets compared with PL (P < 0.06) or CNTL (P < 0.02) piglets. These data demonstrate that the algal/fungal TG sources of DHA and AA may be a more appropriate supplement for infant formulas than the egg PL source based on piglet plasma fatty acid profiles and apparent dry matter digestibilities. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1093/jn/131.10.3081 VL - 132 IS - 10 SP - 3081-3089 SN - 1541-6100 KW - long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid KW - pigs KW - neonates KW - arachidonic acid KW - docosahexaenoic acid ER - TY - JOUR TI - The nutritional value of degermed, dehulled corn for pigs and its impact on the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient excretion AU - Moeser, A. J. AU - Kim, I. B. AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Kempen, T. Van T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Three experiments were designed to assess the feeding value and potential environmental benefits of feeding degermed, dehulled corn, a low fiber by-product originating from the corn dry milling process, to pigs. Twelve 27-kg (SE = 0.8) barrows were used in Exp. 1 to measure the apparent fecal digestibility of DM, GE and N of degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain. Two diets were formulated to contain either 96.4% of degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain plus supplemental vitamins and minerals. Digestibilities of DM, GE, and N were greater in degermed, dehulled corn (96.2, 96.0, and 93.6%, respectively) compared with corn grain (89.0, 89.0, and 78.4%, respectively) (P < 0.01). Overall, a 67 and 29% reduction in DM and N excretion, respectively, was observed. In Exp. 2, eight 70-kg (SE =1.8) barrows were surgically fitted with ileal cannulae and fed the same diets as in Exp. 1, to measure the ileal digestibility of nutrients in degermed, dehulled corn. Ileal digestibility of DM, energy, and N was 13, 15, and 7% greater in degermed, dehulled corn (P < 0.05). Apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine were greater in degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain (P < 0.05) while a trend for a lower tryptophan digestibility in degermed, dehulled corn was observed (P = 0.067). In Experiment 3, 96 nursery pigs with an initial average BW of 8.8 kg (SE = 0.08), fed a starter diet formulated with degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain as the major grain source, were used in a 28-d growth performance study. At the end of the study, 24 pigs (1 pig per pen) were sacrificed and gastrointestinal tract measurements were taken. Daily growth rates of pigs were the same between diets (0.64 kg/d). A trend for reduced feed intake (P = 0.073) in pigs fed degermed, dehulled corn led to a 4% improvement in gain to feed (P < 0.05). Feeding degermed, dehulled corn had no effect on gut fill, gastrointestinal tract weight, or liver weight (P > 0.05). Ileal villus lengths and crypt depths were not affected by feeding degermed, dehulled corn although ileal villus widths were greater in pigs fed corn grain. Results from these trials suggest that corn processed to remove poorly digestible fiber fractions provides more digestible nutrients than corn grain. As a result, degermed, dehulled corn reduces fecal and N excretion, thus providing a means to reduce nutrient excretion. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.80102629x VL - 80 IS - 10 SP - 2629–2638 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soybean hulls, wheat middlings, and corn gluten feed as supplements for cattle on forage-based diets AU - Poore, MH AU - Johns, JT AU - Burris, WR T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Soybean hulls, wheat midds, and corn gluten feed are viable alternative supplements for forage-fed cattle. All three result from the processing of major Unites States agricultural crops, so large supplies are available. Their value is better for ruminant animals than for monogastrics because they contain digestible fiber components. These byproducts are widely available throughout the Unites States and will generally be more economical than traditional feed grains or commercial feeds when used appropriately as supplements to forage-based diets. Knowledge about the composition of base forage must be used in planning supplementation strategies because base forages vary in protein and mineral content [9]. Soybean hulls alone may be a good selection in situations in which forages are adequate or high in protein. In situations where forage is marginal or deficient in protein, wheat midds, corn gluten feed, or a mix of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed might be most desirable. All three feeds can be variable in nutrient composition, so they should be analyzed to ensure a balanced nutrient level in diets. Soybean hulls are especially variable in crude protein content and should always be analyzed when forages are marginal or deficient in protein. Despite the fact that published energy levels are substantially lower, research has shown that soybean hulls and wheat midds have a value comparable to corn and soybean meal in forage-based diets. Corn gluten feed has also been comparable to corn and soybean meal in most reports but is closer in value to its published energy levels. In general, results with soybean hulls have been surprisingly good and consistent, whereas responses to wheat midds and corn gluten feed supplementation have been more variable and sometimes disappointing. Feeding rates for soybean hulls can range from low to extremely high depending on forage availability and desired performance. Wheat midds should be limited in most situations to 50% of the expected dry matter intake because of their rapidly digested starch content. Corn gluten feed should be limited to approximately 50% of expected dry matter intake because of its high sulfur content. Several research groups are currently evaluating self-feeding programs for these byproducts, and while the potential for health and production problems exist, results have been encouraging in most cases. Self-feeding would reduce the labor costs of hand feeding and could provide backgrounders with a program to expand cattle numbers on a limited land base. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00021-X VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 213-+ SN - 0749-0720 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recycled poultry bedding as cattle feed AU - Rankins, D. L. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Capucille, D. J. AU - Rogers, G. M. T2 - Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice AB - Since the 1950s, recycled poultry bedding has been used as an economical feedstuff for beef cattle. It has been extensively studied at several experiment stations around the world with regard to its safety and nutritional aspects. It will continue to be closely scrutinized as the public increases its awareness of agricultural issues. As this study was being prepared, the news media was "spotlighting" bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Currently, in the United States there is a ban on incorporation of mammalian-derived protein feeds into ruminant diets. This has led to a requirement of beef cattle producers signing affidavits indicating that they had met this obligation. Some poultry companies use ruminant meat and bone meal in broiler diets when least-cost formulation indicates that it is economically desirable. This then poses the question of whether feeding RPB to beef cattle should be permitted if the birds had been fed ruminant meat and bone meal. It also raises the question of whether cattle grazing pastures fertilized with RPB are exposed to ruminant meat and bone meal. Because of the importance of pasture fertilization as a waste disposal solution for the poultry industry, it seems that the issue will be quickly resolved by omitting the ruminant meat and bone meal from poultry diets should concerns increase. Use of RPB, like many byproduct feeds, requires a higher level of management expertise than traditional feeds. Despite the potential problems discussed in this study, an informed beef cattle producer can gain a financially competitive edge by using RPB. A simple processing method, deep-stacking under polyethylene sheeting, can produce a safe product that will provide a complete diet when blended with an energy source and supplemented with some long-stem fiber. The diets can be used for both brood cows and stocker calves for extended periods of time, and the practice of feeding RPB is safe for both cattle and consumers [45]. Economic parameters will influence the future use of RPB; however, the general public's perception and acceptance will ultimately determine its long-term use. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00015-4 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 253- ER - TY - JOUR TI - Health and production aspects of feeding sweetpotato to cattle AU - Thibodeau, MS AU - Poore, MH AU - Rogers, GM T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - If certain guidelines are followed when feeding sweetpotatoes to livestock it is possible to minimize health hazards. Careful herd management and the recognition of specific biomarkers such as excessive dental deterioration could aid in the early identification of feed problems. Where these tubers are produced locally in abundance there can be an economic and environmental incentive to divert waste sweetpotato by-products toward livestock feed. The feeding of culled sweetpotatoes and processed sweetpotato waste by-products can have three major benefits. First, expensive disposal costs are reduced. Second, negative environmental impacts from landfill dumping and crop spreading are limited. Third, the culled sweetpotatoes and SPCW offer an inexpensive and nutritious alternative feed ration for livestock that may increase economic returns. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00022-1 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 349-+ SN - 1558-4240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Feeding cotton products to cattle AU - Rogers, GM AU - Poore, MH AU - Paschal, JC T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE AB - Despite the potential for gossypol toxicosis (particularly in pre-ruminants) and risk factors associated with impaired fertility in bulls, cottonseed products offer a safe alternative feed for cattle producers when fed at recommended levels. Beef producers seeking to lower production costs should consider using cotton byproducts in their feeding programs. If carefully incorporated, cotton byproduct feeds can reduce feed costs while maintaining or increasing the level of cattle performance. Cottonseed meal will remain a standard protein supplement for beef cattle throughout the country. Whole cottonseed has much potential for Southern producers near cotton gins if it is purchased in a timely fashion and fed according to recommendations. Cotton gin trash, cottonseed hulls, and cotton textile mill waste also have potential economic benefits, especially to producers located near cotton and cottonseed processing facilities. DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00020-8 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 267-+ SN - 1558-4240 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of steroid microspheres for control of estrus in cows and induction of puberty in heifers AU - Whisnant, CS AU - Burns, PJ T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - Two trials were designed to test whether a single treatment with a microsphere formulation of progesterone (P) could simulate the luteal phase of the estrous cycle and lead to estrus and subsequent luteal development. The first experiment was to characterize the pattern of serum P concentrations and estrus in cows treated with a microsphere formulation (P+E) that contained 625 mg P and 50 mg estradiol (E). Four cows with palpable corpora lutea were treated with 25 mg prostaglandin F2 α. Each cow was given P+E (i.m.) 12 h later. Tail vein blood samples were taken on Days 1 and 2 following P+E treatment and then three times weekly for 24 days. Serum P increased from 0.8±0.1 ng/ml at P+E treatment to 4.7±0.6 ng/ml on Day 1, declined gradually to 4.1±0.3 ng/ml on Day 7 and then declined more rapidly to 0.6±0.1 ng/ml on Day 13. Treated cows showed estrus 16.25±0.7 days after P+E treatment. Thereafter, serum P increased beginning on Day 20 after P+E treatment, as expected following estrus. In Experiment 2, Angus and Simmental heifers (10.5–11.5 months of age) were administered i.m. either the vehicle (controls), E (50 mg), P (625 mg) or P+E (n=13 per group). While treatment with E resulted in behavioral estrus (1–2 days after treatment) in each treated heifer, it did not (P>0.5) initiate estrous cycles as indicated by subsequent increased serum P. In contrast, the P and P+E treatments increased (P<0.05) the proportion (11/13) of heifers that showed estrus by 21 days after treatment followed by elevated serum P. We conclude that the microsphere formulation of P simulated the pattern of serum P concentrations during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle and initiated estrous cycles in peripubertal heifers with or without E. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00942-1 VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1229-1235 SN - 0093-691X KW - microspheres KW - progesterone KW - puberty KW - cattle ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pleiotropy of quantitative trait loci for organ weights and limb bone lengths in mice AU - Leamy, L. J. AU - Pomp, D. AU - Eisen, E. J. AU - Cheverud, J. M. T2 - Physiological Genomics DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00018.2002. VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 21-29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary zinc effects on growth performance and immune response of endotoxemic growing pigs AU - Roberts, ES AU - Heugten, E AU - Lloyd, K AU - Almond, GW AU - Spears, JW T2 - ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES AB - A 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of dietary Zn on performance and immune response of acutely endotoxemic growing pigs (n=96, mean BW=24.9 kg). Factors included 1) intramuscular injection of 10 µg/kg BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or control and 2) supplemental Zn at 10, 50, or 150 ppm. Diets were fed beginning after weaning (initial body weight=7.6 kg) in the nursery and continued for 16 d into the grower phase. The basal corn-soybean meal grower diet contained 1% lysine and 34.3 ppm Zn. Pigs were acclimated for 12 d in the grower- finishing facility before LPS treatment on d 13. Gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were unaffected by dietary Zn. Feed intake decreased (p<0.10) and gain/feed was greater (p<0.10) from d 13 to d 16 for pigs injected with LPS. Serum Zn and alkaline phosphatase activity increased (p<0.05) with increasing Zn levels. The febrile response to LPS peaked at 6 h post exposure and pigs were afebrile within 12 h. Rectal temperature was greater (p<0.05) in pigs receiving 50 and 150 ppm Zn than in pigs supplemented with 10 ppm Zn. In vivo cellular immune response, measured on d 13 by skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), was greater after 6 h (p< 0.05) in pigs fed 10 ppm Zn and exposed to LPS compared to all other treatments, but was not affected at 12, 24 or 48 h. Zinc did not affect mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation. Zinc supplemented at 50 or 150 ppm resulted in an enhanced febrile response in pigs subjected to iatrogenic endotoxemia, but did not affect pig performance or immune response measurements. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 10 : 1496-1501) DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.5713/ajas.2002.1496 VL - 15 IS - 10 SP - 1496-1501 SN - 1976-5517 KW - pigs KW - zinc KW - immune response ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cervical injury following a horse kick to the head in two dogs AU - Olby, N AU - Munana, K AU - De Risio, L AU - Sebestyen, P AU - Hansen, B T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION AB - Two dogs were presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital following blunt trauma to the head delivered by a horse kick. On presentation, both dogs had resolving clinical signs directly related to the head trauma, but both also had compromise to their upper airway as a result of indirect injury to the soft tissues of the neck, visible on plain radiographs. One dog made a full recovery following a period of assisted ventilation. The other dog was euthanized at the request of the owner. These injuries illustrate the importance of evaluating the cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck following blunt trauma to the head. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.5326/0380321 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 321-326 SN - 0587-2871 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036069170&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - By-product feeds for meat goats: Effects on digestibility, ruminal environment, and carcass characteristics AU - Moore, J. A. AU - Poore, M. H. AU - Luginbuhl, J. M. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Crossbred wether goats (n = 24; 50% Boer, 6 per diet) initially averaging 27.4 ± 0.4 kg were fed either wheat middlings (wheat midds), soybean hulls (soyhulls), or corn gluten feed at 1% BW (as-fed) along with orchardgrass hay (10.7% CP) offered to ad-libitum consumption for 72 d followed by 5 d total fecal collection. The Control (hay) diet was supplemented with 5.7% soybean meal to bring total dietary protein to 12.5%, by-products were brought to a higher Ca:P ratio with limestone or dicalcium phosphate to make total dietary Ca:P 1.5:1, and soybean meal was added to soyhulls to bring them up to 17% CP (wheat midds = 17% and corn gluten feed = 21% CP). Total DMI (916 g/d ± 57 or 3.2% ± 0.2 BW) did not differ (P > 0.92) among treatments. Initial BW (P = 0.25), final BW (P = 0.48), and ADG (P = 0.56) did not differ for the four treatments. Carcass weight was greater (P = 0.05) for goats fed soyhulls (16.0 kg) or wheat midds (15.6 kg) as compared with goats fed the hay diet (14.5 kg), with carcass weight from goats fed corn gluten feed being intermediate (15.3 kg, SEM = 0.3 kg). Carcass grade did not differ (P = 0.80) and averaged 5.42 ± 0.4. Dressing percentage tended (P = 0.12) to be lower for goats fed the hay diet (46.4%) compared with soyhull (48.3%), corn gluten feed (48.3%), or wheat midd (48.8%) diets (SEM = 0.7). Ruminal pH was highest (P < 0.01) for goats fed the hay diet (6.52) and lowest for goats fed wheat midds (6.23) with soyhull (6.41) and corn gluten feed diets (6.35) being intermediate (SEM = 0.05). Digestibility of DM (70.1 ± 2.5%), OM (70.3 ± 2.6%,), CP (75.5 ± 2.0%), GE (68.5 ± 2.7%), NDF (68.1 ± 3.0%), ADF (65.4 ± 3.4%), cellulose (70.1 ± 2.9%), and lignin (31.1 ± 8.2%) did not differ (P > 0.15). Total ruminal VFA did not differ (86.0 ± 6.1 mM, P = 0.59), but acetate:propionate ratio was higher (P < 0.01) for hay (3.1) and soyhull diets (3.3) than for corn gluten feed (2.4) and wheat midd diets (2.4, SEM = 0.11). Ruminal ammonia (mg/100 mL) was lower (P < 0.01) for goats fed hay (15.4) and soyhull diets (11.6) than those fed corn gluten feed (25.2) and wheat midd diets (23.0, SEM = 1.35). Ruminal pH was lower for goats fed the by-products, but remained above 6. Serum urea nitrogen (mg/100 mL) averaged 21.0 ± 1.0 (P = 0.11) with soyhulls tending to be lowest (19.3) and corn gluten feed tending to be highest (22.8). Soyhulls, corn gluten feed, and wheat midds appear to be viable feed ingredients for meat goat diets. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.8071752x VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - 1752-1758 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antibody levels to hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine workers, non-swine workers, swine, and murids AU - Withers, MR AU - Correa, MT AU - Morrow, M AU - Stebbins, ME AU - Seriwatana, J AU - Webster, WD AU - Boak, MB AU - Vaughn, DW T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE AB - In a cross-sectional serosurvey, eastern North Carolina swine workers (n = 165) were compared with non-swine workers (127) for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus as measured by a quantitative immunoglobulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using a cutoff of 20 Walter Reed U/ml, swine-exposed subjects had a 4.5-fold higher antibody prevalence (10.9%) than unexposed subjects (2.4%). No evidence of past clinical hepatitis E or unexplained jaundice could be elicited. Swine (84) and mice (61), from farm sites in the same region as exposed subjects, were also tested. Antibody prevalence in swine (overall = 34.5%) varied widely (10.0-91.7%) according to site, but no antibody was detected in mice. Our data contribute to the accumulating evidence that hepatitis E may be a zoonosis and specifically to the concept of it as an occupational infection of livestock workers. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.384 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 384-388 SN - 0002-9637 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Some alternative litter materials used for growing broilers and turkeys AU - Grimes, JL AU - Smith, J AU - Williams, CM T2 - WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL AB - This paper discusses materials used as bedding or litter for the rearing of broilers and turkeys in the U.S.A. The U.S. poultry industry has historically used pine shavings as the litter of choice for many years. Sawdust has replaced pine shavings in many areas, however, not by choice, but because pine shavings have become increasingly difficult to obtain. Regionally, rice hulls, straw, and peanut hulls can be found in use by poultry producers for litter. Re-cycled paper products have received a lot of research and development, but have not had a great deal of acceptance by the poultry industry. Sand is another alternative bedding that is currently being tested in southern climates. Alternative litter materials for poultry will continue to be researched and evaluated, and pine shavings or sawdust will probably continue to be used as the benchmark comparison. However, while bird performance will always be a threshold criterion, cost and availability will ultimately determine the adoption of new or alternative litter materials by poultry growers and the poultry industry. DA - 2002/12// PY - 2002/12// DO - 10.1079/wps20020037 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 515-526 SN - 1743-4777 KW - alternative litter KW - poultry litter KW - poultry bedding KW - pine shavings KW - broilers KW - turkeys ER - TY - JOUR TI - Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in the treatment and prevention of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice AU - Schultz, M AU - Veltkamp, C AU - Dieleman, LA AU - Grenther, WB AU - Wyrick, PB AU - Tonkonogy, SL AU - Sartor, RB T2 - INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AB - Interleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice develop colitis under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions and remain disease free if kept sterile (germ free [GF]). We used four different protocols that varied the time-points of oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (L. plantarum) relative to colonization with SPF bacteria to determine whether L. plantarum could prevent and treat colitis induced by SPF bacteria in IL-10−/− mice and evaluated the effect of this probiotic organism on mucosal immune activation. Assessment of colitis included blinded histologic scores, measurements of secreted colonic immunoglobulin isotypes, IL-12 (p40 subunit), and interferon (IFN)-γ production by anti-CD3-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells. Treating SPF IL-10−/− mice with L. plantarum attenuated previously established colonic inflammation as manifested by decreased mucosal IL-12, IFN-γ, and immunoglobulin G2a levels. Colonizing GF animals with L. plantarum and SPF flora simultaneously had no protective effects. Gnotobiotic IL-10−/− mice monoassociated with L. plantarum exhibited mild immune system activation but no colitis. Pretreatment of GF mice by colonization with L. plantarum, then exposure to SPF flora and continued probiotic therapy significantly decreased histologic colitis scores. These results demonstrate that L. plantarum can attenuate immune-mediated colitis and suggest a potential therapeutic role for this agent in clinical inflammatory bowel diseases. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.1097/00054725-200203000-00001 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 71-80 SN - 1536-4844 KW - probiotics KW - experimental colitis KW - interleukin-10 knockout mice ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stability of pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1) during in vitro protein digestibility assay AU - Qiao, YR AU - Gumpertz, M AU - Van Kempen, T T2 - JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY AB - To maximize the efficiency of utilization of pepsin and estimate the contamination of pepsin for in vitro protein digestibility assays, the specific activity decay and peptide bond hydrolysis of pepsin incubated at different pH and concentration were studied with the bovine hemoglobin method and the o-phthaldialdehyde method, respectively. It was found that increase of pH and concentration of pepsin increased pepsin's half-life for both specific activity decay and peptide bond hydrolysis. The half-life for specific activity decay was not extended by the presence of a substrate protein. The results indicated the time needed to maximize pepsin utilization depended on pH and the concentration of pepsin. At the time when all specific activity of pepsin was lost, the average size of pepsin autolysates was between 6.9 and 12.1 amino acid residues, suggesting most peptic protein would be fractionated as digestible protein. DA - 2002/9// PY - 2002/9// DO - 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2002.tb00759.x VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 355-375 SN - 0145-8884 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional and processor variations in the ileal digestible amino acid content of soybean meals measured in growing swine AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. Van AU - Kim, I. B. AU - Jansman, A. J. M. AU - Verstegen, M. W. A. AU - Hancock, J. D. AU - Lee, D. J. AU - Gabert, V. M. AU - Albin, D. M. AU - Fahey, G. C. AU - Grieshop, C. M. AU - Mahan, D. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - To assess differences in soybean meal quality related to region of production, researchers in Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina, The Netherlands, and Ohio collected four soybean meal samples processed locally at least 15 d apart. These samples were assayed for ileal amino acid digestibility by pigs using a common soybean meal and a soy protein concentrate as references, and a low-protein casein diet for determination of endogenous amino acid losses. Digestibility was determined at each university using seven barrows surgically fitted with ileal cannulas in a 7 x 7 Latin square design. The experimental diets contained 17% CP from the test material except for the low-protein casein diet. Animals were fed twice daily, 12 h apart, at a level of 45 g x kg(-0.75) BW for each meal. Following a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected for two 12-h periods for 2 d to be used for determination of ileal digestibility. Variation in amino acid digestibility was very small among and within sites and was much smaller than variation in the concentration of amino acids. Among sites, samples from The Netherlands had less total and thus digestible lysine and methionine than the U.S. samples (P < 0.05). The soybean meals tested in this experiment were approximately 4% higher in amino acids than that reported in the NRC (1998). True (standardized) digestibilities, however, were very similar to NRC values except for cysteine and threonine, which were 5 and 3 percentage points lower in this experiment, respectively. In conclusion, soybeans grown in the United States and locally processed into soybean meal were very similar in nutritional composition. Soybean meals produced in The Netherlands were lower in lysine and methionine (P < 0.05) but had a digestibility similar to that produced in the United States. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.802429x VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - 429–439 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pigs as recyclers for nutrients contained in Bermuda grass harvested from spray fields AU - Kempen, TATG AU - Kim, I AU - Heugten, E T2 - BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB - The ability of pigs to use nitrogen and energy in Bermuda grass was evaluated in order to assess whether Bermuda grass harvested from spray fields could be fed to pigs as a means to recycle nitrogen. Digestibility of Bermuda grass incorporated into corn-soybean meal diets was evaluated in heavy finishing pigs and gestating sows. Results suggest that Bermuda grass digestibility is negative in animals not adapted to a high-fiber diet. Enzymes improve this digestibility, but even with enzymes, nitrogen digestibility was poor. Pigs fed a diet containing 10% Bermuda grass required a one week adaptation period for maximal digestion; following adaptation, pigs can digest approximately 40% of the energy in Bermuda grass but none of the nitrogen. Feeding Bermuda grass to pigs as a means of recycling nitrogen is thus not recommended. DA - 2002/2// PY - 2002/2// DO - 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00129-8 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - 233-239 SN - 0960-8524 KW - Bermuda grass KW - swine KW - digestibility KW - enzyme KW - nutrient recovery ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on leaf chemistry and reproduction by twospotted spider mites (Acari : Tetranychidae) on white clover AU - Heagle, AS AU - Burns, JC AU - Fisher, DS AU - Miller, JE T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB - Plant growth and yield responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment are well established. Much less is known of the response of arthropod pests to CO2 enrichment. Reproductive response of twospotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to a range of CO2 concentrations was measured. The CO2 treatments were applied for 24 h d−1 at ≈395, 484, 570, 657, and 748 &mgr;LL−1 on the 14 d before and 26–27 d after infestation with mites. Eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adult mites were removed from leaves and counted 27–29 d after infestation. Leaf area and weight were measured, and leaves were analyzed to measure structural and nonstructural carbohydrates, N, amino acids and digestibility. Carbon dioxide enrichment caused linear increases in plant growth and foliar nonstructural carbohydrates, but caused linear decreases in foliar N. Carbon dioxide enrichment significantly increased the rate of mite reproduction on both clover clones. Correlations between mite population increase were significantly positive for foliar nonstructural carbohydrates and significantly negative for foliar N. Concentrations of ambient CO2 expected in the 21st century may increase the risk of mite population damage on some plant species. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1603/0046-225X-31.4.594 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 594-601 SN - 0046-225X KW - Trifolium repens KW - Tetranychus urticae KW - white clover KW - carbon dioxide enrichment KW - twospotted spider mite ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of vagal nerve stimulation as a treatment for refractory epilepsy in dogs AU - Munana, KR AU - Vitek, SM AU - Tarver, WB AU - Saito, M AU - Skeen, TM AU - Sharp, NJH AU - Olby, NJ AU - Haglund, MM T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To evaluate safety and efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation in dogs with refractory epilepsy.Placebo-controlled, double-masked, crossover study.10 dogs with poorly controlled seizures.A programmable pacemaker-like device designed to deliver intermittent stimulation to the left cervical trunk of the vagus was surgically implanted in each dog. Dogs were assigned randomly to two 13-week test periods, 1 with nerve stimulation and 1 without nerve stimulation. Owners recorded data on seizure frequency, duration, and intensity, as well as adverse effects.No significant difference in seizure frequency, duration, or severity was detected between overall 13-week treatment and control periods. During the final 4 weeks of the treatment period, a significant decrease in mean seizure frequency (34.4%) was detected, compared with the control period. Complications included transient bradycardia, asystole, and apnea during intraoperative device testing, and seroma formation, subcutaneous migration of the generator, and transient Horner's syndrome during the 14-day period between surgery and suture removal. No adverse effects of stimulation were detected, and most owners were satisfied with the treatment.Vagal nerve stimulation is a potentially safe approach to seizure control that appears to be efficacious in certain dogs and should be considered a possible treatment option when antiepileptic medications are ineffective. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.221.977 VL - 221 IS - 7 SP - 977-983 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036777150&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of boron supplementation on reproductive characteristics and bone mechanical properties in gilts AU - Armstrong, T. A. AU - Flowers, W. L. AU - Spears, J. W. AU - Nielsen, F. H. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - An experiment was conducted to determine long-term effects of dietary boron (B) on reproductive and bone characteristics in gilts. Weanling gilts (n = 50) were allotted to 10 pens based on weaning weight and litter origin. Pens were randomly assigned to receive one of two dietary treatments that consisted of a basal diet low in B (control) and the basal diet supplemented with 5 mg of B/kg diet as sodium borate. Gilts remained on their respective experimental diets throughout the nursery phase, growing-finishing phase, sexual maturity, breeding, gestation, and lactation. The day of first observed standing estrus was defined as puberty, and each pubertal gilt was bred via AI at the second observed standing estrus. Eight randomly selected gilts per treatment were slaughtered at d 35 of gestation for the assessment of embryonic and reproductive characteristics, bone characteristics, and tissue B concentrations. The remaining pregnant gilts (control, n = 11; 5 mg supplemental B/kg diet, n = 10) farrowed, and litter characteristics at farrowing and weaning were determined. Age at puberty was not affected (P = 0.72) by B, and neither were the number of corpora lutea on the ovaries (P = 0.44) or the total number of embryos (P = 0.95) at d 35 of gestation. Boron supplementation increased (P = 0.05) pig weaning weight and tended (P = 0.11) to increase pig birth weight; however, no other litter characteristics were affected (P > 0.12) by B. Extrinsic and intrinsic strength measures of bone were increased (P < 0.09) by B. Fat-free bone ash percentage and bone mineral concentrations were not affected (P > or = 0.19) by dietary B. Supplemental B increased (P < or = 0.06) the B concentrations of the muscle, liver, and reproductive tissues. Serum osteocalcin concentrations tended (P = 0.13) to be increased by dietary B, which may be related to increased bone turnover in B-supplemented gilts. Results indicate that B may have beneficial effects upon reproductive and bone characteristics. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.801154x VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 154-161 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and fecal odorous compounds in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing hydrolyzed feather meal AU - Heugten, Eric AU - Kempen, T. Van T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - This study was designed to determine the effects of hydrolyzed feather meal inclusion on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and fecal odorous compounds in modern lean growth genotype pigs. Two hundred forty pigs (BW = 23.2 +/- 1.3 kg) were allotted based on BW and sex to a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement of treatments (four pens per treatment; five pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design. Factors consisted of 1) sex (barrows or gilts) and 2) dietary treatment (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% hydrolyzed feather meal). Diets were formulated to contain 1.00, 0.90, 0.75, or 0.60% apparent ileal digestible lysine for phases 1 to 4, respectively, with other amino acids provided at an ideal ratio. Available P and ME were kept constant within each phase. No significant interactions between feather meal inclusion and sex were observed for growth performance (P > 0.15). Body weight gain was reduced (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 10% feather meal compared to pigs fed 0, 4, or 8% feather meal. Feed intake of pigs fed 10% feather meal was reduced (P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed 0 or 4% feather meal. Ultrasound backfat measurements tended (P = 0.12) to increase with increasing levels of feather meal. Daily lean gain was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 10% feather meal than in pigs fed either 0, 2, 4, or 8% feather meal. Digestibility of N measured on wk 9 decreased quadratically (P < 0.001) with increasing levels of feather meal. Phosphorus digestibility increased in a linear fashion (P < 0.02), however, the improvement in P digestibility with increasing levels of feather meal was more pronounced in barrows compared to gilts (interaction, P < 0.05). Fecal samples obtained from pigs fed 0, 4, or 8% feather meal were analyzed for odorous compounds. Concentrations of butanoic, pentanoic, and 3-methylbutanoic acid were greater (P < 0.05) and concentrations of 3-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, indole, and decane were less (P < 0.05) in feces from pigs fed feather meal. These results suggest that feather meal can be included in diets for growing-finishing pigs at a rate of 8%. Excretion of N in feces increased but P excretion decreased with increasing levels of feather meal. Odorous compounds in feces can be affected by the inclusion of hydrolyzed feather meal, but the exact impact of these changes on odor perception remains to be elucidated. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.801171x VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 171–178 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Endoscopy via a gastric cannula to monitor the development of ulcers in the pars esophagea in pigs after consumption of a finely ground feed combined with a period of withholding of feed AU - Cole, JT AU - Gookin, JL AU - Gayle, JM AU - Eisemann, JH AU - Argenzio, RA AU - Blikslager, AT T2 - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AB - To develop an endoscopic technique for use in monitoring devlopment of gastric ulcers via a gastric cannula during withholding of feed and administration of a finely ground diet to pigs.6 pigs weighing between 60 and 70 kg.A gastric cannula was surgically inserted adjacent to the pars esophagea in each pig. Pigs were fed a finely ground diet for two 7-day periods that were separated by a 48-hour period during which feed was withheld. Endoscopic examination via the gastric cannula was used to monitor development of ulcers in the pars esophageal region of the pigs during the 48-hour period of feed withhold and subsequent 7-day feeding period. An ulcer score was assigned during each endoscopic examination. A final examination was performed during necropsy and compared with results for the final endoscopic examination.Consumption of a finely ground diet for 7 days resulted in progressive erosive damage to the pars esophageal region of the stomach. Further significant increases in ulcerative damage were detected after 24 and 48 hours of withholding of feed. Final examination during necropsy did not reveal significant differences from results obtained during the final endoscopic examination.Endoscopic examination via a gastric cannula was an effective means of monitoring ulcer development in the pars esophagea of pigs. Feeding a finely ground diet and withholding of feed induced endoscopically observable ulcers in the stratified squamous epithelial region of the stomach. Direct visual examination during necropsy confirmed the accuracy of endoscopic examination. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1076 VL - 63 IS - 8 SP - 1076-1082 SN - 0002-9645 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficacy of partially hydrolyzed corn syrup solids as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets for neonatal pigs. AU - Oliver, W.T. AU - Mathews, S.A. AU - Phillips, O. AU - Jones, E.E. AU - Odle, J. AU - Harrell, R.J. T2 - Journal of animal science AB - Feeding manufactured liquid diets to early-weaned pigs improves growth performance and reduces days to market weight compared with pigs receiving pelleted dry feed. Few alternative dietary ingredients are utilized in manufactured liquid diets other than byproducts of the dairy industry, especially for sources of carbohydrates. This experiment was designed to evaluate the efficacy of starch from partially hydrolyzed corn syrup solids (CSS), at two different levels of hydrolyzation, as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets. Forty-eight pigs were removed from sows at 1 d of age and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) control with lactose as the carbohydrate source, 2) lactose replaced (gram for gram) with CSS (dextrose equivalent [DE]-20), and 3) lactose replaced with DE-42. In addition, 10 pigs were randomly removed from several litters to provide estimates of initial body composition and small intestinal variables. Twenty-four pigs were removed from the study on d 10 of treatment, and the remaining 24 pigs were removed on d 20 of treatment. Pigs averaged 9,845 +/- 191 g at d 20 of treatment regardless of dietary treatment (P > 0.20). No differences in ADG, ADFI, or feed efficiency were detected between treatment groups from d 0 to 20 (P > 0.19). Whole-body water, protein, lipid, and ash accretion rates were unaffected by dietary treatment from d 0 to 10 or from d 0 to 20 (P > 0.20). The replacement of lactose with CSS did not affect intestinal villi height or width, or crypt depth (P > 0.10). Pigs fed lactose tended to have greater lactase activity on d 10 than pigs fed CSS (P < 0.07). Also, pigs fed lactose tended to have lower oligosaccharidase activity than pigs fed the DE-20 diet on d 20 (P < 0.07). No other differences in lactase, maltase, or long oligosaccharidase specific activity on d 10 or 20 of treatment were detected (P > 0.12). Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were unaffected by diet on d 10 and 20 of treatment. In addition, dry matter digestibility of the diets averaged approximately 85.6 +/- 0.8% and was unaffected by dietary treatment or day of treatment. These results suggest that partially hydrolyzed CSS can be used as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets for neonatal pigs. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.801143x VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 143-153 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036357967&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary medium- or long-chain triglycerides improve body condition of lean-genotype sows and increase suckling pig growth AU - Gatlin, L. Averette AU - Odle, J. AU - Soede, J. AU - Hansent, J. A. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - In a field trial conducted on a commercial swine farm, lean-genotype sows (n = 485) were fed diets containing 0 or 10% supplemental fat as either medium-chain triglyceride or choice white grease from d 90 of gestation until weaning (15.5 d). Effects on standard sow and litter production traits were examined together with assessment of sow body condition using live ultrasound. Daily feed intake during lactation was 10% higher in sows consuming diets without added fat (7.2 vs 6.5 kg; P < 0.01); however, lactation ME (23.9 Mcal/d) and digestible lysine (54 g/d) intakes were unaffected (P > 0.10). Sows supplemented with fat were 4 kg heavier on d 109 of gestation (220 vs 224 kg; P < or = 0.01), 1 d after farrowing (210 vs 214 kg; P < or = 0.01), and at weaning (210 vs 214 kg; P < or = 0.01). Expressed as overall gain, this amounted to a 23% increase (0.66 vs 0.86 kg/d; P < or = 0.01) and was accompanied by a 49% increase in backfat (0.82 vs 1.68 mm; P < or = 0.03) from d 90 to farrowing. Changes in sow weight (-0.01 kg/d) and backfat (+4.2 mm) over lactation were minimal and were not affected by fat supplementation (P > or = 0.10). Longissimus muscle area at weaning was slightly greater (44.96 vs 46.2 cm2) in sows consuming fat than in control sows (P < or = 0.05), but changes in longissimus muscle area were not significant from d 90 to weaning (P > or = 0.10). Gestation length, pigs born alive, average birth weight, survival (d 3 to weaning), and days to estrus were not affected by diet (P > 0.10). However, supplemental fat increased pig ADG (192 vs 203 g/d; P < 0.01) and average pig weaning weight (4.3 vs 4.5 kg) at 15.5 d (P < or = 0.02). No differences between the two fat sources were detected. This large-scale study demonstrated that supplemental fat during gestation and lactation effectively improved sow condition and improved suckling pig performance without affecting energy intake during lactation, implying improved efficiency of sow energy utilization. DA - 2002/1/1/ PY - 2002/1/1/ DO - 10.2527/2002.80138x VL - 80 IS - 1 SP - 38-44 LA - en OP - SN - 0021-8812 1525-3163 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2002.80138x DB - Crossref ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary fibre level and enzyme inclusion affect nutrient digestibility and excreta characteristics in grower pigs AU - Moeser, AJ AU - Kempen, TATG T2 - JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AB - Abstract An experiment was conducted with 12 grower pigs to determine the effects of (1) manipulating dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) level and (2) dietary inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes on nutrient digestibility and excreta characteristics in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain three levels of NDF: 1, 66 g kg −1 NDF (low fibre); 2, 121 g kg −1 NDF (moderate fibre); 3, 222 g kg −1 NDF (high fibre); 4, diet 3 plus 2.0 g kg −1 enzyme. Increasing levels of dietary NDF linearly decreased dry matter and energy digestibilities ( r 2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). Lowering dietary NDF from 222 to 121 g kg −1 improved nitrogen digestibility by 13% ( P < 0.01). Faecal production was decreased by 9% for each 1% decrease in dietary NDF content ( r 2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). Inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes in the high‐fibre diet improved dry matter and energy digestibilities by 2 and 3% respectively, and reduced faecal production by 10% ( P < 0.01). Faecal and manure (faeces plus urine) pH values from pigs fed the high‐fibre diet and the high‐fibre plus enzyme diet were lower than those from pigs fed the other experimental diets ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, lowering the dietary NDF level or inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes in high‐fibre diets may offer relatively practical and easy methods for reducing waste production in pigs. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2002/11// PY - 2002/11// DO - 10.1002/jsfa.1234 VL - 82 IS - 14 SP - 1606-1613 SN - 0022-5142 KW - fibre KW - digestibility KW - feed enzymes KW - grower pigs ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development of skeletal muscle and expression of candidate genes in bovine fetuses from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro AU - Crosier, AE AU - Farin, CE AU - Rodriguez, KF AU - Blondin, P AU - Alexander, JE AU - Farin, PW T2 - BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AB - The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on histological development and gene expression in the skeletal muscle of bovine fetuses during late gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Blastocysts produced in vitro were obtained from oocytes of Holstein cows that were matured and fertilized in vitro. Single blastocysts were transferred into heifers at a synchronized estrous and fetuses were recovered at Day 222 of gestation (n = 12 each for in vivo and in vitro). Samples of semitendinosus muscle were obtained for histological analysis and assessment of gene expression. Individual muscle sections were stained for the assessment of primary muscle fibers, secondary muscle fibers, or total muscle fibers. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays were performed for 5 different candidate genes. The ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber number was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro compared with fetuses from embryos produced in vivo. Similarly, the ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber volume density tended to be greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The proportional volume of tissue present between myofibrils was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The expression of mRNA for myostatin was decreased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro group compared with controls. The expression of mRNA for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tended to be increased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro treatment group. There was no effect of treatment on the expression of mRNAs for myf-5, myoD, or myogenin. In conclusion, in vitro production of embryos resulted in fetuses with altered development of skeletal muscle fibers. Myostatin was identified as the candidate gene whose expression may contribute to the observed changes in muscle development of these fetuses. DA - 2002/8// PY - 2002/8// DO - 10.1095/biolreprod67.2.401 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 401-408 SN - 0006-3363 KW - conceptus KW - developmental biology KW - embryo KW - fetus KW - gene regulation KW - in vitro fertilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes AU - Evans, M. AU - Lin, X. AU - Odle, J. AU - McIntosh, M. T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 0–50 μmol/L trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomers on lipid and glucose metabolism in cultures of differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Specifically, we investigated the effects of 6 d of CLA treatment on the following: 1) 14C-glucose and 14C-oleic acid incorporation and esterification into lipid; 2) 14C-glucose and 14C-fatty acid oxidation; and 3) basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA supplementation (25 and 50 μmol/L) increased both 14C-glucose and 14C-oleic acid incorporation into the cellular lipid fraction, which was primarily triglyceride (TG), compared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) controls. Although glucose oxidation (14C-glucose to 14C-CO2) was unaffected by CLA supplementation, oleic acid oxidation (14C-oleic acid to 14C-CO2) was increased by ∼55% in the presence of 50 μmol/L trans-10, cis-12 CLA compared with BSA controls. In contrast, 50 μmol/L linoleic acid (LA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA-treated cultures had ∼50% lower CO2 production from 14C-oleic acid compared with control cultures after 6 d of fatty acid exposure. Finally, 50 μmol/L trans-10, cis-12 CLA modestly increased basal, but not isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis compared with control cultures. Thus, the TG-lowering actions of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in cultures of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes may be via increased fatty acid oxidation, which exceeded its stimulatory effects on glucose and oleic acid incorporation into lipid. DA - 2002/3/1/ PY - 2002/3/1/ DO - 10.1093/jn/132.3.450 VL - 132 IS - 3 SP - 450-455 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.3.450 DB - Crossref KW - conjugated linoleic acid KW - preadipocytes KW - glucose and fatty acid oxidation KW - glucose and fatty acid incorporation KW - lipolysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effects of dietary fat sources, levels, and feeding intervals on pork fatty acid composition AU - Gatlin, L.A. AU - See, M.T. AU - Hansen, J.A. AU - Sutton, D. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Two experiments investigated the quantitative relationship between dietary fat and fatty acid composition of pork. Experiment 1 was designed to establish the rate of decline for linoleic acid and iodine value of pork fat during the late fattening phase following a dietary reduction. Gilts (n = 288) were fed diets varying in linoleic acid content from 4.11 to 1.56% for 4, 6, or 8 wk prior to slaughter. The maximum rate of decline was 2% 18:2 per week and 2.5 iodine value units per week. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of dietary fat source and level on carcass fatty acid composition and on pork quality characteristics. Barrows (n = 147) and gilts (n = 147) were allocated to seven dietary treatments for the last 6 wk of the finishing phase. Diets contained 0, 2.5, or 5% dietary fat comprised of 100, 50, or 0% beef tallow. The balance was provided by animal-vegetable blended fat. As the level of tallow increased there was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in 18:2 content and iodine value of carcass fat. Conversely, 16:1 and 18:1 increased linearly (P < 0.05) as tallow increased. However, 16:1 decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as level of fat increased. As the level of tallow was increased a greater reduction in 18:2 and iodine value was observed in diets with 5% dietary fat compared to diets with 2.5% fat (P < 0.05). These results indicate that reduction of dietary PUFA content had the desired effect of lowering 18:2 content and iodine value of pork fat and that significant alterations could be elicited in as little as 6 to 8 wk of feeding. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.8061606x VL - 80 IS - 6 SP - 1606-1615 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036593115&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technical note: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as an optical nose for predicting odor sensation AU - Kempen, T. A. T. G. Van AU - Powers, W. J. AU - Sutton, A. L. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Quantifying odor is important for objectively assessing the impact of animal production systems on surrounding areas. A possible method that has received little attention is Fourier transform (mid) infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gases that contribute to odor have unique infrared spectra, and the advantage of FTIR over electronic nose technology or gas chromatography is that theoretically all these gases can be analyzed instantaneously. To determine the feasibility of FTIR for predicting odor, 71 air samples analyzed by olfactometry were scanned in a spectrometer using an 84-m path-length gas cell. Scans were obtained over a period of about 1 min and from 4,000 to 740 cm(-1) with a resolution of 0.5 cm(-1). Calibrations for predicting odor were developed using partial least squares regression with full cross-validation. Air samples were obtained from experiments with pigs fed diets formulated to alter odor emission or from stored manure. Odor threshold dilution ratios averaged 676+/-491 units, with a range from 120 to 2,161. Using these samples, a prediction error for odor sensation of 344 units (R2 = 0.51) was obtained. Log transformation of the odor data improved the R2 to 0.61. Based on the olfactometry data, it is estimated that the measurement error of olfactometry is 250 units, which limits the R2 of any method to approximately 0.74. Thus, this calibration is very encouraging. In conclusion, FTIR shows promise as a practical means for objectively assessing swine odor. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.8061524x VL - 80 IS - 6 SP - 1524–1527 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships of productive life evaluations with changes in evaluations for yields AU - Abdallah, JM AU - McDaniel, BT AU - Tabbaa, MJ T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The objective of this work was to investigate the relationships of productive life with changes in bull evaluations for yield traits. Two datasets were analyzed. In the first, predicted differences for change in milk yield from first to second lactation of daughters of artificial insemination (AI) Holstein bulls used widely in the southeastern United States were available from a previous study. These were correlated with predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) of productive life from May 2000 USDA sire evaluations. Based on bulls with at least 10 daughters (n = 560) the correlation of PTA productive life with predicted differences for the change in milk yield was 0.30. The correlation increased to 0.36 for bulls with at least 50 daughters (n = 319) and to 0.40 for bulls with at least 75 daughters (n = 284). The second analysis included data on 1831 AI sampled Holstein bulls evaluated by USDA between July 1989 and May 2000. Changes in PTA yields were calculated as PTA from evaluations based on first and second records of daughters minus those from first-record evaluations. Correlation analyses showed that PTA yields from first-record evaluation and changes in PTA yields were positively associated with productive life. Regression coefficients on changes in PTA yields were all positive indicating that increases in PTA for yield traits as daughters aged corresponded with longer productive life. Using changes in AI bull evaluations for yields could improve prediction of productive life for little cost. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74123-4 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 677-681 SN - 0022-0302 KW - correlations KW - predicted transmitting abilities KW - productive life ER - TY - JOUR TI - Proven and young Holstein: Bulls compared for daughter yields, productive life, somatic cell score, and inbreeding AU - Abdallah, JM AU - McDaniel, BT T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The objective of this study was to compare daughters of proven (progeny-tested) and young sampling bulls available for use at the same time for yield traits, productive life, somatic cell score, and inbreeding. Data were from USDA sire evaluations of July 1989 through July 1994. Proven bulls used between 1989 and 1994 were identified based on the change in number of daughters. Young bulls were identified based on age and date a bull first entered artificial insemination. Young bulls were classified into two categories: one included all young bulls available in one year and the other included the top 50% on parent average for milk. Daughter deviations for yields, productive life and somatic cell scores, and average inbreeding were obtained from May 2000 evaluation. Daughter deviation milk was not different between proven and top 50% young bulls but was lower for all young bulls. Young bulls (all and top 50%) exceeded proven bulls in daughter deviation fat and protein. Progeny of proven bulls had favorably higher productive life in most years but unfavorably higher somatic cell score than progeny of young bulls. Inbreeding was consistently higher for daughters of young bulls than for those of proven bulls. Results indicate that young bulls were competitive with proven bulls. Use of young bulls from among the top 50% should result in equal or higher genetic progress in yields compared to contemporaries by proven bulls. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74121-0 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 665-669 SN - 0022-0302 KW - daughter deviations KW - proven bulls KW - young bulls ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prediction of most recent evaluations of Holstein bulls from first available pedigree information AU - Abdallah, JM AU - McDaniel, BT T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - The objectives of this study were to predict most recent evaluations of young bulls entering artificial insemination (AI) sampling programs from pedigree information available at time of sampling and investigate whether prediction equations differ among AI organizations. Data were pedigree information and most recent USDA evaluations on bulls entering AI sampling programs from 1989 through 1994. Pedigree information included earliest available parent average, predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) of sire, dam, and maternal grand sire. Most recent evaluations were from May 2000 evaluations and included PTA and daughter yield deviations for milk, fat, and protein. Regression coefficients on PTA of sire and PTA of dam were less than the expected coefficient of 0.50. Accuracy of prediction as determined by R-square values was less than 12%. Inclusion of PTA of maternal grand sire after PTA of sire and dam increased the accuracy of prediction by less than 1%, but regression coefficients on PTA of maternal grand sire differed from 0. Regressions on parent average were not different among AI organizations for prediction of PTA and daughter yield deviations. Partial regression coefficients on PTA of sire differed among AI organizations for prediction of fat and protein but did not differ for milk. Coefficients on PTA of dam did not differ among organizations. These results indicate that AI organizations put different emphasis on PTA of sire in selection of sons for fat and protein. DA - 2002/3// PY - 2002/3// DO - 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74122-2 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 670-676 SN - 0022-0302 KW - genetic evaluations KW - pedigree selection KW - prediction ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen metabolism of beef steers fed endophyte-free tall fescue hay: Effects of ruminally protected methionine supplementation AU - Archibeque, S. L. AU - Burns, J. C. AU - Huntington, G. B. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Level of nitrogen (N) intake and ruminally protected methionine supplementation were evaluated in eight Angus growing steers (initial BW 253+/-21 kg, final BW 296+/-21 kg) in a replicated 4+/-4 Latin square design. The steers were fed two endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) hays that contained 2.2 (LO) or 2.8% (HI) of DM as N and were either supplemented or not with ruminally protected methionine (10 g metabolizable methionine/d). Diets were fed to provide adequate energy for 0.5 kg ADG and sufficient protein for maintenance (LO), or protein to support 0.5 kg ADG (HI). Following at least 14 d of adjustment, N balance was measured for 6 d. Isotopic urea was infused (15N15N-urea, 0.164 mmol urea N/h) via a jugular catheter for 56 h and urine was collected from 48 to 56 h to measure urea kinetics. Jugular blood was collected during the balance trial, and serum was analyzed for serum urea N (SUN). By design, daily N intake was greater (P < 0.05) for HI (112 g) than for LO (89 g). Compared with LO, steers when fed HI had greater (P < 0.05) daily DMI (4,217 vs 4,151 g), fecal N (34.4 vs 31.2 g), N digested (77.1 vs 57.7 g), urine N (48.3 vs 37.5 g), urine urea N excretion (34.6 vs 24.8 g), and N retained (29.8 vs 21.1 g). When fed HI steers also had higher (P < 0.05) urine urea N concentration (276 vs 219 mM), SUN (8.7 vs 6.7 mM), N digestibility (69.1 vs 64.9%), percentage of urinary N present as urea (71.5 vs 66.7%, P < 0.053), and rate of urea N production (59.6 vs 49.2 g/d) but lower (P < 0.05) percentage of urea N produced that was returned to the ornithine cycle (15.03 vs 19.2 1%) than when fed LO. Methionine supplementation decreased daily urine N (41.2 vs 44.6 g, P = 0.10) and increased both the amount of N retained daily (27.9 vs 23.7 g, P < 0.089) and the percentage of N digested that was retained (40.4 vs 34.6%, P < 0.094). In summary, supplemental methionine met a specific dietary limitation by increasing the amount of digested N that was retained by the steers. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.8051344x VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 1344-1351 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heritability of changes in genetic evaluations of dairy bulls from first to later records of daughters AU - Abdallah, JM AU - McDaniel, BT T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Objectives of this study were to investigate changes in predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) of yields from evaluations based on first records to evaluations based on first and later records of daughters and determine whether these changes are heritable. Data were USDA sire evaluations of July 1989 through May 2000 on Holstein bulls in standard progeny testing programs. Changes in PTA for milk, fat, and protein from evaluations based on first records of daughters to evaluations on first and second were obtained on 2001 bulls. These were divided into two sets: subset 1 (n = 889) included bulls first evaluated before 1995 and subset 2 (n = 1112) included bulls first evaluated in 1995 and later. Changes in PTA from first-record evaluation to most recent evaluation (May 2000) were obtained on 2524 bulls first evaluated in 1995 or later. Mean changes in PTA for bulls first evaluated in 1995 and later were smaller than mean changes for bulls evaluated earlier but standard deviations were similar. Regressions of changes in PTA on changes in parent average showed that a change of 1.0 kg in parent average resulted in 1.1 to 1.2 kg change in PTA. Heritabilities estimated with animal model ranged from 0.14 to 0.23 for changes from first-record evaluation to evaluation on first and second, and 0.27 to 0.35 for changes from first-record evaluation to most recent evaluation. Heritabilities of this magnitude allow for identifying bulls that decrease in PTA. DA - 2002/4// PY - 2002/4// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74154-4 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 951-957 SN - 0022-0302 KW - change in evaluations KW - heritability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grazing Behavior of ruminants and daily performance from warm-season grasses AU - Burns, JC AU - Sollenberger, LE T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - An estimate of the animal-production potential of pastures can be assessed by knowing the daily dry matter (DM) intake of the grazing animal and the digestibility of the DM consumed. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationships between pasture canopy characteristics, ingestive behavior, and daily animal response from warm-season pastures. Of daily DM intake and digestibility of the DM consumed, the former is the most variable and the most difficult to determine. One approach to estimating daily DM intake has been to use the components of ingestive behavior to determine a short-term intake rate (g min−1), which can be scaled using grazing time (min d−1) to give a 24-h DM intake (kg d−1). This approach has been used experimentally with some success, but has not found application in production settings. While aspects of ingestive behavior, including ingestive mastication, are common to all grazing ruminants, literature indicates that differences occur among ruminant species and that animals ingest different pasture species differently. This results in plant-animal interactions. Frequently these dynamics are not clearly addressed for cool-season and warm-season pastures in literature reviews, which adds undue confusion to the general area. Ingestive behavior is discussed relative to animal- and pasture-generated bounds which operate within paddocks and can greatly alter ingestive behavior estimates. Also presented are relationships between diet particle size, associated with ingestive mastication, and steer daily gains. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0873 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 873-881 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition of seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows in confinement or pasture systems AU - Washburn, SP AU - White, SL AU - Green, JT AU - Benson, GA T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - Dairy cows in confinement and pasture-based feeding systems were compared across four spring-calving and three fall-calving replicates for differences in reproduction, mastitis, body weights, and body condition scores. Feeding systems and replicates included both Jersey and Holstein cows. Cows in confinement were fed a total mixed ration, and cows on pasture were supplemented with concentrates and provided baled hay or haylage when pasture supply was limiting. Breeding periods were for 75 d in spring or fall. Reproductive performance did not differ significantly due to feeding system or season. Jerseys had higher conception rates (59.6 vs. 49.5 +/- 3.3%) and higher percentages of cows pregnant in 75 d (78.1 vs. 57.9 +/- 3.9%) than Holsteins. Cows in confinement had 1.8 times more clinical mastitis and eight times the rate of culling for mastitis than did cows on pasture. Jerseys had half as many clinical cases of mastitis per cow as Holsteins. Only 41 +/- 5% of confinement Holsteins remained for a subsequent lactation, starting within the defined calving season compared with 51 +/- 5% of pastured Holsteins and 71 and 72 +/- 5% of Jerseys, respectively. Body weights and condition scores were generally higher for confinement cows than pastured cows, and Jerseys had higher condition scores and lower body weights than Holsteins. In summary, pastured cows had fewer clinical cases of mastitis, lower body condition scores, and lower body weights than confinement cows. Holsteins were less likely to rebreed, had more mastitis, higher culling rates, and lower body condition scores than Jerseys. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74058-7 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 105-111 SN - 0022-0302 KW - reproduction KW - mastitis KW - confinement KW - pasture ER - TY - JOUR TI - Milk production and economic measures in confinement or pasture systems using seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows AU - White, SL AU - Benson, GA AU - Washburn, SP AU - Green, JT T2 - JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB - This 4-yr study examined total lactation performance of dairy cows in two feeding systems: pasture-based and confinement.Spring and fall calving herds were used and each seasonal herd had 36 cows on pasture and 36 cows in confinement with 282 Holstein and 222 Jersey cows included over seven seasonal replicates.Pasture-fed cows received variable amounts of grain and baled haylage depending upon pasture availability.Confinement cows received a total mixed ration with corn silage as the primary forage.Data were collected on milk production, feed costs, and other costs.Pasturefed cows produced 11.1% less milk than confinement cows.Across treatments, Jerseys produced 23.3% less milk than Holsteins, but calving season and various interactions were not significant.Feed costs averaged $0.95/cow per day lower for pastured cows than confinement cows.Feed costs were lower for Jerseys than Holsteins and for cows calving in spring.Income over feed costs averaged $7.05 ± 0.34 for confinement Holsteins, $6.89 ± 0.34 for pastured Holsteins, $5.68 ± 0.34 for confinement Jerseys, and $5.36 ± 0.34 for pastured Jerseys; effects of breed were significant but treatment, season, and interactions were not.Economic factors such as labor for animal care, manure handling, forage management, and cow culling rates favored pastured cows.Higher fertility and lower mastitis among Jerseys partially offsets lower income over feed cost compared with Holsteins.Milk production was lower in this study for pasture-based systems but lower feed costs, lower culling costs, and other economic factors indicate that pasture-based systems can be competitive with confinement systems. DA - 2002/1// PY - 2002/1// DO - 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74057-5 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 95-104 SN - 0022-0302 KW - pasture KW - total mixed ration KW - production KW - economics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Medium-Chain Fatty Acids but Not L-Carnitine Accelerate the Kinetics of [14C]Triacylglycerol Utilization by Colostrum-Deprived Newborn Pigs AU - Heo, Kinam N. AU - Lin, Xi AU - Han, In K. AU - Odle, Jack T2 - The Journal of Nutrition AB - The effect of L-carnitine on in vivo fatty acid utilization was determined using colostrum-deprived newborn piglets fed emulsified triglycerides (TG) composed of [1-14C]octanoate (tri-8:0) or [1-14C]octadecanoate (tri-18:1). A soy protein-based liquid diet devoid of L-carnitine was fed piglets for 1 d to allow development of fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes and intestinal fat digestion and absorption before assessment of in vivo fat utilization. The radiolabeled TG were fed in isoenergetic amounts (97.7 kJ/kg(0.75)), with or without L-carnitine (1 mmol/kg(0.75)) as 30% (v/v) emulsions, using polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate as an emulsifier. Expired CO(2) was quantified and specific radioactivity (Bq/micromol) was determined at 20-min intervals over 24 h. The rate (mmol ATP.kg(-0.75).min(-1)) and extent (mol ATP/kg(0.75)) of TG oxidative utilization (i.e., composite of digestion, absorption and oxidation) were calculated from the kinetics of 14CO(2) expiration. The maximal rate and extent of tri-8:0 oxidation were three and fourfold greater than those of tri-18:1, respectively (P < 0.001), and tri-18:1 delayed the time to reach 10 and 50% of maximal oxidation rate by 1.2 and 1.9 h (P < 0.01, respectively), regardless of supplemental carnitine. Collectively, these findings quantify the accelerated oxidation of medium-chain vs. long-chain triglycerides, but fail to support a need for supplemental carnitine to maximize fat oxidation in colostrum-deprived piglets. DA - 2002/7/1/ PY - 2002/7/1/ DO - 10.1093/jn/132.7.1989 VL - 132 IS - 7 SP - 1989-1994 LA - en OP - SN - 0022-3166 1541-6100 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.7.1989 DB - Crossref KW - pigs KW - neonate KW - carnitine KW - triglycerldes KW - fatty acid utilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of feed withdrawal prior to slaughter on prevalence of gastric ulcers in pigs AU - Eisemann, JH AU - Morrow, WEM AU - See, MT AU - Davies, PR AU - Zering, K T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - Abstract Objective —To determine whether withdrawing feed from pigs prior to slaughter had any effects on prevalence or severity of gastric ulcers. Design —Split-plot design. Animals —873 pigs. Procedures —At the finishing barn, pigs were assigned to 30 pens. Feed withdrawal times (0, 12, or 24 hours) were assigned to pens at random, and pigs in each pen were marketed in 3 groups over a period of 4 weeks. The first marketing group consisted of the 10 heaviest pigs in each pen, the second consisted of the next 10 heaviest, and the third consisted of all remaining pigs. Feed was withheld from all pigs in each pen prior to removal of each marketing group. Thus, feed was withheld once, twice, or 3 times for pigs in the first, second, and third marketing groups, respectively. Results —Feed withdrawal time was not significantly associated with ulcer score at the time of slaughter. Ulcer scores and prevalence of chronic damage were higher in the third marketing group, regardless of feed withdrawal time. Prevalence of severe damage, prevalence of chronic damage, and prevalence of esophageal constriction increased as carcass weight decreased. No pigs died of gastric ulceration. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance —Results suggest that withdrawal of feed from pigs prior to slaughter does not increase damage to the stomach and that repeated feed withdrawal does not result in fatal gastric ulceration. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:503–506) DA - 2002/2/15/ PY - 2002/2/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.503 VL - 220 IS - 4 SP - 503-506 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085335&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defoliation intensity effects on season-long dry matter distribution and nutritive value of tall fescue AU - Burns, JC AU - Chamblee, DS AU - Giesbrecht, FG T2 - CROP SCIENCE AB - Implementation of intensive grazing management requires knowledge about pasture growth rates and nutritive value throughout the grazing season. Such information is lacking because results from small-plot defoliation experiments generally focus on annual dry matter yields (DMYs) and season mean nutritive value. In this experiment, the influences of defoliation treatments on daily growth rate (DGR) and associated nutritive value of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) throughout the growing season were evaluated. A 3-yr study was conducted on a Typic Kanhapludult soil near Raleigh, NC. Eight defoliation treatments (31-, 15-, 10- and 8-cm canopy heights cut to a 5-cm stubble; 31-, 15-, and 11-cm canopy heights cut to a 9-cm stubble, and an 8-cm canopy height cut to a 4-cm stubble) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Daily growth rates (kg ha−1) were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) altered by defoliation treatments and by years within treatments. When rainfall was near normal in both spring and late summer, tall fescue growth rates, depending on defoliation treatment, ranged from 34 to 55 kg ha−1 d−1 in May, from 7 to 18 kg ha−1 d−1 in late July, to 22 to 35 kg ha−1 d−1 in late September. In less favorable years, DGRs seldom exceeded 30 kg ha−1 d−1 in the spring or 15 to 30 kg ha−1 d−1 in the autumn. Depending on defoliation treatments, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) ranged between 650 and 733 g kg−1 in the spring, 479 and 687 g kg−1 in midsummer, and 549 and 807 g kg−1 by late summer. Crude protein (CP) and detergent fiber fraction concentrations were also examined. The approach used to estimate DGR and associated nutritive value changes throughout the growing season resulted in useful data that can be applied in developing intensive grazing management practices. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.1274 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 1274-1284 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation and regeneration of transgenic lines of swine by semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination AU - Sommer, J. R. AU - Collins, E. B. AU - Neiding, T. AU - Rozeboom, K. AU - Wong, F. AU - Petters, R. M. T2 - Lab Animal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 25-31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Roles of gene transcription and PKA subtype activation in maturation of murine oocytes AU - Rodriguez, K. F. AU - Petters, R. M. AU - Crosier, A. E. AU - Farin, C. E. T2 - Reproduction (Cambridge, England) AB - The aims of this study were to examine the role of transcription and the coincident involvement of type I and type II protein kinase A (PKA) in the resumption of meiosis in murine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) using the transcriptional inhibitors 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and alpha-amanitin. The first series of experiments was designed to: (i) characterize the role of transcription in gonadotrophin-mediated and spontaneous maturation of murine oocytes; (ii) examine the roles of specific gonadotrophins (FSH versus hCG) and cumulus cells in transcriptionally mediated oocyte maturation; and (iii) determine the reversibility of the transcriptional arrest of meiosis. In the presence of FSH, transcriptional inhibitors arrested germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) (DRB: 2 +/- 2% and control: 76 +/- 2%; alpha-amanitin: 4 +/- 4% and control: 70 +/- 4%). Furthermore, cumulus cells were required for transcriptional inhibitors to arrest GVBD (DRB with cumulus cells: 0 +/- 15%; DRB without cumulus cells: 94 +/- 13%; alpha-amanitin with cumulus cells: 15 +/- 2%; alpha-amanitin without cumulus cells: 99 +/- 2%). Thus, in mice, FSH-mediated GVBD uses a transcriptional mechanism, which probably occurs within the cumulus cell compartment. In a second series of experiments, the role of transcription in mediating the resumption of meiosis after activation of either type I or type II PKA was examined. Activation of type I PKA in murine COCs resulted in an arrest of GVBD that was independent of a transcriptional event (with DRB: 7 +/- 9% GVBD; without DRB: 11 +/- 9% GVBD). In contrast, activation of type II PKA resulted in a resumption of meiosis, which required the occurrence of gene transcription (with DRB: 12 +/- 9% GVBD; without DRB: 80 +/- 9% GVBD). As FSH binding to cumulus cells activates the PKA second messenger system, our results indicate that, in cultured murine COCs, FSH binding to cumulus cells results in the activation of type II PKA, which, in turn, mediates a downstream transcriptional event required for the initiation of GVBD. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1530/rep.0.1230799 VL - 123 IS - 6 SP - 799-806 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of withdrawing feed from swine on meat quality and prevalence of Salmonella colonization at slaughter AU - Morrow, WEM AU - See, MT AU - Eisemann, JH AU - Davies, PR AU - Zering, K T2 - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB - To determine whether withholding feed from pigs prior to slaughter had any effects on meat quality, percentage of pigs with Salmonella spp in cecal contents during slaughter, or percentage of pigs with lacerations of the gastrointestinal tract during slaughter.Split-plot design.873 pigs.At the finishing barn, pigs were assigned to 30 pens. Feed withdrawal times were assigned to pens at random, and pigs in each pen were marketed in 3 groups. The first marketing group consisted of the 10 heaviest pigs in each pen, the second consisted of the next 10 heaviest pigs, and the third consisted of all remaining pigs.Withdrawing feed improved the redness score assigned to the meat but did not have any other significant effects on carcass composition or meat quality. The percentage of pigs with Salmonella spp in the cecal contents decreased from the first (73%) to the second (64%) to the third (52%) marketing group. However, isolation of Salmonella spp from cecal contents was not associated with feed withdrawal time or with pen prevalence of Salmonella shedding during the 2 months prior to slaughter. Feed withdrawal time and marketing group did not have any significant effects on overall prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lacerations.Results suggest that withdrawal of feed from pigs prior to slaughter does not increase the prevalence of Salmonella colonization or the risk of carcass contamination associated with gastrointestinal tract lacerations during slaughter but only slightly enhances meat quality. DA - 2002/2/15/ PY - 2002/2/15/ DO - 10.2460/javma.2002.220.497 VL - 220 IS - 4 SP - 497-502 SN - 0003-1488 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085491&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - CT findings of intracranial blastomycosis in a dog AU - Saito, M AU - Sharp, NJH AU - Munana, K AU - Troan, BV AU - Tokuriki, M AU - Thrall, DE T2 - VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND AB - Computed tomography (CT) findings in a dog with intracranial blastomycosis were marked periventricular contrast enhancement of the lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, and the mesencephalic aqueduct. The CT appearance correlated with the histopathologic findings, where severe ependymitis was present throughout the ventricular system and there was stenosis of the mesencephalic aqueduct due to an inflammatory infiltrate. CT is therefore recommended as a screening test for intracranial blastomycosis in dogs and also as an imaging modality for follow-up evaluation after treatment. This is particularly true in dogs with systemic or ocular blastomycosis, which appear to be at higher risk of developing CNS involvement. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb00436.x VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 16-21 SN - 1058-8183 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036369393&partnerID=MN8TOARS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Infrared spectroscopy as a tool for assessing fat quality AU - Kempen, TA AU - McComas, S T2 - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH AB - Feed-grade fats are an important energy source in animal diets. However, their quality can vary greatly, affecting their value. A convenient method for routine quality control of such fats is infrared spectroscopy. By using field samples with known composition, excellent calibrations for free fatty acids and iodine value were obtained, especially using mid-infrared spectroscopy. For moisture, unsaponifiables, and energy, the quality of the calibration was limited by the quality of the reference method; with a better reference method, acceptable calibrations can be developed as well. No acceptable calibration was obtained for oxidative stability as measured with the peroxide method and the active oxygen method. In conclusion, infrared spectroscopy offers a rapid method for limited quality control of fat samples. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.1093/japr/11.2.191 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 191-201 SN - 1056-6171 KW - ethoxyquin KW - fat quality KW - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy KW - infrared KW - near-infrared spectroscopy KW - Santoquin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic and nutritional effects on swine excreta AU - Crocker, A. W. AU - Robison, O. W. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - The objective of this study was to investigate genetic and nutritional effects on swine excreta. Two studies were used. Study I was a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design with three genetic groups, two diets, and two sexes. Genetic groups were a maternal line (WL), paternal line (BL) and their F1 progeny. Corn-soybean meal diets with either 18 or 14% CP, differing only by substitution of soybean meal for corn, were used in both studies. Study II was a 2 x 2 factorial design with two genetic groups and two diets. High testosterone (D2) and low testosterone (D1) Duroc lines were used. Solid and liquid wastes were collected for 3 d. A total of 108 pens in Study I and 50 pens in Study II were sampled twice. Total excreta were measured and samples collected for chemical analysis of N, NH3N, P, Ca, Cu, K, Zn, and Fe. Measures were adjusted for pig weight and feed disappearance. Maternal-line pigs excreted significantly less P, Ca, Cu, Zn, and Fe than F1 or BL pigs and numerically smaller quantities of all nutrients than BL pigs. In study II, differences were found between lines ofthe same breed. Line D2 pigs had greater output of P, Ca, and Cu (P< 0.05) than D1 pigs and numerically larger quantities of all other nutrients except NH3N and Fe. Pigs fed 14% CP excreted less N, NH3N, and K (P < 0.01) in both studies and excreted significantly less P in Study I. Pigs on a 14% CP diet excreted numerically smaller amounts of all nutrients in both studies except Ca in Study II. In Study I, gilts excreted smaller (P < 0.05) amounts of all nutrients than barrows. Genetic, nutritional, and gender differences influenced waste output. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2527/2002.80112809x VL - 80 IS - 11 SP - 2809-2816 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Variation in ruminant preference for alfalfa hays cut at sunup and sundown AU - Fisher, DS AU - Mayland, HF AU - Burns, JC T2 - CROP SCIENCE DA - 2002/// PY - 2002/// DO - 10.2135/cropsci2002.0231 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 231-237 SN - 0011-183X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suppressor cell activity of ovine caruncular and intercaruncular tissues during the placentation period AU - Miles, , JR AU - Beetham, PK AU - Segerson, EC T2 - THERIOGENOLOGY AB - We assessed the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation ovine endometrial cells recovered during each trimester (Days 45, 90, and 135) of pregnancy. We evaluated fractionated and unfractionated caruncular (C) and intercaruncular (IC) cells for suppression of cocultured peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-treated cultures. We also evaluated cells for the release of the suppressor factor into the culture medium and tested the factor for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) activity. Suppression of PHA-induced proliferation of PBL was evident for C and IC cells recovered from each day of pregnancy, and the activity was predominantly attributed to the population(s) of low-density (1.006-1.054 g/ml) cells. The activity was greater for unfractionated C than for IC cells on Day 45, whereas the pattern was reversed by Day 135 of pregnancy. For the C cells, the activity was greatest on Day 45 and least by Day 135. Although suppressor factor was released into the medium from cultured C and IC cells, its activity was not apparently mediated by TGF-beta. In conclusion, we observed a temporal pattern in suppressor activity for unfractionated endometrial cells during pregnancy. Suppression was predominately mediated by a population(s) of low-density cells. In addition, the cells released a soluble suppressor factor that seems to be unrelated to TGF-beta. The suppressor cells may provide immunological protection to the fetoplacental unit by suppressing specific lymphocyte responses directed toward conceptus tissues. DA - 2002/10/1/ PY - 2002/10/1/ DO - 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00681-1 VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 1097-1109 SN - 0093-691X KW - ovine KW - immunosuppression KW - uterus KW - lymphocytes ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing the horn fly (Diptera : Muscidae) using an electric walk-through fly trap AU - Watson, DW AU - Stringham, SM AU - Denning, SS AU - Washburn, SP AU - Poore, MH AU - Meier, A T2 - JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB - An electric walk-through fly trap was evaluated for the management of the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), on dairy cattle in North Carolina over 2 yr. The trap relies on black lights and electrocution grids to attract and kill flies that are brushed from the cattle passing through. During the first season, horn fly densities were reduced from >1,400 to <200 flies per animal. Horn fly density averaged 269.2 ± 25.8 on cattle using the walk-through fly trap twice daily, and 400.2 ± 43.5 on the control group during the first year. The second year, seasonal mean horn fly density was 177.3 ± 10.8 on cattle using the walk-through fly trap compared with 321.1 ± 15.8 on the control group. No insecticides were used to control horn flies during this 2-yr study. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1113 VL - 95 IS - 5 SP - 1113-+ SN - 1938-291X KW - horn fly KW - walk-through fly trap KW - horn fly management KW - integrated pest management KW - dairy KW - pasture fly management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Iron methionine as a source of iron for the neonatal pig AU - Kegley, EB AU - Spears, JW AU - Flowers, WL AU - Schoenherr, WD T2 - NUTRITION RESEARCH AB - Neonatal pigs (143) were used to determine if adequate iron (Fe) would be stored following a single oral dose of Fe methionine (FeMet) to prevent anemia through 21 d of age. Treatments consisted of: control (no Fe), 200 mg injectable Fe as gleptoferron within 12 h of birth (at birth), 100 or 200 mg Fe as FeMet orally at birth, or 200 mg Fe as FeMet or FeSO4 orally on d 3. Pigs given injectable Fe had higher hemoglobin concentrations than other treatments at 14 and 21 d. Utilization of Fe from FeMet was greatest when given at 3 d compared to at birth. Based on hemoglobin concentrations at 21 d, relative bioavailability of Fe from FeMet given on d 3 was 180% compared to FeSO4. Iron methionine given orally was a safe, effective source of Fe, but a single oral dose of FeMet was not equivalent to injectable Fe. DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002/10// DO - 10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00434-7 VL - 22 IS - 10 SP - 1209-1217 SN - 0271-5317 KW - iron KW - anemia KW - pig ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dedication - Bill Kunkle (1947-2002) AU - Poore, MH T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00025-7 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - XIII-XIII SN - 0749-0720 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative feeds for beef cattle AU - Rogers, GM AU - Poore, MH T2 - VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE DA - 2002/7// PY - 2002/7// DO - 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00024-5 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - XI-XII SN - 0749-0720 ER -